The main new result reported in this paper is a computer-based approach for training strategic competences in practical jobs such as salesmen or waiters. The environment represents job situations in which the students may act from basic principles. The interaction is similar to that in simulations or microworlds, but there is no underlying model of the activity. In order to provide feedback to the learner, a model has been built which is based on the analysis of a large set of cases provided by experts. This model uses formal knowledge and contextual knowledge in order to build an explanation mechanism providing textual comments and multimedia illustrations.


Emerging research has begun to explore usage issues for mobile service like SMS, however this work is still preliminary. The goal of our study is to integrate marketing perspective into IS field and introduce value constructs: customer value, to examine SMS usage behavior. By analyzing the survey data from 401 SMS users, the study contributes several insights into SMS usage. First, the traditional conceptualization of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty was successfully applied in the new mobile commerce context. Second, perceived value was found to have a significant influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty toward SMS usage.


The existence of the chimpanzee subspecies verus, troglodytes, schweinfurthii, and koolokamba is questioned on a number of grounds: inadequacy of current descript


A novel magnetic solid superacid SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2/Fe_3O_4/Al_2O_3 was prepared by a co-precipitation method. The physiochemical properties of the materials were characterized by XRD, IR, TG-DSC, TEM, and HRTEM techniques. The results indicated that the crystallization temperature of the materials shifted to higher temperature with the increase of Al_2O_3 and Fe_3O_4 content. The introduction of Al_2O_3 and Fe_3O_4 increased the temperature corresponding to the phase transformation, Fe_3O_4 also endowed this solid superacid a super-paramagnetic feature. TEM results indicated that the crystal grew along [101] direction of ZrO_2(t). The superacid SZA-20-200-800 has a maximum acid strength (H0-13.8) measured by Hammett indicator method, indicating that it is a stronger acid than concentrated H_2SO_4 (H0=-11.9).


INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a developmental phase between childhood and
adulthood with specific psychological attributes. It is a critical period in
human development because it is during this phase that an individual begins to
develop a stance towards the world. The journey from childhood to adulthood
can present many obstacles to youth along the way. Between 10 and 20 years
of age, children undergo rapid changes in body,size,shape,physiology and
psychological and social functioning. Hormones set the developmental agenda
in conjunction with social structures designed to foster the transition from
childhood to adulthood.
How does one define adolescence? In Oxford's dictionary "it is a period
between childhood and adulthood". It is a period from the beginning of sexual
maturity to the completion of physical growth. "It is that period of life of an
individual when society no longer views him or her as a child but does not yet
concede him either the roles or the functions inherent in the status of the adult"
precise definition by Holingshead.
Adolescence as a phase of development existed in some form long
before it was recognized and conceptualized in United States in 1904 by
G.Stanley Hall. Oxford English Dictionary traces the word itself to 15th
century. It was first used in 1430. It meant " becoming an adult". Some 300
years before the birth of Christ,Aristotle complained that adolescents "are
passionate and apt to be carried away by their impulses".Stage 5 of human
development in Erikson's theory includes adolescence(Ego identity Vs Role
confusion)population in the age group of 10-24 years which was estimated as 284 million
is likely to reach 340.4 millions by 2025 AD2. Preventing teenage marriages,
thus will constitute the corner stone of any population control strategy. OBJECTIVES: 1. To understand various social, economical, cultural and other
demographic factors related to adolescent pregnancies.
2. To assess the nature and magnitude of various medical risk factors
prevalent among the teenage pregnancy group.
3. To study the awareness of small family norms and the effectiveness of
the existing public health care system in promotion of awareness in the
adolescent pregnancy group.
4. To study complications and outcome of adolescent pregnancies. DISCUSSION: A hospital based cross sectional quantitative survey was undertaken
among 500 adolescent pregnant women attending I.O.G. for their delivery /
abortions. The results of the study relating to various socioeconomic
differentials and the magnitude and direction of their impact on the nuptial
patterns during adolescence and associated health risk factors were evaluated in
terms of their implications for fertility control and improved health care.
Age at Pregnancy
Maximum cases were found to belong to late teen (18 - 19 yrs)
constituting 77.6% as compared to early teen (22.4%). Various studies showing
incidence of teenage pregnancies by age distribution from studies conducted in
India. HUSBAND'S AGE AT MARRIAGE: 43.2% of men married to adolescent girl were from age group 26 - 30
yrs, followed by 31.8% from age group 21 - 25 yrs, 3.5% below 20 yrs and
7.4% above 35 yrs. Almost 2/3 of American adolescent mothers state their
partners are more than 20 yrs of age and a considerable number have partners
at least 6 yrs older than themselves (Moore et al, 1997). The age difference in
Asian countries varies by 3 - 6 yrs versus 5 - 10 yrs in middle east countries,
studies in united states note that these older partners, may force their younger
partners into sexual abuse and unwanted, unplanned pregnancies. If the father
is a teen, he is less capable than many older partners in providing for mother
and child. RESIDENCE: 62.2% were from urban population. This may not be a true reflection of
the level in the community, as the referral centre where the study is conducted
caters a majority of urban population than from rural areas. TYPE OF DELIVERY: Most of adolescent teenage pregnant women lived in huts and kutcha
houses. only 5.6% lived in pucca houses. This gives an indirect assessment of
the socioeconomic strata. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. In the present study, age wise distribution of pregnancy were
higher in the late adolescent group (77.6%) and majority
(97.6%) of them from the study group were married. There is a
strong association that unmarried pregnancies were higher in
early teens and from broken families.
2. The general literacy rate of adolescent women in the study group
was low, 8% being illiterate and 45.8% had only primary school
education. Majority of parents of adolescent study group were
illiterates and hence may be a reason for early marriage in their
children. There is a strong association between the literacy level
of adolescent women and use of contraception and hence the
interpregnancy interval. Nearly 85% of them had interpregnancy
interval less than 2 years. So, the standard of education for the
girls should be raised which by itself will delay teenage
marriages and will improve the employment opportunities. The
employment status of the adolescent group in the current study
shows that 94.2% were unemployed.
3. Nearly 74% of adolescent pregnant women were from lower
economic strata with per capita income being less than 500
rupees. There is a strong association between per capita income
and use of contraception. Therefore, introduction of socio -
economic reforms aimed at reducing poverty amongst the The problem of adolescent reproductive health, therefore requires an
integrated approach where by socio-economic reforms complement the health
sector with policies directed towards the poor and disadvantaged adolescent
mothers, who are malnourished and are at high risk of contracting diseases
many of which cause significant morbidity to both the teenage mothers and
their neonates.


In this article we explore the problem of constructing person-specific models for the detection of facial Action Units (AUs), addressing the problem from the point of view of Transfer Learning and Multi-Task Learning. Our starting point is the fact that some expressions, such as smiles, are very easily elicited, annotated, and automatically detected, while others are much harder to elicit and to annotate. We thus consider a novel problem: all AU models for the target subject are to be learnt using person-specific annotated data for a reference AU (AU12 in our case), and no data or little data regarding the target AU. In order to design such a model, we propose a novel Multi-Task Learning and the associated Transfer Learning framework, in which we consider both relations across subjects and AUs. That is to say, we consider a tensor structure among the tasks. Our approach hinges on learning the latent relations among tasks using one single reference AU, and then transferring these latent relations to other AUs. We show that we are able to effectively make use of the annotated data for AU12 when learning other person-specific AU models, even in the absence of data for the target task. Finally, we show the excellent performance of our method when small amounts of annotated data for the target tasks are made available.


Despite the widespread popularity of tattoos in the U.S. and worldwide, little consideration has been given to the occupational risk factors that tattoo artists face. Tattoo artists are exposed to many of the same risk factors faced by occupations such as dentistry and cosmetology, including prolonged static work postures and sustained gripping of hand held tools. However, no research has evaluated the extent to which the tattooing profession is adversely affected by its occupational demands. Utilizing a survey of tattoo artists, this research sought to benchmark the prevalence of symptoms commonly associated with the development of musculoskeletal disorders. The survey results revealed that tattoo artists experience high levels of discomfort in the lower back, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities and that these levels significantly exceed discomfort reported in professions that expose workers to similar ergonomic risk factors.


A heavy snowfall event occurred in the Kanto and Koshin regions from 14 to 15 February 2014, when a winter extratropical cyclone rapidly developed along the south coast of Japan. The snow cover exceeded the histrical record in these regions. In order to examine the characteristics of cloud microphysics during the event, we performed a numerical simulation with a horizontal grid spacing 1.5 km and a model domain covering the Kanto and Koshin regions by the JMA Non Hydrostatic Model (JMA-NHM) with bulk-type cloud microphysics. The initial and boundary conditions were provided from 3-hourly JMA mesoscale analyses. The precipitating clouds and atmospheric conditions were simulated for 33 hours from 03 Japan Standard Time (JST) on 14 February 2014. From the result of high-dense snow cover observations, the total snowfall exceeded 1 m in the areas along the mountains in the Yanamashi, Gunma, and Tochigi prefectures during the event. The numerical simulation successfully reproduced the distribution of total snowfall. By comparing the result of the simulation with the surface observations of automatic weather stations in Tokyo metropolitan, temporal variations of simulated surface atmospheric temperature and relative humidity were consistent. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of cloud microphysics in simulated precipitating clouds, the ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) operated in the Ome city in Tokyo metropolitan was used in this study. Liquid water path (LWP), which is retrieved from radiometric observations by a statistic snow falling from the upper ice cloud was converted to graupel in the low troposphere in IN10. These results suggest that there are uncertainties related to the aerosol indirect effects in cloud microphysics modeling of bulk method in JMA-NHM.


Ridit analysis is a simple and a suitable method for analyzing the ordinal data, where the natural ordering of the variable under study is very important. This paper presents the utility and usefulness of the ridit analysis of the graded severity of anemia among the children and pregnant women in the Andhra Pradesh state, India. Application of ridit analysis to study the severity of anemia among the vulnerable groups in the state is sparse. The present study aims at to assess the severity of anemia among the children and pregnant women in the state and also to compare the distribution of severity of anemia among different socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents using the ridit analysis. The highest prevalence of severe anemia (21.2 %) is observed among the children (6-59 months), whereas it was around 10 % in the adolescents and pregnant women in the state. From the ridit analysis, it is observed that the children and pregnant women in the rural areas of the state having a higher estimated probability of severe anemia as compared to the urban subjects. There is a lower chance of severe anemia among the children and pregnant women from the other castes as compared to the scheduled castes or tribes in the state.


IN mediaeval days as in our own, the advance of a frontier posed serious problems.2 This was especially true when the people of Aragon conquered the Moslem kingdom of Valencia (circa 1230-1250).3 The area to be controlled and settled was huge, relative to the size and resources of the homeland. The indigenous population possessed a culture and social solidarity actively hostile to that being imported, and threatening to dominate the latter. And the manner in which the crusade had been fought actually left the Moslems in a military posture not very inferior to that of the permanent Christian garrison. Had this been modern times, the two cultures might have been able to mix, each enriching the other. But mediaeval cultures were intrinsically religious, with a stubborn exclusiveness. The civil and the social were inextricably confused into the ecclesiastical. One culture must dominate, one must be subordinate.4 This would have been a less formidable problem for the Aragonese, had there been masses of Christian population to send into the south. But it was one of King James' bitterest complaints that the people refused to come. Even in the last years of his life, the king was to complain to the people of Barcelona that only 30,000 had been settled in the kingdom of Valencia, though he estimated that 100,000 settlers were necessary to guarantee its security.In an age of expansion and cheap land, King James had expanded too fast and too far.


The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county's UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. Introduction An integral part of any forest management program and long-term economic plan is an estimation of the current volume and value of a timber stand. Foresters approximate the amount of lumber or fiber within a stand to inform their clients on how to manage their assets and maximize revenue. The process of determining timber inventory typically involves sampling a portion of the forest and expanding these samples to calculate stand-level estimates. Commonly referred to as timber cruising, this exercise begins with planning and determining the sample allocation and type of plots, followed by basic measurement and analysis of a single tree for an estimate of stem volume. This paper outlines the process of timber cruising from initial tree-level measurements to the final total stand-level estimates and various methods for conducting the cruise.


High-intensity ultrasounds have been employed in the synthesis of 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives, using mainly water as reaction medium. Marked improvements of reaction rates, chemoselectivity and product yields have been observed on comparing sonochemical with ordinary conditions. In the alkylation of a series of allyl and benzyl bromides a pathway switch occured to yield 3-alkyl-4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives.


This paper discusses the pros and cons of portable phone systems embedded phone systems, or combined systems as conduits for telematics applications. The authors offer a brief history of the changing telematics market and traditional telematics architectures applications and services. They determine that no one solution is perfect for the entire telematics market. Instead, they suggest a group of products, services and applications be tailored for each automobile manufacturer and consumer group. The authors see opportunities for enhanced applications and services on WAN and WLAN communications transports.


This thesis studies opposition party behavior in competitive authoritarian regimes using the Singapore 2011 general election as a case study. The study asks, what is the primary reason Worker's Party, the strongest opposition party in Singapore, did not pursue the formation of a pre-electoral coalition? I analyzed the pre-existing theories and conducted fieldwork, interviewing opposition party leaders, academics and activists, to ascertain a direct impediment and not just a background condition to coalition building. Many of the pre-existing theories contained insights relevant in Singapore, but the operationalization of the variable limited their significance. I demonstrate that Worker's Party did not pursue building a coalition, firstly, because they perceived the other potential partner as possessing less credibility with the electorate, and was thus unable to provide unique value to the partnership. Secondly, because when the three leading all opposition parties are weak, and do not possess a level of credibility in the eyes of the electorate, then they are less likely to coalesce. As a result, Worker's Party does not trust the effectiveness and longevity of a coalition.


The object of the present investigation is to study the degree of approximation of Fourier series of function of bounded variation by generalized Harmonic-Cesaro method of summation.


The glove remains the main tool for detecting the flexion angles of the hand joints. Semiautomatic measurements of the hand joints are carried out to date with the use of the goniometric glove. This study describes a new data glove equipped with 10 bending sensors, showing results similar to those already existing in the literature. An automatic measurement system has been developed, to analyze the nonlinear behavior of flex sensors through the measurement of the bending angles between hand phalanges. This paper suggests the study of two intermediate joint flexion degree between the open and closed hand, to analyze the non-linearity of sensors in the Wise protocol, extending it. The Wise protocol was applied with two molds to allow two intermediate closure with respect to the open and the closed hand. The dependence of repeatability, reproducibility, reliability and correlation between Range and SD depending on the size of the mold used for the Wise test are also investigated. It has been seen that the size of the mold could influences the Range and SD values.


The purpose of this research is to identify the problems that affect the performance of employees in the company. This research is a type of quantitative research involving data with different types ranging from nominal, continuous, categorical, ordinal and using 15 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. The population in this research are all employees of some companies in Sukabumi Indonesia. The sample used was 120 employees and the determination of the sample used a random sampling method. Methods of data collection in this study were questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis method uses CART (Classification and Regression Trees) algorithm because it involves many kinds of data. The results showed that there are five variables that can be used for work motivation, corporate social environment, job type, leadership style, and organizational support (company policy). From these variables, the best formula can be generated to improve the performance of the employee is: increase the motivation of work (X1), making the company more conducive social environment (x11), divide the types of work (X14), which became more specific to be done individually, and if an employee is required to work in a team, it should be supported by specific policy organization/company (X3). Of the overall variables, the most influential factor in the performance of employees is the motivation of work, when higher the motivation of work, then the possibility of increased employee performance could be higher.


In varies of English versions of A Dream of Red Mansions,Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang's and David Hawkes' are the two best ones as bright pearls.By comparing the above two English versions,this paper analyzes these translators' different translating methods and translation effects,which reflected the potential impact of different legal cultures in China and the West.


Abstract This study is the small part of the big project related to the metallic contamination in foodstuff. The work presented here allowed determination the level of iron, copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in bread samples obtained from 20 bakeries in Ankara and Samsun, Turkey. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry method was used to determine these metals. The mean values of iron, copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium levels were found as 19·2±8·1 mg/kg-dry weight (dw), 2·1±1·0 μg/kg-dw, 10·0±3·0 μg/kg-dw, 86·8±176·0 μg/kg-dw, and 12·2±6·1 μg/kg-dw, respectively. No significant differences were found in copper and lead levels of samples obtained from bakeries in general, and in copper and cadmium levels of the samples from different provinces ( P >0·05), while they were considered significant in iron, zinc, and cadmium levels of samples in general, and in iron, zinc and lead levels of samples from different provinces ( P


The main purpose of this study is to select several kinds of practical and effective silkworm pupa disinfectants for practical production.The emergence rate of silkworm pupae was reduced by 1.2% to 7.8% after sterilization with bleach solution of which mass fraction of active chlorine was 0.3% or 0.5%,and the greater the concentration of active chlorine,the greater the influence on pupal bodies and on pupa emergence rate.Pupal body sterilization with No.402 muscardine-prevention solution obviously reduced the emergence rate of pupae.Moreover,this disinfectant was only effective in controlling silkworm fungal diseases.Its effect on bacterial septicemia is poor.Therefore,it is not suitable to be used as silkworm pupa body disinfectant.Sterilization with sodium dichloroisocyanurate powder solution containing 0.3% mass fraction of active chlorine could not only perish various pathogens but also have slight impact on pupa emergence,being an appropriate pupal body disinfectant.


1. A method for error correction in the measurement of the process variable sensor obtained in a chemical process system characterized by properties that make at least some of erroneous measurement, the method comprising the steps of: - identifying the error component caused by the dynamic state of factors, wherein the component error is determined at least by a single receipt of the sensor measurements in a system and to identify how measurement deviates from the correct measurements objectively Ia process parameter time-varying magnitude, - identification error component due to a factor stationary state, wherein the error component is determined by at least a single receiving sensor measurement and detection that the measurement deviates from the objective correctly measure a process variable to a value constant in time - the identification error component caused by additional factors, and change the measurement to correct the errors, you factors are called steady state, dynamic state of factors and unknown faktorami.2. A method according to Claim. 1, wherein the sensor has an information communication with the analyzer and the analyzer has information communication with the controller, the sensor being constructed and arranged to receive the raw measurements of the process variable, the analyzer corrects the error in the measurement sensor, the controller receives the corrected measurement, and if the adjusted measurement is outside


The article deals with the problem of the definition of the term "logistics". It describes the main functional spheres and the tasks of logistics of agrarian enterprises. The authors define the distinctive features of marketing and logistics and prove the urgency of the introduction of both conceptions with the purpose of the optimization of selling activity of agrarian enterprises. The article offers the model of the system of agrarian logistics including crop growing, livestock breeding, fishing and bee keeping logistics with a detailed classification of branches according to the main types of products. The authors describe the factors of the influence of the selling process in agriculture on the system of logistics with the aim of adaptation to the specific character of agrarian enterprises.


The health center in developing countries particularly Kenya is discussed. A definition of the health center the areas covered by the center and the structure of the center are given. A figure shows drawings of the EMBU pattern and the SIMOHNN pattern for centers. The staff of the centers are discussed in terms of the value of auxiliary staff the medical assistant the health staff graded dressers and enro lled nurses and the enrolled midwife and enrolled health visitor. The services of the health center are classified under personal services and community services. Internal and external services of the center mobility and drugs and equipment are discussed. The functions of the National Reference Health Center are described and health center economies are discussed at length.


Processing of electrical signals representative of incident and reflected acoustic signals generated by underwater explosion and comprising primary and secondary impulse, or bubble pulse, peaks. Acousto-optic diffraction and optical Fourier transform of the primary or explosive incident signal is performed and photographically recorded to provide a bubble pulse spatial filter. The filter is used in performing subsequent acousto-optic diffraction and optical Fourier transforms to derive impulse response, bottom loss, and an output electrical signal representative of the reflected signal, without the bubble pulse.


Different language has different cultural background.It is impossible to learn English well without learning about English culture.It is stated in the article that English culture learning has a great impact on the study of English.Therefore,it is up on the agenda to develop a school-based curriculum to meet students' needs.The development of the curriculum is based on different grade students' psychological characteristics,cognitive competence and English level.In the course students enjoy a variety of English activities such as children's songs,rhymes,proverbs,stories,short plays,reading,and movies,which has greatly promoted students' English study.The result of the research has migration and will probably stimulate people's further thinking of the reform of the English education in elementary and secondary school.


One first derives from a classical spin hamiltonian an interaction matrix η( q). The phase comparison method is a simple identification procedure obtaining at once the eigenvectors of η(q) which are directly related to the magnetic structure. In a second step one finds the roots, related to the magnetic energy and the stability conditions. The application of this method to the compounds REMn 3+Mn4+O5 (RE = rare earth) results in a model where Mn4+-chains of helical spins are coupled together by pairs of Mn3+-spins, the system of helical Mn-spins inducing at low temperatures a spin ordering of RE, helical for negligible and sinusoidal for high one ion anisotropy. Orthogonal spin correlations occurring in the present matrix approach are shown to be compatible with group theory.


Introduction and objectives The expanding range of biological agents presents a challenge to those responsible for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening. The aim of this study was to compare screening recommendations between the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) of the agents with the recently published European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) consensus document, and model the impact of these on the workload for a UK healthcare trust. Methods For all biological agents used in the UK, recommendations for LTBI screening were compared between the ESCMID consensus and drug SPCs, The impact on cost and workload for screening approaches were assessed for a healthcare trust over a five-year period. Results Eighty-six biological agents reviewed are available in the UK. ESCMID and SPC agree on screening requirements for 79 of these drugs (92%). ESCMID recommends LTBI screening for 21 agents, compared to 19 by drug SPC. ESCMID recommends screening for four agents that did not warrant LTBI screening according to the SPC. SPC recommends LTBI screening for vedolizumab, not recommended by ESCMID. Local trust guidance recommended LTBI screening for two agents, cladribine and finglimod, without agreement from the ESCMID statement or SPCs. LTBI screening was recommended for abatacept by both SPC and local trust guidance, but was not reviewed by ESCMID. Over the five year study period, there were 3586 cases of 22 different biologic agents being used in the trust, in a total of 3213 patients. The most commonly used agents were adalimumab (n=657, 18.8%), etanercept (n=662, 18.5%), infliximab (n=488, 13.6%) and fingolimod (n=475, 13.2%). LTBI screening should occur in 635, 535 and 554 cases per annum according to trust, SPC and ESCIMID guidance respectively. If trust, SPC or ESCMID guidance were followed, it would approximate to a cost for LTBI screening alone of £196,850, £1 65 850 and £1 71 740 per annum respectively (conservative cost of screening estimated at £310pp). Conclusions This study demonstrates a lack of consensus and a high cost of LTBI screening for the expanding portfolio of biological agents. It also highlights the potential financial and workload implications using differing criteria for a UK healthcare trust.


This article aims to analyze the possible implications of the Constitutional Amendment 86/2015 in relations between the executive and the legislative power at establishing and implementing the Brazilian budget. It will be verified the autorizing and/or the enforcing nature of the budget, how did occur such relationships before the adoption of EC n. 86/2015 and if this constitutional  change  will be able to cause difference in the dynamics of this political and institutional relationship. To achieve the proposed objective will be used, predominantly theoretical sources, in a comprehensive-exploratory and critical-reflexive approach on the matter.


In the modern war, cruise missiles play more and more important poles.The technical and tactical characteristics of cruise missile are introduced, and the good and bad side of cruise missile are analyzed,the development direction of cruise missile is emphasized.


This paper deals with estimating parameters from a mixture of two Weibull distributions. The weighted least-squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the mixed model when data are grouped and censored. Simulation study of the variations of the weighted least-squares estimator has been carried out. A few examples have also been provided. Based on the simulation study, the weighted least-squares estimators are robust with respect to the number of intervals for the grouped data. The estimators of the scale parameters are quite sensitive to the censoring time, but those of the shape parameters are not as sensitive. This method provides a good alternative to the commonly used maximum likelihood estimators which are difficult to obtain and are frequently intractable. The techniques could easily be extended to a mixed model of more than two Weibull distributions and ungrouped and/or uncensored samples.


Flattop response is an important desirable feature of any wavelength selective components that go in a DWDM network. In this paper we report design and fabrication recipe for realizing flattop wavelength response of wavelength interleavers/slicers configured around all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI). It involves simulation of wavelength response of concatenated MZTs followed by fabrication of the same. We would spell out the simulation details and fabrication recipe with supporting results. The results should be useful in realization of flattop all-fiber wavelength interleaves.


Literary works are a means for authors to offer various ideologies to their readers. Through literature, the author can influence the views of life or the reader ideology. This short article intends to reveal the ideological struggle in the novel Gadis Pantai and the novel Midah Simanis Bergigi Emas by Pramoedya Ananta Toer using the analysis of Gramsci's hegemony. The results of the analysis show that the novel Gadis Pantai and novel Midah Simanis Bergigi Emas offers three ideologies namely the ideology of feudalism (which controls), the primitive ideology of coastal culture (which is mastered), and the ideology of socialist realism (which is championed). As the two contrasting cultures in the novel are seen as an unfavorable culture, the culture of socialist realism is the most ideal according to the author.


The paper presents research in the village of Răşinari, situated in the south region of Transilvania in Sibiu County, and investigated and evaluated a series of rural landmarks that could provide the necessary data to draw conclusions regarding the forms of specific vernacular architecture. The research was conducted at several levels (having a holistic approach): a) investigations concerning the urban and community structure (general data geography, economy, utilities, population, surface and utilisation pattern of the built area, wooden species, architecture); b) detailed research regarding the household (indoor and outdoor, traditional wooden furniture, household annexes, construction details). The organic connection between the living space and its utilisation patterns, led to the creation of a harmonious vernacular indoor composition and layout. The shaping process of the interior was based on the reflection of the functional needs of everyday life. As these needs diversified, housing has undergone a number of changes on a functional and architectural level. This development was also driven by climatic and geographical conditions but also the technological development of wood


The study of the structure and materials of ancient works of art has been much intensified with the development and use of improved analytical techniques. It was considered desirable to apply an X-ray fluorescence technique which could scan polished cross-sections of paint materials embedded in plastic. Layer thicknesses of 20–50 μ were successfully surveyed with an X-ray macroprobe attached to a fine-focus vacuum X-ray spectrograph. Elements above atomic number 16 in areas of 50 μ diameter were successfully detected and precisely located in the cross-section. The method has been applied particularly to the study of the technique of Rembrandt and Lievens paintings.


99mTc-dimercapto Succinic acid freeze-dried kit(99mTc-DMSA) was prepared by reaction of kit that is contained (1mg of 2.3 meso dimercaptosuccinic acid,0.336 mg of stannous chloride, 40mg insitol and 0.9 ascorbic acid as anti oxidant) with Na99mTcO4 at pH equal to (2-4) that is the optimal condition to formation 99mTc-DMSA complex.The radiochemical purity and stability of 99mTc-DMSA in liquid and dried forms were determined on gel filtration column scanning "GCS". The labeling yield of complex formation was greater than 99% after 15 min. from addition of Na99mTcO4. The complex in liquid form was stable during ten hours while in lyophilized form six months.The biodisribution of kit was studied on white male mice that the results indicate to the ratio of dose concentration accumulated into kidneys is greater than29% of injected dose, however, little amounts of complex was detected in non target organs.


By combining with the Problems of Urban Vehicle's Public Parking in Jiangsu and its Research on Strategies,aiming at the problems of urban vehicle's parking,points out some relative strategies from the development of facility for urban vehicle parking,the supplying strategies and guarantee measures for the operation of urban public facilities,so it has the reference meaning for solving the problems for urban vehicle parking.


Effective leadership talent tends to seek autonomous opportunities to achieve positive financial results within a profit-seeking organization. This study shows that a guided autonomy, driven by self-interest and augmented by resource complementarity in a network based production environment, accelerates the process of achieving profitable growth. Entities external to the organization can contribute to a balanced self-interest. For example, the corporate center can contribute to continuous growth by temporarily incubating growth opportunities, by sharing related resources between businesses, and by helping business units to select initiatives based on the long-term strategic plan for the firm. Even so, the corporate center must guide the organization balancing constraints and autonomy to leverage the growth benefits from self-interest. In this article a mixed method was used to collect data from an organization that successfully achieved growth during a significant transformational event. By paying attention to self-interest, leadership can leverage a powerful force in organizations. Conversely, neglecting it can result in failure to meet objectives.


Vascular burden has been linked to future depression and cognitive change in predominately European American samples. This study investigated these relationships in older African Americans.


According to the defects of folding and notch,finite element models of ball spinning of TP2 inner-grooved copper tubes were established separately on the basis of actual field processing parameters using finite element software MSC.Marc.The forming process and cause were analyzed through the simulation and mechanical analysis.The results show that notches can be avoided by increasing the addendum arc's curvatures which can be increased through decreasing the tubes' wall thickness after reducing diameter drawing process and increasing the core-head' addendum fillet.In addition,the formed teeth neutral can be also enhanced by increasing the addendum fillet of the floating mandrel in order to avoid forming the folding defects.


Process mining includes discovery of processes, analyzing them, modeling and improvement studies and thus enables efficient and effective use of process data in this way. It became essential for big companies to employ process mining techniques in competitive business environment. This study is consisted of two stages. In the first stage, a system displaying and analyzing various properties of synthetic and real data which may assist in modeling and developing processes. Under the scope of this study, a system employable with various process models and meaningful information from such models are produced. Thanks to this system, more productive and efficient processes can be developed. In the second stage, process discovery is performed by using algorithms employed in this field with synthetic and real event logs. Performances of algorithms are compared by employing conformance function, accuracy rate and time criteria by displaying discovered processes with petri networks. In our proposed model, we created the new conformance function with naive bayes. As a result, more successful results are obtained with heuristic algorithms in terms of likelihood function and accuracy rate than alpha algorithm. However, alpha algorithm is more advantageous than heuristic algorithm in terms of time. Since genetic operators (selection, crossover, mutation) are used, genetic algorithm provided better successful results than alpha and heuristic algorithms.


Phytoseiid mites are beneficial to agriculture because they often prey upon phytophagous
 mites. This publication provides keys, descriptions, and illustrations for the recognition
 of 52 California species of phytoseiids and hitherto unpublished data on their distribution
 and habitats. It gives general information on collecting and preparation of specimens.
 The following new species are described: TYPHLODROMINI—Metaseiulus pinnatus, M. pomoides.
 AMBLYSEIINI—Amblyseius lecanis, A. chorites, A. ablusus, A. lindquisti, A. inornatus, A. loxus,
 A. kennetti, A. vallis, A. mckenziei, A. huffakeri, A. scyphus, A. tabis.


Effect of different concentrations of nutrient solutions on the growth of a Japanese turnip (Brassica rapa L. rapifera group 'Tsudakabu') was evaluated through hydroponics culture. All nutrients levels were maintained at 25, 50 and 75 % of a full strength nutrient solution with their full or half (50 %) NO3-N content in each level. The nutrient solution at 50 % concentration with 50 % NO3-N was effective enough to grow quality turnip. Anthocyanin content in roots significantly increased with the decreasing concentration of nutrient solution irrespective of NO3-N level in them. NO3-N level in the nutrient solutions had no marked effect on NO3-N content in turnip. Fifty percent nutrient solution with its half level (50 %) of NO3-N (4 m mol l-1) appeared to be optimum for production of quality turnip in hydroponics.


This dissertation considers the contemporary place of history in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The political evolution of Nunavut has led to a situation in which incoming archaeology projects must justify their research according to standards of benefit and relevance to Inuit people. Archaeology is desired to function within a framework of 'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit'—more popularly known as IQ, or Inuit traditional knowledge—so as to foster the survival of Inuit culture and traditions in the modern world. As a result of this mandate, Arctic archaeology has been forced to re-position its research in relation to community engagement, social and political landscapes, and Inuit production of historical


Some computer architectures are inherently more efficient than others, and three parameters help system specifiers and designers pick the best–independent of hardware. The winners are likely to become military standards.


The contrast typically between utilitarianism and virtue theory is overdrawn. Utilitarianism in a universal emulator: it implies that we should lie, cheat, steal, even appropriate Aristotle, when that is what brings about the best outcomes. In some cases and in some worlds it is best for us to be concerned with character traits. Global environmental change leads to concerns about character because the best results will be produced by generally uncoupling my behaviour from that of others. Thus, in this case an in this case an in this world, utilitarians should be virtue theorist.


Highly [001] textured KSr2Nb5O15 (KSN) ceramic fibers were fabricated by a combination of novel alginate gelation method and templated grain growth using acicular KSr2Nb5O15 template particles. The needle-like KSN template particles were prepared by molten salt synthesis method with salt/powder ratio of 2 giving the highest aspect ratio. Fibers were extruded into CaCl2 salt solutions from alginate-based slurries without or with 10 wt% KSN template particles using a nozzle with 2 mm diameter and 80 mm length. Varying sintering temperature from 1300°C to 1450°C and time from 2 to 6 h were found to increase the texture. A maximum degree of orientation, ƒ(00l), of 0.95 was obtained, as measured by Lotgering factor, and a grain orientation distribution, r, of 0.28 was obtained as measured by rocking curve analysis.


Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) belong to the G protein coupled receptors super family. The 25 human T2Rs are activated by wide range of bitter compounds which includes alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amines. The human T2R4 is activated by around 16 bitter agonists, which are mostly sesquiterpene lactones, amine derivatives, purine analogs and aromatic quinolines. From molecular modeling analysis we found that, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), an ABA biosynthetic precursor and few of the ABA metabolites docked with high affinity to T2R4. The ability of these compounds to activate or inactivate T2R4 was analyzed by calcium imaging in a HEK293 cell based assay system. We discuss the results in the context of T2R4 structure and function.


A compact monopole-like slot antenna is presented for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The proposed antenna is printed onto a piece of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) and fed by a microstrip fork-shaped feeding structure. The characteristics of the proposed antenna are investigated numerically and validated experimentally. The prototype with overall size of 25 mm times 25 mm times 0.58 mm achieves good impedance matching, constant gain, stable radiation patterns, and constant group delay over an operating bandwidth of 3.0-11.9 GHz (120%).


One of the most intriguing applications of possibilia is the reduction of mathematical truths. I argue that this is not only technically feasible, but also supported by general methodological considerations, that it reflects a natural understanding of mathematical statements and that it solves most of the philosophical puzzles surrounding mathematics. 1 Philosophical puzzles about mathematics Mathematics is puzzling. What are mathematical theories about? What are numbers, functions, sets and lattices? Where are they? What is their nature? Do they have properties beyond those mentioned in mathematics? Do they really exist? These are ontological questions. Others are 'ideological', in Quine's sense of the term. Consider "member" (or "element") in set theory. There is no official definition of this notion. Does that mean we have to rely on supernatural revelation to grasp its meaning? Textbooks often say, somewhere on their first pages, that a set is several things considered as one – something like a flock of sheep –, and that the 'members' are simply the original things so considered. But soon we are told that there is an empty set, a unit set of the empty set, a unit set of that set, and so on, none of which can in any sense be called "several things considered as one". So what, really, do "set" and "member" mean? (cf. [Lewis 1991: §2]) Then there are epistemological worries. Mathematical theories do not appear to describe parts or features of reality to which our senses provide access: numbers can neither be seen nor heard. Unlike microphysical particles, they aren't even causally responsible for observable phenomena. But then how can we know about them? How can we be confident that our mathematical beliefs track what is the case in that isolated mathematical part of reality? (cf. e.g. [Field 1989: §1.4]) 1 The approach I will present resembles proposals by Paul Fitzgerald [1976], David Lewis [1993], Geoffrey Hellman [1996] and Daniel Nolan [2001: ch.7, 2004]. I thank Christian Nimtz, Daniel Nolan, Wolfgang Künne and Andrea Sereni for comments and discussion.


This bachelor thesis deals with the acceleration of single-vehicle dial-a-ride problem (SVDARP) method using operational research techniques. Our motivation was to speed up SVDARP algorithm in cases, where SVDARP occurs as a subproblem of more complex algorithms, in order to speed up these algorithms. A key aspect also was to focus on instances with large number of requests, where the SVDARP algorithm using backtracking runs slow. The aim was to analyze current research in the area of the dial-a-ride problem (DARP), and based on this analysis propose an exact method adapted to solve SVDARP. We selected a three-index formulation of the DARP, which we modified for the SVDARP problem and then solved using branch-and-cut method. Subsequently, we implemented the formulation with all the improvements (arc elimination, time-window tightening, own cutting planes in branch-and-cut algorithm). The result of our work is the implemented SVDARP algorithm and its comparison with the original method using backtracking. Our approach speeds up the SVDARP calculation for instances with more than 12 requests. We found out that a greater improvement comes with larger instances compared to the original algorithm using backtracking.


For the solution of tasks related to radiowave propagation through the atmosphere, it is necessary frequently to know not only average phase delay, but also its fluctuation component. Spatial temporal variations of phase delay of millimeter waves in the troposphere depend on meteorological conditions and create significant restrictions on work of large antennas, long base interferometer systems, space communication etc. In this paper the influence of short time (with a period less than 10 minutes) variations of water vapor and liquid water in clouds on phase delay is considered. The estimations of variations of phase delay are obtained by means of microwave radiometric measurements of the atmosphere.


Based on the measured data by the measure/monitor instruments inside or around the support structure, deepgoing study is carried out on the role and behavior of the support structure between dam and powerhouse by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis and statistical model analysis. The results indicate that support structure evidently restrains rock deformation on both sides below El.2475m. From the viewpoint of back analysis, the results have verified the design of the support structure.


Criminal-procedure law is characterized by four stages of development: the investigative stage, the stage of the indictment and the defendant's statement, the trial stage and the stage with respect to remedies. The procedure for juvenile criminal offenses also goes through these stages. Juveniles participate considerably in crime, which means that society's concerns for further work are juvenile perpetrators of criminal offences. This obliges holders of responsibilities, prosecutors, judges, the police and other authorities that work to implement the legal provisions that refer to juvenile perpetrators of criminal offenses as the most sensitive categories of criminal procedure requires special attention. It works like acts and international agreements and domestic legal framework guaranteeing the rights and fundamental freedoms, which guarantee and protect the dignity of juveniles. Juvenile Justice Code was promulgated in the spirit of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo as well as acts of international agreements. Diversity measures oblige prosecutors and judges to new challenges in working with juvenile perpetrators of criminal offenses. In order to maintain the dignity of juvenile perpetrators of criminal offenses there should be constantly support on positive legal provisions, involving the guarding of human character, educational, economic, etc.. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1s1p49


Fibers protruding out from the main body of the yarn are called Yarn Hairiness. It is one of the main aspects, key indicator of limitation to detect the yarn quality. It affects the appearance of yarn and subsequent processing of textile process. It is in most circumstances an undesirable property, giving rise to problem of fabric production and also deteriorates the fabric appearance. Various developments regarding yarn hairiness have been described in the various researches. These researchers handle the various aspects such as hairiness measurement, modelling, simulation, spinning modifications and post spinning treatments to reduce hairiness and many techniques for detecting also. This study is an attempt to analytically review all significant recent growth and progresses regarding yarn hairiness, further possibilities of research and future work are also concisely discussed.


Objective In order to improve teaching quality a nd student's innate quality,to issue achievement and talented man.Met hods The trainee are cultivated accurately by completion of graduati on thesis,and they are examinated strictly at practice period end.The implementa tion of graduation thesis is consist of tris parts and 14 piece steps of walkin g.A lecture of diagnostics is combined with case.Results The statistics and basic theary lesson in university period come by go over allr eview,the knowledge on English and computer have been elevated obtain from compl etion graduation thesis,the practice contents are maked up,innate quality are im proved shown to innovation,dedicate and seek truth from facts.Therry component o f abstract become lively image.Conclusion An undergradua t e dissertation is a required cource of focal point.An importment turning point i s clinical tutorials of mentor.The teaching material is ought to binding case.


Primers derived from the cnidarians Hydra vulgaris and Tubastrea coccinea for 16S mitochondrial gene were tested in 3 Zoanthidae species: Zoanthus sociatus, Zoanthus solanderi and Palythoa cf variabilis. A fragment of 780 bp was obtained using Hydra vulgaris primers. The fragment amplified from Zoanthus sociatus was sequenced and showed high similarity to other species of Cnidaria.


The effect of the pattern of long-range surface forces on the profile of the transition zone of droplets having identical macroscopic contact angles and on the character of equilibrium in the sessile droplet-wetting film system was studied by simulation. It was shown that the stepwise profile of the transition zone associated with the part of the disjoining pressure isotherms corresponding to unstable film thicknesses is not exhibited at the equilibrium profile due to thermodynamic fluctuations.


The cardinal features of the malabsorption syndrome are generally regarded as the passage of abnormal stools, loss of weight or failure to thrive, and the occurrence of various signs and symptoms attributable to more specific nutritional deficiencies. Any situation that delays or prevents the absorption of the main nutrients may lead to the development of the malabsorption syndrome. The three forms of the malabsorption syndrome discussed in this paper are associated with interference with the function of the small intestine.


The worldwide prevalence of renal diseases has increased in recent years due to the concomitant growth of the prevalence of its main associated risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases1,2. In particular, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), with an estimated prevalence of around 10% worldwide2. In Brasil, the same trend is observed, and the number of patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis surpasses 130,000 and grows every year3. Prevention and early diagnosis, combined with the proper treatment of the disease, help reduce unfavorable outcomes, generate quality of life benefits, and reduce costs related to health care4. To meet the growing demand caused by renal diseases, there have also been many promising advances in the treatment of diseases associated with nephropathy, for example, the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes, with favorable results in the EMPA-REG, CANVAS, DECLARE and, more recently, CREDENCE studies regarding the progression of diabetic kidney disease, proteinuria, and cardiovascular outcomes such as mortality and hospitalization due to decompensated heart failure5-8. These benefits are gained through the glycosuria and natriuresis generated by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule with oral hypoglycemic agents. For the treatment of CKD anemia, there is also a new class of medications, the HIF-PH (Hypoxia Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase) inhibitors, which stimulate the endogenous production of erythropoietin. This new class of medications includes vadadustat, daprodustat, roxadustat, and molidustat. Clinical trials have demonstrated that these drugs are effective for treating CKD anemia with relatively fewer adverse events, such as a lower risk of cardiovascular events or thrombosis attributed to exogenous erythropoietin, besides the advantage of being oral medications, which provide higher patient adherence9. In the same way, other therapeutic advances are noteworthy, such as the new immunosuppressants for kidney transplantation, the use of rituximab for glomerulopathies, and the technological advances focused on hemodialysis. The expectation in the area is that new knowledge will be obtained regarding the understanding of the cellular regeneration, the use of stem cells, and bioengineering to develop new strategies to restore renal function10. Additionally, the advent of the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) genetic editing technology brings hope for the correction of genetic errors related to diseases that affect the kidneys. There are still many challenges along the way, such as the correct use of the therapy on the specific gene


The refractive error of ground\|based laser attacking space targets such as satellites is discussed. The refractive index of atmosphere is variable according to the height. Based on the Snell law, the refractive error due to laser beam going through atmosphere is studied. The relationship between the refractive error and the initial elevation of laser beam is calculated by an example. According to the result, the refractive error is big when the elevation is low and the refractive error is small when the elevation is high. At last, some problems are also raised. \;


The formation of jets is studied during the extrusion of a melted metal by the plasma pressure from microcraters formed in the cathode spot of a burning vacuum arc. An analytic model of liquid-metal splashing is proposed. At the initial stage, a axially symmetric liquid-metal wall is formed around the crater. Its radius is determined by comparing the rate of liquid extrusion from a forming crater and the Taylor-Culick velocity of the reverse motion of the toroidal rim of a liquid-metal wall. At the developed stage, the motion of liquid metal loses axial symmetry, which corresponds to a tendency to jet formation. According to the proposed model, this is due to the development of the Plateau-Rayleigh instability of the rim. The basic spatial and temporal parameters of the jet formation process are calculated.


This study aimed to analyze the differences in performance of the company before and after the acquisition of PT Sat Nusapersada Tbk on year 2006-2009. Performance of the company before and after the acquisition, measured using four financial ratios, ie, Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Current Ratio (CR).  Quantitative methods used in this study. This study took data from public companies, in the form of financial statements of PT. Sat Nusapersada Tbk, which make acquisitions. This study also aims to determine the change in the company's financial performance before and after the acquisition. Analyses were performed using independent sample t-test and paired samples .  The results of this study indicate that the financial ratios of the four studies, NPM, ROA, ROE, and CR, the two years before and two years after the acquisition, did not show a significant difference compared before and after the acquisition, although reports net loss / income showed a loss after .


The Paleogene sequences in the Hongze sag, Northern Jiangsu, are well developed and are rich in ostracode, charophyte and sporopollen fossils. According to the stratigraphic distribution of the genera and species, 12 fossil assemblages as well as their correlation are recognized. The stratigraphic and correlative columns of the Shunhe and Guanzhen subsags are drawn in this paper, 7 beds with lithologic and electric characteristics are identified, which can be used in the stratigraphic correlation in the sag. It is conclued that in the Paleogene in the studied area, the contacts of the formations and members are conformable except the unconformity and disconformity resulted from Sanduo and Wubao Movements.


Abstract Potato tubers exhibiting necrotic rings/arcs were found in a winter potato crop 'Favorita' in the subtropical area Huidong county, Guangdong province, China, in 2012. When the symptomatic tubers were cut crosswise, light to dark brown necrotic arcs were observed in the tuber flesh. A mini-survey of the crop found 8% symptomatic tubers in an area of 10 meters2. To reveal the causal agent of the disease, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) targeting 9 common potato viruses including those viruses (e.g, Potato mop-top virus (PMTV), Tobacco rattle virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, and Potato virus Y tuber necrosis strain) known to be capable of induction of tuber necrosis, were carried out. Except for PMTV, no other viruses were detected. Sequencing of the 460 bp amplicon revealed that the fragment exhibited a 99-100% sequence identify with most PMTV coat protein sequences deposited in GenBank, which was confirmed by a further phylogenetic analysis. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with PMTV antibody on the symptomatic tubers was also carried out, and a positive reading was observed. Together, these results demonstrate that PMTV was the causal agent for the spraing disease in potatoes in the winter crop in Guangdong. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PMTV in Guangdong province, China, and the first scientific confirmation of PMTV in China.


(57) Abstract: The present invention, carboxyvinyl polymers are neutralized as gel formers or polyacrylamide, - isoparaffin and ethanol, Nimusurido topical containing a solvent selected from the group consisting of isopropanol and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether formulations and a method of manufacturing the same. The formulation is characterized by a high high stability and active ingredient bioavailability of the system.


University campus layout should put today's time into consideration, observing the principle of progressing with time and developing creativity, and presenting a desired model with separate scientific functions, novel in design which can meet the university's demands. People's needs should be the chief concern in designing road system, with further development consideration. Every individual design project should be unique in features.


Began with analysis and comparison of different models of space, and combined with the relative results researched by spatial cognitive behaviors, neuroscience, and cognitive psychology, the spatial cognitive mode is studied in this paper. The research shows that the forms of presentation of "space" generallyinclude three kinds, i.e. perceptional space, cognitive space, and symbolic space. Each of representing forms has individual spatial cognitive mode. According to the difference of spatial cognitive modes, the spatial cognitive model includes three levels, i.e. spatial feature perception, spatial object cognition, and spatial pattern cognition, and spatial feature and spatial object are two basic units of spatial cognitive model.


e20614 Background: The central nervous system (CNS) remains a common site of metastatic disease for NSCLC, especially in EGFR-driven disease. Surgery and RT are upfront treatment options but have potential early and late onset complications. Osimertinib (Osi) is now approved for use in the front-line setting for EGFR-mutated NSCLC and is highly CNS penetrant. A prior retrospective study showed that the use of early generation EGFR TKIs had an inferior overall survival (OS) compared to upfront RT in newly diagnosed brain metastases, but the applicability of this data in the Osi-era is unknown. Methods: This was a single institution retrospective analysis of patients with EGFR mutated NSCLC and brain metastases who were referred to Radiation Oncology from 1/1/2012 to 12/31/2018. We separated EGFR TKIs between Osi and non-Osi. The primary objectives were to evaluate OS, intracranial progression free survival (icPFS), and intracranial response (icORR) among upfront or delayed RT, and type of EGFR TKI. Results: 67 patients with a median age of 64 years old (33-89) were divided into one of four groups: non-Osi TKI with (N = 38) or without RT (N = 12), and Osi with (N = 14) or without RT (N = 3). Fourteen patients who did not get upfront Osi, received Osi with (N = 7) or without RT (N = 7) after intracranial progressive disease (icPD). Patients were predominantly female, never-smokers, and with an ECOG PS 0-1. Brain metastases were mostly asymptomatic and < 10 mm. The OS for the entire population was 26.7 months (95% CI, 23.9-29.5); there was no difference between groups, and use or type of RT versus TKI. The icPFS was 14.3 months (95% CI, 9.1-19.5), icORR was 64.2%, and icDCR was 82.7%, without any difference between groups. Among those patients who did not receive upfront Osi, use in the post-progression setting resulted in a significantly longer OS (54.8 vs. 23.0 months, p = 0.001). Conclusions: We found no statistical difference in OS, icPFS, or icORR in patients treated with upfront RT or EGFR TKI. Results should be confirmed with a prospective study.


The utility model discloses a liquid crystal backlight module and a film material back plate assembly which is good in locating effect. The liquid crystal backlight module comprises an optical film material and a back plate frame, wherein the optical film material is placed on the back plate frame, the edge of the optical film material is provided with at least one through hole, and the back plate frame is provided with at least one locating structure. The through hole is connected with the locating structure in clamping mode. The film material back plate assembly is simple to assemble in structure, can limit the movement of film materials in a Z direction, and improves the locating effect. Because adhesive tapes are not needed to be adhered to the liquid crystal backlight module and the film material back plate assembly, the reliability of the whole structure is improved, the assembling working hours are reduced, and the poorly done work can be done again conveniently.


Michael Boym (1612-1659) was a pioneer in bringing knowledge of Chinese culture to Europe in many fields, but it might well be said that his contributions to medicine rank very highly. Earlier in the 17th century, Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) in his description of China had tendered some general notions concerning the profession of medicine in China, mentioning, e.g., the importance of the pulse and also the role of medical examinations. Also in the early decades of that century some other Jesuits, with a background of proper medical training, tried to begin a dialogue with Chinese scholars, as it happened at that time in fields such as astronomy or mathematics. Therefore they had been eager to provide some accounts of recent developments in European medicine, putting much effort into the truly monumental task of rendering the main content of several Western anatomical books into Chinese, the so-called early "translations.,,2 But it was Boym who, through his intensive and path-breaking studies in the theoretical background as well as in the practice of Chinese doctors whom he met during his stay in south-


Eleven strains belonging to two physiological races of Saccharomyces cerevisiae endowed with different abilities of forming films at air‐liquid interfaces were analysed in relation to cell fatty acid composition and cell hydrophobicity. Extensive individual differences in fatty acid profiles were observed both in the film and in the non‐film phase. The ability of the cells to form a floating film seems to be an implicit strain character associated with an elevated unsaturation level and a mean chain length of fatty acid residues, as well as cellular hydrophobicities higher than those shown by non‐film‐forming strains belonging to the same species.


In order to investigate the tension-stiffening effect of reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), which is one of the High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite (HPFRCC), uniaxial tension test is carried out for the specimens with one deformed steel rebar arranged. Bond analysis between ECC and rebar, in which fiber bridging effect of ECC at crack is considered, is conducted under the assumption of the bond stress - slippage relationship. Analysis results show that the tension-stiffening effect between ECC and steel rebar is relatively small rather than bridging action of ECC. It is also confirmed that bridging stress is smaller than crack strength of ECC as the average and strain capacity of ECC increases due to restriction of crack localization.


Errors in anisokinetic sampling for aerosol concentration measurements are affected by the shapes, wall thickness of the nozzles and size distribution of particles. Moreover, it is expected that the particle concentration distribution in the nozzle is not uniform. The numerical analysis were carried out to obtain the flow field around the nozzle using the finite element method in a potential fluid, and particle motion with the Runge-Kutta-Gill method. For superisokinetic sampling (Vo/Vs 1). The analytical results of the sampling efficiencies agreed fairly well with the experimental data for a Stokes number of Sk(D)<0.5. The calculated particle concentration distribution showed a maximum at a dimensionless radial distance of around 0.7 for superisokinetic sampling, while it flctuated markedly near the nozzle axis for subisokinetic sampling.


Here we present a broadband dispersive mirror pair covering spectral bandwidths from 600 nm to 1300 nm with a zero net group delay dispersion that is intended for efficient transport of intense ultrafast light pulses.


Surveying rocks for engineering aims for prediction of geological feature of the construction site. Conventionally, survey information at outcrops and bore holes are projected to the construction sites, such as tunnel and slopes, and rock properties of the sites are predicted by interpretations of specialists. This system, the "Fracjection", aims to assist the specialist for visualization of the projected fractures from borehole and outcrop survey. The Fracjection accepts the BIPS and outcrop survey data to its database and allows plotting them in AutoCad map. The software also reads elevation data from contours of the topographic map and constructs DEM of the construction sites. With user's guide, it generates 3D excavation sites such as slopes and tunnels at the topographic map. The s/w projects borehole and outcrop surveyed fractures onto the modeled excavation surface and allows analysis of failure criteria, such as plane, wedge, and toppling failures by built-in stereonet function. Projected fractures can further be analyzed for structural homogeneities and rock mass quality. Moving window style correlation comparison of stereonet plots are used for formal analyses, and RQD type counts of the projected fractures are adopted for the latter analyses.


The aim of this work is to show what communications technology is used in the New Horizons mission to Pluto, provide a brief description of mission's objectives and emphasize the ability to transmit signals over long distances. This work also deals with the description and the importance of scientific equipment in the spacecraft, followed by information about data transmission and the navigation system of the planetary probe. The relevance and effectiveness of using the Ka frequency band and more modern technologies are also mentioned.


This issue has been concerned with two problems. First, all the contributors have considered how ideas travelled to, from and within nineteenth- and twentieth-century India. It examines how these ideas were received and reinterpreted by India's English-influenced intelligentsia in the light of its own intellectual histories. Second, the volume is intended as a contribution to an emerging global and trans-national history of ideas that attempts to set the sophisticated traditions of European, Atlantic, Islamic and Asian intellectual history in a world context.


This paper presents a study of errors in forecasting the population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas and the Primary MSAs of Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas and New England MAs. The forecasts are for the year 2000 and are based on a semi-structural model estimated by Mills and Lubelle using 1970 to 1990 census data on population, employment and relative real wages. This model allows the testing of regional effects on population and employment growth. The year 2000 forecasts are for 321 MSAs as they were defined in 1990. Actual year 2000 populations for these MSAs are constructed using the MSA components lists for 1990. Forecast errors are constructed for these "historic" MSAs. The forecast errors for the entire set of cities are examined for regional patterns. A subset of 77 cities is examined more carefully using the State of the Nations Cities (SONC) data base prepared by the Center for Urban Policy Research. SONC contains observations on 2000 demographic and socioeconomic variables for all 77 MSAs in the data set. Selected variables will be used to test a model of forecast areas developed for this project to determine if there are systematic relationships between selected variables and the forecast errors and to determine if a semi-structural model based on urban characteristics variables can improve urban population forecasts.


Abstract This report presents the methodology of using various programming tools for robotic construction sets at various stages of studying control theory. The analysis of programming tools of robotic construction sets like LEGO ® Mindstorms is given. The benefits of Model-Based case-tools for programming robotic sets, which allow more complicated problems to be set and solved, are shown. Experience of application of a technique at Mathematics & Mechanics Faculty of St. Petersburg State University is considered.


Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) provides a viable or favorable patterning solution for sub 10nm node without the intervention of EUV. We show the evolution of resulting modulated line-edge-roughness (LER) of non-mandrels from mandrel-cuts with implemented electrical measurements. As to line width down to 70nm, LER led to a reduced effective resistivity due to increased effective line width from LER [Leunissen et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 24(4), p. 1859, 2006]. For the first time, we report that metal line resistivity increases with the increased effective line width, when line width is further reduced in deep-sub Cu MFP (~20nm). The increase is accredited to excessive electron surface scattering from modulated LER with SADP. The findings are meaningful for comprehensive SADP-adopted product performance analysis (PPA) and can be used to distinguish electron surface scattering and grain boundary scattering from inline sample (there is by far no viable solution for such separation). As the industry continues to scale down and reaches a node where the solution of EUV + SADP is necessary, the findings would become more noteworthy.


Tourism has become agent of change for sustainable local development in different parts of the world. It is supporting the economic growth and is driving force for poverty alleviation program of many developing nations. In Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP) of Ethiopia, tourism is the main motivation to conserve its biodiversity and aesthetic beauty. It has shown better conservational efforts and created environmental awareness amongst the local community though the economic reward tourism brings. The sector is becoming the main means of livelihood in adjacent towns. It is also supporting the livelihood of traditional farmers in and around the park by generating extra income. Different employment opportunities are created for the community, especially to the young. The local community understands the value of their culture and tends to preserve it. Tourism in the park is establishing a long-lasting productive base to allow the local communities and service providers to enjoy a better standard of living. This paper has outlined how tourism is contributing to the sustainable development of the study area.


A Graphic User Interface Program has been developed for AUTODYN7, which is a special program for vehicle dynamics. The RapidApp for GUI(Graphic User Interface) builder and the Open Inventor for 3D graphic library have been employed to develop this program in Silicon Graphics workstation. The program integrates vehicle modeling processor, AUTODYN7 analysis processor, and visualization processor. In modeling processor, users can provide vehicle hard point data for a suspension model, then these data are automatically converted to multibody vehicle system data. This graphic user interface program guides users to model a vehicle system easily with menu windows and helps users to carry out modeling, analysis, and visual evaluation systematically.


Abstract:Because of the echoes in our times of the conditions that produced Cold War liberalism, it should not surprise us that recent years have brought a renewed interest in the tradition. Today, its inheritors warn ominously of the growing threats from the authoritarian right. But they are also concerned about the left's drift toward a rejection of liberalism. The war in Ukraine has further enlivened their coalition. What should be made of this revival?


Redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitors (redox ECs) are a class of augmented electric double-layer capacitors utilizing reversible redox reactions of soluble redox couples in the electrolyte. These systems offer increased energy density, efficient power delivery, and simple construction. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the emerging field of redox ECs, including the current status, advantages, and outstanding problems confronting their development. Our discussion is primarily focused on operating mechanisms and how they affect performance. We also provide a perspective on the advantage of dual-redox ECs and how to improve them based on fundamental design principles including self-discharge suppression strategies. Finally, we comment on best practices for device characterization, suggest performance-reporting protocols for redox ECs, and examine future directions for the field.


Abstract : This report highlights the research accomplishments in connection with studies of microelectrochemical devices including transistors and diodes. A bibiliography of published work in connection with the contract is included.


So segregated are the professional lives of most social and natural scientists that they lack understanding of each other's work. Natural scientists' training provides them with little that prepares them to know about or even be aware that these "primitive" peoples possess sophisticated knowledge and skills. Our scientists in most cases are not even aware of how deeply embedded our own science is in cultural suppositions that are not universal (12). Social scientists, on the other hand, are often so poorly trained in the natural sciences that they are inadequately equipped to recognize the scientifically valuable experience of traditional societies, since they are usually ignorant of natural science and often in awe of it. It is imperative that the present generation of natural and social scientists recognize the need for interdisciplinary research before it is too late. Peter Raven, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, is seriously concerned that it will soon be too late for scientists to make such studies. As Raven, Berlin, and Breedlove argue in their article on "The origins of taxonomy," we need to study the 10 million species of organisms in the world because 80 percent may well become extinct before they can be inventoried (13). Raven also points out that philosophical differences among tax-


The Intelligence Services During the Second Spanish Republic (1931-36) The Second Republic was proclaimed on 14 July 1931 after King Alphonso XIII had fled Spain. Thus, the curtain was raised on the first democratic period experienced by the country in the twentieth century. However, in spite of it being a democratic regime, the very brevity of the Republican period greatly complicated the emergence of a specialized intelligence service that could have separated itself from the army and the police. Spain was a poor country experiencing political and social chaos. The different centres of political power explain the immense disarray and the proliferation of information during the time of the Republic. As General Mola, at that time the director general of Security, stated: "[E]ach civil governor, as well as some generals, industrialists and businessmen relied on their information structures, which at times were more effective than the official channels" . Alpert affirms that "this shambolic 1


Lossy metamaterial elements act as sources of Johnson noise, making such materials inherently noisy. A coupled transmission line model capable of describing the effective medium properties, propagation and internal reflections, the internal noise distribution, and the noise factor is developed. Two analyses are provided, a numerical solution with limited physical insight and an approximation based on physical principles, and excellent agreement is obtained. It is shown that the internal noise spectrum is modified as it couples to the electromagnetic wave, and that there can be no change in permeability without an increase in the noise factor. This result implies that metamaterials will require careful evaluation of their noise performance before use in practical devices.


Human head gestures convey a rich message, containing information deliver for peoples as a communication tool. Nodding, shacking are commonly used gestures as non-verbal signals to communicate their intent and emotions. However, the majority of head gestures classification systems focused on head nodding and shaking detection. while they ignored other head gestures which have more expressive emotional signals like rest(up and down), turn, tilt, and tilting. In this paper we developed a new model to classify all head gestures (rest, turn, tilt, node, shake, and tilting) from complex head motions. The model methodology based on distinguishing basic head movements (rest, turn, and tilt) and combined movements (nodding, shaking, and tilting). The purpose of this system is to detect and label
combined and basic head movements in dynamic video. In addition, this phase of this study looking at developing an affective machine uses head movements to extract complex affective states (this work is underway). The system used 3D head rotation angles to classify relevant head gestures in-plan and out-plan of view during user interaction with computer. This system used an open source tracker to
detect and track head movements. The Three angels that obtained from the tracker (pitch, yaw, and roll), were analyzed and packed into sequences of observation symbols or cues. Observations formed inputs to an all-vs-all discrete Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classifier.
Three classifiers were used for each angle. The classifiers are trained on Boston University dataset, and tested on available mind reading data. The system evaluate on video streams in real time by webcam. The system is fully automatic without incurring any cost of technical methods and doesn't require any sensitive tools.


E-government allows governments to service citizens in a more timely, effective, and costefficient method. E-Government services focus on four main customers: citizens, the business community, government employees, and government agencies. E-government can provide four types of services, which are Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-toBusiness (G2B), Government-to-Employee (G2E), and Government-to-Government (G2G). E-government system has already been very popular all over the world, because Egovernment helps to disseminate information. Further, it aids in the collection of information that helps decision makers serve citizens more effectively. E-Government allows government agencies to centralize decision making. China have started first E-Government program in the late 1980s, in which the governments both at central and local levels built up office automation (OA) systems and established an intranet, subsequently the Central Government of China had formally launched five Golden Projects (Golden Bridge Project, Golden Customs Project, Golden Card Project, Golden Tax Project and Government online Project) aimed at building E-Government in China ever since 1990s. After realizing five Golden Projects, Chinese government has set ambitious visions in the implementation of E-Government: quicken the pace of change in government functions to suit the requirement of reform, opening up and modernization policies, improve the performance of government operation, introduce new government measures in a scientific manner and more effective mechanisms to monitor the economic activities, place a greater emphasis on central co-ordination and transparency of government work, carry out administrative functions in accordance with law and provide better service for the public. To meet above ambitious visions, the Central Government of China have programmed to establish four governance information resource databases in next five years, governance information resource databases consist of four databases: population basic information database, judicial entity basic information database, natural resource and geography basic information database, and macroscopically economy database. A data warehouse has been defined as a collection of data in support of management decisions which is: subject oriented, integrated, nonvolatile, time variant. Data warehouse, as a collection of database or data management technologies, emerged in the early 1990s. The data warehouse has now been more generally seen as a strategy to bring heterogeneous 19


The article focuses on the increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) use (vaping) in the United States and the growing vaping culture. It reports that as of February 2017 there were over 30 annual vaping conventions in the U.S. and mentions some flavors of e-cig may be encouraging middle-school and high-school children to begin using e-cigs. It compares e-cig safety and regulation to tobacco cigarette regulation in the 1960s and talks about a need for research on e-cig aerosol health risks.


Systems have been developed for the measurement of permittivity ¿' and loss angle ¿ for low and medium loss liquids and solids. Closed cavities constructed from helix waveguide have been used at 10 GHz and 35 GHz. Open resonators using one plane and one concave mirror in the near hemispherical configuration have been used at 35 GHz, 72 GHz and 144 GHz. In general the accuracy obtainable with these systems is ± 0.1% for ¿' and ± (1% + 1¿rad) form ¿. The accuracy tends to vary a little with operating frequency and technique of measurement.


The work is devoted to the analysis of digital methods for extracting linear and periodic components in highly noisy signals of radio engineering systems. When analyzing random data, situations often arise when it is necessary to find out whether observations or estimates of signal parameters are statistically independent or whether they are subject to a trend - a monotonic or periodic change in the properties of systems or processes. This problem acquires special significance in the analysis of non-stationary data, in which it is necessary to reliably identify the presence of a trend or identify their parameters against the background of random changes (in single measurements).


Dental caries is an infectious disease that can occur in children, sometimes as soon as the teeth eruption starts. Nanotechnology provides effective strategies in prevention and treatment of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of silver nanoparticles to a fluoride varnish for the remineralization of primary teeth with white spot lesions. A trial was carried out in children with dental demineralization (white spot lesions) on both maxillary dental teeth. One of the teeth received three applications of a fluoride varnish with silver nanoparticles, and the other one, three applications of the same varnish without the silver nanoparticles. We measured the mineral content of the teeth with a laser cavity detection device (DIAGNOdent®) before the first application of the varnishes, and 3 months after the last application. The results show significant differences between teeth treated with silver nanoparticles. Teeth have been treated with fluoride varnish added with silver nanoparticles  seemed to enhance dental structure than teeth treated with conventional varnish, and this effect was also found between basal and final measurements in this group. The fluoride varnish added with silver nanoparticles seems to be more effective in the dental remineralization. This strategy may be used as a prophylactic measure to avoid development of caries.


The aim of this work is to study the determinants of economic and social
development of the village of Santa Rosa, this paper examines the
determinants of the small village to achieve its economic and social
development.
The present study aims to conduct an economic and social analysis, for
political and social actors take political and economic decisions that achieve
route on the right track all the economic and social potential of the small
village, and thus achieves economic welfare and social of the people and
achieving a better quality of life of its inhabitants.
Investigations are collected in this thesis main objective measurements
contribute to economic and social development from a multidimensional
approach. It has sought to enrich, with a number of factors, the perspective
provided by the indicator of the product or per capita income, in line with the
new alternative theories of development have emerged in recent decades,
especially the theory of human development of Amartya sen.
The base year data have been 2015, the data were projections with data
from INEI. Having the last census of 2007, this analysis is particularly useful
for analyzing as well giving development the village of Santa Rosa,
determined to where would be addressed further efforts to improve the
quality of life of the inhabitants of the village.
Keywords: Economic Development, Social Development, Development
Determinants, village.


Introduction: Thumb duplication is one of the most common congenital malformations of the hand. The goals of surgery are to ablate the hypoplastic component and to create a stable and well-aligned thumb with a good pinch-function besides a maximum of mobility. Yet this aim is seldom achieved by simple ablative surgery alone which often results in a residual deformity and loss of function. The objective of this review is a critical analysis of the used surgical techniques in 113 cases of thumb duplication. Patients and Methods: Within the 11 year period from 1992 to 2003 113 patients (67 male, 46 female) with 120 duplicated thumbs (7 bilateral) underwent surgery at our institution. Details of primary reconstruction, X-ray findings, follow-up details, analysis of secondary deformities and details of secondary surgery were documented and evaluated. The follow-up time ranged from 6 months to 10 years. The patients were evaluated for functional and cosmetic outcomes. Results: The right thumb was involved in 63 patients, the left in 57 and both sides were affected in 7 cases.11 Patients had associated anomalies. Using the classification proposed by Wassel to grade the thumb duplication the most frequent types were IV with 53 cases (48%), II with 27 cases (24%). Patient age at the time of initial surgery varied from 5 months to 26 years with a mean age of 20 months. 11 patients underwent previous surgery in another institution and had a second surgery at our hospital. 8 Patients underwent only simple ablation, in 88 cases there was an excision combined with reconstruction of collateral ligaments, in 51 cases combined with a tendon transfer or release and reinsertion. Osteotomy of the metacarpal bone or proximal phalanx was performed in 47 cases. 5 patients received a Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure. The most common complications were joint deviation (n = 12), joint stiffness (n = 2), joint instability (n = 11), nail deformity (n = 5) and scarring (n = 7). The 10 patients who under-went primary surgery at another institution and had to be reoperated are included in this listing. The type of secondary reconstruction was in 7 cases scar release, in 6 cases a ligament reconstruction, 4 patients received an arthrodesis and 6 patients needed a corrective osteotomy. Conclusions: Thumb function is critical to hand function. Despite its seeming simplicity surgery of thumb duplication is a complex procedure. Nowadays it is recognized that simple ablation leeds mostly to poor functional and cosmetic results. Treatment requires a thoroughful preoperative assessment, as well as an appreciation and understanding of the bony, capsuloligamentous and tendinous components involved. Taking this into account in mostly all cases a satisfactory cosmetic and functional result can be achieved.


Many public facility location models have been developed using maximum service distance criteria. Most of these models can be classified as covering modes. This paper expands on the notion of service coverage where the value of coverage is not a constant as in previous models. This varying coverage value when coupled with the Maximal Covering Location Problem yields a set of new models which are more complex but still tractable. These new models provide an approach that is sensitive to many of the issues found in public facility location. Both convex and nonconvex covarage functions are discussed along with their potential use in locating noxious activities.


The attractive feature of the fuzzy controller is to influence the output of the system by modifying control inputs to that system according to a set of rules that model how the system operates. Fuzzy controller is modeled by replacing the mathematical model used by conventional control theory for control signal generation to achieve the desired future state. Fuzzy logic is a good substitution for conventional control techniques based upon highly complicated nonlinear mathematical models. Fuzzy logic allows decision making with estimated values under deficient or doubtful information in the dynamic environments. However, the design process of fuzzy controllers becomes time consuming, tedious, and a trial-and-error approach.


Malignant struma ovarii encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from struma ovarii with microscopic, clinically unimportant papillary carcinoma to cases of struma ovarii with papillary or follicular carcinoma that have metastasized. Recently it has been proposed that highly differentiated follicular carcinoma arising in struma ovarii may resemble non-neoplastic thyroid tissue both in the ovary and at sites of dissemination and metastasis. We report a unique case of a struma ovarii with non-neoplastic appearing thyroid tissue which presented 6 years later as a vaginal metastasis of a typical thyroid-type follicular carcinoma. The present case adds to the spectrum of rare primaries metastasizing to the vagina. [N A J Med Sci. 2011; 2(4):93-95.]


Summary One of the principle characteristics of CDMA and WCDMA systems is that its capacity is a function of total interference experienced by the network. The most common approaches investigated in this paper to enhance the system capacity are: Wideband CDMA, Power control accuracy, interference power, Frequency reuse, cell sectoring, power based call admission control, and etc. Since CDMA is interference limited system, the uplink signal-to-interference (SIR) is used in evaluating system capacity with each of the previous techniques under different environmental conditions, e.g., AWGN and Rayleigh fading using Perfect Power Control (PPC) and IPC. These techniques enhanced the WCDMA system capacity with high QoS. All other studies concerned with speech users but this study is concerned with data users. Data transmission use higher data rates than speech transmission so for the same bandwidth the total system capacity for data users will be less than it for speech users.