In many cases the average fingerprint ridge frequency in the whole fingerprint image should be determined. This parameter is, among other things, very important in procedures, where so-called fingerprint reference point has to be located. Unfortunately, as far, ridges frequency has been determined a priori, on the basis of anthropological measurements of the human population. This parameter is established as 10 pixels, regardless of captured fingerprint image resolution. Until now it is assumed, that this resolution is equal to 500 dpi. In practice, scanners obviously work with different resolution. This point of view has been revised and a new method of fingerprint ridge frequency measurement was introduced. This method allows to precisely calculate fingerprint ridges frequency – individually for any fingerprint image. The new approach allows determining more precisely, among other things, so–called fingerprint reference point, which is an important element of fingerprint recognition procedures.


To construct the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing the dense granule protein 4(GRA4) gene of Toxoplasma gondii and to express this gene in HEK-293 cells and in mouse cells, the specific fragment of GRA4 gene from the genome DNA of T.gondii RH strain was amplified by PCR, and the amplified fragment was subcloned into pVAC expression vector. The eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAC-GRA4 was then transfected into HEK-293 cells by liposome method and into cells of BALB/c mice by gene gun injection. The mRNA expression of pVAC-GRA4 in HEK-293 cells was detected by RT-PCR and its expressed product was analyzed by Western blotting. Splenocytes were isolated from the experimental mice, in which the numbers of CD~+_4 and CD~+_8 T cells were determined by direct immuno-fluorescent assay and the production of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 was detected by means of sandwich ELISA. After challenging by tachyzoites of T.gondii through intra-peritoneal route, the living status of mice was observed to evaluate its immune protection. The experimental results showed that the GRA4 gene fragment was amplified out of the genomic DNA of T.gondii RH strain and the eukaryotic recombinant plasmid pVAC-GRA4 was obtained. A band of object fragment with 987 bp in length was visible in pVAC-GRA4/HEK-293 cells as demonstrated by RT-PCR and its expressed product of 41 kDa could be recognized by specific antiserum in the Western blot analysis. In vaccinated mice, the number of CD~+_4 T cells appeared to have no obvious increase in comparison with that of the control group, but that of CD~+_8 T cells was obviously increased with a decrease in CD~+_4/CD~+_8 ratio.The level of IFN-γ was higher in the vaccinated group of mice than that of the control group, but level of IL-4 was not significantly different among these groups. After challenging with the virulent isolates of T.gondii RH strain, the survivalrates and the living times of mice in the vaccinated group were also prolonged in comparison with the un-treated group. It is concluded that the constructed eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAC-GRA4 can be expressed in HEK-293 cells and in cells ofBALB/c mice. These results may provide a foundation for the further studies on the vaccine development for T.gondii infections.


The full-scaled transformation of staff relationship from the employing model to the cooperative model is one of the tendencies of human resources management in the 21st century. Cooperative staff relationship is fundamental to the existence and development of enterprises in the era of knowledge and economy. However, in China, many enterprises are still running in the employing model of staff relationship. This article expounds the great significance of cooperative staff relationship to modern enterprises and analyzes the facts of staff relationship respectively in developed countries and in China. Furthermore, the article believes that our enterprises necessarily choose the cooperative model of staff relationship as the management system and attempts to construct a cooperative model of staff relationship as a reference for enterprises.


The paper presents the statutory rules and regulations on the reduction of emissions. An integrated concept for flue gas cleaning and residual material treatment is discussed


Adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, which can indefinitely proliferate in a dish and differentiate into almost all the cell types that constitute the human body. These cells hold great promise for cell therapy and regenerative medicine, as well as drug screening and disease modeling. Theoretically, we can create a source of versatile, therapeutic cells that could be genetically matched to any patient. These pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into desired cell types and eventually used to reconstruct a tissue or an organ with insights gained from tissue engineering. Inspired by the pioneering work in stem cells, particularly the remarkable reprogramming technique, the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have advanced rapidly in the past several years. Here recent progress in the fields of induced pluripotent stem cells and tissue engineering is reviewed, with a focus on applications in medicine.


Aim To study a lower bound estimate problem of the Smarandache function at some special values.Methods Using the elementary and combinational methods.Results It is proved the estimate S(ap+bp)≥8p+1,where p≥17 be any prime,a and b are two positive integers with a≠b.Conclusion A new lower bound estimate of the Smarandache function(at some special values) is given.


Volatile FPGAs, the dominant type of programmable logic devices, are used for space, military, automotive, and consumer electronics applications which require them to operate in a wide range of environments. Their continuous growth in both capability and capacity now requires significant resources to be invested in the designs that are created for them. This has brought increased interest in their security attributes; specifically, how well does the FPGA protect the information processed within it, how are FPGA designs protected during distribution, and how developers' ownership rights are protected while designs from multiple sources are combined. This survey, which assumes very basic logic design and security understanding, establishes the foundations for discussing "FPGA security", examines a wide range of attacks and defenses along with the current state of industry offerings, and finally, outlines on-going research and latest developments.


Distributed source coding (DSC) based signal processing applications involve data transmissions at multirates in wireless sensor network (WSN). In this paper, we propose a novel cross layer approach in WSN to achieve energy efficiency using multirates desirable for the DSC based signal processing applications and current network conditions. Our approach can be summarized into two parts: first, energy efficient multirate MAC-PHY supporting DSC applications; and second, rate oriented interaction of MAC-PHY and DSC applications. Multirate MAC-PHY utilizes desirable bit error rate (BER), channel attenuation, corresponding modulation schemes, and multirate requirements, to determine the minimum desirable transmission power. Rate oriented interaction provides optimal transmission rates feedback to interact with DSC applications, making DSC applications adaptively adjust information coding rate according to network conditions. This interactive approach achieves further energy saving significantly by making the DSC application aware of WSN conditions. Besides DSC, this work can be easily extended to other multirate signal processing applications in WSN.


In this short work, the author will reflect on how we might understand the technology-subject relationship in a way that equally captures the position of the individual with a disability and that of the interplanetary astronaut. The works of Tamar Sharon in mediated posthumanism and Dan Goodley in critical disability studies will be consulted. This cursory exploration will conclude that both the astronaut and the individual with a disability are congruent posthuman subjects insofar as their relationship to technology challenges the idea of a transhumanist overcoming of human limits. Exploring this relationship can tell us something about how posthuman subjects may be understood more generally.

Critical Disability Studies, Mediated Posthumanism, Mediation, Reflexivity, Originary Prostheticity, Tamar Sharon, Dan Goodley


The "random intersection graph with communities" (RIGC) models networks with communities, assuming an underlying bipartite structure of groups and individuals. Each group has its own internal structure described by a (small) graph, while groups may overlap. The group memberships are generated by a bipartite configuration model. The model generalizes the classical random intersection graph model, a special case where each community is a complete graph. The RIGC model is analytically tractable. We prove a phase transition in the size of the largest connected component in terms of the model parameters. We prove that percolation on RIGC produces a graph within the RIGC family, also undergoing a phase transition with respect to size of the largest component. Our proofs rely on the connection to the bipartite configuration model. Our related results on the bipartite configuration model are of independent interest, since they shed light on interesting differences from the unipartite case.


This research investigated the structural changes that occur on different polyethylene polymer systems as a result of a novel pulverization process called solid-state shear pulverization (S3P). High-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and two forms of linear low-density polyethylene were run through a pulverizer under high shear conditions as well as low shear conditions. The physical properties were examined before and after the pulverization via melt index, melt rheology, GPC, and DSC, techniques. The low shear pulverization did not noticeably alter the physical properties of the polymers. In contrast, high shear pulverization did result in an increase in viscosity as observed by melt index and oscillatory shear experiments, although solid-state and bulk properties as observed by DSC and GPC were not affected. These results indicate that a small amount of mechanochemically induced changes occur as a result of the pulverization process, including incorporation of a small amount of long-chain branches randomly placed on a few of the polymer chains. No evidence of short-chain branching resulting from S3P processing was found in these systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 671–679, 2001


Novel Antibiofilm Protein Family Produced by Marine Bacteria Environment-friendly antibiofilm molecules are urgently needed to be used in medicine and various other fields. Jouault et al. (e00893-20) described the antibiofilm protein alterocin, which is active against a wide range of bacteria, including human pathogens. Genes for alterocin and its homologs were found in marine bacteria, mostly from the Pseudoalteromonas genus. This protein family likely plays an important function in the biology of producer bacteria and is thus of ecological interest, in addition to having biotechnological potential.


Adult (Fig,1). Length of forewing 4-5mm. Head grayish yel]ow. Antenna grayish yellow, with dark brown annulations. Labial palpus short, grayish yellow, Thorax grayish brown, Forewing without costal fold. Ground color dark brown, Costa with five pairs of whitish strigulae from apex to basal 1/3. Grayish yellow streaks originating frem the pairs of costal strigulae ; of these streaks the first two cenfluent below apex, running along termen to tornus, the third wide, sinuous, reaching to tornus, Basal patch indicated by two or three sinuous grayish yellow streaks, occupying basal 1/5, Median fascia consisting of two wide sinuous grayish yellow streaks, originating from the fourth and fifth pairs of costal strigulae, running outwardly te the middle of wing, thence turned inwardlytothemiddleofdorsum, Ciliagrayishbrown,withadarkbasalline, Hindwing light grayish brown ; cilia paler, with a dark basal line.


Measurement of lipoprotein subclass concentration (-c), particle number (-p), and size (-s) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has gained traction recently in the clinical laboratory due to associations between smaller lipid particle sizes and atherogenic risk, especially for LDL-p. Since patients may not comply with the clinician's recommendation of fasting before sample collection, our objective was to evaluate the impact of fasting status on NMR-based lipid and amino acid determinations.

 Fifty self-reported healthy participants were recruited using an internal review board-approved protocol: males (n = 25; 41.3 ± 10.5 years; BMI 27.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2) and females (n = 25; 35.6 ± 9.1 years; BMI 25.3 ± 5.4 kg/m2). Blood was collected after overnight fast and 4 hours after a high-fat meal. Samples were analyzed using the AXINON lipoFIT by NMR assay (Numares) with an Avance III NMR spectrometer and Ascend 600 MHz magnet (Bruker). This assay included measurements of triglycerides, total cholesterol, IDL-c, and LDL, HDL, VLDL concentrations; particle numbers; and sizes. Additionally, NMR-based glucose, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine concentrations were acquired. Conventional lipid parameters were obtained using cobas 8000 chemistry system (Roche). Fasting and postprandial results were compared for significant differences.

 As expected, mean triglycerides increased after the meal (53%, P < .0001). Increases were also observed for VLDL-c (22%, P < .0001) and large VLDL-p (56%, P < .0001), as well as LDL-s, HDL-s, and VLDL-s (all <3.5%, P < .005). In contrast, LDL-p, small LDL-p, large LDL-p, HDL-p, small HDL-p, glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL, HDL, and IDL cholesterols demonstrated at most an 11% decrease (all P < .002). Valine, leucine, and isoleucine also increased after the meal (31%-46%, P < .0001 for all). Differences in individual lipids or amino acids were not sufficient to distinguish between fasting vs postprandial states, although incorporation of valine into a ratio with VLDL-c and LDL cholesterol (Valine*VLDL-c/LDL cholesterol) provided adequate differentiation (ROC analysis: AUC 0.91 [SD 0.03, P < .0001]). A cutoff of 75 for the ratio had a sensitivity of 88.9% (95% CI, 76.0%-96.3%) and specificity of 85.4% (95% CI, 72.2%-93.9%). Interference with NMR results occurred for three participants' postprandial samples. These individuals had significantly higher fasting triglycerides, LDL-p, small LDL-p, large VLDL-p, VLDL-s, VLDL-c, IDL-c and lower LDL-s, and HDL-s compared to other participants.

 The clinical impact on results from postprandial samples warrants further evaluation prior to accepting nonfasting samples for NMR analysis. Considering a subpar compliance with fasting, algorithms to differentiate fasting and postprandial specimens may be useful in identifying suboptimal specimens.


This paper is a short summary of the main results in the thesis [1]. Based on the P2P paradigm we construct a stochastic model for a live media streaming content delivery network. Starting from the behavior of the out degree process of each node we analyze the evolution of the resulting random graph. For the out degree process we provide an iterative formula for the distribution probabilities and calculate an explicit expression for the transient distribution. Moreover we discuss the steady state distribution and the problem of local disconnections.


Previous studies point to the involvement of several discrete transcriptional enhancers in the modulation of dystrophin gene expression in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Analysis of deletion breakpoints in two X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy patients with mutations that remove muscle exon 1 identified a 3.2-kb deletion overlap region (XLDC3.2) between -1199 and +2057 bp predicted to contain regulatory elements essential for dystrophin gene expression in cardiac muscle. A novel-sequence-based search strategy was used to identify a 543-bp region downstream of muscle exon 1 rich in cardiac-specific transcriptional elements. Designated dystrophin muscle enhancer 2 (DME2), this candidate enhancer was seen to function in a position- and orientation-independent manner in muscle cell lines but not in fibroblasts. As only modest activity was observed in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, DME2 is thought to play a role in dystrophin gene regulation at later stages of cardiac muscle development.


The optimization of traffic planning efficiency was investigated in the paper.In traditional method,each traffic network node is weighted with equivalent method,which cannot reflect the different importance of the transportation nodes,and the idea of localization is taken out,so the global optimum efficiency cannot be reached.A high efficient traffic planning method was proposed based on the guidance of multi-vector network.According to the multi-vector network traffic,the traffic network was divided into multilayer to be researched,so different nodes were weighted separately.The global optimal efficiency was taken as target and achieved with guidance.At last,a team of10-nodes traffic network was selected to process experiment.The result shows that with the improved method,the highest system efficiency was improved to 78%,and the lowest efficiency was improved to 63%,which is 50%higher than the traditional method,so it has good application value.


A natural organic membrane photoelectric conversion device is composed of A to E layers. The A layer includes ITO (indium tin oxide) conductive glass which is used as a cathode. The B layer includes that an M-PVA (polyvinyl acetate) transparent film covers the A layer and is an M-PVA conductive film containing zinc ion Zn2+. The C layer includes that a p-type conjugated polymer conductor (p/M-PVA) film covers the B layer and is made of M-PVA conducting resin and safflower quinone glycosides. The D layer includes that an n-type conjugated polymer conductor (n/M-PVA) film covers the C layer and is made of the M-PVA conducting resin and allicin. The E layer includes that an aluminum foil layer is adhered on the n-type conjugated polymer conductor film by the M-PVA conducting resin (F layer) and used as an anode, and finally the miniature natural organic membrane photoelectric conversion device is formed. The open circuit voltage of the device is up to 0.6-0.9v, and the current density is up to 0.12mA. the invention further discloses a manufacturing method of the natural organic membrane photoelectric conversion device.


Among the very notable advances made with regard to the origin and formation of magnetic storms, must be counted the experimental and observational results of Birkeland and the mathematical work of his colleague, Stormer. Birkeland's recently published volume1 presents a wealth of material to the student of terrestrial magnetism.

At present, however, Birkeland's results and deductions must be regarded chiefly as qualitative. While he makes very plausible that the cause of our magnetic storms is chiefly to be referred to cathode rays originating in the Sun and coming within reach of the Earth's magnetic field, there are a great many questions left open which will require answering before full acceptance can be given to the theory. And no one appears to be better aware of this fact than Birkeland himself. I am sure, therefore, that he will welcome any additional light that may be shed.


Part 1 Re-membering the family. Part 2 A feminist critique of eight approaches to family therapy: Nathan Ackerman - the patriarch's legacy Murray Bowen - the politics of rational man Virginia Satir - the limitations of humanism I Salvador Minuchin - the matter of functionalism Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy - the limitations of humanism II strategic family therapy - perfecting the unexamined life Carl Whitaker - playing with patriarchy Milan systemic therapy - the myth of mythlessness. Part 3 History and insight - toward a feminist theory of psychotherapy with families: the family in history - gender and structure in five types of families from antiquity to the present a critique of the cybernetic epistemology of Gregory Bateson psychoanalytic theory as a conceptual source for feminist psychotherapy with families. Part 4 Care and interpretation - toward a feminist practice of psychotherapy with families: the DeWitts - the case of a therapist in transition the McGinns - "irrational" mom and a method to madness the Johnsons - dreams, introjects, and the black family.


Statistical dependences among features of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar flares, and sigmoidal structures in soft-X-ray images were investigated. We applied analysis methods to all the features in the same way in order to investigate the reproducibility of the correlations among them, which may be found from previous statistical studies. Samples of 211 M-class and X-class flares, observed between 2006 and 2015 by the Hinode/X-ray telescope, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph, and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, were examined statistically. Five kinds of analysis were performed: occurrence rate analysis, linear-correlation analysis, association analysis, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and the Anderson–Darling test. These give three main results. First, the sigmoidal structure and long-duration events (LDEs) have a stronger dependence on CME occurrence than large X-ray-class events in on-disk events. Second, for the limb events, a significant dependence exists between LDEs and CME occurrence, and between X-ray-class events and CME occurrence. Third, 32.4% of on-disk flare events have sigmoidal structure and are not accompanied by CMEs. However, the occurrence probability of CMEs without sigmoidal structure is very small, 8.8%, in on-disk events. While the first and second results are consistent with previous studies, we provide for the first time a difference between the on-disk and limb events. The third result, that non-sigmoidal regions produce fewer eruptive events, is also different from previous results. We suggest that sigmoidal structures in soft X-ray images will be a helpful feature for CME prediction in on-disk flare events.


malware is kind of software or program that can harm the computer or their normal functioning. As the computational needs is changing their face, in the similar ways the security threads also change their face too. Therefore, the traditional approaches are requires some update, use of traditional approach are suspicious and not able to cover the entire definitions of each kind of malicious code patterns. Therefore an improvement on traditional approach is required to incorporate. In this presented work, it is intended to find an adoptive approach by which the machine can learn and update self from the last learning. Therefore adoptive Learning based techniques are investigated. Those are frequently used for the developing the malware detection techniques first so study on decision tree is performed. During study that is found that the classifiers having some limitations such as poor accuracy. Thus a hybrid approach is proposed to improve the classification accuracy. Thus a new improved Normalized Associated ID3 algorithm is introduced and provide a new classification approach. Both the data models are promising and provide the accurate classification. The implementation of the proposed technique is performed using the JAVA technology and their performance in terms of classification accuracy, time complexity and space complexity is evaluated. According to the obtained outcomes the proposed technique is found accurate and efficient as compared to the respective implemented algorithms. Keywords—data mining, machine learning, classification, malware detection, code pattern analysis


The synthesis of dolaisoleuine as its tert-butyl ester (Dil-OBu t ), a β-methory-γ-amino acid component of dolastatin 10, has been achieved employing as key step an aldol condensation between N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-N-methyl-(S,S)-isoleucinal and tert-butyl acetate followed by O-methylation. The overall six-step reaction sequence to Dil proved to be convenient for routine preparation of this new amino acid and its stereochemical assignment as (3R,4S,5S)-N,O-dimethylisostatine


Structural modification of the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl moiety (C moiety) of β-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethylbenzene (1), which constitutes an essential part of phyllodulcin molecule, was attempted to clarify the relationship between the structure and sweet taste. The 4-methoxyl group of 1 being replaced with higher homologous alkoxyl groups such as an ethoxyl and a propoxyl group, the level of sweetness of these homologs was found to decrease with increasing number of methylenes in the alkoxyl group. β-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycyclohexyl) ethylcyclohexane (8) synthesized by reduction of both aromatic rings of 1 had a bitter taste. Aliphatic derivatives of 1 corresponding to the structure with the aromatic ring of the C moiety opened at the dashed line through a and b as shown in Table II, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 were synthesized. All of these compounds had a bitter taste except tasteless 15.


In accordance with the bad geological conditions of the diversion tunnel of Gongboxia Hydropower Station, the wet spraying steel fiber concrete technology was adopted in the excavation. The wet spraying steel fiber concrete was combined with anchorage pile to reinforce sidewall and the steel fiber concrete arch was used to replace cast in situ reinforced concrete. The steel fiber concrete has the characteristics of high strength, good flexibility, strong adaptability of deformation, high impermeability and durability, low rebound, and quick construction. It can bring the self bearing capacity of surrounding rock into full play. It also can suitable to rolling rock surface and can be safely constructed with high quality and reasonable cost. With the deep theoretical research and practice, the steel fiber concrete can be more widely applied.


Turkmenistan is one of the 25 former socialist countries in Europe and Central Asia that embarked on a transition from plan to market in the early 1990s. In agriculture, the transition was expected to improve the productivity of the chronically inefficient collective farming inherited from the Soviet era. Improvements were to be achieved through the transfer of land and assets from collective farms to individual operators, in line with the established practice of agriculture in market economies. This study examines the progress of agricultural reform in Turkmenistan by focusing on land distribution, farm structure transformation, and changes in production patterns, marketing, and farm performance. The study is based on a survey of 143 private farmers conducted in Turkmenistan in 2000. Preliminary results indicate that, despite fairly generous allocation of land to individual farming, no significant performance improvements have been achieved so far, primarily because private farmers operate under severe environmental, institutional and political constraints. 1. Overview of Land Reform in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a highly agrarian country, over half of the population is rural, and 44% of the labor force is employed in agriculture. Agriculture is the second most important sector in the Turkmen economy after the oil and gas industry. The territory of Turkmenistan is largely desert with irrigated arable land constituting less than 4% of the total. The most important cash crops are cotton and wheat; cotton is exported after processing into fiber while wheat is consumed domestically. Turkmenistan also produces livestock, as well as fruits and vegetables for domestic consumption. Prior to the declaration of independence in 1991, Turkmenistan was one of the least developed republics in the Soviet Union and its agriculture was based on cotton monoculture. After 1991, Turkmenistan began raising wheat production, to reduce its dependence on food imports from former Soviet republics, which also had become independent states with independent interests and trade policies (Lerman and Brooks 1998). Turkmenistan is the only country in Central Asia in which the post-Soviet constitution formally recognized private land ownership. The Constitution, however, only sets general principles, while the definition of ownership as well as practical implementation are left to laws, presidential decrees, and government resolutions. As a result, the actual rights of landowners in Turkmenistan are similar to those of landholders in ―lifetime inheritable possession‖ according to the Soviet Civil Code in the pre-1990 era. Although land received for private farming is classified as privately owned, it cannot be sold, given as a gift, or exchanged. In addition, if privately owned agricultural land is left uncultivated, the owners may lose their private property through administrative measures (Lerman and Brooks 1998). Prior to the adoption of the new Constitution of May 1992, all land in Turkmenistan was state-owned. Over 95% of the arable land was permanently used by 576 large-scale farms (1,500-2,500 hectares on the average) and _______________________ Readers with comments or questions are encouraged to contact the authors via email. International Business & Economics Research Journal Volume 2, Number 2 94 around 2% were allocated in lifetime inheritable possession to rural households (less than 0.2 hectare on the average). The latter produced 20% of gross agricultural product. Land reform started in 1993 with the conversion of household plots from inheritable possession into private ownership. At the same time virgin and unutilized land was transferred from the State Land Fund to private ownership and long-term leases (10-99 years, mainly 10-20 years) of individual farmers. The agrarian reform program in Turkmenistan combined the recognition of the acknowledged benefits of individual farming with the deeply rooted socialist belief in economies of scale and in the associated central control tools (for details see Lerman and Brooks (1998, 2001), Mkrytichyan et al. (2000), and O'Hara (1997)). In accordance with these principles, in 1995 the traditional collective and state farms were reorganized into 570 associations of leaseholders (daikhan berleshik, or peasant associations). Each leaseholder was allocated state-owned arable land for individual production within the umbrella of the association. Yet the government maintained state procurement orders, especially for the two strategic commodities – cotton and wheat, supplementing it with an extensive system of subsidized inputs and credits. The leaseholders received land for individual production, but no freedom of deciding what to produce. Legislation passed in 1996 facilitated the leasing of land from peasant associations to their members, and in the following year there was a dramatic shift from collective farming in the associations to member leasing. The majority of association farmland is now leased to members. After a two-year probation period, farmers may be given full ownership if the land has been used productively. By contrast, the lease may be revoked if land is not used productively. In a parallel strand of reform, Turkmenistan encouraged the establishment of so-called peasant (daikhan) farms – independent family farms operating outside associations and enjoying relative freedom from state orders. This freedom, however, had a price: the private farmers were given virgin land in the desert and were required to convert it by themselves into productive irrigated land within two years. Land quality was intended to differentiate private farmers from leaseholders, who received irrigated land within the bounds of their associations. While the conversion of former collective and state farms into leaseholder associations was a unique Turkmen procedure (with some analogies observed only in Uzbekistan), the creation of peasant farms outside traditional collectivist frameworks is a general agrarian reform strategy used in all former Soviet republics. The present article focuses on the peasant farms of Turkmenistan. It is based on the results of a survey conducted in 2000 on a sample of 143 peasant farmers in four of the five administrative regions Turkmenistan. After a general discussion of the emergence of private farming in Turkmenistan, we present a preliminary analysis of survey findings and try to answer the question posed in the title: Does land reform, as represented by the new subsector of private farms, work in Turkmenistan? Figures and tables given without an explicit source are based on original survey data. 2. Emergence of Peasant Farms in Turkmenistan The creation of private farms in Turkmenistan was enabled by legislation adopted in 1992-1996. According to the 1993 presidential decree, Turkmen citizen could apply to receive without any payment up to 50 ha of land in private ownership for individual commercial farming. This land, however, was not necessarily arable or irrigated. The presidential decree specifically stipulated that local authorities would allocate land plots for individual commercial farming from reserve lands, virgin lands, and lands not used by farm enterprises (which later became peasant associations). The new farmers were thus expected to ―open‖ virgin lands by their own efforts and using their own resources. Yet the new farmers were in the danger of losing their land if they failed to start farming commercially within two years. The stipulation was probably unrealistic, given the tremendous difficulties that individuals would face in ―opening‖ virgin lands and providing irrigation in the desert. Nevertheless, such ―opening‖ of virgin lands by private farmers since 1993 (115,000 hectares, or 0.3% of all agricultural land) accounts for part of the considerable increase in the irrigated area observed during the recent years. The hardship associated with allocation of virgin lands was partially offset by exempting peasant farmers from taxation for the first five years and making them eligible to receive credit at low interest rates much below the rate of inflation. International Business & Economics Research Journal Volume 2, Number 2 95 Of the 115,000 hectares transferred to peasant farmers as of January 2000, 90,200 hectares are in private ownership and 24,800 hectares are in long-term leases. The fastest pace of land allocation to peasant farming was observed during the first three years after the 1993 decree: 93% of land in private ownership and 59% of the land under long-term leases was allocated up to 1996. During 1996-2000, the land allocated in private ownership increased by a mere 700 hectares and the leased component increased by 8,800 hectares (Figure 1). According to land records, there were 7,066 peasant farms at the end of 1999. However, only 2,039 farms were registered with the state statistical agencies, and 1,103 provided reports about their activity. These 1,103 peasant farms are the actively producing component of the private farming sector in Turkmenistan, and the 143 peasant farms included in the survey represent 13% of the report providers. The threat of losing land if it remains uncultivated for more than two years is quite real. In total, peasant farmers have lost nearly 25 thousand hectares due to failure to meet the startup conditions. This happened because in many cases the land received from the state required significant investment due to poor quality and remote location, and not everyone had the necessary financial and technical resources for developing this land. 3. Peasant Farms in the Survey The survey provides farm-level information about resources and farming activities, as well as the demographic profile of the families of peasant farmers.


The literature describes many skills necessary for a Behavioral Therapist Professional, however little is discussed on the supervisor's training process. This article presents a study carried in a Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy course on the training of a apprentice-supervisor. She followed many cases supervision's, read the reports and participated in discussions. Then, did a search on the Behavior Analysis's literature to find what were the abilities needed for the therapist education and training, and compared
with her experience, the differences and similarities in skills and the contingencies of the behavior of each supervision group member (senior-supervisor, apprentice-supervisor and student). It was observed that the environment of group supervision may be helpful to the process of training therapists and apprentices-supervisors. However, this issue still requires more systematized researches.


A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of the Masters degree in Education at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 15th March 2016


Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)is one of the most devastating diseases affecting patients in the world.Pharmaceutical researchers are testing 109 medicines to treat HIV/AIDS as well as its related conditions and intensifying their efforts to develop preventative vaccines.Of the 109 products in development,29 are vaccines and 57 are antivirals.These drugs are either in clinical trials or await approval by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.


Central banks create money to lend during credit crunches, which might lead to inflation. We examine whether the two key functions of central banks— price stability and last-resort lending— conflict. We develop a nominal model of bank runs à la Diamond and Dybvig (1983) in which individuals can store the money they withdraw "under the mattress" or use it to buy assets. This feature allows for lending of last resort without creating inflation. Our analysis also provides a new rationale for the "Bagehot rule": High interest rates prevent inflation, rather than mitigate the risk of lending during credit crunches.


Biodiversity had multi-value,such as ecological value,social value,and economic value.Biodiversity in the Source Region of Yangtze River had an important bearing not only on local economy development and living safety of local people,but also on the sustainable development in the whole Yangtze River Valley,and perhaps on the global climate.This paper analyzed some characteristics of biodiversity in Source Region of Yangtze River,and the dircet reasons that destroy the biodiversity of this region.Finally,the author gave some advice on how to conserve biodiversity in Source Region of Yangtze River.The measures were as follows:to strengthen construction of nature Preserve in this region;to keep suitable population and to emigrate necessarily;to improve some basic producing and living conditions;to strengthen legislation and enforce the law to prohiblit strictly that the wild animals were hunted and wild plants are cut illegally;to exploit biodiversity resources while we conserve biodiversity.


In future, conventionally produced seed will not be allowed for organic farming. Therefore, effective non-chemical methods are needed to control seed-borne diseases. Five important vegetable crops (carrot, cabbage, celery, parsley, lamb´s lettuce) and their most important seed-borne pathogens (Alternaria spp., Phoma spp., Septoria spp., Peronospora valerianellae, Xanthomonas spp.) have been investigated in laboratory, model and field trials.
Hot water treatments were made at temperatures of 40 °C and 50 to 55 °C for 10 to 30 minutes, in some cases to 60 minutes. In most cases, seed health tests were conducted according to ISTA guidelines. In case of seed infestation with Septoria species and P. valerianellae, the number of spores or oospores were counted in order to assess efficacy.
Seed-borne pathogens could be reduced without significant losses of germination by hot water treatments at 50 °C for 20 to 30 minutes up to 53 °C for 10 to 30 minutes. At higher temperature, however, treatment time must be lowered to avoid reduced germination of sensitive crops.
In most cases efficacy of hot water treatments against Alternaria species (A. dauci, A. radicina, A. alternata, A. brassicicola) was high (efficacy >95%). Treatment was also very efficient against Phoma species (Ph. lingam, Ph. valerianella) (80-95%). The reduction of Ph. valerianella on the seed of lamb´s lettuce correlated in the first test year with the reduction of the disease in the field. The number of spores in the pycnidia of S. apiicola and S. petroselini was significantly reduced by hot water treatment. This correlates with the reduction in disease incidence and yield increase. The hot water treatment reduced the number of oospores of P. valerianellae in trials on weakly infected seed, but was ineffective on highly infected seed.
For Xanthomonas campestris on carrot and cabbage, laboratory trials yielded good effects at 50 °C for 30 minutes.


My Amorzito, the swimwear company which we worked during this graduation project, had needs that as we knew the brand, we apply different strategies and innovations within it. The main objective of this project was work hand in hand with a company were we could apply creative and strategic ideas and get one or more results from this implementation. Over time different ideas emerged which were managed under a previously established business concept, while lessons and new challenges raised during the working time of it. This work brings together the theories and concepts of organizational communication and digital advertising applied to a real business model.


This study aims to find out and describe the Form of Presentation of Umapos Dance in the Balantak Tribe Community in Luwuk Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on the Form of Umapos Dance Presentation in the Balantak Tribe Community in Luwuk Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi. Data are obtained through observation or observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is carried out by reducing the data and inferring the data correctly. The results showed that the form of presentation of Umapos Dance in the Balantak Tribal Community in Luwuk Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi, namely: Performers or dancers, Movements, dance accompaniment music, Floor patterns, makeup and clothing, property, and performance venues. This Umapos dance performance in ancient times was a series of Sumoili and Ummusulen dances for the repellent of danger to lower the seawater. Although these three dances are a series, they can still be performed separately or stand-alone. The later development of this dance was not only performed for rituals as well as for welcoming guests.


In the second decade of the 21st century, the tension-ridden region of Northeast Asia saw intensified exchanges regarding security between its civil societies. This article focuses on the cooperation between civil societies of three island communities – Okinawa, Jeju, and Taiwan – and Just Security concept, which emerged and evolved during "Peace for the Sea" International Peace Camps held in 2014-2016. Its main objective is to clarify how the Peace Camps participants have redefined security, what influenced their security perception, and how their vision of security differs from Traditional Security – as defined by the Realists – that is prevalent in the region.


Using Novo435 lipase as a biological catalyst,tert-butanol as an organic solvent,enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of glucose-malonates from glucose and propanedioic acid,or glucose and malic acid were studied.After the vacuum distillation and purification,the white crystal products were prepared.This product was identified qualitatively by utilizing a variety of analytical techniques,such as ESI,as well as HPLC/MS.The analysis results showed that the product was a single-ester-based mixture,containing a small amount of di-ester.In addition,the composition of degradation products were studied by CDS/GC/MS,and the functions of identified degradation were briefly discussed.An expert panel investigated the effects of the product in cigarette,the results showed when the dosage was in 5~10 μg/g,the glucose esters could improve and smooth the flavour quality of cigarette,and reduce irritancy greatly,etc.


The paper focuses on the use of simulation and modelling technologies in the design and development of prestige engineering projects. The goal of the paper is to explore how the use of these technologies may be reshaping the way engineers work and solve problems. Engineering design remains a highly uncertain activity. Mistakes are common and the costs of failure can be high. Yet the use of simulation and modelling technologies can help engineers to better understand physical properties and behaviour before they construct artefacts and systems. In doing so, such tools can help engineers to 'learn-before-doing' and to experiment with different technologies and components. Using four case studies, we examine the experiences of engineers and designers working with these new tools on high profile public projects. We find that the new tools enhance both the 'craft' and 'code' necessary for engineering problem solving. They can also promote more open, interdisciplinary and collaborative working styles.


To grasp chances and meet challenges after China join in WTO, some counter measures are to be taken: to set up competive field and order by ″Jien Ji′s way in horse race\|utilizing advantages″, meet the changes with self\|changing, launch attacks so as to defend; and form information transport industry. Some proposals may be useful in practice: ① Issue code for the transportation market on time. ② Prior to develop air network around Shanghai airport. ③ Combine potential enterprises to form huge group. ④ Divide transportation market reasonably. ⑤ Collect intelligence to strive for international project. ⑥ Construct new prot channel for Shanghai International Shopping Center. ⑦ Modernize Shanghai railway system to connect Asia and Europe. ⑧ Arranging some interstate passenger hub. ⑨ Developing modern logistics by information exchange. 10 Let enterprises guild to play mroe roles in activity.


It has repeatedly been demonstrated that regeneration of the central nervous system in lower animals can occur. In mammals any extensive regeneration has been denied. The absence of neurilemma about the central axons has been the usual reason given for their inability to re-form even though it is now considered that this sheath in the peripheral nervous system functions, not in re-forming the axonal structure, but probably in directing its direction of growth and furnishing nutrient materials. The clinical neurologist has always been interested in the possibilities of central regeneration as an explanation for the gradual resumption of function after severe destructive lesions. The improvement of the severe lesions in the cord associated with pernicious anemia under liver therapy and those of multiple sclerosis under fever therapy seems to cast doubt on the dictum that regeneration of the central nervous system is impossible. In 1926, Gerard and Koppanyi 1 published,


achieves absolute victory. ... Through a variety of triumphs and lucky accidents Latour attains complete hegemony in the philosophical world. ... When thinking of a year 2050 in which Latour has become a figure of rigid orthodoxy, [Harman] tr[ies] to imagine the various ways in which [he] would feel both happy and unhappy. What would be missing from this intellectual world? If [he were] to rebel against something in such a relative paradise, what would it be? (Harman, 2009: 121)


This paper presents a Theory of Computation study based on recursive functions computability and innovates by performing parallels to relevant themes of Cryptography. Hence, it is presented the Hennie's notion of "abstract family of algorithms" (AFA, for short) according to the authors' understanding, and also more judicious theorems demonstrations, many times completely different from those ones available in literature. The main issue is the Isomorphism Theorem which supports the Church-Turing Thesis and provides a connection between Cryptology and Linguistics. Keywords— Algorithm, Recursive functions, Church-Turing Thesis, Fixed point theorem, Recursion theorem, Isomorphism theorem.


In this study, direct synthesis and post-treatment methods were developed to prepare a series of heterogeneous catalysts using mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 as carrier to load different transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni). Besides, Al was used to improve the structure of MCM-41 and a series of Al/Fe-MCM-41 catalysts were also prepared. The composition, surface morphology and crystalline phase of the catalysts were characterized. Decolorization of an anthraquinone dye, Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R, by hydrogen peroxide was investigated to evaluate the catalytic activity of these heterogeneous catalysts. The impacts of preparation methods, types and loading amounts of transition metals on decolorization and the stability of the catalysts were investigated. The results showed that the catalysts obtained by direct synthesis had greater catalytic activity and less loss of metals. The Fe(Ⅱ) loaded catalysts had much higher catalytic activity compared to Co(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) in dye decolorization. Furthermore, the catalytic activity increased markedly with the loading amount of the transition metals. Under the conditions of 4.0 g·L-1 catalyst, 50.0 mmol·L-1 H2O2, and initial pH 2.5, over 95% of 250 mg·L-1 KN-R were decolorized within 30 min by Fe-MCM-41, and the removal of TOC was greater than 60%. The modification by Al further improved the catalytic activity, and 250 mg·L-1 were completely decolorized within 10 min by Fe/Al composite loaded catalyst when Al/Si ratio was 0.21 and the loading amount of Fe was 23.6 mg·g-1. After 3 times of running, the catalysts maintained good dye decolorization performance, but the catalytic activity decreased in further use.


Marmots belong to Order Rodentia and Family Scuridae. Fourteen species
of marmots are reported from northern hemisphere of the world, living in alpine
meadows which have long, harsh winter season. Two species of marmots have
been reported from Pakistan, Marmota caudata and Marmota himalayana.
Marmots are prey species for carnivores of alpine region, a good nutrient recycler
and primary consumer converting biomass to energy. Marmots are least studied
animals in Pakistan and knowledge gap about its ecology exists all over its range in
the country including Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K). Present study was
conducted from June 2011 to November 2013 in district Neelum of AJ&K, located
at 34°. 28 to 34°.48 N and 73°. 44 to 74°. 58 E, covering an area of 3621 km2.
Objectives of the study were to identify the species of Genus Marmota from district
Neelum; to determine its distribution range in the study area, to collect
demographic data of Marmota spp. along with its population density and to analyze
diet composition and food availability of Marmota spp. in the study area.
For data collection on distribution and population of marmots, 10 study
Sites (Baboon, Bloar Kassi, Commu, Mianwich, Janwai, Lawat Patlian, Noori Nar,
Seen Gull, Shakar Garh, Shounter) were selected in the study area, based on the
information collected from Department of Wildlife and Fisheries AJ&K, local
residents and nomads in the area. Animals were live captured using body snares to
collect blood samples for DNA analysis, to gather morphometric data and to
determine their over winter survival rate. Data about its distribution was collected
through line transect surveys. Demographic data was collected from the animals
captured during two consecutive years i.e. 2011 and 2012. Data on animals captured
during two consecutive years (2011 and 2012) were used to gain basic insights about
overwinter survival and reproduction. To estimate density of marmots, we relied on
distance sampling. Data were analyzed using program SPSS 16.0. ANOVA was
used to compare the means of morphometric measurements. Student's t test was
used to analyze data and Duncan's multiple range test (MRT) was used to analyze
food preference of marmots. Dissimilarity coefficient was calculated to assess food
preference of marmots. BatchPrimer3 V 1.0 was used to design the primers while
Chromas lite, MEGA 5 and UGENE software were used to align and analyze the
Sequences. Distance 6.0 software was used to analyze the data of distance
sampling.
Morphometric data and DNA sequencing results suggested that marmot
species existing in district Neelum was a variant of golden marmot (Marmota
caudata aurea). The patchy distribution of the species was recorded form alpine
zone of district Neelum within the altitudinal range of 3120 m to 3884 m asl. A
total of 551 animals were recorded from the study sites having population density
of 0.102 ha-1 from Baboon, 0.472 ha-1 from Bloar Kassi, 0.319 ha-1 from Janwai,
0.328 ha-1from Lawat Patlian, 0.473 ha-1from Noori Nar, 0.152 ha-1 from Shakar
Garh and 0.224 ha-1 from Shounter. Morphometric measurements of 50 adult
golden marmots (male, n= 33 and female, n= 17) revealed total length of adult
males ( =74.87; P=0.559) and females from 73.0-77.83 ( = 76.47 cm), showing
non-significant difference (P = 0.536 = 74.87). Body mass ranged from 4.3 to 6.6
kg for both sexes and females ( = 5.67 kg) have no significant difference from
males ( = 5.57 kg; P = 0.559). Distance between anus and genitalia for males
were significantly additional ( = 2.35 ± 0.62 more cm) than females ( = 1.15 ±
0.40 cm; P< 0.001) while the distance of anus and genitalia was non-significant
between sub-adult males and females. Average body temperature of captured
animals were significantly higher for males ( = 100.78°F) than females (99.47°F;
P< 0.018). Over winter survival rate for marmot population before hibernation
from Shounter (n = 26.66) and Noori Nar (n = 22.5) has non-significant change
than post hibernation from Shounter (n = 24) and Noori Nar (n = 25). Average
social group size of golden marmots was recorded as 2.8 animals. Immergence of
marmots at Noori Nar was on 15th, 8th and 13th October during the years 2011, 2012
and 2013, respectively. At Shounter during years 2011-2013 emergence was 7th, 9th
and 13th May while immergence for hibernation was 24th, 20th and 18th October,
respectively. Hibernation period for the marmots was recorded as seven months on
average.
Diet composition analysis suggested that Golden marmot prefers some
plants over the others for food. From Noori Nar, Ligularia sibirica (RD = 3.82),
Sibbaldia cuneata (RD = 44.47) and Dactylis glomerata (RD = 2.89) were highly
preferred plants based on Relative Density, while Ligularia sibirica (RF = 3.69),
Sibbaldia cuneata (RF = 3.97), and Dactylis glomerata (RF = 3.15) were preferred
plants on the base of Relative Frequency. Highest consumption of Primula
calderiana (RF = 2.72) was recorded on the basis of RD, whereas Doronicum
roylei (RF = 2.99) was the most preferred species on the basis of RF. Lowest
preference was recorded for Dactylis glomerata (RF = 2.12) and Sisymbrium
mollissimum (RF = 3.97) from Shounter. Findings of this study would help
ecologists, field biologists and wildlife managers for the conservation of Marmot
species in the region, supporting its role as food source for threatened Snow
leopard and other carnivore species found there. A long term study to understand
population trend, threats and impact of global warming on this species is suggested.


G protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is a G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) that is attracting considerable attention in breast cancer and cardiometabolic regulation. Following reports that GPR30 is required for some rapid estrogen responses, e.g. increased cAMP production and ERK1/2 activity, in estrogen receptor (ER)‐negative cells, GPR30 was renamed G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). However, many questions remain about the identity of the cognate receptor ligand, receptor‐effector coupling, and receptor membrane trafficking. To address the mechanism by which human GPR30 activates ERK1/2, we used HEK293 cells with and without ectopic expression of GPR30. Specifically, we investigated the role of the type I PSD‐95/Discs‐large/ZO‐1 homology (PDZ) motif at the receptor C terminus (‐SSAV) and three consensus sites for N glycosylation (N‐X‐S/T) in the receptor N‐terminal domain (N25, N32, N44). We found previously that the C‐terminal PDZ motif enables the receptor to interact with SAP97 and protein kinase A (PKA)‐anchoring protein (AKAP) 5, and this interaction is necessary for retaining the receptor in the plasma membrane and mediating a constitutive decrease in cAMP production that is not inhibited by pertussis toxin, thus independent of Gi/o. Here, we found that the receptor also constitutively increases ERK1/2 activity. Interestingly, this increase was inhibited by PTX as well as by wortmannin, but not by AG1478, indicating it is mediated by Gi/o and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) but not epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. Deleting the receptor PDZ motif or knocking down AKAP5 also inhibited the increase, showing that the PDZ interaction is also necessary for this response. Interestingly, the proposed GPR30 agonist G‐1 increased ERK1/2 activity in a GPR30‐dependent manner, but this increase was only observed at very low levels of receptor expression below that required for the constitutive increase. Furthermore, deleting the PDZ motif, which completely inhibited the constitutive increase in ERK1/2 activity, did not inhibit the G‐1‐stimulated increase. Mutating the potential N‐glycosylation residues N25 or N32 to I in the GPR30 N‐terminal domain did not prevent receptor plasma membrane expression or ERK1/2 activation. On the other hand, mutating N44 to I completely prevented both plasma membrane expression and ERK1/2 activation, and caused receptor degradation. Thus, the PDZ‐dependent receptor interaction with SAP97 and AKAP5, and therefore plasma membrane retention, is necessary for constitutive GPR30‐mediated stimulation of ERK1/2 activation, whereas G‐1‐stimulated ERK1/2 activation may remain following constitutive internalization. On the other hand, N‐glycosylation of N44 appears to be necessary for maturation of the receptor to the plasma membrane.


Abstract The quantity and quality of the information obtained from modern reservoir characterization techniques is still not sufficient to perfectly represent the reservoir. Therefore, reservoir models must be calibrated in order to provide a more reliable production forecast. This process is called production history matching. History matching is one of the most time-consuming tasks of a reservoir study due to the complexity of the process, multiple acceptable solutions, and demand for specialist knowledge. Many times this task is still based on a trial and error procedure, which is normally very inefficient because it involves a large number of cycles. This paper shows that it is possible to integrate the experience of the professionals involved in the process with some automatic techniques to accelerate the process and to obtain better solutions. This process is called Assisted History Matching. The use of streamline simulation as a complementary technique is applied to allow a better understanding of fluid flow behavior on the reservoir, mapping heterogeneities location, and then choosing adequate geological parameters, such as permeability and porosity, according to the identified flow patterns. Reservoir parameters are modified along blocks mapped by the streamlines. Automatic procedures are then applied along with parallel computing to find the best combination of the selected parameters. The methodology was applied to a complex real field where satisfactory results were obtained.


Objective To review the status and controversy on skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for breast cancer. Methods The pertinent literatures about SSM published recently to comprehend its relevant techniques and improvements in comparison with non-skin-sparing mastectomy (NSSM) were analyzed and also the safety of SSM by analyzing the relationships between SSM and ductal carcinoma in situ, restrict nipple-areola complex reservation, and postmastectomy radiotherapy were discussed. Results Skin-sparing mastectomy combined with immediate breast reconstruction is a safe operative modality for T1/T2 tumor without skin adhesion, multicentric tumors, and ductal carcinoma in situ. What is more, it does not defer adjuvant therapy. However, it may be prudent to reserve the nipple-areola complex only for peripherally located T1/T2 tumors and some other less serious invasion degree. Since the effect of SSM and immediate breast reconstruction on postmastectomy radiotherapy is confusing, there are still controversies on whether the patients who have already been operated should take radiotherapy. Conclusion SSM is a safe operative modality for selected patients with breast cancer, and delayed reconstruction may be a good choice for patients who would take postmastectomy radiotherapy.


Climate change poses a critical challenge to farmers, as extreme weather patterns increase both the likelihood of crop destruction due to drought or flooding, and variability in output levels. Researchers partnered with CGIAR's International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to evaluate the impact of a flood-resistant rice variety on fertilizer use and crop yield in India. During floods, the flood tolerant seeds had a clear advantage over the traditional seeds. In nonflooded areas, there was no significant difference in yields between flood-resistant and traditional seeds, suggesting that there was no yield penalty in non-flood years to farmers who switched to the new seed technology.


An X-ray microcalorimeter that consists of an x-ray absorber to transfer the incident photon energy to the temperature rise, a temperature sensor to detect the temperature change and suspending beams for thermal isolation from the substrate have been fabricated. Titanium/Gold thin film transition edge sensor (TES) is used as the temperature sensor. We fabricated and tested the first prototype in the previous study and obtained the transition temperature of 0.52 K, energy resolution of 550 eV (FWHM) for 6 keV radiation. These values were smaller than that of expected. We applied a Sn absorber and redesigned the microstructure of the x-ray microcalorimeter. Consequently, we have obtained 158 eV at 5.9 keV radiation of the energy resolution, which is about 4 times higher than that of the first prototype. This value is nearly equal to the conventional X-ray CCD. The highest energy resolution of the x-ray microcalorimeter of our design is estimated to approximately 5 eV at the operating point of 0.2 K. To realize such a good energy resolution calorimeter array, we are going to improve the sensitivity of the TES by optimizing the process condition. A Sn absorber formed by electroplating is also under evaluating simultaneously. It is necessary to fabricate uniform array structures.


This paper introduces a new class of contraction: the almost local contractions. Then, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a fixed-point for local almost contractions in two cases: with constant and variable coefficients of contraction. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H10; 54H25


Analysis procedure of a cork stopper to determine the presence of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. Procedure comprising the following successive steps: - introduction of the cork stopper into a container (11), - airtight closure of said container (11), - heating of the container (11) containing the cork stopper under conditions that allow vaporization of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole possibly present in said cap, - taking a gaseous sample of the atmosphere surrounding said cork stopper in said container (11), - and analyzing said gaseous sample to determine the presence of 2, 4,6-trichloroanisole.


A general definition is proposed for the margin of victory of an election contest. That definition is applied to Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) and several estimates for the IRV margin of victory are described: two upper bounds and two lower bounds. Given round-by-round vote totals, the time complexity for calculating these bounds does not exceed O(C2 log C), where C is the number of candidates. It is also shown that calculating the larger and more useful of the two lower bounds can be viewed, in part, as solving a longest path problem on a weighted, directed, acyclic graph.

Worst-case analysis shows that neither these estimates, nor any estimates based only on tabulation round-by-round vote totals, are guaranteed to be within a constant factor of the margin of victory. These estimates are calculated for IRV elections in Australia and California. Pseudo code for calculating these estimates is provided.


Access graphs 219 Accountability 517 Activities 665 Actors 333 Ad valorem property taxes 555 Adaptive rational planning 835 Administrative luxury 763 Affordability 593 African bazaar 727 Algebras of design 45 Algebras of points 59 Algorithms genetic 893 GIS-based 455 Alien structures 909 Allocation of project funding 909 Alternative development scenarios 393 Alternative subareas 711 Analysis 321 content 573 land suitability 393 small-area 855 spatial 365 urban 855 Animation 281 Answerability 15, 477 Anthyphairetic procedures 91, 447 Architectonics 91, 447 Architects' relationships with building users 409 Architects' understanding 409 Architectural firms 409 Architectural practices 409 ArcView 345, 381 Art museum 241 Assessment framework 117 Atomic polyhedral cell 265


Current decision making methods ignore the mutual-impact among the criteria,which causes the inconsistence with the reality.To overcome this drawback,a new approach of multi-criteria decision making based on Vague integral was given.The new approach used Vague measure to measure the importance of the criteria,and used Vague integral to obtain the overall evaluation of the alternative,and then got the optimal alternative based on the evaluation.Finally,a practical example was provided to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of the new approach.


A consistent general definition of diabatic representations has not previously been given, even though many practical examples of such representations have been constructed for specific problems. Such a definition is provided in this paper. Beginning with a classical trajectory formulation, we describe the form and behavior of velocity‐dependent couplings in slow collisions, including the effects of electron‐translation factors (ETF's). We compare the couplings arising from atomic representations and atomic ETF's with those arising from molecular representations and ''switching function'' ETF's. We show that a unique set of switching functions makes the two descriptions identical in their effects. We then show that an acceptable general definition of a diabatic representation is provided by the condition P+A=0, where P is the usual nonadiabatic coupling matrix and A represents corrections to it arising from electron translation factors (ETF's). Two distinct types of diabatic representation result, dependi...


This abstract is devoted to development of method for rapid detection of the DNA-containing viral pathogens of pig in clinical materials using conventional multiplex PCR platform


The measures of cultivating teaching skills in zoological experiments are put forward by the analysis of the basic experimental skills in it.Better teaching effects can be achieved by increasing experimental units,reforming the contents,improving the methods and the assessment as well as stimulating students' interest in experiments to master the skills and to develop their innovation capacity in research.


In Leibniz, in Whitehead, there are only events. What Leibniz calls predicate is nothing to do with an attribute, but an event, "crossing the Rubicon." So they have to completely recast the notion of a subject: what becomes of the subject, if predicates are events? It's like a baroque emblem. (Gilles Deleuze) The [Swiss] Confederacy presented a deep political ambiguity, a union of urban oligarchs and peasant producers, all of whom collectively ruled over yet other subjects, which mirrored the tension between the [South German] cities' own oligarchical present and communal past. If there is indeed "an unbroken progressive line" between the communal burghers of this age and the bourgeoisies of a later one, it runs through deep shadows of ambiguity and tension, which flowed from securing the liberties of some through the subjection of others…More and more, the bigger folk in the cities made their livings from the vast web of market relations…and made their peace with the early modern state. (Thomas Brady)


The water power potential of surface watercourses in Dinaric karst areas, spreading in a wide belt along Croatian coast, has for the most part already been put to practical use. However, water power benefits of a significant quantity of water accumulated in the karst underground of this vast area have not so far been adequately exploited. Based on extensive research, the design has been prepared for the Ombla hydropower plant whose specific feature is that all its structures are buried underground, while the water would come from an underground water storage, to be created by construction of an underground dam.


The proliferation of sequence-based diagnosis and corresponding processing of sequence output by non-disease experts necessitates the collection and reliable annotation of potentially pathogenic va...


Several colour illusions with strong effects are classified within this review. They include colour constancy, colour illusion of assimilation and contrast, visual completion, visual scission, and colour induction by motion.


One night about fifteen years ago, I found myself driving a rental car up and down the main street of a tiny Connecticut town, feverishly hunting for an address. I had gotten lost on my trip into the hinterland, and by the time my car turned hesitantly up the drive of an old house that seemed to match the numbers on my notepad, I was hours late for my appointment. When the thick door creaked open, I started my apologies, but the woman I had come to interview paid no attention. "Come out to the kitchen," she said. Muriel Hall, former researcher for Time-Life, knew how to treat other researchers. She had kept the food warm and the drinks cold, and before the night was over, I saw her lift the top of an old wooden box and start laying out the treasure I had hoped to find-the papers of Isabel Paterson.


A convenient synthetic approach to a novel 2,2-diphenyl-2H-chromene derivative is developed starting from vanillin or acetovanillone. The photochromic properties of the resulting chromene are studied. The kinetic characteristics of this compound show its potential for the design of new efficient DNA intercalators.


This study reports on the integration of the European J2K-S model (a component-based system for fully distributed simulation of water balance and N dynamics in large watersheds) under the Object Modeling System 3 (OMS3) environmental modeling framework and subsequent evaluation of OMS3/J2K-S performance on the Cedar Creek Watershed (CCW) in northeastern Indiana, USA. Uncalibrated model performance for daily and monthly stream flow response was assessed using NashSutcliffe model efficiency (ENS) and percent bias (PBIAS) model evaluation coefficients. Simulations for nitrogen (N) loadings to Cedar Creek were also performed; however, the OMS3/J2K-S N dynamics sub-model is still undergoing testing so a formal statistical evaluation of this component was not performed. Comparisons of daily and average monthly simulated and observed stream flows for the 1997-2005 simulation period resulted in PBIAS and ENS coefficients ranging from -18.6% to -8.6% for PBIAS and 0.46 to 0.68 for ENS. These values were similar or better than others reported in the literature for uncalibrated stream flow predictions at the watershed scale. The results show that the prototype OMS3/J2K-S watershed model was able to reproduce the hydrological characteristics of the CCW with sufficient quality, and should serve as a foundation on which to better quantify water quality (e.g., N dynamics) at the watershed scale.


eralization by weight-elimination with application to forecasting. A statistical approach to learning and generalization in layered neural networks. [OH91] M. Opper and D. Haussler. Generalised performance of Bayes optimal classi-cation algorithm for learning a perceptron. [EJM90] A. El-Jaroudi and J. Makhoul. A new error criterion for posterior probability estimation with neural nets. [Hau91] D. Haussler. A decision theoretic generalization of the PAC learning model and its application to some feed-forward neural networks. [HP90] J.B. Hampshire II and B.A. Pearlmutter. Equivalence proofs for multi-layer perceptron classiers and the Bayesian discrimination function. [Ish90] M. Ishikawa. A structural learning algorithm with forgetting of link weights. 31 Once some local minima have been found, inference can be done on new patterns. Relevant approximate predictions are described in Section 7.2 that apply if the weight variances are small. Standard inference does forward propagation of the inputs for the new pattern to obtain the output. The adjustments described involve approximation of output posterior variance of the output (error bars), better approximation of expected output and variance, and averaging over multiple local minima. These adjustments to the standard back-propagation procedure increase computation during back-propagation in most cases by at most a factor. Subsequent inference such as calculating variances require matrix calculations that can be done using fast standard matrix packages. While these methods come with the normative backing of Bayesian statistics, implementation often reveals lessons on how the various approximations and optimizations could be better made. One important issue here is the quality of the Gaussian approximation to the posterior of the weights. Since the whole approach rests on this, more evaluation and experience is required. A smooth transition also needs to be developed between Bayesian and uniform convergence methods to handle those cases where training samples become larger.


The present invention relates to multi-arm star macromolecules which are used as thickening agents or rheology modifiers, including use in hydraulic fracturing fluid compositions. In one aspect of the invention, a star macromolecule is capable of thickening via a dual mechanism comprising (1) self-assembly of the hydrophobic polymerized segments of the star macromolecules via hydrophobic interactions or associations, and (2) association, reaction, or combination of the hydroxyl-containing polymerized segments of one or more of the star macromolecules.


The invention provides a multifunctional water-lubricated thrust bearing system testing platform which comprises the components of a motor transmission unit I, a bearing housing unit II, a testing platform main component unit III, an axial force application testing unit IV, a comprehensive control unit V and a water supply unit VI. The comprehensive control unit is electrically connected with the motor transmission unit I, the bearing housing unit II, the testing platform main component unit III, the axial force application testing unit IV and the water supply unit VI, thereby controlling motor rotating speed, system temperature, system flow, thickness of a thrust bearing water film and pressure, applying and monitoring an axial force. The multifunctional water-lubricated thrust bearing system testing platform can perform test analysis on waterpower performance in a manner that a thrust disc in a thrust bearing system is used as an auxiliary impeller. The multifunctional water-lubricated thrust bearing system testing platform can realize test analysis of dynamic pressure lubrication performance of the water-lubricated thrust bearing in multiple working conditions, wherein the test analysis comprises simulating of working conditions of different pressures, different temperatures, different flows, different rotating speeds and different loads. Furthermore the multifunctional water-lubricated thrust bearing system testing platform realizes total-range coverage on key parameters in thrust bearing measurement.


Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator of inflammation. However, whether and how PGE2 regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism remains unknown. We found that expression of the PGE2 receptor, E prostanoid receptor 3 (EP3) expression is remarkably increased in hepatocytes in response to hyperlipidemic stress. Hepatocyte‐specific deletion of EP3 receptor (EP3hep–/–) results in hypercholesterolemia and augments diet‐induced atherosclerosis in low‐density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr–/–) mice. Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is down‐regulated in livers of EP3hep–/–Ldlr−/− mice, leading to suppressed hepatic bile acid (BA) biosynthesis. Mechanistically, hepatic‐EP3 deficiency suppresses CYP7A1 expression by elevating protein kinase A (PKA)‐dependent Ser143 phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear receptor 4α (HNF4α). Disruption of the PKA‐HNF4α interaction and BA sequestration rescue impaired BA excretion and ameliorated atherosclerosis in EP3hep–/–Ldlr−/− mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated an unexpected role of proinflammatory mediator PGE2 in improving hepatic cholesterol metabolism through activation of the EP3‐mediated PKA/HNF4α/CYP7A1 pathway, indicating that inhibition of this pathway may be a novel therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. (Hepatology 2017;65:999‐1014)


Nowadays, security is defi ned in a variety of ways, both in Polish science and in legal doctrine. The term 'security' also collocates with a large group of adjectives, an example of which can be the classic division into external and internal security, state security or national security. In the past, security considerations mainly focused on the causes of war and determinants of peace, and also on the causes of violence. This has been the case since as early as antiquity – for philosophers, politicians and historians have always been interested in fi ghting between families and tribes, or wars between empires or nations 2. One can even be tempted to state that the evolution of security began with the rise of humanity. Originally, any threat to security was seen as a manifestation of the will of the gods, their anger or punishment for wrongdoing. With the development of critical thinking, people began to search for causes of security threats in other people or in other nations. One of the results of this reasoning was the recognition of security threats in the


To address the need for critical research, and to target access to the wide range of resources in the field of online assessment practices in higher education now published on the Internet itself, a research project has recently commenced at Southern Cross University. This project aims to improve the online assessment practices of academic staff through reflective practice and action research. An accompanying website is under development to provide a directory of resources including examples of the practices and theories pertaining to assessment online, as well as links to published literature. The poster presentation will provide access to this resource directory and seek exchange of views and information by way of dialogue and survey.


Hijab (veil) is one of the most important cultural and social symbols of Iranian and Islamic civilization that is considered as a manifestation of character and national and group identity that is formed during socialization process. Meanwhile, the mass media play a crucial role in socialization undoubtedly. Given the role of TV in promoting the culture of hijab and bad ¬ display of unveiling, especially through show programs, the research objective is to study TV series from perspective of considering the hijab in attendance strangers. Due to the compulsory wearing of hijab in Iranian TV series, however, this cannot have a good influence on the hijab, there should be paid more attention and sensitivity to the issue of the hijab beyond the mandatory rules of the IRIB. For this study, content analysis method was used. Given the type of study and its objectives, there were selected the most watched series from channels 1, 2 and 3 using multistage sampling. One of the most interesting results of this study is that the hijab has not paid attention to dealing with aliens among characters that can be considered as a model among different groups of people, especially young people, which it was 95% for the published series in 2012.


Research on adult students' the mathematical identity work has not been explored so much. In this study I try to understand four prospective adult class teachers' identity works on the basis of their learning diaries during a mathematics education course (6 ECTS). These four prospective class teachers' reported they had negative experiences of mathematics during their school years but later in their lives the views towards mathematics had changed to a positive direction. However, the identity work during the mathematics education course revealed that life experiences had not changed the most fundamental views towards mathematics, mathematics learning and teaching. During the mathematics education course, they began a healing re-building process of their mathematical views which gave them a better understanding to what learning and teaching goals to pursue in future.


Objective To investigate the anticoagultive effectiveness and specialty of sodium citrate comparing with hep- arin in continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF).Methods 50 multiple organ disorder patients undergoing CWHDF were randomly divided into two groups:group A(sodium citrate)27 cases,group B(heparin)23 cases,blood e- lectrolyte,acid-alkali degree,cruor index changes,the blood coagulation of tube path way and blood filter were recor- ded.As the same time,side effects were observed in theraphy.Results The patients of two groups were kept stable vital signs,serum electrolyte and blood gas markers during the therapeutic periods.Moreover,ideal serum creatinine and urea clearance rate and uhrafiltration rate were obtained in all patients.The coagulation and longevity of blood filter of Group A are better than Group B,Group A without sigaificantly prolonged cruor index inside body,the dosage of calcium gluco- nate in Group A are greater than Group B.Conclusion Out body anticongulation of sodium citrate is more effective and reliable than regular heparin anticoagulation.


The denotation and connotation of song dubbing and song translation are not defined clearly in translation circle.The author of the present paper holds that the former is a specialized term whereas the latter is a general expression.The connotation of song dubbing is that it translates the words of a song from one language into another while still preserving the original tune.


The present invention discloses a mulberry wine and brewing method. The present invention follows the existing wine theory, based on the fermentation, after long-term exploration and innovation, worked out a unique mulberry wine brewing method. After adding crushed mulberry pectinase enzyme, performed after fermentation with fruit 10 ~ 18 ℃ low immersed 36 hours, the fermentation temperature was controlled at 20 ~ 25 ℃, after separation of the press, and then by aging temperature storage, clearing treatment, freezing , by cold filtration, sterile filtration finished products mulberry wine. The present invention is the use of low-temperature impregnation, fermented pulp, more fully immersed in the mulberry fruit polyphenols and nutrients in the fermentation. Brewed mulberry wine fruity flavor elegant, full-bodied, unique style, typical strong.


The Roman conquest of Britain had a significant impact in post-Roman times. After the Renaissance, the tale of the valiant freedom fighter Boudica was used to reflect upon Queen Elizabeth I's resistance in the face of a Spanish invasion. Hadrian's Wall, known as 'Picts' Wall', served to cast a reflection on the attempts of King James I to unify Scotland and England into a single kingdom. A counternarrative to the resistance of Boudica was provided by the idea that the Romans had brought 'civilization' to southern Britain, a popular idea during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the modern world, conflicting ideas of the value of the Roman invasion continue. In Monty Python's Life of Brian, Rome is seen to have been a primarily positive influence. ('What the Romans did for us'.) Large numbers of people visit Roman monuments across Britain today. A more critical narrative which views the Roman Empire as an evil and dictatorial regime is popular with some, including those who drew Boudica's uprising as an ancient parallel with Theresa May and Boris Johnson's attempts to extricate Britain from the European Union. The events of Roman rule continue to cast light on political and military actions in the present.


PURPOSE: A toothbrush with a tongue cleaner is provided to allow a user to brush teeth and to clean tongue, more particularly to remove fur on the inner part of the tongue. CONSTITUTION: The toothbrush includes a handle(10); a head(20); brushes(22) on the head(20); an upper tongue cleaner(30); and a lower tongue cleaner. The upper tongue cleaner(30) has the same width with the handle(10), and the lower tongue cleaner is formed at the rear surface of the upper tongue cleaner(30). Also, the upper tongue cleaner(30) has an upper projection(32) in a parabolic shape, a cleaning surface extended from the top end of the upper projection(32) to the bottom surface of the handle(10); and guides(36,36') formed at both ends of the upper projection(32) to ensure that the fur on the tongue is not dropped out. A groove(38) is additionally formed in the direction from the bottom surface of the handle(10) to the cleaning surface.


PurposeIn responding to competitors' strategic choices, firms must choose whether to allocate their customer relationship management (CRM) resources primarily to retaining existing customers or to acquiring new customers. To address this critical but understudied question, the authors examine the strategic choices of two competing firms between retention- and acquisition-focused strategies in consideration of switching costs, technological advancement level, and market share.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop and analyze a game-theoretic model to investigate the strategic choices of two competing firms between retention- and acquisition-focused strategies.FindingsWhen switching costs are high, findings show that when the degree of technological advancement is high (low), both firms should employ acquisition-focused (retention-focused) strategies to maximize their profits. When switching costs are low and there are a low degree of technological advancement and asymmetric market shares, the firms choose retention-focused strategies in equilibrium, but only the firm with the higher market share can maximize its profit. When switching costs are low, technological advancement levels are high, and the market shares are asymmetric, the firm with the higher market share chooses a retention-focused CRM strategy, while the rival with lower market share adopts an acquisition-focused strategy in equilibrium. However, neither firm can maximize its profits.Originality/valuePrior research focused on a single firm's price discrimination decision without considering a competitor's strategic choice. To address this research gap, the authors examine where firms should assign their CRM resources (retention vs. acquisition) in response to a competitor's CRM strategy. This study provides guidance for optimal decision-making regarding a firm's CRM resource allocation in a duopoly market.


the unwillingness of some patients to continue for long periods on psychotropic medication and the unwillingness of medical practitioners to prescribe it in patients who have expressed suicidal ideas, or have not previously responded well to medication. The main thrust of the CT is problem orientated, and treatment itself is an active, moderately directive, time-limited, structured approach set in the present in which the patient and therapist work in colla boration to relieve the patient's symptoms.3-4


Context. Turbulent diffusion of large-scale flows and magnetic fields play major roles in many astrophysical systems such as stellar convection zones and accretion disks. Aims. Our goal is to compute turbulent viscosity and magnetic diffusivity, relevant for diffusing large-scale flows and magnetic fields, respectively, and their ratio, the turbulent magnetic Prandtl number, Pmt, for isotropically forced homogeneous turbulence. Methods. We use simulations of forced turbulence in fully periodic cubes composed of isothermal gas with an imposed large-scale sinusoidal shear flow. Turbulent viscosity is computed either from the resulting Reynolds stress or from the decay rate of the largescale flow. Turbulent magnetic diffusivity is computed using the test-field method for a microphysical magnetic Prandtl number of unity. The scale dependence of the coefficients is studied by varying the wavenumber of the imposed sinusoidal shear and test fields. Results. We find that turbulent viscosity and magnetic diffusivity are in general of the same order of magnitude. Furthermore, the turbulent viscosity depends on the fluid Reynolds number (Re) and scale separation ratio of turbulence. The scale dependence of the turbulent viscosity is found to be well approximated by a Lorentzian. These results are similar to those obtained earlier for the turbulent magnetic diffusivity. The results for the turbulent transport coefficients appear to converge at sufficiently high values of Re and the scale separation ratio. However, a weak trend is found even at the largest values of Re, suggesting that the turbulence is not in the fully developed regime. The turbulent magnetic Prandtl number converges to a value that is slightly below unity for large Re whereas for small Re, we find values between 0.5 and 0.6, although the data is insufficient to draw conclusions regarding asymptotics. Conclusions. The turbulent magnetic diffusivity is in general consistently higher than the turbulent viscosity which is in qualitative agreement with analytic theories. However, the actual value of Pmt found from the simulations (≈ 0.9 . . . 0.95) at large Re and scale separation ratio is higher than any of the analytic predictions that range between 0.4 and 0.8.


The training of lay people is still a pertinent topic in Africa today 20 years after the publication of Ecclesia in Africa. The author of this article offers a reflection on the permanent continuing training of lay people in West Africa, particularly the intellectuals, and proposes a pedagogical approach based on them. The approach is through the self-development of an African laity as an alternative and more effective method of training for the intellectual laity of the 21st century in the context of the «New Evangelisation». What can be done to give them effective training? Two methods of research are used to verify two hypotheses, namely documentary research and an empirical enquiry. Lay African intellectuals can all develop themselves through reading religious texts. That calls for personal and community commitments. In view of the literary richness of the many publications in the Church and in the FSC Institute, and of the modern means of communication and access to information, this self-development has become easier for all Lasallians, Brothers and Lay people


This paper sets out an analysis on the evolution, present and potential future of computer-aided design (CAD) in construction, from the point of view of the user. The analysis includes the CAD beginnings in the 1960's and 1970's, and also the introduction of solid modelling, parametric systems and other progress in the 1980's and 1990's. Then, the essential characteristics of current software are analysed, also including its connection with other issues as computeraided engineering and manufacturing (CAE / CAM), or virtual reality (VR). The paper also includes a summary of the specific features of the main commercial software packages to help architects and engineers in conceiving and defining the process (industrial or other types of processes); establishing the plant or building layout; preparing the conceptual, basic and detailed design; and simulating the on-site construction processes. The main characteristics of some software packages developed internally by some of the world's most important engineering companies are also summed up. Finally, taking into account the current trends and the present needs of the construction sector, the main future challenges of CAD in this sector are summarised.


cis-Benzo(3,4)cyclobuta(1,2-c)pyrrole derivatives (I) are new. cis-Benzo(3,4)cyclobuta(1,2-c)pyrrole derivatives of formula (I) and their isomers and salts are new. R1 - R3 = H, halogen, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, OH, 1-6C alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl(1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl(1-6C)alkyl, aryloxy, aryl(1-6C)alkoxy, 1-6C trihaloalkyl, 1-6C trihaloalkoxy,CN, NO2, OSO2Me, OSO2CF3, NR6R7 or COOR6; or two adjacent R1 - R3 groups = 4-8C optionally saturated ring in which 1-2 C atoms can be replaced by O, N and/or S; R6, R7 = H, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl(1-6C)alkyl, aryl or aryl(1-6C)alkyl; R4 = H, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl(1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl(1-6C)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl(1-6C)alkyl; R5 = aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted by halogen, OH, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, 2-6C alkenyl, cycloalkyl, adamantyl, cycloalkyl(1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl(1-6C)alkyl, aryloxy, aryl(1-6C)alkoxy, 1-6C trihaloalkyl, CN, NO2, oxo, OSO2Me, OSO2CF3, NR6R7 or COOR6; n = 1 - 3; cycloalkyl = a 3-8C mono- or bicyclic optionally saturated ring system optionally substituted by halogen and/or 1-6C alkyl; heterocycloalkyl = cycloalkyl as defined in which the ring system contains 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N and S; aryl = phenyl, naphthyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl or indanyl; heteroaryl = aryl as defined containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N and S. An Independent claim is also included for a process for preparing (I).


This article brings forward a new teaching pattern to overcome old teaching disadvantages through the experiment of cooperative learning in mathematical teaching.


Planners and activists are identifying ways to promote equitable adaptation that counter climate injustice. This article explores how this progressive turn in adaptation compares with past progressive movements. I argue urban progressive politics have cyclical tendencies toward liberalism and radicalism, and that the evolution of planning for climate adaptation mirrors these waves. I review 10 recent guidance documents that recommend strategies for enhancing racially just adaptation. I then assess how these recommendations advance the three pillars of progressive reforms: redistribution, expansion of democracy, and structural reform. I find that proposed strategies for racially just resilience are a welcome advance from mainstream, unjust resilience planning. However, history suggests that the focus on procedural justice for oppressed communities seen in recent discourse may limit their scope and durability. I conclude with suggestions for areas where climate activists and scholars can expand given emerging political space for ambitious thinking under a Green New Deal.


Subway is an area with high population concentration. Once there is a fire,it' s more likely to cause casualties and property losses. So we should evaluate the subway fire risk immediately. The paper analyzes quantitatively the subway fire risk by establishing a fault tree model of the main risk factors causing subway fires and using fuzzy fault tree analysis method. It obtains the probability of the subway fire accident,works out the probability importance degree and critical importance degree of fault tree' s bottom events,and sorts the importance degrees. These above can provide measures to control effectively the subway fire risk and ensure the operation safety of subway system.


abstract BACKGROUND: Screen time, especially television viewing, is associated with risk of overweight and obesity in children. Although several interventions have been developed to reduce children's screen time, no systematic review of these interventions exists to date.


The CMS experiment at the LHC features over 2'500 devices that need constant monitoring in order to ensure proper data taking. The monitoring solution has been migrated from Nagios to Icinga, with several useful plugins. The motivations behind the migration and the selection of the plugins are discussed.


The present invention relates to a conductive material and the removal of the ground layer as well as to prevent damage caused by static electricity flowing into the touch key configured ground pattern portion touch key, static electricity discharge device including a touch key, to this end, the touch sensing unit and in the electrostatic discharge apparatus for a touch key that is composed of a connector to be extended to an end of the touch sensing unit, the touch is provided to the sensing unit, and at least one ground pattern portion formed on a static funnel of the touch key, the It is provided in the connector portion, and a conductive processing unit connected to the addition unit Sikkim connecting the ground pattern portions, this, not provided with a ground layer comprising a conventional inner periphery touch-sensitive portion of the well entirety of the touch key not provided with a coating material to the surface ratio yiemahyi The effect of reduction for, and the effect of the static electricity flowing into parts the ground pattern, so the discharge without passing through the internal circuits of the touch key to prevent static electricity from flowing into inside the touch key circuits increase the reliability and durability of the touch key. Touch key, static electricity discharge device, the ground pattern portion, a conductive processing