Introduction: Part of the interventions in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) consist of the administration of crystalloids, implying a risk for the development of side effects. One of these is hyperchloremia, linked to the appearance of metabolic acidemia and systemic inflammatory response. Given these findings, observational studies have been developed, trying to establish an association between hyperchloremia and outcomes such as mortality and kidney failure; however, its diverse results prompt the development of new studies. In Colombia, there are no prospective cohort studies that establish any type of association with hard outcomes. Goal. To determine the association between the development of hyperchloremia and mortality and acute renal failure, in patients hospitalized in the ICU, in two hospitals in Bogotá D.C. Methodology: Analytical prospective cohort study conducted between June 1, 2019 and August 31, 2021. Results: 325 patients were analyzed, the cumulative incidence of hyperchloremia and acute renal failure in the entire study population was 44.6% and 29.5%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of death in the exposed was 36.5% vs 23.3% in the unexposed, with a relative risk RR=1.57, (95% CI 1.11-2.2) (p=<0.001). The cumulative incidence of acute renal failure was 43.4% in exposed patients and 18.3% in non-exposed patients, with a RR=2.37 with a (95% CI 1.65-3.4) (p<0.001). Conclusion: There is an association between the development of hyperchloremia and the outcomes of mortality and acute renal failure in critically ill patients.


Study Design Observational, cross-sectional study. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety profile of open-door laminoplasty (ODL) using titanium mesh. Overview of Literature The most appropriate surgical management of degenerative spine disorders, particularly ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, remains controversial and continues unabated in the neurosurgical community. However, recently, ODL has become popular among surgeons. Many modifications have been developed since Hirabayashi in 1983 to enhance the clinical efficacy and safety of this procedure. Methods We reviewed the obtained data of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) who underwent ODL using titanium mesh at Neurosurgery Subdivision, the Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, during January 2013–December 2015. Motor improvement (Nurick score), axial neck pain (neck disability index [NDI]), and incidence of complications were pre- and postoperatively examined, and the clinical efficacy and safety of the procedure was evaluated. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test. Results This study included five patients were included (i.e., four males and one female) with mean age of 47.00±9.68 years, where reassessments were done after mean follow up of 20.2±4.74 months. Mean duration of surgery was 165±12.55 minutes. Pre- and postoperative motor assessments were 3.4±1.52 and 2.0±1.22 (p =0.059), respectively. Axial neck pains using NDI were 23.60±7.44 and 12.40±6.50 (p =0.004) before and after operations, respectively. No infected postoperative scar was found, and only one patient had a left C5 motor palsy. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that enhanced ODL using titanium mesh has favorable outcome and safety profile, which can pave the way for a suitable treatment in patients with OPLL.


Scion cultivars have been the basis of fruit industries and the main concern of most fruit research. Stock cultivars have often been taken for granted and rootstock breeding neglected because it has not been immediately rewarding to the breeder. Rootstock breeding, like many long term research programs, has not been strongly supported by various granting agencies, which often seek quick solutions to industry problems.


The mature adults of Moroco kumgangensis were collected from the upper South-Han river at Dong-myon, Chungsun-gun, Kangwon-do on April 1996 and fertilized eggs were reared to observe the developmental characters and the morphology of larvas at water temperature of 16±1℃. The eggs were globosity, yellowish brown, submergence and adhesive type and diameter of the eggs were 2.31±0.094 mm after absorption of water. Cleavage was progressed at intervals of an hour and five minutes after fertilization, and optic cup and somites (18∼22) were observed in sixty three hours. In ninety six hours, the number of heart beat was 40 times/min. and movement of embryos was active. Hatching began about five days after fertilization and the newly hatched larvae were 5.28±0.453 mm in total length and the number of heart beat was 44 times/min. Melanophore appeared within three days after hatching and the larvae were 11.05±0.389 mm in total length and reached the free swimming stage in ten days after hatching. In twenty five days, the number of heart beat was 162 times/min, dorsal, anal and caudal fin rays were 7, 7 and 25∼30 respectively and reached 11.92±0.275 mm in total length.


Trauma victims with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often experience 'flashbacks' that are described as being different from memories of other fearful biographic situations. We used Positron Emission Tomography and Statistical Parametric Mapping to compare in the same subject brain activation patterns during induced flashbacks with recall of fearful non-traumatic situations. During fearful recall there were significant activations of right precuneus. When traumatic memories were compared to neutral, right lingual gyrus, right thalamus / mamillary bodies, and right cerebellum were significantly activated. When brain activation during flashbacks was compared to simple fear, right mediodorsal thalamus (MD), right precuneus, and right cerebellum were significantly more active. With respect to recent experimental evidence concerning the function of thalamo-cortical systems, we hypothesize that post-traumatic flashback experiences are based on hyperactive thalamo-cortical 'closed loop' networks.


This chapter focuses on the decisions taken by the gatekeepers of the criminal process. It first outlines the role of the police, followed by a comparison with the approach of regulatory bodies as agencies that select for official action certain types of person or situation—a selection that may lead either to prosecution and trial or to a form of diversion. The chapter then considers the range of formal responses to those who are believed to be offenders, including police cautions and other out-of-court disposals. It examines the problematic dimensions of diversion, before examining accountability and the values behind some of the differing policies.


Objective
To investigate the effects of ADAM17 siRNA combined with adriamycin (ADM) on proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate cancer cell line PC-3.

Methods
PC-3 cells stably transfected with ADAM17 siRNA expression plasmid were treated with ADM. The proliferation rate was observed by MTT colorimetry, the apoptosis rate was detected by acridine orange staining and flow cytometry (FCM), and the activity of apoptotic protein caspase-3 was analyzed.

Results
Both ADAM17 siRNA and ADM alone and in combination could decrease the proliferation rate and increase the apoptosis rate of PC-3 cells in varying degrees. FCM data showed that the apoptosis rates of ADAM17 siRNA and ADM alone were(6.2±1.4)% and (17.2±1.9)% respectively, which were significantly different from (36.4±3.7)% of ADAM17 siRNA and ADM alone (P<0.01). Both of them also had a good synergistic effect on inducing caspase-3 activity.

Conclusions
ADAM17 siRNA and ADM have different effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC-3, but the combination of ADAM17 siRNA and ADM is more effective. It is suggested that gene therapy combined with chemotherapy may be an important method to improve the curative effect and reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis of prostate cancer.

Key words:
Prostatic Neoplasms; Cells, Cultured; RNA, Small Interfering; Doxorubicin; Cell Proliferation; Apoptosis


The widespread availability of indoor and outdoor 3D models enables us to answer a wide range of spatial visibility queries in the presence of obstacles (e.g., buildings, furniture). Example queries include "what is the best position for placing a surveillance camera in an indoor space?" "what is the best position for placing a notice board in a doctor's station or a billboard in a city for a particular font size?" or "which hotel gives the best view of the city skyline?". These queries require computing and differentiating the visibility of a target object from each viewpoint of the surrounding space. This paper presents IndVizCMap that constructs a visibility color map (VCM), where each point in the space is assigned a color value denoting the visibility measure of the target. IndVizCMap is a scalable, efficient and comprehensive solution to construct VCM for a fixed target that considers the partial visibility of the target from viewpoints. Data structures for the fixed target support incremental updates of the VCM if the target moves to near-by positions. More importantly, IndVizCMap can output VCM considering readability of text data displayed on target.


Objective To observe the effect of genistein and epidermal growth factor (EGF)on the proliferation of human breast cancer cell MCF-7 in vitro.Methods Cell growth status was observed with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)when it was cultured with different doses of genistein or EGF for different time respectively,or with definite dose of genistein and EGF.Results he growth of MCF-7 was inhibited when it was exposed to genistein over 25μmol/L seemed to be an optional dose.Cell growth was greatly promoted when it was exposed to EGF over 4.15nmol/L,the more the dose and time became,the greater the promoting effect was,and 8.30nmol/L seemed to be an optional dose. When MCF-7 was cultured with 50μmol/L genistein and 8.30nmol/L EGF simultaneously,an interaction effect was observed.The promoting effect of EGF was reversed by genistein.Conclusion Genistein can inhibit the proliferation of human breast Cancer cell MCF-7 induced by EGF.


The Teratai Putih Global Foundation is an institution engaged in the field of education which has 9 (nine) school units from Islamic preschool, Islamic Elementary School, Islamic Junior High School, Islamic High School and Vocational Schools spread across Bekasi and Jakarta. The data collection process is mainly related to the administrative and financial processes of students and the recording of school financial cash flows. The foundation and the nine units have school administration system software IFAS (Integrated Finance and Accounting System) in their respective school units, this condition makes it difficult for the foundation to consolidate data and daily reports in real time because they are not connected to each other. VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology allows anyone to be able to access the local network from outside using the internet. The purpose of using a VPN is so that users can access the resources on the server, connect to the database server in real time and get the same rights and settings as physically in the place where the local network is located. With the NDLC (Network Development Life Cycle) method, a method for designing and building networks, VPN connections are designed for a client-server topology and successfully implemented for the IFAS program to run well and smoothly.


Background: Mepolizumab, recommended by NICE in 2017 for severe eosinophilic asthma is an anti IL5 monoclonal antibody. Aim: To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma Methods: We compared clinical parameters at baseline and 12 months after treatment of all patients treated with mepolizumab (06/17-01/19). Results: 39 patients were included in analyses (29F,74%; mean age =50.4 years (range 19-75 years). There was significant reduction in mean rescue steroid course from 5.7±2.1 to 2.56±2.4 (p Conclusion: There was significant reduction in maintenance and rescue steroid use, improvement in asthma control, good tolerability but no significant change in lung function or FeNO.


The invention relates to a control apparatus for a vehicle steering system, wherein the vehicle steering system (1) includes: an electric motor (51) that applies a torque to a steering shaft (35) with the use of field units that differ in number of turns; and a control apparatus (67) that controls the torque of the electric motor (51) on the basis of a steering torque that is a torque input to the steering shaft (35) in response to an operation of a steering wheel (12). The control apparatus (67) controls at least one of motor currents that are supplied to the field units of the electric motor (51).


From a management perspective, it is essential that software estimates used in a TSP launch are as accurate as possible. Significant growth due to estimation inaccuracy can wreak havoc on a team attempting to stay within cost and schedule while executing its established plan. This article discusses how a software team that uses both proxy-based and size-based estimates is able to accurately plan, launch, and execute on schedule. Bob Sinclair, NAWCWD Chris Rickets, NAWCWD Brad Hodgins, NAWCWD Software Estimation Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.


After more than ten years of acquisition of EM data, it is widely accepted that the technology has a significant potential for improving exploration efficiency. However, despite the fact that there is a convincing track record of EM results correlating with well results and some oil companies incorporating EM technology into their workflows, adoption of the technology in the industry overall has not come a long way. This paper discuss some of the challenges faced by the petroleum industry in the interpretation of EM data, as well as necessary improvements of the technolgy in order to enhance the value of incorporating EM data into decision workflows. the current use of EM is illustrated by two examples, one unsuccessful and one successful


Amongst the few publications dealing with inclined cables, the present investigation aims at exploring the non-linear forced vibrations exhibiting modal interactions due to internal resonance phenomena and the involved coupled hybrid modes accounting for the asymmetry effects of inclined sagged configurations. Most research works in the field have been devoted to horizontal suspended cables, whose vibration problems are encountered in many engineering applications. Finite amplitude free and forced dynamics have been the main focus of cable literature, and the relevant internal resonance mechanisms have been thoroughly described by means of numerical, analytical and experimental investigations (Rega, 2004). On the contrary, few studies have appeared regarding both the theoretical formulation and the examination of non-linear dynamic behavior of inclined cables (e.g., Pinto Da Costa et al., 1996; Yu & Xu, 1999; Ni et al., 2004). Moreover, most of them considered nearly taut inclined cables, thus overlooking one main dynamic feature associated with the asymmetry of inclined sagged configurations. Indeed, depending on the modified elasto-geometric cable parameter accounting for also inclination effects (Triantafyllou & Grinfogel, 1986), asymmetry entails the occurrence of the so-called frequency avoidance (veering) phenomena in the spectrum of system natural frequencies. These qualitative features, together with the associated coexistence of hybrid modes, actually characterize the sagged inclined cables with respect to the corresponding horizontal cables exhibiting frequency crossover phenomena and coexisting symmetric/anti-symmetric modes (Irvine & Caughey, 1974). Accounting for these aspects, the large-amplitude 3-D non-linear free vibrations of horizontal/inclined cables have been studied by Takahashi & Konishi (1986) and Srinil et al. (2003, 2004). Specifically, the effects of internal resonances and the features of hybrid modal coupling in inclined cables near avoidances have been highlighted in Srinil et al. (2003), whereas the non-linear free dynamic characteristics of horizontal and inclined cables far away from crossovers and avoidances have been theoretically discussed and compared in Srinil et al (2005), by focusing on planar 2:1 resonances. In this study, we utilize the approximate elastic 2-D model of inclined cable, which accounts for overall longitudinal/transversal non-linear coupling and dynamic extensibility effects (Srinil et al., 2005), to analytically investigate the resonant non-linear dynamic interactions in inclined cables due to simultaneous primary external and internal resonance. Amongst other planar/non-planar internal resonances, our attention is focused on the bi-modal planar interaction due to a 1:1 resonance involving two coupled hybrid modes coexisting at avoidance and possessing a never-zero internal detuning of their frequencies, in comparison with that due to a nearly tuned 2:1 resonance near or away from avoidance. To display the existence of avoidance and the associated hybrid modes, we account for the asymmetry effects in both the inclined static equilibrium solution (which is a cubic polynomial of the space variable) and the linear dynamic solution (obtained via a sine-based series). Thanks to the Galerkin-based modal expansion accounting for the full-basis eigenspectrum, the non-linear amplitude-dependent solutions of a second-order multiple scales analysis accounting for the combined effects of


Immunocompetent cells are present normally in the mucosa of the gut, and their numbers increase during inflammatory conditions. When activated, these cells release chemical mediators or cytokines that have the ability to alter intestinal function. Activation can occur in response to a variety of stimuli, ranging from specific antigens in sensitized hosts to molecules ingested or produced by bacteria or other pathogens. This article reviews information reported during the past year that describes functional changes of the gastrointestinal tract produced in response to immune activation or to inflammatory mediators. Studies of gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation are not included since they are covered separately in this issue.


The social security system in rural areas of China's social security is an important aspect of the entire department.Establish a sound social security system in rural areas,to address the "three rural"issue,and promote social harmony and stability,building a well-offsociety is important.To establish a sound social security system in rural areas,we should set out from China's national conditions,take all measures to increase the income of the farmers,and enhance the capacity of the social security of farmers;mofe agricultural insurance into rural social security system;break the urban-rural dual structure of social security,the establishment of urban-rural integration social security system.


A technique is suggested for easing the loop-ordering difficulty inherent in Mayne's sequential method for multi-variable-feedback-control-system design, by combining the concept of loop addition with that of dyadic approximation. It is shown that, if the plant matrix is dyadic, the problem is completely removed.


This study seeks to investigate the effect of a 5 day outdoor educational experience on the generalised self-efficacy of four Australian high school students. Specifically, it explored how the students conceptualise self-efficacy and whether they perceive a change in their own self-efficacy as a result of their experience. A key focus of the study was an investigation of the factors in their experience to which they attribute this change and if such a change is maintained.

To reconstruct the complex story of the outdoor educational experience for each student, a research design consisting of multi-method data collection in the form of a case study was used. Data collection techniques included participant observation,informal interviews, repertory grids and the use of a perceptual record (video, audio)of the students overt behaviours to conduct stimulated recall interviews. Through the process of triangulation of the data, the story emerged.

The data collection methods tend to reveal personal data of an affective nature and as such did disclose the student's personal reflections on their outdoor educational experience and generalised self-efficacy. Although distinctions in how the students construed their experience and generalised self-efficacy are evident, there are some
commonalties.

The students tend to construe confident people and confidence as being predominantly determined by aspects of the affective domain. Students use personal attributes such as caring, smart, sensitive and humorous as well as aspects of interaction with others to describe efficacious people. Constructs relating to attaining goals and achievements are used sparingly.

Immediately after the outdoor educational expe1ience the students perceive an increase in their generalised self-efficacy either through a closer association with their
'confident' people or through a disassociation with their people 'lacking confidence' or changes in both precepts. The changes in generalised self-efficacy were not necessarily maintained three months after the camp.

The students, when considering the outdoor educational expe1ience globally, focused on their level of emotional arousal, pa1ticularly enjoyment, as well as the need to
cooperate as a group. The group becomes a dominant factor in the student's outdoor educational expe1ience. The students recognise the power of the group through group
decisions and group support at stressful times. The concern for others becomes evident throughout the week. Whilst the four students recognise the group factor their reactions vary from wanting to be an active dominant member of the group to challenging the group at every opportunity.

The combined results indicate that a short term camp, that includes some adventure components, has the potential to be a powerful source of efficacy infonnation and thus increase a student's self-efficacy. The maintenance of increased generalised selfefficacy upon returning to the school environment remains a central issue. This study presents some evidence that increases can be maintained although it is acknowledged that further research is required.


Germline BRCA mutations are associated with an increased risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer with poor clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms by which BRCA mutations contribute to clinical aggressiveness are not completely understood. Previously, we showed that BRCA2-mutant prostate cancers often have intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), a distinct growth pattern of prostate cancer that is associated with adverse clinical features. Despite this, IDC-P is not routinely reported in pathology and its functional significance remains poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the clinical relevance of IDC-P as well as the underlying molecular features of localised BRCA2-mutant prostate cancers with and without IDC-P. To define the prevalence of IDC-P across cohorts of sporadic and familial prostate cancer, we conducted a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. This analysis of over 7,000 patient specimens revealed that the prevalence of IDC-P rises from 2.1% in low-risk cohorts to 56% in cohorts with metastatic/recurrent disease. Since these data showed that IDC-P is a prominent feature of high-risk prostate cancer, we next studied the biologic features of IDC-P using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). PDXs were established from three patients with germline BRCA mutations and compared to PDXs from four high-risk sporadic cases. IDC-P was successfully grown within the PDXs, maintaining its characteristic morphologic features for up to 800 days. Using classical castration-hormone regeneration experiments, we showed that IDC-P contains a subset of "castrate-tolerant" cells that persist after androgen deprivation and subsequently regenerate the tumor. Notably, we found that PDXs derived from BRCA-mutant tumors have the same response to androgen deprivation as sporadic cases. To further investigate the aggressiveness of BRCA2-mutant tumors, we profiled the genomes and methylomes of localized prostate cancers from 14 germline BRCA2-mutation carriers and compared them to 200 sporadic prostate cancers. BRCA2-mutant prostate cancers had elevated genomic instability and global hypomethylation compared to sporadic tumors. In addition, some genomic features of BRCA2-mutant tumors more closely resembled metastatic than localized disease. Importantly, negative prognostic factors were enriched in BRCA2-mutant prostate cancers harboring IDC-P. Sequencing of macrodissected IDC-P and invasive carcinoma revealed that these two pathologies arise from a common tumor clone and diverge later in tumor evolution. In summary, this work demonstrates that IDC-P pathology and genomic instability are two high-risk features of localized BRCA2-mutant prostate cancers. Given the high prevalence of IDC-P in high-risk patient cohorts, including BRCA2-mutation carriers, IDC-P warrants greater recognition and reporting as this may improve patient risk stratification. Citation Format: Laura H. Porter, Mitchell G. Lawrence, Carmel Pezaro, Heather Thorne, Dragan Ilic, Melissa Papargiris, Michael Fraser, Julie Livingstone, Declan G. Murphy, Mark Frydenberg, Damien Bolton, Daniel Moon, David Clouston, Theo van der Kwast, Paul C. Boutros, Robert G. Bristow, Renea A. Taylor, Gail P. Risbridger. High-risk pathologic and genomic features of BRCA2-mutant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr B100.


Author(s): Wang, Runyi | Advisor(s): Regan, Amelia | Abstract: Ride-hailing or Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) such as Uber, Lyft and Didi Chuxing are gaining increasing market share and importance in many transportation markets. To estimate the efficiency of these systems and to help them meet the needs of riders, big data technologies and algorithms should be used to process the massive amounts of data available to improve service reliability. The model developed predicts the gap between rider demands and driver supply in a given time period and specific geographic area using data from Didi Chuxing, the dominant ride-hailing company in China. The data provided includes car sharing orders, point of interest (POI), traffic, and weather information. A passenger calls a ride (makes a request) by entering the place of origin and destination and clicking "Request Pickup" on the Didi phone based application. A driver answers the request by taking the order. Our training data set contains three consecutive weeks of data in 2016, for large Chinese city which is referred to as City M. Though the training set is relatively small when compared to the whole of Didi's ride sharing market, it is large enough so that patterns can be discovered and generalized. These data were made available to researchers and entrepreneurs by Didi after removal of some identifying information.


Abstract Dahlgren Memorial Library (DML) is the graduate health and life sciences library for Georgetown University Medical Center and serves a wide population. The library is 99% electronic and boasts a robust collection of electronic resources, such as ebooks and Springshare LibGuides. DML began subscribing to LibGuides in 2009 and since had accumulated 8,000 assets. Over 4,000 of the assets were links from an A–Z eBooks Guide created for all of the ebooks in DML's collection. After some analysis, the assets showed low statistics, duplication, and old metadata. With the introduction of an eBooks Highlight Collection in 2021, there came organization, new methodology, and ultimately a reduction of assets in the library.


Increased use of information databases has not been reflected in research in the field of HCI. Experiments that have been conducted often relate to abstract tasks rather than to tasks that users will actually perform. Twelve subjects completed realistic tasks in a nested hierarchical experimental design that used two conditions, Selective Retreat or Restricted Retreat, with two task types, Simple or Complex, that were either Interrupted or Not Interrupted. Results indicated that: the provision of a trace of selections significantly enhanced navigation; active search time was very variable; and Interruptions do affect users behaviour in the post interruption period. The small number and type of subject in this pilot study necessitates a cautions interpretation of the results. However, an interesting area of research with direct application to everyday use of computer systems has been broached. Some of the implications of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.


A battery protection circuit of a battery pack composed of a plurality of cells is provided to block a power supply circuit in an overcharge and overdischarge and supply the power to a controller again by using an N channel FET. A battery protection circuit of a battery pack uses serially connected cells. The battery protection circuit of the battery pack includes a controller. An overdischarge preventing circuit of the battery protection circuit includes first and second N channel FETs and a first resistance. An overdischarge control signal terminal of the controller is connected to a gate terminal of the first N channel FET. A source terminal of the first N channel FET is connected to the lowest bottom cathode terminal of the serially connected cell. A drain terminal of the first N channel FET connects the gate terminal of the second N channel FET. The source terminal of the second N channel FET is connected to the lowest bottom cathode terminal of the cell. The second N channel FET is connected to the cathode terminal of the pack. The first resistance is connected between the voltage drawing terminal and the first connection point. According to the signal of an overdischarge control signal terminal of the controller, the second N channel FET is turned off if the first N channel FET is turned on. If the first N channel FET is turned off, the second N channel FET is turned on.


Technical Field The present invention relates to navigation, the present invention discloses an automatic dependent track A broadcasting method for establishing a monitoring target, split onboard location information, transmitted by broadcasting packets to the ground position information packet in odd and even alternately the encoded transmission; ground when the device does not receive the first and second pairs of parity packets to the first and second pair of global parity packet decoding to obtain the original position, when receiving the third packet, the initial position of the third packet obtained by decoding and global local decoded local decoded position is calculated, the received parity third and fourth pair of messages and the fourth position of the packet locally decoded is locally decoded to obtain a new local decoding position, and then calculate the global position of decoding packets according to the third and fourth parity packets which packets, if the position is equal to the global decoder new local decoding position, the position is the position of the established track.


[Methods]The aim of this study was to explore the influence of potato sprout inhibitors on environment.The residue levels and dynamic degradation of chlorpropham in soil and water were investigated by RP-HPLC method.[Results]The results showed that the degradation rate depended on the formulation and the degradation rate of chlorpropham contained in potato sprout powder in soil was slower than that in potato sprout emulsifiable concentrate(EC).The average half-life of chlorpropham in soil and water were about 19 days and 52 days,respectively.[Conclusions]It was concluded that chlorpropham could be decomposed in soil and water quickly and there was hardly adverse effect of chlorpropham on environment.


We have investigated an Fe-30Mn-4Si shape memory alloy to clarify the effect, on the bulk texture, of the shear layers resulting from two different thermo-mechanical treatments. XR analysis has shown the existence of texture heterogeneity through the rolled sheet ́s thickness, due to the effect of friction between sheet and rolls. Neutron diffraction revealed that textured layers on the sheet ́s surface affect the whole volume. The texture found on the surface of the sheet rolled at 600oC is the most favourable for the γ→ε martensitic transformation which is the origin of the shape memory effect. Comparing these results with those obtained on sheets rolled at room temperature, we found that shear deformation gradients produce changes in the bulk material texture. Tensile tests initially induce the martensitic transformation in those grains favourably oriented. As a result, these favourable orientations disappear in the remnant austenite.


We present a social pragmatic model of talk-as-interaction. Talk consists of observable and orderly sequences of turns by means of which participants together construct and interpret action. The meaning of a speaker's turn, the action accomplished, is observable in the manifest details of that turn and responses to it. We discuss methodological implications and illustrate the relevance of this social pragmatic model for theory and research on human development through an analysis of the role of talk in the development of children's understanding of mental states.


As a university hospital, it prides itself on using the latest techniques, medical and diagnostic curriculum, as well as up-to-the-minute medical equipment and fully equipped facilities. It has over 1700 employees and accommodates more than 311 beds and 9 operating theatres, a number of internal wards plus an intensive care unit with 12 beds. Healthcare organizations now believe in improved efficiency, reduced costs, improved patient care and quality of services, and safety when they are preparing to apply new information and communication technology (ICT) based applications. Health IT systems allow the gathering of data for use for quality management, outcome reporting, and public health disease surveillance and reporting. However, development is needed with all health IT, particularly concerning design, implementation, and integration between platforms within the surroundings of work.


INTRODUCTION In dairy cattle production the majority of research has concentrated on yield traits, which represents only one component contributing to overall efficiency and profitability. For some other dairy production traits, including management traits such as milking temperament, little or no attention has been given in genetic selection programs. Temperament can be defined in terms of either milking behavior, ease of handling or aggressiveness at feeding. In Canada, temperament at the time of milking, referred to as milking temperament, has been recorded for several years by milk recording agencies. Moreover, several reports have shown that milking temperament has been a factor for dairy cow disposal to an amount up to 1.5% (Burnside et al., 1971 ; Westell et al., 1980 ; PATLQ, 1999). Although milking temperament can be considered a trait of importance, especially in herds with automated milking systems, relatively little work has been done in the past to evaluate the genetic component of such a behavioral trait and its relationship with other traits such as production, type and other auxiliary traits.


We characterized the combinatorial structure of the Voronoi cell of the $A_n$ lattice in arbitrary dimensions. Based on the well-known fact that the Voronoi cell is the disjoint union of $(n+1)!$ congruent simplices, we show that it is the disjoint union of $(n+1)$ congruent hyper-rhombi, which are the generalized rhombi or trigonal trapezohedra. The explicit structure of the faces is investigated, including the fact that all the $k$-dimensional faces, $2\le k\le n-1$, are hyper-rhombi. We show it to be the vertex-first orthogonal projection of the $(n+1)$-dimensional unit cube. Hence the Voronoi cell is a zonotope. We prove that in low dimensions ($n\le 3$) the Voronoi cell can be understood as the section of that of the $D_{n+1}$ lattice with the hyperplane orthogonal to the diagonal direction. We provide all the explicit coordinates and transformation matrices associated with our analysis. Most of our analysis is algebraic and easily accessible to those less familiar with the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams.


We report the single-crystal growth of Mn2V2O7 and the results of magnetic susceptibility, high-field magnetization up to 55 T and high-frequency electric spin resonance (ESR) measurements for its low-temperature α phase. Two antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering at 17.5 K and 3 K and obvious magnetic anisotropy are observed in α-Mn2V2O7 upon cooling. In pulsed high magnetic fields, the compound reaches the saturation magnetic moment of ∼10.5 μ B for each molecular formula at around 45 T after two undergoing AFM phase transitions at H c1 ≈ 16 T, H c2 ≈ 34.5 T for H//[ 11ˉ0 ] and H sf1 = 2.5 T, H sf2 = 7 T for H//[ 001 ]. In these two directions, two and seven resonance modes are detected by ESR spectroscopy, respectively. The ω 1 and ω 2 modes of H//[ 11ˉ0 ] can be well described by two-sublattice AFM resonance mode with two zero-field gaps at 94.51 GHz and 169.28 GHz, indicating a hard-axis feature. The seven modes for H//[ 001 ] are partially separated by the critical fields of H sf1 and H sf2, displaying the two signs of spin-flop transition. The fittings of ω c1 and ω c2 modes yield zero-field gaps at 69.50 GHz and 84.73 GHz for H//[ 001 ], confirming the axis-type anisotropy. The saturated moment and gyromagnetic ratio indicate the Mn2+ ion in α-Mn2V2O7 is in a high spin state with orbital moment completely quenched. A quasi-one-dimensional magnetism with a zig-zag-chain spin configuration is suggested in α-Mn2V2O7, due to the special neighbor interactions caused by a distorted network structure with honeycomb layer.


The present paper analyses the productivity growth pattern in the urban informal manufacturing sector of Assam; an underdeveloped state of India, which has the potentialities of becoming the manufacturing hub of the north eastern part of India, as it is industrially the most developed state in this part of the nation. The productivity of the UIMS of the state is calculated and compared to the national average by using both partial and total factor productivity measures. The gross value added is used as a measure of output, which is deflated by the wholesale price index for the manufactured products. Capital input is represented by the gross fixed assets, which is deflated by the wholesale price index for the machine and machinery tools. Total factor productivity growth in this study is taken as the difference between the growth rate in value added and a weighted sum of capital, and labour growth rates, the weights being the share of labour and capital in value added respectively. The index of efficiency of labour has been computed for the state and compared to the national levels. The index is calculated as the difference between the actual growth rate of labour productivity and the desired growth rate of labour productivity. The study finds that the productivity per enterprise and labour productivity is higher and capital productivity is lower in the informal manufacturing sector of Assam as compared to the all India level. The positive total factor productivity growth of this sector both at the national as well as at the national level is an encouraging signal for the development of this sector not only in Assam but for the nation as a whole.


The start of the second century of imaging sees become cheaper and more sophisticated with handheld scanners in development in which the screen the greatest period of technological development ever experienced by our specialty, involving not and controls are no bigger than a child's ''Gameboy''. I suspect it will only be a matter of only advancement in imaging techniques, but also innovations in other areas, particularly those of time before basic ultrasound is part of a GP's repertoire and seen as the stethoscope of the 21st communication and information technology. In addition, the previous dominance of hospital-based century. Traditionally, it has been common to restrict healthcare provision is being challenged, with pressure put on decreasing hospital beds and a access to other techniques such as MRI and CT to hospital practice. However, with changes in the greater importance placed on primary care and the role of the general practitioner (GP). funding of the NHS there is pressure to open access to primary care on quality and costAs with any change there are both threats to and opportunities for radiology in this exciting effectiveness grounds. To achieve these goals we must educate our GP colleagues both in the role period. This article addresses some of the issues regarding these new developments when considerof such modalities and more importantly to make sure they understand the significance of our finding how we may deliver imaging to primary care into the next Millennium. ings. For instance, in MR of the spine, our orthopaedic and neurosurgical colleagues are now aware that a number of MR findings are commonly seen What type of imaging? in the asymptomatic population and therefore their presence must be viewed in context [1]. If GPs The plain film is still the cornerstone of imaging in many areas of medicine, particularly the chest, are not aware of this type of information, instead of decreasing hospital referrals it may actually have trauma and orthopaedics, with no real threat on the horizon to replace it in the immediate future. the reverse effect. Obviously, computerized radiography and direct radiography will change its form and probably Where should we image? improve its quality and throughput. As well as the type of imaging we offer, it is an The widespread use of drug therapy for ulcers opportune time to review where these techniques combined with the increase in access to endoscopy are based. Historically, the main X-ray services services has resulted in a decline in upper gastrohave been centred on hospital sites with some of intestinal studies (a 68% decrease in the past the commoner techniques being available in 6 years in our practice). Likewise, colonoscopy has smaller community hospitals. In the earlier part of challenged the barium enema although not to the the 20th century, community hospitals developed same extent. As for the intravenous urogram, ultrato bring healthcare to patients who found access sound has proved a safer and better option in to the main hospitals difficult due to lack of many cases with a 65% decrease in our GP usage transport particularly in rural areas. However, the over the past 6 years. development of the motor car appeared to solve Ultrasound is certainly the imaging growth this access problem in many areas allowing us to industry in primary care. GPs now see access to consider a more centralized service. Unfortunately, this modality as an essential part of their practice. in recent years the massive increase in road usage Radiologists must work closely with GP colleagues is creating congestion on the roads and more to make sure this technique is used correctly and importantly parking problems particularly in our delivered promptly and efficiently. Equipment has older city hospital sites. This is compounded by most hospitals being situated in densely populated Received 23 December 1997 and in revised form 25 February 1998, accepted 1 April 1998. areas. Ironically, the very thing that helped to


Children's Rights - Radical Remedies for Critical Needs R. Reid. Is there a Place for Children in the New World Order? G. Melton. Justice for Children through the UN Convention T. Hammarberg. National Policies on Children's Rights and International Norms S. Goonesekere. General Issues relating to Refugee Children N. Whande. Meeting At-Risk Children where they Get Together - an Alternative Concept of a Community T. Penna Firme. The Legacy of the Past on Systems of Care for Separated Children J. Triseliotis. The Scottish Children's Hearings System - Internal Developments and the UN Convention A. Lockyer. Scottish Children's Hearings and Representation For the Child D. Duquette. Justice for Children - a Story without an Ending M. Hill, S. Asquith. Appendix: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Glasgow/UNICEF (UK)/Save the Children Fund (UK)


Abstract : Polymers represent a ubiquitous class of compounds with diverse and desirable material properties. They are found in plastics, fibers, elastomers, coatings, adhesives, and composites. A major goal of polymer chemistry is to establish the relationship between polymer structure on the molecular level and the macroscale properties these materials exhibit. To this end, synthetic polymer chemists seek to vary the number and types of monomers that are the building blocks of different polymers, as well as the sequence and architecture in which these monomers are linked together. Traditional polymer architectures include linear and branched polymers composed of covalent linkages only. A relatively new polymer architectural class is the main-chain polyrotaxanes/polypseudorotaxanes (Figure 1), a subset of supramolecular polymers. Polyrotaxanes/polypseudorotaxanes incorporate mechanically linked subunits for which the connecting forces are noncovalent interactions;; typically macrocycles are penetrated by linear polymers. The distinguishing feature of polypseudorotaxanes are the lack of sterically bulky groups that act as stoppers to prevent dethreading of the macrocycles. The unique architectural characteristics of polyrotaxanes/pseudorotaxanes impart these materials with novel properties. However, the correlation between structure and macroscale properties is not well-established due to the synthetic challenge of making such polymers.


An optical pickup apparatus comprising a light separator, the separator comprises a diagonal plane, a prism having a partially reflective coating layer, the mirror and the polarization beam splitting surface, the prisms on the first corner of the rectangular hexahedron, the mirror means in a second corner opposite the first corner, the polarization separation plane is formed between the prism and the mirror, with a partially reflective coating layer is positioned parallel to a line, this line by the second triangle of the prism, mirror and polarization beam splitter hexahedron integrally formed in the body, the laser beam is converted into a parallel beam, incident on the polarization beam splitter. The first and second polarization components is detected in the photodetector.


Nitrofurazone which has been applied for preservation of fish sausages in Japan was shown o decrease its activity when heated with mammalian meat such as whale, mutton and horse meat. Evidence obtained might suggest that the decrease in bacteriostatic activity is caused by the reduction of nitrofurazone during the heating process by reducing substances in meat and in the presence of Fe++ ion from hemoglobin and myoglobin. Nitrofurylacrylamide, showed rapid reduction in its activity when heated with the cysteine without any cations, and this appeares to elucidate the unsuccessful application of the preserv-atives for Kamaboko or other meat products. The dependency of the heating reduction of the nitrofurans on hydrogen ion concentration and metalic ions was determined with simplified systems containing the nitrofurans, cysteine and cations. From the results of the above experiments, several methods to eluminate the heat reduction of nitrofurans were devised and some of them were shown to be successful when they were applied to Kamaboko.


Local government budget system has been introduced and operated in the local education self-governing system in earnest. The purpose of this study is to explore the background, meaning, The public participation budget system can be categorized into three types: government-led, private-public consultation, and citizen-led. The system of participatory budgets contributes to the realization of participatory democracy and achievement of fiscal democracy. However, the system of structural reform of central finance and local finance, the relationship between central and local government authority, information asymmetry by the master – agent theory and moral hazard. According to the regulations of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Education, the members of the Residents' Participation Committee are composed of civil committee members taking into consideration the representativeness of each region and functional group. The budget Received (March 16, 2018), Review Result (March 26, 2018) Accepted (May 11, 2018), Published (June 30, 2018) Associate Professor, 38453 Dept. Education, Daegu Univ., 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. email: email@example.com Current Status and Tasks of the Citizen Participatory Budgeting System for Activating Local Education Autonomy System Copyright c 2018 HSST 388 deliberation agenda is also limited to educational projects.


improve symptoms of Parkinson disease when drug therapy fails, but exactly how the process works remains a mystery. Because similar improvement can be achieved with surgical lesions, a process in which an electrical current or laser selectively destroys abnormally active locations in cerebral motor centers in Parkinson disease (PD), it has been thought that DBS works in a similar fashion. However, a new study appearing online on July 23 before the Sept. 2 print edition of Neurology suggests that rather than inhibiting neuronal activity, DBS actually promotes metabolic changes in neurons that reduce the runaway electrical activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and connected areas of the globus pallidus (GP) in the brain. Led by Rüdiger Hilker, MD, a professor of neurology at Goethe-University, in Frankfort, researchers used 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET to measure glucose metabolism (regional normalized resting cerebral metabolic rate of glucose) before and after insertion of electrodes, and afterwards when stimulation was turned on and off. While insertion caused a drop in metabolism similar to the effects of making a lesion, electrical stimulation appeared to excite the STN area and the directly connected pallidum by increasing neuronal output and slowing the overexcited motor areas, starting at the stimulation site and moving outward.


ABSTRACT For the past two decades, the Lord's Resistance Army has waged a devastating war against the central government and the local population in northern Uganda. It is estimated that tens of thousands of civilians have been killed or kidnapped so far. In recent years, Lord's Resistance Army forces led by Joseph Kony have moved beyond the confines of northern Uganda, turning what was a relatively localized civil war into a larger regional conflict. Media and scholarly attention to the conflict has been limited, with most coverage typified by sensationalism, focusing on the brutality of the Lord's Resistance Army and its practice of kidnapping children. Western political scientists, particularly working within the field of international relations, have given the conflict short shrift even though it provides an important case for understanding the complexities and contradictions of African international relations. This article focuses on the evolution of the Lord's Resistance Army conflict, with particular attention to recent events that have broadened the geographic scope of the war. This article explores how the Lord's Resistance Army case critically challenges some of the assumptions traditional IR makes about conflict, security, the sovereign state, and regionalism.


review, and 37 studies on NMIBC were included for data extraction (Figure 1B). A paucity of economic evidence specific to NMIBC was identified from the initial SLR searches. As such, additional targeted searches expanding the search criteria to include patients with bladder cancer were conducted to identify additional economic evidence. A further five studies were identified through additional targeted searches, resulting in a total of 42 economic studies selected for data extraction. Studies reported on a range of different findings. Of the 37 studies identified from SLR searches, fifteen were cost studies, of which one evaluated total healthcare costs of bladder cancer in the US; one was a US Markov model of healthcare costs by disease risk; four were US database studies evaluating varying provider-level treatment intensity among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years; three assessed diagnosis and monitoring costs; three assessed different imaging technologies; and two evaluated intravesical chemotherapy post-TURBT. In addition, three budget impact models (BIMs) and eighteen CEAs were identified from SLR searches, of which twelve evaluated TURBT, mainly comparing diagnostic imaging during the procedure as well as comparing TURBT to other procedures or procedure setting. Two studies assessed intravesical therapy; four assessed surveillance. Four studies evaluated BCG and/or the impact of its shortage, with one being a CEA that presented AE costs associated with BCG in high-risk patients. Of the five studies identified from additional targeted searches, two were cost studies on the economic burden of bladder cancer in Europe and Italy, respectively; one was a clinical model of the lifetime cost of bladder cancer; one was a CEA of BCG versus immediate radical cystectomy; and one was a retrospective study evaluating the impact of BCG shortage. We herein focus on presenting findings from studies reporting healthcare costs in bladder cancer and NMIBC, with an emphasis on high-risk disease. Overall Healthcare Costs Two cost studies estimated the total healthcare costs for bladder cancer in the US and Europe to be US$4.0 billion in 2010 and €2.9 billion in 2012, respectively. In Europe, inpatient care accounted for over half of bladder cancer healthcare costs (€1.7 billion; 58%). Overall costs associated with bladder cancer were estimated at €4.9 billion (€2.9 billion in healthcare costs), of which indirect costs from work productivity losses and informal care accounted for 41%. Likewise, in an Italian cost of illness study of bladder cancer, nearly half (44%) of total per patient costs were due to productivity losses. Mean total annual per patient costs were €3,591 for all bladder cancer types and €3,252 for NMIBC, specifically. The mean lifetime cost of bladder cancer treatment was estimated at $65,158 (USD, 2005 cost year) in a US observational medical database study of 208 patients with transitional cell bladder cancer registering at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Table 4 AE Frequencies During BCG Treatment BCG AE (Number of Studies Reporting AE) Range of Frequency


Introduction The Japanese Society for Synchrotron Radiation Research (JSSRR) is an academic society for promoting development in synchrotron radiation (SR) science and technology in Japan, composed of 1200 members from universities, research institutes, industrial companies, and SR facilities. Due to the recent COVID pandemic situation, deployment of automation and remote tools in SR experiments has accelerated, while the rapid transition to the new style has evoked some concerns among users and SR facilities. To build a broad consensus in the Japanese SR community, the JSSRR organized an "Ad-hoc Committee on Remote Experiments" in 2021. This report is a brief summary of discussion at the Committee.


Rational use of drugs plays an important role in efficacy and safety. World Health Organization (WHO) developed a set of indicators to assess medicines precribing pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rational use of drugs among internal medicines outpatients at a hospital in Papua, Indonesia, using WHO prescribing indicators. This study was a retrospective observational study conducted during January-March 2014. The data were obtained from patients medical prescriptions. From each prescriptions, data regarding the the total number of drugs, generic, antibiotics, parenteral, and essential drugs were extracted. A total of 2025 medical precriptions were included in this study. We found out that the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.3. Majority of the prescribed drugs were generic (84.14%). The use of antibiotics, parenteral drugs, and essential drugs were 33.43%, 3.40%, and 60.13%, respectively. Polypharmacy was relatively low among the subjects. The medicines prescribing patterns among internal medicines outpatients were in accordance with WHO recommendation. Keywords: prescribing indicator, polypharmacy, essential drugs


The traditional automated line production is hard to deal with the diversified and rapid changing requirements of consumers anymore. This is because the automated line production systems are inflexible and are not easy to alter a design or production process after a production line is implemented. As a result, cell production is turned to be the manufacturing style that suits to the modern agile manufacturing philosophy, which focuses on meeting the demands of customers by adopting flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing practices. Cell production has the mass production line split into a number of self-contained units. Each cell is responsible for a significant part of the finished article and, rather than each person only carrying out one very specific task, team members are skilled at a number of roles. Therefore, in cell production, it is easy to reconfigure workplace and is flexible to assign jobs for new manufacturing tasks. So far, cell production is still mainly implemented by human workers. On the other hand, because of the increasing human labor cost and long training time for novice workers, along with the fast advances of robotics technology and factory automation technology, robot cell production or autonomous cell production robotic systems will stand for the future development direction of the manufacturing industry. Currently, robot cell production is still in its initial developing stage. A critical problem of robot cell production is that the task of teaching robots is excessively time-consuming, which leads to increase in time cost and becomes the bottleneck of increasing the flexibility and popularity of robot cell production. The essence of teaching robots is to transfer knowledge from human workers to robots. Thus, to solve the robot teaching problem, it is significant to acquire human knowledge for robots and make robots be able to automatically and properly reuse the acquired knowledge for similar new manufacturing tasks. Herein, the human knowledge refers to how human workers adjust the robot program for a certain manufacturing task according to the given environment state by tuning the positions of seizing/placing points of the target workpiece, by inserting intermediate points and time delays in the motion trajectory, or by changing the robot motion speed and so on. Such human knowledge plays a crucial role in ensuring and improving the stability and efficiency of the performance of the industrial robots, especially when they are set into the automatic running mode. Thus, by acquiring and reusing the human knowledge, the time cost of employing robots can be dramatically reduced. Moreover, by accumulating human knowledge for robots, even after experienced workers are retired, it is still possible to keep the productivity and manufacturing efficiency of a company. In addition, this also gives a chance that novice workers are able to learn from robots during their implementation of robot teaching tasks. Therefore, the originality of this research is on developing a system to realize interactive knowledge acquisition and reuse for teaching industrial robots. Herein, 'interactive' means that not only robots are able to learn from human workers, but also it is possible for human workers to learn from robots through their implementing the robot-teaching tasks. This research appears especially important in the recent years, during which more and more experienced workers were going to retire from their jobs and it takes a long time to train new workers. In this research, a knowledge-based system has been developed for acquiring and reusing human knowledge in the robotic assembly domain. For an assembly task (i.e. the assembling process of a certain workpiece from picking it up from its initial position to placing it at/in the destination) is not iii trivial but complicated in which many factors such as workpiece features (i.e., shape, size, weight and so on), tool features (i.e., number of fingers, open width, length, load of weight, and seizing type such as gripping by two fingers, absorbing by a vacuum and so on), environments (i.e., the number of obstacles nearby the destination, and the relative positions and distances between the obstacles and the destination) and so on should be considered, a novel concept of hierarchical knowledge modularization has been proposed. Hierarchical knowledge modularization means that a knowledge-based system acquires and represents the knowledge implemented in a robotic manufacturing task in terms of a hierarchical set (i.e., different levels) of knowledge modules, organizes these knowledge modules as a plan for the observed task, and saves the plan and the task description as a case in the case base of the system. In this way, the system can flexibly retrieve a case or modules of several cases and reuse it or them for a new task. In other words, the system can re-organize different levels of knowledge modules in different cases to generate the solution for a new task. Explanation-based learning (EBL) is a deductive learning method that can learn from a single training example with the help of a pre-encoded domain theory. It is used to acquire human knowledge by observing robot programs of experienced workers and corresponding task descriptions. In the developed knowledge-based system, the original EBL has been modified with regards to the operationality criterion. The new proposed operationality criterion is a set of rules that demand the learned knowledge should be expressed in two ways: 1. easily understandable by human workers, i.e., explanations of the observed robot program are saved in the learned result; and 2. reusable by robots to generate program automatically, i.e., the observed robot program is generalized as a program schema. This new proposed operationality lays the foundation for interactive knowledge acquisition and reuse for teaching industrial robots. On the one hand, by reusing the learned robot program schemata, robots can automatically generate programs for tasks that are similar as the ones they have learned from human workers. On the other hand, the explanations of the programs generated by the robots can be provided for novice human workers, which makes the novice human workers be able to learn from robots during they perform robot-teaching tasks. The modified EBL has been further repeatedly and hierarchically used to abstract different levels of knowledge modules from the observed assembly task. The learning result, i.e., the generalized assembly plan is composed of different levels of knowledge modules. Together with its corresponding task description, they are represented and saved as a case in the case base of the knowledge-based system. In addition, the modified EBL has further been improved to have two learning modes. The first learning mode is learning from an example directly given by human workers, which is the modified EBL method. The second learning mode is learning expertise on error recovery by observing revisions made by human workers in handling execution errors that occur in teaching the robots or in reusing previously acquired knowledge. A criterion for saving the learned knowledge has also been proposed to control the number of the cases in the knowledge base. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. In this research, a modified CBR method has been developed to reuse the acquired cases to automatically generate robot programs for new assembly tasks. Because the saved cases are composed of hierarchical knowledge modules in this proposed system, a past case not only can be reused as a whole, but also can be reused partly by synthesizing different parts of several cases to generate a program for a new complex task in a variant environment. In the knowledge-based system, EBL and CBR are integrated to reduce the utility cost of the acquired knowledge. This is because the cost of reusing the cases of knowledge modules is iv increasing along with more and more knowledge is acquired and saved in the knowledge base. By abstracting the training examples into generalized knowledge modules, the improved EBL helps reduce the number of the saved cases. By providing a flexible retrieving method that is able to partly reuse the past cases for new tasks in variant environments, the modified CBR method improves the reusing efficiency of the saved cases. In addition, the knowledge-based system is possible to be applied as a media in integrating product design and manufacturing for reducing the lead time for companies. This is because the proposed system has saved errors occurred in the manufacturing process, and some errors that are difficult to be settled during the robot-teaching process can be solved easily by making changes in the design of a product. By using the proposed system, a product designer can simulate the robotic manufacturing process and be aware of the errors that may occur during the robotic manufacturing process. In this way, the designer is able to consider such errors from the product designing perspective and may further solve some of these errors by revising the product design before the robot-teaching process. In addition, the proposed system can automatically generate the preliminary robot program for assembling a product as soon as the data of its design has been input. Thus, the lead time can be reduced by using the proposed system.


Consider R as a commutative ring and M ideal in R, defined as association of all matrix with measure which its entries come from R, and called as "Matrix above commutative ring". Ideal in matrix above commutative ring is matrix which its entries formed ideal in the existing ring. There is a mapping – ideal in commutative ring with ideal in matrix above commutative ring


The persulfate-based advanced oxidation process is a promising technology for water treatment, while its effectiveness depends mainly on the activation efficiency of catalysts and the oxidant yield derived from persulfate. Thus, exploration of efficient and cost-effective activators for persulfate decomposition is highly desired. In this work, biochar, which was synthesized via a facile one-pot pyrolysis of sewage sludge, was proven to be an efficient persulfate activator for pollutant degradation. For a representative endocrine disrupting pollutant, bisphenol A, an average removal rate of 3.21 mol BPA per mol oxidant per h could be achieved by peroxymonosulfate in a wide pH range of 4.0–10.0 at a biochar dosage of 0.2 g L−1. Also, a high mineralization efficiency of ∼80% (total organic carbon removal) was obtained within 30 min. A further catalytic mechanism study demonstrated that singlet oxygen, which was catalytically produced by the ketone structure inside the biochar, was the main reactive species responsible for bisphenol A degradation. More importantly, metals in the sludge precursor were found to play an important role in the active site formation during the pyrolysis of raw sludge. This work not only provides a novel value-added reuse approach for sewage sludge as an efficient persulfate activator but also would be beneficial for further designing and fabricating carbon-based persulfate catalysts.


Cleopatra's Deaths: Pleasure and Freedom This essay develops out of a recent paper by Ayesha Ramachandran, which argues that "to understand 'pleasure' as related to the will, to judgement and to intentionality, is to see how the enjoyment of pleasure is profoundly related to the exercise of freedom and individual agency."i In Antony and Cleopatra, pleasure with its accompanying self-realization is fully realized only in death. Enobarbus comments about Cleopatra: "I do think there is mettle in death, which commits some loving act upon her, she has such a celerity in dying." Enobarbus' punning, bawdy and suggestive, makes death the characteristic mode of Cleopatra's exercise of "freedom and individual agency." This embrace of pleasure and death becomes central to the final acts of the play, in which Cleopatra turns away from "the world" with its dominant values reputation and power. Cleopatra's death is characterized by an embrace of pleasure and freedom, and a rejection of the world. Shakespeare emphasizes her rejection of the world by making Cleopatra die twice, once when she faints after Antony's death and again at the end of the fifth act. The essay examines these death scenes as they articulate the play's concern with pleasure and the creation of a self. i Ramachandran, MLA paper January 2018, p.10 1 2019 Seminar Abstracts: Pleasure and Interpretation in Shakespeare and Spenser, Part Two Joe Moshenska, University of Oxford Leah J. Whittington, Harvard University William A. Oram, Smith College Joseph M. Ortiz English Department University of Texas at El Paso email@example.com SAA 2019 Abstract Whose Pleasure?: Humanist Interpretation in Spenser and Shakespeare This paper explores the figuration of humanist reading in Spenser and Shakespeare. From Petrarch onward, the humanist representation of philology typically makes a polarizing distinction between sensuous pleasure and informed, textual intepretation. However, this distinction is muddled almost as soon at it becomes conventional, even by early humanist writers themselves. Spenser and Shakespeare in turn evoke the humanist opposition of pleasure and understanding, and their concomitant blurring of this opposition implicates the humanist model on its own terms. Moreover, for these two poets, ekphrasis becomes an especially powerful mode through which to suggest such a skeptical attitude toward humanist philology. First, as Krieger and others have pointed out, ekphrasis entails a translation of the material image into text (and vice versa), thus unsettling the terms by which humanist rhetoric stakes its opposition to pleasure. Second, and perhaps less noticeably, ekphrasis multiplies and renders ambiguous the position of the spectator, and thus of the reader. As I hope to show, hermeneutically charged ekphrastic moments in Book 3 of Spenser's Faerie Queene and Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis confound the humanist model of interpretation precisely by dispersing the sources and objects of readerly pleasure. 1 2019 Seminar Abstracts: Pleasure and Interpretation in Shakespeare and Spenser, Part Two Joe Moshenska, University of Oxford Leah J. Whittington, Harvard University


In the process of practical CT reconstruction,the detector has its size.We will get more accurate information for reconstruction if we take it into our account,when we design our reconstruction arithmetic.Based on the detector's structure,this paper gives a new improved FBP-Arithmethm,and we take it into practical experiment.The outcome indicates that the improved FBP-Arithmethm will give a better result in the reconstructed image's edge and detail information.Also has the effect of restrain the yawp,it will have some significance in the practical ICT system.


The invention discloses a coil forming method. When wires are wound on a coil inner frame mould, an idler wheel is also used for squeezing the wires towards a rotary center of the coil inner frame mould. By adopting the idler wheel to squeeze the wires which are in winding on the coil inner frame mould, the upper layer of coils and the lower layer of coils are tightly attached, and merely any gap is reserved, and therefore coil forming difficulty is lowered. At the same time, tension force which acts on the wires can be decreased, and damage from the wires to an interturn insulation layer is reduced. The invention further comprises a coil forming device.


One of the focuses of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment is exercise. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise without dietary changes on NAFLD-related clinical parameters (liver parameters, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, and metabolites) were screened using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases on 13 February 2020. Meta-analyses were performed on 10 studies with 316 individuals who had NAFLD across three exercise regimens: aerobic exercise, resistance training, and a combination of both. No studies investigating the role of gut microbiota and exercise in NAFLD were found. A quality assessment via the (RoB)2 tool was conducted and potential publication bias, statistical outliers, and influential cases were identified. Overall, exercise without significant weight loss significantly reduced the intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content (SMD: −0.76, 95% CI: −1.04, −0.48) and concentrations of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) (SMD: −0.52, 95% CI: −0.90, −0.14), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) (SMD: −0.68, 95% CI: −1.21, −0.15), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD: −0.34, 95% CI: −0.66, −0.02), and triglycerides (TG) (SMD: −0.59, 95% CI: −1.16, −0.02). The concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and glycated hemoglobin were non-significantly altered. Aerobic exercise alone significantly reduced IHL, ALT, and AST; resistance training alone significantly reduced TC and TG; a combination of both exercise types significantly reduced IHL. To conclude, exercise overall likely had a beneficial effect on alleviating NAFLD without significant weight loss. The study was registered at PROSPERO: CRD42020221168 and funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 813781.


With the popularization of multimedia teaching and application update, the advantages of this information technology in teaching have become increasingly prominent, and continue to go beyond the simple application model to the independent research and development model. It is very obvious in higher education, and a new type of educational informatization development mode of "application development" is emerging. Practice has proved that the education model of "Internet plus Education" is leading China to the era of education informatization 2.0. To drive the modernization of education with informatization will be the only way to realize the high quality and balanced development of education. The application of computers and other modern tools will help promote the implementation and development of systematic education methods in basketball education, and promote the scientific implementation and management of basketball teaching. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the theoretical basis of online teaching system of basic basketball skills, then studies the design of web-based teaching system of basic basketball skills based on computer, and finally gives the design of online teaching resources of basic basketball skills based on computer technology. The system highlights the characteristics of practical teaching of technical subjects, abandons the performance of online teaching system for light viewing and reference, innovatively proposes the learning mode of timely evaluation, real-time learning and simulation comparison, and effectively improves the students' interest in learning basic basketball skills. Make great use of students' spare time after class to learn technical skills, and provide innovative basis for the reform of technical practice teaching.


An organic EL element including, in order, a substrate, a reflective electrode, and an organic layer laminate structure. The reflective electrode comprises an Al-type laminate film comprising, in order from the substrate side, a first thin film comprising pure Al or an Al alloy, and a second thin film comprising a nitrogen-containing Al or a nitrogen-containing Al alloy. The second thin film is directly connected to the organic layers.


This paper presents a novel micropump which is actuated by drying of gel. Dehydration of gel by evaporation makes the gel be absorbent. This results in the suction of liquid in the connected microchannel into the gel. Therefore, liquid sample flows through microchannel by this negative pressure. The average volume flow rate was measured to be 84 pl/sec. It is first to use hydrogel as the source of pumping power although there have been several hydrogels used for microvalves. Gel pump reported in this paper is very simple, do not need exogenous power supply, and shows uniform speed. This pump would be useful for microchips which need slow but stable and long lasting actuation.


Superconducting flux qubits are promising candidates for the physical realization of a scalable quantum processor. Indeed, these circuits may have both a small decoherence rate and a large anharmonicity. These properties enable the application of fast quantum gates with high fidelity and reduce scaling limitations due to frequency crowding. The major difficulty of flux qubits' design consists of controlling precisely their transition energy - the so-called qubit gap - while keeping long and reproducible relaxation times. Solving this problem is challenging and requires extremely good control of e-beam lithography, oxidation parameters of the junctions and sample surface. Here we present measurements of a large batch of flux qubits and demonstrate a high level of reproducibility and control of qubit gaps, relaxation times and pure echo dephasing times. These results open the way for potential applications in the fields of quantum hybrid circuits and quantum computation.


Dr. Leaf's article J.H.S. xxxvii. 1917, 19–30, shows the nature of some of the vicissitudes through which the text of Strabo has passed in transmission, and illustrates the possibility of restoring it through the elimination of extraneous marginalia. My own studies in this author's account of Latium have brought to my attention two instructive instances of the other class of marginalia to which Dr. Leaf refers on p. 19 of his article, namely, those due to the author himself, who in revising his manuscript appended, we must suppose, the passages in question, which subsequently became inserted in the text at a wrong point. The first of these two instances occurs in V. iii. 8, in the enthusiastic description of Rome; and failure to realise the transposition which has taken place has impeded full appreciation of the effectiveness of this, one of the few rhetorical climaxes in our author's description of Italy. The existence of the transposition was, however, noted, and properly explained, some years ago, by P. Meyer.


George hasn't written back because he became sick with Typhoid fever in August and now has the strength to write back. He would like to spend the holidays with Mary in her new home. He still lives in York and because of that was able to go to his brother's wedding. He is going to work on his farm for a time and then decide if the married life is for him. He wants to write her every few days but can't afford it. He is thinking of moving to Texas for the better climate and company.


This report treats a concept study of a solar powered HALE UAV (High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and includes amongst others a short description of the parts, design, performance and energy calculations as well as a few models for solar radiation and weather/atmosphere. The inspiration was given by the solar powered airplane Zephyr, which has been the starting point for this project. The purpose of the study has been to find out how much energy is needed for this type of an airplane to be able to perform and how big area of the earth it could cover if only powered by the energy solar cells collect under the assumption of ideal conditions.The development of UAVs have been rapid during the past 30 years and considering the increasing environmental problems, environmental forms of flight will only become more and more popular. Airplanes of this type currently have many major uses, for instance they can be used for surveillance and observations as well as platforms for internet and telephony.Reasonable values of the aircraft design has been able to be determined using Zephyr as a starting point. The total weight of the airplane is set to 53 kg with a wingspan of 22.5 m using 2 motors at 450 W each. Different airfoils have been analyzed and a Wortmann FX 74-CL5-140 was chosen due to a high lift coefficient, designed for low Reynolds numbers and a very high lift to drag ratio. The solar cells used to take advantage of the energy of the suns radiation was elected to amorphous silicon solar cells with an efficiency at 20 % and the batteries used to store the energy are 15.9 kg of lithium-sulfur batteries with a specific energy at 500 Wh/kg.Calculations of the airplanes performance were conducted using mainly the distributed compendiums made by the examiner Arne Karlsson, which contain a more detailed description of the formulas. Different flight cases have been analyzed to get a clear picture of what is the most energy efficient flying schedule which resulted in level flight during the day and a mixture of glide and climb during the night. This gives an expected energy usage at approximately 6.1 kWh during the day and roughly 6 kWh during the night.A solar radiation model has been used to approximate how the energy varies in a day and during different times of the year. Calculations of how much energy there is available at different latitudes and heights were made and then compared with the minimal energy consumption the flight requires.Assuming the airplane needs 15 kWh per day to function (this is including a safety factor), the airplane needs to fly on latitudes below 40°N in December and on latitudes below 60°N in October.MATLAB and XFLR5 have been used for calculations and investigating the airfoils.


The invention relates to an electric rolling gate wireless control system which comprises a global system for mobile communication (GSM) module, a data processor and a rolling gate opening /closing circuit, and the GSM module is connected with the data processor, receives short messages and outputs the short messages to the data processor. The data processor is respectively connected with the GSM module and the rolling gate opening/closing circuit, receives the short messages and outputs rolling gate opening/closing control signals to the rolling gate opening /closing circuit according to the control commands carried by the short messages. The rolling gate opening /closing circuit is respectively connected with the data processor and a rolling gate, receives the rolling gate opening/closing control signals and controls opening and closing of the rolling gate. According to the technical scheme, the electric rolling gate can be remotely controlled in a wireless mode, and operation convenience of the electric rolling gate is improved.


A meteorite impacted the ground in Estonia forming the Kaali Crater dated at 1183 - 1162 BC. It set up a Baltic-wide mega-tsunami dated at 1171 absolute varve years BC. It also triggered violent seismotectonic effect in Sweden. Ancient legends testify of direct observations of the sky phenomena and personal experiences of the ground shaking and tsunami flooding, which makes the Kaali Crater the oldest impact event documented by humans. The Ragnarok apocalypse is likely to lead its origin from the violent geodynamic activity along the Swedish east coast.


Three dimensional carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide-tantalum carbide(3D C/(SiC-TaC)) composites were fabricated by slurry impregnation combined with chemical vapor infiltration SiC process.The ablation property was investigated by using oxyacetylene ablation equipment.The materials and microstructures of the ablated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The linear and mass ablative rates were 0.07 mm/s and 0.096 g/s,respectively.The results indicate that the addition of TaC to C/SiC improves the anti-ablation performance at ultra high temperature.Obvious ablation hole was found in the center region,compact Ta2O5 layer covered and protected the carbon fibers and matrix.Sub-limation,oxidation and mechanical denudation were the main ablation mechanisms in the center region of composites.Meanwhile,thermochemical oxidation controlled the ablation in the transition and outer regions.


T_(42)(Trichoderma sp.) and Bs-6(Bacillus subtilis) had strong antifungal activity to FUS3(Fusarium oxysporium).The field experience results showed the mixed animacules could increase the length and diameter of watermelon stem and quicken the reproductive grow of replant watermelon.At the same time,economic yield and total yield were increased by 50.9% and 66.7%,respectively.The effect of the mixed animacules against watermelon replant disease was 75%.


➥ normal inspiration and expiration. In adults it is about 700 ml (10 ml/kg). Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the gas volume additionally exhaled during forced expiration and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is that after a forced inspiration. The sum of VT and IRV is the inspiratory capacity (IC). Even after a maximum expiratory effort, some air is left in the lung; no lung region normally collapses. This persisting gas volume is called residual volume (RV) and amounts to 2–2.5 litres in adults. Expiration stops at residual volume for two reasons: distal airways of diameter ≤2 mm will close before the alveoli collapse;14 the chest wall, rib cage and diaphragm cannot be distorted to the point where all gas in the lung has been exhaled. The EELV – the gas volume remaining in the lungs after an ordinary expiration – amounts to about 3–4 litres, depending on sex, age, height, and weight.15 The existence of this persisting gas volume prevents collapse of the alveoli and ensures that the variation of gas concentration inside the alveoli is minimised. The gas volume in the lung after a maximum inspiration is called the total lung capacity (TLC). In adults, typically, it is 6–8 litres. The volume expired after a maximal inspiration is called the vital capacity (VC) and is therefore equal to the difference between TLC and RV.


There existed ectmycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza and dual mycorrhiza in Eucalyptus grandis, E.globules, E.urophyus and E.robusta while E.exserta is deficient in dual mycorrhiza in Sichuan. 5 species of Eucalyptus have significant differences in mycorrhiza infection under natural condition, of them, Eucalyptus grandis, E.globules, respectively 68 3%, 64 6%, have the highest mycorrhiza infection rates while E.exserta is the lowest in mycorrhiza infection rates (29 6%). For the same species of Eucalyptus, ectmycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza and dual mycorrhiza respectively rank first, second and third in mycorrhiza infection rates. It is concluded that forest density has the great influence on the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi, and ectmycorrhizal, endomycorrhizal fungi become complex as forest density increases.


A Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride amplifier pumped by high-power 1.017- mu m laser diode modules is demonstrated. Fiber-pigtail-type devices are used. A net gain of 15.1 dB is achieved for a 1.31- mu m signal at a pump power of 160 mW.<<ETX>>


This paper describes the methodology for fault detection in autonomous mobile robots. In this, artificial immune system based approach; a set of fault detectors is generated using negative selection algorithm which is responsible for detecting faulty behavior of system. The idea is based on the self-non self-discrimination observed in biological immune system. The feasibility of scheme is implemented on sensors of simulated mobile robot.


MAXI is an all sky X‐ray monitor to be mounted on the Japanese Experimental Module in the International Space Station (ISS). It scans almost all over the sky every 96 minutes, in the course of the orbital motion of the ISS. MAXI is designed to have a sensitivity, significantly higher than the previous X‐ray monitors, and then, to detect X‐ray sources as faint as 1 mCrab in a week observation. Therefore, MAXI is expected to create a novel catalogue of not only the stable X‐ray sources but also the highly variable ones in the sky, especially active galactic nuclei for the first time. If MAXI detects X‐ray phenomena, alerts will be quickly made through the Internet.


This paper presents a communicational semiopragmatics approach to the question of identity in interpersonal and intercultural communication. The model which we have developed (Boutaud, 2005, Frame, 2008) seeks to relate macro-level and micro-level approaches to communication (both in terms of culture and of identity), in order to take into account both the prefigured and the emergent aspects of meaning construction in an interpersonal encounter. The concept of identity is treated from a symbolic interactionist point of view, and more precisely within the theoretical framework of identity theory (Stryker, 1980, Stryker & Burke, 2000, Burke et al., 2003, Burke, 2004), applied to multiple identities. This theory posits identities as idiosyncratic social constructs, based on role performance. The model presented centres on a "figurative context" composed of three levels of meaning: prefigured meanings (cultural level), configured meanings (social / situational level) and performed meanings ("figurative" / interactional level). By taking into account and relating these three levels of meaning, the approach avoids the risks of cultural, social and psychological determinism or reductionism.


PURPOSE: To obtain a wide inspection area by providing a two-dimensional array for detectors arranged toward an object so that the array for the detectors being rotated around an axis along a spiral track can be moved to the object. CONSTITUTION: Detectors 2 are arranged in a matrix on lines vertical to a rotational axis and on columns parallel to the rotational axis and identified by a line coordinate (p) and a column coordinate (q) in a plane on an array 1 starting at the center 0 of the array 1. A collimator 3 covering the array 1 is formed of radiation non-transmissive material and provided with plural windows. The windows are arranged in front of the detectors so that the detectors can scan a space on focal lines L oriented to an object 4 to be inspected and therebeyond. All focal lines L are located around the object 4 and guided to Ce belonging to a plane vertical to the axis (X) of the array 1. In case of a spiral track, all focal lines L are guided along a spiral, arc. The focal lines L for the detectors located on lines are converged on a single point (p) and so an area to be scanned is greatly spread. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO


A system is under development at the Georgia Institute of Technology that utilizes a seismic source to propagate Rayleigh waves through a medium such as soil. Non-surface-contacting electromagnetic sensors are used to detect the displacement of the medium created by interaction of the Rayleigh waves with a target, such as a landmine. The system has been tested in a relatively uncluttered medium and has yielded encouraging results, demonstrating that the system is effective for the detection of targets buried just below the surface. The system performs well in an uncluttered medium. However, when the medium is filled with a large number of scattering objects, the Rayleigh wave will be broken up by the scatterers in the medium to the point that the wave front no longer interacts with the target as it would in an uncluttered medium. This causes detection of a target to be uncertain or impossible. In an effort to extend the application of this system to a highly cluttered medium, the time reversal method is applied to the seismic system, and evaluated for focusing Rayleigh wave fronts at a desired location. Numerical and experimental results are presented for a propagation medium with no scatterers present, and with multiple scatterers present. Time-reverse focusing results are also compared to uniform excitation and time-delay beamforming methods.


The paper makes an approach of the reasons for semi-rigid base crack from different aspects,and puts forward the appropriate solutions according to varying reasons so as to rise investment benefit and extend the working life of pavement.


Graph combinatorial optimization problems are of great theoretical and practical importance in Computer Science, Operations Research, and Mathematical Programming. They also arise in many areas of science, technology, and industry. In this thesis we study some of these problems generalized to hypergraphs. Hypergraphs are often used to model generalized versions of situations that graphs model.
We focus on using neural network methods for the hypergraph optimization problems. While considerable research has been done on using neural network algorithms for graph optimization problems, there has been very little work done on using neural networks for hypergraph problems. We do an in-depth study of four hypergraph optimization problems by mapping them onto a neural network, developing dynamical algorithms and running experiments to compare the neural network algorithms with some conventional (greedy) algorithms. We theoretically analyze three other hypergraph optimization problems by mapping them into a Hopfield network.
The results of our research include developing a novel primal-target approach for hard combinatorial optimization problems and designing several algorithms based on this approach. We also develop a Hopfield network based algorithm, softmax algorithm, and sequential neural network based algorithms for various hypergraph optimization problems. We study whether our neural network algorithms always find feasible solutions and calculate the algorithms time complexity. "Hard" hypergraphs are designed for certain greedy algorithms. We prove that the greedy algorithms work poorly on such hypergraphs.
We run extensive experiments to evaluate our neural network algorithms. Experimental results on random hypergraphs and hypergraphs arising from applications demonstrate the competitiveness of the neural network algorithms with certain conventional algorithms. The neural network algorithms also find near-optimal solutions on "hard" hypergraphs and clearly outperform the corresponding greedy algorithms on this class of hypergraphs.
The results of this dissertation reveal that the Hopfield-type neural network algorithms work adequately well on various hypergraph optimization problems.


An ozonizer operating in water for the generation of ozone water was proposed. The key to ozone generation was the use of a Shirasu-porous-glass (SPG), which functioned in bubble supply and the formation of micro-barrier discharges. A mesh electrode was put on the SPG surface facing the gaseous phase side, and ac voltage was supplied to the electrode. Micro-barrier discharges were formed in micropores of the SPG, and bubbles formed in contact with the SPG surface facing the water phase side. The higher the applied ac voltage, the higher the uniformity of discharges and ozone concentration.


We study identification of dynamic discrete choice models with hyperbolic discounting. We show that the standard discount factor, present bias factor, and instantaneous utility functions for the sophisticated agent are point-identified from observed conditional choice probabilities and transition probabilities in a finite horizon model. The main idea to achieve identification is to exploit variation in the observed conditional choice probabilities over time. We present the estimation method and demonstrate a good performance of the estimator by simulation.


alls are common, often dreaded events in the lives of older F people and are an important focus of both research and clinical care. Nonsyncopal falls have been defined as events "which result in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or other lower level and other than as a consequence of . . . sustaining a violent blow, loss of consciousness, sudden onset of paralysis, as in a stroke, [or] an epileptic seizure.'" The majority of nonsyncopal falls do not have well defined etiologies and are often felt to be the result of multiple interacting factors. Although most people who fall do not suffer major adverse consequences, falls can result in serious injuries, including fractures, or death. More often, falls result in restriction of mobility or activity and can lead to loss of independence. There have been a number of recently published reviews about falls in older and falls in the nursing home.' This review will center on developments in the study of nonsyncopal falls among community-dwelling older adults since 1987, as several large, prospective studies of risk factors for falls and interventions to prevent falls have been published in the past 8 years. The adverse consequences of falls, and the complex relationship of falls, fall injuries, and functional decline, will be discussed. Factors that increase the risk of falling and the risk of injury with a fall, as well as their implications for medical care, will be examined. Interventions to reduce the risk of falls and injury in older people will be reviewed, and future areas of investigation will be addressed.