Human hookworm is caused by infection with the helminth nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale and is transmitted through contact with soils of the rural tropics and subtropics. The highest rates of hookworm disease occur in the coastal-humid regions, in these areas, repeated exposure to third-stage lavar of Necator results in a local pruritic, erythematous, papular rash of the feet and hands. After entry through the skin the larvae migrates to the lungs resulting in cough, sore throat, eosinophilia and increased circulating levels of IgE. However major injury in humans occurs when the adult parasite cause intestinal blood loss with iron-deficiency anemia and hypoalbuminemia, and when the hookworm intestinal burden reaches 40 to 160 adult parasites, the hemoglobin level is below 11 g per deciliter/blood. In children, chronic hookworm disease retards physical growth. Severe anemia during pregnancy has been linked to maternal mortality, impaired lactation, prematury and low birth weight. This paper reviews the hookworm's life cycle, clinical manifestation, pathogenesis and the recent advances in the use of animal models.


Abstract : The material contained in this Annex provides specific unit needline information (both common user and sole user) for the following deployments: a Two Corps Field Army with Air Force Interface, a USAF Tactical Support Configuration, an Independent Corps, and a Marine Expeditionary Force.


The aim of this study was to construct a DNA fingerprinting database of 52 sweet potato germplasm from National Germplasm Guangzhou Sweet potato Nursery Genebank using EST-SSR. Sixteen EST-SSR core primer pairs with high polymorphisms and good repeatability were successfully screened out from 342 candidates. The 16core primer pairs amplified a total of 159 alleles among the 52 sweet potato germplasms. Alleles amplified by each pair of primers ranged from 5 to 19,with a mean of 9. 94. The polymorphic information content values( PIC) ranged from 0. 6235 to 0. 9593,with a mean of 0. 7991. Two primers were selected to construct the fingerprinting database.Clustering analysis by the software of NTSYS indicated that EST-SSR markers could effectively detect the genetic relationships among the various sweet potato germplasms.


Background Regulatory T‐cells (Treg) are natural suppressors of autoimmunity. Previous studies indicate that immunosuppressive drugs, especially calcineurin‐inhibitors, may interfere with Treg homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can relapse or develop de novo after liver transplantation. IBD is associated with a relative deficiency of Treg. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long‐term immunosuppression on the presence of Treg in the noninflamed colonic mucosa of liver transplant recipients. Methods Colonic biopsies of normal mucosa of 36 liver transplant recipients on different types of immunosuppression and 11 controls were studied. Treg marker Foxp3 and Treg products transforming growth factor‐&bgr; (TGF‐&bgr;) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry. TGF‐&bgr;‐induced Smad‐protein 3 and 7 were studied by Q‐PCR. Results No significant differences between controls and patients were observed in IL‐10, TGF‐&bgr;, and Smad expression. Mucosal Foxp3 mRNA levels and Foxp3+CD3+ cells were significantly reduced in transplant recipients using prednisone/azathioprine/tacrolimus compared with controls but no direct relationship between Foxp3 expression and 1 specific drug was detected. Conclusions These results challenge the hypothesis that calcineurin‐induced reduction of Treg or TGF‐&bgr; expression predisposes nontransplanted tissue to inflammation, but indicate that combined immunosuppression hampers Treg development in the intestine. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007)


Summary A typical disease entity in dancers is the posterior ankle impingement syndrome. After unsuccessful conservative therapy, 24 dancers with an average age of 21.9 years (16–34 years) were treated in the same way using an open surgical technique. Functional assessment of the surgical outcome was made after an average of 26.2 months (18–34 months) using a modified version of the clinical score. A very good outcome was achieved in 13 patients (54%), and a good or satisfactory outcome in five patients each (21% each). One patient (4%) had a poor outcome. The widely used term 'os trigonum syndrome' is not-recommended, as it is too readily associated with a therapeutically relevant pathological finding, i.e. one requiring surgical treatment. Rather, we recommend the use of the term 'posterior ankle impingement', in which the cause of impingement should also be stated in all cases.


Mutations of the type 1 isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR1) form leaky channels and exhibit inherited skeletal muscle disorders including malignant hyperthermia (MH). Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in MH patients are also frequently observed during anesthesia or even under the conscious condition, but the mechanism is still unknown. We hypothesize that chronic mitochondrial Ca2+ overload through leaky mutant RyR1 expressed at cardiac mitochondria incudes mitochondrial injury and oxidative stress, which leads to cardiac arrhythmia. We used the knock‐in mice carrying a RyR1 MH mutation Y522S (YS) and found that YS‐RyR1 was expressed at mitochondria but not at SR in heart. Heterozygous YS hearts showed disrupted mitochondrial morphology as well as compromised mitochondrial functions with high cellular oxidative state. In vivo measurements of cardiac functions showed that basal function of YS heart is maintained at the similar level of WT, but YS heart are insensitive to Isoproterenol (Iso)‐induced positive inotropy and chronotropy in vivo due to its higher basal levels of catecholamine signaling. Moreover, only YS heart frequently developed multiple ventricular extrasystoles in response to Iso bolus under ex vivo Langendorff perfusion. In summary, chronic mitochondrial damage by Ca2+ overload via leaky mutant RyR1 induces cellular oxidation, which facilitates catecholaminergic stress‐triggered arrhythmia.


Suppliers involved in competitive procurement situations are frequently required to submit reliability predictions based upon some specified black box component/device failure rates. Often the supplier has evidence that specific new components/devices he is using will perform better than these specified failure rates. The purchaser then needs some rationale for evaluating the claims of the supplier and determining how supplier evidence, such as lab tests, should be combined with black box estimates. This paper describes a Bayes procedure which combines laboratory data from the infant mortality period with the black box rate. The resulting estimate is a weighted average of the black box rate and the rate estimated in the lab test. The weights are proportional to equivalent total hours of operation. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the application of the theory.


This paper presents a study on the operation and installation of spring type tensioning devices in electric railway system. In conventional ways, the wheel type tensioning device used in the Korea railroad requires much time and labor for maintenance including wire replacement and oil application. So, we found it necessary to develop a new type of maintenance-free tensioning device. In this paper, we introduce spring type tensioning devices for Korea railroad. Also, We present some suggestions for the operation and installation of spring type tensioning devices in electric railway system.


DNA sequence analysis & comparison computation is a vital task in terms of memory & time which is used huge size of data set for biological research. Perfectly aligned sequence find out the matching point or mismatches between two sequences. Our proposed algorithm is composed of two major part. The first part is Fast Splitting(FS), a "Recursive technique" based algorithm which divides the source sequence in appropriate and exact length according to the preference of target sequence. Second part is Fast_Maximum Matches Subsequence Finder(Fast_MMSS). It builds the specialized successor table according to the identical characters of two strings (TLSS & Target Sequence). Then using some special pruning condition, we get the final MMSS. In previous work, dynamic programming and some sorts of Brute force techniques are applied which are faster in terms of time but requires huge memory, while our proposed algorithm maintains the "Time and Space" tradeoff.


In order to improve the retrieval ability of super-resolution multi-space block images, a texture retrieval method of block images based on depth hash is proposed. A texture feature analysis model of super-resolution multi-dimensional partitioned images is constructed, which combines texture spatial structure mapping method to realize depth information fusion of partitioned images, adopts edge feature detection and texture sparse feature clustering to realize texture hierarchical structure feature decomposition of super-resolution multi-dimensional partitioned images, and adopts deep image parameter analysis method to construct pixel structure recombination model of multi-dimensional partitioned images. Multi-dimensional texture parameter structure analysis and information clustering are realized for the collected partitioned images in multi-dimensional space. According to the information clustering results, the texture retrieval and extraction of partitioned images are realized by using the deep hash fusion algorithm, and the information detection and feature recognition capabilities of partitioned images in multi-dimensional space are improved. Simulation results show that this method has higher precision and better feature resolution in texture retrieval of partitioned images in multidimensional space, which improves the texture retrieval and recognition ability of partitioned images.


We shall construct by ordinary recursion method subsets to the set $D$ of G\"odel numbers of the sentences of a language $\mathcal L$. That language is formed by sentences of a fully interpreted formal language $L$, called an MA language, and sentences containing a monadic predicate letter $T$. From the class of the constructed subsets of $D$ we extract one set $U$ by transfinite recursion method. Interpret those sentences whose G\"odel numbers are in $U$ as true, and their negations as false. These sentences together form an MA language. It is a sublanguage of $\mathcal L$ having $L$ as its sublanguage, and $T$ is its truth predicate.


Mazer et al1 report the results of a systematic review of educational interventions designed to decrease mistreatment of learners in medicine. Their work highlights critical gaps in our knowledge about the effectiveness of educational interventions and underscores the lack of rigor in the analysis of many of the interventions published. It is disheartening that of 38 potentially relevant studies, only 10 met the inclusion criteria of having both measurable outcomes and adequate program descriptions. The measured outcomes of the interventions were heterogeneous, ranging from participant views of the quality of the education session to perceptions of hostile work environment to frequency of reporting mistreatment. Inclusion of 5 peer-reviewed educational curricula did not provide additional guidance to institutions seeking evidence-based approaches or increase the rigor of the analysis. Mistreatment of medical trainees is not a new phenomenon and has meaningful and potentially long-term effects on individuals, learning environments, and patients. Two publications from the early 1990s report the pervasive nature of this issue, with 85% and 98.9% of students affirming perceived mistreatment.2,3 Studies link burnout, stress, depression, and substance abuse to mistreatment as a trainee and describe negative effects on student specialty choice.4,5 Medical schools became responsible for creating an appropriate learning environment in 1999, with bestpractice recommendations to address student mistreatment published in 2000.6 Systematic collection of data about mistreatment at a national level began in 2011. The Association of American Medical Colleges added a question to its Graduation Questionnaire asking students to report on their experience, stating "mistreatment either intentional or unintentional occurs when behavior shows disrespect for the dignity of others and unreasonably interferes with the learning." We have sufficient documentation that learner maltreatment is pervasive and results in long-term negative outcomes for our profession, and therefore new approaches to this problem are clearly needed. Given the paucity of data on program effectiveness, and with the understanding that mistreatment can never be completely eradicated, we suggest leveraging the strengths of health systems research to continuously improve the learning environment for our future colleagues. These efforts should focus on 3 priorities: (1) make mistreatment an unusual rather than a commonplace occurrence, (2) develop best practices to address and combat mistreatment when it occurs, and (3) measure the outcomes of interventions to mitigate the long-term effects of mistreatment. Shifting from traditional educational research approaches to studies using the principles of improvement science acknowledges that education takes place in complex systems. Best practices for traditional research such as blinding and randomization are neither feasible within our educational systems nor appropriate for this problem. The SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines7 provide detailed standards to facilitate well-designed and rigorously reported interventions that can be disseminated and implemented widely. In their article, Mazer and colleagues suggest several best practices to enhance the quality of future studies, including theoretical frameworks to support the rationale for interventions. Frameworks derived from exploration of students' perceptions of mistreatment8,9 can serve as a starting point but should be validated at individual institutions before implementing programs to effect change. Establishing a shared mental model about what is and is not mistreatment among teachers and learners10 is a necessary component when planning research to examine the + Related article


Objective To observe expression of BDNF in hypoxic neural stem cells of rats.Methods The cultured neural stem cells(NSC) have been taken from the newborn Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats at postborn 3 days.Hypoxia NSC models have been established by culturing the NSC at anaerobic incubator(37℃,95%N_2,5%CO_2) for six hours.and study expression of BDNF in NSC by immunocy-tochemistry technique,and expression level of them have been mensurated by image analyse system according to average optical density(OD) of positive cells in every visual field.Results Expression of BDNF had not been find in normal NSC,but appeared in hypoxia NSC.Conclusions After hypoxia,the expression of BDNF in NSC.


Abstract : One method of increasing the wear resistance of friction couples is natural alloying of a metal ceramic matrix. The authors studied the possibility of manufacturing iron powder production of a metal ceramic alloyed iron graphite porous material to be used for friction bearing surfaces. The properties of the powder produced are presented, as well as the properties of the metal ceramic material manufactured from the powder. The wear resistance of the material is compared to that of material manufactured from unalloyed iron powder. The wear resistance of the new material is higher, and the antifriction properties are also improved. (Author)


Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is one of the most abundant chlorine-bearing gas in the Earth's troposphere and a significant contributor to the organic chlorine budget. Measurements by in situ networks indicate a mean volume mixing ratio of 550 pptv, with a significant seasonal cycle of about 80 pptv, peak to peak. This species also exhibits inter-annual variability, but no long-term trend. Major sources are from tropical and sub-tropical plants and dead leaves, the oceans and biomass burning. Some industrial processes and waste incineration further add to the emissions. Oxidation by the hydroxyl radical is by far the largest CH3Cl sink, followed by soil uptake. Although balanced, its atmospheric budget is still affected by large uncertainties and contributions from unidentified sources and sinks cannot be ruled out. Methyl chloride has an atmospheric lifetime of 1 year, a global warming potential of 13 (100-yr horizon) and an ozone depleting potential of 0.02.


The Monte Carlo method is applied to various cases of financial option pricing. Its performance is satisfactory in terms of accuracy when it is compared to other numerical methods. The precision of the estimates provided by Crude Monte Carlo can be improved by implementing variance reduction techniques such as antithetic variate and control variate. However, the use of these techniques implies a greater computational effort; thus, there is a trade-off between a lower variance estimator and a higher computational requirement which demands us to check not only for the accuracy of the estimator but also for its efficiency.


This lead article surveys the present state of legal protections for employees seeking to join unions and engage in collective bargaining. The author's timely analysis of newly-filed legislation, the Employee Free Choice Act, offers an invaluable resource covering employer practices in response to unionization initiatives, along with relevant case history and NLRB board composition as they influence case outcomes. The author recommends adoption of this legislation to remedy longstanding deficiencies in the National Labor Relations Act, and as a way to foster improvements in working conditions, and labor organizations' attempts to protect employee rights.


Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene of 27 species or sub-species of bitterlings showed that bitterlings comprise an Acheilognathus clade and a Tanakia-Rhodeus clade, partially supporting an earlier classification based on morphology and karyology. The monophyly of Acheilognathus is confirmed, but that of Tanakia and Rhodeus remains poorly resolved. Within the Tanakia–Rhodeus clade, all species or sub-species having a diploid chromosome number of 46 form a monophyletic group. Results support the hypothesis that evolutionary trends of bitterling karyotypes involve reduction from 2n=48 to either 2n=44 (by Robertsonian translocation) or 2n=46 (by non-Robertsonian translocation).


Background A computer‐aided lung auscultation (CALA) system was recently developed to diagnose bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot cattle. Objectives To determine, in a case–control study, the level of agreement between CALA and veterinary lung auscultation and to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of CALA to diagnose BRD in feedlot cattle. Animals A total of 561 Angus cross‐steers (initial body weight = 246 ± 45 kg) were observed during the first 50 day after entry to a feedlot. Methods Case–control study. Steers with visual signs of BRD identified by pen checkers were examined by a veterinarian, including lung auscultation using a conventional stethoscope and CALA that produced a lung score from 1 (normal) to 5 (chronic). For each steer examined for BRD, 1 apparently healthy steer was selected as control and similarly examined. Agreement between CALA and veterinary auscultation was assessed by kappa statistic. CALA's Se and Sp were estimated using Bayesian latent class analysis. Results Of the 561 steers, 35 were identified with visual signs of BRD and 35 were selected as controls. Comparison of veterinary auscultation and CALA (using a CALA score ≥2 as a cut off) revealed a substantial agreement (kappa = 0.77). Using latent class analysis, CALA had a relatively high Se (92.9%; 95% credible interval [CI] = 0.71–0.99) and Sp (89.6%; 95% CI = 0.64–0.99) for diagnosing BRD compared with pen checking. Conclusions CALA had good diagnostic accuracy (albeit with a relatively wide CI). Its use in feedlots could increase the proportion of cattle accurately diagnosed with BRD.


Abstract This article examines the travel writing of the well-known author from Kerala state, India, S. K. Pottekkatt, who is now recognized as a national literary figure. Recent readings of his African travelogues have pointed to the deep racism that informs them. This article probes further, seeking to place Pottekkatt's ethnocentrism in the context of decolonization, which formed the backdrop of his travels and writing. I argue that Pottekkatt's ethnocentrism also contains a strand which is underpinned by nationalist biopolitics. While we find his writings deeply entrenched in racist colonial stereotypes about native Africans, they are also shaped by nationalist biopolitics that were emerging during decolonization, which led him to strongly condemn prominent groups of Indian immigrants in Africa as well. Dipesh Chakrabarty's reflections on the ambiguities of decolonizing discourses provide a useful springboard for a fresh reading. This preliminary reading of Pottekkatt's African travelogues, however, complicates Chakrabarty's observations about both pedagogic and dialogic modes of decolonizing discourses. It also points to the importance of the regional, and not the national, in the possibilities of South-South dialogue—to which Pottekkatt's accounts point, if only in a cursory manner.


Due to constantly increasing flight traffic the aircraft industry is faced with major challenges. Essentially these are reduction of fuel consumption and noise emission. The latter plays an outstanding role in the vicinity of airports where residents are subjected to increased noise disturbance. Strict regulations protect these citizens and force airlines to decrease the noise emission of their fleet to stay cost efficient. Noise is generated by diverse mechanisms at several parts of the aircraft. During take-off jet noise is the most important source since the engines operate at maximum thrust condition. The development of turbofan engines drastically reduced jet velocities and thus sound emission. A further improvement could be achieved by adding forced mixers and expanding both, bypass and core flow through a common nozzle. These mixers increase the energy transport from hot to cold flow and thereby further decrease the maximum jet velocity. In this work such a mixer is aeroacoustically studied using a hybrid approach to determine the noise level at distant observer points.


The aim of the ISISEMD project is to provide a pilot of innovative intelligent set of scalable services that will support the independent living of elderly people in general and in particular the group of elderly with cognitive problems or mild dementia and at the same time to support the formal and informal caregivers in their daily interaction with the elderly. The services will improve the elderly ability for self-care by support for their basic daily activities in way that prevents health risks in their homes. The services will also strengthen the daily interaction with their social sphere partners and relatives, friends and care -givers, giving them the feeling of safety and preventing their social isolation. Last but not least, their cognitive training and activation will be strengthened. To prove wide applicability in Europe, the pilot will be validated and tested in realistic conditions for 12-month period in four Member States regions which Project name: Intelligent System for Independent living and SElfcare of seniors with cognitive problems or Mild Dementia


Under the drought-stress conditions in greenhouse,the variation effects of drought stress on free proline content and malonaldedyde(MDA) content in potato leaves were investigated and the correlation analysis of drought-tolerance level was conducted.The variance analysis of potato yield and yield coefficient under drought stress and routine irrigation conditions showed that Zuoliyangyu was the most drought-tolerant variety,PI34,Ninglan182 and Ninglan152 were more tolerant,and Maerke,Yongdezipi,Jiabanyangyu and Jianchuanghong performed worst.Under the drought-stress conditions,the free proline content and MDA content in potato leaves were all increased in contrast to that of routine irrigation,the increasing times of proline content fluctuated from 1.01 to 5.40 among different varieties,and MDA content from 1.10 to 1.91.In addition,the relative values of both free proline content and MDA content correlated positively and significantly with root polling resistant coefficient and yield coefficient of corresponding varieties.Therefore,the relative values of free proline content and MDA content could be used as physiological parameters to evaluate drought tolerance level during early stage of potato plant growth.


Techniques are developed for the change-point problem when the data are a series of correlated normal variables, combining locally most powerful testing with Bayesian estimation. The approach is applied to a nuclear materials accounting problem. The effect of correlation on change-point tests is examined.


ANe describe 12 x 32 arrays of senlicoladucting cryogenic bolometers designed for use in far-infrared and submillimeter cameras. These 12 x 32 arrays are constructed from 1 x 32 monolithic pop-up detectors developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The pop-up technology allows the construction of large arrays with high filling factors that provide efficient use of space in the focal planes of far-infrared and submillimeter astronomical instruments. This directly leads to a significant decrease in integration time. The prototype array is currently operating in the second generation Submillimeter High Angular Resolution Camera (SHAR( II), a facility instrument in use at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (( S0). The elements of this array enlploy a bismuth absorber coating and quarter wave backshort to opthnize the bolometer alsorption for a passbands centered at 350 and 450 microns. A second array is to be installed in the High-resolution Airborne Widebandwidth Caniera (HAW( ), a far-infrared imaging camera for the Stratospheric Observatory for Trifrared AstronOTTly (SOFIA). This array has heel] COMpleted and is now awaiting integration into the HAWC test cryostat. HAWC is scheduled for commissioning in 2005. The HAWC array employs titanium-gold absorbers and is optimized for uniforin absorption from 40 to 300 microns to accommodate all four of its far-infrared pa.ssbands. We describe the details of the HAWC array construction including the mechanical design and electrical characterization of the constituent linear arrays.


ABSTRACT Islamic banking, which has witnessed unprecedented growth in the last quarter of the century is hypothesized to be able to contribute to the development of the financial sector and thus to economic growth through tools inherent to this faith-based model of banking. We test the hypothesis that a higher relative presence of Islamic banking is beneficial to the growth of external finance dependent industries. Using data for 28 industries in 14 countries with dual banking systems, we find that the absolute and relative size of Islamic banking do have a positive impact on industry growth. The results are robust to controlling for the quality of finance as well as for the degree of competition in the banking industry.


Eighteen sediment samples and six water-column samples were collected in a small (6 km2), coastal embayment (Port Jefferson Harbor, New York) to define a high-resolution spatial distribution of metals and to elucidate sources of contaminants to the harbor. Sediment metal (Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) concentrations varied widely, reflecting differences in sediment grain size, with higher metal concentrations located in the fine-grained inner harbor sediments. Calculated enrichment factors for these sediments show that Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn are elevated relative to both crustal abundances and their respective abundances in sediments in central Long Island Sound. Metal concentrations were 1.2 to 10 fold greater in water from the inner harbor compared to water from Long Island Sound collected outside the mouth of the harbor. Spatial variations in trace metals in surface waters within the bay parallel the spatial variations of trace metals in sediments within the harbor. Elevated water-column metal concentrations appear to be partially derived from a combination of diagenetic remobilization from contaminated sediments (e.g., Ag) and anthropogenic sources (e.g., Cu and Zn) within the southern portions of the harbor. Although the National Status and Trends Program had reported previously that sediment metal concentrations in Port Jefferson Harbor were low, the results of this study show sediment metals have high spatial variability and are enriched in the inner harbor sediments at levels comparable to more urbanized western north shore Long Island harbors.


This is a biography of the Archbishop of Cape Town, Desmund Tutu, the man who is attempting to live a Christian life in both word and deed, in a front line position.


Several advantages of the methodology were noted at the conclusion of the study. First, the time-series design was particularly appropriate for research or evaluation in special education where random assignment of children is seldom possible and the possibility of regression effects is very strong. Other advantages were the longitudinal data provided in the study, the use of criterion-referenced measures, and the utility of the data for purposes other than evaluation. The major disadvantage of the methodology was the time involved in the administration of the measures. Other disadvantages were the assumptions necessary for interpretation of timeseries data and difficulty in summarizing data over children with different educational plans. Although the number of cases in the DMSE evaluation was too small to provide conclusive evidence, the methodology appeared to be sufficiently feasible and sensitive to detect academic growth resulting from placement in exceptional child programs. It appears that further studies of this nature should be conducted to expand the research base related to placement decisions.


The present study aims to develop a basic understanding of the molecular interactions of an anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen (Ibu), with a surface active ionic liquid (IL), 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C12mimCl), in aqueous medium, owing to their utility as the components of pharmaceutically active ionic liquids. Various techniques such as surface tension, steady-state fluorescence, UV-visible absorption, dynamic light scattering and 1H NMR measurements have been employed to provide comprehensive knowledge of the C12mimCl –Ibu interactions. The interactions between the ionic liquid and drug molecules have been found to be highly synergistic both in the mixed micelles as well as in the mixed monolayer due to the formation of catanionic mixtures. These mixtures are seen to display enhanced micellization and adsorption tendencies and varied aggregate assemblies in aqueous medium determined by the amphiphile mixing ratio and the total mixture concentration. The dilution induced transformation of smaller micelles to larger aggregates is ascribed to the solubility mismatch between the two components. Quantitative evaluation of the process of interaction between Ibu and the ILs has been done in terms of various quenching and binding parameters exploiting the fluorescence measurements. The formation of highly surface active catanionic complexes (C12mim+Ibu−) of 1 : 1 stoichiometry stabilized largely by a combination of electrostatic, hydrophobic, cation–π and π–π interactions has been well established through spectroscopic investigations.


The synthesis of amidoglucals and glucal esters in good to high yields using 2-iodo-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal as a substrate, Mo(CO)6 as a carbon monoxide source and PdCl2 as a catalyst is reported.


In Nobert et al.1, the following error was published in Figure 1 legend. Deterministic and probabilistic forecasts from the European Flood Awareness System. The blue solid line is a flood forecast using the deterministic model of the German weather service (Deutscher Wetterdienst). The blue solid line is the high-resolution forecast of ECMWF and the box-plots show the ensemble forecast of ECMWF. The text was incorrect and should have read: Deterministic and probabilistic forecasts from the European Flood Awareness System. The blue solid line is a flood forecast using the deterministic model of the German weather service (Deutscher Wetterdienst). The red solid line is the high-resolution forecast of ECMWF and the box-plots show the ensemble forecast of ECMWF. We apologize for this error.


The competitive adsorption of K and Al on montmorillonite and vermiculite as influenced by the degree of hydrolysis and polymerization of solution Al was examined. The Na-saturated minerals (0.2–2μ) were suspended in the hydroxy-Al solutions of basicites (OH/Al molar ratios) of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 in the presence of a fixed concentration of K, and the suspensions were then equilibrated at 25 ± 0.2°C. Compared to Al, K became more competitive for the exchange sites in vermiculite with the increase in initial basicity of solution Al, and the reverse trend was true for montmorillonite. The more unrestricted Z-axis expansibility of montmorillonite favors the diffusion of a given size polymer in the interlayer space; thus the hydroxy-Al ions with higher charge are more competitive than K. In the case of vermiculite, the limited expansibility, the presence of wedge zones, the charge and size of the hydroxy-Al ions, and the presence of strongly competing K ions greatly hinder the adsorption of Al over K as the degree of hydrolysis of Al increases. The products of adsorption were found to vary significantly with the mineral and initial basicity. With the increase in the initial basicity, an increasingly ordered micalike mineral was formed from vermiculite. It is evident that the degree of hydrolysis and polymerization of solution Al greatly affects the adsorption of K and Al by 2:1 expansible phyllosilicates, and would thus affect the competitive formation of micalike minerals and Al interlayers of expansible phyllosilicates in soils and sediments.


The trend of premarital sex among adolescent, especially male in Indonesia has increasing gradually from 5 in 2002/2003 to 8 percent in 2012. In consequence 9 percent of adolescents experience unwanted pregnancy and 5 percent of them suffer for sexual transmitted diseases symptoms (BPS, 2012). The mixed of taboo discussion of condom use, limited access and limited adequate IEC material for never married adolescent had put Indonesian male youth at high risk of unsafe practice. However, there are some of male adolescent who use condom as safe sex practice. Therefore, the study aims to investigate factors affecting condom use at last sexual intercourse among never married male adolescent in Indonesia. Using secondary data from 2012 Indonesia Youth Adolescent Reproductive Health Survey, this study focus on male youth population for less indication of under reporting data. Total of 1,368 never married male adolescent aged 15-24 years old that has been engaged to premarital relationship are selected for this study.Further, logistic regression analysis for nonlinear probability model show that the past behavior of condom use is a strong predictor of condom use at last sex. Male adolescent who use condom at first sexual intercourse are 36 times more likely to use condom at last sexual intercourse. Also, the region of residence have strong impact on safe sex practice. Those who live in Kalimantan region, Java & Bali region and Sumatra region are 2 times more likely to use condom at last sex than those who located in Papua area. As the strong impact of safe practice at first encounter, it is suggested that futher study should be on consistent use of condom to  prevent sexual transmitted disease and unwanted pregnancy.


The presence of a communication channel model in a feedback loop is known to impose a new class of fundamental limitations over its channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when the discrete-time plant model is unstable. These type of fundamental limitations, in the presence of unstable plant poles, are worsened by non-minimum phase zeros (either from the plant or channel model) and plant time delay. In this paper we extend the analysis of such feedback systems by studying the effects of model uncertainties on the infimal SNR required to stabilize the plant. We consider here the additive coloured Gaussian channel (ACGN) model with memory, for which we then obtain the infimal SNR subject to plant, channel and noise model uncertainties. We observe that the infimal channel SNR is increased by these model uncertainties. Furthermore we use the main result to study the effect of channel model time delay.


A widely used approach to obtain smooth oxide-free and (partially) H-terminated silicon (Si) surfaces is to immerse Si wafers into CP4A (a mixture of H2O, HNO3, CH3COOH and HF in a volume ratio of 22:5:3:3) and/or HF solutions of varying concentrations. It is usually assumed that such treatments result in a dramatic reduction of the surface density of states and that, therefore, no surface band bending can occur. In our experiments we investigated the electronic surface structure of a number of CP4A/HF treated n- and p-Si wafers with varying doping densities by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS allows a straightforward detection of surface stoichiometry as well as one of band bending and surface photovoltages (SPV) on semiconductor materials because the positions of the core level peaks directly depend on the position of the Fermi level within the band gap at the surface. Our experiments show that on all surfaces investigated Fermi level pinning still exists after the samples were immersed in th...


Drynaria quercifolia is a medicinal pteridophyte which have been treated by the administration of plant parts based on traditional and folk uses since ancient times. Considerable utilization and progress have been achieved regarding its biological activities. Various phytoconstituents like 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, friedelin, epifriedelinol, coumarins β-amyrin, β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol 3-β-D-glucopyranoside has been isolated from the plant and these bioactive compounds responsible for its antidermatophytic, antimicrobial, antifertility, anti-lipidperoxidative, antiulcer, antipyretic, anti-arthritis, anti-urolithiatic, Pesticidal and Pest Repellency, thrombolytic and various other activities. Considering the ethnomedicinal significance of this parasitic fern, an attempt has been made for the first time to review to provide up to date clinical reports on the plant and to document the available phytochemical constituents through data base searches (PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus).


The article is devoted to monitoring the deformation of structures using persistent scattereres interferometry according to the satellite Sentinel-1. The Persistant Scatterers Interferometry technique is described, which is used for processing interferometric pairs of images in SNAP and StaMPS software. As a result, differential interferograms characterizing the change in the height of individual points over a certain period of time are obtained.


This research provides a conceptual framework--based on the stem family concept--with which to explore the cyclical nature of return migration to Eastern Kentucky. The work of Brown, Schwarzweller, and Mangalam shows how the stem family facilitates the outward movement of migrants during times of economic opportunity outside Appalachia, while providing a potential haven when sociocultural pulls within Appalachia exceed the economic tugs outside the region. Responses from 119 households in Laurel, Pike, and Powell counties are used to test hypotheses associated with the general model. The survey results support the continued existence of extreme stem family forces within Eastern Kentucky. Most immigrants are return migrants; return migration motives continue to be more related to sociocultural factors than they are job-related decisions. Most returnees are well below retirement age, and even the younger and more educated among these have a strong preference for remaining in Eastern Kentucky, although their historical tendency had been to move away when economic pulls are strong enough. The work of Brown, Schwarzweller, and Mangalam shows how the stem family facilitates the outward movement of migrants during times of economic opportunity outside Appalachia, while providing a potential haven when sociocultural pulls within Appalachia exceed the economic tugs outside the region. Overall, there is a need to better understand the role of awareness space in the destination selection of cyclical migrants.


Ceramic materials offer a high thermal and chemical stability and are therefore potential candidates for high temperature applications in severe environments, where metals can not longer be used. In future energy applications, high process temperatures > 1200 °C are re-quired to increase the efficiency, to lower the fuel consumption, and to decrease the emis-sions. In order to achieve these goals, novel ceramic materials and manufacturing processes for complex structures are under development.


It has been successfully synthesized and characterized of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HPMBP) to be used as ionophore in neodymium(III) selective membrane electrode. This electrode has been used as indicator electrode for determination of Nd(III) potentiometrically. The performance of the electrode has been investigated in 10 -6 to 10 -2 M of Nd 3+ standard solution at pH 4 and ionic strength adjusted by 10 -2 M of KCl. Sensitivity and limit detection of the electrode is 39.91±1.33mV/decade and 1.02x10 -4 M of Nd 3+ respectivelly. The respon time of the electrode is 22 second and its life time is 3 week. The electrode has been tested for determination of Nd 3+ concentration in real sample solution of Bangka monasit sand prepared by Centre Research of Mineral and Coal Mine-Bandung. The result has a good agreement with the Nd 3+ concentration determined by ICP-OES.


Three events led me in the direction of storage recently: a trip to school to collect an Asus Eee PC; finding that our entire photograph and record collections fit on an iPod; and archiving customer files. The common theme: estimating how much data storage you need. Seems that no home, hard-drive, or data centre is ever 'big enough', and the more you have, the more it costs you - in time, in space, and in money. It also seems that digital data will always proliferate to silt up the available gigabitage. At any rate, does more 'space' actually help - or just throw up a different set of problems?


The series Staphyliniformia is one of the mega-diverse groups of Coleoptera, but the relationships among the main families are still poorly understood. In this paper we address the interrelationships of staphyliniform groups, with special emphasis on Hydrophiloidea and Hydraenidae, based on partial sequences of the ribosomal genes 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA. Sequence data were analysed with parsimony and Bayesian posterior probabilities, in an attempt to overcome the likely effect of some branches longer than the 95% cumulative probability of the estimated normal distribution of the path lengths of the species. The inter-family relationships in the trees obtained with both methods were in general poorly supported, although most of the results based on the sequence data are in good agreement with morphological studies. In none of our analyses a close relationship between Hydraenidae and Hydrophiloidea was supported, contrary to the traditional view but in agreement with recent morphological investigations. Hydraenidae form a clade with Ptiliidae and Scydmaenidae in the tree obtained with Bayesian probabilities, but are placed as basal group of Staphyliniformia (with Silphidae as subordinate group) in the parsimony tree. Based on the analysed data with a limited set of outgroups Scarabaeoidea are nested within Staphyliniformia. However, this needs further support. Hydrophiloidea s.str., Sphaeridiinae, Histeroidea (Histeridae + Sphaeritidae), and all staphylinoid families included are confirmed as monophyletic, with the exception of Hydraenidae in the parsimony tree. Spercheidae are not a basal group within Hydrophiloidea, as has been previously suggested, but included in a polytomy with other Hydrophilidae in the Bayesian analyses, or its sistergroup (with the inclusion of Epimetopidae) in the parsimony tree. Helophorus is placed at the base of Hydrophiloidea in the parsimony tree. The monophyly of Hydrophiloidea s.l. (including the histeroid families) and Staphylinoidea could not be confirmed by the analysed data. Some results, such as a placement of Silphidae as subordinate group of Hydraenidae (parsimony tree), or a sistergroup relationship between Ptiliidae and Scydmaenidae, appear unlikely from a morphological point of view.


Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation

 Myocardial remodelling is a hallmark of heart failure (HF). Our previous proteomics analyses demonstrated a profound effect of beta blockers on cardiac extracellular matrix composition in ischaemic HF patients (1). No comprehensive proteomics characterizations has been performed in non-ischaemic HF patients.

 Mass spectrometry was used to analyze intracellular and extracellular protein extracts from left ventricular samples obtained from patients with ischemic (n=65) and non-ischaemic (n=114) HF after heart transplantation, as well as non-failing controls (n=19). All HF patients had ventricular dilatation and reduced ejection fraction (EF%).

 The proteomics comparison across 198 cardiac samples with two tissue extracts revealed hallmarks of HF in both groups of patients compared to controls, including elevated levels of atrial natriuretric peptides and the fibroblast marker vimentin, as well as decreases in creatine kinase M/B, troponin C, and myosin light chain 2 (Figure 1). In comparison to ischaemic HF patients, non-ischaemic HF patients showed elevated levels of proteins involved in proteasome activation, consistent with the notion of increased protein degradation in cardiomyocytes even at the end stage of the disease (2). Despite similar clinical characteristics, myocardial remodelling in response to HF medications and the presence of comorbidities was different between the two HF groups. In ischaemic HF patients the use of β-blockers resulted in reduced proteoglycan deposition. In non-ischaemic patients, few protein changes were associated with medication. Instead, comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation and hypertension were critical determinants of myocardial protein remodelling in these HF patients (Figure 2). Notably, hypertensive HF patients showed a marked reduction in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) compared to normotensive patients, and this was accompanied by a reduction in Cysteine And Glycine Rich Protein 3 (CSRP3), a key player in the organization of cytosolic structures in cardiomyocytes, and the nuclear lamina proteins lamin A/C and B. The inflammation-related galectin 3-binding protein was reduced in hypertensive patients as were the extracellular proteases matrix metalloprotease 2, cathepsin G and chymase 1.

 Our study constitutes the largest proteomics analysis of HF to date. We observed distinct protein remodelling processes in ischaemic and non-ischaemic HF patients and discerned the myocardial effects of medications and comorbidities such as hypertension.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The article considers an enterprise as an open and social system that acts in terms of situational approach. This supposes changes of enterprise management forms, methods, systems, style depending on the objective conditions of the environment, as well as accelerated convergence of management models. It is demonstrated that management is a purposeful and continuous process of management subject influence on a controlled object, which is aimed at changing a state according to a defined plan and which is an essential function of any system. There are basic principles (cybernetic laws) of building management systems that include variety, differences of general from particular, external addition, feedback, anti-entropy, as well as cybernetic and functional models of a management system. The paper considers an enterprise management system as a form of real implementation of managerial interconnections and its composition including the subsystem of management methodology, process, structure and technique.


The vaporizer (Fig. 1) herein described was devised to supply certain deficiencies in preexisting types of vaporizers for insufflation anesthesia. These deficiencies are inaccurate knowledge of the amount of air passing and of the percentage of ether vaporized. The present vaporizer indicates at all times the amount of air passing and makes possible the mathematical control of the ether percentage. Only by such knowledge can control and accuracy of dosage be secured and the effect of a given dose be foretold. Otherwise the patient must be used as the primary index of the amount of ether being delivered. The essential feature of this apparatus is a device whereby the total air delivered is at all times indicated. It consists of an inverted aluminum cup (1, Fig. 2) riding in a glass tube (2, Fig. 2) on a central rod (3, Fig. 2). This rides at increasing heights as the air-stream,


ObjectiveTo observe the therapeutic efficacy of early acupoint stimulation and physical therapy on patients with cerebral infarction.Methods100 cases of cerebral infarction were divided randomly into the treatment group A (n=50), treatment group B (n=50) and other 50 cases were selected as the control group. The treatment group A received physical therapy, the treatment group B received acupoint stimulation and physical therapy, the control group only received routine therapy. Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and Barthel index (BI) were used to assess physical function and activities of daily living (ADL) at pre-therapy and 3 months post-therapy respectively.ResultsThe scores of FMA and BI in three groups were similar at pre-therapy stage ( P 0.05 ). The treatment groups showed much higher scores of FMA and BI than those in the control group after 3 months' follow-up ( P 0.05), so were the scores in treatment group B compared with the scores in treatment group A.ConclusionEarly rehabilitation is much more effective, the therapeutic efficacy of acupoint stimulation and physical therapy is better than single physical therapy.


If computers are to behave correctly, it is important that the software for them be specified, developed, compiled, and executed correctly. At each step both informal and formal methods of software engineering can be applied to enhance reliability. The thesis looks at how formal methods can be applied to the compiling step. The problem is divided into three parts: the modeling of machine languages, the specification of code generators, and the derivation if code generators. All of this is done in the framework of predicative semantics.
In predicative semantics, specification of computer behaviour--including programs--are considered to be predicates dividing acceptable from unacceptable behaviours. Thus a specification P refines a specification Q, if, when regarded as predicates, P implies Q over all behaviours.
Machine languages are modeled using predicative semantics. We take the behaviours to be pairs representing the initial and final states of the machine (CPU and memory). While machines vary in the particulars of their state sets and instruction sets, there is much that can be said about machine languages in general. Thus we can develop a body of theory that does not depend on the details of the machine language.
If source programs can be interpreted as predicates on pairs representing initial and final source level states, then code generation can be specified as follows: Given a representation relation that relates source and machine states, to each source level specification--including programs--there corresponds a machine-level specification. The task of a code generator is to output a machine program that refines the specification corresponding to its input source program.
Using this specification of code generators, the next is to derive--in a provably correct fashion--a code generator from the semantics of a source language. The thesis develops and demonstrates techniques for doing this.
Predicate logic is used throughout as a medium for expressing the the semantics machine languages, the semantics of source languages, and representation relations. It is also the tool used for reasoning about them.
Wherever possible the theory is developed to be independent of particular machine languages, source languages, and representation relations.


The present study examines the state of employment for LIS professionals in government organisations in India. Data collected from the National Employment News, published weekly from 1994 to 2000 has been analysed to find the demand of library professionals in the country. The study reveals that a total of 978 No. Of vacancies were notified in the past seven years, with the highest (22%) in 1997 and the lowest 8% in the year 2000.The study also indicates that there is more demand of low salaried professionals (LSP) ie 82% as compared to only 18% high level executive post.


The enantioselective alpha-arylation and alpha-vinylation of oxindoles catalyzed by Pd and a biarylmonophosphine ligand with both axial and phosphorus-based chirogenicity is reported. The resultant quaternary carbon stereocenters are formed in high enantiomeric excess, and the conditions tolerate a range of substitution on both the oxindole and the aryl/vinyl coupling partners.


Plan believes that gender equality is central to achieving its Vision and Mission. Boys and girls have the same rights but face many different obstacles in accessing these rights as a result of their gender. Through our daily work we see the negative impacts on boys and girls of gender-based discrimination gender power relations and the denial of womens rights. Like many other international development organisations Plan was inspired by the activities surrounding the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 to take a closer look at the impact of gender inequality on its work with children. Ten years on the Beijing+10 Review has encouraged us to reflect on our progress so far and to re-assess our strategies for promoting gender equality. This document outlines Plans journey over the past 10 years to institutionalise gender. It provides examples of institutional strategies that have been put in place as well as case studies from our program work to address gender-based inequalities. It describes our efforts to think about child poverty in relation to rights and to make the linkages between child rights and womens rights. It should be clear that Plan has recognised the cross-cutting nature of gender and has made progress towards reducing gender-based discrimination through its projects. Still there is much more that could be done. This document highlights some of the recently launched initiatives to improve Plans performance on gender not least our protocol on gender equality. (excerpt)


Mooney faces are special two-tone images that elicit a rich impression of identity and facial expression in human observers. While Mooney faces are important, there exist only a small number of instances hand-crafted from source photos which are often no longer available. We first apply deep learning methods to generate a plausible Mooney face automatically from any face photo. We are then able to create a large-scale face dataset with paired grayscale and two-tone images. We then study how well two-tone versions make face predictions, using conditional Generative Adversarial Networks. We show that faces predicted from Mooney images bear striking resemblance to source photos, and they are better than two-tone images obtained by global intensity thresholding. We also demonstrate remarkable face predictions from very low resolution surveillance photos. Our findings reveal great potentials of combining deep learning and Mooney faces for more effective face recognition in a wide range of conditions.


Georgia, being in normal ecological situation, is looking for the ecologically friendly technologies and processes corresponding to its natural and environmental situation. As a result of deep analysis of the existing ecological situation in the country, phytoremediation technologies, the most corresponding to Georgia have been selected. In the presented paper, the advantages and possibilities of application of phytoremediation technologies namely "Green filter" technology, in Georgia are discussed. © 2020 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci.


The paper presents a concept of acoustic field analyser as a tool for helping deaf people, able to perceive visual and/or tactile signals only. The acoustic field is considered as a sum of acoustic waves carrying information about events occurring in a monitored physical space. Recognition of acoustic signals together with identification of their sources give a possibility to recognise events of vital importance to a deaf person. There are presented here general problems of acoustic environment analysers' design, particular attention being paid to acoustic sources localisation in physical space.


Pluvial floods caused by extreme overland flow inland account for half of all flood damage claims each year along with fluvial floods. In order to increase confidence in pluvial flood susceptibility mapping, overland flow models need to be intensively evaluated using observations from past events. However, most remote-sensing-based flood detection techniques only focus on the identification of degradations and/or water pixels in the close vicinity of overflowing streams after heavy rainfall. Many occurrences of pluvial-flood-induced damages such as soil erosion, gullies, landslides and mudflows located further away from the stream are thus often unrevealed. To fill this gap, a transferable remote sensing fusion method called FuSVIPR, for Fusion of Sentinel-2 & Very high resolution Imagery for Pluvial Runoff, is developed to produce damage-detection maps. Based on very high spatial resolution optical imagery (from Pléiades satellites or airborne sensors) combined with 10 m change images from Sentinel-2 satellites, the Random Forest and U-net machine/deep learning techniques are separately trained and compared to locate pluvial flood footprints on the ground at 0.5 m spatial resolution following heavy weather events. In this work, three flash flood events in the Aude and Alpes-Maritimes departments in the South of France are investigated, covering over more than 160 km2 of rural and periurban areas between 2018 and 2020. Pluvial-flood-detection accuracies hover around 75% (with a minimum area detection ratio for annotated ground truths of 25%), and false-positive rates mostly below 2% are achieved on all three distinct events using a cross-site validation framework. FuSVIPR is then further evaluated on the latest devastating flash floods of April 2022 in the Durban area (South Africa), without additional training. Very good agreement with the impact maps produced in the context of the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters" are reached with similar performance figures. These results emphasize the high generalization capability of this method to locate pluvial floods at any time of the year and over diverse regions worldwide using a very high spatial resolution visible product and two Sentinel-2 images. The resulting impact maps have high potential for helping thorough evaluation and improvement of surface water inundation models and boosting extreme precipitation downscaling at a very high spatial resolution.


Regional brand has risen in the world and become the focus of regional managers recently. Through theoretical study on regional branding abroad is still in its infancy, based on the long-term tracking to regional branding of foreign research literature, this thesis conducts existing research review and points out the deficiencies of the existing studies from the origin and the theoretical basis of the brand, the study area and regional brand strategy and management in order to provide information and reference to future regional brand research and practice. KeywordsRegional brand; origin and development; branding; brand management


Many of the academic manager's decisions have far-reaching consequences, having an impact on more individuals than those initially involved. This chapter outlines five aspects that deans should consider when making sensitive, difficult decisions.


Objective: tocomparefourmethodsthataretoestablisha animal model oftemporomandibular joint synovitis,and to explore the role of IL-1β in pathogenesis of synovitis. Methods: 25 male 8-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, masseter muscle resection group, occlusal vertical dimension increase group, masseter resection plus increased occlusal vertical dimension group, and occlusal interference group. HE staining were performed on the specimens from 12-week-old mice tissues. The pathological changes, pathological score differences between groups,and the immunohistochemical expression of IL-1β were compared among the groups. Results: Masseter resection plus vertical dimension increase group were statistically different than the other groups in pathological score and the average optical density of IL-1β(P 0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between pathological score and the average optical density value of IL-1β(r=0.80, P 0.001). Conclusions: The masseter resection plus the occlusal vertical dimension increase can cause synovitis. This method can be used as an effective method to establish TMJ synovitis, and IL-1β plays a key role in TMJ synovitis.


In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the photocurrent phenomena in single defect-free GaN nanowires (NWs), analyzing the effect of the contact nature, excitation power, light polarization, measuring frequency, and environment. GaN NWs present high photocurrent gain, in the range of 1E5-1E8, with the photocurrent increasing sublinearly with the excitation power. The spectral response is relatively flat for excitation above the GaN bandgap and presents a visible rejection of more than six orders of magnitude. In depleted nanowires (diameter < 100 nm), the photocurrent time response is in the milisecond range, far from the persistent photoconductivity effects (seconds, minutes) observed in larger NWs or two-dimensional layers. From the above-described results, we confirm that the photoresponse is dominated by the redistribution of charge at the surface levels. However, the total depletion of the NW active region reduces the surface band bending preventing persistent photoconductivity effects and granting insensitivity to the chemical environment.


If you think the only certain things in life are death and taxes, this book will have you rethink the certainty of the former, particularly with regard to the diagnosis of brain death. What is the definition of death? Is it a moment or a process? Can death be defined as "death of the person," "neocortical death," or irreversible brain damage? Is brain death really death? These questions permeate this comprehensive, multifaceted discussion of brain death and organ transplantation. The author is a cultural anthropologist who has researched this subject extensively in Japan, Canada, and the United States. She contrasts the intense public debate in Japan, and its reluctance to accept brain death, with the relative ease of acceptance in North America and Europe. The concept of a dead person in a living body is a radical departure from traditional thought, and difficult for the average person to understand, yet it has been adopted in the U.S. without much public resistance. The author presents the historical, legal and medical background of this "new death" as a consequence of the medical technology of artificial ventilation, but brain death was primarily a medical-legal construct to facilitate organ transplantation, which requires that vital organs be perfused in a living body just before harvesting. How did this new form of death and the harvesting of human organs become simply a utilitarian medical exchange of body parts? Lock writes of the "commodification" of human organs. They are transformed into objects of value desired by those in dire need of them; however, there is no monetary exchange except for those organs that might be obtained from countries where the process of procurement may be questionable. Brain death does not necessarily mean the brain is biologically dead. Total necrosis of brain cells is not observed at post-mortem. A neuropathologist cannot confirm the diagnosis of brain death. The clinical criteria of brain death, if assessed correctly, can predict irreversible loss of 1 consciousness and eventual cardiovascular collapse. Making the diagnosis of brain death requires specialized medical criteria that may be variably established with varying degrees of clinical expertise, and it is quite outside the verification process of the average person. In contrast, the average person can certainly recognize a nonbreathing, cold, lifeless dead body. Therefore, this new death had to be accepted on faith and trust in medical professionals. The lack of such trust, owing to highly publicized medical scandals, is one of the main reasons for Japanese reluctance to accept brain death as death. The absence of objection from legal and religious institutions in the West helped pave the way for routine organ procurement from those diagnosed as brain dead. In Japan, the legal profession had opposed this practice. The historical evolution of Western medicine, with its foundation in anatomy and vivisection, differs from the traditional Eastern philosophy of medicine, which adopted Western medicine secondarily. Additionally, Lock explains that the "seductive metaphor" of the "gift of life," which may work in the West, is lost in translation in Japan, which doesn't have a tradition of giving anything of value to strangers. There are ambiguities in recognizing and accepting brain death as legal human death. How should we regard the interim status of a human body between brain death and organ harvest? As a "living cadaver," a "neomort," a "machine-human hybrid," or a "heart-beating cadaver"? The very title of the book illustrates the difficulty: there is the first death, the confirmation of the diagnosis of brain death, and then the more obvious second death, when the heart stops (even though it can be resuscitated when transplanted). Thus, a brain dead person dies twice. Lock concludes that the term "brain death" should be dropped, and that a state of irreversible consciousness with permanent loss of breathing should be regarded as the "death of the person," recognizing that biological death is inevitable. It's not clear to me, however, that changing "brain death" to "death of the person" would ease the angst of organ procurement, which results in cardiac death as a result of harvesting organs. Japan has in some ways come to grips with this ambiguity by documenting the times of deaths of an individual who is an organ donor. This book is written in a scholarly, academic style and is not exactly leisurely reading. It's an excellent textbook for a bioethics course. It should be read by anyone involved in organ procurement or transplantation, those who serve on hospital ethics committees, physicians who have to diagnose "brain death," or any medical professional who has to explain brain death and organ procurement to a patient's family. Considering all of the complexities and controversies involved, and the fact that there has been no real education or general public debate concerning brain death and the reality of the process of organ procurement in this country, one could raise the question of whether the average person who signs an organ donor card, or family members who give permission at a time of an extreme emotional tragedy of loss of a loved one, are making decisions based on sufficient informed consent.


Received: November 12, 2014 Revised: December 4, 2014 Accepted: December 19, 2014. Corresponding author: Dae-Hyun Kim Department of Family Medicine, Keimyung University College of Medicine, 56, Dalsungro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-712, Korea Tel: +82-53-250-7548, Fax: +82-53-250-7071, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyright C 2014 The Korean Academy of C lin ical Geriatrics This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Comm ercial License (http://creativecom mons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0) which perm its unrestricted non-comm ercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium , provided the orig inal work is properly cited. 운동 프로그램이 노인 기초체력과 신체기능에 미치는 영향


With an increase in diverse cultures comes a responsibility for eucators to become aware of their ethnocentric attitudes that influence increasingly diverse classrooms. One place to unpack attitudes about diversity in the classroom is to encourage teachers in training to become aware of their own ethnocentrism. One way for teachers to become aware of their own cultural attitudes is for them to participate in a game/simulation such as "Intercultural Informant." For this game, the class is divided into three groups; then three people, one from each group, are called fc:ward to create, on their own, a cu'ture, or, alternatively, to choose an existing culture they are familiar with..They then return to their group, which is given 3 minutes to interview them about the culture they have chosen to represent. Following the interview session, the game begins with questions posed by the facilitator such as the following: (1) How does the culture perceive time? (2) How does gender impact the culture? (3) Does the culture embody a religion? During each round, members of the group are given a chance to discuss the question before answering. Once they have offered an answer, the cultural informant decides, based on the degree of its accuracy, whether they should receive points or have points taken away. Instructors can use this game to test the impact of a holistic experiential learning game on their teachers in training. (Contains eight references.) (TB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** THE INTERCULTURAL INFORMANT: AN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING RESOURCE FOR TEACHER TRAINING Mary Hinchcliff-Pelias, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale Michael R. Elkins, Texas A & M University-Kingsville PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY , ) TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC1November 1995 U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ov.ceeEda,morwResearc,,o,0,,,,,: EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 171;:i'is document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating ii 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy Poster session presented at the Speech Communication Association convention in San Antonio, Texas THE INTERCULTURAL INFORMANT: AN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING RESOURCE FOR TEACHER TRAINING Goal: To use gaming/simulation to unpack instructor ethnocentricism INTRODUCTION As teacher training programs reflect on the demographics of the student population of the 1990s, Martin (1994) asserts that immigration to the United States is increasing drastically. With an increase in diverse cultures comes a responsibility for educators to become aware of their ethnocentric attitudes that influence our increasingly diverse classrooms. One place to unpack our attitudes abcut diversity in the classroom is to encourage teachers in training to become aware of their own


Results of voltage distribution measurements along a large insulator string were compared with those obtained from numerical calculations. A computer model was developed using MININEC, a thin-wire method-of-moments (MOM) code. The results show that numerical techniques can be used to calculate the voltage distribution in insulator strings with the accuracy required for engineering design. Considerable art is required in constructing the details of the computer model. The technique of using a very large value resistor to measure the voltages has been applied with excellent results


This paper specifies a dynamic model of voter turnout in Taiwan legislative elections using the generalized method of moments (GMM) model. We utilize data recorded over the 1998–2008 period, covering 23 counties of Taiwan. We find that previous levels of voter turnout are significantly associated with current levels of voter turnout. In particular, we provide strong evidence for a dynamic decline in voter turnout in Taiwan legislator elections. We also find that the perceived closeness of the election by the potential voters prior to the election, greater number of parties and densely populated areas, are significantly associated with higher voter turnout, whereas larger costs of voting, greater educational inequality and higher levels of education contribute to lower electoral participation. Further, population stability and disposable income have a limited impact on voter turnout.


AH image restoration method of directly solving the image formation equation by iterative procedure is presented in this paper. This method can be applied to spectral deconvolution in one-dirnensional case as well. Some reasonable constain conditions are introduced to make non-linear control in the process of iterations. The fitting technique is used to modify the image formation equation to depress noises and increase the sensitivity. The restoration results for Monte-Carlo samples and for observed data in space high-energy astronomy show that, in comparison with traditional restorations, the direct method has a higher sensitivity and better resolution ability and can be used in the case of more poor statistics. This method is completely model independent and has the capability to simultaneously represent both the extended and 鈥iscrete structures in object.


In order to study the mechanism during mastication of NR in the presence of peptisers (with proper simulation in the process) the experiments were conducted in a Brabender Plasticorder PL-2000-3. It has been observed that the nature of torque remains virtually the same during the process having two distinct maxima irrespective of the presence and nature of the peptiser. Peptisers don't significantly reduce the specific energy of mastication but keep the Mooney viscosity low during storage


Wen-Jun Zhang and co-workers demonstrate an integrated electrocatalyst comprising 3D nickel-cobalt diselenide mesoporous nanosheet networks supported on Ni foam, as reported in article number 1606521. Due to the collective effects of special morphological design and electronic structure engineering by Co doping, the diselenide electrode with optimal Co concentration exhibits prominent hydrogen evolution reaction activity and excellent stability over a wide pH range.


A patient undergoing minor orthopaedic surgery suffered from unexpected arterial and venous gas embolism caused by hydrogen peroxide. We describe our management of the case and emphasise the need for continued vigilance during the use of hydrogen peroxide.


Provided is a compound represented by general formula (1). (In the formula, R 1 represents a C 1-20 aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent; and R 2 -R 13 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an aromatic group or a C 1-20 aliphatic hydrocarbon group each of which may have a substituent.)


Summary form only given. In wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), energy is a scarce resource. Though cooperation is the basis of network services, due to the limited energy reserve of each node, there is no guarantee any given protocols would be followed by nodes managed by different authorities. Instead of treating the selfish nodes as a security concern and trying to eliminate them, we propose a novel way to encourage cooperative works - rewarding service providers according to their contributions. Nodes in a MANET can form coalitions to reduce aggregate transmission power on each hop along a route. The payment of each node in a coalition is determined by using Shapley Value, a well-known concept in game theory for allocating payoff for each member in a cooperative coalition. We present the contribution reward routing protocol with Shapley Value (CAP-SV). It achieves the objective of truthfulness. The performance of CAP-SV is studied by simulations using ns-2. Analysis and experimental results show a routing protocol with the consideration of the incentives of individual nodes stimulates cooperation and improves network lifetime without significantly diminishing the performance of the whole network.


Objective To investigate the possible effects of exogenous stromal cell-derived factor-1α(SDF-1α)on cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the ipsilateral thalamic ventroposterior nucleus(VPN)in adult rats with focal cortical infarction.Methods Thirty-six hypertensive rats with focal cortical infarction were divided randomly into the SDF-1αgroup,vehicle


This study looked at the identification seeking strategies of a low face-toface member-contact organization, The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. I used thematic analysis to identify the strategies that the organization used to seek the identification of its members. Findings of the study showed that by emphasizing membership as an exclusive privilege, recognizing the individual as a symbol of excellence, celebrating member achievements, inviting member contributions, emphasizing commitment to diversity, emphasizing organizational symbolism and highlighting testimonials of appreciation, the organization tried to seek the identification of its members. In many of the above-mentioned strategies, the overarching theme of elitism was evident. This raises certain pertinent questions pertaining to organizational identification.


Abstract The destruction rates of a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricant, Krytox 143AC, subjected to rolling contact with 440C steel in a spiral orbit tribometer at room temperature have been evaluated as a function of test environment. The rates in ultrahigh vacuum, 0.213 kPa (1.6 torr) oxygen and one atmosphere of dry nitrogen were about the same. Water vapor in the test environment—a few ppm in one atmosphere of nitrogen—reduced the destruction rate by up to an order of magnitude. A similar effect of water vapor was found for the destruction rate of Pennzane 2001A, an unformulated multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) hydrocarbon oil. Introduction The destruction of liquid lubricant molecules by tribochemical attack (tribochemistry) is well-recognized, especially for perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs). The destruction or degradation can be manifested by the finite lifetime of a mechanism with a limited supply of lubricant. It is also indicated by the observation of chemical reaction films on the bearing surface, friction polymer and molecular fragments emitted into the environment. Destruction of PFPEs, in particular, has been observed in ball bearings for vacuum service in spacecraft and in eccentric bearing tests that operate in the starved or boundary lubrication regime, depleting the lubricant supply and causing bearing failure (Refs. 1 and 2). Destruction of PFPEs is also a matter of concern in hard disk magnetic storage media (Ref. 3). The destruction rate of the lubricant molecules is a function of both the lubricant's chemical structure (Refs. 4 and 5) and bearing substrate chemistry (Refs. 6 and 7). It can also depend on the test environment (Refs. 8 to 10). Understanding environmental effects on lubricant's destruction rate is vital to ensure that earth-based life tests of vacuum hardware provide meaningful results. Some tests are performed in "inert" gas, such as dry nitrogen, because of significant cost and convenience advantages versus vacuum testing. However, the test chamber may still contain trace impurities that compromise the inertness of the test environment, even though the chamber may have been backfilled or purged with an inert gas such as nitrogen. Impurities such as oxygen or water vapor may be tribochemically active and change the lubricant's lifetime compared to what would be exhibited in vacuum. In this paper, the destruction rates of Krytox 143AC, a popular PFPE vacuum lubricant, in rolling contact with 440C stainless steel in a spiral orbit tribometer are studied for test environments of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), dry oxygen, dry nitrogen, nitrogen containing water vapor and pure water vapor. The destruction rate is expressed as the lifetime of a finite charge of lubricant in a test and the results give a ranking of the lifetimes as a function of test environments. Some results are also presented for the effect of water vapor on the destruction rate of Pennzane 2001A, an unformulated multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) hydrocarbon oil.


Abstract In this paper, we report the studies of the solution structures of synthetic pentadeoxyribonucleotide d-TGGGT(NH4 + salt) using 2D–NMR. The 1H–NMR experiments with different temperatures and concentrations reveal an equilibrium between single strand and aggregation. In the experimental condition(22°C, 13mmol/ L), the cross peaks in the COSY spectrum are mainly from single strand, and the spin systems of sugar resonances of this component can be assigned. In contrast, the cross peaks in the NOESY spectrum mainly come from aggregation and the sequential assignments of bases, sugar 1′, 2′ and 2″ protons can be carried out. From NOE connectivities, it is obvious that the aggregation adopts a right–handed helix conformation. It is suggested that the aggregation in our experiment corresponds to the tetramolecular complex.


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Tinospora Cordifolia were performed by In-vitro Methods. For this study stem of plant Tinospora cordifolia where collected and dried under shade. Morphological characteristics and Physio-chemical parameters of Tinospora cordifolia stem were investigated. Plant materials were extracted by Soxhlet extraction method then Pharmacognostical evaluation of extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests for preliminary identification of various phytoconstituents. The free radicals scavenging potential of standard and extract tested by DPPH method are depicted in with a characteristic absorption at 517nm. Effects of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated against gram positive ( S. aureus) and gram-negative ( E. coli) bacteria and antifungal activity was obtained against Candida Albicans and Aspergilus Niger . Antimicrobial activities were estimated by disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of stem of tinospora were evaluated in the term of zone of inhibition. Methanolic steam extract of Tinospora cordifolia was significantly against both gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli ). it was observed that the extract was not significantly effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, while, Methanolic stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia was more effective against Candida Albicans and A niger .


An inline sixth order single-layered substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filter with cross couplings is presented based on meandering electric coupling structure. Coupling coefficients and frequency variations with respect to the dimensions of meandering electric coupling structure are studied. The proposed inline sixth order filter with quasi-elliptic performance is designed and investigated by using coupling matrix method. The measured results show the 1-dB passband ranging from 9.12GHz to 9.76GHz, and the 3-dB passband from 9.06GHz to 9.82GHz with two transmission zeros locating at 8.81 GHz and 10.01GHz, respectively.


In this podcast, Professor Nick Allen, Director of the Centre for Digital Mental Health at the Department of Psychology at the University of Oregon talks about developmental transitions from childhood to adolescence.


Turbulent scalar fluxes are determined by correlating vertical velocity measurements, commonly made on towers with a sonic anemometer, with scalar density measurements made with an appropriate fast response sensor, e.g. an open– path optical–absorption hygrometer in the case of water vapor fluxes. In order to avoid flow distortion errors in the velocity measurements, in– situ scalar sensors must be displaced from the measurement volume of the sonic anemometer. Unfortunately this causes a decorrelation of the velocity and scalar density measurements and a reduction in the measured flux. As noted by Kristensen et al. (1997), it is expected that the attenuation of the measured flux will be "an increasing function of the ratio of the sensor displacement and the scale of the turbulence". In the surface layer, the integral scale of the vertical velocity component increases with height, and therefore the flux attenuation will increase with the ratio of sensor displacement to the measurement height. The measured flux can be corrected simply by dividing it by the estimated fractional attenuation of the measured flux.


The horizontal-type high-voltage paper electrophoresis devised by Miyamoto and his collaborators became available for separation of thyroidal iodine compounds. With the use of the thyroid gland slices incubated with Na"'T (Naito) and the thyroid glands of Nal"I-injected rabbits (Araki) , 9 and 13radioactive bands were separated by running high-volatage (3,000 volt.) paper electrophoresis (pH 10.8) , respectively. In this paper, the distribution of "'I radioactivity in the electrophoretically separated bands of thyroidal organic iodine compounds was quantitatively studied with the rabbits sacrificed at intervals (15 minutes-,-48 hours after the i.v. Na19 injection) . Mature rabbits were given i.v. injection of Na.131I(100 pC. per ainmal) , the thyroid glands extirpated at 15, 30, 60 minutes, 3,6, 24, and 48 hours after the injection were minced, digested with trypsin, and extracted twice with 0.1 N HC1-saturated butanol. The combined butanol extracts were concentrated, and subjected to highvoltage paper electrophoresis at pH 10.8 (1/20 M boric acid-1 N NaOH) at 3,000 volt, which was followed by radioautography. The radioactive bands on each filter paper corresponding to radioautographic black bonds were cut out, and 131I-radioactivity was directly measured by a Well-type scintillation counter. In the present investigation, the highest number of'"I-labeled band was 12, not including I(inorganic iodide) band. In a short time after the Na19 injection, the number of radioactive bands readily amounted to 7---8 at 15 minutes, then increased to 10-,-12 at hours, and remained as 10--,-12 bandsto the end of experimental time (48 hours) . The percentage distribution of "'I radioactivity inall the detectable fractions of each thyroidal samples was determined. The radioactivity of the MIT fraction was dominant at 15 minutes, fell down to a small percent at 30 minutes, and reincreased at 60 minutes. The DIT fraction exhibited its peak of radioactivity at 30 minutes. The T3 fraction did not show any detectable radioactivity at 15 and 30 minutes, while a considerable amount of radioactivity appeaeared in theT4 fraction at 15 minutes. The changes in relative radioactivity of these 4 fractions were not significant after 1 hour to 48 hours. The other fractions did not show any meaningful changes. The similar tendencies were also demonstrated with 4 main thyroidal iodine compounds (MIT, DIT,


Aged‐obese F344xBN rats have reduced hypothalamic leptin signaling and are refractory to exogenous leptin, and hence considered leptin resistant. We hypothesized that the consequences of a leptin antagonist would be diminished or absent in rats already leptin resistant. Hypothalamic leptin signaling was assessed 1 hr after leptin (100ng), leptin (100ng) plus antagonist (5ug or 20ug), or vehicle (icv, lateral ventricle). Leptin increased phosphorylated STAT3 (P‐STAT3) by 4‐fold, which was fully blocked by co‐administration of either dose of antagonist. Young (5m) and aged‐obese (24m) were infused with antagonist (25 ug/day, lateral ventricle) or vehicle by mini pump for 7d. Cumulative food intake increased over control in both young (28.2±9.5g) and aged‐obese (18.2±7.9g) as did body weight (16.4±6.4g;10.2±2.2). Adiposity was elevated, but only significant in young. These data indicate that, although diminished, the orexigenic‐like effects of a leptin antagonist are qualitatively similar in lean leptin‐responsive and aged‐obese leptin resistant rats suggesting that leptin maintains a energy homeostatic role even in moderately obese animals. VA Medial Research and NIH, AG20985.


is true for any character, a phenocopy is a product of genotype-environment Asinteractions. Phenocopy studies provide information, admittedly not on gene action at the primary level, but certainly on gene-controlled processes at derived levels. This paper is a genetical comparison of a crossveinless-like (cvl) strain with a wild-type strain primarily in terms of their responses to a heat shock that induces crossveinless phenocopy. It demonstrates that (1 ) this cvl line is especially susceptible to the induction of the crossveinless phenocopy, (2) the genetic basis of the phenocopy in this cvl line is probably the same as that of the spontaneous phenotype, and ( 3 ) the different regions along the crossvein respond differently to phenocopy induction.


A validated analytical method by high<performance l iquid chromatography (HPLC) was applicable to study of 1 mg/mL Risperidone oral solution stability. The above method was linear, accurate, specific and exact. A stability study of the 1 mg/mL Risperidone oral solution was developed determining its expiry date. The shelf life study was conducted for 24 months at room temperature; whereas the accelerated stability study was conducted with product under influence of humidity and temperature; analysis was made during 3 months. Formula fulfilled the quality


Under the background of economic globalization, regional cooperation has become the core of regional economic integration. Through the cross-regional flow of labor, capital, information and technology, the cooperative parties realize the increase of welfare in the optimal allocation of resources. After the specific comparison of the economic development models and paths of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in Guangdong province and Hainan Special Economic Zone in Hainan province, it is found that there are great differences between them in the direction of development, the orientation of export-oriented economy and the orientation of industrial structure. This paper proposes to strengthen regional cooperation between Hainan Province and Guangdong Province. To actively change the mode of economic development and achieve the promotion of Guangdong Province and Hainan Province's economic competitive strength by taking the technology innovation and the implementation of the talent strategy as the core, highlighting the complementary characteristic industrial clusters as the characteristic, perfecting the mechanism of cooperation between the two provinces as the means and the integrative development as the goal.


We present MVSPlenOctree, a novel approach that can efficiently reconstruct radiance fields for view synthesis. Unlike previous scene-specific radiance fields reconstruction methods, we present a generic pipeline that can efficiently reconstruct 360-degree-renderable radiance fields via multi-view stereo (MVS) inference from tens of sparse-spread out images. Our approach leverages variance-based statistic features for MVS inference, and combines this with image based rendering and volume rendering for radiance field reconstruction. We first train a MVS Machine for reasoning scene's density and appearance. Then, based on the spatial hierarchy of the PlenOctree and coarse-to-fine dense sampling mechanism, we design a robust and efficient sampling strategy for PlenOctree reconstruction, which handles occlusion robustly. A 360-degree-renderable radiance fields can be reconstructed in PlenOctree from MVS Machine in an efficient single forward pass. We trained our method on real-world DTU, LLFF datasets, and synthetic datasets. We validate its generalizability by evaluating on the test set of DTU dataset which are unseen in training. In summary, our radiance field reconstruction method is both efficient and generic, a coarse 360-degree-renderable radiance field can be reconstructed in seconds and a dense one within minutes. Please visit the project page for more details: https://derry-xing.github.io/projects/MVSPlenOctree.


2 Cell movement is an important step in development. Two experiments were conducted to investigate cell movement control in serumand feeder-free conditions. There were two key findings. 1) The direction of cell migration was affected by the use of a ratchet-shaped micro-chamber. 2) Two proteins were needed as a coating to make the human iPS cell pattern. These findings provide useful tools for a basic study on cell migration and an applied one on regenerative medicine.


Objectives: To evaluate the performance of the mixed culture of yeast strains to increase ethanol fermentation yield of sweet sorghum sap. Methods/Statistical Analysis:The yeast strains used were OUT7096, OUT7913, and OUT7921 while sweet sorghum saps utilized were KCS105 and FS501. Fermentation was performed in batch process and concentration of ethanol and sugars were determined by HPLC. Performance of each culture was indicated by ethanol yield and sugar conversion efficiency. The best culture was indicated by the best ethanol yield determined based on the one way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference test. Findings: The results showed that the composition of sugars and minerals in the two sweet sorghum saps are good for ethanol fermentation but supplementation with a bit of nitrogen and phosphorus may necessay for optimum yield. On the fermentation of KCS105 sap, all the three mixed culture especially OUT7913/ OUT7921 (1:1) provided higher performance than when used in single. On the fermentation of FS501 sap, the mixed culture of OUT7096/OU79013 (1:1) showed the highest performance among all of the cultures used, despite the data are not significant. The high value of SCE in both fermentation of KCS105 and FS501 saps suggested the oocurence of sugars other than sucrose, glucose and fructose. It was also found that mixed culture of OUT7913/OUT7921 (1:1) was more glucophilic than the mixed culture of OUT7096/OU79013 (1:1) . On the contrary, OUT7913/OUT7921 (1:1) culture was more fructophilic than the culture of OUT7913/OUT7921 (1:1) . Applications/Improvements: Mixed culture may improve ethanol yield of fermentation of substrate containing types of sugar like sweet sorghum sap.


In this paper, we report the result of a survey on routing protocols for wireless mesh networks. Due to the many common features between wireless mesh networks and ad hoc networks, several routing protocols proposed for ad hoc networks are available for wireless mesh networks. Based on routing information update mechanism, routing protocols can be classified into proactive protocols, reactive protocols and hybrid protocols. Several routing protocols available for wireless mesh networks are reviewed as typical examples of the three types in this paper. Multi-radio, multi-channel is becoming a very promising technology for wireless mesh networks. Routing protocols for multi-radio, multi-channel wireless mesh networks have attracted much research in recent years. Among them, the Multi-radio Link-Quality Source Routing Protocol (MR-LQSR) is a good sample.

Keywords - routing protocols, classification, multi-radio, multi-channel

name: Yuting Liu
IEEE membership number: 80529895


This paper gives an in-depth study of how sectoral value added have impacted economic growth in Zambia for the period 1994 – 2021 using the ARDL bounds testing approach. The long-run results show that the agriculture, industry and service sectors have a positive significant impact on economic growth. Imports are found to have a significant but negative impact on economic growth. The manufacturing sector and exports are found to have an insignificant impact on economic growth. However, in the short run, it is only imports that are found to have a significant but negative impact on economic growth. All the other independent variables are found to be of no consequence to economic growth in the short run. Implications are that for a sustained long-run impact, policy should focus on promoting the agriculture, industry and service sectors.


Two methods of obtaining structured information from a trained feed-forward neural network are discussed. The first of these methods extracts structured representations from the hidden layer and tests these against a set of hypotheses. The second method uses a rule-based system based on multiple-valued logic that can be trained using gradient descent.


The isolation and identification of isobaurenol, betulonic acid, moronic acid, limonin and diosmin have been described from the stem bark of Evodia meliafolia Benth. This is the first report of occurrence of betulonic acid, moronic acid and diosmin in E. meliafolia.