This chapter discusses the significance of a Nobel Prize in economics. In a turbulent world, the prizes that Alfred Nobel endowed in 1895 shine as beacons of enduring value. They signal that effort, integrity, and success in pursuit of truth can earn mighty acclaim. In 1968, the Swedish central bank persuaded the Nobel Foundation to add a prize in economics, identical in all but name to those in science, literature, and peace. For a paltry investment, it extended the aura of Nobel authority to the discipline of economics. It was an entrepreneurial move worthy of Alfred Nobel himself. Like Nobel's invention of dynamite, the economic prize was a force with potential for good but also for harm. But how does one think of economics as science? Specialists in scientific method, practising economists, and Nobel Prize winners tell different stories. This matters when we look to economics for policy advice.


Everyone should have the opportunity to attain their highest level of health. That definition of health equity — and the quest to achieve it — is central to the work of public health and to APHA.


A quasi-rhombic automobile features that its 4 wheels are arranged in rhombic mode, that is, two steering wheels as respectively installed on front axle and rear axle, and two drive wheels are installed at left and right each end of central axle. Said steering wheels have different turning directions. The engine assemblage is installed at central position of chassis. The car body is in streamlineshape. Its advantages are high collision damping performance, small turning radius, light weight, acsthetic appearance, good aerodynamic performance and flexible operation.


Purpose: To develop a Ray Cast/Dose Superposition (RC/DS) algorithm for proton grid therapy. Its functionality needed to include automatic positioning of small proton pencil beams in a grid-pattern ...


How do neural network models of quasiregular domains learn to represent knowledge that varies in its consistency with the domain, and generalize this knowledge appropriately? Recent work focusing on spelling-to-sound correspondences in English proposes that a graded "warping" mechanism determines the extent to which the pronunciation of a newly learned word should generalize to its orthographic neighbors. We explored the micro-structure of this proposal by training a network to pronounce new made-up words that were consistent with the dominant pronunciation (regulars), were comprised of a completely unfamiliar pronunciation (exceptions), or were consistent with a subordinate pronunciation in English (ambiguous). Crucially, by training the same spelling-to-sound mapping with either one or multiple items, we tested whether variation in adjacent, within-item context made a given pronunciation more able to generalize. This is exactly what we found. Context variability, therefore, appears to act as a modulator of the warping in quasiregular domains.


Disclosed is an air intake structure of the axial-flow fan, which comprises a shell body and an impeller. The shell body has a supercharging air inlet and an air flow channel. The impeller is arranged in the airflow channel and has a hub and several vanes. The vane ring is arranged outside around the hub and has an air inlet side separately. The air inlet side is formed on the radial climax of each vane and the most front end of the wind dispelling direction, and at the same time on the radial range of the super charging air inlet. When the impeller is rotating, the vane first has point wind contact from the air inlet side end, and then drives plenty of airflow into the supercharging air inlet to reduce the noise of wind contact.


Accessible summary

•
 Our health service ran a group to support people to stand up for their human rights.

•
 People with learning disabilities have their own stories to tell about human rights.

•
 Group members created a character called FREDA (fairness, respect, equality, dignity, autonomy) to understand how human rights laws affect their lives.

•
 The group did not follow its original plan. The group shared their own knowledge and experiences with each other. Acting on what people in the group wanted was most important. Written by Tina O'Connor1

Summary

Service user inclusion is a key component of a human rights-based approach to healthcare and models of inclusion are developing rapidly. This article describes work with a group of NHS service users, designed to increase their knowledge of human rights, as part of a broader set of initiatives focussing on changing organisational culture. During a mutual learning journey, 'co-production' emerged as a preferred model for promoting service user's understandings of human rights. 'Co-production', or sharing service design and delivery more equally with service users, led to outcomes that were initially inconceivable. During the group, co-production appeared to be a vehicle for resolving dilemmas about services 'empowering' service users. This article considers how, when service user involvement and a HRBA are combined, a move away from tokenism towards collaboration, empowerment and redistribution of power is possible.


The paper presents both macroscopic and microstructural evidence of the water sensitivity of a low porosity clayey rock from Northern Spain. Particular emphasis is focused on the effects of water sensitivity at micro level. Results obtained from Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) using the common procedure of sample preparation show that this procedure of sample preparation is not enough to evaluate in a proper way the irreversible changes induced at micro level by hydraulic effects. An alternative procedure is described, which seems to improve the evaluation of rock degradation at micro scale.


Abstract Modern neonatal intensive care arose from, and will forever depend upon, technology. There are increasing pressures to leverage new technologies to make care safer, more efficient and cost-effective. Changes in the delivery room will bring better monitoring and data display for the resuscitation team. Sensing and monitoring advances will be used in the NICU, measuring a wider range of physiologic parameters. Better integration of technologies with the EMR will be the basis for decision support and predictive analytics. Communication will be improved between the EMR, NICU staff and parents of newborns. Advances in conventional, CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging of neonates will aid in our diagnostic efforts. Ventilators are getting smarter, with wider ranges of support options and monitoring, in parallel with improvements in non-invasive respiratory support. New technologies can be used to evaluate and support neurodevelopment and to optimize nutrition. Laboratory testing can be done more rapidly, with smaller sample size and reduced costs, bringing more testing to the bedside. All these new technologies should optimize the NICU physical environment, improving the experience for patients, their families and hospital staff.


A History of Lincoln Minster. Edited by Dorothy Owen. (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1994. Pp. xviii, 334. $69.95.) As befits a cathedral considered by John Ruskin to be "out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles," Lincoln Minster has been more than usually fortunate both in the survival of its records and the quality of its local antiquaries. AU the mote surprising perhaps that the many devotees of Lincoln Cathedral have had to wait until 1994 for the first systematic history of one of the greatest institutions of the English Church. The waiting has certainly proved worthwhile; for the labors of Dr. Dorothy Owen and her five colleagues have ensured that their survey of Lincoln Cathedral will now hold a distinguished place within the current spate of other cathedral histories. Indeed, theirs is a highly vivid contribution to most of the complex patterns of English church history throughout nearly nine centuries, a contribution which owes much of its originality to the different ways in which all the authors have made such excellent use of the unrivalled--and largely unpublished--records of Lincoln Minster itself. The writing of a satisfactory history of a Christian cathedral, that terrestrial house of many mansions, is, of course, a good deal more difficult to achieve than might be supposed. A History of Lincoln Minster solves most of the many possible structural problems by providing the reader with three detailed and predominantly narrative "historical surveys," respectively the work of Dr. Owen herself (1091-1450), of Margaret Bowker (1450-1750), and finally of David Thompson, who accomplishes the heroic task of describing the cathedral's history between 1750 and 1949 in a chapter of over one hundred pages. Throughout these chapters attention tends to focus, appropriately enough, less on the bishop than on the chapter and minor minster clergy of Lincoln; but one is never left in any doubt that the latter's fortunes can only be explained in terms of developments outside the precinct walls. Indeed, this volume inevitably owes much of its appeal to being a sustained and fascinating exercise in the study of institutional resistance to political and social change. Such no doubt is true of nearly all cathedral histories, to the extent of making it only too easy to neglect the endless acts of liturgical observance which constitute the primary religious function of the matrix ecclesia. No such neglect occurs in A History of Lincoln Minster; and In their two learned chapters on "Music and Worship" (from their origins to 1980), Roger Bowers and Nicholas Thistlethwaite surpass all expectations and have provided the single most accomplished treatment of their subject yet available for any English cathedral. …


The present invention discloses a method of converting direct current (DC) power to alternating current (AC) power to a method and apparatus, in particular for driving a discharge lamp is disclosed, for example, a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (the CCFL), or an external electrode fluorescent lamp (EEFL) single ended inverter circuit. Among other advantages, these circuits provide the duty ratio close to 50% of the time is almost uniform symmetrical voltage wave to drive the discharge lamp. This circuit also eliminates the high current of the primary high-voltage resonant capacitor, and, without the need for the rated voltage of the buffer circuit of the primary switch is reduced to twice the input voltage. The present invention proposes an inverter capable of driving a discharge lamp at a low cost, in particular, may be applied to the narrow input voltage range. A discharge lamp current may be adjusted by adjusting the duty cycle of the main switch.


The paper aims at empirically validating the inter relations between changing factor endowment, structure of trade and Indian economy. Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade envisages that a country specialises in the production and export of such goods as conform to its factor endowment. It generally imports goods, the production of which does not conform to its factor endowment. The theory, like the classical comparative cost theory, uses static analytical framework. Among others, an assumption of the theory is that the factor endowment does not change, and therefore, the pattern and composition of its trade remains stable. Classical and neo classical theories also assumed that such factors of production as land, labour and capital are immobile between countries but mobile within countries. Goods are, however, assumed to be totally mobile both within and between countries. An implication of the assumption is that the relative supply of labour and capital cannot be altered by imports and exports of these factors. This assumption also implicitly rules out the pattern of growth to alter factor endowment of the economy. Economic growth, however, leads to the transformation of not only the pattern and structure of production but it also transforms factor endowment. It brings about drastic changes in the quantum, pattern and structure of international trade of an economy. Even if the pattern of trade and factor endowment were initially consistent with each other, these will diverge with each other as a consequence of growth. Factor endowment also changes with growth and developing economies focus mainly on industrialisation. Imports of goods in the early stages of growth are replaced by domestic production and some of these goods enter even export basket thus initial factor endowment will guide the import of capital intensive goods, special capital goods and export of labour intensive goods in the initial phase of growth . This argument forms the basis of this paper. The main hypothesis of investigation in this paper is that there exists an interrelation between changing factor endowment, changing pattern of trade and the production structure of a developing economy like India. The past factor endowment governs the current exports structure and the current exports structure governs the future factor endowment of the country and


The rat experiments showed that zinc-indomethacin (ZnIM) had significant inhibitory action on acute inflammation induced by carrageenin, on granuloma induced by cotton ball. on arthritis induced by Freund's adjuvant. And ZnIM also inhibited markedly exudative inflammation caused by 0.7% acetic acid in mice. In the hot plate test in mice it showed analgesic effect. The anti-inflammation and analgesic effects had no significant difference between the two drugs.The experiment showed that the ZnIM had less irritation of stomach than IM.


We present a determination of the mass, width and coupling of the strange resonances appearing in pion-kaon scattering below 1.8 GeV, namely the much debated K∗ 0 (800) or κ , the scalar K∗ 0 (1430), the K ∗(892) and K∗(1410) vectors, the spin-two K∗ 2 (1430) as well as the spin-three K∗ 3 (1780). The parameters of each resonance are determined using a direct analytic continuation of the pion-kaon partial waves by means of Padé approximants, thus avoiding any particular model description of their pole positions and residues, while taking into account the analytic requirements imposed by dispersion relations.


After studying the relationship among feature size,exposure time,laser power and processing speed,we fab-ricated a 1×7 Dammann grating using femtosecond laser oscillator,which central wavelength is 800 nm,via two-photon photopolymerization.The result shows that lower power and exposure time and higher processing speed lead to smaller feature size and the two-photon photopolymerization technology has extremely good prospect in the manufacture of micro-optical elements domain.


Les editeurs des textes de la Renaissance presentes en editions modernes doivent choisir entre les conventions typographiques des editeurs d'origine ou une modernisation qui risque d'obscurcir certaines evidences precieuses pour favoriser une rencontre authentique avec le texte. Nous proposons ici le debut d'une defense de l'edition modernisee. Abstract All Renaissance texts in modern editions must assume a format conforming to views concerning typefaces, spelling, and punctuation, whether of the initiating period or of the modern period. Representing the "other" is the watchword, and arguably this otherness is a component not only of Renaissance style and thought, but also of Renaissance printing conventions to the degree that they differ from our own. A rationale favouring the modernization of texts could however be in the very interests of authenticity.


Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications have emerged as a cost-effective, flexible and efficient solution of facilitating the penetration of independent 'things' and machines in local networks and systems. The latest releases of long-term evolution (LTE) such as LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) are being transformed to support the migration of M2M devices to end terminals. 3GPP supports the definition of technical requirements and functional specifications that allows the adapting of existing technologies to support machine type communications (MTC) and the optimization of the design of advanced standards (e.g., LTE-A) for efficient data delivery. According to ETSI M2M architecture three types of MTC access methods are supported, the direct access, the gateway access and the coordinator access. An MTC can access an evolved NodeB (eNB) with or without relay nodes. Hence coverage and connectivity issues appear on designing and deploying MTC architectures. This work is focused on studying and analyzing the probability of having at least k machine devices connected in modern cellular network, where the deployed M2M devices are directly or indirectly connected to the eNB node. The provided analytic framework is verified by simulation results that indicate suitable deployment conditions in specific MTC scenarios.


The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of a south faced double-skin and a ground coupled heat exchanger on annual building energy performance. The separate and integral effects of each system on the building heating and cooling load have been analyzed with a versatile building energy simulation tool-ESP-r. A 911 square metered and three story research building has been modeled and simulated with ESP-r and subprograms specially developed for this study. Results showed that in winter, average of 16% heating energy could be saved from the integrated system and in summer, average of 24% cooling energy could be reduced due to the separate effect of the ground coupled heat exchanger. Especially during heating season, double-skin contributed more to the heating load reduction than a ground coupled heat exchanger with the following ratio(6.3 : 3.7). In overall, integrated analysis indicated that about 19% of annual heating and cooling energy could be reduced for the case of this research building with double-skin and ground coupled heat exchanger system.


Many high performance machine learning methods produce black box models, which do not disclose their internal working that yields the prediction. We propose a novel explanation method that explains the predictions of any classifier by analyzing the prediction change obtained by omitting relevant subsets of attribute values. Our method overcomes the exponential time complexity of previous works by learning a local model in the neighborhood of the prediction to explain. Preliminary experiments show that, despite the approximation introduced by the local model, the explanations provided by our method are effective in detecting also correlation among attributes. Our method is model-agnostic. Hence, experts can compare explanations and local behaviors of the predictions for the same instance made by different classifiers.


Making use of terminological instruments of the humanistic theory of Far-Eastern martial arts, the authors analyse the phenomenon of perception and adaptation of Asian martial arts in the West – particularly in Germany and the USA, in the perspective of culture and sport sociology. The paper discusses selected reports of authors undertaking humanistic reflection with reference to the phenomenon of martial arts. General tendencies in the martial arts practiced in the West were presented and detailed differences between American and Middle-European perceptions discussed. The 'budō pedagogy', as well as intercultural and intercontinental borrowings of budō leaders were emphasised.


Currently, we are developing the optical, optoelectronic, and optomechanical technology required to demonstrate a representative portion of a free-space optical backplane. Such a backplane can be created with two dimensional arrays of passive free-space Parallel Optical Channels (POCs) to optically interconnect the systems electronic Printed Circuit Boards and/or Multichip Modules (MCMs). Specific demonstration projects include the optical interconnection of PCBs via these passive optical channels using FET-SEED Smart Pixel transceivers. The first demonstrator will show the optical interconmtion of a 4 x 4 FET-SEED transmitter array mounted on one PCB to an opposing 4 x 4 FET-SEED receiver array mounted on an adjacent PCB.


This paper focuses on rough set theory which provides mathematical foundations of set-theoretical approximation for concepts, as well as reasoning about data. Also presented in this paper is the concept of relative reducts which is one of the most important notions for rule generation based on rough set theory. In this paper, from the viewpoint of approximation, the authors introduce an evaluation criterion for relative reducts using roughness of partitions that are constructed from relative reducts. The proposed criterion evaluates each relative reduct by the average of coverage of decision rules based on the relative reduct, which also corresponds to evaluate the roughness of partition constructed from the relative reduct,


The development of power engineering, under current conditions, is aimed at the use of distributed generation plants in power supply systems located in immediate proximity from power consumers. The article deals with power supply system with turbo generator plant and high power energy storage unit. Description of a power supply system model with turbo generator plant, energy storage unit and asynchronous load is provided, and modeling results of power supply system transition to the isolated operating mode. The model of the power supply system under study was carried out in the MATLAB environment using the Simulink and SimPowerSystems simulation packages. In work is a description of the PSS model used with DG plant and ESU, as well as the simulation results. Based on the computer simulation results the conclusion, that use of prognostic controllers turbo generator plant allows improving the damping properties of the system when switching to an isolated mode of operation. a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-5357 b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6543-1790 c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0484-2857


The chaotic system with high dimensions has showed many excellent characteristics in secure communication,the feedback control method to expand a four wing chaotic model was used to attain a five-dimensional chaos model with four wings.Through the experiment and analysis,it shows that this model has two largest Lyapunov exponents and a continuous spectrum,showing that it has some chaotic behavior and has the four wing attractors.The sequence after correction generated by the chaotic model is applied in color image encryption mechanism,experimental results show that the proposed encryption mechanism can not only achieve very good encryption effect,but also has high safety,which can resist various statistical analysis attack.


A epidemiological survey of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was conducted in grandparent, parent and commercial flocks of different breeds of chickens in parts of China by using multiplex PCR. A total of 583 strains of C.jejuni and 48 strains of C.coli isolated from 3 132 cloaca samples were tested and an average positive rate of 18.61 % and 1.53 % detected, respectively; Six strains of of 217 environment samples were detected positive for C.jejun (positive rate was 2.76 %). The positive rates varied from 0 %-73.3 % for C.jejuni and 0 %-7.4 % for C.jejuni from on different chicken farms. Among 30 flocks, 26 of them (86.67 %) were detected positive for C.jejuni, and 13 were positive (43.33 %) for C.coli. The results showed that endemic of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was highly diverse in chicken flocks in China.


The use of snake slough as nest material by birds is considered an adaptive behavior to avoid nest predation. Here, we conducted predation experiments to test the hypothesis that the snake slough in nests of crested mynas (Acridotheres cristatellus) had anti-predatory effects. We put snake slough and white-rumped munia (Lonchura striata) eggs in the nest boxes to compare egg predation by Swinhoe's striped squirrels (Tamiops swinhoei), one of the main predators of cavity-nesting birds. In addition, we conducted experiments to examine if Swinhoe's striped squirrels identified the snake sloughs in the nest by vision or olfaction, and if the length of snake sloughs has effect on the predation rate. Our results showed that in the anti-predatory experiment, the egg predation rate (on days 3, 6) and the predation rate at which the squirrels first arrived the nest box were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. In the olfaction experiment, there was no significant difference in both the predation rate (on days 1, 3, 6) and the predation rate at which the squirrels first arrived the nest box between the two groups. In the vision experiment, the predation rate at which the squirrels first arrived the nest box was significantly lower in the experimental group (hung snake slough) than in the control group (hung cotton strip). In the slough length experiment, the length of snake slough did not have a significant effect on the predation rate. These results suggest that the snake sloughs in bird nests can effectively deter nest predators, mainly via visual effect. Our study provided strong experimental evidence for the hypothesis that snake slough in birds' nests acts as a nest predator deterrent.


Based on the changes of construction laws since the enacting of Construction Project Contract(Demonstration) and the experiences in contract management of international projects,it analyzes the integral effect of applied scope of the contract and pricing method on the price clauses of the contract;and detailed suggestions are offered on revising the articles in relation to the definition,payment and adjustment of the contract price.


I have been greatly enriched by the opportunity to read Luis Rivera-Pagan's work A Violent Evangelism (VE) in preparation for this response. For my next book, I am studying peacemaking practices in Kamina, a town of 100,000 in the south central Democratic Republic of Congo, and the steering committee specifically asked me to respond to Rivera-Pagan's keynote address from this perspective. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a nation the size of the United States east of the Mississippi, is situated in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa, with a short Atlantic Ocean shoreline on the south shore of the mouth of the Congo River. This nation was shaped only by the force of the colonial acquisition of King Leopold II of Belgium, uniting discrete indigenous tribes and empires under one reign of terror. It differs from Congo, a small nation, formerly a French colony, lying on the north shore of the mouth of the Congo River. I make this distinction, as my Congolese friends refer to the DRC as Congo; I follow their preference. As I studied King Leopold's Ghost (KLG)t Adam Hochschilds history of colonialism in Congo side by side with RiveraPagan's history of colonialism in the Caribbean, I asked myself: 1. Is colonialism monolithic, or should we speak of colonialisms, as in my earlier work I have urged us to speak not of poverty, but of poverties?


Objective To investigate the feasibility of biological fibrin glue/cancellous bone matrix as scaffold for chondrocyte.Methods Chondrocytes taken from New Zealand rabbits aged 3 weeks were seeded onto biological fibrin glue/cancellous bone matrix and cultured in vitro.②Phase contract microscopy,electron microscopy,AB-PAS stain and inmunohistochemisting of collagen Ⅱ were used to study the behavior of chondrocytes cultured in the scaffolds.Results Most chondrocytes retained their oval shape when cultured in biological fibrin glue/cancellous bone matrix.②The number of chondrocytes in the scaffolds increased significantly after 7 days,and the survival rate of chondrocytes was 95%.③AB-PAS stain was(+),type II collagen inmmunohistochemical test (+).Electronic microscopic examination revealed that chondrocytes grow well and could synthesize cartilage extracellular matrix in the scaffold.Conclusion Biological fibrin glue/cancellous bone matrix could be a good scaffold for chondrocyte culture.


Optical transfer functions (O.T.F.'s) of a simple plane-grating monochromator were determined by both of experimental and theoretical methods in case of partially coherent image formation. Because of low degree of coherence, the light intensity was regarded to be additive as in the case of incoherent image formation. In an observed spectrogram of Hg 6P–6D lines, the faint shoulder corresponding to the weak 578.97 nm line appeared clearly when it was corrected by means of the O.T.F.'s.


This is a guide for Javette Hayes' UNIV 100 class. Use the links on this page to help with APA citation.


This work contains the efforts I have made in the last years in the field of Electrophysiological data analysis. Most of the work has been done at Starlab Barcelona S.L. and part of it at the Neurodynamics Laboratory of the Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology of the University of Barcelona. The main work deals with the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) signals, although other signals, such as electrocardiography (ECG), electroculography (EOG) and electromiography (EMG) have also been used. Several data sets have been collected and analysed applying advanced Signal Processing techniques. On a later stage Computational Intelligence techniques, such as Machine Learning and Genetic Algorithms, have been applied, mainly to classify the different conditions from the EEG data sets. 3 applications involving EEG and classification are proposed corresponding to each one of the 3 case studies presented in this thesis. Analysis of Electrophysiological signals for biometric purposes: We demonstrate the potential of using EEG signals for biometric purposes. Using the ENOBIO EEG amplifier, and using only two frontal EEG channels, we are able to authenticate subjects with a performance up to 96.6%. We also looked for features extracted from the ECG signals and in that case the performance was equal to 97.9%. We also fused the results of both modalities achieving a perfect performance. Our system is ready to use and since it only uses 4 channels (2 for EEG, 1 for ECG in the left wrist and 1 as active reference in the right ear lobe), the wireless ENOBIO sensor is perfectly suited for our application. EEG differences in First Psychotic Episode (FPE) Patients: From an EEG data set of 15 FPE patients and the same number of controls, we studied the differences in their EEG signals in order to train a classifier able to recognise to which group an EEG sample comes from. The feature we use are extracted from the EEG by computing the Synchronization Likelihood feature between all possible pairs of channels. The next step is to build a graph and from that graph we extracted the Mean Path Length and the Clustering Coefficient. Those features as a function of the connectivity threshold are then used in our classifiers. We then create several classification problems and we reach up to 100% of classification in some cases. Markers of stress in the EEG signal: In this research, we designed a protocol in which the participants where asked to perform different tasks, each one with a different stress level. Among these tasks we can find the Stroop Test, Mathematical arithmetics and also a fake blood sample test. By extracting the alpha asymmetry and the beta/alpha ration, we where able to discriminate between the different tasks with performances up to 88%. This application can be used with only 3 EEG electrodes, and it can also work in real time. Finally this application can also be used as a neurofeedback training to learn how to cope with stress.


ABSTRACT Introduction: The Intellectual and Developmental Disability Mental Health (IDD-MH) Research Partnership was created to learn about the experiences and needs of young adults with IDD-MH while accessing and using mental health services. Our national partnership consists of six young adults, five professionals, researchers at Boston University, and representatives from Self Advocates Becoming Empowered and The Arc of the United States. Our partnership worked together virtually for one year. Methods: We designed and conducted a web survey with young adults with IDD-MH ages 18–30 living in the United States (n = 76). We also completed four national storytelling sessions (1 in person, 3 virtual) that included young adults with IDD-MH (n = 10) and parents of young adults with IDD-MH (n = 6). Results: We identified eight priority topic areas for young adults with IDD-MH: Transition to Adulthood, Insurance & Financial Resources, Professionals' Competence, Understanding the Experiences of People who Communicate Differently, Hospitalization, Medication, Alternatives to Medication, and Social Supports. Conclusions: Using what we learned, we generated recommendations to advance research and practice in areas important to young adults with IDD-MH. These recommendations highlight the importance of community-based options, choice, autonomy, and control for young adults with IDD-MH.


We show that the relativistic expressions for momentum and energy as well as the way in which they transform could be derived without involving collisions and conservation laws. Our approach involves relativistic kinematics via the addition law of relativistic velocities.


Investigation on properties of Copper-Indium-GalliumSelenide (CIGS) based solar cells has been numerically performed by Scaps-1D. Designing ZnSe/CdS/OVC/CIGS structure, we have extracted current-voltage relation, quantum efficiency, cells efficiency etc. and also evaluated the effect of thickness for both absorber (CIGS) and window (ZnSe) layer on cells performance like short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor, quantum and cells efficiency. We varied thickness of absorber layer from 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm and window layer from 30 nm to 90 nm and our simulation results showed that cells parameters are significantly affected by both absorber and window layer thickness. Like as the thickness of absorber layer increases, current density as well as cells efficiency enhances which is just reverse for ZnSe window layer thickness. We got maximum 21.47% cells efficiency for 30 nm ZnSe window layer and 22.86% for 1 μm CIGS layer and minimum 18.52% and 17.03% for 90 nm ZnSe and 0.2 μm CIGS layer respectively. Effect of these two layers on quantum efficiency is also significant with thickness variation. A thin layer of MgF2 having thickness of 10 nm is used as antireflection coating over window layer to accelerate internal absorption and Mo and Al are utilized as back and front contact respectively.


Two documents appear in this issue of SA Family Practice. The role of the General Practitioner,/Family Physician in Hcalth Care Systems, contains the studied and well considered views of the World Organisation of Family Doctors' and the other, The Role of the Doctor in Primarv Health Care'. the views of a broad ipectrum of leading S African cloctors. In 1992 we hope to move both nationally and internationally closer to these ideals. Vocational Training for Family Physicians, of a high standard, available to all who intend practising in the field of family medicine,/primary health care,/ general practicc is the key to this future. Hopefullv 1992 will be the year in whiih South Africa gets vocational training for family ohvsicians on the statute book in line wiih the international communiry. This. however. will be of little value in thc climate of economic stringency that we live in. Without a broad commitment from generalist doctors, the government, medical schools and our specialist colleagues the statutary requirement for vocational training will not become a reality. A commitmcnt to the establishment of vocational training means many things. It mcans a change of understanding with those doctors who believe that family practicc is not a discipline but merely something that doctors do, which surgeons, internists. obstetricians and gynaecologists, paediatricians and psychiatrists have taught them to do. It means that oosts will have to be used all ouer the country as training posts for vocational trainees and that ihere will bc a sufficient number of senior posts redeployed as family physician posts to accommodate thosc who will supervise and teach the trainecs. It means that we in family practice will have to broaden our outlook and practise, to become true generalists who have an understanding of disease, the person, the family and community. It means that a large number of us will have to get involved in establishing training opportunities and investing our time into thc future of the discioline of family practice. It has been, and still remains, the Academy's view that medicine practised as defined in the two documents reprinted in this issue, gives the best outcome for those who entrust their health care to us. We believe it is the most cost e{Iective wav to Dromotc health and deal with dislase. It is further our inrention to continue to develoo vocational trarnrng opportunltles ln under-served areas to make a contribution towards redressing the …


The time sequence of space dynamic development is one of focus problems in current planning, but little technology method research has been done. This paper puts forward the exploratory concept of the possibility of construction behavior, and tries to establish preliminary method of the possibility of construction behavior evaluation by factor analysis method, and conducts a set of methods system guiding the time sequence of space dynamic development.


Osteophytes are pointed or beaked osseous outgrowths at the margins of articular surfaces that are often associated with degenerative changes of articular cartilage. They are the most common aspect of osteoarthritis and they infrequently cause symptoms by compression of the adjacent anatomic structures, such as nerves, vessels, bronchi, and esophagus. We present here a rare case of a patient with a left atrial deformation by a large osteophyte.


The phenomenon of pregnancy outside marriage in Indonesia is a consequence of any sexual act outside of marriage and this become social problem that should be prevented and overcome. Textually, in Al-Qur'an: An-Nur verse, it is regulated that adulterer should marry with adulterer. The positive law in Indonesia impicitly does not regulate marriage among same adulterer; however, it is explicitly regulated in Compilation of Islamic law article 53 about Marriage-Pregnancy. In order not be a blank norm, it need reinterpretation of the legal reasons of marrying the same sexes as the form of preventing pregnancy caused by any as sexual act outside marriage either in Al-Qur'an Annur verses the main source of Islamic law and its relevance with positive law stated in the Compilation of Islamic Law article 53 about Marriage-Pregnancy. The results of the study concluded that: the reason of the law of marriage between the same adulterers in Al-Qur'an, An-Nur verses is preventing any sexual act or emergency door, especially for preventing for pregnancy outside marriage which causes bad effect for pregnant woman and the baby she carries, and the legal reason of the Compilation of Islamic Law article 53 about Marriage-Pregnancy preventing any sexual acts, especially protect for the goodness of pregnant women caused by any sexual acts and the baby she carries as the sociological and psychological impact. The relevance of legal reasons in Al-Qur'an; An-Nur verses are the consistency and coherency of Islamic law which are empirical and realistical based on the form and law building, and the concept of Islamic law, especially for those who marry between the same sexes which are transformed into legislative product, and documented in the Compilation of Islamic Law article 53 about Marriage-Pregnancy.


In classical sociology, there is a sharp separation between the superstructure reflecting cultural ideals and the concrete Structural Base (SB). The authors hypothesize a Doxical Superstructure (DS) in its own space at a higher level, containing concepts such as completeness, necessity and possibility associated with abstract concepts like beliefs, ethics, knowledge, relations and science. The DS or image (DS-image) is defined as the "explanation" (for the Subject-agent) of the Structural Base. A Mythical Superstructure (MS) is defined as a third superstructure. An analysis is carried out on the Structural Base. Concepts or denotative significances (d-significances) are defined for SB deontic relations. Alethic properties (existence, completeness, possibility and necessity) and deontic properties (permission, obligation and choice) of deontic relations are introduced, defined, and examined in relation to the Ideological Doxical Superstructure (IDS), including Meinong objects (thoughts, feelings and desires).


A model of digital image attributed with virtual memory by analogy with computer memory is developed. In addition to operation of storage element reset the fixation (weaving) operation of virtual storage element is defined. The basic model image representations are described and their practical interpretations are discussed.


The invention relates to a rust prevention fault detection liquid and the manufacturing technics. The rust prevention fault detection liquid comprises the following composites and the weight percentage composition are as follows: carboxylic ester 0.8 to 5.0 percent; polylol 2.0 to20.0 percent; nonferrous metal antiseptic 0.2 to 1.0 percent; ionic surface active agent 1.0 to 10.0 percent; alkylphenol cyclochlorotine polymer 1.0 to 10.0 percent; dispersing agent 4.0 to 30.0 percent; magnetic sorbent 1.0 to 10.0 percent; developer 3.0 to 10.0 percent; foam inhibitor 0.1 to 1.0 percent; water as margin. The preparation procedures are that: a. putting carboxylic and polylol into a reaction kettle, increasing the temperature into 70 to 90 DEG.C, and then stopping heating; b. after mixing evenly,adding non ferrous metal aseptic, and reducing the temperature into 40 to 50 DEG.C; c. then adding the ionic surface active agent, the alkylphenol cyclochlorotine polymer and the dispersing agent, and after a period of time, adding magnetic sorbent; d. mixing for a period of time, then adding the developer and the foam inhibitor, and adding sufficient water, and then mixing for a period of time.The invention has the advantages of high efficiency, economy, safety, noncorrosibility, cleanness and acceptance.


The present paper concentrates on the analysis of the data transmission quality in local area networks. The information contained by the signal samples may be wasted, and thus, the sampling theory is being used, in order to determine the circumstances of data loss. The identification of the fault causes in transmission systems may be done with the aid of the eye-diagram. In order to avoid cabling faults across local area networks, a cable tester has been built. For the testing and analysis of the data transmissions' quality through several transmission media within a local area network, a dedicated software application has been developed. The application relies on the generation and transmission of periodic signals, data acquisition and interpretation of the results.


Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), a piezoelectric polymer, is an excellent stress sensor. The objective of this research is to investigate the application of the PVDF sensors for detection of in-plane stress waves in 31 and 32 modes. This was achieved by focusing on aspects of PVDF sensing related to determination of impact force, detection of stress wave propagation, and the stress averaging effect of PVDF sensors. An experimental method was developed for calculating a proportionality constant between a PVDF sensor's voltage and the impact force, on a solid bar and a hollow beam. This was used to demonstrate that impact force on a structure can be determined using PVDF sensors. Finite element models were also created using the software LS-DYNA to simulate the impact tests. The speed of sound for longitudinal wave propagation in a slender rod was determined experimentally, using two PVDF sensors. The results demonstrate that PVDF sensors can detect high speed stress wave propagation in a structure. Finally, the stress averaging effect of the PVDF sensor was analyzed to investigate its influence on the generated voltage during stress wave detection. Equations modeling the stress averaging effect were derived for periodic applied stress waves and impact-induced stress waves. Numerical simulations were conducted to study the influence of sensor length, applied wave frequency, and structure's material on the stress averaged PVDF response.


The exponential growth of the Internet interconnections has led to a significant growth of cyber-attack incidents often with disastrous and grievous consequences. As more and more people are connected over the Internet, understanding all levels of users including both experts and non-experts in computing system and devising security mechanisms corresponding to their confidence levels is a biggest challenge as new attack patterns in emerging technologies such as social media, cloud computing, smartphone technologies are used to exploit personal security but there's also a lack in awareness in people specially in students which led them being exploited by others. In our survey, we intended to identify the awareness in cyber security among university students which belongs to different domains. We collected data from 203 students from different areas of Pakistan. After data collection, results were analyzed and discussed. It's concluded that cybersecurity awareness programs should be organized as cyber-attacks are increasing day by day and students should properly be educat-


This paper not only detailedly describes the implementation about analysis of non-structured electronic medical record,sets up a full-text search method based on Lucene search engine combining with doctor requirements in medical records retrieval,but also provides a construction idea for retrieving electornical medical record.


Target recognition can greatly enhance the usefulness of radar systems. For speed, optical architectures are the preferred method of implementation for the classifiers. Both correlators and feature-based neural networks have elegant optical implementations. The choice of which recognition system to use is problem-dependent. We evaluate the relative performance of correlation- and feature-based (neural network) classifiers on a set of four simulated radar targets over a wide range of target orientations. Experiments are performed for a range of radar bandwidths to determine the effect of radar bandwidth on the relative classification performance. Only 1-D radar range profiles are considered since it is assumed that the targets are classified using few profiles and the orientation of the target in each profile is known only approximately. The results suggest that feature-based classifiers outperform correlationbased classifiers and that classification performance is highly dependent on the orientation of the aircraft, but that accurate classification of approaching targets is possible


Only 20% of the drugs that begin Phase I clinical trials ever get to market.[1][1] The other 80%, despite the millions of dollars spent in research and development, are part of the cost of doing business for the pharmaceutical industry. One Canadian- based company is now taking the extraordinary


In this article, Onat Kutlar's essay "Cevirmen", possessing most features of a short story, chosen from the book Bahar Isyancidir has been analyzed by the help of the general principles of pragmatics like 'implicature' and 'context of situation'.


Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with different extents of renal parenchyma involvement in a paediatric series of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).


Abstract An electromagnetic levitation technique performed in a static magnetic field was used to measure density, surface tension, normal spectral emissivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of molten 316L stainless steel (SS316L) and SS316L that contained 5 mass % B4C. The addition of 5 mass % B4C to the SS316L yielded reductions of 111 K, 6%, 19%, and 6% in the liquidus temperature, density, normal spectral emissivity, and thermal conductivity at the liquidus temperature of the SS316L, respectively. The heat capacity increased by 5% with this addition. Although the addition of 5 mass % B4C had no clear effect on the surface tensin, sulfur dissolved in the SS316L caused a significant decrease in the surface tension.


Acid and alkaline phosphatase (EC 184.108.40.206 and EC 18.104.22.168) activities have been studied during aging of male and female Callosobruchus analis (Fab.). Acid phosphatase activity was found to be much higher than alkaline phosphatase activity in both sexes throughout adult life. Both the enzymes demonstrate two peaks of activity, one on the 3rd day and the other on the 10th day of the adult life. The first peak coincides with egg-laying activity in the female, where the egg production is found to be at a maximum until the 3rd day. The peak for both enzymes on the 10th day may be responsible for mobilizing of metabolites before the death of insects.


Molecular dynamics simulation has used to investigate mechanical properties of semi-flexible polymer during multi-axial tensile deformation. Multi-axial tensile deformations can be classified into six unique cases such as: tri-axial, bi-axial, bi-axial-uni-planer, uni-axial, uni-axial-bi-planner, uni-axial-uni-planner tensile deformations. These types of unique deformations may observe during sudden deformation of polymeric material in the area of aero-space, automobile, defense applications etc. Interestingly, polymer depicts unique response during multi-axial deformations as shown by the quantitative estimation of stress-strain response, stress tri-axiality, von Misses stress, solvent accessible surface area and solid volume. The von Misses stress, surface area and solid volume depict that the brittle fracture happen during tri-axial, bi-axial-uni-planer and uni-axial-bi-planner tensile deformations. Additional results show that the evolution of internal surface area and volume of polymer matrix changes during multi-axial tensile deformations. Our results may enhance our understanding toward the design of advance polymer materials for the above mentioned applications.


This study aims to describe and analyze the role of TNI AD soldiers in the Information Unit of Kodam V / Brawijaya in responding to the development of social media related to their main duties and to describe and analyze the factors that support and hinder the role of TNI AD soldiers in the Information Unit of Kodam V / Brawijaya in responding to the development of social media related to its main task. The analysis technique uses a qualitative approach. The results of the analysis show that technological advances in the form of social media require special abilities for soldiers and the involvement of leaders so that the interpersonal use of social media can run optimally. The Information Unit has the role of monitoring information circulating on social media and as an effective and efficient information sharing to improve the image of the Indonesian Army in the eyes of the public. The Information Unit plays a role in assessing threat situations and making decisions to take action against threats that arise and have a serious impact on the organization. Supporting factors for the role of TNI AD Soldiers in Responding to Social Media Development in Supporting the main task of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) for the Army is the use of social media to facilitate the communication process within the unit's internal but if excessive it will affect the quality of the productivity of soldiers in the unit so that there is a control policy in the use of social media. Inhibiting factors, the use of social media is constrained by the unit leadership in monitoring its implementation as well as organizational intervention in the use of social media if it is not followed by implementation and monitoring until lower units will not run effectively.


The extractability of zinc from rabbit psoas muscle by glycerol-extraction and by further treatment with EDTA and ATP has been determined as has the uptake of zinc by glycerol-extracted fibres at bath concentrations of zinc corresponding to the free zinc ion concentration needed for induction of complete isometric relaxation of the fibres in the presence of ATP. The functionally relevant uptake of zinc needed for relaxation of extracted fibres could be covered by the total amount of zinc available in fresh muscle. Fully repeatable contraction-relaxation cycles with glycerol-extracted fibres in a highly plasticized state were produced with 0.6 mM total zinc simply by alternating the ATP concentration between 3 mM (relaxation) and 7 mM (contraction). The result was similar if, at constant total zinc (0.6 mM) and ATP (3 mM), 1.25 mM EDTA was alternately added (contraction) and removed (relaxation). Based upon these findings a possible mechanism for the action of zinc as a relaxing factor in vivo is presented: Relaxation is caused by inhibition of contractility by zinc; contraction is induced by release into the appropriate compartment of the fibre of a zinc-complexing substance — ATP or a similar compound — which, after breakdown, again returns the complexed zinc with consequent re-inhibition of contractility and, thus, relaxation.


The aim of this study is a comparison among Italian and Brazilian electrical energy system with a particular focus on renewable energy sources. The energy sector has a key role in the sustainable development of a country, so it influences economic and political choices. The work would underline differences, common point among two country, specially, in this particular socio-economic period and it should emphasize that green economy could be a possible answer to the financial crisis. The work will be divided into four sections: Section I will introduce all details of the question; Section II will explain the renewable assessments for the countries, Section III will talks how renewable energy investment could be for economic crisis and the last section will show final conclusions.


The paper discussed the algebraic structure of Petri Nets. The algebraic definition of Petri Nets and the concept of firing are given. The algebraic structure provide a new method for reseach Petri Nets.


The use of dietary supplements is increasingly common in the United States and Europe. Dietitians are among the health care professionals regarded as experts on healthy diet and lifestyle and as such, their recommendations and beliefs regarding dietary supplements may have a significant influence on the use of dietary supplements by consumers. Recommending practices, personal use and beliefs were evaluated in this cross-sectional pilot study. 64% reported using dietary supplements, sometimes, often or very often, themselves for prevention of a health condition, 60% for treatment of a health condition and 44% for enhancing physical or mental performance. 71% indicated recommending supplements sometimes, often or very often for prevention, 82% for treatment of a health condition and 43% for enhancement of performance. Dietary supplements were considered at least moderately safe by 94% of the participating dietitians, while 75% of the dietitians considered dietary supplements at least moderately effective in preventing a health condition, 91% for treatment of a health condition and 59% for performance enhancement.

 Key words: Dietary supplements, dietitians, CAM  therapy, mineral supplements.


This paper examines indirect discrimination in Australian universities that tends to obstruct and delay women's academic careers. The topic is defined and contextualised via a 1998 speech by the Australian Human Rights Commission's Sex Discrimination Commissioner, juxtaposed with a brief contemporaneous exemplar. The paper discusses the prevalence of women among casual and fixed‐term academic workers, and the contrasting low numbers of women in senior academic positions. It is argued that the neo‐liberal 'marketisation' of higher education, which still prevails, has fostered a number of indirectly discriminatory practices and conditions that substantially disadvantage women. A selection of studies of the problem are critiqued. It is argued that a broad statistical methodology is inadequate due to its tendency to 'homogenise' the academy and its component individuals, in the process giving scope for unjustified optimism among university policy‐makers. A particulate approach is advocated, acknowledging the wide variation between and within universities, and the range of hidden difficulties individual women academics can face. It is concluded that despite apparent reforms over the past decade, the situation of women has improved little in practical terms.


Solar panel photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely used in Korea to generate solar energy, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources. With regard to solar electricity providers and a grid operator, it is critical to accurately predict solar power generation for supply-demand planning in an electrical grid, which directly affects their profit. This prediction is, however, a challenging task because solar power generation is weather dependent and uncontrollable. In this study, a daily prediction model based on the weather forecast information for solar power generation is proposed. In the case of the proposed model, the cloud and temperature data available from the weather forecast information is used to predict the amount of solar radiation as well as a loss adjustment factor to reflect the possible loss of power generation due to the degradation or failure of the PV module. Using the proposed model, solar power generation for the following day can be predicted. The proposed model is embedded into a solar PV monitoring system that is commercially used in Korea, and it is shown to perform better than the existing prediction models.


Many studies are dedicated to the problem of optical anomalies, focusing mainly on the case of metallic gratings. In the mean time, there is an increasing interest in resonant all-dielectric elements, as they offer a low-loss alternative to plasmonic structures.


Orthogonal wavelet tansform which is generally used in image and signal processing applications has limited performance because of lack of shift invariance and low directional selectivity. To overcome these demerits complex wavelet transform has been proposed. In this paper, we present an efficient image denoising method using dual-tree complex wavelet transform and Bernoulli-Gauss prior model. In estimating hyper-parameters for Bernoulli-Gaussian model, we present two simple and non-iterative methods. We use hypothesis-testing technique in order to estimate the mixing parameter, Bernoulli random variable. Based on the estimated mixing parameter, variance for clean signal is obtained by using maximum generalized marginal likelihood (MGML) estimator. We simulate our denoising method using dual-tree complex wavelet and compare our algorithm to well blown denoising schemes. Experimental results show that the proposed method can generate good denoising results for high frequency image with low computational cost.


This chapter traces the development of real options reasoning (ROR) and details how problems in assessing the value of real options have made ROR as initially proposed difficult to implement. The paper then describes how in practice, instead of focusing on explicit valuation, organizations usually use analogous reasoning to develop, select and implement options that enable strategic flexibility and so enhance value. An illustrative case demonstrates how financial options can help this process by buffering core operations from changing market environments. The same illustration also shows that ROR fails to simultaneously create future choices while limiting costs. Moreover, where it does generate future choices, it does not prevent decision-makers from making poor choices. Thus, the engine of choice that ROR suggests organizations should create may in fact backfire on those decision-makers who try to implement it.


Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate, in a context of laxity, the incidence of meniscal lesions and their treatment on the osteoarthritic evolution after more than ten years. In 1986 and 1987, we operated 230 knees with tears of the anterior cruciate ligament using a patellar graft. Among these knees, 184 (80%) were reviewed clinically and radiographically for this study. Material and methods: Ninety patients (49%) had healthy menisci at the operation and did not have a secondary meniscal procedure; 94 patients (51%) had a meniscal procedure before, during or after the plasty. Among these, 13 (14%) had had an earlier meniscectomy, 18 (19%) had had meniscectomy at the time of the plasty (two revisions), 35 (37%) had had sutures (five secondary failures), ten (11%) had had a long injury left in place (four revisons), and 18 (19%) with normal knees at the time of the plasty had a secondary meniscectomy. Results: We compared the radiological results in these different populations (osteoarthritis with remodelling compared with normal images). There was a significant difference between the population with normal knee images and the population with meniscal lesions irrespective of the time of treatment (prior meniscectomy, concomitant meniscectomy and plasty, healthy menisci at the time of plasty but secondary meniscectomy). There was no significant difference between the knees with normal menisci and those with sutured menisci. Conclusion: Saving the meniscus has a major effect on the radiological evolution of the knee. Thus isolated meniscectomy should not be performed for laxity in young patients; meniscal lesions should be sutured at the time of ligamentoplasty.


Natural gas requires some form of ignition assist in order to autoignite in the time available in a compression ignition engine. Ignition assist using a glow plug — a heated surface — was investigated using an apparatus that consists of an optically accessible constant volume combustion bomb coupled to a single cylinder CFR engine through the spark plug port. Previous studies have shown the dominant effect of fuel injection pattern and glow plug shield geometry on ignition delay, combustion rate, and fuel utilization with 1–3 fuel jets. New work has been carried out to evaluate the ability of a shielded glow plug to ignite a full nine jet symmetrical fuel injection pattern. The sensitivity of ignition delay and fuel utilization to fuel injector angular alignment relative to the glow plug, glow plug shield opening angle, and glow plug power was analyzed using in-cylinder pressure data and exhaust hydrocarbon emissions concentrations. Two glow plugs, one conventional metallic and one ceramic, and two fuel injector nozzle orifice sizes were evaluated for their effect on ignition delay. The ignition and flame propagation process was observed using high speed images. Glow plug power was shown to have a dominant effect on ignition delay and fuel utilization, with a secondary effect from fuel injector angle and glow plug opening angle. The ceramic glow plug was shown to provide superior ignition assist while consuming less power than the metallic glow plug. The larger fuel injector nozzle size increased ignition delay times, likely due to increased convective cooling of the glow plug surface from the larger gas jet. Acquired images show that the smaller fuel injector orifice size created a flammable path in two distinct areas; along the periphery of the fuel jets and between the fuel jets. The higher mass flow rate and subsequent increased mixing of the larger fuel jets created flammable paths throughout the entirety of the combustion chamber.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Citrus limon (L.) Burm is an important crop that grows between latitudes 30° North and 30° South, the main producers being China, the USA, Mexico, India, Brazil, and Spain. In Spain, lemon grows mainly in Mediterranean areas such as Murcia, Valencia, and Andalucía. The most cultivated varieties are "Fino" and "Verna". In this study, five varieties of lemon, "Verna", "Bétera", "Eureka", "Fino 49", and "Fino 95" were evaluated on different rootstocks: three new Forner-Alcaide ("FA13", "FA5", "FA517"), Citrus macrophylla, Wester, and Citrus aurantium L. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain essential oil from fresh peels and then the volatile profile was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 26 volatile compounds were identified, limonene being the main one followed by β-pinene, γ-terpinene, sabinene, and α-pinene. The results revealed that Forner-Alcaide rootstocks ("FA5" > "FA517" > "FA13") proved to be the best rootstocks for the aroma quality as they led to high volatile contents, followed by C. aurantium and C. macrophylla. Among the other varieties, the most aromatic one was "Eureka". The whole trend was as follows (in decreasing order): "Eureka" > "Bétera" > "Fino 95" > "Verna" > "Fino 49".


The first part of the experiment identifies and validates MRI biomarkers distinctive of the disease progression in the transgenic superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1(G93A)) animal model. The second part assesses the efficacy of a mesenchymal stem cell‐based therapy through the MRI biomarkers previously defined.


Objective: The current study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of bark, flowers and leaves of the tree Simarouba glauca.
Methods: The solvent extraction of phytochemicals was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol, chloroform, methanol, and water. The antioxidant property was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging, reducing power assay, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay using gallic acid and ascorbic acid as the standards.
Results: The extraction yield was found maximum in the water extract of flower (3.7% w/w). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents showed that the highest amount of alkaloids and flavonoid content (2.1% w/w) and (3.9% w/w), respectively, was in the chloroform extract of the flower. Phenol and carbohydrate constituent was found to be highest in the methanol extract of leaves 2.5% w/w and 2.2% w/w, respectively. The antioxidant assays showed that the bark possessed maximum antioxidant activity. The water extracts of S. glauca bark exhibited scavenging property (90%) with an IC50 value 39.63 μg/ml, and the least activity (56%) was observed in the methanol extracts of leaves with an IC50 value of 62.96 μg/ml of S. glauca.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the water extract of the bark is a potent antioxidant compared to leaves and flowers. Further, in vivo studies are essential to enumerate its medicinal use and prove its efficacy in therapeutic applications.


We compare different gate functions in terms of the approximation power of their circuits. Evaluation criteria are circuit size s, circuit depth d and the approximation error e(s, d). Informally, gate functions γ1 and γ2 are called equivalent if {γ1}-circuits of size s and depth d can be approximated by {γ2}-circuits (and vice versa) of size poly(s), depth O(d) with approximation error e(s, d) = 2−s. Our goal is to determine those gate functions that are equivalent to splines relative to this error model. The class of equivalent gate functions contains, among others, the exponential function, the natural logarithm, (non-polynomial) rational functions and (non-polynomial) roots. Newman's result, i.e., approximating | x | by rational functions, is obtained as a corollary of this equivalence result. Provably not equivalent are polynomials, the sine-function and linear splines.


Effective and efficient extension services play pivotal role in boosting agriculture for uplifting of socio and economic condition of the end user. In-service training of the Extension Agents is the call of the time. However, these services particularly in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) remained namesake and almost limited too file work. Through trained Agricultural Extension Agents new agricultural technology can easily and favorably be transferred to clientele. The article is based on primary data collected through mailed questionnaire from 111 respondents in 2007. The present study showed that only 30% of the respondents attended regular trainings, while about 41% of respondents attended the trainings with 16-30 days duration. The majority (85%) of the respondents attended trainings in the areas of water management followed by agronomy (59%) and Integrated Pest Management (43%). It was also observed that majority (55%) of agriculture officers suggested that the training duration should be 1-15 days. Demonstration method was considered as most important one by majority of AOs. Trainings should not be conducted at the time of sowing and harvesting time and lectures should be carried out during the training sessions.


Historically, the growth in car use has been associated with trends of suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation. More recently in England, there has been a slowing and even a reversal of these trends. These coincide with a similar pattern in car use itself. This paper explores the extent to which these two trends are related. It utilises data from the Census of Population and the National Travel Survey since 1971 to identify the shifts in population between different area-types and their implications for per capita car use. The most recent decade has been distinguished by rapid growth in total population due to an increase in births and net international immigration. These increases are shown to be concentrated in London and certain other cities and have accelerated the changed trend in population distribution. The spatial dimension of contemporary demographic projections and their implications for future car use are identified as are the potential effects of the Coalition Government's policy to reduce net immigration. For convenience the neutral assumption is made that per capita car use by area-type remains constant, but this could be negated by a range of factors consequent on changed socio-economic conditions since 2008 including the Government's relaxation of previous planning policies which have contributed to the urban renaissance thus far.


This study focuses on two aims. First aim of the study is to determine the relationship between change in population, poor population and capital markets development with change in GDP. The second aim is to forecast the position of countries in 2023 by using determined relations. To determine the relationships, data of 135 countries between 1980 and 2010 were analyzed. Analysis results revealed that population changes and capital market development have a statistically significant effect on GDP. In addition, there is a statistically significant relationship between population growth and poverty. In addition, it is stated that development of E7 countries will become higher than the development of G7 countries


The Centre for Policy Analysis and the Social Policy Education and Curriculum Research Unit developed the research online so that users all over the world may have access to a myriad of research related with social policy, education and curriculum. Users may download and/or print one copy of any research doc. to help their study. You may not engage in any commercial activity with such research. spec


We have determined a calibration error in the diameter measurements reported in Ref. 1. The diameter of the microdroplet discussed in Fig. 2 a is corrected to 8 μm. Data points reported in Fig. 3 are also changed as a result of this correction. Figure 3 is now corrected to Fig. 1 in this erratum where the dashed line represents the expected dependence for ideal water microspheres in air. From this figure, it is no longer possible to conclude that there is a considerable deviation between the observed free spectral ranges FSRs and those predicted from ideal water microspheres. Hence we retract the statement that the deviation of the shape of a microdroplet standing on a superhydrophobic surface from an ideal microsphere leads to a difference between the measured FSRs and those predicted from ideal water microspheres in air. All other conclusions drawn in Ref. 1 remain unaffected by this correction.


As the size and complexity of networks increase, it is difficult to manage the whole network using single network manager, thus it is more resonable to manage the network using several network managers distributed on the network. Security interoperability should be supported among network management systems (NMSs)that use different management policies. In this paper, an algorithm that makes it posible to take a role into a role lattices is suggested to provide security interoperability among NMSs that have their own role lattices. In addition, security constraints are proposed to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of information by dynamically modifying the access rights of roles as the state of a system changes. Also, the security constraints are expressed using ECA rules in this paper.


In recent years in San Juan, Argentina the lack of manpower to harvest, clean and packing export table grape caused serious economic problems and it is the most important reason that explains the disappearance of Argentina in this area. Labor is very expensive and it is the highest production cost. Also it is unknown in Argentina whether it is convenient hiring labor or not. In the other hand the efficient used of labor is disregarded and buying hard technology in replacement of labor is very difficult in table grape production. The objective of this study is to measure the mean and marginal labor productivity during harvesting, packing and to describe the process. A sectional study was carry out with 144 interviews in seven districts in San Juan. The harvesting and cleaning time was measured and the number of table grape boxes done in a certain period of time too. We observed each harvesting and packing group made up of one to four people and that when the number of workers per group increased, the number of boxes per worker per hour had reduced from 4 to 1 resulting in a negative marginal productivity. Up to 20% of the effective working time a day was lost due to failures in the work organization


It is important to use national and local financial resources scientific and reasonable in post-financial crisis era with improving and innovating of government financial functions and sustainable growth in state revenue,which will improve the management of financial resources and efficiency,promote private capital investment activities,expand the influence of government funds and reduce the burden of changing functions of government.Mature market of private equity fund is one of the important tools for government to achieve policy."Private equity fund of funds"(PEFOF)provides a good financial investment choice for the government."Private equity fund of funds"(PEFOF)is fund of funds which is set up by government and run by market-oriented operation.This paper analyses the differentiation of the government's financial investment PEFOF in investment targets,investment amount and conditions of use,investment target and strategy,investment patterns and investment region,and then,puts forwards the corresponding development suggestion and countermeasure of PEFOF.


Shape of soybean sprouts affects their marketability. This study was carried out to understand the effects of pressure in both overspraying and underwatering cultivation methods on growth and morphological characteristics of soybean sprouts. Pressing treatments were done by continuous pressing by laying a plastic culture box over another with growing the sprouts, their alteration every day, or no pressing in overspraying method, and by continuous pressing, pressing after the 4th day cultivation with 30 kg steel case, or no pressing in underwatering method. The soybean (cv. Junjery) seeds were soaked in 2 ppm BA solution for 5 hours and then aerated for 3 hours immediately before 6 day culture. Lateral roots, hypocotyl and root lengths, hypocotyl diameters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Lateral roots per sprout were decreased with stronger pressing regardless of watering methods. In overspraying method, continuous pressing treatment resulted in shortest hypocotyl, but no and ones did the longest root. In underwatering method, however, no pressing one showed the longest hypocotyl but continuous pressing did the shortest hypocotyl. Regardless of watering methods, middle part of hypocotyl was more thickened with stronger pressing although hook diameters of the 3 treatments were not affected. In overspraying method. total fresh weight per sprout was the least in no pressing but the greatest in continuous pressing. In underwatering method, however, there was no significant difference between the treatments.


In every society there are individuals or organized groups who openly or covertly violate social norms that prescribe what behavior patterns. The danger of such actions is reflected in the presence of negative tendencies in the field of further social disorganization. It is known that often the criminality of juveniles become known only when it is necessary to apply repressive sanctions that include a number of limitations. Given the fact that the sentence was dominated as a criminal sanction social reaction to crime youth was purely punitive character. There for, the same types of punsihment are applied on juveniles with certain restrictions relating to the lenient punishment and much more liberal regime of imprisonment. In such a situation society failed to achieve a more serious influence on the improvement of the status of minors and their full integration into their courses. Further development of the social and legal awareness contributed to the discovery of new forms of no / penal response. In this regard, diversion measures represent the first and right step on the road to improving juvenile offenders committed offenses in particular the fulfillment of certain conditions. The overall trends of harmonization of domestic legislation with comparative and international and regional, mostly European instruments, countries of ex-Yugoslavia incorporated in their legislation for the imposition of diversionary measures. Taking into account the planned scope of work the authors have chosen Croatia and Serbia, which are each in their own way, first spelled out, and then with great difficulty started with sporadic use of diversionary measures.


The solution of the two-term approximation for the Boltzmann equation for electron drift and diffusion in an atomic gas between closely spaced electrodes has been obtained with the neglect of energy losses by elastic collisions. Although the omission of elastic collision energy losses (equivalent to using an infinite atomic mass) may appear to be a drastic oversimplification it does approximate the real physical situation where the cathode and anode are separated by a distance less than the thickness of the so-called boundary layer. The theory may be used as a guide in developing future, more accurate analytic theories of electron swarms between closely spaced electrodes. The present work has some special advantages however not so far achieved with previous analytic work on electron transport in the boundary layer region. There is no restriction to special model momentum transfer cross sections and the results can be written in easily interpreted analytic forms. The effects of inelastic collisions, the subject of a second paper, can also be included. In an attempt to obtain a better physical understanding of boundary effects, the present paper studies the influence of electron reflections from the electrode surfaces. Expressions are obtained which eliminate the electrode sensitive terms and relate experimentally measurable quantities to the momentum transfer cross section alone.


Background and purpose There is limited information on factors, trends, and outcomes in return to work at different time-points post-stroke; this study aims to identify these in a multi-ethnic urban population. Methods Patterns of return to work were identified in individuals in paid work prior to first-ever stroke in the population-based South London Stroke Register (SLSR) between 1995 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between patient characteristics and return to work at 1 year (1 y), 5 years (5 y) and 10 years (10 y) post-stroke. Results Among 5609 patients, 940 (17%) were working prior to their stroke, of whom 177 (19%) were working 3 months post-stroke, declining to 172 (18%) at 1 y, 113 (12%) at 5 y, and 27 (3%) at 10 y. Factors associated with return to work within 1 y, after logistic regression, included functional independence (BI ≥ 19; p < 0.01) and shorter length of stay (p < 0.05). Younger age (p < 0.01) was associated with return to work at 5 y and 10 y post-stroke. Non-manual occupation (p < 0.05) was associated with return to work at 10 y post-stroke. Return to work within 1 y increased the likelihood of working at 5 y (OR: 13.68; 95% CI 5.03–37.24) and 10 y (9.07; 2.07–39.8). Of those who were independent at follow-up (BI ≥ 19), 48% were working at 1 y, 42% at 5 y, and 28% at 10 y. Lower rates of anxiety and depression and higher self-rated health were associated with return to work at 1 y (p < 0.01). Conclusion Although functionally independent stroke survivors are more likely to return to work long-term, a large proportion do not return to work despite functional independence. Return to work post-stroke is associated with improved long-term psychological outcomes and quality of life.


Marine sources are increasingly being investigated as a source of microorganisms with potential to produce novel bioactive compounds and enzymes. Marine ecosystems represent a largely untapped source for isolation of new microorganisms. They a known for their unparalleled capacity to produce biomolecules with diverse biological activities. Actinomycetes were isolated from marine sediments collected off the coast, Visakhapatnam and, Machilip and fermentation conditions viz., incubation time, incubation temperature, inoculum age, initial pH, were optimized for maximizing the antibacterial metabolite and Physiological and Biochemical characteristics of the isolate were studied by the conventional method and identified as (MTCC), respect to carbon and nitrogen sources was also optimized for increasing the antibacterial metabolite and lipase production. With the optimized conditions employed, strain showed antibacter (in terms of inhibition zone diameter) of 38 mm against Bacillus subtilis


We prove propagation properties (maximal and minimal velocity bounds) for pseudoresolvents associated to N-body Hamiltonians with short-range potentials that are infinite on a starshaped domain centred at the origin. Motivated by the fact that the invariance principle holds for usual N-body systems, we define the cluster wave operators in terms of pseudo-resolvents and prove that they exist and are asymptotically complete. For any cluster decomposition a, these operators intertwine the hard-core pseudo-selfadjoint Hamiltonians corresponding to the pair of pseudo-resolvents R, Ra , and equal the Abel operators constructed in terms of Hamiltonians. Mathematics Subject Classification ( 1991):81Uxx.


Carbon supported PteSn bimetallic electrocatalysts with a Pt:Sn 90:10 atomic ratio were prepared by impregnation method and then heat treated at 300 and 500 � C under Helium atmosphere. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of tin addition to platinum for methanol tolerant oxygen reduction reaction. In this sense, structure and morphological properties of supported bimetallic catalysts were correlated to the catalytic performance. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations confirm the formation of PteSn bimetallic electrocatalysts with a Pt single-phase material alloy and revealed an increase in the average particle size after heat treatment. The electrocatalytic activities of these samples for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were examined in acidic medium using both a rotating disk (RDE) and a rotating ring disk (RRDE) electrodes. Compared with the Pt/C, PteSn/C bimetallic catalysts show superior electrocatalytic activity towards ORR with an approaching four electron pathway leading to water formation. The specific and mass activity for ORR follow the order of Pt eSn/C-500 z PteSn/C-300 > PteSn/C > Pt/C. Furthermore, it is found that among the three PteSn samples, PteSn/C-500 exhibits the highest methanol tolerance. These experimental observations indicate that the addition of Sn into Pt is favorable to maximize the ORR performances of platinum and further the heat treatment is beneficial to improve the methanol tolerance behavior. On this basis, the novel PteSn catalysts can be considered as potential candidates to be used as cathodes in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.


A few years ago we acquired research project funding from the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic to develop a comprehensive methodology for the selection and craft processing of replacement stones for the repair of ashlar masonry in historical constructions. The main objective of the project called "Lapidarius" is to develop a model procedure for a comprehensive survey and the subsequent appropriate repairs of ashlar facing walls made of sedimentary rocks. In 2012 we participated in a battlement wall gallery restoration at the medieval Kost Castle solidly built of squared Cretaceous sandstones in the 14th century. First a detailed survey of its initial state was completed and then the stone masonry was described from a geological, structural and historical perspective. Depending on the kind and degree of damage and weathering, the stone elements that could be restored and those that needed to be replaced were determined. To replace the blocks it was necessary to find a matching local alternative rock or a comparable one from another site. Therefore a geological survey was made to identify and document possible historic quarries from where the stone for construction and subsequent repairs of the castle walls was taken. During the repair copies of historical stonemasonry tools were used as well as stone working technologies from the period ‒ both with an utmost respect towards authentic material.


The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Teachers' Association (NSTA) undertook in 1971 a cooperative effort which brought high school students of the Nation into the mainstream of Skylab research through the Skylab Student Project. This paper presents the background, objectives and scope of the project, experiment selection procedures, as well as experiment descriptions and status. The paper includes observations on student caliber and inclinations and implications of some developments for the benefit of future researchers.


In this paper, the real-time simulation of CdSe quantum-size islands formation on ZnSe surface is considered. In addition, the possible modeling methods, which enable to solve this problem are suggested.


In the interference-based encryption system, inherent silhouette problem and precise alignment problem are resolved by pixel vector decomposition algorithm and tiling technique respectively. Experimental results are presented.


The Smart Grid is one of the fundamental pillars of the Digital Transformation produced by the fourth industrial revolution. Many of the problems of the smart grid such as smart metering systems cannot be modeled through real laboratory tests due to the density of components used; for this, it is necessary to use simulators of electrical networks. The vast majority of electrical network simulators do not have many communication capabilities to data networks or allow data analytics. This paper presents the suitability of the PacketTracer network simulator to allow the management of data analytics in smart metering systems.


Pentacene thin films deposited on a ferromagnetic electrode, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO), have been studied using near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we present electronic structure and molecular orientation of pentacene thin film on LSMO. No evidence related to covalent bonding or significant charge transfer between pentacene and LSMO has been found in the NEXAFS or UPS results. UPS measurements suggest that the vertical ionization potential of pentacene on LSMO is 4.9 eV. Our results extracted from NEXAFS indicate that molecular long axis of pentacene stands on the LSMO substrate surface with a tilt angle of about 22 degrees +/- 2 degrees between the main molecular axis and the substrate surface normal. AFM images show the terracelike crystalline grain formed by stacking pentacene crystalline layers and a rough crystal-layer spacing of 14-15 angstrom. Findings deduced from UPS, NEXAFS, and AFM consistently demonstrate that pentacene stands on LSMO with a tilt angle.


Handling qualities embody those qualities or characteristics of an aircraft that govern the ease and precision with which a pilot is able to perform the tasks required in support of an aircraft role. These same qualities are as critical, if not more so, in the operation of spacecraft. A research, development, test, and evaluation process was put into effect to identify, understand, and interpret the engineering and human factors principles which govern the pilot-vehicle dynamic system as they pertain to space exploration missions and tasks. Toward this objective, piloted simulations were conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center and Ames Research Center for earth-orbit proximity operations and docking and lunar landing. These works provide broad guidelines for the design of spacecraft to exhibit excellent handling characteristics. In particular, this work demonstrates how handling qualities include much more than just stability and control characteristics of a spacecraft or aircraft. Handling qualities are affected by all aspects of the "pilot-vehicle dynamic system," including the motion, visual and aural cues of the vehicle response as the pilot performs the required operation or task. A holistic approach to spacecraft design, including the use of manual control, automatic control, and pilot intervention/supervision is described. The handling qualities implications of design decisions are demonstrated using these pilot-in-the-loop evaluations of docking operations and lunar landings.


paper presents two post-fault compensation strategies for the distributed current control of a nine-phase Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM). The dynamic performance in faulty condition is guaranteed by keeping the current loop bandwidths constant. The two faults under investigation are Open-Circuit (OC) and Short-Circuit (SC) of one set of the three-phase windings. The decoupled mathematical model of the machine in post-fault conditions are derived prior to the control strategies are designed. The Vector Space Decomposition (VSD) is used and the design for the controllers is revised. While short-circuiting one set of three-phase windings, in order to eliminate different electro-magnetic interactions, different lag compensators for different healthy modules are introduced. The proposed post-fault control strategies are compared against the step response in nominal condition and further validated by means of Matlab/Simulink® simulations, where three Two-Level Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters (2L-3P-VSIs) are used to supply the machine.


This article draws on the analysis of 26 interviews with newly qualified primary teachers (NQTs) in one multilingual city in England, towards the end of their induction year. Interview analysis focused on three themes: developments in pedagogic practice, collaboration with colleagues, resolutions for change or development. Detailed thematic analysis confirmed that NQTs were engaged in reflection about how to respond to diversity, in some cases building on awareness raised in teacher education. Learning on the job was a frequent theme but five respondents still expressed lack of confidence about their approaches. Twenty-one NQTs believed that they had begun to develop responsive forms of teaching, aided by support from and collaboration with other colleagues, including teaching assistants, many bilingual. Implications of the study are that both teacher education and educational research programmes need to give further time to the study and development of linguistically responsive forms of teaching.


At a White House ceremony last week, President Bill Clinton announced an ambitious plan to fight global warming using voluntary programs, government regulations, and increased support for renewable energy. The Climate Change Action Plan is designed to return greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000. At the same time, it will "expand markets for U.S. technologies and services, create jobs, and reduce the deficit," Clinton said. The plan would reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of 107 million metric tons of carbon below what they would otherwise be in 2000. The plan includes 50 new or expanded programs that will each contribute to cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Many of them involve establishing public-private partnerships with key industries. The plan meets the President's commitment made last spring to fulfill U.S. obligations under the Climate Convention signed in Brazil last year. "The action plan reestablishes the U.S. as a world leader in protecting the ...


Using multiple interactions, a simple self-assembly based on a Zn(ii) coordination compound and squaraine () demonstrated a selective turn-on fluorescence response to ATP in the near infrared (NIR) region. More importantly, the self-assembly has been successfully applied to ATP imaging in the mitochondria of the gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 and monitoring of level fluctuation of ATP during the mitotic period.


The boot pattern of hydro turbine governor has a critical influence on turbine.In this article,the author discusses the boot pattern of hydro turbine governor in depth,analyzes how the turbine features and parameters adjustment effects the boot process,and discusses how the boot pattern effects the turbine control.The author also proposes a new turbine boot strategy:by optimizing the boot pattern of hydro turbine governor,and reducing the dynamic stress of the runner blade when turbine booting,the safety and stable of the hydroelectric generating set can be ensured.


, and therapeutic aspects of the most common IMD of carbohydrates in >360 patients diagnosed at our institution. results: Clinical manifestations in children with IMD of carbohydrates are heterogeneous and may overlap with several diseases. The first symptoms of IMD of galactose and fructose begin with acute manifestations of liver failure with impaired renal tubular functions and Fanconi syndrome. Most liver glycogenoses (GSD) begin with hepato-megaly, growth failure, attacks of hypoglycaemia after 2.5-3 hours of fasting, hepatopathy, dyslipidaemia and lactic


The authors report high power, high slope efficiency, Nd-doped glass waveguide lasers on Si, fabricated by flame hydrolysis deposition (FHD) and reactive ion etching (RIE). The laser was pumped at 804 nm and achieved a lasing threshold of 20 mW, slope efficiencies of 2.6 % and output powers of over 1 mW.


A new encoding/decoding technique for Hamming codes, based on generalised array codes (GACs) is proposed. The proposed technique allows the design of Hamming codes with minimal trellises. An example is given for the (7, 4, 3) Hamming code, but the proposed technique is applicable to all existing Hamming codes. The trellis structure of such codes provides low complexity soft maximum likelihood decoding.


AbstractMr. Rainsford's article on "Least Square Adjustments of Triangulation: Directions versus Angles" in the Empire Survey Review No. 78, Vol. x, October 1950, leads to many speculations and interesting results. I try to show here, how, by assuming artifices to simplify the results, weights may be assigned to angles derived from directions so that the results of adjustment by angles, with these weights, will be the same as the adjustment by directions, all of equal weight.


Exports can be said to be activities of transporting goods or commodities between agencies. Exports can generally be carried out by medium-sized businesses for strategies to compete in international markets. exports can provide foreign exchange earnings for the agency of origin of the goods or commodities. The problem in this research is that it is not known which PT exports of goods is better than other PT. This research process uses a decision support system to determine which exporting company is more profitable for the agency, which is better in terms of points, the number of days the goods arrive (20%), the weight of the goods (20%), packaging (25%), method (15%), type of goods (20%). The purpose of this study is to determine the best export of goods using a decision support system using the SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) method. In this case, Data collection techniques used in this case are library research, observation. and using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to assist in making decisions to determine which export of goods from PT is the best