1. Delineation of SLIE from manual examination of mosaics Three consecutive mosaics (Figures 1-3) are examined together by means of flickering between image pairs and by combining all three mosaics into a composite image that shows relative change. The interval represented by these mosaics therefore becomes the defining time period over which sea ice must remain stationary in order to be called landfast ice (See Definition of Landfast Ice). Due to irregularities in the availability of data, this time period is not constant between mosaics pairs or even between different parts of a mosaic pair due to the time span between groups of parent images. It is therefore not possible to state an exact defining time period but the average time period spanned by three consecutive mosaics is approximately 20 days. This is not likely to contribute to a significant error in the SLIE position at any particular place or time or in the overall distribution of SLIEs over an entire year. However, it is possible that the SLIEs identified in different regions of the study area for a given period belong to different SLIEs that occurred during that time. This is unlikely to greatly affect the analysis that follows, but it is a cautionary note on interpreting individual SLIEs. Each SLIE is identified by the dates of the earliest parent scene used in the first of the three mosaics and the last parent scene in the third mosaic.


in Mexico in recent years have launched a series of reforms in the basic education sector, since the state has argued that these are intended to improve the quality of education. The latest so-called "alliance for Quality education" was signed by the national executive and the leadership of the national Union of education Workers (snTe) in 2008. in this situation several thousand teachers expressed dissatisfaction that materialized in public demonstrations. The protesters argue that teachers 'alliance' is put in action the changes that impair their working conditions. They argue that some of the measures contained in it means educational impoverishment and argue that the process is given regardless of their opinion, in fact, against it, which means that the snTe not represent their interests. in this paper we analyze some consequences of educational reform known as the alliance for Quality education for teaching


Context. Studies of the generation and assembly of stellar populations in galaxies largely benefit from far-IR observations, con sidering that the IR flux is a close prior to the rate of star formation (the bulk of which happens in dust-obscured environments). At the same time, major episodes of nuclear AGN accretion are also dust-obscured and visible in the IR. Aims. At the end of the Spitzer cryogenic mission and the onset of the Herschel era, we review our current knowledge of galaxy evolution at IR wavelengths, and model it to achieve as far as a complete view of the evolution of cosmic sources. We also develop new tools for the analysis of background fluctuations to cons train source counts in regimes of high confusion, as it happens for the Herschel sub-mm surveys. Methods. We analysed a wide variety of new data on galaxy evolution and high-redshift source populations from Spitzer cosmological surveys, and confront them with complementary data from mm ground-based observations and constraints from the far-IR diffuse radiation, as well as preliminary results from Herschel surveys. Results. These data confirm earlier indications about a very rapid inc rease in galaxy volume emissivity with redshift up to z '1 [� (z)/(1 + z) 4 ], the fastest evolution rate observed for galaxies at any wa velengths. The observed Spitzer counts require a combination of fast evolution for the dominant population and a bumpy spectrum with substantial PAH emission at z�1 to 2. Number counts at long wavelengths (70 through 1100� m) confirm these results. All the present data require that th e fast observed evolution from z=0 to 1 flattens around redshift 1 and then keeps approximately constant up to z'2: 5 at least. Our estimated redshift-dependent bolometric comoving energy density keeps lower at z& 1: 5 than some previously published results based on either large extinction corrections, or large spectral extrapolations. Conclusions. The present-day IR/sub-mm data provide evidence of a distinct population of very luminous galaxies becoming dominant at z> 1. Their cosmological evolution, peaking around z'2, shows a faster decay with cosmic time than lower luminosity systems, whose maximal activity is set around z'1, then supporting an earlier phase of formation for the most luminous and massive galaxies. From a comparison of our results on the comoving IR emissivity with recent estimates of the redshift-dependent stellar mass functions of galaxies, we find that the two agree well with eac h other if we assume standard recipes for star formation (a universal Salpeter IMF) and standard fractions (�20− 30%) for the contribution of obscured AGN accretion. Systematic exploitation of the forthcoming Herschel survey data will be important for confirming all this.


Employment is critical for refugees' positive integration into a receiving country. Enabling employment requires cross-sector collaborations, that is, employers collaborating with different stakeholders such as refugees, local employees, other employers, unofficial/official supporters, and authorities. A vital element of cross-sector collaborations is trust, yet the complexity of cross-sector collaborations may challenge the formation and maintenance of trust. Following a theory elaboration approach, this qualitative study with 37 employers and 27 support workers in Germany explores how employers' experiences in cross-sector collaborations on refugees' labor market integration affect their trust in other stakeholders in this cross-sector space. Specifically, we explored employers' perceptions of trust breaches, and how these perceptions affect their further engagement in cross-sector collaborations on refugee integration. Based on our findings, we propose a process model that describes how unmet collaboration expectations and negative assessments of collaborators' attitudes and behaviors lead to perceived trust breaches which, in turn, lead to employers' hesitancy to hire refugees and/or to engage in cross-sector collaborations. In doing so, we extend existing theory on trust within organizations to the cross-sector context of refugee integration, uncovering context-specific meanings to trustworthiness dimensions and illustrating how breaches of different trustworthiness dimensions can interact. Moreover, we show how social policies, resources, and trustors' perceived vulnerability in collaborations shape their risk perceptions. This study highlights the central role of trust for refugee integration and illustrates how missing goals and process clarity endanger sustainable collaborations.


In Uganda, the smallholder pig value chain was identified by the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish as a sector where research investment was most likely to make a major difference to the livelihoods of poor people. Approximately 90% of all pork is supplied by smallholder pig farmers as pig keeping offers an attractive alternative to ruminants. Pig farming comes with smaller investment costs, does not compete for pasture land and can be used for transforming kitchen waste into food. Moreover, the short reproductive cycle of pigs allows for a quick financial turnover. Despite this, the pig sector is highly marginalized and has not been given due priority in the country's national agricultural sector policy framework—the Development Strategy and Investment Plan.


This paper describes a method to calibrate image plate sensitivity for use in the low energy spectral range. Image plates, also known as photostimulable luminescence (PSL) detectors, have often proved to be a valuable tool as a detector for plasma physics studies. Their advantages of large dynamic range, high stopping power, and resistance to neutron damage sometimes outweigh the problems of limited resolution and the remote processing required. The neutron damage resistance is required when the X-ray source is producing a high neutron flux. The Static X-ray Imager (SXI) is a key diagnostic on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) target chamber at LLNL for use in determining the symmetry of the laser beams. The SXI is essential to proper interpretation of the data from the Dante diagnostic to determine the X-ray radiation temperature. It is comprised of two diagnostics located at the top and the bottom of the target chamber. The usual detector is a large array CCD camera. For shots giving high yields of neutrons, the camera would not only be blinded by the neutrons, it would be damaged. To get around this problem, an image plate (IP) is used as the detector. The NIF application covers the energy range from 700 to 5000 eV. The type of image plates typically used for plasma physics are the Fuji BAS-MS, BAS-SR, and BAS-TR models. All models consist of an X-ray sensitive material made of BaF(Br,I):Eu2+ embedded in a plastic binder. X-rays incident on the phosphor ionize the Eu 2+ producing Eu3+ and free electrons that are trapped in lattice defects (F-centers) produced by the absence of halogen ions in the BaF2 crystal. An image plate readout scanner irradiates the IP with a red laser causing reduction of the Eu3+ and emission of a blue photon. The photon is collected using a photomultiplier and digitized to make an electronic image. Image plates are cleared of all F-centers by putting them under a bright light for about 10 minutes. They are then ready for producing a new X-ray image. The MS IP model has the higher sensitivity and the SR IP and TR IP models are designed for higher resolution. The MS and SR IPs have a thin Mylar coating that protects the sensitive layer. The TR model has no protective layer and is more sensitive at the lower X-ray energies but must be handled more carefully. The raw image data from the Fuji scanner can be converted to units of PSL that are proportional to the photon count. The equation relating PSL to the raw greyscale value is: PSL = (R/100)2(4000/S)exp10{L(G/(2B-1)-1/2)} where R is the resolution in μm S is the sensitivity setting L is the latitude B is the dynamic range (8 or 16 bits) G is the raw image greyscale value. The IP photon sensitivity is defined as the PSL output per photon input and is a function of the photon energy. Meadowcroft et al in 2008 published the sensitivity for the three types of image plates in the spectral range from 1 to 100 keV. Maddox et al measured the sensitivity for type MS and SR image plates from 8 to 80 keV using the NSTec High Energy X-ray (HEX) source, a fluorescer type X-ray source. The Meadowcroft and Maddox measurements used similar X-ray sources for the higher spectral and the same type of IP scanner, the FLA 7000. There is reasonable agreement between the Maddox and Meadowcroft sensitivity measurements of MS and SR type IP for the at spectral energies above 20 keV, but the Maddox sensitivities are much lower than those of Meadowcroft in the energy range below 20 keV. Recently Bonnet et al published a model for the photon sensitivity based upon the amount of energy deposited and Monte Carlo calculations to incorporate the specifics of the X-ray absorption and the readout process. The model was calibrated for sensitivity using radioactive sources. The model was compared to the previous publications cited. The Bonnet model tends to agree with the Meadocroft measurements at the low spectral energies. The present paper describes the measurement of IP sensitivity in the spectral range from 700 to 8000 eV. The sensitivity in this spectral range had not previously been measured and was needed for the NIF application. A calibration at the low energy range was done using a diode source and a band pass filter. X-ray beam is filtered and limited by the applied voltage to provide a spectral band that is about 1/10 of the average spectral energy. The X-ray flux is measured using a photodiode that is traceable to National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). The spectrum for each X-ray band is measured using a silicon drifted detector. The photodiode calibration method is described. Measurements were made on SR, TR, and specially coated TR image plates. The measurement results will be presented and the uncertainties in the measurement will be discussed. The results will be compared to other measurements and estimation methods.


My research interests span the areas of data mining, machine learning, and social network analysis. A common thread in my research is understanding the different types of interactions that occur within social networks, and their effects on the users' behavior. In particular, my research focuses on reasoning in dynamic, multi-modal, multi-relational network settings, where there exist multiple entity types (such as people, social groups, organizations, locations, etc.), and different types of relationships (such as friendship, membership, affiliation, etc.). For example, in social network settings, in addition to friendship relationships, users can have family ties with other users, join multiple social groups, be affiliated with various organizations, or belong to different geographical sub-networks. By considering the complex structure of these networks rather than limiting the analysis to a single entity or relationship type, we can build richer models that provide better understanding of the dynamics in these settings, and thus help in providing highly accurate predictions about future events. My long-term research goals are to analyze a number of aspects related to information networks (such as group formation, network clustering, information diffusion, etc.), create explanatory and predictive models of the interactions that occur in complex network settings, and investigate the implications of these studies on applications in different domains. Based on my doctoral research, I believe that capturing different types of dependencies that exist in networked systems is a propitious approach for understanding the dynamics of the corresponding domains, particularly human behavior and actions in social context.


To reveal the effect of Mg treatment on the microstructure evolution behavior in the actual steel welding process, the microstructure and properties of Al-deoxidized high-strength ship plate steel with Mg addition were analyzed after double-side submerged arc welding. It was found that the Al–Mg–O + MnS inclusion formed under 26 ppm Mg treatment could promote acicular ferrite (AF) nucleation in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) and inhibit the formation of widmanstätten ferrite and coarse grain boundary ferrite. In the fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ), polygonal ferrite and pearlite were dominant. Al–Mg–O+MnS cannot play a role in inducing AF, but the grain size of ferrite was refined by Mg addition. The impact toughness in HAZ of the Mg-added steel was higher than that of Mg-free steel. With the heat-input rising from 29.55 to 44.11 kJ/cm, it remained relatively stable in Mg-treated steel. From the fusion line to the base metal, the micro-hardness of the fusion zone, CGHAZ, ICHAZ and FGHAZ decreased to some extent after Mg addition, which means the cold cracking tendency in the welding weak zone could be reduced. Finally, the mechanisms of Mg-containing inclusion-induced AF were also systematically discussed.


The crack forms and generating causes of masonry envelope are analysed in this paper, and corresponding control measures and treating means are provided.


aIntegrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA bDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA cDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA dMicroscopy and Imaging Center and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA


Welcome to the proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, or SIGCSE 2012, where you will find the archival record of over one hundred papers as well as multiple other session formats that document the latest in computer science education: research, tool building, teaching, curriculum and philosophy. Reflecting our location in North Carolina's renowned Research Triangle, this year's conference features the three themes of "Teaching, Learning, and Collaborating" throughout the sessions. Teaching, learning, and collaborating occur inside and outside of the classroom, and among various combinations of students, academics, industry professionals, and others.

We are pleased to announce the winners of the two annual SIGCSE awards. Professor Harold (Hal) Abelson of Massachusetts Institute of Technology will receive the SIGCSE award for Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education, and will provide Friday's keynote address. Jane Prey of Microsoft Research will accept the SIGCSE Award for Lifetime Service to the Computer Science Education Community and speak at our First Timer's Lunch. In addition, we've invited speakers to deliver two more keynote presentations. Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, will deliver Thursday's keynote address titled "The Teacher's Job is to Design Learning Experiences; not Primarily to Impart Information." Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg from Google's "Big Picture" visualization group will jointly address Saturday's luncheon with "Through the Looking Glass: Talking about the World with Visualization."

Proposal type Paper Accepted 100 Received 289 Rate 35%

Proposal type Panel/Special Session Accepted 24 Received 53 Rate 45%

Proposal type Workshop Accepted 36 Received 78 Rate 46%

Proposal type Poster Accepted 48 Received 109 Rate 44%

Proposal type Birds of a Feather Accepted 36 Received 46 Rate 78%

Symposium statistics are presented below. Many thanks to the authors, reviewers, and Program Committee members whose enormous and vital service generated this program. This year's program includes the usual wide selection of events, including the First-Timer's Lunch and Evening Reception on Thursday and the SIGCSE luncheon on Saturday. Our exhibit hall features a number of exhibitors showcasing the latest in hardware, software tools, textbooks and educational programs and research. We continue to offer accessibility at SIGCSE 2012 for the deaf and hard of hearing.

We are excited about the variety of presymposium events that we will be offering. As of the press deadline for this overview, meetings on the following topics will occur on Wednesday: Teaching Open Source, Career Mentoring, SIGCAS Open Meeting, Teaching Ethics in Computer Science, and Computing Accreditation. Near the end of the symposium on Saturday, top undergraduate and graduate students will present their work at the ACM SIGCSE Student Research Competition, managed by Ann Sobel. SIGCSE 2012 will also see the return of robots through a new venue, "The SIGCSE Playground: Experience It!" Many thanks go to Jennifer Kay and Douglas Blank for organizing this event.


Citation: Kumari G, Taralekar V, Dhabadkar S, Rathi J (2021) A Rare Case of Ovarian Tumor. Obstet Gynecol Cases Rev 8:198. doi.org/10.23937/2377-9004/1410198 Accepted: April 03, 2021: Published: April 05, 2021 Copyright: © 2021 Kumari G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


The reactions of 4-bromo-3-phenanthrols with anionic reagents in dimethylform amide were investigated. Similar reactions of other related compounds were also examined for comparison.Upon treatment with lithium chloride (X) at 100°C, 4-bromo-3-phenanthrol (1), 4, 9-dibromo-3-phenanthrol (2), and 2, 4, 9-tribromo-3-phenanthrol (3) were converted almost quantitatively into the corresponding 4-chloro compounds. When treated with sodium nitrite (Y) at 80°C, (1) and (2) gave 4-nitro-3-phenanthrol and 9-bromo-4-nit ro -3-phenanthrol, respectively.The reactions of 4-chloro-3-phenanthrol (4), 9-bromo-4-chloro-3-phenanthrol (5), 1-bromo-2-phenanthrol (14), or 1-bromo-2-naphthol (17) with (Y) proceeded with difficulty even at a higher temperature, 140°C, and only (4) and (14) gave the corresponding o-hydroxynitro compounds. Attempts to react (14) or (17) with (X) and 9-bromo- or 2, 9-dibromo-3-phenanthrol with (Y) failed to succeed.


Reprint requests to Dr Castleberry, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, Board of Registry, 2100 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612. Laboratorians today are working in a difficult and uncertain environment characterized by the effects of cost-containment strategies and downsizing. Students are experiencing increasing difficulty obtaining clinical instruction and graduates are having difficulty finding jobs, according to results of a recent survey conducted by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists' Board of Registry (BOR). Since 1984, the BOR has conducted annual surveys of medical laboratory science programs accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS) and the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP). The survey monitors


The bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated by AIBN at temperature levels of 30°, 50°, and 70°C has been studied. Molecular weight averages and distribution (MWD) were measured by gel permeation chromatography. A model has been proposed which accurately predicts conversion to high levels and MWD. Molecular weight measurements show that transfer to monomer plays the important role in controlling molecular weight averages. Disproportionation is probably the dominant mode of termination.


The distribution of products of random variables arises explicitly in many areas of the sciences, engineering and medicine. This has increased the need to have available the widest possible range of statistical results on products of random variables. In this note, we study the distribution of XY when X and Y are gamma and Rayleigh random variables by deriving various explicit expressions for its characteristic function. An application of the results is provided to drought data from Nebraska.


The vast production of resource-constrained wireless communication devices and the development of various techniques in recent years opens room for security concerns to overcome potential attacks. However, efficient methods are needed to reduce the trade-off between communication and computation complexities in resource-constrained wireless device communication. In this paper, we propose a lightweight fault-tolerant secure data communication framework that consists of Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) secure communication scheme, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) based secure communication scheme and Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) based authentication scheme for wireless sensor network communication using Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallel program platform. Further, we have implemented the proposed framework for a single sink node (scenario-1) and all sink nodes (scenario-2) scenarios with parallel threads using Linux Pthreads to improve the total execution time. It is observed that the overall execution time performance of ECC is better in scenario-2 whereas the performance of ECDH is better in scenario-1 when the number of sensors is greater than 200. It is also observed that enabling Linux Pthreads in ECC implementation guarantees the parallel execution of decryption process and the reduction in the overall execution time in both scenarios. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework in terms of execution time and memory use over simulated wireless network environments, making the proposed framework suitable for fault-tolerant wireless sensor communication applications.


States and non-state actors are turning to cyberspace to exploit the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of their operations violate such international law rules as the requirement to the respect the sovereignty of other states, the prohibitions on intervention and the use of force, and international human rights law obligations and prohibitions.


This report presents a novel method of generating an optical vestigial sideband (VSB) modulated signal without using optical bandpass filters. Using a modified Hilbert transformer based on digital signal processing, an optical VSB-modulated signal is generated using the phase-shift method. The proposed method is demonstrated experimentally for an optical binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signal. The proposed method is wavelength-transparent compared to an optical bandpass filtering method, where the wavelength dependence of the optical bandpass filter limits applications. Furthermore, the optical bandwidth of the modulated signal is readily adjustable by changing the cutoff frequency of the high-pass Hilbert transformer. Fiber transmission characteristics of a single-channel optical BPSK-VSB signal are analyzed using a 100-km transmission link. Results of fiber transmission analysis show tolerance of the proposed modulation scheme to fiber nonlinearity-based signal distortions. For a 10 Gbit/s non-return-to zero(NRZ) sequence, a self-phase modulation threshold of 13 dBm is reported for the studied system.


ABSTRACT In order to understand the complex transport phenomena in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a theoretical model is essential. The analytical model provides a computationally efficient framework with a clear physical meaning. For this, a non-isothermal, analytical model for the passive DMFC has been developed in this study. The model considers the coupled heat and mass transport along with electrochemical reactions. The model is successfully validated with the experimental data. The model accurately describes the various species transport phenomena including methanol crossover and water crossover, heat transport phenomena, and efficiencies related to the passive DMFC. It suggests that the maximum real efficiency can be achieved by running the cell at low methanol feed concentration and moderate current density. The model also accurately predicts the effect of various operating and geometrical parameters on the cell performance such as methanol feed concentration, surrounding temperature, and polymer electrolyte membrane thickness. The model predictions are in accordance with the findings of the other researchers. The model is rapidly implementable and can be used in real-time simulation and control of the passive DMFC. This comprehensive model can be used for diagnostic purpose as well.


Ab initio and photoemission study of correlation effects in SrRuO3 thin films S. Grebinskij,1,* S. Masys,2,† S. Mickevicius,1,‡ V. Lisauskas,1,§ and V. Jonauskas2,| 1State Scientific Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, A. Gostauto Street 11, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania 2Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, A. Gostauto Street 12, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania (Received 27 April 2012; published 4 January 2013)


ORAL PRESENTATIONS Discussion and Conclusions: Among genotyping methods, PFGE has been shown to have superior discriminatory power and reproducibility. Currently, it is the gold standard fingerprinting technique used for subtyping foodborne bacterial pathogens in humans under the pulsenet system (CDC). AFLP has also, in recent years, gained popularity due to its high discriminatory power and reproducibility. However, these methods are also known to have a high initial cost and moderate ease of use (Gebreyes, 2003). Based on phenotypic classification of isolates in the present study, the most common and widespread cluster type (cluster type 11) was composed predominantly of phage type DT104. The genetic diversity within DT104 in the present study was limited as compared to other phage types. This is consistent with previous reports. Using antibiotyping as an alternative approach, two predominant pentaresistance types among 12 antibiotypes have been detected: AmCmStSuTe and AmKmStSuTe patterns (Gebreyes and Altier, 2002). The use of phage typing in addition to genotypic approaches remains an important step in subtyping Salmonella, particularly in outbreaks involving serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis as recommended previously (Ward et al., 2001).


Modified 9Cr-1Mo steel is used for high temperature components such as steam turbine rotors because of its superior high-temperature property. Creep-fatigue damage progresses preferentially at stress concentration portions in the steam turbine rotors during cyclic start up- shut down operation. Therefore development of an accurate creep-fatigue failure life assessment method under multiaxial stress states at the stress concentration portions is necessary to maintain reliable operation. In this study, creep-fatigue tests using three kinds of round notch bar specimen on a modified 9Cr-1Mo steel and finite element(FE) creep analyses of the specimens have been conducted to clarify effect of multiaxial stress conditions on failure life. Larger life reduction of all kinds of notch specimen under the creep-fatigue tests than the fatigue lives was observed at lower strain range. Observation of notch root of the creep-fatigue damage specimens by a scanning electron microscope suggested that most of the creep-fatigue life was occupied by crack propagation up to 1mm from the notch root surface. Appropriate life prediction results were not obtained in the case of using the FE analysis results at the notch root surface. On the other hand, creep-fatigue lives of notch specimens were accurately predicted by applying the damage area rate concept, in which average creep-fatigue damage value was calculated within 1mm from the notch root surface, with both nonlinear damage accumulation model and ductility exhaustion theory.


The copper, zinc, manganese, vanadium, and iodine concentrations in washed hair samples of some low birth weight Canadian neonates were determined by neutron activation analysis. Hair samples were collected from 37 preterm (26 to 36 weeks gestation), 24 full term low birth weight (FTLBW) and 38 sex-matched controls. The concentrations of copper, zinc, man- ganese, and vanadium in the hair did not differ significantly in the FTLBW and control groups showing the hair concentrations of these metals at birth are independent of birth weight. The concentrations of zinc and manganese in the hair of the preterm neonates were not significantly different from levels observed in the combined FTLBW and the control group. However, a significant negative correlation of hair zinc with gestational age both within the preterm and within the three groups as a whole exists and is perhaps associated with a reported fall in the foetal serum zinc level towards term. In contrast, hair vanadium concentrations in the preterm group were found to be significantly lower than those of both the FTLBW and control groups. The median hair iodine concentration of all the low birth weight infants was significantly higher (I 15 ppm) than that ofthe control group (14.5 ppm). No correlations ofthe copper, zinc, manganese, and vanadium hair concentrations with the variables sex, parity, and socioeconomic status of the mother were found. However, there were highly positive correlations for zinc with manganese, and copper with manganese, in both the preterm group and within the three groups as a whole. AmJ. Clin.


This is the fourth in a series of interpretive phenomenological studies which aims to explore how women who gave birth as teenagers "experienced the self and future during a 12 year period" (p. 831). The author challenges the predominant view that the lives of teenage mothers are "irrevocably derailed when they begin parenting during adolescence" (p. 832). The method and longitudinal nature of the study has the potential to add important information about teenage mothers for nurses who work with this young population. We focus our commentary on two issues and their implications for the body of scientific evidence from qualitative inquiry for our discipline. The first issue that emerges is the topic of methodological rigor in qualitative research. We also raise the issue of congruency in methodology and data analysis given underlying philosophies in qualitative approaches and the implications for our discipline's scientific knowledge development. Although we have seen a proliferation of qualitative research in nursing during the past several decades, critical dialogue continues about the difficulty of establishing rigor in qualitative research (Beck, 1993; Koch, 1994; Maxwell, 2002; Sandelowski, 1986, 2000; Whittemore, Chase, & Mandle, 2001). The need to continue to debate how researchers establish rigor or trustworthiness is particularly important. By tradition, we have agreed that the research process needs to be made visible. This becomes relatively difficult to accomplish given the complexity of combining different qualitative approaches, when there is diversity of philosophies undergirding qualitative methods, and page restrictions for journal manuscripts. If as a discipline we believe that rigor is very important to the practice of good science, we may need to work collaboratively to discuss alternatives and changes in our standards. At the present time, the weight of providing evidence of trustworthiness rests with the researcher's clear and systematic presentation of her or his approach in the collection, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of the data (Eisner, 1981; Kvale, 1996; Merrick, 1999; Van Manen, 1990). In this way, the complete evidence presented can be reviewed and understood by those within and outside our discipline. Another methodological issue is the use of methodological terms, the recognition of the standards for key methodological terminology, and the importance of consistency throughout a manuscript. For example, words


This paper proposes a novel FPGA-based accelerator for the memory and compute-intense re-gridding process used in computation of Non-uniform Fast Fourier Transform (NuFFT). The re-gridding process interpolates arbitrary sampled data onto a uniform grid using an interpolation kernel function. This regridding step is considered one of the most time consuming step in entire NuFFT computation. We propose a memory-efficient technique based on the novel use of customizable hardware components such as FPGA block memory in First-In-First-Out (FIFO) configuration, fill-rate based arbiter, distributed RAM and an array of pipelined single precision floating point multipliers and adders. The proposed architecture exhibits high performance over a wide range of configurations and data-sizes. A speed-up of over 9.6 was achieved when compared with existing FPGA-based technique at a 7 times higher MFLOPS per watt. Compared to GPU based technique, over 6 times higher MFLOPS per watts were achieved.


We present a new analysis and interpretation of the geological and tectonic history of the Chinese East Junggar orogenic belt together with new, structural observations, geochronological and geochemical data. The northerly-distributed Armantai ophiolite shows mainly E-MORB and island arc-basalt geochemistry, and a plagiogranite from the ophiolite yields a new SHRIMP zircon age of 503±7 Ma. These juxtaposed tectonic units indicate multiple subduction-accretion systems amalgamated by subsequent oblique convergence, including remnants of island arc, subduction complexes, seamount and ophiolites, forming an enlarged Cordilleran-type margin by Mid-Carboniferous time. This scenario has wide implications for the architecture and crustal growth of Central Asia.


Polanyi´s warning about the creation of social dislocations when achieving development and progress was not taken into account by International Financial Institutions during the Washington Consensus. The purpose of this paper is to analyze to what extent Post Washington ideas and practices take seriously Polanyi´s warning into account. It explores Polanyi´s theory and the dislocations created due to the neoliberal reforms and then it attempts to evaluate the new strategies of the Post-Washington Consensus. It concludes that the new ideology not only remains strongly committed to market expansion, but also, both the World Bank and Stiglitz might be proposing alternatives that intentionally or unintentionally are reproducing the previous Neoliberalist regime and increasing social dislocations.


Extrinsic photoemission from pure solid rare gases at energies below the direct photoemission threshold is assigned to the diffusion of ''free'' mobile excitons (prior to exciton trapping) to the gold (emitter) substrate followed by exciton‐enhanced electron ejection from the electrode. From a semiquantitative study of the extrinsic photoemission yield of solid Xe as a function of the film thickness we get the diffusion length l?300 A, for exciton migration on the time scale of 10−11–10−12 sec.


The freeze dried bivalent vaccine was prepared by each one dose of present Typhoid Vi vaccine and Meningococcus group A vaccine with lactose as a stabilizer.The following tests were carried out by using the bivalent vaccine,such as identification of specificity,polysaccharide content,safety,comparision of chromatogram,immunoprotection efficacy and measurement of animal antisera.The preliminary results showed that the bivalent vaccine were safe,no interference occured between both indivadual vaccine,results from stability tests were all consistent after the bivalent vaccine was stored for one year.All that indicated tha the bivalent vaccine were able to protecting the two infections simutaneonsly.


The article describes the state of discussion about archiving the Internet in Poland, on the background of terminological deliberations on understanding the term "Internet archiving". The article discusses key aspects of archiving websites from the point of view of state archives, as well as proposals of completing this task formed by librarians and archivists.


The purpose of this essay is to show that in spite of common objections, the doctrine of virgin birth is the only possible interpretation, inference and implication of what the Bible says, especially in the birth narratives. In other words, the doctrine is biblically or canonically necessary. Nevertheless, it will be argued that the doctrine is not metaphysically necessary: God can use other ways to bring about the incarnation while keeping the divinity, humanity, and sinlessness of Jesus Christ. Instead of defending the doctrine as metaphysically necessary, it is more fruitful to proclaim it as biblically fitting. Three theologians who see the doctrine as biblically fitting will be expounded (Irenaeus, Anselm, and Thomas Aquinas), followed by suggestion to establish criteria for good biblical fittingness, partly by cultivating Christian imagination and a sense of divine mystery.


Cancer is deadly disease that can spread until to bones known as bone metastases. Cancer therapy is expensive treatment that needed know in its handling, one of them is radiopharmaceutical. Radiopharmaceutical using as cancer therapy has high risk until need detail guideline in it using. The literature search that use radiophamaceutical as bone metastases therapy carry out with critical appraisal technique on search engine i.e google scholar, pubmed, and science direct. The search result gets 3 utilization radiopharmaceuticals in Indonesia i.e strontium, rhenium, samarium. Radiopharmaceutical using as bone metastases therapy shows success, but still has some side effects


Dot product computation is widely used in many algorithms, such as FFT and DCT. This paper proposes a floating-point dot product architecture based on the multiple-path method. This architecture could perform A × B+C × D as a single operation. The speed of the dual-path architecture implemented in single precision format is faster by 32% and 5.45% than the speed of a network approach using traditional adders and multipliers and the speed of the basic dot product architecture, respectively.


We present a novel constitutive model using the framework of strain-limiting theories of elasticity for an evolution of quasi-static anti-plane fracture. The classical linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), with conventional linear relationship between stress and strain, has a well documented inconsistency through which it predicts a singular cracktip strain. This clearly violates the basic tenant of the theory which is a first order approximation to finite elasticity. To overcome the issue, we investigate a new class of material models which predicts uniform and bounded strain throughout the body. The nonlinear model allows the strain value to remain small even if the stress value tends to infinity, which is achieved by an implicit relationship between stress and strain. A major objective of this paper is to couple a nonlinear bulk energy with diffusive crack employing the phase-field approach. Towards that end, an iterative L-scheme is employed and the numerical model is augmented with a penalization technique to accommodate irreversibility of crack. Several numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the capability and the performance of the proposed framework We observe the naturally bounded strain in the neighborhood of the crack-tip, leading to different bulk and crack energies for fracture propagation.


Possibilities of electromagnetic separation of the metallic components of spent nuclear reactor fuel elements, according to the materials from which they are made, are investigated. This has advantages in the reprocessing and disposal cycle of fuel management. A design study for a prototype separator, involving no moving parts, is described, and practical problems involved in handling hazardous materials considered.


We have evaluated oesophageal function in 34 diabetics and in 16 non‐diabetic controls by a timed bolus transit method derived from dynamic oesophageal scintiscans (water transit time: WTT) and barium swallow. The diabetics were screened for autonomic neuropathy using standard cardiovascular responses and 10 patients were classified as abnormal. WTT was significantly prolonged in autonomic neuropaths compared with other diabetics (p<0.01) and controls (p<0.001). Abnormal peristalsis on barium swallow was seen more frequently in autonomic neuropaths (9/10) than in other diabetics (11/24, p<0.002). WTTs from all diabetic patients correlated with abnormal heart rate responses at rest (Rs = −0.49, p<0.005), on deep inspiration (Rs = −0.48, p<0.005), and on standing (Rs = − 0.39, p<0.025) but not with the Valsalva manoeuvre. A weaker correlation was found between the postural fall in blood pressure (Rs = 0.3, p<0.05).


We hypothesized that food amount accuracy scores would be worse from memory than when food is in plain sight. Unit quantity estimates and BMI were obtained from 73 undergraduate participants for cheese puffs in two containers either having small units, more numbers (S) or large units, fewer numbers (L). Participants estimated with food visible or occluded. S and L accuracy scores (estimated/actual) were dependent measures. BMI was not significantly correlated with accuracy, S (r = -0.11, p = .17 or L (r = 0.12, p = .15). Accuracy scores reflected ubiquitous underestimates whether food was visible or not. Participants always (1.00) underestimated S and L when visible, and S = 0.97, L = 0.95 when occluded. MANOVA showed both S and L were significantly less accurate from memory despite perceptual differences in these arrays; L, F(1, 72) = 7.290, p = .009 and S, F(1,72) = 6.874, p = .011. .


On the basis of dynamics calculation on Fe ore reduction process, thermal experiment was made on CFB settings. FCB's working conditions was optimized by adjusting cases that influence the conditions. The reaction in CFB was studied. The key steps of the reduction process in circulating fluidized bed are controlled by chemical reaction on the particle face. The relationship between the mean reduction rate and mean reaction time was tested.


There are lots of ways to perform object recognition. This paper is part of a project studying object recognition. The project is intended as a starting point to further learning about object recognition. Therefore, moment invariants are studied as a good starting point. Hu moment invariant methods and Zernike moment invariant methods are implemented and compared. Zernike moment invariants are shown to outperform Hu moment invariants.


In order to develop a high speed train, various conditions have been considered. Fatigue strength assessment by the fluctuation of pressure is an important one. In this study, the fluctuation and frequency of pressure is measured when KHST(Korean High Speed Train) passes through tunnels in the Kyung-Bu high-speed line. And the characteristics of pressure fluctuation is analysed and formulated. The results of analysis are as follows. The train entering speed and fluctuation value are related. The pressure increasing is generated in proportion to train velocity at leading car. When two train is passing through the tunnel, the pressure value is 1.5~2 times higher than one train is passing. The damping ratio of pressure fluctuation is about 92%. The number of pressure fluctuation in a tunnel is 4 to 6 times. The result in this study would be a good guidance to calculate the fatigue life and the reliability index of body structure.


A new structure of switched flux permanent magnet motor was presented and the motor's electromagnetic performance and the temperature distribution of different parts were analysed. First,the structure and operating principle of this motor were introduced. Then,its static characteristics just as flux and EMF was analysed through the finite element analysis method. Finally,the multi- physical fields steady combined simulation model was built with Maxwell and ANSYS Workbench,the overall temperature distribution field of this motor was obtained. Simulation results were compared with experimental results to validate the model.


Background: Histopathology of endometrium is considered important investigation in case of infertility. The functional disturbance involved in infertility may result in morphological changes in endometrium. Endometrial histopathology is helpful in dating of endometrium so that hormonal status, ovulation and infertility.Methods: The material for this study consists of endometrial tissue obtained from patients. It was collected either by endometrial biopsy or curettage of uterus done in the minor OT department of obstetrics and gynaecology. The specimen was processed paraffin tissue processing and section of five micrometer was cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and ZN staining as per requirement.Results: Morphological and histopathological pattern of endometrium of patients with primary infertility, anovulatory (proliferative endometrium was present in 24 (30%) patients, simple hyperplasia was present in 16 (20%), deficient secretary phase was present in 26 (32.50%) patients, adequate secretary phase was present in 7 (8.75%) patients. Endometrial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 4 (5%) patients and in one patient neoplastic change was found. Arias Stella reaction was present in 1 (1.25%) patients.Conclusions: From present study we can conclude that the mean age of patients with primary infertility was 25.76±3.21 years and most of the patients were between 26 to 35 years of age. Regular menstrual cycle was present in 54 (67.5%) patients and 32.5% patients were presented with irregular cycle. The duration of infertility between 3 to 6 years was present in 34 (42.5%) patients. Secretory endometrium was present in 52.5% patients and was most common finding followed by proliferative endometrium. Endometrial tuberculosis was present in 2.5% patients.


A review of the radiologic literature reveals no existing system which performs a digital retrieval (and computer analysis) of scanned radiographic images. The authors' fundamental belief in the potential power and utility of pattern recognition technics in digital computer analysis of radiographs led them to proceed with a pilot study which has convinced them: 1.  That the present state of the electronic and mechanical scanning art is entirely adequate to effect analog signal representation of radiographs. 2.  That currently available analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters and interfaces for digital computers are also entirely adequate. For this pilot study the electronic system was designed and built by one of the authors, Hal C. Becker. Method With a low-resolution system, 35-mm. reproductions of radiographs, and also 2 × 2-in. cutouts from radiographic film itself, were electronically scanned, using a standard Tektronix type 535-A oscilloscope as a flying spot scanner raster source. The li...


At an even temperature of 25℃,with the material of bagasse,adopting the batch methane fermentation technology,the paper studied the dynamic correlation between methane output and the enzyme activity of amylase,cellulase,xylanase,delydrogenase during methane fermentation with bagasse. The results suggested that,during the fermentation with bagasse,there was the accordant dynamic correlation between the four kind of enzyme activity and methane output,that is to say:the peak value of the four kinds of enzyme activity and methane output took on alternative change with the time;namely,the peak value of the first three kinds of enzyme activity advanced of the peak value of methane output with the time,the peak value of delydrogenase activity and the peak value of methane output was in phase with the time.


Property Location A stay at The Cozi Inn places you in the heart of Bangkok, walking distance from Pratunam Market and Platinum Fashion Mall. This hotel is within close proximity of Pantip Plaza and Suan Pakkard Palace.Rooms Make yourself at home in one..


In this work, an in-house computational code capable of simulating highly coupled physicochemical phenomena occurring in ammonia/urea SCR (selective catalytic reduction) was developed. On the basis of this computational code, the kinetic parameters of catalytic reactions were newly calibrated using the experimental results obtained over a commercial ammonia/urea SCR washcoated Fe-ion-exchanged zeolite-based catalyst. Powder-phase NH3 TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) experiments were performed to calibrate the kinetic parameters of NH3 adsorption and desorption, and core-out monolith experiments were conducted to estimate the kinetic parameters of various deNOx reactions as well as NH3 oxidation. The currently established SCR model and kinetic parameters gave a good prediction for both steady-state and transient experimental results for a wide range of operating conditions. The main objectives of this study were to develop numerical tools and their implementation methodologies that can be cost-effec...


This paper develops bankruptcy prediction model of considerable efficiency for firms listed and traded in a small developing economy. New findings reported in this paper help extend bankruptcy prediction literature to a different market setting. We find there are three relevant variables: total liabilities; current asset turnover; and cash ratios. The model correctly classified about nine-tenth of failed and non-failed firms in the original and holdout samples. The model predicts failure four years ahead. We also introduce a further sample comprising of those firms that had experienced financial distress between 1997-1998 (during the Asian Financial Crisis period) to assess model superiority. The predictive accuracy of the model reveals that it was significantly better than chance. Thus, these findings are somewhat different from those in the literature.


In this paper, we performed to develop two-chip MEMS capacitive microphone with CMOS analog amplifier. At first, we carried out multi-physics simulation to optimize the cutoff frequency and sensitivity of the designed MEMS microphone. Then MEMS microphone and CMOS analog preamplifier was fabricated and integrated. The acoustic sensitivity of developed MEMS microphone was measured with -41.3 dB.


Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine audit report lags and audit report deadline margins. It specifically examines whether audits of large accelerated filers are completed within a shorter period as compared with regular accelerated filers due to the introduction of new deadline filing requirements by the SEC. The paper also examines whether large accelerated filers have shorter audit report deadline margins. Design/methodology/approach - Using a sample of 7,129 firm-year observations over the period 2007-2013, an OLS regression model is applied by regressing audit report lags and audit report deadline margins on an indicator variable for large accelerated filers and a set of control variables. Findings - Results indicate that audits of large accelerated filers have shorter audit report lags as compared with regular accelerated filers. Also, large accelerated filers have shorter audit report deadline margins as compared with regular accelerated filers. These results suggest that even though large accelerated filers' audits are more complex by nature, auditors of these firms are under more pressure to complete their audits and issue their clients' audit reports on time. Research limitations/implications - While the control variables included in the models are all based on established theories and validated in prior research, there may still be some control variables that were excluded from the study's models. Also, these results cannot be generalized beyond firms that are categorized as large accelerated filers or accelerated filers. Practical/implications - Public accounting firms should be prepared to devote more resources to large accelerated filers' clients. Also, regulators might need to reconsider revising the filing deadline requirements for the new category of large accelerated filers by weighing the pros against the cons of these new deadlines, as it appears that auditors of large accelerated filers need more time to complete their audits. Originality/value - This study uses a new measuring tool in addition to audit report lags, which is the 'audit report deadline margin'.


This sermon is based on Genesis 1:26–31 and John 2:1–11, which focus on food as God's gift in creation and the central role it plays in our relationship with God and each other. It explores four values to cultivate when we look about food biblically – celebration, abundance, dependence and community/relationship.


AIM: To investigate the effects of simulated microgravity on cell morphology,cell proliferation and cell cycle in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).METHODS: Clinostat was used to simulate microgravity conditions and cell morphological changes were measured using an inverted microscope.Cell proliferation was measured by cytometry and cell cycle alterations were examined by flow cytometer.RESULTS: Compared with those in the control group,HUVECs became round and grew in an overlapping manner in the clinorotation group.Cell numbers in clinorotation groups did not change significantly.Cell numbers in clinorotation group in G0+G1 phase at 12 h,24 h and 36 h time-points increased significantly compared with those in controls(P0.05).CONCLUSION: Simulated microgravity induces changes of cell morphology and inhibition of cell cycle in HUVECs.


ALL LETTERS TO THE EDITOR MUST BE SUBMITTED ONLINE VIA EDITORIAL MANAGER (http://ajkd.edmgr.com). Letters should be in response to an AJKD article, and that article should have appeared no more than 6 months previously. The title must be different from that of the original article. Letters must not exceed 250 words (excluding references, maximum number 10) and contain no more than 1 figure or table. Letters are subject to editing and abridgment without notice and there is no guarantee that your letter will be published. Submitting the letter constitutes your permission for its publication in any current or subsequent issue or edition of AJKD, in any form or media, now known or hereafter developed.


: Various factors influence a food's palatability, including elements related to the individual taster, the food itself, and the cuisine environment. The food-related elements include taste, smell, color, temperature, and texture. Food texture is an important factor involved in its tastiness. This study aimed to examine the influence of dry, crumbling food texture on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles during mastication and swallowing. Ag-Cl surface electrodes were used to record the EMG activity of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles on the habitual masticatory side. A ground electrode was secured to the skin in the posterior neck region. The following EMG parameters of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles were calculated: the peak value, onset time, offset time, peak time, burst duration, integrated EMG value, and root mean square


The Strategic Surveillance is an innovation management tool that allows transforming information, organization, idea, idea, improvement, organization, environment, making it more competitive. (Ortega et al., 2016). Knowing the importance of this tool in the SIES Salud market is the need to build a process by which the institution initiates its Commercial Strategic Monitoring in order to identify business opportunities in the environment and also achieve value within the market.


The existence of a stable age distribution and the effectiveness of the Malaise trap as an adult sampling device were established for an isolated population of Culex tarsalis Coquillett near the Salton Sea, California. This information was used to model the relationship between the densities of larvae and adults in this population.

Because a stable age distribution existed, the mortality between successive instars was calculated from differences in densities of successive instars. These differences were corrected for duration of each stage. The daily egg production and daily adult emergence were calculated from the densities of instar II and pupae, respectively. The adult mortality was calculated as the difference between estimated daily adult emergence and the number of gravid females needed to produce the estimated number of eggs laid per day.

The effectiveness of the Malaise trap as an adult sampling device was determined by correlating the number of adults collected per day with the estimated daily adult emergence. Two Malaise traps collected a mean total number of adults equivalent to 22.4 and 22.0% of the estimated mean daily adult emergence.


The paper presents some preliminary results of the monitoring of Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. et Schult. fil. plants (category of rare and endangered plant species). By summarizing the available sources of science literature we have compiled a general description of morphological and bio-ecological species characteristics. The results of the field study fulfilled in 2012-2015 in two population groups of the Krasnosamarsky forestry (Samara region) were used to determine morphometric parameters of Tulipa biebersteiniana plants. The data also helped us to assess the variability level and to make a comparison with plant quantitative traits given in the literature. It was found that the shoot length of Tulipa biebersteiniana plants varied in the range of 23 … 50 cm, the maximum average length of 40 cm are presented in plants of population group number two. The distribution of shoot length among individuals of the second population group is more stable, changes depending on the year of vegetation are poorly expressed. The lengths of shoots inside the range specified for the various parts of the area in the literature with a significant proportion of «high» plants in the population is studied. This may be a sign of good growth conditions for Fritillaria ruthenica that gives an opportunity to the plant conservation in natural communities in the absence of limiting anthropogenic factors.


David Albury and Joseph Schwartz 1982 London: Pluto viii + 215 pp price £4.95 (paperback) The partial progress of the title is towards an answer to the question 'Would a socialist science look different from our present science and if so how?'. In moving towards a more complete answer, the advice of the authors to their readers is: never trust a research report; never trust a scientist; don't get discouraged; get help.


A vast majority of thymocytes are eliminated during T cell development by apoptosis. However, apoptotic thymocytes are not usually found in the thymus, indicating that apoptotic thymocytes must be eliminated rapidly by scavengers. Although macrophages and dendritic cells are believed to play such role, little is known about scavengers in the thymus. We found that CD4+/CD11b+/CD11c− cells were present in the thymus and that they expressed costimulatory molecules for T cell selection and possessed Ag-presenting activity. Moreover, these CD4+/CD11b+ cells phagocytosed apoptotic thymocytes much more efficiently than thymic CD4−/CD11b+ cells as well as activated peritoneal macrophages. CD4+/CD11b+ cells became larger along with thymus development, while no such change was observed in CD4−/CD11b+ cells. Finally, engulfed nuclei were frequently found in CD4+/CD11b+ cells. These results strongly suggest that thymic CD4+/CD11b+ cells are major scavengers of apoptotic thymocytes.


Neurilemmomas involving bones are rare tumors constituting less than 1% of central benign tumors of bone. Only few cases of neurilemmomas occurring in the mandible have been reported in the medical literature so far. Here, we report a case of neurilemmoma involving the posterior aspect of mandible in a 15 years old male child. This case was a diagnostic challenge as the clinical features and radiographic features mimicked that of an odontogenic cyst but histologically turned out to be a neurilemmoma. Discussion on the incidence, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, histopathological features and treatment of this benign neurogenic tumor is presented here.


Community mining in large, complex, real-life networks such as the World Wide Web has emerged as a key data mining problem with important applications. In recent years, several graph theoretic definitions of community, generally motivated by empirical observations and intuitive arguments, have been put forward. However, a formal evaluation of the appropriateness of such definitions has been lacking. We present a new framework developed to address this issue, and then discuss a particular implementation of this framework. Finally, we present a set of experiments aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two specific graph theoretic structures—alliance and near-clique—in capturing the essential properties of communities.


The invention discloses an anti-splashing chinlon DTY oil agent and a preparation method thereof. A conventional chinlon DTY oil agent splashes on various parts when spinning processing speed increases. The anti-splashing chinlon DTY oil agent is composed of following components, by weight, 60-80% of a high-temperature resistance smooth agent, 10-25% of an environment-friendly emulsifier, 3-10% of a bundling agent, 4-6% of a compound antistatic agent, 1-2% of an anti-splashing agent and the balance polymeric additive. The anti-splashing agent is a mixture of an ethene-propylene copolymer and polyisobutylene or polybutene. The anti-splashing agent is good in anti-splashing performance, is free from splashing and causing oil-stained fibers during a production process, is free of APEO and is non-pollution and nontoxic to environment.


This essay briefly considers the increasingly important role of computer-mediated tools in effective organizational communications: (1) electronic mail, offering one-to-one communication; (2) electronic conferencing, offering many-to-many communication; and (3) corporatewide information systems (CWIS), offering one-to-many communication. It then proceeds to explore in greater detail the role that a new generation of computer software, so-called groupware, is coming to play as an enabler and enhancer of these technologies, thus transforming information resource management (IRM) within the modern organization. The author illustrates his points through the use of three mini-case studies. The first and primary example considers the impact of groupware on the operations of Babson College. The Babson study is supplemented by two summary references to the use of similar products within a global accounting/consulting firm and within a large U.S. government agency.This essay was prepared for the American Archivist...


In [1, 2] P. Arnoux and G. Levitt showed that the topology of the foliation of a Morse form ~a on a compact manifold is closely related to the structure of the integration mapping [~]: Hz(M) . R. In this paper we consider the foliation of a Morse form on a two-dimensional manifold M~. We study the relationship of the subgroup Ker[ta] C H~(M~) with the topology of the foliation. We consider thestructure of the subgroup Ker[w] ,for a compact foliation and prove a criterion for the compactness of a foliation.


In this paper, I present an attempt similar to what Swales (1998) did when he wrote a textography of a university building. A textographer looks for pieces of paper in which he finds ways of life. The difference is this is meant to be a textography of my own complex path as an online learner and teacher. By complex, I do not mean complicated, rather I analyze the data through a Complexity Theory lens, embracing interconnectedness and dynamism. Complex systems and Applied Linguistics have been gradually seen together in publications since a seminal article by Larsen-Freeman (1997). References in other areas of knowledge also serve as my theoretical background. The features of complex systems (non-linearity, unpredictability, sensitiveness to initial conditions, openness, feedback sensitiveness, adaptability) are exemplified with textual samples. Metaphorically, I am the textographer searching through my lifelong online learning and teaching portfolio for clues which may reveal the intricacies of this path


This paper explores whether organisations in a developing country have become more mature over time in their project management practices, and compares the current state to findings from a similar study conducted in 2010. It thus contributes to the scant literature on project management maturity in developing countries. Six hundred responses to a project management maturity questionnaire were used to investigate the perceived project management success of 9 389 projects. The results indicated that the perceived average project management maturity dropped from the 2010 value of 2.88 to 2.64 in 2020. Despite this, most of the projects surveyed were still perceived as successful. Keywords: Project management maturity, project management success, developing countries


Cycloisomerization of α,β-acetylenic oximes leading to substituted isoxazoles was achieved using AuCl 3 as catalyst, under moderate reaction conditions. The reaction can be applied to various acetylenic oximes and gives good to excellent yields. The methodology is amenable for the selective synthesis of 3-substituted, 5-substituted or 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles by simply altering the substituents on the acetylenic oximes.


This research is conducted to analyze the influence of audit delay, size of public accountant firm, financial distress, audit opinion and company size of auditor switching. The population in this research is used secondary data from the financial statment of all companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2017 as many 529 companies. This research used purposive sampling method and obtainde 359 companies sample. The data analysis used logistic regression analysis with program SPSS version 20. The result of this research show that size of public accountant firm and audit opinion have negative effect on auditor switching. While audit delay, financial distress and company size have not effect on auditor switching.


For 65 students in two undergraduate courses in adolescent psychology, both (a) number of changes of multiple-choice answers and (b) improvement were calculated and correlated with demographic and some personality variables (depression, anxiety, assertion, introversion-extroversion). Changing answers enhanced scores for most students. A students and assertive students changed significantly fewer answers. Using a multiple regression procedure the four best predictors of number of changes, respectively, were the Lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, assertiveness, course grade, and depression; the three best predictors of improvement in order were the Lie scale, marital status, and assertiveness.


Hal and Di McElroy have written and produced iconic Australian TV shows such as 'Blue Heelers', 'Water Rats' and 'Sea Patrol'. They tell Tim Kroenert about how they create success.


Howell1 has shown that in testing blood to determine the presence of a hemophilic tendency, it is more satisfactory to obtain the clotting time of the oxalated and centrifugalized plasma after recalcification than to depend upon the time of coagulation of the whole blood, since in the latter case small variations in conditions may make large differences in the figures obtained. In connection with this procedure and also as a matter of general interest, it was thought desirable to ascertain to what extent the coagulating property of an oxalated plasma undergoes alteration upon keeping, and the effect upon this property of temperature and of sterile versus non-sterile conditions. The following experiments were made at the suggestion of Dr. W. H. Howell with the object of testing these points. It is evident that determinations of the clotting time of blood kept over a period must be made upon oxalate or fluoride plasma. In these experiments, therefore, the following method was adopted: A cannula was introduced into one of the carotid arteries of an anesthetized cat, and the blood allowed to flow into centrifuge tubes containing one part of 1 per cent sodium oxalate for every eight parts of blood. The blood and oxalate were thoroughly mixed and then centrifugalized for twenty minutes. The cell-free plasma was pipetted off and divided into three parts, one of which was kept at 4°C. during the period of the experiment, another at room temperature and the third at 37'. The clotting time of these specimens was determined at intervals over a period of twenty-four hours by the method of recalcification. It is well known that if calcium be added to a plasma kept fluid by oxalate precipitation of its ionizable calcium the plasma will readily coagulate, the rapidity of coagulation being determined by the


Quantum chemical calculations and studies have been made on the different spin states of unsaturated carbenes X2CC: and X2CCC: (XH, Li, F). The geometries and relative stabilities of these carbenes with various groups X have been outlined. The ground states of unsaturated carbenes are all singlet. The energy splittings between the ground states and first excited states ΔE (1A1-3B1) are generally within the value of 60 kcal/mol and change greatly with the electronegativities of groups X, but little with the sizes of the cumulidenes. The equilibrium conformations of 1A1 and 3B1 are different.


In near-infrared (NIR) modeling, the baseline drift tends to affect the qualitative and quantitative performance of the multivariate calibration model. The baseline correction method based on the sparse representation of independent wavelength is a recent method for pure spectra estimation. In fact, the measured NIR generally exhibit local wavelength coupling sparse properties, and the existing baseline correction methods suffer from performance degradation due to ignoring the wavelength coupling effect on baseline correction. In this article, the pattern-coupled learning framework considering the local coupling property is proposed to achieve pure spectrum fitting and baseline correction simultaneously. Specifically, the pattern-coupled hierarchical Gaussian prior model is introduced to characterize the local sparse structure corresponding to characteristic peaks with wavelength coupling. The adaptive coupling method is further proposed to achieve robust learning of NIR under different noise interference. Unlike conventional frameworks where wavelength or hyperparameters are learned independently, the proposed mode coupling framework enables accurate baseline estimation without prior knowledge of spectral structure by characterizing wavelength coupling properties. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the root mean square error (RMSE) and $R^{2}$ of the proposed method are reduced and increased by 14.41% and 1.53%, 14.12% and 2.01%, 12.86% and 12.93% in three measured NIR datasets, respectively.


Recent calculations of the lattice dynamics of diamond, silicon, germanium, and gray tin using a valence for potential are shown to share a serious defect with simpler calculations employing only first‐ and second‐neighbor interactions: The zone‐boundary phonon frequencies at the points X and L cannot be fitted properly in such a model. It is shown that this difficulty arises in any model, which, like the valence force potential introduced by McMurry, Solbrig, Boyter, and Noble, and since employed by a number of authors, includes interactions involving only first, second, and fifth neighbors. It is found that the addition of interactions between third (but not fourth or sixth) neighbors creates the possibility of correcting this failure, and an improved calculation for silicon by Solbrig gives evidence for the feasibility of this approach.


The Colombian legal system contemplates professional secrecy as a concept with multiple legal implications. However, both for lawyers as to the generality of the population, the consequences of their violation are not clear, when they reveal information that they have obtained from the professional relationship with their clients. This article is an analysis of how that concept is contemplated in the Colombian legal system, covering several of the professions in which its custody is a duty, to later determine the implications of its disclosure by lawyers (litigants, adviser consultants, among others) in disciplinary matters, for which the Law, jurisprudence and doctrine are considered.


We present new measurements of bed load tracer transport in a mountain stream over several snowmelt seasons. Cumulative displacements were measured using passive tracers, which consisted of gravel and cobbles embedded with radio frequency identification tags. The timing of bed load motion during 11 transporting events was quantified with active tracers, i.e., accelerometer‐embedded cobbles. Probabilities of cobble transport increased with discharge above a threshold, and exhibited slight to moderate hysteresis during snowmelt hydrographs. Dividing cumulative displacements by the number of movements recorded by each active tracer constrained average step lengths. Average step lengths increased with discharge, and distributions of average step lengths and cumulative displacements were thin tailed. Distributions of rest times followed heavy‐tailed power law scaling. Rest time scaling varied somewhat with discharge and with the degree to which tracers were incorporated into the streambed. The combination of thin‐tailed displacement distributions and heavy‐tailed rest time distributions predict superdiffusive dispersion.


ON the assumption that the storage of vitamin D in the livers of fishes is directly related to bone calcification, it might be expected that a decrease in the amount of vitamin D would be observed in passing from the Teleostei, or bony fishes, to the Elasmobranchii, or cartilaginous fishes, the skeleton of which contains very little calcium. The vitamin D storage should, on the same grounds, be still less in the Cyclostomata, a class of primitive vertebrates, distinct from fishes, in which the skeleton shows even smaller traces of calcification than that of elasmobranchs. A number of species of Elasmobranchii has been investigated by Poulsson [1929, 1931] and by S. and S. Schmidt-Nielsen [1930], who established the presence of vitamin D in the livers, although in much smaller amount than in those of bony fishes, such as the cod. Poulsson suggested that the diffused ossification found in the vertebrae and the calcified deposits in the scales and teeth provided sufficient explanation of the presence of vitamin D. The vitamin D content of Cyclostomata has not previously been investigated by quantitative methods. Matzko [1929] examined one species, Caspiomyzon wagneri, which occurs in the Black Sea, in relation to its food value, and found that rats were protected from rickets by the large dose of 0d15 g. per day of the oil from the roasted flesh. The principal subject of the present investigation has been the lampern, or river lamprey (Petromyzon fluviatilis), which is a fairly readily available species. In addition, a few specimens of the sea lamprey (P. marinus) have been examined. The liver oils, as well as those obtained from the ovary and from the eviscerated body of these two species, have been examined for vitamin D. The presence of vitamin A has also been investigated in view of the observations made by Mori [1904]. This author found that pills made of the lightly-cooked flesh of the sea lamprey were beneficial in the treatment of the infantile disease "hikan" (xerosis conjunctivae and keratomalacia) prevalent in Japan, although cod-liver oil was more efficacious. McCollum and Simmonds [1917] were the first to recognise this observation as an instance of the cure of vitamin A deficiency. The materials used by Mori have been referred to in the literature, through mistranslation, as "eel-fat" and


Room temperature curing polyisocyanate adhesive composition suitable for use in the manufacture of engineering composite wood. Furthermore, the catalyst containing a tertiary amine alkoxylates or without the number of isocyanate-reactive hydroxyl hydrogen atoms or amine hydrogen atom is reduced, or substantially are provided. Further, a method for manufacturing a composite material by using the adhesive composition, and composites prepared from the adhesive composition is provided. Composite prepared from the adhesive composition has a significantly delamination resistance was increased.


The invention discloses a method for preparing white carbon black from fluorine-containing silica gel. The method comprises the following steps that: in a dissolution kettle with a stirring device and a heating device, the fluorine-containing silica gel reacts with an ammonium fluoride solution to form an ammonium fluosilicate solution; white carbon black is precipitated in the ammonium fluosilicate solution in three stages by use of ammonia gas; generated white carbon black slurry is driven into an aging groove, aged, filtered and subjected to countercurrent washing six times; clear water is used for the sixth washing; partial ammonium fluoride solution is separated from filtrate and is used for recovering ammonium fluoride; the remaining filtrate and a washing liquid are returned to a system to dissolve fluorine-containing silica gel; and white carbon black is obtained by drying filter cakes. The method has the advantages of high rate of utilizing fluorine-containing silica gel, simple process flow, less equipment, convenient operation, low production cost and easy realization of industrial production.


This paper approaches one of the major themes of public administration reform: quality of the public services. There are some studies and researches in this field in the transition countries, as well as in the developed countries, as OECD's countries. Performing a better quality of the public service is based of new initiatives in order to give other meaning to the relation between administration and citizen; this, without any doubt, will contribute to the performance of the public sector. Certainly, expected progresses in this sense are required to be measured. Therefore, each initiative must be followed by a relevant indicators system whose evolution distinguishes as close to reality as possible the real progress achieved. The systemic pattern is the most rational one, but the quantification of relations and processes adjacent to the new initiative still remain an open issue.


As an actor, director, workshop leader and avant-theater artist, Joseph Chaikin explored the experimental realms of the new theater, which was not examined by the traditional theater, throughout founding his own theatrical group, The Open Theater. Chaikin, hoping to be an excellent actor, began to get his theatrical education and training from the traditional theater artists. However, being disappointed with the `Method Acting`, an Americanized version of Staninslavsky`s acting system from his acting teachers, Chaikin joined the Living Theater. With the key members of the Living Theater, Judith Malina and Julian Beck, Chaikin began to explore his own acting technique and actor-training method, while participating in many theater productions with them. Not satisfied with his successful acting career with the Living Theater, mainly because of the radical socio-political messages of the productions of the Living Theater, Chaikin found his own theater group, the Open Theater for the further exploring and developing his acting method and actor-training workshop in 1963 in New York City. With his own theater, Chaikin insisted the whole acting method and actor training be `collectively staying in progress` which was intended to redefine the limits of the stage experience and to inspire the actors and the playwrights. He also experimented the collective acting process with his theater, not the solitary one as emphasized by the traditional method acting. Initially with training the actor`s body, Chaikin developed four major actor-training methods such as sound and movement, transformation, inside-outside exercise, and unnoticed actions which are the key techinques of his acting theory. After disbanding the Open Theater for keeping the pure meaning of theatrical nature-keep changing and avoid retrograding-he continued to study theater with the collaborative efforts with other young playwrigts. The theatrical experiments accomplished with the Open Theater by Chaikin without doubt have influenced many theater persons and contributed the theatrical development hugely in American stage in defining the history of modern Amrerican theater.


The broadcast network and a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication unit in a communication system including a unicast network comprising the steps of: encoding a data packet stream at a first rate for transmission on a network element from a broadcast network; Encoding the same data packet stream at a first rate for transmission over a unicast network; An encoded data packet stream at the same time as transmission via the unicast network, comprises the encoded data packet stream comprising: a broadcast via the broadcast network.


This volume represents a collection of papers originally delivered by 16 cardiologists and electrocardiographers to the postgraduate course on "Electrocardiography in Infants and Children" presented at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, under the auspices of the American College of Chest Physicians. These lectures were revised and edited for publication as a textbook by Drs. Cassels and Ziegler. The result is an impressively broad view of modern pediatric electrocardiography from workers representing various approaches and attitudes in their presentation of this subject.


Part One: Laying the Groundwork: Methodological Frameworks and Theoretical Perspectives 1. Living Wages, Equal Wages, and the Value of Women's Work 2. Waged Work in the Twentieth Century 3. Two Faces of Wages Within the Economics Tradition: Wages as a Living, Wages as a Price 4. The Third Face: Wages as a Social Practice Part Two: Wage Regulations in the Twentieth Century 5. An Experiment in Wage Regulation: Minimum Wages for Women 6. A Living for Breadwinners: The Federal Minimum Wage 7. Job Evaluation and the Ideology of Equal Pay 8. Legislating Equal Wages Part Three: The Century Ahead 9. Living Wages, Equal Wages Revisited: Contemporary Movements and Policy Initiatives 10. Applying Feminist Political Economy to Wage Setting


The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a unique instrument for measuring wind along coasts, in estuaries, fjords and lakes due to the high spatial resolution (about 100mby100m). SAR is measuring the sea surface roughness due to short gravity waves and these measurements can be translated into wind speed using empirical C-band models. Retrieved wind fields from SAR give an overview of local offshore wind conditions and may act as a supplement to existing methods for wind turbine siting. There is a potential for such satellite data to reduce cost of wind farms planning by improving the efficiency in selecting sites for making in situ observations.


Three nonlinear geostatistical models—disjunctive kriging (DK), indicator kriging (IK), and probability kriging (PK)—were used to develop conditional probability (CP) maps based on soil salinity thresholds for two crops, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). The CP maps divide alfalfa and corn fields into zones with different probabilities to reach a specific yield potential (YP) at a specific soil salinity threshold. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the performance of the DK, IK, and PK models in developing CP maps; (ii) compare actual alfalfa and corn yield samples with the YP estimated by the three models; and (iii) provide guidance for precision management of agriculture by considering the output of the models used in this study. Yield data were collected at alfalfa and corn fields to compare the actual data with those estimated by the models. The results of this study show that the CP maps developed using the three geostatistical models are efficient in assessing the impact of soil salinity on the spatial variability of alfalfa and corn yield. The comparison of the actual yield data with the estimated CP maps from the three models showed good agreement. The IK and PK models generated very similar estimates for each of the zones; however, the zones generated by both of these models are slightly different from the zones generated using the DK model. The information from this study can be used for precision management of agricultural resources.


At the heart of the debate about the women international traffic in the Latin America during XXI century, we analyze the routes of women traffic, emphasizing the Pan Amazonian boundary, through a post-colonial feminist approach of International Relations, since women from South Hemisphere, main victims of this practice, may present their subjectivities and 1 Discente de Relações Internacionais, UNAMA (Universidade da Amazônia), contato firstname.lastname@example.com 1 0 .1 7 7 7 1 /P U C R io .C ad R I. 3 3 4 9 6


Recently, Şahiner et al. [1] reported a novel study demonstrating the positive effect of intraoperative atropine in the prevention of postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). The aim of this study was to determine the anticholinergic effect of atropine on suppression of bladder contraction that is known to be related to CRBD. This study had several valuable points for use in routine clinical practice, namely, the clinical importance of CRBD, the feasibility of the use of atropine treatment with safety concerns, and replacing or overcoming the use of other antimuscarinic anticholinergics such as ketamine, tramadol, butylscopolamine, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine, fesoterodine, imidafenacin, and trospium. CRBD is one of the most distressing symptoms experienced during recovery from anesthesia due to the involuntary bladder contraction caused by the indwelling catheter. Although there have been no large epidemiologic studies investigating the prevalence of CRBD, it is an important clinical entity with a prevalence ranging from 47% to 90% [2]. Moreover, this symptomatic entity can cause emergence agitation during the early postoperative recovery period [3]. Atropine is a cheap and easy-to-use drug with a long history of safe usage. According to Şahiner et al. [1], atropine could be an attractive treatment option to treat CRBD without any significant adverse events. The previously used anticholinergics such as butylscopolamine oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine, fesoterodine, imidafenacin, and trospium chloride showed limited effectiveness but caused prominent side effects such as dry mouth and constipation. Opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could not be used to reduce CRBD pain symptoms because of their different pathophysiologic mechanisms in postoperative pain management. The pathophysiologic mechanism of CRBD causing distress or discomfort is similar to that of an overactive bladder that could be treated with anticholinergics by blocking muscarinic receptors. Atropine is a safe anticholinergic agent for intraoperative administration because it is the prototype of the antimuscarinic anticholinergic drugs that block muscarinic receptors in the bladder. Other anticholinergics, especially those reported for the treatment of overactive bladder, are Letter to the Editor


A fusion method based on the cartoon+texture decomposition method and convolution sparse representation theory is proposed for medical images. It can be divided into three steps: firstly, the cartoon and texture parts are obtained using the improved cartoon-texture decomposition method. Secondly, the fusion rules of energy protection and feature extraction are used in the cartoon part, while the fusion method of convolution sparse representation is used in the texture part. Finally, the fused image is obtained using superimposing the fused cartoon and texture parts. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm is effective.


To reach higher beam power, a linear coupling resonance [1, 2] in the J-PARC Main Ring (MR) should be corrected. The resonance is caused by alignment error of quadrupole magnets and vertical closed orbit distortion in sextupole magnets. To reduce the resonance effect, four skew quadrupole magnets have been installed at front and end of straight sections for injection and fast extraction as shown in Fig. 1. Before manufacturing the skew quadrupole magnets, strength of the resonance was measured by scanning vertical local bump at sextupole magnets. With the measurement, required properties of the skew quadrupole magnets had been fixed. As the first step for correcting the resonance, the MR operating tune was set on the resonance to observe the beam loss, and then we searched good operating currents of the skew quadrupole magnets without accelerating (3GeV DC mode at injection energy). For the next step, the MR was switched to acceleration mode up to 30GeV, and the good operating patterns of the magnets were found successfully. In this paper, design and field measurement of the skew quadrupole magnets, simulated results of the linear coupling resonance, and results of beam study will be shown.


The big diameter squat silo is a new type silo introduced and built in recent years.There is no appropriate formula for the calculation of the wall pressures,and the overpressure problem caused by top pile is not well solved yet.To solve these problems,two calculation methods for the wall pressures are proposed.One is by applying the limit equilibrium theory to the stored bulk materials directly,and the other is the modification of Coulomb formula by the volume ratio of two granular materials forms considering the line walls and the squat silos.According to such factors as the top shape of the granular materials in silos and the possible plane of rupture,two cases are discussed,and a simplest analytical method is given for different cases.The methods are validated by the full sized bunker experiment.


Introduction: The growing population has placed a higher demand on the public transport system, and yet they have not been able to cater for the needs of people of all socioeconomic groups. People go for Moto Bajaj services as they find them more flexible in many ways such as timing, routes, destinations etc. They provide door-to-door services and are easily accessible and affordable. Moto Bajaj can be hired anywhere anytime, and prior booking is not required. In the cities, the number of Moto Bajaj is also very high, getting a Moto Bajaj is almost always an easy task. Methodology: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey strategy, as the respondents and data collection methods were relevant and cost-effective in this method. The study had a sample of 385 participants of Bajaj drivers as the primary source of the data. The data collected was primary data. The data was collected through a Kobo collector with trained enumerators. The data collection period was three days. To ensure data quality, a data expect supervisor was hired who was technically supporting the data collecting, cleaning, and providing frequent feedback to the enumerators. Result: Based on the study of the demographic characteristic, objectives and research questions, the study found that the average age of the drivers is 27, and one-third of the drivers were teenagers. Regarding whether the driver had a license or not, the study revealed that most drivers had a license; however, there were 18% who either did not have a license or had invalid licenses and most of them had a license for a period of 4 to 6 years. A survey showed that there was a significant number of unregistered and unlicensed Bajaj drivers. Therefore, to take proper actions against the driver and owner in case of accident, robbery, or misuse was impossible as there is no number plate in the Moto Bajaj rickshaw for tracking. Tax payment revealed that 3% of the Moto Baja drivers do not pay tax; however, this needs further investigation and research for a large sample size which means excluding possible sampling error and data representation. Conclusion: The Moto Bajaj has a significant contribution to both the livelihood and plays a key role in the market economy in Somalia. The Moto Bajaj created an opportunity for the market economy and contributed to the livelihood of the people living in the Banadir region. The drivers are too young, there is a need to strengthen the legal driving permission requirement, considering ages. Bajaj's work contributes to the provision of education, health, housing, and a significant number of family dependent on it. There is a number of Bajaj with no License nor registered and do not pay tax. Recommendation: To put effective legal requirement policies in place or implement them effectively, these may include ensuring age legal requirements for driving and ensuring drivers are licensed and ensure that drivers have valid licenses, and ensure that they are well trained on the legal driving requirements and finally, to motivate the Moto Bajaj drivers as they contribute and are part of the players in the market economy, as they may be granted extended time period for tax payment.


Viviparidae display two categories of life history traits – one constant and independent of habitat, another depending on ecological conditions. The relatively constant abundance is ensured by clustering in the same places at the same time, sex ratio (prevalence of females), size structure (presence of all size classes, with the largest snails forming the majority), and the high proportion of gravid females in the population. These traits undergo only seasonal variation in particular habitats. Adjustment to environmental changes involves the number of embryos per female and the size of reproducing females. Long-term life history studies were performed on Viviparus viviparus (L.) and V. contectus (Mill.) from various habitats (dam reservoir, river, oxbows connected to the river to varied extent) in Poland. The habitats differed in their surface area, depth and trophic status. The snails from the dam reservoir, ecotone zones in the river and stagnant oxbow lakes reproduced at a large body size, their fecundity being size-dependent. In very variable habitats, like oxbow lakes periodically joined to the river, viviparids reproduced at a younger age and smaller body size, while their fecundity did not increase with the body size. The reproduction was the most important factor determining the viviparid density in the studied habitats. This was mainly associated with the ovoviviparity which allowed for controlling the reproduction process. Reproduction is a flexible life history trait in the populations of V. viviparus and V. contectus.


Encapsulated and EC formulations of methyl parathion did not control subterranean larvae of Vitacea polistiformis (Harris) in subsurface (pressure soil injection) and surface applications at 2.2 and at 4.4 kg AI/1000 m. respectively. The low efficacy was due to lack of insecticide penetration in soil to reach larvae. Mean larval depth was 9.8±5.7 cm and no significant residue was detected deeper than 7.5 cm in the soil for up to 21 days after surface applications. In surface applications, no significant differences in dissipation between the 2 formulations were observed at either rate; residues of both formulations were reduced by over 90% within 7 days after application. In subsurface application, the EC formulation had essentially no lateral movement beyond 7.5 cm from the injection site. The rate of dissipation of EC formulated methyl parathion applied by soil injection was considerably slower than that of surface applied material.