In this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure , Kaluza et al1 report the results from their prospective follow-up trial on 37 035 Swedish men, in which total and processed red meat consumption were associated with greater heart failure (HF) incidence and HF mortality during an ≈12-year follow-up. Compared with men consuming 0.5 servings/d of red meat (1 serving=75 g or 3 oz), those consuming 2.3 servings/d were 20% more likely to develop HF and 30% more likely to die from HF. This effect was largely attributed to processed red meat (eg, sausage and cold cuts); men consuming 1.2 servings/d of processed red meat were 28% more likely to develop HF and 43% more likely to die from HF compared with those consuming 0.2 servings/d. Although no association between unprocessed red meat consumption and HF risk was observed, this negative finding should be interpreted with caution because the difference between the groups with the highest and lowest consumption was <1 serving/d. The findings from Kaluza et al1 support those from a 20-year follow-up on 21 120 male physicians in the United States,2 in which men consuming 1.4 servings/d of total red meat had a 20% higher HF incidence than those consuming 0.2 servings/d. In addition, Nettleton et al3 observed a 27% increase in HF incidence for every 1 serving/d increase in red (mostly processed) meat consumption in 15 143 men and women in the United States; although this association became nonsignificant after accounting for hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and other factors, this is not entirely surprising, because these factors could be part of the mechanistic connection between red meat intake and HF. From a broader health perspective, it is notable that meta-analyses, each of which represents numerous studies, demonstrated that red meat consumption (especially processed red …


The paper summarises today's traditions and ritual practices concerning child birth and newborns observed by contemporary Bulgarian families. The research material consists of posts on popular Bulgarian internet forums and is interpreted in the light of traditional folklore customs. Results reveal a dynamic but highly selective approach towards old rituals and beliefs, most often leading to the preservance of various formal features and the loss of original magical or religious contents.


Mutual dependence between features plays an important role in the formulation of classifiers, clustering and other machine intelligent techniques. In this study a novel measure of mutual information known as integration to segregation (I2S), explaining the relationship between the two features is proposed. Some important characteristics of the proposed measure was investigated and its performance in terms of class imbalance measures was compared. It was shown that I2S possesses the characteristics, which are useful in controlling overfitting problems. In structure learning techniques such as Bayesian belief networks, conventional measures of dependency relationship cope with the overfitting problem by restricting the number of parents for a node; however it is still not impressive because complete overfitting is not eliminated. In contrast, I2S is capable of significantly maximizing the discriminant function with a better control of overfitting in the formulation of structure learning. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 2013 41 (3): 203-208 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v41i3.6054


Public school teachers are, in all probability, the largest group who, themselves left behind by industrial advance and the general shortening and lightening of hours, must supply much of the energy for that advance. Teachers are in fact the archetype of those white-collar functionaries who, in helping bring about a society of greater abundance, have their own official and unofficial lives torn and complicated in the process. The teaching function, since it involves the training or guidance of children for an era of abundance, has been extended to include training in group co-operation, manners, the arts, and self-understanding, as well as in large residues of the traditional curriculum. Teachers, therefore, are under growing pressure to provide a happy and rounded atmosphere in the classroom, while they themselves lead lives of harried desperation, not only because of the multiplying demands of the classroom, but because of the


The use of varied learning models will make the transfer of knowledge more effective and efficient. Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model is the right learning model. Students are required to solve the problems presented by digging as much information as possible. This study aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the process and results in learning force material. The type of research used in this research is experimental research. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 2 Tondano in the odd semester of the 2021/2022 academic year. The subjects in this study were students of class X SMA Negeri 2 Tondano, totaling 21 students. The instrument used for process data is a questionnaire and for student learning outcomes data is a test instrument in the form of description questions. The data analysis technique uses simple linear regression for the process and the results of the coefficient formula show that there is an influence of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the student learning process at SMA Negeri 2 Tondano with a percentage results of 51%. Based on the significance value: the Coefficients table obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, so it can be concluded that the variable X (Problem Based Learning model) has an effect on Y (Student Learning Process). .And data analysis techniques for result using the test N-GAIN obtained the average value of the pretest is 17.77 and the average value of the posttest is 74.33. The results of this study indicate that the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model has an effect on the process and results.


The organic thin film solar cells (OTFSCs) have been successfully fabricated using PCDTBT : PC71BM with different mixing ratios (1 : 1 to 1 : 8) and the influence of hole transport layer thickness (PEDOT : PSS). The active layers with different mixing ratios of PCDTBT : PC71BM have been fabricated using o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB). The surface morphology of the active layers and PEDOT : PSS layer with different thicknesses were characterized by AFM analysis. Here, we report that the OTFSCs with high performance have been optimized with 1 : 4 ratios of PCDTBT : PC71BM. The power conversion efficiency (PCE = 5.17%) of the solar cells was significantly improved by changing thickness of PEDOT : PSS layer. The thickness of the PEDOT : PSS layer was found to be of significant importance; the thickness of the PEDOT : PSS layer at 45 nm (higher spin speed 5000 rpm) shows higher short circuit current density () and lower series resistance () and higher PCE.


The present invention relates to a method of separating multivalent ions and lactate ions by using an electrodialysis or electrolysis apparatus from a fermentation broth containing a salt of multivalent ion lactate concentration of multivalent ions of at least 0.1 mol / liter., the concentration of lactate ions is less than 300 g / l, and the broth at less than 10 mole% of lactic acid ion is charged ions other negative, the electrodialysis or electrolysis apparatus, an anion selective sexual or non-selective membrane, and then introduced into the first compartment which is divided by the cathode, and multivalent ions in the partition is converted to give a residue stream containing the hydroxides of polyvalent ions, lactate ions There through anion selective or non-selective membrane, an anion selective or non-selective membrane, and is transported to the second compartment partitioned by the anode, then, Acid ion are neutralized lactic acid.


Abstract: Pino-Bodas, R., Ahti, T. & Stenroos, S. 2017. Cladoniaceae of the Azores. — Herzogia 30: 445 — 462. Based on material collected from 40 localities on four islands of the Azores, three species of Cladonia are new to Macaronesia: C. conista, C. mauritiana and C. novochlorophaea and four are new to the Azores: C. bellidiflora, C. dimorpha, C. rei and Cladonia sp. In addition, several species are new to individual islands of the archipelago. Cladonia dactylota is new to continental Europe (SW France). Cladonia stereoclada, described from the Azores, is lectotypified. These data are complemented with annotations on species distribution and chemical variations. Uncertain specimens were sequenced to confirm the species identities.


Objective To evaluate the effect of pedicle screw internal fixation on therapy of unstable thoracolumbar fractures. Methods Seventy-nine cases of unstable thoracolumbar fractures were operated upon with pedicle screw fixation, among which were Steffee(19 cases), RF(28 cases) and AF(32 cases). Height of the injured vertebral body, Cobb angel of the injured spinal segment and spinal function were compared between pre-and post-operation. Results After an follow-up of 8-42 months, all cases presented significant amelioration in form of the injured spine and the spinal function were improved in some extent. Conclusions Pedicle screw fixation may be an ideal choice for surgical treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fractures.


There are approximately 40 Roman baths dating from the 1st to 4th century AD that have been discovered in the territory of Moesia Superior. Most of them were systematically investigated, while some were only indirectly confirmed, either by means of surveys or through epigraphic monuments. The presence and layout of the rooms in these baths points to the conclusion that most activities in the baths of Moesia Superior were similar to those in other parts of the Empire. However, the baths from this territory also show some peculiarities, setting them apart from other parts of the Roman Empire. Although insufficiently investigated and reported on, the portable archaeological finds point to a whole host of activities that were not connected with the bath's essential function – hygiene and health. Musical instruments, styluses, board game accessories and spindle discs are just some of the objects that illustrate the activities in baths, suggesting that it is not enough to interpret these objects as places for maintaining hygiene, but as centres of social life, or, in the case of private baths, as places for rest and leisure.


This volume is the official publication of the 1 lQpaleoLev materials of the Rockefeller collection in Jerusalem. It also includes the publication of a fragment of 1 lQpaleoLev which is in the possession of Professor Georges Roux of France. The materials designated by 1 lQpaleoLev are a number of pieces of a paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll which were discovered in 1956 by Bedouin in Cave 11 of the Qumran group. These consist of the lower section of seven conjoined and consecutive columns and several fragments. In 1967 the Leviticus scroll was officially assigned to D. N. Freedman for study and publication. Subsequently K. A. Mathews undertook the study of the scroll for his doctoral dissertation (University of Michigan) which served as the working basis for the present monograph. The introductory chapter contains a historical account of the discovery of the scroll, a description of its physical state, and an analysis of various details of the scribal presentation such as ruling, column size, line and word spacing, margins, paragraphing, and corrections. The second chapter is an examination of the script of the scroll by R. S. Hanson, who is noted for his earlier work with the paleoHebrew script attested at Qumran. Previously he had proposed that the engraved scripts of the Hasmonean coins served as the model for the Qumran paleo-Hebrew scripts. Here he modifies this view, concluding that the coins imitated the cursive form of some of the letters of the scrolls (notably the he) and so the paleo-Hebrew scrolls must have been written slightly earlier ca. 100 B.C. The third chapter contains a transliteration of the texts into Hebrew square script and a critical apparatus. The longest chapter of the book is devoted to an analysis of the orthography of the scroll. This consists of a survey of the various spelling systems which are attested in the Qumran manuscripts followed by an analysis of the system adopted in I lQpaleoLev. Since there is no simple chronological basis to the development of post-exilic Judahite orthography, with various systems co-existing throughout the period 300 B.C.-IOO A.D., a survey of the orthographic practice of the Qumran material must be typological without any absolute chronological correlation. The authors distinguish four types of orthography: (i) Conservative, which is close to pre-exilic Judahite orthography; (ii) Proto-Rabbinic, a type of spelling close to that adopted by the rabbis for the authoritative Bible texts of the first century A.D.; (iii) Proto-Samaritan, exhibiting a fuller use of internal matres lectionis and occasional signs of the collapse of the pharyngal-laryngal system—this was the parent of the orthography adopted for the Samaritan Pentateuch; (iv) Hasmonean, so called since it reflects the linguistic tradition of the second to first century B.C. It is characterized by regular use of internal matres lectionis, frequent indications of the collapse of the pharyngal-laryngal system, and the spelling of 2nd and 3rd person pronominal suffixes, both singular and plural, with a final mater lectionis. The authors conclude that the orthographic system of 1 lQpaleoLev belongs to the Proto-Rabinic type. At the end of the monograph there is a series of high contrast plates of the text. A few points of detail: p. 54, n.9: Two explanations are suggested for the development of the post-exilic 3rd pers. masc. sing, possessive suffix with singular nouns -o, viz. (1) ahu > au > aw > 6, or (2) uhu > uh > u > o. The first explanation is more likely than the second. The second involves the u > o shift, which is a distinctive feature of post-exilic Judahite, but the spelling of the suffix with waw (representing the pronunciation -5) occurs in texts whose orthography otherwise represents a form of pronunciation in which this shift has not taken place. 1 lQpaleoLev itself is an example of such a text. p. 55: It is now generally accepted that the pharyngal-laryngal system did not collapse in all areas and strata of the population in Palestine. Although pharyngals and laryngals were weakened in the region in which the Dead Sea Scrolls were written, there is evidence that they were preserved in Judahite in a number of other areas (cf. E. Y. Kutscher, JSS, x, 1965, 41-9). p. 56: It is stated that in the Hasmonean orthography 'vowel height is given priority over vowel length as indicated by its lavish use of matres lectionis for long vowels in any position and short vowels sporadically'. According to my understanding, the first half of this statement implies that the likelihood of a vowel being represented by a mater lectionis is dependent on its being of a high quality rather than its being long. The second half of the statement, however, indicates that vowel length was still the dominant factor which conditioned the occurrence of the matres lectionis. A clearer indication of what the authors precisely mean would have been helpful. p. 59,1. 34: for (nos. 28-30) read (nos. 27-29); for no. 30 read no. 29; 1. 36: for (no. 28) read (no. 27); 1. 37: for (no. 29) read (no. 28); p. 61: MT hatap qames is transcribed by a: mimdhdrat — rnnSD (note, incidentally, that the transcription fails to indicate the gemination of mem). Also on p. 62: hddasim = O^"Vn.


Addition of a hydroxy-containing matrix to an aldehyde was observed in fast-atom bombardment (FAB). This FAB-induced interference reaction, observed in the case of a microbial alkaline protease inhibitor, shows a characteristic time behaviour. This can be explained by a first-order reaction kinetics scheme which leads to quilibrium, for which rate and equilibrium constants were also determined. These data suggest that in situ reaction kinetics can be studied by FAB mass spectrometry.


The unique feature of the Niro heat recuperative system presented is that it is probably the first tunnel kiln construction developed and designed with fuel economy as the prime criterium. In the design, consideration was given to the use of the most modern materials available. This is not just a tunnel kiln design that has been improved by the use of modern technologies and materials; it is a completely new design developed predominantly for the integration of modern technologies and materials


The inscription of chairman JIANG Ze-min "Developing Chinese simulation technology Scaling bravely world's heights in science and technology" has greatly inspired the colleagues in Chinese simulation field. In recent ten years, positive simulation results holding internal lead and external advance emerge in large numbers. The paper sums up a number of main simulation results. The rich fruits not only gratify but also inspire all to create new brilliance. Let's look through the development trend and insufficiency of international simulation technology to develop vigorously Chinese simulation technology and to reach quickly the world's heights of in science and technology.


The main purpose of this study is to map out how leading newspapers in the U.S. are framing different ethnic groups in the Middle East in their daily reporting. For this analysis, a systematic random sample was drawn from published articles focused on two main ethnic groups in the Arab region, namely, Amazigh "Berbers," and Copts. There are 391 news stories in The New York Times and 408 news stories in Washington Post about Berbers and Copts during the last eight years (2011-2019). The study came out with the findings that American newspapers dedicated large spaces to cover the issues of minorities in the Middle East, and there was a greater tendency in the newspapers to cover Coptic minority compared to the Berber minority. The study newspapers heavily relied on minorities sources, both NYT and WP relied on 61% Coptic sources and 67% on Berbers sources. However, the data showed that Arabic sources were the least cited in stories published about minorities in the Middle East (6% in both NYT and WP). Different frames were used by NYT and WP, while NYT focused more on presenting Copts issues through international frames, WP tends to present Berbers through the cultural frame.


Abstract The present article contributes to understanding of the Zimbabwe political institution of the southern portion of the Zambesi Valley based on the conceptualization of its population, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. We reconstruct the local perceptions of this institution by detecting information provided by local persons as recounted in Portuguese ethnographic documents. The original information underwent different types and degrees of translation and editing to reach the forms recorded in these documents. We present a critical process of recovering local voices, ideologies, and conceptualizations from written literal translations of excerpts of oral statements that can serve as a valuable methodological tool in expanding our understanding of the history of early African politics.


Discusses the actuality, protocols and standards which are up to date of QoS research on the IP networks, analyzes the existing problems and brings forward the directions of IP QoS researching and developing.


In this paper, a comparison between single core and modular transformer solutions is made. Basic dimensional relations between volumes, areas and lengths are used to obtain mathematical expression of the power losses and temperature rise of the modular solution. Two design methodologies are tested: modular transformers with equivalent magnetizing inductance to the single core solution and minimum loss optimized modular transformer. The analytical expressions obtained are validated using a numeric transformer design algorithm. Other potential advantages attainable with the use of modular transformer configurations, such as the reduction in high frequency losses and improvement in cooling capabilities are further discussed.


Nuclear proliferation in the Middle East is driven by motives not essentially different from those behind the nuclear arms race of the Cold War Periode. To argue otherwise, in particular while assuming that rational behaviour with regard to developing a nuclear option and to handling a nuclear inventory is alien to the Middle East, betrays a bias counterproductive to overcoming mutual threat perceptions. When tackling the problem of nuclear proliferation we must take into account the hidden nexus between conflict regarding territory and self-determination on the one hand and the proliferation issue on the other. The author argues for a comprehensive approach that puts seemingly unconnected issues such as a nuclear-weapons free-zone and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, all on the negotiating table.


Studies of disciplinary work have converged with studies of classrooms to highlight the social and cultural nature of disciplinary knowledge and practices, and of classroom learning and assessment. For students to become discerning and autonomous/authoring learners, classroom assessment needs to ensure students experience what it means to exercise discernment as part of collective and individual decision-making. In this paper, we adopt a sociocultural lens and focus on student appreciation and use of disciplinary norms and practices within a classroom community of scholars as both a means and an end for learning and its assessment. We illustrate student responses to the way their primary teacher combined disciplinary norms with formative assessment practices to help them appreciate and experience how knowledge is generated and warranted within biotechnology. We argue that when sources of authority are distributed and used to scope possibilities, students experience learning as the development of autonomy and discernment.


In this paper we give uniform stable spatial bounds for the resolvent operator families of the abstract fractional Cauchy problem on $\mathbb{R}_+$.
Such bounds allow to prove existence and uniqueness of $\mu$-pseudo almost automorphic $\epsilon$-mild regular solutions
to the nonlinear fractional Cauchy problem in the whole real line.
Finally, we apply our main results to the fractional heat equation with critical nonlinearities.


The aim of this paper is to make a statistical investigation of the pressure oscillations occurring near the center of a typhoon. An analysis of the barograms recorded on the Southwest Islands, Japan, during the decade from 1956 to 1965 shows that the occurrence frequency of the oscillations with the maximum double amplitude exceeding 3 mb is approximately 10%, and the frequency of those with the maximum amplitude of 2 mb or larger is about 30%. In order to get a clue as to the relationship of pressure oscillations to an elliptical eye, the reported frequency of an elliptical eye is also examined in this paper, based on the data obtained from flight observations. The reported frequency of an elliptical eye is estimated to be about 10%, and is considered to be fairly independent of the central pressure. Considerable agreement of the occurrence frequencies of both pressure oscillations and an elliptical eye suggests that pressure oscillations are closely related with an elliptical eye. From an examination of reports on an eye shape in cases where pressure oscillations were recorded, it is inferred that some of oscillations are associated with an elliptical eye.


Acknowledgements 4 Preface 5 Chapter 1 Marketing and the Contractor 7 Chapter 2 Estimate or Guesstimate? 37 Chapter 3 Cost and Efficiency 54 Chapter 4 Purchasing 74 Chapter 5 Figuring it out 94 Chapter 6 Putting a Price on it 125 Chapter 7 Bidding Policy 171 Chapter 8 Taking Care 193 Chapter 9 The Builder and the Law 224 Chapter 10 The Contractor and the Client 245


Context is a multi-dimensional concept. It is hard to define context generally for computer science. Which information is considered as context, which is not? Why are the certain context elements relevant for a certain case, but irrelevant for another? How to explain this to computers? Can computers learn these issues as humans do? In our paper we present different viewpoints to the concept of context and to context modelling starting from requirements engineering and ending up to multi-disciplinary education. Based on context related literature research and discussions in our paper, we can summarize that a complete and comprehensive definition and model of context is difficult to achieve and may not even be appropriate at all. However we can conclude that there is a common understanding that context always relates to an entity, context is used to solve a problem, context depends on the domain of use, context depends on time and context is evolutionary.


The Alexandrite laser, which has a wavelength of 755 nm, has recently been used in dermatologic and esthetic surgery. This laser was introduced to treat pigmented lesions and aid in laser hair removal. It is so used because it provides deep penetration beneficial in treating pigmented lesions such a


Abstract The North Atlantic hurricane seasons of 2005 and 2006 were dramatically different for the Gulf Coast and eastern seaboard of the United States. The 2005 hurricane season was one of the most destructive seasons in history, whereas there was limited impact in 2006. Hurricane activity had been forecast to be above normal in 2006, but it was not. One of the conspicuous differences in environmental conditions between these two years was sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over a region of the western Atlantic and Caribbean (15°–30°N, 70°–40°W), which is important for hurricane formation and intensification. SSTA was more than 1.5 standard deviations warmer during the 2005 hurricane season, but it was much less in 2006 through most of its hurricane season. The intent of this study is to determine the mechanisms responsible for this SSTA difference. It is shown that the difference can be reproduced using a simple one-dimensional (1D) ocean mixed layer model forced with surface fluxes from the NCEP–NC...


Six large-scale reinforced concrete circular columns were tested to study effects of variable axial load on the seismic behavior of bridge piers. The primary experimental parameters were axial load levels, lateral as well as axial loading patterns. The axial loading patterns included constant and variable loading, either proportional or nonproportional to the lateral forces. Experimental evidence revealed the significant effects of the magnitude and loading pattern of axial force on seismic behavior of columns. Main effects of the variable axial load are reflected in the distinct physical failure patterns, hysteresis loops, and load-carrying capacities, compared with the case of constant axial load. Test results also provide experimental data useful for calibrating and evaluating analytical models. It is suggested that analytical tools, like the plastic hinge model, should be modified to account for the effects of variable axial load.


New growth demands in the bandwidth requirements for short and long reach electrical channels have pushed the performance limitations of traditional linear passive interconnects such as high-speed backplanes and connectors. Most chip and system vendors regard 3Gbps data rates over copper as mature technology today and are rapidly prototyping 6Gbps and 10Gbps hardware. Original standardisation work for high-speed digital interfaces focused on defining the transmitter and receiver compliance in terms of eye diagram analysis utilizing masks and jitter tolerance. The remaining work of defining complete channel requirements is less accurately defined. As the bandwidth and crosstalk limits of the electrical interface are approached, the ultimate result is a degradation of bit error rate over the physical layer. This undesirable effect mandates the need to fully characterise the capability of the electrical channel from end-to-end. Traditional methods to simulate an emphasised transmitter, physical channel, and equalising receiver in the time domain or frequency domain are not sufficient. Low probability events can not be accurately modelled without long simulation times. To optimise the efficiency of simulations, a novel methodology based on statistical methods is introduced that allows fast and accurate compliance testing of differential channels. The following paper describes the algorithm and compares measurement results to a Matlab implementation of the algorithm using a design case study of 3Gbps and 6Gbps transmitter technology in 0.13um CMOS. Authors Biographies Anthony Fraser Sanders received his BEng degree with Honours in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Nottingham, England in 1991. Anthony joined Infineon Technology, formerly Siemens HL, in 1996 and as Principal Engineer is responsible for Analog Concept Engineering within Infineon's Optical Networking Group, developing Bipolar & CMOS 3/6/10/40Gbit Line Card products. His current research activities focus on the theoretical understanding of Jitter phenomena based on observation from laboratory measurement, the modelling and optimization of optical & electrical serial links using equalization and on the limits of CMOS technology in it's application to high speed serial interfaces. Anthony has chaired the IEEE adhoc on XAUI jitter, various OIF jitter adhocs and is currently one of the editors of OIF's Common Electrical I/O (CEI) standard and author of the "StatEye". Mike Resso is a Product Manager in the Signal Integrity Operation of Agilent Technologies. He is responsible for technical training of Agilent field engineers and interfacing with Agilent R&D engineers to bring innovative products to market. Mike has over twenty years of experience in the test and measurement industry and has focused on understanding signal integrity issues from both time domain and frequency domain perspectives. His most recent activity is developing applications techniques for complete 4-port characterization utilizing Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Vector Network Analysis (VNA). Mike has previous experience in the design and development of electro-optic test instrumentation and has published numerous technical papers. Mike received his Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from University of California. John D'Ambrosia is the Manager of Semiconductor Relations for Tyco Electronics in Harrisburg, PA. John works with semiconductor vendors to explore the interaction between semiconductor devices and Tyco Electronics interconnect solutions. This has led to his involvement in standards bodies defining solutions for backplane environments. He was an active participant in the development of XAUI, and served as the chair of the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance XAUI Interoperability Group, which drove interoperability testing for XAUI solutions for the industry. He helped organize the High Speed Backplane Initiative (HSBI), as well as served as its secretary. Currently, John is serving as the chair of the Optical Internetworking Forum's (OIF) Market Awareness & Education Committee, and is participating in the development of the OIF Common Electrical I/O (CEI) project. John received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering Technology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1989 and a Master's Degree in Engineering Management from the National Technology University in 1999. Introduction Channel compliancy is a key issue in the development of any electrical signalling specification which must contend with the interrelations between the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Typically two of these three elements will be defined with the third element being a function of these two definitions. Furthermore, high speed serial links (HSSL) employ signal condition techniques at the transmitter and equalization techniques at the receiver. Thus, HSSL specifications must deal with the situation represented in Figure 1. Figure 1 The Interconnect In defining the performance of a transmitter or receiver, eye masks are specified. These eye masks are so-called worst case definitions for a bit error rate of definition 10. This implies that if the signal were sampled in real time, it would only violate the mask 1 bit every 10 bits. The transmit eye effectively limits the maximum jitter for a given edge rate and the minimum amplitude, for an ideal termination impedance. The receiver eye mask defines a worst case stressed eye. This implies that if a jittered and attenuated signal violates the eye mask once every 10 bits, in real time, then a receiver must receive it with a Bit Error Rate better than 10. In defining the performance of a channel, scattering parameters (s-parameters) are used. A vector network analyzers (VNA), e.g. Agilent Technologies' N1900-Series Physical Layer Test System (PLTS), can be used to provide mixed-mode frequency domain measurements. The forward differential channel response, SDD21, is a natural starting point for defining a channel compliancy model. The use of SDD21 to develop a channel compliancy model poses a very significant challenge when applied to a backplane environment. The associated "layer connection effect" creates an environment where the performance of one layer can significantly vary from another with the top layer representing the worstcase layer and the bottom layer representing the best-case performance. Figure 2 demonstrates the impact of layer connection on a 20 inch channels where the layer connection was varied in a 0.200" thick backplane. Furthermore, the amount of variation will grow with the associated board thickness of the backplane and daughter cards. During the development of XAUI in the 10G Ethernet specification, the decision was made to define a SDD21 channel compliancy model, based on the median performance of observed channel data up to a frequency range of 3.125 GHz – "The compliance interconnect limit of 47.4.1 represents the median performance of a range of interconnect designs. The range included designs from 46 to 56 cm in total length, having trace widths of 0.125 to 0.300 millimetres, and using different grades and thicknesses of FR4." This model is shown in Figure 3. When combined with either a compliant transmitter or receiver, channels with a SDD21 response above the compliancy model would meet the required bit error rate of 10. Figure 2 Impact of Layer Connection Figure 3 – XAUI Channel Model Looking at the channel response in the frequency domain is fundamental to gaining insight into the performance of the channel and how it affects the signal feeding into the receiver using either Fourier transforms ( ) ( ) ( ) { } f H t s fft ifft t r ⋅ = ) ( or standard time domain simulators capable of accepting the sparameters. The XAUI channel model, however, is truly only informative, as the impact of discontinuities and group delay are not represented. It is smooth in comparison to the real channels shown in Figure 2, with no apparent ripple. These ripples can easily result in a "dipping" below the channel compliancy model at various frequencies. This leads to concern regarding whether the channel will operate as intended since the channel compliancy model has not been met. So from a specification perspective the limitations of this type of channel compliancy model make it more useful for informative purposes than normative purposes. Thus as equalization schemes such as transmit emphasis and receiver equalization are introduced to push a given channel's bit error rate to its theoretical limit a new channel compliancy methodology is needed by the user. This methodology needs to look at the channel as part of the system, illustrated in Figure 1, rather than on its own merits. This methodology needs to utilize all the information provided by 4 port s-parameter characterization combination with the total jitter present at the receiver sampler to give insight into the bit error rate performance of the total system. Total sampling jitter is contributed from the transmitter, channel and receiver. However the jitter introduced by the channel is inherently contained within the s-parameters and, as will be explained, is a function of the transmitter. Jitter is best defined by understanding the bathtub representation i.e. the measurement bit error rate or inverse error function (Q) versus the sampling offset. Gaussian Jitter (GJ), otherwise known as Random Jitter, is defined as the gradient of the linearised portion of the bathtub at the bit error rate of interest. High Probability Jitter (HPJ), otherwise known as Deterministic Jitter, is the intersection of the linearization at the x-axis where Q=0. This model, shown in Figure 4, is formally known as a Dual Dirac model and allows the system designer to add all HPJ terms in the link linearly, and to Root Mean Square all GJ terms. The GJ terms are then multiplied by the twice the Q required by the link to give the Total GJ. And the Total Jitter calculate


Cities under pressure : local growth controls and residential development policy / Paul G. Lewis, Max Neiman p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.). Research publications reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers, or Board of Directors of the Public Policy Institute of California. Short sections of text, not to exceed three paragraphs, may be quoted without written permission provided that full attribution is given to the source and the above copyright notice is included. iii Foreword One of the most frustrating and contentious issues in California in recent years has been the shortage of housing. Even as 10 million people have been added to the state's population over the last two decades, housing production has fallen short of demand, particularly during the recent period of economic growth. This shortfall has resulted in wildly escalated housing prices in many urban centers and heated markets in urban ring communities as far as 100 miles from employment centers. Many carefully crafted arguments have sought to explain this mismatch between supply and demand. They range from the inability of any state to absorb such huge numbers of new residents to the view that planners, conservationists, and community activists have made it devilishly difficult to build any new housing. Some researchers have also argued that state tax policies make residential growth economically unattractive for revenue-starved suburban communities. Yet another line of argument has focused on local growth controls, which are frequently placed near the top of the list of reasons for the shortage of affordable housing in California. According to this argument, a lack of enthusiasm for housing in California cities—and in some cases, outright hostility to multifamily or " affordable " developments—goes a long way toward explaining the state's lagging housing production. Paul Lewis and Max Neiman address this argument head-on by studying which communities enact growth restrictions and why. They find that relatively few cities across the state have passed strict controls on housing development and that cities' motives in managing residential growth do not appear to reflect simple elitism or civic selfishness. The authors conclude that growth controls may constrain some homebuilding but that broader market forces and state policies probably do more to explain California's housing costs and slow rate of production. iv Why are these findings important? Over the last 30 years, California has seen the power of the public …


Purpose – This paper aims to analyse how processes of institutional change in environments of institutional 'voids' affect smallholder farmer market access in Zambia and Malawi, and explores the role of different dis/enabling institutional agents and logics. The authors examine this in the context of two divergent routes of institutional change – one externally imposed and the second driven from within the ecosystem itself. The authors consider how these different institutional processes impact upon smallholder farmers and how they are able to adapt to these changes.
Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research approach is used which lends itself to an analysis of multiple institutional logics that is based upon the multiple positions of market actors. It uses a comparative case study design methodology focused on two broad cases of smallholder farmers in Zambia and Malawi.
Findings – The research demonstrates the tension that multiple institutional logics can create especially amongst those most vulnerable particularly where these are not embedded in local realities and mindful of social settings.
Originality/value – It contributes to the understanding of poverty alleviation in rural developing regions, on overcoming institutional voids, market inclusivity and the role of social entrepreneurs and intermediaries, and builds on the perspective of markets as social spaces for economic exchange.


Reference to and direct storage of primary data is of growing importance. This explains the interest in the description of statistical tables. The brute-force approach to give each stratifier (that is, the list of all row captions or the list of all column captions) in full has its economical limits. A method is described which makes the description of a large number of large tables economically feasible. The basic idea is to replace the full listing of a stratifier (e.g. US counties) by a reference to a "prefabricated" stratifier available in a classification scheme (e.g. US geographical division) taking into account the hierarchical structure of such a scheme. Modification of prefabricated stratifiers is also possible in order to adapt to small variations occurring in actual tables. The method has also applications in thesaurus building.


The phloem mobility of boron (B) in plants varies dramatically between species, variations in phloem B mobility occur as a consequence of the presence of polyols in some species but not others. Since phloem B mobility profoundly affects the expression of B toxicity symptoms it is important to determine the relative phloem mobility in a range of plant species and to determine how this impacts upon the expression of B toxicity. Here, twenty four common ornamental species believed to produce polyols and several that do not produce polyols were selected to test their response to boron (B) toxicity. Species that do not produce polyols exhibited 'classic' B toxicity symptoms that include accumulation of high concentrations of B in, and burning of, the tip and edge of old leaves. In the polyolproducing species these symptoms were absent and B toxicity was expressed as meristematic die-back and an accumulation of B in apical tissues. These symptoms have not historically been associated with B toxicity and hence may have been frequently misdiagnosed. The typical pattern of B accumulation in plants is for a higher concentation of B to be found in oldest leaves with progressively lower B concentrations in younger tissues and fruits. This distribution of B is typical of an element with limited phloem mobility and results in the development of leaf tip and edge burn of the oldest leaves as a consequence of the high B concentrations in these tissues. Eaton et al. (1941) reported, however, that the leaf symptoms of B toxicity, so characteristic in many plants, are frequently absent in stone fruit trees. In support of these observations, others have also demonstrated that species of Malus, Prunus and Pyrus do not accumulate high levels of B in their leaves, and that B toxicity is expressed as twig die-back and gum exudation in leaf axils and buds (Hansen, 1948; 1955; Woodbridge, 1955; Maas, 1984; Choe et al., 1986; El-Motaium et al., 1994). These 'unusual' symptoms of B toxicity are the result of the high phloem mobility of B in these species (Brown and Hu, 1996), which occurs as a result of the formation and phloem transport of a B-sugar alcohol complex (Brown and Hu, 1996; Hu et al., 1997). Since sugar alcohols such as sorbitol have a very high affinity to bind B (Makkee et al., 1985), and as they represent primary products of photosynthesis we predict that the B-sugar alcohol complex will be readily transported to active sinks such as apical tissues (Brown and Hu, 1996; Hu et al., 1997). As a result, B will be accumulated in the meristematic regions or fruit but not in the mature leaves, of species in which sugar alcohols are resent. In these species, B toxicity will likely appear in apical and neristematic tissues, while the 'typical' symptoms of B toxicity such as leaf tip/edge burn will not be observed.Whereas the biochemical basis of B mobiliy in certian species has now been well described, it is not possible from this information alone to predict how B toxicity will be expressed in any particular species. The primary constraint that limits our ability to predict the symptoms of B toxicity is inadequate information on the occurrence of sugar alcohols in plant species and an unfamilarity with the symptoms of B toxicity in species with significant phloem B mobility. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between sugar alcohol production and to describe the differential expression of B toxicity as it relates to relative phloem mobility of B.


Aims & Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of Ferric Carboxymaltose (FCM) in anaemic patients during pregnancy in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Rajah Muthiah Medical College & Hospital (RMMCH), a 1400 bedded multi-specialty tertiary care teaching hospital. Methodology: This is a Prospective Observational Study conducted on total of 41 pregnant anaemic patients who were included in the study of 3 months period. In our study, the majority of the subjects falls in the age group 24-29 (37%) with a mean gestational age 34 ± 2 weeks and the average weight of the patients is 58 ± 3 kilograms. Results: Outcome of our study shows a significant increase in the mean Hb level and mean ferritin levels. At pre-infusion stage the mean Hb level and mean ferritin levels of 41 patients were recorded as 8.58 ± 0.37 and 78.21 ± 26.41 respectively. Whereas Hb and Ferritin levels increased to 10.85 ± 0.57 and 151.46 ± 16.21; 11.82 ± 0.55 and 195.78 ± 6.94; 11.87 ± 0.58 and 204.07 ± 5.56 after 3 weeks of post infusion, at delivery and at 6 weeks of post infusion respectively. As part of our study, DDD/41 patients were calculated according to the DTC (Drugs and Therapeutic Committee-guide) with reference from WHO Recommended ATC Classification and found that DDD/41 patients were 1.6g. Conclusions: Our study suggests that therapeutic doses of FCM IV can be recommended for treatment of IDA during pregnancy. It is simple to use and causes significant increase in Hb and ferritin levels. It does not affect the health of the mothers as well as babies. Only a mild and quickly reversible local adverse reaction such as pain and rash at injection site were recorded from patient case sheet and patient interview.


Value of Information (VOI) analysis is conducted for different geophysical data (seismic and electromagnetic data). VOI is a concept in decision theory for analysing the value of obtaining additional information, before purchasing and revealing the data. Gathering the right kind and amount of geophysical information is crucial for resolving difficult reservoir decision situations. We focus on drilling decisions, and structure situations according to the spatial decision alternatives and value function complexity. The geostatistical modeling plays an integral part of the prior decision making, and for the pre-posterior evaluation of the various data gathering schemes.


Efficient collection of water from fog can effectively alleviate the problem of water shortage in foggy but water-scarce areas, such as desert, island and so on. Different with the inefficient fog meshes, corona discharge can release charged particles, charge water droplets and further enhance the water-collecting effect. This manuscript proposes a novel multi-electrode collecting structure, which can achieve the efficient and direction-independent collecting fog. The multi-electrode structure consists of three parts: charging electrode, intercepting electrode and ground electrode. Four types of water-collecting structures are compared experimentally, and the results show that the collection rates of traditional fog mesh, wire-mesh electrode with fog coming from high-voltage electrode (FH), wire-mesh electrode with fog coming from ground electrode (FG) and multi-electrode are 2~3 g/h, 100~120 g/h, 60~80 g/h, 200~220 g/h, respectively. The collection rate of multi-electrode structure is 100 ~ 150 times that of traditional fog mesh and 2 ~ 4 times that of wire-mesh electrode. These results demonstrate the superiority of the multi-electrode structure in fog collection. In addition, the motion equation of charged droplets in electric field is also derived, and the optimization strategy of electrode spacing is also discussed. This structure can be applied not only to fog collection, but also to air purification, factory waste gas treatment and other fields.


This article presents the essence of knowledge, its types and importance of knowledge management. In addition, the article indicates the possibility of use of controlling for supporting knowledge management in the enterprise. In the paper an author examined the usefulness of controlling to form knowledge resources in the company. In the article the author used the method of analysis of the sources and methods of deduction and induction. The company can achieve the competitive advantage if it has knowledge that distinguishes the enterprise from competitors. Therefore it is important to determine the knowledge needed to implement the business strategy and enabling its development in the long term. Controlling oriented to support knowledge management provides a number of tools to measure knowledge and intellectual capital. Its main task is to support the planning, monitoring, and control the creation, movement and use of knowledge in the enterprise.


There have been reports of oesophageal reflux following operations performed for peptic ulcer (Clarke, Penry, and Ward, 1965; Windsor, 1964). Reflux has been noted after partial gastrectomy (Windsor, 1964) and also after vagotomy plus a gastric drainage procedure (Clarke et al, 1965). The operation of vagotomy plus gastric drainage could cause reflux oesophagitis to occur either through direct damage to the gastrooesophageal sphincter and phrenooesophageal ligament or indirectly by its effects upon the stomach, eg, by causing gastric retention. In this study, the possibility that vagotomy (plus a drainage procedure) performed for duodenal ulcer might damage the gastrooesophageal sphincter was investigated. The study also yielded additional information concerning the influence of the abdominal vagus nerves on the maintenance and control of gastrooesophageal sphincter pressures in man.


Enhancing Pixian horse-bean grains fermentation by co-culturing lactobacillus shanghai brewing 1.08 with Candida versatilis SZ-1 was carried out in our present research.The results showed that no significant differences were observed for the change profile of the physical and chemical properties such as pH,total acid,amino acid nitrogen and so on,compare the test sample with the control sample,the alcohol concentration of test sample increased almost linerly,reached to 11.78 g/100 g dried wet.By the co-culturing both,the fermentation activity was enhanced,and theproportion of the main violate aromatic components of the horse-bean rains,such as ethyl loeate,hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester,hexadecanoic acid,ethyl ester and so on,were increased,especially 9,12-octadecadienoic acid,ethyl ester increased by 7.4 times,and then the period was shortened.


Received: 5 Aug 2019 Received in revised: 3 Feb 2020 Accepted: 19 Feb 2020 Published online: 26 May 2020 DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.18.3.2020.22 The research clarifies which climatic factors induce annual and intra-annual ring formation in merkus pine (Pinus merkusii) growing in the low lying plains of central Thailand and reconstructs the past climate by using climate modelling derived from climate-growth response. Not only are climate variations longer than a century in central Thailand explained, but the study also explores for the first time the variability in climate using the formation of intra-annual rings in Thai merkus pines. The tree-ring analysis of wood core samples indicated that the pine stand was more than 150 years old with the oldest tree being 191 years old. The annual variation in tree growth significantly correlated with local climate variables, the number of rainy days in each year (r=0.520, p<0.01) and the extreme maximum temperature in April (r=-0.377, p<0.01). The regional climate of the Equatorial Southern Oscillation in March (EQ_SOIMarch) also highly correlated with the pine growth (r=0.360, p<0.01). The climate reconstruction indicated a declining trend in the number of rainy days during the 20th century and a decline in the number of rainy days was observed during the first and second decades of the 21st century, respectively, while the past climate reconstruction of maximum temperature in April and EQ SOIMarch indicated a decline during the previous century and an increase in this century. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the extreme maximum temperature, which declined at the beginning of the wet season and increased around the transitional period of the late rainy and the cold seasons, influenced the formation of intraannual rings (r2=40.5%, p<0.05). It can be summarized that the number of rainy days increasing in each year associated with the declining temperature at the beginning of the wet season indicated a rapid growth in P. merkusii, while the anomalous temperature declining at the beginning and increasing at the end of the wet season was the main factor inducing the intra-annual ring formation. Therefore the activity of forest and planation management, especially in the watering at the beginning of the wet season when anomalous increased temperature occurred, shall be specified in the forest management plan in order to increase annual pine growth and wood formation.


Female monarch butterflies remigrating in spring from overwintering sites in Mexico encounter and oviposit on Asclepias humistrata, A. asperula capricornu and A. viridis in the SE USA. These plants are relatively high, but quite variable, in gross cardiac glycoside (CG) concentration, both within and among species. The authors compared CG concentration between plants in a single stand of A. viridis with and without monarch eggs and larvae. Plants with immatures showed an intermediate CG concentration (280 μg/0.1 g DW), with lower variability (SD=104) than plants without immatures (314±176). -from Authors


The aim of this research is to determine the feasibility of various operational mode for the 16000kVA/ 110kV Multi-Function Balance Transformer (MFBT). The MFBT is a novel traction transformer to convert three-phase balanced voltages to two-phase balanced voltages as well as three-phase to three-phase. Its technologic characteristic is also studied, which can provide a guidance to design and operation. Many experiments to validate the operational reliability were performed in the transformer station and a great deal of data was measured by such special apparatus as 24-channel synthetical analyzing instrument of electric energy, DSA2000, and harmonic analyzing instrument. The results show no zero sequence component exists in the primary currents when the MFBT is operating at each mode. The primary currents are symmetrical if the currents of both two-phase system and three- phase system are symmetrical. The results also indicate that when special filters are connected to secondary three-phase system, the primary harmonic currents decrease by about 28% than by using conventional two-phase filters. It was concluded that not only operational combinations of two-phase and three- phase systems are feasible, but also the MFBT can perform assistant functions such as compensating reactive power, supplying the transformer station, and filtering harmonic besides supplying traction loads.


Population-based screening for prostate and breast cancer has been advocated on the assumption that their early detection and treatment will reduce disease-associated morbidity and mortality. A high proportion of the US population is screened regularly and in the last 2 decades, screening has nearly doubled the detection of early breast and prostate cancer. The overall incidence of both of these tumors has increased substantially and remains higher than prescreening levels. Current screening methods have not resulted in the expected reduction in mortality of either of these tumors. Suggested reasons for the lack of a greater impact on mortality include the following: screening appears to increase the detection of slow-growing early indolent cancers that pose minimal risk. Such tumors are probably cured by surgery alone. Overdetection and overtreatment of such minimal-risk cancers subjects patients unnecessarily to morbidity from adjunct therapy and markedly increase the cost of therapy. Screening also may miss a high proportion of fast-growing aggressive or advanced tumors because they are not screened with sufficient frequency for detection and cure. The authors believe that new diagnostic tests and screening methods must be developed to distinguish between minimal risk and high-risk tumors in order to make a substantial impact on patient survival and reduce the burden of treatment on patients and society.


tarde % and at seven months he was hospitalized for investigation. Ventriculo raphy was performed through the lateral angles o B the anterior fontanel. The ventricular system was symmetric and within normal range. In consequence of this the patient was discharged home with recommendation of frequent follow-up examinations. Upon the request of the family physician he was admitted to our hospital at the age of 14 months. In brief, the main features of examination at this time consisted of an enlarged head, mental retardation, and bilateral spastic weakness more pronounced on the right side. Pneumoencephalogram by lumbar route his a e. His development t ecame noticeably re-


A Users Manual was developed for the Weigh-In-Motion programs developed for the PennDOT project entitled 'Truck Weight Data Processing, Storage, and Reporting.' The manual consists of five sections, including: Contents of WIM Program Diskette; Installation; Using the Programs; Possible Sources of Error. The manual also presents detailed guidelines to be followed for successful use of the programs.


Purpose The mechanism of oil film with a thickness in the nanoscale is discussed in this paper. A polar lubricant of propylene carbonate is used as the intervening liquid between contiguous bodies in concentrated contacts. A pressure caused by the hydrodynamic viscous action in addition to double layer electrostatic force, Van der Waals inter-molecular forces, and solvation pressure due to inter-surface forces is considered in calculating the ultrathin lubricating films. Design/methodology/approach The numerical solution has been carried out, using the Newton-Raphson iteration technique, applied for the convergence of the hydrodynamic pressure. Findings The results show that, at separations beyond about five molecular diameters of the intervening liquid, the formation of a lubricant film thickness is governed by combined effects of viscous action and surface force of an attractive Van der Waals force and a repulsive double layer force. At smaller separations below about five molecular diameters of the int...


The invention discloses a humidity measurement method of discharged smoke, comprising the steps of: a, getting object smoke from a flue; b, filtering and thermally insulating the object smoke to obtain an object sample gas; c, the measurement step: feeding the object sample gas into the detection chamber, feeding the measured signals to an analysis module via a humidity sensor in the detection chamber, processing and obtaining the humidity of the smoke in the flue, wherein the aforementioned steps hold the temperature of the object smoke and the object sample gas higher than the dew point of water. The invention further discloses a measurer for realizing the method. The invention has the advantages of prolonged service life of humidity sensors, wide application, simple installment and simple maintenance.


Energy dispersive EXAFS (EDE), Quick EXAFS (QEXAFS), 13C NMR and X-ray crystallography have been used to probe the co-ordination sphere of palladium in the course of the phosphine free Heck reaction. [Pd2I6][NBu3H]2 has been isolated from the precatalytic solution and its crystal structure determined. EDE and QEXAFS spectra of the complexes Pd(OAc)2, Pd(PPh3)4 and [Pd2I6][NEt3H]2 illustrated the value of the technique in structure elucidation. EXAFS of the precatalytic solution detects [Pd2I6]2− and no co-ordinated carbon. EXAFS of the catalytic solution shows a first co-ordination sphere of 2 carbon atoms and a second of 2–2.5 iodines. A scheme involving an equilibrium between the oxidative addition product and the olefin co-ordination species, has been proposed to explain these results.


The Italian Public Administration (PA) consists in a wide set of local authorities (i.e., regions, provinces and municipalities) providing services to citizens, each with its own administrative autonomy. Actually, it often happens that Italian citizens have difficulties in discovering and using services that they need in the course of their lifes. Several Italian initiatives, suchas the SMART (Services and Meta-services for smart e-Government) project, aim to simplify the interaction between Italian citizens and the PA trought the definition of value -added services. A value-added service (VAS) guides the citizen in the fruition of all services needed along a life event (e.g., the change of address). In this paper, we present a new version of the Italian Public Administration Service (IPAS) model defined for the description of PA services. We will show how the new model supports the description of concepts that simplifies the definition of VAS. A case study defined in the context of the SMART project will be presented.


Utilizing a sample of undergraduate students and survey research methods, this study examined knowledge on issues of social responsibility within the apparel and textiles industry, comparing the sophistication among upper- versus lower-classmen. The study also investigated the differences between students in their socially responsible apparel purchasing behavior. Findings revealed that approximately half of the sample indicated being knowledgeable about socially responsible clothing businesses. Participants were also generally informed of environmental issues related to apparel production. Overall, upper-classmen were more informed about labor issues and tended to be more engaged in socially responsible apparel purchasing behavior. The findings of this study are useful to educators in creating effective curriculum to encourage greater socially responsible purchasing behavior. ********** Issues of social responsibility, including those related to labor standards and the environmental impacts of apparel production, have increasingly gained significance over the last decade or more as the apparel industry has adopted a more globalized business model. As reported by Dickson, Loker, and Eckman (2009), "There is clearly an upswing in public opinion that apparel brands and retailers, along with those that manufacture textiles and apparel, must do something to protect people and the environment" (p. 22). Specifically, a number of key issues surround the production and sourcing of apparel goods today, including, "forced labor, low wages, excessive hours of work, discrimination, health and safety hazards, psychological and physical abuse, lack of awareness of workers' rights, and lack of worker representation for negotiations with management" (Dickson et al., p. 6). Moreover, while media outlets and various scholars and industry professionals tend to more commonly document labor abuses occurring in factories throughout the world, with more apparel companies implementing initiatives to address working conditions, according to Dickson et al., the environmental impacts in the production of textile and apparel goods has also emerged as a significant issue for firms. These issues include the energy and use of toxic chemicals in the production of fibers and fabrics in addition to the release and disposal of chemicals and other solid wastes in textile and apparel production. As part of their book, Social Responsibility in the Global Apparel Industry, Dickson et al. (2009) discuss the future of social responsibility within the apparel industry, noting tactics and/or strategies for both encouraging and improving business social responsibility. The authors document a variety of initiatives related to these objectives, including streamlining monitoring for compliance, expanding stakeholder involvement, raising reporting standards, and empowering workers. Additionally, the authors' address the importance of educating and involving consumers in promoting sustainability throughout the apparel supply chain. As reported by Dickson et al., "Through their purchasing, consumers can pull the economy and effect change in business as well as contribute to the formation of a virtuous circle of business development and social responsibility" (pp. 313-314). In this regard, this study will include an analysis of consumers' knowledge of issues of social responsibility in apparel production, comparing the level of sophistication among students of differing educational stages. Missing from the literature on social responsibility are extensive studies examining the extent of consumers' knowledge on issues of social responsibility within the apparel industry, including consumers' sophistication on issues of labor standards and the environmental impacts in the production of apparel goods. Part of this study also explores the degree to which students engage in socially responsible apparel purchase behavior, including an assessment comparing the purchasing considerations of upper- vs. …


In August 2001, the author released Fair.com? An Examination of the Allegations of Systemic Unfairness in the ICANN UDRP. The study canvassed over 3,000 ICANN UDRP decisions (all cases through July 7, 2001), focusing primarily on concerns regarding forum shopping among complainants who launched UDRP claims as well as potential bias within the case allocation practices of the ICANN accredited dispute resolution providers.


This work analyses the seasonality of phytoplankton (species richness, biovolume, diversity, abundance and dominance) associated with some physical, chemical and climatic variables of shallow turbid lake (Tatlι Lake, Turkey) between February 2000 and April 2001. Samples were collected monthly from the two stations from the surface (0–20 cm). Species richness and diversity (Shannon-Weaver, H') index were calculated. Seasonal changes in phytoplankton community structure (i. e., the species present and their relative abundances) were evaluated with Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordinations. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to investigate the relationship between phytoplankton and physico-chemical parameters. A total of 144 species most of which belonged to the Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta could be identified. Other taxonomic groups were Cyanoprokaryota, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cryptophyta and Xanthophyta. The diatoms Cyclotella ocellata PANTOCSEK, Nitzschia palea (KUTZING) W. SMITH, Fragilaria ulna LANGE-BERTALOT and the green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus (CORDA) RALFS show continuously high portions in the phytoplankton assemblage. High salinity and turbidity of the lake restricted the species number.


In this paper, an adaptive robust drive control system for an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor of an electric medium-sized bus based on the optimal torque distribution method is studied. The drive control system is mainly divided into two parts. First, a torque distribution method is proposed. The optimal torque distribution method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to increase the high efficiency interval of the system and apply it to the energy feedback braking. Secondly, in order to reduce the nonlinear disturbance of the system and improve the accuracy of the unified control, this paper models and studies the vector system based on adaptive robust control. Finally, the whole drive control system is modeled, simulated and experimented. The simulation and experimental results show that the torque distribution method proposed in this paper can effectively increase the high-efficiency running time of the electric medium bus, and improve the shortcomings of insufficient mileage of the electric medium-sized bus. The use of a current controller based on adaptive robust control improves the control accuracy of the drive system and can effectively suppress the disturbances generated by it.


Jazz is considered by many to be the quintessential form of American music. Some may even go as far as to call it "America's classical music." However, the black and white binary that pervades race relations in the United States has obscured the role of Latin American interpreters of jazz within its nationalist rhetoric. Ken Burns' Jazz, the ten-part PBS documentary series released in 2001, was a major cultural turning point in the United States. A moving tribute to the triumph of African Ame...


Current study was designed to evaluate Coumalic Acid theoretically, which is a Bio-organic molecule. The structural, spectroscopic like the Infrared and UV-Visible properties were investigated using a quantum calculation approach under the density functional theory at B3LYP/6–31G(d) data set. The Infrared spectrogram lies between 400-3800 cm-1 with a few coercion and minute peaks. Thermochemistry calculations show that molecule is exothermic in nature, NMR H1 and C13 prediction results are tabulated. Today's Challenges in Computational Chemistry is use of the appropriate tool and method to highlight the chemical property of mention molecule which is also highlight in the current research. The main advantage of virtual analysis provides an edge to easily view the electron shift, donation and withdrawing effect easily. The computational evaluation approach used here could also be useful for investigation of other bio-organic compounds.


The first thing we must keep in mind is that when saying that China says this or China does that, we are not speaking of the Chinese people, but of the Sociopaths who control the CCP -Chinese Communist Party, i.e., the Seven Senile Sociopathic Serial Killers (SSSSK) of the Standing Committee of the CCP or the 25 members of the Politburo etc.. The CCP's plans for WW3 and total domination are laid out quite clearly in Chinese govt publications and speeches and this is Xi Jinping's "China Dream". It is a dream only for the tiny minority (perhaps a few dozen to a few hundred) who rule China and a nightmare for everyone else (including 1.4 billion Chinese). The 10 billion dollars yearly enables them or their puppets to own or control newspapers, magazines, TV and radio channels and place fake news in most major media everywhere every day. In addition, they have an army (maybe millions of people) who troll all the media placing more propaganda and drowning out legitimate commentary (the 50 cent army). In addition to stripping the 3 world of resources, a major thrust of the multi-trillion dollar Belt and Road Initiative is building military bases worldwide. They are forcing the free world into a massive high-tech arms race that makes the cold war with the Soviet Union look like a picnic. Though the SSSSK, and the rest of the world's military, are spending huge sums on advanced hardware, it is highly likely that WW3 (or the smaller engagements leading up to it) will be software dominated. It is not out of the question that the SSSSK, with probably more hackers (coders) working for them then all the rest of the world combined, will win future wars with minimal physical conflict, just by paralyzing their enemies via the net. No satellites, no phones, no communications, no financial transactions, no power grid, no internet, no advanced weapons, no vehicles, trains, ships or planes. There are only two main paths to removing the CCP, freeing 1.4 billion Chinese prisoners, and ending the lunatic march to WW3. The peaceful one is to launch an all-out trade war to devastate the Chinese economy until the military gets fed up and boots out the CCP. An alternative to shutting down China's economy is a limited war, such as a targeted strike by say 50 thermobaric drones on the 20 Congress of the CCP, when all the top members are in one place, but that won't take place until 2022 so one could hit the annual plenary meeting. The Chinese would be informed, as the attack happened, that they must lay down their arms and prepare to hold a democratic election or be nuked into the stone age. The other alternative is an all-out nuclear attack. Military confrontation is unavoidable given the CCP's present course. It will likely happen over the islands in the South China Sea or Taiwan within a few decades, but as they establish military bases worldwide it could happen anywhere (see Crouching Tiger etc.). Future conflicts will have hardkill and softkill aspects with the stated objectives of the CCP to emphasize cyberwar by hacking and paralyzing control systems of all military and industrial communications, equipment, power plants, satellites, internet, banks, and any device or vehicle connected to the net. The SS are slowly fielding a worldwide array of manned and autonomous surface and underwater subs or drones capable of launching conventional or nuclear weapons that may lie dormant awaiting a signal from China or even looking for the signature of US ships or planes. While destroying our satellites, thus eliminating communication between the USA and our forces worldwide, they will use theirs, in conjunction with drones to target and destroy our currently superior naval forces. Of course, all of this is increasingly done automatically by AI. By far the biggest ally of the CCP is the Democratic party of the USA. The choice is to stop the CCP now or watch as they extend the Chinese prison over the whole world.


After preprocessing SEASAT SAR data which included slant to ground range transformation, registration to LANDSAT MSS data and appropriate filtering of the raw SAR data to minimize coherent speckle, textural features were developed based upon the spatial gray level dependence method (SGLDM) to compute entropy and inertia as textural measures. It is indicated that the consideration of texture features are very important in SAR data analysis. The SEASAT SAR data are useful for the improvement of field boundary definitions and for an earlier season estimate of corn and soybean area location than is supported by LANDSAT alone.


The purpose of this study was to assess fasting blood glucose (GDP) levels and correlate with quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (UKD). The design of this study uses clinical-based cross-sectional research. The results of this study found that most of the GDP levels in the category of hyperglycemia were 31 patients (62%) and a small proportion of hypoglycemia were 5 patients (10%). Quality of life was mostly good as many as 43 patients (86%) and a small proportion of poor as many as 7 patients (14%). Most of the GDP levels in the category of hyperglycemia with good quality of life were 17 patients (34%) and a small percentage of GDP with normoglycemia category with a good quality of life were 1 patient (2%). Statistical test results showed that the level of GDP was significantly related to quality of life in UKD patients (p = 0.04). Conclusions, GDP levels are significantly related to quality of life in UKD patients.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, GDP levels, Quality of life, Diabetic foot ulcers


DNA barcoding is a powerful tool used for species identification by the expanding exploitation of mtDNA gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), as a genetic marker. In the present study, COI gene based DNA barcoding was employed to identify the epigeic species Eudrilus eugeniae . Molecular characterization of Eudrilus eugeniae was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for COI gene. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA7) software for the obtained sequences. The evolutionary divergences between its closely related species were also performed to disclose its amendments that occurred during evolution.


There is a large number of fortifications built in Vladivostok and its suburbs. The constructions of Vladivostok Fortress are an outstanding example of fortifications and defensive architecture. The complex of Vladivostok Fortress is well-studied, but the problem is that these significant elements of the cultural landscape are gradually being destroyed. And there are several reasons for this. On the one hand, it is caused by the insufficient funding of measures to preserve the existing structures. On the other hand, there is no scientifically grounded strategy for preserving and reorganizing these constructions. There is also a demand for specific project proposals related to the reorganization and modern use of Vladivostok Fortress constructions. In the article, we consider this problem first in general theoretical terms, and then we suggest a specific proposal to reorganize fortifications on the Nazimov Peninsula in Vladivostok to turn it into the Park of Military Glory.


We examine the implications of state water quality regulatory heterogeneity for waste and drinking water violations in the continental US using Environmental Protection Agency data from 2007 to 2017. Using discrete regression analyses, we find some evidence that cumulative violations are higher when additional state water quality standards are introduced. However, one year after a new standard is implemented, cumulative violations seem to decline relative to the number of violations before introducing additional regulations. Compliance may improve after introducing new standards as operations and procedures are modified, the use of inputs like disinfectants is adjusted, or technologies are upgraded in response to new standards.


Australians work longer hours than all other OECD nations yet they are not all using their full annual leave entitlement. This is despite such bodies as the Australian Medical Association (AMA) stressing that taking a period of leave is beneficial to one's health and that a full entitlement of leave should be take each year if possible. This study looks at a group of regional NSW GP's to see if they 'practice what the AMA preaches' and to see if their leave taking behaviour is affected by their practice arrangements. The study finds GPs are more likely to take four weeks leave a year than average Australians, that most GPs prescribe a holiday break to relevant patients and that having partners in a practice and being more established makes it more likely that they will take around four weeks leave a year. Conversely, not having practice partners and being new to practice makes leave taking more difficult, a finding that supports a federal Government policy of encouraging GP's to form partnership practices.


Objective To observe the effects of Tripterine on ATRA-induced differentiation in NB4.Methods The effect on differentiation of NB4 treated with ATRA and/or tripterine was observed via cell morphology,nitro blue tetrazollum(NBT) reduction and cellular surface markers. Results Compared with the control group,NB4 cell appeared the morphology of neutrophil, induced significantly NBT reduction,decreased the expression of CD13 and CD33 while incresed the expressions of CD11b and CD15 after the treatment of ATRA.Results in Tripterine combined ATRA group were similar with that in ATRA lonely group.Conclusion Tripterine has no significant effects on the ATRA-induced differentiation in leukemia cells.Therefore,Tripterine might be a potential agent not only useful in treating an established differentiation syndrome(DS) but also in prevention of DS.


Nondestructive evaluation of uni- and biaxial strain-distributions in Si-on-insulator (SOI) structures is essential to accelerate research and development of next-generation-strained-Si-transistors. We investigate polarized Raman scattering from (001) SOI-microstructures with SiN-stress-liners. Raman intensities are analyzed as a function of the angle between [100]-axis and polarization-directions of scattered-light. Interestingly, inactive Raman peaks in strain-free Si for scattered-light polarized along [100] and [010] directions become active in strained-Si, which is quantitatively explained by crystal-symmetry-change from cubic to orthorhombic or tetragonal structures. These findings enable precise evaluation of strain-distributions. Based on these results, selective-mapping of uni- and biaxial-strains in SOI-microstructures is demonstrated.


Objective:To investigate the different pathological features of lupus nephritis,its clinical manifestation and outcome of therapy.Methods:15 patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis were enrolled in this study.To analyze the clinical features(such as albu-minuria,hematuria,hypertention,renal dysfunction) of different pathological individuals with lupus nephritis.Results:Pathological diagno-sis was as follows:mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in 4 cases(Ⅱ),focal nephritis in 3 cases(Ⅲ),deffuse nephritis in 6 cases(Ⅳ),membraneous in 1 case(Ⅴ)and sclerosing glomerulonephritis in 1 case(Ⅵ).There were various kinds of pathological damage and clinical manifestation for the patients with the course of disease of less than 5 years and in active stage.The pathologic type Ⅳ was most obvious.The prognosis of the typeⅡ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ after synthetical therapy was better than that of the type Ⅳ.The type Ⅳpatients' effect of treatment was inferior to those of the other types,which was generally terminal of SLE,and also ultimate results of every kind of lupus nephritis.One patient died of serious infection after pulse therapy with a large dosage of methylprednisolone.Conclusion:Different pathological type had different clinical manifestation and prognosis.There is no significant correlation between the pathology and the course of disease in SLE.


A composition for use as a pesticide to exterminate terrestrial arthropods, comprising: an effective arthropodicidal amount of citral as first active ingredient in combination with a second active ingredient, said second active ingredient a mixture of limonene terpene compounds redistilled, betaionona, linalool, geraniol and eugenol, together with one of the terpenes carvone or myrcene, said pesticide being in the form of a solution.


The synthetic. spectroscopic and biological studies of some palladium and platinum complexes derived from 5-methyl1.3-dihydro-3-[2-(phenyl)ethylidene ]-2H-indol-2-one-hydrazinecarbothioamidei( L' H) and 5-methyl-I.3-dihydro-3-[2(phenyl)ethylidene]-2H-indol-2-one-hydrazinecarboxamide(L2H) are reported here. These complexes have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis. molecular weight determinations and spectral studies including JR. 'H NMR and electronic spectra. The resulting coloured products are monomeric in nature. On the basis of the above studies. square planar geometry has been proposed for the resulting complexes. Both the ligands and their complexes have been screened for their fungicidal and bactericidal activities and the results indicate that they exhibit significant antimicrobial properties . IPC Code: Int. CI. 7 C07F 15/00; C07C 251102


BACKGROUND: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is a common disorder in the children's population that can lead to growth disorders. Chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy can cause a break in the normal growth of children, weight loss, and decreased growth hormone secretion.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the growth rate of children with height, weight, and body mass index (BMI).
METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, after examining 312, 3–10-year-old children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, who met the inclusion criteria, growth scales were evaluated and entered into the patient evaluation form.
RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between BMI, height, weight, and severity of tonsillar hypertrophy at Brodsky's scale (P <0.001). Our studies showed well that with increasing severity of adenotonsillar hypertrophy disease, the growth indicators are also decreased in children.
CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy decreases growth indicators in children. There was also a relationship between growth indicators and severity of adenotonsillar hypertrophy in patients.


Polynomials can be used to fit noisy data. This Demonstration allows you to explore the relationship between the terms in a fit and the shape of the fit. You can experiment with different sets of powers to use


A method for mapping uniformly distributed (wavefront like) algorithms into processor square meshes of fixed size, which is based on the concept of folding, is applied to matrix computation (matrix multiplication and LU decomposition). Array processors programmed in Occam are considered. The programming methodology, which can be automated, is analyzed in detail.<<ETX>>


The relevance of the article due to the importance of the formation of critical thinking teach-teley stories in modern conditions of a large flow of information in general and political information in particular. The article highlights the essence and structure of the concept of "critical thinking" as a component of the Ad Hoc training of history teachers. The author reveals the specifics of the principles and techniques of formation of critical thinking of the future teachers of history. This article is intended for researchers in the field, on the teaching of history, post-graduate students and teachers of history.


A growing body of evidence indicates that an inflammatory process in the substantia nigra, characterized by activation of resident microglia, likely either initiates or aggravates nigral neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). To study the mechanisms by which nigral microglia are activated in PD, the potential role of α‐synuclein (a major component of Lewy bodies that can cause neurodegeneration when aggregated) in microglial activation was investigated. The results demonstrated that in a primary mesencephalic neuron‐glia culture system, extracellular aggregated human α‐synuclein indeed activated microglia; microglial activation enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by aggregated α‐synuclein. Furthermore, microglial enhancement of α‐synuclein‐mediated neurotoxicity depended on phagocytosis of α‐synuclein and activation of NADPH oxidase with production of reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that nigral neuronal damage, regardless of etiology, may release aggregated α‐synuclein into substantia nigra, which activates microglia with production of proinflammatory mediators, thereby leading to persistent and progressive nigral neurodegeneration in PD. Finally, NADPH oxidase could be an ideal target for potential pharmaceutical intervention, given that it plays a critical role in α‐synuclein‐mediated microglial activation and associated neurotoxicity.—Zhang, W., Wang, T., Pei, Z., Miller, D. S., Wu, X., Block, M. L., Wilson, B., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Hong, J. S., Zhang, J. Aggregated α‐synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease. FASEB J. 19, 533–542 (2005)


The widely use of papers and for the promotion of conservation of the forest ecosystem in making papers from the falling of trees. This work is focused on the realization of paper and its mechanical properties. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is aquatic plant with a high growth rate that usually cover the river surface and has an impact to the environment and other living things. The work done was to produce a paper from water hyacinth through cutting, grinding, refining, molding, the bleaching process and drying process we obtained different papers. In the realization process of the papers, we have used Hydrogen peroxides for the bleaching process to obtain white paper (Bleached paper). In our case we have both the bleached and the unbleached paper. Papers were successfully produced under experimental condition. Mechanical properties of each paper were investigated. The various density of paper water hyacinth plant of the bleached and unbleached was 21.68 g/m3 and 26.37 g/m3 respectively, average tensile rupture stress 1.337MPa & 0.405MPa and young modulus was found to be 36.278MPa and 17.604MPa, the elongation at break 4.744% and 2.879%, average moisture content of 4.82% to 9.59% and 3.57% to 6.62% respectively for the Unbleached and Bleached paper water hyacinth plant. For this reason, Unbleached Paper with certain different strength ranges could be considered to be applied as packaging, seedling pot, mulching or insulating material in advance application. The use of water hyacinth as biomass with the used of the roots and leaf shows a bulky structure. The study concludes that water hyacinth is a potential fiber for paper production especially in areas where it is abundant, but the tensile strength of unbleached paper is more than the bleached paper. So that the paper can be used for other purpose than writing.


Steel pipe arch is the life line of steel pipe concrete bridge. The Fourth bridge on Xiangjiang in Xiangtan is steel pipe concrete bridge with 120m+400m+120m spans. This paper presents the control points in preparation, production and acceptance stage.


We show that the blind linear time invariant (LTI) channel estimation problem, when the input sequence is independent, but has time-varying statistics, mimics that for the i.i.d. case under appropriate persistence of excitation conditions. Hence, consistent parametric and non-parametric estimators based on a single realization are readily obtained. We establish an ergodicity theorem for the time-averages of non-stationary continuous time processes; we use this to establish blind identifiability of the LTI channel of a filtered inhomogeneous point process, with multiplicative marks. These results extend to a class of time-varying channels as well. The theoretical results are corroborated by simulations.


The nitrogen sources and parceling were evaluated concerning to gherkin plant, Nordestino cv., in the Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil. The experimental design was the randomized block design in the factorial scheme 2 x 7, constituted of two nitrogen sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and seven application times: a) (100% at sowing date; b) 100% 30 days after sowing (DAS); c) 100% 60 DAS; d) 50% at sowing date and 50% at 30 DAS; e) 50% at sowing date and 50% at 60 DAS; f) 50% at 30 and 50% at 60 DAP; g) 33% at sowing date, 33% at 30 33% at 60 DAP, with four replicates. The average weight of the fruits was inferior, 27 and 21 g, respectively, when the ammonium sulfate was 100% supplied at sowing and 100% at 60 DAS, as no alteration occurring in the urea source nor between those N sources. The yield of fruits of one plant (2.364 kg plant-1), the number of fruits of one plant (64 fruits plant-1) and fruit productivity (20.93 t ha-1) were significantly higher, when the nitrogen (ammonium sulfate source) was 50% parceled at 30 and 50% at 60 DAS. When urea was the nitrogen source, the yield of fruits of one plant (1.437 kg plant-1), the number of fruits of one plant (48 fruits plant-1) and the fruit productivity (12.66 t ha-1) were significantly higher, when it was parceled 50% at sowing date and 50% at 30 DAE.


Four hundred and thirty samples of bottled mineral water belonging to ten different local and imported brands collected from the Syrian market have been analyzed bacteriologically. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was determined using R2A agar culture medium and incubating at 22 ο C for 5–7 days. Pseudomonads and Aeromonads members were selectively investigated and identified biochemically. Around 70 % of the imported water samples exhibited HPC counts more than 100 cfu/ml versus 13 % for local ones. Risk assessment of the heterotrophic bacteria revealed that 53.49% of the strains showed resistance to one or two of the twenty antibiotics tested and the highest resistance was found against nalidixic acid, novobiocin, ampicillin, streptomycin, imipenem and ampicillin/sulbactam. The majority of Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. strains were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and novobiocin. Pseudomonas spp. showed also high resistance to tetracycline, imipenem, ceftazidime, amikacin, erythromycin and carbencillin. The most effective antibiotics against Pseudomonas spp. were ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, aztreonam, colistin, kanamycin and ceftriaxone. However, the following antibiotics showed complete activity against Aeromonas spp. amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The complete activity was also seen for aztreonam, chloramphenicol and gentamicin against other HPC bacteria. Strains with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) represented 60.18% of all isolates and the most resistant organism belonged to the genus Pseudomonas followed by Aeromonas strains. The high load of heterotrophic bacteria with relatively high counts of opportunists such as Pseudomonads and Aeromonads in the studied mineral bottled water represents hygienic and quality challenge for this ready-to-consume commodity. Moreover, multiple antibiotic resistance detected among these bacteria might pose health significances, at least to some defined sensitive individuals, and should be considered properly.


One kind of multi-scale fiber reinforced cementitious composite(MSFRCC),which contains steel fiber,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)fiber and calcium carbonate whisker,was designed from the perspective of multi-scale structure and fracture process of cementitious materials.Mechanical properties of MSFRCC,such as compressive strength,flexural strength,flexural toughness,multiple cracking patterns and fracture process,were studied.The result indicates that both the strength and toughness are improved.Hardening behavior and multiple cracking patterns are achieved under flexural loading.Multi-scale cracking resistance of multi-scale fiber is confirmed by the results of SEM and fracture test.The result shows that the toughness of cementitious composite can be significantly improved through the multi-scale combination design of fibers.The steel fiber and PVA fiber can be replaced appropriately by relative cheap calcium carbonate whisker through the multi-scale design of fibers.


The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the development of spatial and temporal location. The research was based on the distinction between mono-referential and bi-referential location, where mono-referential location involves the relationship between an object/event to-be-located and a single reference object/time with intrinsic spatial/temporal properties, and bi-referential location requires a projective/sequential relationship between two referential objects/times. A sentence-picture matching task was constructed having four types of problems combining time and space with mono-/bi-referential relationships. Twelve American children were tested at each of three age levels: 2;6, 4;6, and 6;6. At 2;6, the children failed the bi-referential problems and passed the mono-referential problems. By 4;6, children showed an advantage of space over time, and in addition to the mono-referential problems, they also passed the bi-referential space problems. At 6;6, the children passed all of the problems. Changes in the spatial and temporal linguistic systems were related to cognitive development in the linguistic and non-linguistic domains.


Grey literature and resources are crucial to research and knowledge development due to their unique information value. Many grey information resources are generated daily by academics, researchers, and administrators in universities and other academic institutions. The majority of these resources are yet to be acquired and organized for use due to some issues associated with them such as no strict bibliographic control, nonprofessional lay-out or formats, and low print runs. This paper shares the experience of the Nimbe Adedipe Library of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria regarding the acquisition and management of grey literature generated within the university. Specifically, it focused on the nature and academic benefits of grey literature, grey literature generated in FUNAAB, acquisition and management of grey literature by the library. It is concluded that considering their research and historical values, grey literature should be acquired and managed by academic libraries.


An internal clock frequency control circuit of a semiconductor memory apparatus includes a mode register set configured to receive a mode register set control signal and output a mode register set signal; a delay unit configured to generate an enable signal when a predetermined cycle has elapsed after the mode register set signal was activated; a division command decoder configured to receive and decode a synchronization command to generate a division start signal when the enable signal is activated; and a division selection unit configured to receive an input clock having a first frequency and output a selection clock having a second frequency, wherein a value of the second frequency is substantially the same as the first frequency or lower than the first frequency depending on a level of the division start signal.


One gap in our understanding of disturbances became evident during this symposium and in the discussions before and after: How did the disturbances work and how exactly did they affect plants? In this epilogue I consider why the traditional study of succession by describing developmental sequences has led to such a slow formulation of the coupling of disturbance processes to ecological responses. A conceptual framework is also suggested for the coupling of process and response.