Collaborative management of knowledge resources is a particularly important issue in the context of collaborative development of vocational education since it can increase utilization of knowledge resources, narrow knowledge gap, promote educational equity, and support the innovation and collaboration of vocational education. However, currently available studies and methods are quite deficient in the aspect of knowledge attribute regulation, such as the difficulty in meeting requirements for different-type knowledge resources, the ignorance of the dynamic feature of knowledge resources, and the insufficient consideration of knowledge attributes. To solve these matters, this study aims to discuss the importance of collaborative management of knowledge resources in a backdrop of the collaborative development of vocational education, with special attention on the key role of knowledge attribute regulation in collaborative management of knowledge resources. In the paper, a collaborative knowledge resource management evolution model was built to reveal the dynamic evolution process of the collaborative management of knowledge resources, so as to provide theoretical evidences for the decision-making of knowledge attribute regulation. On this basis, the paper further proposed a decision-making method of knowledge attribute regulation for the collaborative management of knowledge resources, in the hopes of realizing efficient collaborative management of knowledge resources and promoting the collaborative development of vocational education.


Accurate detection for the start and end point of syllable is a very important step in Chinese continuous speech recognition.Traditional endpoint detection methods achieve high rate of success in non-continuous speech,but fall in continu-ous speech.In this paper,a new method based on MFCC0 and the formant energy of Chinese vowels is proposed,which can accurately detect the start and end point of syllable.The results of experiments show that this method achieve high rate of success even in low SNR.


The authors demonstrate doping-tunable extraordinary transmission from subwavelength apertures in a periodic two-dimensional metallic grating deposited upon n-doped GaAs. By varying the doping of the underlying GaAs epilayer, they demonstrate wavelength tunability of ∼23cm−1 or approximately 0.15μm. The authors have achieved transmission peaks as narrow as 18cm−1 with such gratings, which suggests that devices based on midinfrared extraordinary transmission gratings could be used in external cavity structures for quantum cascade lasers, or as tunable filters or modulators for midinfrared applications.


Firm annuity is a pattern of deferred incentives, and investment management through trust fund is an ideal choice for preserving and adding to the value of firm annuity. An analysis of the substitution rate of annuity and its corresponding investment risks and ratios can be made in accordance with the historical performance of closed funds through the portfolio effective frontier approach, indicating the upper limits of trust costs and performance management expenses and providing a decision-making approach to the trust investment of firm annuity.


The paper briefly introduces the features and advantages of the hanging network method,illustrates its craft principle,the construction craft,and the quality control measures,analyzes the social and economic benefits for the hanging network method in the treatment of falling stones of slopes,and proves the treatment effect of the hanging network method by combining with the factual application examples,so as to enhance the further application of the technique.


The invention comprises a method for manufacturing drawn wire, mainly used for tire cord, with a diameter less than 0.3 mm, A WIRE DRAWING MACHINE WITH BASIC than 5 mm or wire BASIC DRAWING A PREVIOUSLY STEEL COMPOSITION rESPONSIVE TO WEIGHT FOLLOWS: - CARBON 40.10 SUP, -3% - 40.10 -3% NITROGEN WHERE carbon and N ITROGENO satisfy the relationship C + N 50.10 -3% - 0.2% SILICON 1.0% - 0.2% MANGANESE 5% - 9% <NICKEL 12% - 15% 20% CHROME - 1.5% copper 4% - 3% SULFUR 10.10 - PHOSPHORUS <0.050% - 40.10% -4 OXYGEN -4% TOTAL 120.10 - 0,1.10 -4% -4% 20.10 ALUMINUM - MAGNESIUM 5.10 4% - 5.10 0,1.10 -4% -4% CALCIUM - TITANIUM 50.10 SUP, -4% - INHERENT IN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IMPURITIES . STEEL in which oxide inclusions, as mixtures VITREOUS, corresponding to the following proportions by weight: 30% SiO2 65% - 5% MNO 40% - 1% CAO 30% - 0% MGO 10% - 3% AL2 O 3 25% - 0% CR 2 O 3 10%.


Abstract : An investigation was carried out to determine the effectiveness of Nomex summer flying coveralls printed with a camouflage pattern as compared with the standard plain olive green coveralls. Laboratory tests indicated that camouflage printing of staple Nomex in a resin-bonded pigment system does not significantly alter the flame-resistant characteristics of Nomex. Field tests with Marine units showed that the camouflage system considered here offered very little advantage over the ordinary olive-green Nomex suits in concealment in green leafy areas and neither suit contributes to concealment in predominantly brown surroundings.


We build a microscopic model to study the intra- and inter-layer superexchange due to electrons hopping in chromium trihalides (CrX 3 , X= Cl, Br, and I). In evaluating the superexchange, we identify the relevant intermediate excitations in the hopping. In our study, we find that the intermediate hole-pairs excitations in the p -orbitals on X ion play a crucial role in mediating various types of exchange interactions. In particular, the inter-layer antiferromagnetic exchange may be realized by the hole-pair-mediated superexchange. Interestingly, we also find that these virtual hopping processes compete with each other leading to weak intra-layer ferromagnetic exchange. In addition, we also study the spin-orbit coupling effects on the superexchange and investigate the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Finally, we extract the microscopic model parameters from density functional theory for analyzing the exchange interactions in a monolayer CrI 3 .


The present disclosure relates to an electromagnetic method of forming a semiconductor die and protect the semiconductor die. In one embodiment, the semiconductor die is formed to have sloped sidewalls. Forming a conductor on the sloped sidewalls.


Photomorphogenesis is a critical developmental process in plants involving numerous signaling pathways that coordinately regulate the inhibition of stem elongation, differentiation of chloroplasts, accumulation of chlorophyll, and leaf expansion that accompany the transition from dark to light as a


Abstract. A proposal to conserve the generic name Germarostes Paulian, 1982 and the subgeneric name Haroldostes Paulian, 1982 for a group of New World scarab beetles by suppression of the senior subjective synonym Sphaerelytrus Blanchard, 1841 was not supported by the Commission.


The lightest supersymmetric particle, most likely the lightest neutralino, is one of the most prominent particle candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). We show that the primordial spectrum of density fluctuations in neutralino CDM has a sharp cut-off, induced by two different damping mechanisms. During the kinetic decoupling of neutralinos, non-equilibrium processes constitute viscosity effects, which damp or even absorb density perturbations in CDM. After the last scattering of neutralinos, free streaming induces neutralino flows from overdense to underdense regions of space. Both damping mechanisms together define a minimal mass scale for perturbations in neutralino CDM, before the inhomogeneities enter the nonlinear epoch of structure formation. We find that the very first gravitationally bound neutralino clouds ought to have masses above 10 −6 M⊙, which is six orders of magnitude above the mass of possible axion miniclusters.


Perovskite-type structures LaBO3 with the compositions of LaMn1-xCoxO3 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0) were synthesized at 800 °C by a modified co-precipitation precursor technique for total oxidation of propylene, as a model test of the hydrocarbon oxidation reaction. Details concerning the evolution of the crystal structure, morphology, and crystallite size were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetry Analysis (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) techniques. All compositions were identified to be single-phase and are indexed to rhombohedral structures. TG/DSC technique evidenced a temperature of 330 °C needed for the precursor as the start point and 800 °C completion for perovskite phase formation. Slight distortion in XRD diffraction peaks was observed on substituting manganese with cobalt in B-site, and new peaks emerged. An attempt has been made to understand the effect of the B-site substitution of Co3+ ions in the lattice of LaMnO3 and their influence on catalytic total propylene oxidation efficiency. These compounds show a considerable increase in the activity of propylene oxidation to carbon dioxide and water and could be explored for hydrocarbon pollution control.


>Background: Antioxidants are very important in preventing and protecting from oxidative stress and, ultimately, oxidative stress-related disorders. With the aim to the antioxidant activity of Saussurea lappa and Valeriana wallichii extract, individually and in combination, the study was performed via assays for antioxidant capability; 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), nitric oxide scavenging method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), H2O2 scavenging potential, superoxide radical scavenging method showed good antioxidant activity. Individually, V. wallichii having more superior antioxidant activity than S. lappa. Results: Phytochemical analysis of both extracts individually illustrate the existence of anthraquinones, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, reducing sugars, phenolics, saponins, alkaloid terpenoids, and phlobatannin. In combination, the antioxidant activity was improved, indicating additive effects. The results indicate that these herbs can be a very good constituent for combination therapy for diseases that are caused by oxidative stress and require antioxidant therapy. The S. lappa and V. wallichii showed average TPC of 68.38 and 117.52 mg GAE/g of extract, respectively. The mix of 1:1 ratio of both extracts showed TPC of 101.34 mg GAE/g. The S. lappa and V. wallichii showed average TFC of 59.72 and73.56 mg QE/g of extract, respectively. The mix of 1:1 ratio of both extracts showed a TFC of 66.15 mg QE/g of extract. Results showed that both extracts have very strong antioxidant activity. V. wallichii has relatively higher antioxidant activity and is close to that of ascorbic acid.


This study is part of a larger programme aimed at the structural assessment of concrete affected by ASR (alkali silica reaction). It is concerned with the shear, compressive and bond failures of poorly detailed structural members affected by ASR. It is based on laboratory tests on model members where expansion has been accelerated. Alkalis were added to the concrete and the members conditioned at a high temperature. Chana and Korobokis (1991) describe Phase I of the investigation which established a framework for the main programme of tests (Phase II) described in the present report. Phase II of the work focused on poorly detailed members liable to brittle failure. It included tests on columns in compression, tests on specimens with curtailed tension reinforcement, shear tests on specimens with poor anchorages and tests on beams with bent-up bars and tests on half-joints. Failure strengths of members were related to material properties and the significance of the effects of ASR on poorly detailed members considered.


Abstract This study aims to analyze the skills of explaining lessons to prospective teacher students at the FTIK IAIN Bukittinggi. The research method used is qualitative with a content analysis approach. The results of the study showed that students in mastering the skills explained away from other skills. Skills are explained as a basis for seating the concepts that will be conveyed to students. The teacher is like the man behind the gun. Any caliber of weapons to be used, if the teacher is not proficient in operationalizing the explaining skills, the results will be far from what is expected. Conversely, even though the weapon that the teacher will use is only a stone, but with his expertise, he will be able to reach the target optimally. As FTIK students and prospective teachers must be able to master the skills to explain well. One way that can be done is by mastering the material to be taught and doing a lot of practice. The more practice the more experience is generated. The teacher is never born just like that, but the teacher exists because of the practice. Keywords: Explaining Skills, Subject Matter.


During the second century BCE the Roman norms regarding female clothing changed. From being a garment worn by both men and women, the toga hereafter came to be a symbol for female indecency. The fo ...


Iran history witnesses four periods of opening in sociopolitical structure that affected press by other institutions and phenomenon. Press qualitative and quantitative development in mentioned periods, are one of the positive changes in journalistic zone. If development in sociopolitical structure affects press, it will play an important role in supporting and maintaining of the structure. This takes place by reforming a semantic system that calls for the support and development of this structure. In this paper by using discourse analysis, four newspapers in the periods of Iranian Constitutional Revolution 1285-1289), Premiership of Doctor Mosadegh before the Revolution (1330-1332), the Islamic Revolution (1357-1358) and seventh terms of presidency election after the Revolution (1376-1380) have been studied so as to determine common and separate features of them after recognition of semantic system offered by papers. Common features of the periods, development of sociopolitical structure and common features of chosen newspapers indicate supporting the structure and attempt to keeping it. The results indicate that Constitutional Revolution up to now has been represented in different ways by putting in a row the semantic system of newspapers while having development in sociopolitical structure that enjoy common features than separate ones. "Law", "Freedom" and "People" have been the main factors of press semantic system within the period (1285-1380, Solar Calendar). [Bijani M, Alini M. Study of Press effect on Social-Political Structure Development in Iran. Life Sci J 2013;10(6s):404-416] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 62


IF IT WERE POSSIBLE to suggest an opposite background for contemporary African literature or at least to invent an entirely different background, would a stranger to the literary creations of African writers find any discrepancy between subject matter and environment? Would he be any more deeply puzzled than he is today at the lack of vital relevance between the literary concerns of writers and the pattern of reality that has overwhelmed even the writers themselves in the majority of the modem African states. I do not concern myself now with the exceptions which are in any case so few and without much impact. And I certainly exclude the South African situation for the moment, since I do not, alas, possess the superior complacency of a fellow writer from Africa who uttered sentiments more or less of the following words: "One is tempted to ask", he says, "what is the South African writer doing for himself? A little less talking and protest and a bit more action especially from the so-called exiles might be more to the point . . .etc. etc."


Hereafter it confront the exhaustion regulation which is strengthened to be, attains the sharp reduction of NOx the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve for consider the stability of control, responsiveness, the fact that it applies the electronic EGR valve is general tendency. The electronic EGR valve is divided by operation actuator DC motor, step motor, torque motor, linear solenoid and it generally applies to DC motor type and linear solenoid type for control circuit and responsiveness aspects. This study which it balances and analyzes the characteristic which is flow rate, responsiveness, valve motion force, resistance of vibration of linear solenoid type against DC motor type EGR valve.


Introduction: Pharmacogenomics, which emerged from disciplines such as pharmacology and genetics, is an increasingly important interdisciplinary field of health research, as indicated by the rapid growth of related literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge among genetics and pharmacology health-care students and to evaluate their exposure to and perceptions of pharmacogenomics. Methods: An anonymous, 28-item online survey was distributed to medical and pharmacy students enrolled at Yarmouk University, Jordan. Results: The respondents (n = 300) had an overall moderate level of knowledge regarding genetics and pharmacology. Most respondents recognized the benefits of pharmacogenomics for therapy optimization, but they had insufficient exposure to the topic. Most respondents supported providing pharmacogenetic testing in Jordan. The most preferred educational format in pharmacogenomics was integration in pharmacology courses. Discussion/Conclusion: Medical and pharmacy students are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of pharmacogenomics in therapy optimization. Challenges such as the complexity of the topic and low retention of previous knowledge should be addressed to promote pharmacogenomics education. More work is needed to increase students' exposure to pharmacogenomics information. A deeper integration of pharmacogenomics applications into pharmacology courses is proposed to emphasize applications of pharmacogenomics.


The Brazilian government has enacted, since 1995, a series of measures which came to be known as the Brazilian automotive regime. There is no doubt in the international literature that such measures have distributive impact, but there are different views about how much and which part of society should bear the cost. This paper estimates the welfare effects of the Brazilian automotive regime. The first part presents a historical of the government's measures that have affected directly the automotive sector in Brazil from 1990 to 1998. The second part reports how some economists have estimated the distributive effects of policies like the Brazilian automotive regime in other countries. The third part estimates the distributive impacts of the Brazilian automotive regime. The synthesis of this paper presents the following results: the cost of automotive regime to consumers during the regime's effective time span will be approximately US$ 33,9 billion. The cost of each job created or saved is about US$ 339 thousand. If it's supposed that the price elasticity of supply is unitary, the gain of producers would be US$ 23,3 billion. The government gains would be US$ 3,5 billion and the death weight loss would be US$ 7 billion.


Use of electrical stimulation to correct foot drop in hemiplegia was proposed over 40 years ago. Recently, improved control strategies have been developed and implemented in commercially available devices. In this article we review the control methods that have been used and present some results from a multi-center clinical trial. A foot-drop stimulator improves the gait pattern and results in an immediate increase in walking speed. In this sense it acts like an ankle-foot orthosis and this immediate increase will be referred to as an orthotic effect. Prolonged use of a foot drop stimulator over a period of months results in further, large increases in walking speed both with the stimulator on and off. Evidence indicates that a part of this increase results from daily use that strengthens residual cortico-spinal connections. Therefore the improvement over time will be referred to as a therapeutic effect. We found that people with non-progressive and progressive conditions of the central nervous system have an orthotic benefit, as well as a therapeutic up to 3 months of use. In generally non-progressive conditions such as stroke, further therapeutic increases are seen up to at least 11 months of use. In disorders such as multiple sclerosis, the progression of the disease eventually overcomes the early therapeutic effects. In conclusion, many individuals can benefit from commercially available foot-drop stimulators with improved control strategies and cosmetic design.


Badly-scaled matrices or matrix pencils can reduce the reliability and accuracy of computed results for various numerical problems, including the computation of spectra and bases of invariant or deflating subspaces, which are used in many basic procedures for optimal and robust control, model reduction, spectral factorization, and other domains. Standard balancing techniques can often improve the results, but sometimes the solution of the scaled problem is much worse than that for the original problem. This paper presents an improved balancing technique for general or structured matrices and matrix pencils, and illustrates its good performance in solving eigenvalue problems and algebraic Riccati equations for large sets of examples from well-known benchmark collections.


The bronchosecretolytic drug ambroxol can be reliably quantified in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma is buffered alkaline, extracted with ether, and the organic solvent back-extracted with diluted acid. An automatically sampled aliquot is separated by reversed phase HPLC; the analyte is well separated from two metabolites that interfered strongly in earlier methods. UV detection at 230 nm enables a lower limit of quantitation of 5 ng/ml. Internal standardization with propranolol allows accurate and precise quantification. Evaluation of the optimized combination of mobile and stationary phase is described, and application of the method to experimental and clinical pharmacokinetic studies is illustrated.


THE DENSITY OF EPROMs has almost doubled each year during the 80s, enabling not only increased microcomputer system complexity and flexibility, but also decreased system development time' ' '. Recent progress in high-end systems, however, seems to require higher speed, more than higher density. In fact, most 16 and 32b microprocessors require sub-loons speed to enable EPROM access at most one waiting cycle3. This paper will describe a 55ns access time 1Mb (64Kx16b) CMOS EPROM capable of page-mode high-speed programming. The EPROM used a 1 . 3 ~ N-well CMOS process. Principal parameters are listed in Table 1, together with those of an earlier model, 128Kx8b EPROM for comparison4. To reduce wordline delay, tungsten(W) polycide was used instead of the 2nd poly in the earlier model. Memory gate length has been reduced to 1 .2W. Boron-Phosphorus-Silicate-Glass (BPSG) is used as the isolation oxide between the metal and the tungsten polycide layers to obtain enough process margin for pattern shrinkage. Memory cell size is 1 8 . 4 9 p 2 .


This study seeks to investigate the political communication of the Indonesian Wave of the People Party (Gelora) in Medan City. As expected, the purpose of political recruitment is to address the human resource demands of political parties. This recruiting contributes to the fulfillment of the Election Law's standards, making Gelora an appropriate party in the future. This work use qualitative research and descriptive analysis as its methodology and methodology, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that, in order to attract members, the DPD Gelora City of Medan uses various political communications, including mass communication, marketing communication, interpersonal communication, and organizational communication, to shape its image and public opinion. Second, Gelora's member recruitment process is public and governed by established norms. The registration procedure can be completed immediately by visiting the Gelora secretariat, online via the website or application, or by registering with the internal administration of Gelora. Thirdly, Gelora's recruitment of members is bolstered by a number of elements, including the group's constant appearance of cohesion and its concern for those affected by calamity. Fourth, the recruitment of members by Gelora is hindered by a number of issues, including the disinterest of some individuals in Gelora, the tug-of-war in the recruitment of community leaders, and the lack of public interest in politics.


Recent collection of lung fluke material from hydrophiid sea snakes permits a reevaluation of the suitability of criteria separating the monotypic genera Pulmovermis Coil and Kuntz, 1960 and Hydrophitrema Sandars, 1960. Consideration is also given of the new subfamily Pulmoverminae, erected by Sandars (1961) to include these genera within the digenetic family Hemiuridae. Typographical errors in the original description of H. gigantica Sandars, 1960 have been corrected, reducing the gross or external measurements of that species by ten times. Validity of characters such as flexure of the body, location of testes and ovary with respect to body length, length of seminal vesicle compared to body length, and anterior extension of the seminal vesicle with respect to acetabulum have been rejected. Retained are general body shape, relative position of acetabulum and development of peduncle, degree of coiling of seminal vesicle, and tandem or oblique arrangement of testes. Characters newly employed include body length-to-width ratio and presence of a cuticular fold in Hydrophitrema enclosing both suckers. Retention of the present genera based on these revised characterizations is recommended. Subfamily criteria (form, structure, and size of seminal vesicle, shape of vitellaria) are similar to those employed among the other nineteen subfamilies of this large and possibly heterogeneous group. In addition, these flukes are unique within the family on ecological and physiological grounds, in that they parasitize the lungs of sea snakes rather than the stomach of marine fishes, the usual site and host for members of this family.


In this paper, the wind speeds of Noupoort in the Western Cape region of South Africa are forecasted from the site climatological data using feed forward artificial neural network (ANN) with the back propagation training method. Different architectural designs are tested with different combinations of climatological data to obtain the most suitable ANN for predicting the wind speed of the site. The predicted wind speeds are compared with the actual measured wind speeds and the results are evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). Some of the key results show that combination of temperature, wind direction and time of the day (TEM + WD + T) could effectively predict wind speed of Noupoort. The forecasted wind speed shows a strong agreement with the measured wind speed with R, RMSE, MAPE and MAE of 0.96, 0.56, 6.64% and 0.44, respectively.


In the belief that the immigrant Irish were not merely degraded but degrading, and in support of a cataclysmic theory of history towards which he was advancing, Friedrich Engels in 1845 was convinced that "the Irish immigrants in England have added an explosive force to English society which will have significant consequences in due course'. By 'English society' Engels intended that of Scotland also, but a century later the historian of die Irish in Scotland, Dr James Handley, was writing: 'Whether die immigrant has revolted instinctively or not against die bleakness of Scottish industrialism … the fact remains mat he has not made his presence effectively felt among the forces that attempt to control it'. If, however, Engels expected too much of the Irish, Dr Handley appears to have done diem less than justice, although his use of the word 'effectively' may have a special significance for him.


The paper considers a design method for a side-emitting lens working with a single LED source and providing a narrow light beam in the horizontal direction within 360°. The authors deal with the composing method in the design, which is usually used to synthesize the initial scheme of the imaging systems. However, in this case, a similar approach is applied to the synthesis of a system, the task of which is to provide a certain shape and characteristics of the light beam. The stage of choosing an initial principal design and synthesis for non-imaging optics is especially important since this area is characterized by the use of so-called local optimization, the result of which strongly depends on the original system. Therefore, the stage of forming an initial approximation of the system becomes crucial. In this case, the composing method can provide the most effective choice of an initial scheme of a side-emitting lens. The application of the composing method and the theory of aberrations in the field of synthesis of the initial design of a side-emitting lens is shown. The paper describes a method for selecting the key parameters of the system, and presents the relationships that allow a preliminary evaluation of the characteristics of the designed system without the use of time-consuming calculation or optimization procedures. The presented approach makes it possible to ensure the choice of the initial point of the system for further optimization, as well as to achieve high efficiency of using the light flux by the optical system of the lens (up to 90 %), only due to the optimal size of the zones into which the beam is divided and to the optimal parameters of the generating curves. In this case, the lens profile is formed by two zones in each the profile is a conic curve, hence, the curve can be described by a small number of parameters, which is very convenient at the stage of searching the initial scheme. The proposed approach can be applied in the design of such systems, as well as applied at the stage of preliminary assessment of achievable characteristics, which can significantly speed up the development process.


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The solution conformational properties of polymer chains of various architectures are studied, taking the effects of the solvent into consideration. The usual treatment of polymers in solution in which the solvent is considered as a uniform medium influencing the interactions between the polymeric units in an average way is extended in order for the effects of the solvent to be considered in more detail. The state with the solvent as an average medium is taken as the zeroth-order problem. The effects of the solvent molecules beyond this are conceived in the statistical-mechanical treatment of the problem through the inclusion of the vacancies of the medium produced from the presence of the macromolecules. First-order calculations in the density of vacancies yield correctly the theta temperature changes of polymers of various architectures.


In recent years, ever-increasing examples of overt scientific misconduct, including plagiarism, duplicate publication, image manipulation, and data fabrication, have challenged traditional trust relationships between authors/clinical investigators, editors and readers of our medical journals. A number of major anaesthesia journals have been affected and, of greater importance, the veracity of the scientific record has been tarnished [1, 2]. The editorial peer review process, that determines which articles are accepted for publication and how they are reported, is imperfect and often variable across journals. Nevertheless, within this framework, journal editors are duty bound to advance editorial policy, to plan innovative editorial content, and to ensure that published articles are novel and important, and that they are reported accurately and transparently. In the latter context, the editor's responsibility to address cases of suspected misconduct is often daunting owing to the impact of time and limited tools. Journals and their publishers generally follow the guidelines and recommendations of the flow diagrams offered by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE; see http://publicationeth ics.org). However, it is often difficult, and sometimes impossible, to verify the originality and accuracy of summary data reported in submitted articles. Journal editors now use plagiarism detection software programs such as CrossCheck from iThenticate (see www.ithenti cate.com) to screen for plagiarism, and software programs such as Knowledge Finder (www.kfinder.com) to assess the originality of articles submitted for publication. More recently, probability screening has emerged as another novel approach to test for the statistical validity of datasets. The purpose of this editorial is to consider the potential application of probability screening for datasets reported in manuscripts submitted to journals in consideration for publication. To highlight the challenge, during my term as Editor-in-Chief of the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia (CJA), we received an article in 2011 reporting the effects of a drug called colforsin daropate on diaphragmatic contractility in pentobarbital-anaesthetised dogs. The corresponding author was Dr Yoshitaka Fujii from Toho University School of Medicine, Japan. At the time of the article's submission, editors of the major anaesthesia journals had been reviewing ongoing concerns regarding the validity of Fujii's work, published over a number of years. An important Letter to the Editor published in Anesthesia and Analgesia in 2000 had raised credible concerns about the implausibility of the data on side-effects that were reported as almost always identical, in 47 articles written by Fujii, and published in five different anaesthesia journals [3]. Regarding the article submitted to the CJA, there were several inconsistencies in the reported data; however, there was no clear method to assess the reliability of the dataset, even with independent statistical review. Concerns regarding the data were raised with the author and this eventually triggered an internal investigation at Toho University, as reported previously [4]. Toho University subsequently determined that there was no ethical approval for the study and moreover, the data had been fabricated. Concurrently, in 2012, a seminal article written by Carlisle tested the data integrity of 168 randomised controlled trials written by Fujii [5]. The article provided overwhelming statistical evidence that "the distribution of continuous and categorical variables reported in Fujii's papers, both animal and human, are extremely unlikely to have arisen by


Eribulin is a synthetic analogue of halichondrin B (halB), a natural product isolated from the marine sponge Hchondria okadai. Eribulin mesylate was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on November 15, 2010, to treat patients with metastatic breast cancer who have received at least two prior chemotherapy regimens for late-stage disease, including both anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapies. Eribulin shows its pharmacologic effects by binding to the plus ends of microtubules and suppressing microtubule growth, without corresponding effects on microtubule shortening, and by inducing the formation of nonproductive tubulin aggregates. New adjuvant therapies are currently being evaluated in metastatic breast cancer.


Objective. After the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV -2 virus, enormous pressure fell on the entire health system. Since there is no adequate cure for this disease, "off-label" use of several drugs (azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, etc.) was resorted to. The aim of this study was to analyse QTc interval dynamics and its relationship with other factors which could influence outcome in patients with COVID-19. Methods. Study has observational, case-control design with retrospective data collection from medical files of adult patients, with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19. The cases (n=30) were subjects with fatal outcome and the controls (n=169) were the survivors. The QTc interval was calculated on admission, during and after initial drug treatments with presumed activity against SARS-CoV-2, mostly antimalarials. Primary independent and outcome variables were QTc interval prolongation and all-cause mortality, respectively. Results. Study population included 120 males (60.3%), the mean patients age was 57.3+-15.8 years (+-SD). The most common comorbid illnesses were hypertension (98 patients), pre-existing arrhythmias (32) and diabetes mellitus (29). The most frequently prescribed QTc prolonging drugs were azithromycin (69.8% of patients), chloroquine (50.3%) and hydroxychloroquine (42.7%). Total of 131 patients (65.8%) had QTc interval increase >60 ms from baseline, of whom 5 had QTc prolongation >500 ms (2.5%). De novo ventricular tachyarrhythmias were registered at 14 patients (7%) and 13 (92.8%) of them died. Pre-existing arrhythmias (odds ratio 9.30, 95% confidence interval 2.91-29.73, p<0.001) and furosemide (8.94, 3.27-24.41, p<0.001) were independently associated with mortality but QTc prolongation (>480 ms) did not (1.02, 0.22-4.67, p=0.974). Case fatality rate was 15.1%, as 30 patients died during hospitalization. Conclusion. Clinical importance of drug-induced QTc interval prolongation of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 should be considered primarily within the context of other risks, particularly older age, pre-existing cardiovascular disorders and major electrolyte disturbances.


In order to plan, develop and manage the tourism industry, factors such as economy, natural and socio-cultural should be considered. Tourism has various positive and negative effects on the environment and on its context. Also, the environment affects the tourism trend. The effects of tourists' presence in the The Persian Gulf and in the island sections, especially on Kish Island, have a great importance. So their presence in this region will lead to a few economic, sociocultural, environmental, infrastructural and managerial positive and negative effects. But what is important in this article is that the investigation and analyze of the tourism effects in the status qua of the region has a special condition. The The Persian Gulf region at the moment is the main center of tourism and being the attractive place for tourists in the region and Iran because of having extremely beautiful nature, historical, religious and human made attractions, also because of locating in the special strategic location and neighboring with the Strait of Hormuz. In the present study, a descriptive analytical method and SWOT technique is used. The results show that the main effects of the tourism in economy, environmental, socio-cultural, infrastructural and managerial context of The Persian Gulf region is lead to special conditions such as improving the quality of local residents life, creating new job opportunities for the sections providing services and goods for tourists in agriculture and industry, revenue increase for the local residents in all economical sections such as services, agriculture and industry, expanding cultural exchange of local residents with tourists and reconstruction opportunities of environment and landscapes in the region.


topics appear in a general order of appearance in paper): Door to door delivery, grocery stores of the early 19005, The Interurban, Mrs. Van Spyker's hislory. visitors from the Netherlands, Dutch names, childhood, killing English Sparrows for money, winter in Holland, family, Fairview Park in Saugatuck, DeGraaf Nature Center, Sundays, WWI and WWII, career in the heating business, dray lines, changes, high taxes relative to where you live, more winter, chores, church, Dutch and Tulip Time, acceptance of differences in Holland, The Depression, big industry in Holland, The Streetcar, old drugstores, Hope College, and Crime. Larry J. Wagenaar I Director P.O.Box 9000 1I lope College IHolland, MI 49422-9000 1Phone: (616)395-77981 Fax: 395-71971 E-mail: Archives(aJHope.cdu Interviewees: Edwin (EVS), and Goldie Van Spyker (GVS), long-time residents of Hoiland, Michigan. Interviewer: Tracy Bednarick (TLB), oral history student coordinator. [Recording stans after interview has already begun. Mr. Van Spyker had just begun to speak:: about what his early years were like in Holland.] EVS: We had iceboxes. You got ice every day, except Saturday. *(The following section incased in brackets was included after the interview, during the transcribing process.) [We had ice boxes. They would get their ice from a storage building. One was at 16th Street, near the end of Montello Park. It belonged to Mr. Bremer. Another one was on the North side of the lake. They would cut the ice in the winter on Black Lake (Now Macatawa Lake.) The ice was 15" to IS" thick or more. Each man out there had a long saw (about 6' long) with coarse teeth. Slanding up with a handle on one end of the saw, we would cut the ice on the lake into squares maybe 20" or 24" and whatever the thickness of the frozen part of the lake was. They would bring the chunks of ice to the storage warehouse for next summer. People had ice boxes and later in about 1920, or 1930 when electric refrigerators came in the ice business collapsed. Mr. Bremer, and others also sold coal in the between time. Last number of yours we haven't had ice on the late in great quantities like that anymore. It was really interesting to watch those men cart ice. Another man would come around ever Saturday with a nice heavy tank, and they sold buttermilk. Another would deliver kerosene for every day, but Sunday. We had all these things like that. Before that a grocery-man would come one day; he would take the order and then the next day he would bring the groceries. Then the AP Kroger was the one over here on Washington and 30th Street. The building is still for lease out there. It has been for years and years empty. That is part of it. We went for work around the house and things like that. Saturday night the folks used to take us downtown, and we would go to an ice cream parlor. That was the big treat of the week. There were three or four of them. There was Fa~iano's, and a couple of other ones there. Those were some of the


The progress of the joint Pilot Project for time transfer, formed by the International GPS Service (IGS) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), was recently reviewed. Three notable milestones were set. 1) The IGS will implement, at least in a test mode, an internally realized time scale based on an integration of combined frequency standards within the IGS network. This will eventually become the reference time scale for all IGS clock products (instead of the current GPS broadcast time). 2) A new procedure for combined receiver and satellite clock products will be implemented officially in November 2000. Receiver clocks are an entirely new product of the IGS. 3) The BIPM will coordinate an effort to calibrate all Ashtech Z12-T (and possibly other) receivers suitable for time transfer applications, either differentially or absolutely. Progress reports will be presented publicly in the spring 2001.


Based on studying of the working principle of a novel bridge type of HTSFCL, a three-phase HTSFCL, with rated voltage 600V and the peak of fault steady-state current 100A, has been developed in our lab. In this paper, configurations and the functions of the power electrical circuits, the controller, the cryogenic system, and the high-T_c superconducting cores are introduced. Experiments of variousshort-circuit fault in three-phase power system limited by the three-phase HTSFCL have been performed. The experimental results show the good limiting and re-closing capability of the device. The research is of great benefit to improving transient stability and enhancing the electrical energy quality of power system..


U.S. computing leaders, including the National Science Foundation, have
partnered with universities, government agencies, and the private sector
to accelerate research into responses to COVID-19 – providing an
unprecedented collection of resources that include some of the fastest
computers in the world. This current work expands on last month's
Leadership Computing article by continuing to showcase the range of
contributions that the national cyberinfrastructure is making to global
efforts to stop the pandemic. This article touches on research efforts
to learn how SARS-CoV-2 spreads among different populations, the biology
and structure of the virus and its mechanisms of infection, and to
develop effective vaccines for prevention and antiviral therapies for
treatment. Even though we are still early in the process of developing
an effective therapeutic response, the rapid mobilization of the
national research cyberinfrastructure is a timely reminder of the
strategic importance of robust, ongoing investments in large-scale
scientific computing.


July 22 at 6A.M., I was called to see Mrs. F,, aged 26, multipara, in labor. History: general health good; family history not good. She was the mother of two children; one died in a few months, and the other is about two years old. Patient had a bad fright and fall about one week before present confinement, and suffered severe pain in right side four inches external to umbilicus, until the date of this confinement. She is of Irish birth, large and angular in form, with broad pelvis; height five feet six inches; weight 140 pounds. When I arrived, she told me that labor had been in progress all night. Digital examination revealed a breech presentation, first position, the nates already engaged in the superior strait. The amniotic fluid escaped at the first examination, the membrane being then accidentally ruptured. The size and shape of the membranes is


Today, university pedagogues in Finland are keen on applying flipped learning techniques to improve education and learning outcomes. In accordance, assessment moves to a more formative and flipped direction as well. Flipped learning implies assessment to be continuous, yet controversially, resources in education are decreasing. The dilemma can be partly solved by increasing self-, peer-, and automatic assessment, and in addition, the exploitation of learning analytics. Tampere University has addressed these pedagogical demands and challenges in computer science courses by developing a learning management system called WETO. This supports flipped learning techniques in a resource-wise way by enhancing assessment with new peer-review options, self reflection, and negotiations. This chapter highlights the proven and functional practices of formative assessment based on an introductory computer science course supported by WETO. It discusses further development needs and opportunities of learning management systems from this viewpoint. Flipped Learning With Peer Reviews in the Introductory CS Course


A thermal energy storage and recovery device (100, 300) comprises a heat exchanger arrangement (110, 310), which is configured for guiding a flow of a heat transfer medium between a first end (112a) and a second end (114a) of the heat exchanger arrangement, a heat storage material (108), which surrounds the heat exchanger arrangement in such a manner that a thermal interaction region is formed for thermally coupling the heat transfer medium with the heat storage material and a control unit for controlling the operation of the device.; The heat exchanger arrangement is adapted to (a) transport the heat transfer medium from the first end to the second end, if the device is in a first operational mode, in which the heat storage material receives thermal energy from the heat transfer medium and (b) transport the heat transfer medium from the second end to the first end, if the device is in a second operational mode, in which the heat storage material releases thermal energy to the heat transfer medium.; The thermal interaction region has at least such a physical length along a transport direction of the heat transfer medium and the control unit is configured for operating the device in such a manner, that when storing thermal energy with a hot heat transfer medium or when recovering thermal energy with a cold heat transfer medium within the device there exists a region (R) where the inlet and outlet temperature of the heat transfer medium of this region is kept constant. Further, a corresponding method and a system comprising such a device are described.


In the discussion on archiving the Internet, in the very broad sense, including digital materials like WWW sites, electronic mail or social networks, one cannot focus just on the context of institutional and administrative actions, already taken by archives or national libraries. The articles proposes a review of grassroots and citizen initiatives of archiving the Web.


The paper researches the key technology of the ship diesel engine power-saving,and puts forward the optimization management measures of the ship diesel engine power-saving from the ship management.


In this article, I consider adab ("cultured respectfulness") and banarsipan ("Banaras-ness") as two ways-of-being for working-class Muslims in the Indian city of Varanasi. Each of these identities contain its own ontology and truths about the remembered past, the lived present, and the processes which
created them, and thus serves as alternatives to nationalist and communal identities and the histories they present. These ways-of-being are examined using a theoretical orientation that brings together concepts of bodily hexis and
social memory, which offers a promising way to consider local or marginal Muslim communities, their emic configurations of meaning, power, status and personhood, and their relationship with dominant or normative Muslim groups and identities.


In this research was synthesized a new upconversion luminescence agent,40Cd F2·60Ba F2·1.2Er2O3,which can emit five upconversion fluorescent peaks with all wavelengths below 387nm under the excitation of 488nm visible light.The novel nanometer TiO2 photocatalyst dopped with the upconversion luminescence agent was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion and characterized by XRD and TEM.Its performance of photocatalytic degradation was studied with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate(SDBS) as studied object under the visible light irradiation by three-basic-color lamp,and was compared with the performance of the photocatalyst without doping with the upconversion luminescence.The results showed that the upconversion luminescence agent could convert visible light into ultraviolet light and was adsorbed and utilized by nanometer TiO2 powder;after irradiation by visible light for 50h,SDBS degradation rate reached to 49.33%,being greatly higher than 26.93% of the degradation rate without doping with TiO2 and creating a favourable condition for industrial wastewater treatment with large scale solar irradiation.


We present a case of a patient with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and a history of chronic ischemic disease evolved into dilated cardiomyopathy. During hospitalization, the occurrence of arrhythmic crisis, our patient felt sporadic palpitations associated with dyspnea, distended jugular veins and scrotal swelling, quite unexpected clinical sign that caught our attention. Echocardiography showed dilated left ventricle, severely reduced systolic function, dilated right-sided, dilated inferior vena cava with reduced respiratory excursions. Echography of both testicles showed bilateral expansion of pampiniform plexus with reflux to the functional maneuvers, such as varicocele of grade III–IV. Afterwards coronary angiography, the placement of a metallic stent in left anterior descending artery improved coronary circulation with the net reduction of dyspnea. In later episodes of supraventricular tachycardia the only symptom that the patient felt was mild palpitation associated with scrotal swelling and distended jugular veins. The increased heart rate led to an exacerbation of the underlying pulmonary hypertension resulting in venous stasis upstream the pulmonary capillaries. Restoring sinus rhythm, the heart performs its normal pump function and the pressure within the pulmonary capillaries was decreased, so on physical examination turgor of the jugular veins and scrotal size were strongly reduced. (This page in not part of the published article.) International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 8 No. 4, April 2017. ISSN – [0976-3198] Int J Case Rep Images 2017;8(4):257–260. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com Bentivegna et al. 257 CASE REPORT PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS Scrotal swelling in a patient with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Riccardo Bentivegna, Domenico Nobile, Giuseppina Novo, Salvatore Novo


Two studies were designed to explore the characteristics of verbal elaborations which make them effective mediators for young children. Study I investigated the effect of the length of an elaboration on its efficacy in facilitating paired-associate learning in nursery school children. Although the results indicated that longer paragraphs (3-sentence) might be somewhat more effective than shorter ones (2-sentence), they also suggested that factors other than length might be important as well. Study II demonstrated that when 5-year-old children were given elaborations :..ontaining three relations (either sentences or paragraphs), they made fewer errors than those given one-relation sentences. It seemed that within grammatically appropriate constructions, relational characteristics were more important than either the specific structures studied or the physical length of an elaboration in facilitating paired-associate performance. Similarities in the performance trends of normal and retarded children across levels of task difficulty were explored. Verbal Elaboration Phenomena in Nursery School Children 1 James E. Turnure and Martha L. Thurlow Several investigators (Jensen & Rohwer, 1965; Kendler, 1963; Luria, 1961; Reese, 1962) have suggested that children younger than six years of age may be unable to use verbal contexts to mediate associations between two items, i.e., that they manifest a mediator or mediational deficiency (see Milgram, 191). Verbal learning research, however, has indicated that the poorer performance of young children in tasks which require them to mediate associations between two iteihs does not result from a mediational deficiency, but rather, from a production deficiency (Flavell, 1970). In other words, young children seem to perform poorly on mediational tasks because they are unable to spontaneously produce mediators, not because they are unable to use them. Verbal elaboration research has provided further support for the notion that young children cannot be generally characterized as mediatioually deficient. Although no performance facilitation occurred when five-year-old children were asked to construct their own sentences containing the names of two pictures to be related (Jensen & Rohwer, 1965), nursery school children of the same and younger ages were found to perform nearly perfectly on a paired-associate task when they were given experimenter-constructed elaborations in the form of simple paragraphs (Turnure, Thurlow, & Larsen, 1971, Study III). It thus appears that although they may not be able to produce effective mediators, very young children are capable of utilizing mediators, 2 comprehending the task, and performing mediational activities when they are provided with appropriate elaborations (cf. Bem, 1970; Jenkins, 1967; Turnure et al., 1971). It becomes important, therefore, to explore the characteristics of verbal elaborations which make them effective mediators for young children. The investigation of these characteristics should provide: (a) a valuable basis for developing instructional materials and training procedures for young children (both normal and retarded), and (b) some clarification of the theoretical ambiguities col,cerning the basis of the facilitating effects of verbal elaboration on paired-associate learning (Blumenthal, 1967; Bobrow & Bower, 1969; Ehri & Rohwer, 1969; Turnure, 1971; Turnure & Walsh, 1971). Furthermore, it should provide additional verbal elaboration data with which to survey and compare the performance trends of normal and retarded children. Two studies were carried out with nursery school children. They were designed to investigate (a) the effect of physically extending the length of the syntactic construction (from a 2-sentence to a 3sentence paragraph), and (b) the effect of increasing the number of relations a given syntactic construction provides between two items to be associated.


Response: We thank reviewer for the suggestion and have provided additional data in Figures S8-S9 to address the reviewer's concern regarding model evaluation. We respectfully disagree regarding the organization of the section describing the results. Compared to earlier air-surface models (Bash, 2010;Wang et al., 2014), we built a new scheme for air-soil flux exchange. We think the evaluation for this scheme is necessary before running the air-surface exchange model and choose to present the evaluation results of individual model components in section 3.1, and show the verification results after multiple model components are integrated in section 3.4.


Mobile humanoid robots have the capability of accomplishing complex tasks in human dominated environments. In order to execute a task with its arm, a robot needs to place its base reasonably first. In previous work, a positionbased reachability map solved this problem by matching a precomputed inverse kinematics database with discretized versions of the task path. However, its capability is restricted to the end effector with which the database was computed. This paper proposes an orientation-based reachability map which supports on-line end effector frame extensions. The added extension capability enables robots to handle partially constrained task paths with different tool frames, which would be non-trivial for previous methods without recomputing a reachability map. We discuss the differences between the new method and its predecessors, and analyze extension transformation matrix to provide mathematical proof for the extension capability of our reachability map. Our experimental results show that the orientation-based reachability map is as fast as the positionbased reachability map while benefiting from the additional extension capability.


In a recent publication, Fox et al. (2019) described a three-year trial of a 'virtual fence' installed to reduce wildlife roadkills in north-eastern Tasmania. The authors reported a 50% reduction in total roadkills, concluding that the 'virtual fence' had the potential to substantially reduce roadkill rates. The field of roadkill mitigation has a long history of promising techniques that are ultimately found wanting, so we evaluated the conceptual basis of the 'virtual fence' and the design and analysis of the trial. Of the two stimuli emitted by the 'virtual fence', its lights only partly match the sensory capabilities of the target species, its sound frequency is suitable but the intensity is unknown, and both stimuli are artificial and lack biological significance, so will be prone to habituation once novelty wanes. The trial, conducted in three phases, revealed a total of eight methodological flaws ranging from imprecise measurements, confounding effects of treatments, low statistical power, violation of test assumptions and failure to consider habituation. Greater caution is needed in interpreting the findings of this study, and well designed, long-term trials are required to properly assess the 'virtual fence'.


Properdin is a basic serum glycoprotein ( 20 mg/l), which stabilizes the alternative pathway C 3 convertase, C 3bBb. It exists as a polydisperse mixture of cyclic dimers, trimers and tetramers in the ratio 20:54:26 [ I , 21, formed by 'head-totail' interactions of an asymmetric monomer. Gel filtration and electron microscopy studies have shown 'activated' properdin to be an artefact of isolation procedures, being composed of large amorphous aggregates [3]. The complete primary structure of the 422 amino acid, monomeric subunit of human properdin has recently been established from sequencing studies on cDNA and genomic subclones (K. F. Nolan et af., unpublished work). Previous protein sequencing studies yielded 78% of the primary structure [ 5-71, which indicated that properdin is composed of identical polypeptide chains. The amino acid composition of properdin is presented in Table 1. Analysis of the human and mouse [ I I ] protein sequences indicate that properdin is made up of three regions: a 49 amino acid N-terminal region, a middle region extending from residue 50 to 411 and a 32 amino acid C-terminal region. The middle region is composed of six tandemly repeated motifs each of -60 amino acids which show a framework of conserved residues in which six Cys and three Trp residues feature predominantly, WS-WS/GPWSPCSVTCS-


Various of modificative agent were used in the low-alcohol beer, foam retention and flavor of the low-alcohol beer was improved This was a useful try on improving quality of low-alcohol beer


ABSTRACT Atlanta has been known for decades as a center of Black culture and Black-owned development in the American South and in the nation. In the past 15 years, the city has begun shifting back toward a whiter residential base. As in other American cities, this trend is being driven by a move from the suburban fringe back to the center by relatively mobile, middle- and upper-middle class white residents. While literature has examined the mechanics and locational preferences of mobile white residents, the characteristics of white urban identity are often overlooked. This paper examines the case of Little Five Points, a retail and entertainment district sitting between affluent neighborhoods east of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, USA. We identify multiple and competing whitenesses articulated and operationalized around Little Five Points over time and show how these multiple whitenesses retain key shared attributes of racial privilege grounded in property and exclusion.


In this article, we will study the Gibbons-Hawking-York (GHY) action over a co-dimension one hypersurface, called the ``physical boundary,'' close to the boundary of AdS$_3$. For that, we take a coordinate system that consists of two times, one is associated with evolution on the boundary, and the second is associated with evolution into the bulk. The resulting action is divergent and needs regularization. We consider two particular schemes. In the first scheme, we will add the Einstein-Hilbert on-shell action as the counter-term, which, while cancels the divergent part, adds the contribution of deep in the bulk, such as an existing horizon. The resulting action includes the Liouville action, which describes the curvature of the physical boundary. In the second scheme, however, we prescribe a natural regularization for GHY action without adding any counter-term. The resulting action will include two copies of Schwarzian actions associated with the left and right-moving reparametrization modes. At finite temperature, these modes live on two disjoint circles. We will show that these are the thermofield-double's effective degrees of freedom. While the first scheme is more common in practice, the second scheme may be more convenient for Susskind-'t Hooft proposal for holography.


Correlation identities for the Potts model are obtained, and the usual mean-field approximation is derived from the identities by neglecting correlations. This derivation is not only clear in its physical meaning but also independent of the representation. These identities may also serve as a starting point for other approximations. As an example, the application of the exponential operator technique is considered.


Abstract: This paper investigates the performance of underlap Gate-All-Around Field Effect Transistor (GAA FET) of 22nm gate length and evaluates the short channel performance of the device. Underlap GAA FET structure can be utilized to increase the drive current of the nanowire devices. In this work, underlap rectangular GAA FET is designed by extension of underlap regions on source/drain of GAA FET to increase the performance. This underlap device is increasing the capacitances by adding the fringing capacitances to parasitic capacitances which increases the fringing field from gate electrode to underlap regions. In this also investigating the electrical parameters on various performance metrics like threshold voltage (Vth), ON current (ION), OFF current or subthreshold leakage current (IOFF), ON-OFF current ratio (ION/IOFF) and short channel effects such as Subthreshold slope (SS) and DIBL (Drain Induced Barrier Lowering) of underlap GAA FET are systematically evaluated and analysed. In the present study, GAA FET and underlap GAA FET device performances are investigated through ATLAS device simulator from Silvaco.


Josephson junctions from the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 operated in a temperature range of 40–80K cooled by a cryocooler can be deployed on a cantilever to detect microwave radiation. The spatial scanning step width used here is 15μm with operating distance of the cooled Josephson cantilever to the surface of the device under test (DUT) of about 150μm. The DUT is operated at room temperature. Due to the realization as an active cantilever a topographic image of the DUT as well as the microwave power distribution can be obtained.


Natural selection is expected to drive the frequencies of heritable, fitness-harming states to very low levels, yet many heritable disorders – and especially mental disorder – are common in the human population. These two statements are sometimes interpreted to imply that disorders have not been under natural selection, but this need not be the case. Evolutionary genetics provides three broad classes of models, none of them mutually exclusive, for understanding why disorder risk alleles have persisted in the human population despite natural selection.

Keywords:

mental disorders;
genetics;
evolution;
mutation-selection;
balancing-selection;
schizophrenia


The adult guardianship system has been implemented since July 1, 2013, and there are relative guardians, and guardians with specialized jobs among guardians. At the initial stage of the system, many relative guardians were appointed. However, some cases of abusing assets of a ward by relative guardians occurred at the process of trial or supervision phase of adult guardianship related events. As a result, the appointment of relative guardians is decreasing and the appointment of guardians with specialized jobs are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare countermeasures to prevent any side effects by abuse of adult guardianship system. Even in Japan, where adult guardianship system began to be implemented before Korea started to implement the system, as adult guardianship related events increased, cases of abusing assets of a ward by relative guardians during the process of executing assets of a ward by relative guardians. Therefore, the appointment of relative guardians decreased and the appointment of guardians with specialized jobs increased. Since guardianship supervision of family court has limitation as it relies on supervision technique mainly with ex post facto supervision, it heralded the need for guardianship supervision method by supervision in advance in order to prevent any deliberate misbehavior by relative guardian and protect assets of a ward. Now it has introduced and implemented "Guardianship Support Trust" system since Feb. 2012. As a result, assets of a ward can be protected in a broader sense by utilizing Guardianship Support Trust even when appointing a relative as his or her guardian along with the way of appointing guardian with specialized job. It seems inevitable to use Guardianship Support Trust in order for a stable operation of guardianship system in the future. Therefore, we shall prevent any side effect of abuse by relative guardians and protect assets of a ward by introducing and implementing "the Guardianship Support Trust" system of Japan. If it is determined to introduce the system, we shall take every efforts to implement the system in consideration of problems in practical operations and countermeasures based on the basic ideology of the adult guardianship system.


The calculation of any ship's floor can be performed in two ways: within the elastic deformations or by assuming the plasticity of the structure. In the first case, the dangerous condition is the moment of occurrence of dangerous stress at one point of the structure, and in the second - the occurrence of plastic hinges in the support cross-sections. It is known that the assessment of the state of the structure by stress at one point does not give a complete picture of the strength reserves of the structure as a whole, the second approach gives a more objective picture of the possibilities of the structure and will allow in the future to assess factors such as etc. Methods of elastic calculation are well-developed today, there are programs based on the finite element method (FEM). The second approach to the problem is still insufficiently mastered. The paper shows that the features of the topology of the structure, calculated in different ways, differently assess its load-bearing capacity. The approximately uniform design of the elastic region, designed according to the rules of the register or the calculation method, is uneven in the limit state, and this is reflected in the assessment of the condition of the worn vessel. Pre-studies have shown that factors such as the length of the vessel, the length of the hold, the total bending stress have different effects on the load-bearing capacity of the structure. In modern normative documents, the main attention is paid to the study of conditional stresses from operating loads, and limit stresses are normalized only for a limited list of structures. This list should be expanded. Of course, this will require further research into the assignment of allowable stresses. Keywords: violation of the shape and integrity of the structure, cracks of tired or fragile nature, plastic hinges (sliding or rotary hinges), ultimate load, uniform construction of the elastic region, uneven structure in the ultimate state, bottom overlaps of dry cargo vessel.


We presume that the objectives of industrial policy in Brazil are determined in the current context by the general philosophy of the Plano Real.1 That is, the creation of an efficient and progressive economy, based on free markets and an economy open to international trade. Such a vision for the economy might be adopted solely for ideological reasons, but might also be thought to be the best way to achieve long term growth and social objectives. Alternative objectives might be the growth of the economy in itself without concern for efficiency, as in the economic plans of the Geisel era, or a desire to protect and create employment. The latter objective is certainly of continuing importance for policy, especially where rapid adjustment of a sector in response to trade or technology shocks generates major losses of employment which are regionally or sectorally concentrated. The question of sectoral adjustment will be discussed below. The general question of employment does not fall within the ambit of industrial policy within the vision of the Plano Real, though it can be argued that the best way to create employment is to ensure that the economy is efficient and can compete internationally. Rather, the key to employment lies in labour market policies, and policies for training, education and health. These areas are not generally recognized as part of industrial policy and will not be considered in this paper, though they are clearly very important. Similarly, questions of infrastructure will not be considered here, though their importance in Brazil is well known


The labour force is a commodity... this does not imply that the social (wage) relations that determine it as such become a less sociological subject of study. This is the principle from which we are trying to approach a critical evaluation of the two topical theoretical frameworks used in the field of the labour relations studies: the sociology of work and the sociology of employment. Moreover, to try and undertake this evaluation implies a systematic comparison between these two theoretical frameworks within a context marked nowadays by the virtuality of this confrontation in our country. First, we will establish the axes that, from our point of view, define the analytical spaces and explanation procedures of the work and employment's theoretical frameworks. Secondly, after two critical readings, we will propose a different sociological approach: to place the market oriented nature of the labour force in the core of another theoretical framework whose aim is focused neither in work nor in employment, but in wage relations' social and historical base.


Impulse responses (IRs) from eight microphones were measured in a conference room for evaluation with matched filter array (MFA) processing. Since truncation of the filters can be applied to the MFA with little loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the effects of diffusion and specular reflections are studied. An amplitude threshold is applied to divide the IR's into specular reflections and diffusion. The results in terms of SNR and frequency response are shown. Specular reflections are required for MFA processing. For this array, using IR peaks above a 0.15 threshold gives 4.8 dB SNR, a 0.4 dB change, and a 2 dB change in frequency response. Diffusion is removed resulting in fewer stored coefficients, 77 peaks on average rather than all 1600 points.


The species name Kovalevskiella elisabethae n. sp. is proposed for a new taxon of a Recent ostracod found in interstitial sediments of the alluvial plain of the Danube in the surroundings of Vienna, Austria. The main characters that differentiate Kovalevskiella elisabethae n. sp. from its congeners K. bulgarica, K. cvetkovi, K. dani, K. rudjakovi and K. phreaticola are based on the morphology and chaetotaxy of antennula, antenna and mandible. Important diagnostic characters of the new species are the 5-segmented antennula, the presence of 2 setae on the posterior margin of its fourth segment, the presence of only 1 seta (besides the conjoined seta and aesthetasc) on its last segment, as well as the presence of 1 seta on the basis and 3 on the endopodite of the mandibula. An identification key for the Recent species of the genus is provided.


The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about indirect impact in pregnant women on the development of their future children. Investigating the characteristics of lipid metabolism in the "mother–placenta–fetus" system can give information about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. A total of 234 women were included in study. Maternal plasma, cord blood, and amniotic fluid lipidome were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. Differences in lipid profile were searched by Mann–Whitney and Kruskall–Wallis test, and diagnostic model based on logistic regression were built by AIC. Elevated levels of lysophospholipids, triglycerides, sphingomyelins, and oxidized lipids were registered in patients' maternal and cord plasma after COVID-19 infection. An increase in maternal plasma sphingomyelins and oxidized lipids was observed in cases of infection during the second trimester. In amniotic fluid, compared to the control group, nine lipids were reduced and six were elevated. Levels of phosphoglycerides, lysophosphoglycerides, and phosphatidylinositols decreased during infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. A health diagnostic model for newborns based on maternal plasma was developed for each group and exhibited good diagnostic value (AUC > 0.85). Maternal and cord plasma's lipidome changes during delivery, which are associated with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, are synergistic. The most significant disturbances occur with infections in the second trimester of pregnancy.


hile celebrating the graduation of teacher candidates from the university's teacher certification program, I felt the perennial distress at the possibility of losing contact and influence with these promising beginners. With my colleagues, I looked for ideas for bridging the two communities— current English credential students and alumni from the program—to encourage collaboration, professional development, and a continued sense of belonging and support. Furthermore, I wanted this mentoring and collaboration between these two communities to simultaneously allow me to continue to facilitate student learning, advise former students, and develop myself as a teacher educator. I realized, however, that technology would be the key to these mentoring opportunities to collaborate with those across the state and teaching abroad as well as providing convenience, a requirement to be sensitive to the busy lives of post-baccalaureate students and beginning teachers.


The capacity planning is a process that predict when the level of a future workload will overwhelm the system and determine the ideal cost x benefit in order to avoid this saturation. Such prediction is based on the process of natural evolution of workload of the existing system, on the development of applications/services and on changes of consumers' behavior according to the availability of new business functions. This written essay presents an application of such process in the environment of Internet services provision with the purpose of indicating the importance of the utilization of methodology to back companies up, enabling the reach of more certain decisions, based on technical appraisal of their spheres. The choice of the environment was made due to the importance of Internet services providers on quality of services offered in web. This is justifiable, because depending on the transit and on the provider's installed capacity, performance problems can occur, contributing to the increase of the answer time to final users. The main results of the essay are: an adaptation proposal of the methodology and the detailed description of each and every step, allowing its applications in other environments.


Since the last 5 years the halal industry has now captured a lot of public attention, not only from the food sector but also extends to the tourism, hospitality, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors. The increasing demand for Muslim consumers for halal products is a business opportunity for producers or companies. The growth of the cosmetics market is projected to increase by 7% in 2021. This study aims to determine the buying intention of Muslims in buying or using halal cosmetics using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Data was collected by distributing questionnaires online. Then the collected data was processed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) and concluded that it is known that the latent variable attitude has a path coefficient value of 0.026, this shows a positive influence on purchase intentions.


ABSTRACT This paper revisits the Urdu literary works of Deputy Nazir Ahmed and Ismat Chughtai to unravel the changing ways in which they depicted the servants and servant-like characters in their description of the north Indian middle-class urban Muslim household in the late 19th and first half of the twentieth century. It argues that fiction writers like Ahmed had a conception of the respectable household that envisaged a strict control over the conduct of the servants with a view to curb their 'corrupting influence' on the women and children of the family. Nazir Ahmed's preoccupation with the reform of the Muslim sharif household in the light of their declining economic and political status shaped his attitude towards domestic servants and lower classes in general. In contrast, writing in the early and mid-twentieth century, Ismat Chughtai and other 'daughters of reform' began questioning the politics of the sharif household, much of which was accepted by the previous generation of writers, mostly reformists, as unproblematic. Chughtai used her writing as a site of criticism against a social and political system that she viewed as unjust and exploitative. In her works, domestic servants are essentially presented as an exploited class with a voice of its own. In her stories, domestic servants express their opinions, and by doing so, expose the narrowly conceived worldview of the sharif middle class. Taken together, the two authors separated by nearly three decades, represented contrasting views through the decades of the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. The paper addresses a neglected field of social-literary history: the presence and place of domestic servants in the politics of constructing new norms for the household and for the nation.


Potential applications of fine bubble (FBs) more attention, especially in environmental engineering fields such as soil/groundwater remediation. Since colloidal particles exist in natural soil water, it is expected that simultaneous transport of FBs and colloidal particles occurs when FBs are applied to soil environment. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate stability of FB (generated by air) solution, calboxyl latex (CL) solution, and mixture of FB and CL (FB-CL) solutions. Each solution was kept in air-tight bottle for several days, and time series change of bubble and particle size distributions were measured using resonant mass measurements. In addition, one-dimensional column transport experiments using glass beads were conducted, where FB solution, CL solution, or mixture of FB and CL solutions were injected to the column with a constant water flux. The turbidity, pH, EC, DO, and bubble or particle size distribution in the effluent were measured. Batch experiments showed that bubble concentrations of FB and FB-CL solutions decreased with time. On the other hand,while particle concentrations of CL kept constant, of FB-CL solutions decreased with time, respectively, indicating CL in FB-CL solutions was influenced by FB or dissolved gas (air). On the column transport experiments, applied FB concentration in FB-CL solutions affected FB effluent ratio. FB mobility was observed when FB with high concentration was while particle concentrations in FB-CL does not affect effluent ratio. Effects of FB and CL interaction on the simultaneous transport of FB and CL will be further discussed.


Background : A pilot of the first NHS funded Sore Throat Test and Treat (STTT) service in the United Kingdom began in selected community pharmacies in Wales in November 2018. The aim of this research was to explore whether a pharmacist delivering consultation for sore throat that included clinical scoring and point-of-care testing was acceptable to patients, and how this might influence future health-seeking behaviour for subsequent sore-throats. Methods : Quantitative research was employed, with a non-experimental design using a survey research tool including a mix of closed and open questions, developed in collaboration with members of the public. The patient experience survey was distributed to all patients who had completed a consultation between November 2018 and May 2019. Data from completed surveys were entered in Jisc Online Surveys® and exported to Excel® for descriptive statistics. Free-text comments were analysed using content and inductive thematic analysis. Results : A total of 510 surveys were received from 2,839 sore throat consultations (response rate 18%). Overall, 501 patients (98%) were satisfied with the service. Patients' confidence in managing their condition and service satisfaction was not dependent on having been supplied antibiotics. A total of 343 patients (67%) requested a GP appointment but were offered to a consultation in the pharmacy. After the service, 504 patients (99%) stated that they would return to the pharmacy for subsequent sore throat symptoms. Inductive analysis of free-text comments (n=242) revealed 3 themes: convenience and accessibility; professionalism of pharmacy team; and perceived value of the service. Conclusions : Results confirmed high levels of patient satisfaction with the new service, the way it was delivered and the increased choice of options for sore throat symptom management it offered. Whilst this research can only discuss patients' reported future behaviour, the patient-reported stated intentions signify a potential shift in health-seeking behaviour towards a pharmacist-led service. This has important implications in supporting the long term plan of the governments in Wales and England to redirect management of uncomplicated conditions from GPs to pharmacies.


Flow structure and heat transfer characteristics of an axisymmetric circular jet impinging on a hot 1Cr18Ni9Ti medium plate have been simulated numerically using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code. The relation between flow field of jet impingement and its heat transfer capability is analyzed, and the phenomenon that heat transfer at stagnation point is smaller than that of points directly around is discussed. The simulation result provides boundary conditions for thermalanalysis of medium plate quenching.


The road junction policing is a key link in the prevention and control system of big cities and plays an important role in controlling and hitting crimes and the anti - terrorism battle. However, there are still some difficulties and insufficiencies in the road junction policing because the public security situations become more and more serious. So to strengthen and perfect the road junction policing in order to amplify the ability to control the public order is an urgent need of the social order situations.


The LacTek Beta-Lactam Milk Screening Kit (an enzyme immunoassay) was compared to the Delvotest P method (a microbial inhibition test) for detecting antibiotics in raw milk samples. Good agreement (97·8%) was obtained from a total of 413 raw milk samples tested in four laboratories, The LacTek test has been accepted as a rapid (less than 10 minutes) antibiotic screening method for inclusion in the Joint Committee of the Milk Marketing Board and the Dairy Trade Federation Code of Practice for the Assessment of Milk Quality.


A SAW WINDOW CONTAINS A TIGHTENING DEVICE, MOUNTED SWING ON AN ENVELOPE SAW AND INCLUDES CALIPER WITH A TIGHTENING OF HOUSING FOR THE ROOM AND SAW THIS SUPPORT FOR PART, AND STOP PLANNED ON TIGHTENING DEVICE LIMITS THE SWING MOTION DEVICE CLAMP VERSUS THE ENVELOPE THE SAW. The 10 CALIPER IS PROVIDED IN HIS END, WITH A PIN TIGHTENING 12 WHICH CAN BE MOVED TO SUPPORT 15, 16 FOR LOCKING THE PIECE. THE CALIPER 10 SUPPORTS THE ROOM WITHOUT BENDING TOWARDS THE CUTTING PRESSURE AND IT IS PLACED SIDE BY SIDE OF THE SAW BLADE 7.


The gastric emptying of 1.5 mm diameter (small) and 5.0 mm diameter (large) radiopaque markers (BIPS) was assessed in 20 dogs. The markers were fed to the dogs in a test meal and abdominal radiographs were made hourly thereafter. Studies were repeated three times in each dog. The variation between two veterinarians interpreting the radiographs was low. The sex, age and day of the study did not have a significant effect on the lag phase or the time taken to empty 25%, 50% and 75% of the markers (T25, T50 and T75 respectively). There was a weak but significant positive correlation between the body weight and T50. There was no significant difference in gastric emptying parameters between the large and small markers.

The mean gastric emptying versus time curve of the small markers on day one was chosen to represent the reference curve for healthy dogs. The lag phase of the small markers on day one was 2.45 ± 2.04 hours, the T25 was 4.85 ± 2.15 hours, the T50 was 6.05 ± 2.99 hours and the T75 was 8.32 ± 2.72 hours (mean ± SD).


The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) in a sample of 243 older people age 55 to 99 years old. The first order factorial structure was similar to the structure of the original version of the CSI and to the Spanish adaptation with general population. Furthermore high levels of internal consistency and of convergent validity were observed in the different primary scales. Nevertheless the problem avoidance scale did not surpass the validity and reliability tests. Due to it we propose to delete two of the items of this scale.  On the other hand, in this study we confirmed the secondary and tertiary structure obtained in the original version of the inventory that was neither confirmed in the Spanish adaptation study nor the other studies on the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CSI.


A L-histidine-high-producing mutant was obtained from Brevibacterium flavum by means of mutagenesis. When incubated at 30℃for 72hr, it could accumulate about 128.28mg·L~(-1) L-histidine in the medium containing 150g·L~(-1) glucose, 35g·L~(-1)(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) and 10g·L~(-1) peptone.


Recent research accomplishments included: a method for estimating surface reaction energetics, and application to ethylene decomposition on Pt(111); carbon Auger line shapes for adsorption/decomposition of ethylene on Ni(100) and C-C bonding in ``carbidic`` layers on metals; surface structure of Sn deposited on Pt(111) and Pt(100); chemisorption of CO, H{sub 2}, O{sub 2} on ordered Sn/Pt(111) surface alloys; effects of K adatoms on H{sub 2} adsorption on Pt(111); effects of adsorbed K, O, and H on CO adsorption on Pt(111); hydrocarbon trapping, condensation on Pt(111); effects of C on cyclohexane dehydrogenation on Pt(111) surfaces; and SnPt(111) catalysis of benzene production from acetylene under uhv conditions.


Spinel cubic Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has attracted great attention as a novel anode material for high performance Li-ion battery [1]. The LTO anode can provide a theoretical capacity of 175 mAh/g with negligible volume change during charging and discharging [1]. However, the high-current rate performance of pure LTO anode is seriously hindered by its low electrical conductivity [2]. Carboncoating has been approved to be an effective method to improve the electrical conductivity of LTO anode material, carbon-coated LTO nanocrystals (C-LTO) have been investigated [3, 4]. It is critically important to understand the influence of the carbon-coating effects on high-rate performance [5]. In this study, the C-LTO anode nanocrystal with optimized thin coating layers were successfully synthesized. In the present work, crystalline phase and coating structure were characterized by TEM imaging and high resolution TEM imaging using a JEOL 2010F FEG transmission electron microscopy. Atomic resolution structure of high-angle-annular dark-field (HAADF)-STEM images were obtained with collection semi-angles from 50 to 180 mrad in spherical aberration-corrected (Cs-corrected) scanning transmission electron microscopy of JEOL 2100F STEM/TEM operated at 200 kV. TEM images and HRTEM images in Figure 1 (a) confirmed that the C-LTO nanocrystal have a welldefined spinel nanocrystal structure, and exhibited the spherical particle shape with amorphous carboncoating and uniform thickness of less than 5 nm. Figure 1 (b) revealed that the well-resolved lattice fringes have an interplanar distance of 0.48 nm, corresponding to the d-spacing of the facets of the spinel LTO structure. Cs-corrected STEM technique allows us to obtain atomic-resolution HAADF images and count the number of atoms in an atomic column of a crystal [6]. The typical high-resolution STEM-HAADF images at the atomic scale are showed in Figure 2 (a). The titanium atom sites (16d), lithium atom sites (16d) and oxygen atom site (32e) can be clearly visualized in the enlarge atomic resolution HAADF image in Figure 2 (b), which is consistent with the atomic occupancies in schematic lattice view of spinel LTO along the [110] direction, as showed in LTO [110] projection model in Figure 4 (c). Bscially, such like the [110] projection of spinel LTO is most suitable for observing Li, O, and Ti atoms directly, because separate columns of these atoms are aligned in this [110] direction. It is worth noting that the pure spinel LTO phase was synthesized and further confirmed. The improved high-current rate performance can be ascribed to high phase purity and the enhanced intrinsic electronic conductivity resulting from the synergistic effect of nanocrystals, carbon-coating and uniform thin thickness.


In this section, we show detailed results on the ETH "challenging dataset for point cloud registration algorithms" [7]. As in [1], we evaluate on the Gazebo and Wood scenes which are each captured in two different seasons (Table 1). Each season-scene combination has its respective coordinate frame, and groundtruth poses are available to relate the local point clouds within the same season and scene. We use these groundtruth poses to stitch all the individual point clouds to generate four global point clouds, one for each season-scene combination.


The new electron gun system for BEPCII has been put into operation since Nov. 2004. The article describes the design, experiment and operation of this new system. The design current of the gun is 10 A for the pulse lengths of 1 ns single bunch and two bunches with repetition rate of 50 Hz. The gun is operated with a pulsed high voltage power supply which can provide up to 200 kV high volt age. Computer simulations have been carried out in the design stage, including simulation of the gun geometry and beam transportation. Some important relation curves are obtained during the experiment. Two-bunch operation is available and some elementary tests have been performed. New scheme of the gun control system based on EPICS[1] is also presented. The practical operation shows that the design and manufacturing is basically successful.


To the Editor: —This island ought to afford scientists a good field in which to "run to earth" the real cause of pellagra, since the disease has been observed here only during the past twenty years. As a physician of over thirty years' practice, I am sure of my statement. The island is only 100 square miles in extent, a fact which would likewise aid in tracing the origin of the disease. To zeists the contention that pellagra cannot be due to any known fungus in growing corn will be established by the fact that the disease was unknown on the island until twenty years ago, although corn had been grown here for many years previously. A significant fact worthy of notice by zeists is this: Previous to twenty years ago, corn-meal was imported from the United States in oak barrels and the meal was thereby rendered impervious to rain


It is increasingly recognised mobile learning (m-learning), in its variety of forms, is shaping, and being shaped by, the way we live, work and learn.

However, m-learning implementations are often heavily "keypad" dependent. The protracted and often clumsy method of accessing stored information and services through the limited input functionalities of mobile phones is time-consuming, frustrating and affects uptake of these m-technologies. To increase the impact of m-deployments a number of institutions are using Quick Response (QR) Codes to provide learners with speedy and ready access to information, services and assessments that are location sensitive.

Embedding QR codes into learning environments, both physical and electronic, will enable learners to move from one place to the next, and to be able to use readily-available, handheld computing devices and communication technology to access localised content anywhere and at anytime.


Accuracy and efficiency are fundamental characteristics of the translational process. Codon usage bias is widespread across species. Despite the long-standing association between codon optimization and improved translation, our understanding of the evolutionary basis and functional effects of codon optimization is limited. Drosophila has been widely used to study codon usage bias, but genome-scale experimental data on codon optimization and translation are scarce. We examined high-resolution mass spectrometry datasets from D. melanogaster development and employed different strategies to reduce bias when comparing translation error rates. We demonstrated that optimal codons have lower translation errors than nonoptimal codons after accounting for these biases. Our findings also shed light on codon-anticodon mismatches in translation errors. Through genomic-scale analysis of ribosome profiling data, we showed that optimal codons are translated more rapidly than nonoptimal codons in D. melanogaster. While we did not find conclusive evidence that natural selection favored synonymous mutations during the long-term evolution of the D. melanogaster lineage after its divergence from D. simulans, we did find that positive selection drives codon optimization-related mutations in the D. melanogaster population. This study expands our understanding of the functional consequences of codon optimization, and serves as a foundation for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms governing gene expression evolution at the translation level.


Abstract Total milk somatic cell content of various fractions of milk collected during milking were estimated by reflectance Feulgen-DNA, to determine which portion provided the best estimate of the number of somatic cells in primary milk, and to attempt to better understand the cellular variation in various fractions of milk. The first five fractions did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from primary milk, but strippings and complementary milk each contained significantly (P Direct microscopic counts of fraction-collected milk indicated that granulocytes constituted 66.4, 68.5, 66.8, and 69.2% (P>0.05) and mammary epithelial cells 27.6, 24.9, 24.3, and 21.1% (P