In this paper, a computational approach for resolving zero-pronouns in Spanish texts is proposed. Our approach has been evaluated with partial parsing of the text and the results obtained show that these pronouns can be resolved using similar techniques that those used for pronominal anaphora. Compared to other well-known baselines on pronominal anaphora resolution, the results obtained with our approach have been consistently better than the rest.


Face recognition is a challenging problem, complicated by variations in pose, expression, lighting, and the passage of time. Significant work has been done to solve each of these problems separately. We consider the problems of lighting and expression variation together, proposing a method that accounts for both variabilities within a single model. We present a novel deformation and lighting insensitive metric to compare images, and we present a novel framework to optimize over this metric to calculate dense correspondences between images. Typical correspondence cost patterns are learned between face image pairs and a Naïve Bayes classifier is applied to improve recognition accuracy. Very promising results are presented on the AR Face Database, and we note that our method can be extended to a broad set of applications.


Non-adiabatic charge pumping through a single-level quantum dot with periodically modulated parameters is studied theoretically. By means of a quantum-master-equation approach the full counting statistics of the system is obtained. We find a trinomial-probability distribution of the charge transfer, which adequately describes the reversal of the pumping current by sweeping the driving frequency. Further, we derive equations of motion for current and noise, and solve those numerically for two different driving schemes. Both show interesting features which can be fully analyzed due to the simple and generic model studied.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of Ginkgolide B, a specific platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, receiving normal saline, Ginkgolide B, isobaric hypoxia and isobaric hypoxia plus Ginkgolide B respectively. Pulmonary hemodynamics were assessed via right heart catheterization. Pulmonary vascular remodeling were examined by a computerized image analyser.

RESULTS
Chronic hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.10, 3 weeks) caused pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Treatment with Ginkgolide B reduced the extent of pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy induced by hypoxic exposure.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that PAF participates in the process of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling, and PAF antagonist could be a potentially useful agent for preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.


Kebun bibit rakyat (KBR) a program of the Ministry of Forestry to provide that is by planting the forest with forest trees and multipurpose trees spcies (MPTS) Corps who held in self management system by society groups, especially in rural areas. Result seeds kebun bibit rakyat used to rehabilitate of forest and land critical and activities greening activities. The purpose of this research is to find out perception, participation and involvement of the community in the rehabilitation of forest and land areas through the creation kebun bibit rakyat to the implementation and sustainable, independently knowing internal and external factors that influence the perception and participation knowing relation characteristic of farmers with perception and public participation in the activities of KBR. The Results of research conducted at the location of KBR in District Pamijahan Regency Bogor average respondent's perception of the four villages of development activities in the category KBR agreed by 53.15%. The level of participation of the majority of participants KBR in program planning activities is high ie 51.84% (63 respondents), the implementation phase has an average score of participants included in the category of participation high at 66.33% (63 respondents). Public Participation in the activities of participants in the District Pamijahan KBR is high at 70.58%, in the three study areas, namely in Cibitung Kulon village by 63.27%, amounting to 93.33% Ciasmara, Cibunian by 100.00%. In areas classified as Medium Pamijahan of 54.29% (25.71% is high only).


To systematically review randomized controlled trials assessing effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and cardiac structure/function and explore randomized controlled trial (RCT)‐derived evidence for SGLT2i efficacy mechanisms in heart failure (HF).


The study of the influences from Cognitive Sciences in the Information Science. The Information Science has as objects of study the very basic concepts of information and knowledge. Since such concepts have an inherently trans-disciplinary character, the Information Science has been largely influenced by many disciplines, particularly the Cognitive Science. Regardless of this, it is observed that such concepts have not been properly discussed within the Information Science. To deal with this concern, it has been structured in the Escola de Ciencia da Informacao (ECI) of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), a research group denoted "Cognitive Studies in Information Science". This work aims to discuss the relationships between the Information Science and the Cognitive Science. In order to achieve this purpose, one formerly presents the major approaches within the Cognitive Science, contextualizing their aspects that mostly influence the Information Science, and then one discuss some perspectives for the future relationship of these two disciplines.


This article examines the work of the intellectual historian and critic Stefan Collini (1947–). It illustrates his methodological approach to the study of history; traces the unexpected similarities between his intellectual practice and that of cultural critics as diverse as Matthew Arnold and William Empson; points to the differences in content and vision informing his manifold scholarly pursuits and those of other intellectual historians (e.g. Skinner) as well as critics (e.g. Mulhern and Eagleton); and levels some criticism at his writings. Specific attention is given to the centrality of cadence, congeniality, irony and sympathy, as well as to the function of the intellectual portrait in his narrative. The article's main claim is that Collini's history writing is better understood as the embodiment of the activity of the intellectual historian as critic. Situated within a broad range of different historical and critical practices, Collini's own practice is thoroughly analyzed both for its intrinsic value and for providing an original picture of the activity generally referred to as "intellectual history."


Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab (bamlanivimab and etesevimab) is a combination of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that target the receptor- binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab is administered intravenously in the treatment of COVID-19.


C-di-AMP is an emerging second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is synthesized from two molecules of ATP by diadenylate cyclases and degraded to pApA or two AMP molecules by c-di-AMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Through binding to specific protein- and riboswitch-type receptors, c-di-AMP regulates a wide variety of prokaryotic physiological functions, including maintaining the osmotic pressure, balancing central metabolism, monitoring DNA damage, and control of biofilm formation and sporulation. It mediates bacterial adaptation to a variety of environmental parameters and can also induce an immune response in host animal cells. In this review, we discuss the phylogenetic distribution of c-di-AMP-related enzymes and receptors and provide some insights into the various aspects of c-di-AMP signaling pathways based on more than a decade of research. We emphasize the key role of c-di-AMP in maintaining bacterial osmotic balance, especially in Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, we discuss the future directions and trends of the c-di-AMP regulatory network, such as the likely existence of potential c-di-AMP transporter(s), the possibility of crosstalk between c-di-AMP signaling with other regulatory systems, and the effects of c-di-AMP compartmentalization. This review aims at covering the broad spectrum of research on the regulatory functions of c-di-AMP and c-di-AMP signaling pathways.


One of the most outstanding philosophers of the Russian Religious Renaissance G. P. Fedotov was not one of the most frequently published authors in the Soviet Union, obviously. His 12-volume complete works were published in Moscow in 2014, and also the last 13th volume is already in the process of publishing, it contains his correspondence. We'd like to present the unknown pages of the biography of this philosopher — his letters to the prospective philologist, Zoya Mikulovskaya. Fedotov met her in the USA, where he lived since 1940. His personality in this correspondence can be viewed from a very interesting perspective.


Taxation of labor is one of the most important areas in economy, from which government can collect their taxes. Excessive taxation however can have distortionary effect on whole labor market. Aim of this paper is therefore to provide additional empirical evidence of distortionary effect of selected tax indicator on employment in OECD countries. Annual data were collected from period 2000-2016, which should represent the most recent trend. Both fixed-effect panel estimation and dynamic panel estimation were used as a statistical method to obtain robust results. Specific characteristics of labor market such as minimum wage and negotiating power of unions were also part of analysis. Main result of this paper is a negative effect of tax wedge increase on labor force participation rate in OECD countries.


Ambivalence, the presence of positive and negative reactions toward an object, typically involves the subjective experience of conflict. We investigate the role that the perceived validity of each side of an ambivalent attitude plays in producing subjective ambivalence (SA). Consistent with the metacognitive model of attitudes, we demonstrated that SA is reduced when people doubt either the positive or the negative reactions. Thus, inducing doubt (in one side) can reduce SA. We further explored whether viewing both sides as invalid would lead to relatively low or to relatively high levels of SA. Consistent with the idea that equivalent perceived validity increases the difficulty of ambivalence reduction, when both sides were doubted, conflict was as high as when both sides were validated.


Carbon-13 n.m.r. spectroscopy has been used to observe the efficient conversion of (L-α-amino-δ-adipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine into isopenicillin N in cell-free extracts of Cephalosporium acremonium.


Deep Learning is the most important key to the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). There are several distinguishable architectures of neural networks such as MLP, CNN, and RNN. Among them, we try to understand one of the main architectures called Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) that di ff ers from other networks in handling sequential data, including time series and texts. As one of the main tasks recently in Natural Language Processing (NLP), we consider Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using RNNs. We also summarize fundamental structures of the recurrent networks, and some topics of representing natural words to reasonable numeric vectors. We organize topics to understand estimation procedures from representing input source sequences to predict target translated sequences. In addition, we apply multiple translation models with Gated Recurrent Unites (GRUs) in Keras on English-Korean sentences that contain about 26,000 pairwise sequences in total from two di ff erent corpora, colloquialism and news. We verified some crucial factors that influence the quality of training. We found that loss decreases with more recurrent dimensions and using bidirectional RNN in the encoder when dealing with short sequences. We also computed BLEU scores which are the main measures of the translation performance, and compared them with the score from Google Translate using the same test sentences. We sum up some di ffi culties when training a proper translation model as well as dealing with Korean language. The use of Keras in Python for overall tasks from processing raw texts to evaluating the translation model also allows us to include some useful functions and vocabulary libraries as well.


Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) based on user preference has become a popular research topic in recent years. Target region is a simple form of user preference. In this paper, it is defined as a region consisting of specific interval on each dimension of the objective space. Target region works as guidance in the search process. However, like other forms of user preference, it is difficult to set target region properly without sufficient prior knowledge. To solve this problem, a mechanism to make target region self-adaptive is proposed. It utilizes the information from non-dominated solutions. If there are solutions dominating target region, the target region will be directly updated based on the range of these solutions. Otherwise, target region will keep exploring until stop criterion is satisfied. The mechanism is applied on multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). Experimental results demonstrate that MOPSO with self-adaptive target region has better convergence and it avoids the population getting stuck in local optimum compared to MOPSO.


The article explores the new approaches of the Federal Antimonopoly Service to the application of certain provisions of the law on the control of foreign investment in business entities of strategic importance.The question of the correlation of the concepts of "control" and "the possibility of blocking decisions" was examined, as well as the problems of legal uncertainty re mandatory preliminary approval of a transaction in which a foreign investor plans to purchase shares of a business entity that is related to the strategic type of activity.The authors concluded that it is necessary and advisable to classify a business company as strategic based on legislation by its implementation of a type of activity that is adjacent to strategic.


Objective: The soil and waterborne parasitic infections rate is high degree in developed and developing countries. Migratory workers have greater exposure to these parasitic infections and a lot of morbidity due to these infections in workers. For this reason, we aimed to investigate the presence of soil and waterborne parasites in the Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone of southeast Turkey. Methods: A total of 25 environmental samples (18 soil samples and 7 water samples) were taken from The Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone, in two different seasons (summer and winter). All of the samples were screened for parasites using microscopic examination and culture methods. The parasites were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing analysis. Results: The prevalence of soil and water transmitted parasites was found to be positive 52% (13/25) in summer while there is no any parasites in winter. It was found 22.3% (4/18) Acanthamoeba (genotype4), 16.6% (3/18) Ascaris lumbricoides, 11.1% (2/18) Strongoides stercoralis in soil samples and 14.3% (1/7) Acanthamoeba (genotype 4), 42.9% (3/7) Blastocystis (subtype3) in all of water samples. Conclusion: The migratory worker waves have always shaped the ethnic composition and public health problem of the province of Gaziantep. Climate change has the potential to influence prevalence of parasite and our study has shown that increased prevalence of parasite in summer. The global target for the coming years should be to remove the deaths from earth and waterborne parasitic infections in the worker populations. Thus, we prevent the distribution of parasitic infections in our country.


Aim. The purpose of this work was to find out the effect of processing of grape plants by the biopreparation AgroMar on the quality of wine materials and wine of varieties Aromatny and Cabernet Sauvignon. Methods. The biopreparation "AgroMar" is a biophigicide made of Trichoderma lignorum, which has a triple biological spectrum of action: bio-protection, biostimulation and bio-fertilizer. The research was conducted in 2016–2017 in the vineyards and laboratory of physiology of the reproduction center National Scientific Center "V. Ye. Tairov Institute of Viticulture and Wine-making". The field experiments were conducted on technical varieties Aromatny and Cabernet Sauvignon. During the growing season, the experimental vines were sprayed with a solution of AgroMar at the concentration of 0.3 l / 10 liters of water (fine spraying with a manual sprayer), four times. The harvest was carried out in the first decade of September. The sugar content of the grape juice was determined by Bertrand's method, acidity – by titrometric method. The wine is made on the basis of the winery of National Scientific Center V.E. Tairov Institute. The tasting evaluation of the quality of wine was carried out by the tasting commission of the V. E. Tairov Institute. The metal content was determined by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results. It was shown that processing by AgroMar improves the quality of juice, namely, increasing the sugar content and reducing the acidity for 2 years in both varieties, both in the juice out of white grapes Aromatny and in red grapes Cabernet Sauvignon. AgroMar treatment improves the organoleptic quality of wine, such as color, flavor and aroma, which raise the tasting grade of white wine by 0.1 point, red – by 0.6 and 1.0 points in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Biopreparation increases iron and manganese content in the white wine from Aromatny grapes and red wine from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, and also reduces the content of heavy metals zinc and copper up to two times. Conclusions. It can be argued that biopreparation AgroMar positively affects the quality of juice and wine, as well as improves the microelement composition of the wine.


Financial leverage has an important role in investment decisions. Some previous researches has proved a relationship between Financial leverage and some factors such as rate of return on assets, market value to book value ratio (MV/BV), firm's size, liquidity of companies assets and size of board of directors.


The following topics are dealt with: mobile context-aware services; mobile ontology; location privacy; data stream processing; mobile sensor; mobile ad hoc and ubiquitous networks.


We introduce a symmetric operad $\square p$ ("box-op") which describes a certain calculus of rectangular labeled ``boxes''. Algebras over $\square p$, which we call box operads, have appeared under the name of fc multicategories in work by Leinster \cite{LeinsterFcmulticategories1999}. In our main result, we endow a suitable (graded, zero differential) totalisation $\square p_{\mathrm{td}}$ with a morphism $L_{\infty} \rightarrow \square p_{\mathrm{td}}$. We show that $\square p$ acts on an $\mathbb{N}^3$-graded enlargement of the $\mathbb{N}^2$-graded Gerstenhaber-Schack object $\mathbf{C}_{GS}(\mathbb{A})$ of a quiver $\mathbb{A}$ on a small category from \cite{DinhVanLowen2018}. This action restricts to an $L_{\infty}$-structure on $\mathbf{C}_{GS}(\mathbb{A})$ (with zero differential). For an element $\alpha = (m,f,c) \in \mathbf{C}_{GS}^2(\mathbb{A})$, the Maurer-Cartan equation holds precisely when $(\mathbb{A}, m, f, c)$ is a lax prestack with multiplications $m$, restrictions $f$, and twists $c$. As a consequence, the $\alpha$-twisted $L_{\infty}$-structure on $\mathbf{C}_{GS}(\mathbb{A})$ controls the deformation theory of $(\mathbb{A}, \alpha)$ as a lax prestack.


In the management of colo-retal and anal cancer, accurate staging, treatment evaluation, early detection of recurrence are main clinical problems. F-18 FDG PET (PET/CT) has been reported as useful in the management of colo-rectal and anal cancer because that PET has high diagnostic performance comparing to conventional studies. In case of liver metastases, for confirmation of no extrahepatic metastases, in case of high risk of metastasis, for avoiding unnecessary operation, PET (PET/CT) is expected more useful. In anal cancer, PET is expected useful in lymph node staging. For the early prediction of chemotherapy or radiation therapy effect PET has been reported as useful, also. In early detection of recurrence by PET, cost-benefit advantages has been suggested, also. PET/CT is expected to have higher diagnostic performance than PET alone.


Our country generally exists difficulty to environmental executing the law,the paper summarizes problem in the course of environmental executing the law,analyzes cause of difficult environmental executing the law,advances countermeasure and suggestion to consolidate environmental executing the law.


【Objective】To observe the influence of azagral sodium to the plasma von Willebrand factor(vWF) in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).【Methods】Eighty patients with ACS,40 of them with acute myocardiol infarction(AMI) and 40 with unstable angina pectoris(UAP) were examined.They were divided into two groups: treatment and control group,40 cases in each group.All patients were measured the plasma levels of vWF before and after treatment with medicine.【Results】The plasma level of vWF in the treatment group were siginificantly lower than that of the control group(P0.05).【Conclusion】After the treatment of azagral sodium in patients with ACS,the plasma level of vWF is remarkably reduced.


circulation. Tissues and platelets seem to contain only subunit A. Tittle is known about the relationship existing between these two units. Since different levels of subunit 13 or S are prcscnt in homozygous patients it is clear that at least two genes are altered. l'hcrcfore thc heterozygotes presented by Berliner ct a1 may present different levels of subunit S or 13 as compared to heterozygotes of those homozygous patients who have low subunit A and normal or near normal siibunit R. This may explain the discrepancies encountered in the literature and the difficulty in detecting heterozygotes (lsraels et (11, 1973; Harbui et al. 1978: Francis & Todd, 1979: Fear ct al, 198 3). It seems therefore that in type I1 factor XI11 defect, as far as subunit B is concerned, two types of hereditary pattern are present. namely autosomal incompletely recessive and recessive. This has been recently demonstrated to be the case also for congenital afibrinogenaemia (Girolami eta! , 1981 ). Individuals with intermediate factor XI11 antigen (subunit R) levels are expected to be found only in the families whose homozygotes show an absence of both subunit A and R. Univtrsity of Padua Medical School,


Abstract Molecular dynamics was used to simulate the incommensurate crystal N4(CH2)6·(CH2)6(COOH)2. At normal pressure, no clear incommensurate structure is obtained between 120K and 295K. Small discrepancies between MD results and experimental lattice constants and angle are observed. Pressure tensor correction is needed to reduce the difference between experiment and simulation. After correction, the simulation results show that the crystal structure is incommensurate at 120K and 160K and commensurate at 220K or higher.


This papers deals with the optimization of the experimental conditions for the estimation of {sup 237}Np in spent-fuel dissolver/high-level waste solutions using thenoyltrifluoroacetone as the extractant. (authors)


The present invention relates to a hydrogen sensor using a cyclic Pd nanostructure and a Pd nanostructure. More specifically, the hydrogen sensor using a cyclic Pd nanostructure and a Pd nanostructure including a crystal growth direction and controlling the speed of a voltage and current by an annular re-assemble the cubic Pd nanoparticles Pd nanostructure of nanoparticles relate to. The above-described present invention, the annular Pd nanostructure is large and a high energy and surface area of the structure itself, and to control the physical properties chemically, because of the peculiar operation of the nano-called very stable material in structure with the Pd nanostructure the hydrogen sensor, the hydrogen sensor of the hydrogen detector connected to the electronic circuit produced by a hydrogen detector, a hydrogen concentration meter manufactured by connecting the hydrogen concentration measuring electronic circuit in the hydrogen sensor or the like shows excellent effects in various fields. In addition, it is possible to produce a low energy of room temperature, simply for the possible high-purity ultra-precision mass production it is possible to form the nanostructure Pd nano structure at normal pressure. Nano, catalyst, hydrogen, cyclic Pd nanostructure, hydrogen sensors, hydrogen detectors, the hydrogen concentration meter


A morphological filter have been designed in order to calculate the centroid spots of Hartmann-Shack patterns.This filter is based on directional structuring elements.Each element takes into account the general morphology of the spots of the Hartmann-Shack pattern.The filter can optimize the threshold,and it can keep the morphology characteristic of each spot to retain more spot′s information.Through the application of the retinal cell microscrope project,its speed and accuracy can meet the requirements.


A new series of studies on adults' and infants' perception of phonetic "prototypes," exceptionally good instances of phonetic categories, show that prototypes play a unique role in speech perception. Phonetic category prototypes function like "perceptual magnets" for other stimuli in the category. They attract nearby members of the category, rendering nem more perceptually similar to the category prototype than would be expected on the basis of physical distance alone. Nonprototype stimuli from the category do not function in this way. Moreover, by 6 months of age, infants tested in the United States and Sweden show that the perceptual magnet effect is language specific. Infants from the two countries exhibit the magnetic effect only for the phonetic prototypes of their own language. Thus, exposure to a specific language alters infants' perception of speech by 6 months of age. These results offer an explanation for the findings of a variety of studies on cross-language speech perception in infants and adults, have implications for second-language learning, and are consistent with data on the representation of cognitive categories outside the domain of speech. The results support a new model which describes how innate factors and experience with a specific language interact in the development of speech perception. (Author) **k******************.A.************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


With the recent promotion of ecotourism in Taiwan, one strategy for developing sustainable ecotourism is to increase the competitiveness of tourism through experiential marketing and superior service quality. This study examines the effects between experiential marketing and service quality of ecotourism and tourists' behavioral intentions. The results show that experiential marketing, and service quality of ecotourism were positively correlated with tourists' behavioral intentions; experiential marketing and service quality had a positive influence on tourists' behavioral intentions; the perceptions of affective experiences or feel of tourist clusters segmented by ecotourism service quality differed significantly; and according to marital status of the demographic variables, tourists' perceptions of experiential marketing, service quality, and behavioral intentions differed significantly. These findings indicate that biodiversity ecotourism could provide optimal experiential marketing and prompt tourists who are satisfied with the service quality to return for another ecotourism experience. Tourism management could better plan the development of ecotourism by the results of this study.


This paper reports the use of Au nanoparticles (NPs) as electron transfer bridge layers to improve the photocurrent of viologen/Ru complex-based photoelectrochemical cells. The Ru complex/ viologen/Au NPs on electrodes were prepared using self-assembled monolayers. The cell system showed an excellent photocurrent of 25 nA/cm2 under the 1.5 air mass condition (I = 100 mW/cm2), which is five times greater than Au NPs due to the reduced recombination reaction.


Themodelingof pedestrianmovementhasrecei vedgrowing interestover thelastdecades. This is dueto thepotentialapplicationsin facility designandespeciallyevacuationsimulation aswell asthefascinationof its fundamental properties.Empiricaldataplaysaparticular role with respectto bothaspects. Thekey challengein modelingandsimulatingcrowd movementis to validatethe modelassumptionson the onehandandto verify the simulation resultson theotherhand.In this paperwe presentempiricaldataon anevacuation exercisein aprimaryschool.About two hundredpupils(andtheir teachers)tookpartin the drill. Threedrills werecarriedout. The premisesaredivided into two separatebuildings, the larger onecontaining6 classroomswith about120 pupils.The resultsof the exercise arereported.Additionally, thetime measuredis comparedto thetime gainedfrom a simulation. It took about85 s to evacuatethewholeschool.It hasto benotedthattheresultfor theexerciseis not a statisticaloneandno standarddeviation canbegiven.Thesimulation estimated160swith parametersettingsrepresentinganaveragepopulation.Thisdeviation is mainly dueto thefact that thestudentsto not fit into this populationdemographics. We thereforeadaptedtheparametersaccordinglyandgot a resultcloserto theempiricalone: ( ) s for the egresstime (500 simulationruns),e.g.,the empiricalresultsis about .


The effect of CaO additions on tellurium distribution between sodium-borate slag and copper metal phases was studied at 1473 K under reducing conditions. It was noted that with increase in CaO content (10-50%) in slag, the Te distribution coefficient increases. It also increases with increase in initial Te concentration in Cu (2.0-4.0%). Results show that the Te transfer from metal to slag increased by 2.4 times (11.9 to 29.0) on addition of 50% CaO to sodium-borate slag (Na 2 O/B 2 O 3 = 0.86) for Cu −4.0% Te alloy


The invention belongs to the field of cognitive radio CR and in particular relates to multicast routing protocols in a CR network. The method provides an energy optimization-based CR multicast routing method. The method comprises the following steps of: establishing a network model; establishing a Cournot game model; calculating a profit function; solving Nash equilibrium; and establishing a multicast tree. The invention provides an energy optimization-based multicast routing algorithm in the CR network and efficient spectrum allocation rate is achieved by establishing a spectrum allocation model in the CR network according to a classical Cournot static model. And simultaneously, the problem of dynamic spectrum selection is solved by utilizing a mode of routing selection and spectrum allocation cross-layer design according to energy optimization and the thought of minimum increment capacity MIC and on-demand drive, and the multicast routing algorithm which is suitable for the characteristics such as diversity, dynamic and differentiation of the frequency spectrum of the CR network is designed.


Developing production-quality software as part of a scientific research program presents unique challenges. Some of the techniques for managing requirements in this context which have evolved over the last three decades at JPL are discussed. The software development effort in support of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer project is presented as an example of the application of these methods. In certain respects the methods discussed appear to deviate from commonly accepted practice. In an effort to explain the success of these methods, some novel information from the field of cognitive science is explored. We discuss our assumptions about the underlying model of scientific process. The tension between the dualistic view of the world assumed by scientists, and the nondualistic nature of our solutions to the problems of software development is also discussed. We conclude with a discussion of our experience relative to current research into social methods of requirements engineering. We find that scientists are a unique type of customer, with unique needs from the software development process itself, and not just the end product as many methodologies assume. A social-based approach to development has proven to be the most efficient means of mitigating the difficulties posed by language, educational and cultural barriers.


And the semiconductor chip semiconductor package of the present invention is mounted to a downward surface on a PCB substrate, and the semiconductor chip and the bonding wire electrically connecting the PCB substrate, the side of the back, the PCB substrate of the semiconductor chip and the PCB When the substrate is formed at the edge portion comprises a solder ball attached to the lower surface of the sealing material and the PCB substrate to seal fully surround the side surface of the PCB substrate. Thus, the semiconductor package of the present invention can not be the side of the PCB substrate exposure to prevent delamination which the sealing material and the PCB substrate separation, can block the moisture absorption path that moisture penetration into a semiconductor chip.


An HPLC method using a C18 reverse phase column,a diode array detector,and an external standard was used to quantitatively analyze the active ingredient of oxytetracycline hydrochloride. The mobile phase was 0.1 mol/L ammonium oxalate + N,N-dimethylformamide + 0.2 mol/L diammonium phosphate (75+15+10,by vol) adjusted to pH 8 by aqueous ammonia. Column temperature was 30℃,flow rate was 0.8 ml/min,and detection wavelength was 365 nm. Standard deviation was 0.22,coefficient of variation was 0.25%,recovery rates averaged 99.86%,and R was 0.9999. The method is useful for conventional analysis and quality control research,being rapid and simple to conduct with good accuracy and reliability.


This chapter analyzes the politics of media in Turkey and the formation of Turkey's so-called new media order characterized by polarization, corporatization, widespread censorship, and lack of journalistic independence. It argues that Turkey's ongoing media crisis arose due to structural transformations starting from the early 1980s and becoming more accelerated and visible under the rule of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). The chapter discusses Turkey's media crisis in three steps. Firstly, it contextualizes Turkey's traditional media system within globally recognized media systems and provides a historical understanding of the impact of political elites and the government on the media industry. Secondly, it discusses shifts in media consumption habits and media ownership structure under AKP rule and shows how these shifts served the party's political agenda. Finally, it offers a critical overview of several existing prescriptive approaches to Turkey's media crisis and argues that techno-determinist and overgeneralizing approaches are incompatible with Turkey's social reality.


In this paper, a developed n-type piezoresistive three dimensional (3D) stress sensor with full temperature compensation is presented. The proposed sensing rosette benefits from the stress insensitivity of the full-circular n-type piezoresistor, oriented over (111) silicon plane, to detect only temperature changes for compensation. Moreover, the unique behavior of shear piezoresistive coefficient ( $\pi _{{{44}}}$ ) of n-Si is utilized to construct a piezorestive stress sensing rosette over (111) silicon plane that is capable of extracting 3D stress components. A prototype stress sensing chip was microfabricated to test the capability of the developed sensing rosette to accurately extract stress applied on structures at different thermal environments. The fabricated sensing chip was subjected to different mechanical loads using a loading rig with four-point bending fixture. The testing was carried out over a temperature range of 0–50 °C. The results showed that the proposed sensing chip has the capability of capturing the stress applied at different temperatures. Also, the developed sensing rosette showed less sensitivity to the uncertainty in piezoresistive coefficients' values compared to the other developed 3D piezoresistive stress sensors.


Pedagogical support students education is a crucial factor influencing the process of university students motivation to learn. This process aims at becoming educated, socially relevant securities needs of society. In this article the conditions identified educational space of the university, aimed at motivating students to learn, with the characteristics of pedagogical support education of university students, the analysis of human resource subject pedagogical support education students.


Two close structurally related isomers of nonaromatic meso -fused dicarbahexaphyrins were synthesized by condensing one equivalent of fluorene based tripyrrane with one equivalent of pentafluorobenzaldehyde in CH 2 Cl 2 under BF 3 .OEt 2 catalyzed conditions. The cis and trans isomers of meso -fused dicarbahexaphyrins were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and isolated pure macrocycles as green solids in 6-7% yields. NMR spectra of cis and trans isomers are quite distinct from each other and trans isomer was very symmetric and showed fewer resonances than cis isomer in NMR. The NMR study supported the nonaromatic nature of both cis and trans isomers of meso -fused dicarbahexaphyrins. DFT optimized structures revealed that the cis isomer adopted a singly twisted puckered conformation whereas the trans isomer displayed a saddle like conformation. Both cis and trans isomers almost showed similar nonaromatic absorption features with slight differences in their peak maxima. However, the protonated derivative of cis isomer showed absorption bands in visible-NIR region with bands extended upto 1000 nm whereas the trans isomer showed strong bands in the visible region. Both cis and trans macrocycles were easier to oxidize and reduce and TD-DFT studies corroborated with the experimental findings.


A certificate of satisfiability for a quantified boolean formula is a compact representation of one of its models which is used to provide solver-independent evidence of satisfiability. In addition, it can be inspected to gather explicit information about the semantics of the formula. Due to the intrinsic nature of quantified formulas, such certificates demand much care to be efficiently extracted, compactly represented, and easily queried. We show how to solve all these problems.


Anticorrosion varnish used for petroleum pipe was synthesized by methyl methacrylate,methacrylic acid and alkyd.The ratio of monomer,the type of vegetable oil,drier catalyst and additive etc were discussed,they would affected the preservative varnish properties.The obtained preservative varnish had good integrative properties and impact-resistant,which could play a role of protection and corruption-resistant during the course of transportation and storage before petroleum pipe was used.


A solar thermal power plant with a field of collectors, each locally heating some transport fluid, requires a pipe network system for eventual delivery of energy power generation equipment. For a given collector distribution and pipe network geometry, a technique is herein developed which manipulates basic cost information and physical data in order to design an energy transport system consistent with minimized cost constrained by a calculated technical performance. For a given transport fluid and collector conditions, the method determines the network pipe diameter and pipe thickness distribution and also insulation thickness distribution associated with minimum system cost; these relative distributions are unique. Transport losses, including pump work and heat leak, are calculated operating expenses and impact the total system cost. The minimum cost system is readily selected. The technique is demonstrated on six candidate transport fluids to emphasize which parameters dominate the system cost and to provide basic decision data. Three different power plant output sizes are evaluated in each case to determine severity of diseconomy of scale.


This paper presents a path planner for sensing closely-spaced targets from a fixed-wing unmanned air vehicle (UAV) having a specified sensor footprint.The planner is based on the learning real-time A ! (LRTA ! ) search algorithm and produces dynamically feasible paths that accomplish the sensing objectives in the shortest possible distance. A tree of candidate paths that span the area of interest is created by assembling primitive turn and straight sections of a specified step size in a sequential fashion from the starting position of the UAV. An LRTA ! search of the tree produces feasible paths any time during its execution and minimum length paths if run to completion.The running time and path-length performance of the search are directly influenced by the operating parameters of the LRTA ! algorithm. To improve the running time of the planner, a modified LRTA ! search that terminates when there is no improvement in the path for a predefined number of iterations is implemented. The result is a path planner that produces short-distance paths in acceptably short running times.


Most of the literature available in English on modern Iran is descriptive and atheoretical. While these works provide valuable information on Iranian history, culture and religion, economy, polity, and society, they fail to offer a critical analysis of capitalist development in Iran and of the links between social change and international capital accumulation. Specialists on Iran have generally ignored the contributions and experiences of Iranian women. What little has been written, like most of the literature on Iran, suffers from a lack of theoretical analysis: the treatment of women is mainly descriptive, statistical, legalistic, and often contradictory.' With the exception of a few recent articles in English, the literature in this field is primarily in F8rsi. These latter works contain superficial inquiries on urban middle and upper-class women and fail to provide insights on the specific position of women within the context of capitalist development in Iran. In what follows, I attempt to offer a brief assessment of the works on modern Iran and Iranian women both in Farsi and in English. In order to do this, I have


Introduction For enhancing the performance of magnetic MEMS devices, electroplated soft magnetic alloys with high saturation density are developed. They found a wide field of application in the data storage technology, especially as pole material in recording heads for hard disk drives (HDD). Iron-rich CoFe alloys feature the highest saturation flux density Bs (up to 2.45T) in the iron group of soft magnetic alloys [1]. Functional thin films of CoFe are successfully electroplated up to 2 μm thickness. In contrast to HDD application, CoFe layers with much higher thickness (some ten micrometers) are required for other MEMS applications. A 3D magnetic field sensor based on the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) effect is designed for improving the efficiency of intelligent automating devices. The soft magnetic material is integrated in order to deflect and guide the magnetic flux for allowing the detection of a magnetic field in all three directions [2]. A trench type magnetic flux guide is designed. To avoid the magnetic saturation, the rather thick CoFe film is chosen for the flux guide. The trench cross-section of the flux guides consists of different profiles: rectangular, T-shaped or cross-shaped (Fig. 1).


BACKGROUND Hydrotherapy plays an important role in the management of
surgical patients, and especially so in those that have sustained burns to their skin.
Different centers practice hydrotherapy differently. At the University Teaching
Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, patients with burns in surgical wards use a common
bathtub for cleaning their wounds. This breaches patient isolation and increases risk
of cross-infection. Audit records from the department of surgery show that burn
wound colonization and infection is an important source of morbidity and mortality.
However, there is no evidence yet that the hydrotherapy as practiced at our institution
does lead to cross infection among patients with burns.
OBJECTIVE The general objective was to determine if the hydrotherapy practice
plays a role in cross-infection. We also wanted to characterize these organisms being
spread by cross-infection.
METHODS This was a prospective analytical study. Patients meeting the admission
criteria were recruited. Swabs from the burn wounds were collected on admission
(day 0), day 4 and day 7. Weekly swabs of the bathtub were also collected, after the
tub had been cleaned and declared ready for the next patient. Weekly water samples
were also collected. Selected results, for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella
pneumoniae, were subjected to further analysis and PCR. Results were analyzed using
statistics software, SPSS version 23.
RESULTS In this study, there were 96 participants of which 51 (53.1%) were males
and 45 (46.9%) were females. Age distribution ranged from 5months old to 91 years
old. The modal age range was 1 to 2 years old. The modal burn percentage was 6% to
10%, followed by 11 to 15%. Hot water was the cause of burns in 65.6%.
Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the commonest organisms
isolated. These came from wounds that looked clinically clean. Others were enteric
organisms. In terms of readily available antibiotics, there was more sensitivity to
Amikacin and Chloramphenicol than Ciprofloxacin (our commonly used antibiotic).
The bathtub also had Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, besides
enteric organisms. Sixty five point four percent (65.4%) of the Klebsiella were ESBL
v
producers. The tub had samples that were both ESBL producers as well as widely
resistant Klebsiella by other means. Of the ESBLs, 29.4% had the SHV gene, 23.5%
had the TEM gene and 47.1% had both SHV and TEM. There was no CTX gene
identified. MRSA accounted for 30.6% of all the Staphylococcus in this study. The
PVL gene was detected in 11.8%, SPA gene in 35.3%, while 5.9% of the
Staphylococcus had both PVL and SPA genes. No growth was obtained from the
water samples. Seventy-two point nine percent (72.9%) of the patients were
discharged, 19.8% died, while 7.3% left against medical advice.
CONCLUSION Hydrotherapy as currently practiced at the University Teaching
Hospital does contribute significantly to cross-infection among burns patients. The
organisms transmitted are widely resistant…


Ideal bedding management is essential for optimal health, welfare, and growth performance of dairy calves. The study was conducted in order to compare the effect of different bedding materials on growth performance of Murrah buffalo calves. Murrah buffalo calves (n=20) of less than 4 months of age were selected and divided into four groups (5 animals/group), viz. T1: Concrete floor, T2: Concrete floor bedded with sand, T3: Concrete floor bedded with wheat straw and T4: Concrete floor bedded with rubber mat. Body weight and body measurement (body length, height of wither and heart girth) were taken at fortnightly and monthly intervals, respectively. There was no significant difference in body weight between treatment groups. However, average weight gain (kg) and ADG was significantly high in calves reared on T3 as compared to other treatment groups, though no significant difference was observed between T1, T2 and T4. Body length was significantly lower in T2 as compared to T3, however, difference in body length among T1, T2 and T4 groups was relatively non-significant. Moreover, body height and heart girth were significantly higher in calves reared on wheat straw floor as compared to concrete and sand bedded floor. Estimation of net profit per calf after reducing the bedding cost revealed that it was highest for wheat straw bedding followed by rubber mat, concrete and least for sand bedding. It can be concluded that wheat straw followed by rubber mat could be used effectively as bedding over concrete floor during winter season for rearing of calves.


In this paper,the duck was tested to determine the process parameters as: the concentration of light brine of 8-9°Be;the ratio of malt,water and liquor 1∶7∶0.2;air-dried for 12h or more;baking temperature of(180~200)℃,baking time of 45min;sterilization temperature of 121℃,sterilization time of 35min.The duck products with this process produced a rich spiced barbecue flavor and could preserve for at least 3 months at room temperature,and its physical and chemical indicators met the national standards


S hortly after Kono and associates1 reported their findings concerning the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in the development of cardiac myxomas, we had the opportunity to assay plasma VEGF before and after surgery in a 31-year-old black woman with multicentric recurring myxomas. At the age of 10 years, she had undergone excision of a left atrial myxoma. In the following decade, she had 4 more operations with excision of 19 myxomas. The tumors (9 on the right side and 10 on the left side), occurring at widely separated and random sites within both atria and on the tricuspid and mitral valves, appeared to develop de novo without invasion of surrounding tissue. The sizes ranged from a "nodule" to 3 × 4 cm, and the histologic features, by both light and electron microscopy, were typical for myxoma. Now, 12 years after her fifth heart operation, the tumor recurred and she underwent a sixth operation. We report our observations.


Abstract : The program involved analysis and experimentation relating to thermal effects in two important systems: elastohydrodynamically (EHD) lubricated bearings or gears, and high-current-density electrical brushes. A thermodynamic heat balance has been applied to an EHD contact utilizing experimental values for surface pressure and temperature distributions. The results showed that the magnitude of compressive and shear heating in the lubricant were higher than that due to convection to the fluid. Experimental measurements of axial film thickness profiles for rolling/sliding disks were made using an X-ray shadow technique. The objective was to determine if the profile under load will vary due to nonuniform heating and thermal expansion at the disk contact leading to scuffing failure. No significant changes in profile were measured, but a limited range of experimental conditions were studied. A high-current-density electrical slip ring apparatus was constructed and used to study the effect of material properties on the contact between the stationary brush and the copper slip ring. The results showed that above a particular threshold speed, the brushes exhibited a sparking phenomenon which consisted of periodic motion of a cluster of small sparks at the brush/slip ring interface.


Abstract : The opto-kinetic cervico reflex (OKCR) is a recently hypothesized visually driven reflex that serves to stabilize the image of the external horizon on the retina during high performance aircraft roll maneuvers. Although anecdotally reported as occurring, head tilt during helicopter flight has not been formally studied. Such research is required to determine the full impact and significance it may have on a rotary wing aviator's flying performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between horizon position and perception of orientation, and thus generate vital information to assess whether this reflex plays an important role in spatial disorientation. Twenty volunteer pilots participated in a UH-60 flight simulator study to examine the effects of this reflex. The results confirm that the OKCR occurs during simulated helicopter flight, both with and without night vision goggles. As with previous studies, head roll increased during flight under visual meteorological conditions in relation to increasing aircraft roll angle up to a maximum sustainable level and then remained constant. Head roll did not occur during flight under instrument meteorological conditions. Various aspects that impact rotary-wing operations are discussed, and recommendations made for future research.


Motivation: Supporting the functionality of recent duplicate gene copies is usually difficult, owing to high sequence similarity between duplicate counterparts and shallow phylogenies, which hamper both the statistical and experimental inference. Results:Wedeveloped an integrated evolutionary approach to identify functional duplicate gene copies and other lineage-specific genes. By repeatedly simulating neutral evolution, our method estimates the probability that anORFwasselectively conservedand is therefore likely to represent a bona fide coding region. In parallel, our method tests whether the accumulation of non-synonymous substitutions reveals signatures of selective constraint. We show that our approach has high power to identify functional lineage-specific genes using simulated and real data. For example, a coding region of average length ( 1400 bp), restricted to hominoids, can be predicted to be functional in 94–100% of cases. Notably, the method may support functionality for instances where classical selection tests based on the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions fail to reveal signatures of selection. Our method is available as an automated tool, ReEVOLVER, which will also be useful to systematically detect functional lineage-specific genes of closely related species on a


The conquest of Lisbon, in October 1147, marked a new period for the territories of Islamic al-Ušbūna. The now Christian rulers oversaw the changes within the social fabric of the city through the arrival of new elites and the exodus of part of the previous inhabitants, now perceived as ethnic and religious minorities, alongside the transfer of property and appropriation of space. In these urban processes, as with others, the rare information available underlines the role of the new ecclesiastical authorities in the forefront of a necessary institutionalization. The creation of a parish network was part of the latter, with a cadence and comprehensiveness that are still poorly known. This paper intends to re-evaluate the historical treatment of this question, drawing from existing research and new source material. It argues that the process of parochialization in the Lisbon diocese took root very quickly in urban and suburban nuclei, while extending only later to newly-cleared land areas, mostly under the dependence of urban churches. From the middle of the thirteenth century, this process runs in parallel with the necessity to better define their boundaries, which left a document trail spanning until at least the end of the Middle Ages.


Both economics and stability analysis are critical to operate electricity networks in an efficient and secure manner, especially in the context of microgrids, where more complex stability phenomena may arise. In this vein, we propose a combined economic and stability model implemented through a hierarchical approach, where a master problem determines the economic system dispatch regardless of stability considerations and then a slave subproblem attempts to stabilize the master's solution through the optimization of control gains. If the economic dispatch solution determined by the master problem cannot be stabilized by slave's adjustments of control gains, a feasibility cut is generated and added to the master problem to calculate a new, more stable dispatch solution (master and slave are run iteratively). We demonstrate that control gains can be co-optimized with power outputs of generating units (in real time) to obtain more economically efficient and secure dispatch solutions and therefore that economics and stability analysis can be combined in a single framework by using advanced optimization techniques.


Notes 1. Climate 2. Towns and villages of hill and plain 3. The Indus civilization 4. Mohenjo-daro and Harappa: general layout 5. Harappa 6. Mohenjo-daro 7. Chanhu-daro 8. Sutkagen-dor and other north-western sites 8. Lothal and other southern and eastern sites 9. Burials and skeletal types 9. Military aspects of the Indus civilization 10. Commerce and transport 11. Farming and fauna 12. Arts and crafts 13. The Indus script 14. The Indus religions 15. Dating 16. The end of the Indus civilization Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index.


The failure to translate evidence into clinical practice has been repeatedly highlighted. This failure is partly attributed to disregarding the context within which healthcare is delivered. The aim ...


Despite their technological importance for nanoscale technologies, the initial stages of reaction at interfaces (and their dependence on experimental conditions) are still poorly understood. In this article we analyze the initial stages of solid state reaction (SSR) in Al/Pt multilayers (period: 54 nm, overall composition: Al4Pt) and compare the results to those recently obtained by high temperature sequential deposition (HTSD). These two methods differ in several aspects, the most important being the state of reacting Pt (solid in SSR, vapor in HTSD) and its flux (limited in HTSD by the deposition rate). The chemical driving force for the Al/Pt reaction are thus different. We have shown that: (i) The first reaction product observed during SSR or HTSD is the same: namely, a metastable amorphous Al2Pt phase (a-Al2Pt): (ii) This amorphous phase grows in a layer by layer mode. Its growth is diffusion controlled during SSR and stops when all the available Pt is consumed. In the case of HTSD the layer growth i...


In order to meet the increasing demands for soil information of high resolution by different disciplines such as agriculture, environment, economy, and so on, a China Digital Soil Map at 1:50,000 scale (CDSM50,000) has been developed since 1999. Soil and soil nutrient paper maps at 1:50,000 scale and soil profile records were collected from 2,300 counties of China. These maps and records were achieved during the period of the 2nd Chinese National Soil Survey from 1979 to 1985. A data model of CDSM-50,000 was developed, which contains 9 map layers. Data of about 150,000 soil profiles were, for the first time, integrated into CDSM-50,000. Every profile contains dozens of soil physical and chemical properties, such as soil depth, texture, organic matter, pH value, contents of N, P, K, S, etc. Soil nutrient information of plough layer samplings during the period from 1999 to 2008 was also collected and integrated into CDSM-50,000. To merge different county soil maps with different mapping standards into one map according to the data model of CDSM-50,000, a complicated soil data processing procedure was developed. Map data of 1,100 counties had been already merged to CDSM-50,000. The data model was approved to be successful to organize all soil survey information of China in the last 30 years. Hundreds of examined soil profiles were collected from 5 provinces to test the reliability of developed CDSM-50,000. A quite nice coherence was found between CDSM-50,000 and the reality of soil type distribution. The finished digital soil maps were applied to cropland nutrient management, arable land fertility evaluation, strategy for controlling eutrophication and for study for climate change. This shows that CDSM-50,000 has played a great role for agriculture and environment.


This paper presents preliminary results of the use of visible and near-infrared (VIS -NIR) spectroscopy for soil classification and soil profile examination. Three experiments involving (1) three different soil types (Albic Luvisol, Gleyic Phaeozem, Brunic Arenosol), (2) three artificial micro-plots with similar texture (loamy sand, Gleyic Phaeozem) but different soil organic carbon (SOC) content and (3) a soil profile (Fluvisol) have been investigated using VIS -NIR spectroscopy. Results indicated that VIS -NIR is a promising technique for preliminary soil description and can classify soils according to soil properties (especially SOC ) and horizons. Instead of complex chemical and physical analyses involved in routine soil profile classification, VIS-NIR spectroscopy is suggested as a useful, rapid, and inexpensive tool for soil profile investigation.


The utility model discloses an intelligent vehicle teaching experimental facility based on laser double-edge tracking. The intelligent vehicle teaching experimental facility comprises a micro control unit (MCU) main control circuit, a laser sensor module, a motor driving module, a steering engine driving module, a speed measurement module, a ZigBee communication module, a keyboard input module, a display module, a power module, an Internet service provider (ISP) serial port module, an obstacle avoidance module, a road model and an upper control computer, wherein the power module is connected with the MCU main control circuit, the laser sensor module, the motor driving module, the steering engine driving module, the speed measurement module, the ZigBee communication module, the keyboard input module, the display module, the ISP serial port module and the obstacle avoidance module through circuits and is used for supplying power to the modules. The experimental facility is operated simply and flexibly; students can check own ideas on the experimental facility; and the creativity and the manipulative ability can be improved.


Living in a small city confronts the physician with a new set of rules. When I arrived in Charleston, S.C., in the afternoon of my first day of seeing patients, I ran into my first patient on a downtown street. The probability of this "chance" meeting would have been strikingly lower in New York City or Washington, D.C.

When a colleague or co-worker develops a medical problem, the options for acquiring a caregiver are often dramatically greater in a large city than they are in a small town. More often in a small town, the patient may consult someone they work with, or someone they "know" (socially).

We are all taught the importance of maintaining boundaries, and this is emphasized in psychiatric training. Depending upon your definition of what is "proper" and what is not, this concept may be challenged by working in a small town.

Finally, we expect caregivers to remain well and, by and large, to rarely need to assume the status of "patient." When a caregiver requires medical attention, the issues involved in treatment can test the principles of the physician and often engage his or her emotional feelings as well.


Abstract An experimental system based on girdled shoots was used to assess how vegetative competition alters the growth of 'Hayward' kiwifruit. Each shoot was pruned to length so that it contained four source leaves and a sink consisting of either a single fruit, a vegetative regrowth, or one fruit and a vegetative regrowth. Vegetative competition had the greatest effect on fruit growth when it occurred about five weeks after flowering, when fruit growth is maximal. When a single fruit was in competition with a defoliated vegetative shoot, fruit size at harvest was reduced by 50%, whereas competition 20 days later reduced the fruit size by only 28%. Our results show that vegetative growth has a higher sink priority than fruit for both fresh weight and dry weight (DW) for the first 120 days after flowering, the time when most fruit growth occurs. Furthermore, during this period vegetative growth had a higher sink strength for DW than fruit. As a consequence of sink priority, when there is competition for limited resources, shoot growth continues at the expense of fruit growth.


For a closer forecasting and control of money stock, movements in the reserve money and in the reserve money multiplier both need to be watched. Between the two, the variations in the former are decidedly the more dominant. But those in the latter are not negligible at all. Besides, minor variations in the multiplier cause large absolute changes in the money stock. The present study concentrates on examining the variations in the multiplier, assuming that the variations in the reserve money will be examined separately.


This study starts from a problem in this thesis is Saronde Festival The extent to
which appeal can be Saronde Island attractions? This study aims to determine the
extent to which Saronde Festival can be an attraction of tourism object Saronde
Island at North Gorontalo Regency. Referring to the problems of research that has
been stated above, the method used is descriptive qualitative method. This method
is used to provide an overview of events as the Festival Saronde appeal Saronde
Island attractions and techniques used in collecting data were observations,
interviews, documentation. The results showed that the Festival Saronde have a
major influence on the number of tourists coming to visited Saronde Island.
Saronde Festival has become an attraction for tourists visiting the island. It is
therefore important to maintain and preserve for this event still held every year in
order to keep continuous.


Utilizing small groups of naturally infected replacement heifers, fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were conducted in the later months of 2007 at the University of Arkansas Savoy Research Station. Each test was 28 d in length, consisting of individual fecal nematode egg counts (EPG) and coprocultures. For the first test, the calves were ranked by beginning EPG, blocked, and randomly assigned treatment within each block. Nine to ten animals were in each treatment group. In this test, neither IVOMEC (® Merial) or IVERMECTIN (® Durvet), both delivered as an injectable at the rate of 0.2 mg of ivermectin kg-1 BW, resulted in egg count reductions of ≥ 90%. Post-treatment coprocultures relative to both products contained a mixture of Cooperia and Haemonchus spp larvae. Also in this first test, Safe-Guard (® Intervet), delivered as a suspension at the rate of 5.0 mg of fenbendazole kg-1 BW, resulted in egg count reductions of 100% (d 7 and 14) and 88-87% (d 21 and 28). Posttreatment coprocultures specific to Safe-Guard yielded only Cooperia spp larvae. In the second test, which was of follow-up treatments given immediately after the first test (animals re-sorted to treatment group), Safe-Guard at the above rate resulted in egg count reductions of 99-100% (d 7 and 14) and 54-18% (d 21 and 28). Also in the second test, Cydectin (® Fort Dodge) treatment at the rate of 0.2 mg of moxidectin kg-1 BW resulted in egg count reductions of 96-92% (d 7 to 28) and SafeGuard treatment at the rate of 10 mg of fenbendazole kg-1 BW resulted in egg count reductions of 100-88% (d 7 to 28). As was the case in the first test, post-treatment coprocultures from animals treated with Safe-Guard yielded only Cooperia spp larvae. Treatment of cattle with Cydectin resulted in coprocultures that primarily yielded Cooperia, but with a trace of Haemonchus spp larvae. * Tifanie Silver is a senior in the Department of Animal Science. † Chris Tucker is a research associate in the Department of Animal Science. § Jeremy Powell is an assistant professor in the Department of Animal Science. ‡ Jana Reynolds is a graduate student in the Department of Animal Science. **Zelpha Johnson is a professor in the Department of Animal Science. ††Bill Lindsey is a program technician I in the Department of Animal Science. §§Pete Hornsby is a program associate III in the Department of Animal Science. ‡‡T.A. Yazwinski is a university professor in the Department of Animal Science.


Threshold enhanced perturbative QCD corrections to rapidity distributions of Z and W{sup {+-}} bosons at hadron colliders are presented using the Sudakov resummed cross sections at N{sup 3}LO level. We have used renormalization group invariance and the mass factorization theorem that these hard scattering cross sections satisfy to construct the QCD amplitudes. We show that these higher order threshold QCD corrections stabilize the theoretical predictions for vector boson production at the LHC under variations of both renormalization and factorization scales.


National Institute of Food Science and Technology, FFNHS, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazing University, Zagazing, Egypt. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental and Agricultural Science, El Arish University, Egypt. Corresponding author's e-mail:, firstname.lastname@example.com;firstname.lastname@example.com


The paper considers automatic blood cell counting apparatus in which the cells are scanned by mechanical oscillation of a microscope stage. It is shown how errors can arise from various sources and how these errors may be minimized by use of suitable electronic circuits, by careful choice of parameters and by adopting a novel shape of scanning aperture. Counting apparatus whose design follows these principles is described and the results are given of many experiments using this apparatus. These show that consistent results are obtainable which are largely independent of variations in light intensity, focus, cell size, amplifier and photocell sensitivity and of other variations likely to be encountered in practice.


Abstract:This study explores avenues of research pertaining to the lives and experiences of Gitanos or Calé (Spanish Gypsies) during the Spanish Civil War and General Francisco Franco's dictatorship. The essay locates little-explored scholarship, oral testimonials, and archives that can be used for further investigation into the experiences of Gitanos in a period that needs to be documented with greater rigor. It facilitates availability of material regarding this part of Spain's past and present lines of inquiry that require attention. The main goal here is, in short, to foster open discussion about the challenges and hardships of this marginal group in a still obscure and unexposed period of Spain's history.


In this paper, a large-scale evaluation of open-source speech recognition toolkits is described. Specifically, HTK in association with the decoders HDecode and Julius, CMU Sphinx with the decoders pocketsphinx and Sphinx-4, and the Kaldi toolkit are compared in terms of usability and expense of recognition accuracy. The evaluation presented in this paper was done on German and English language using respective the Verbmobil 1 and the Wall Street Journal 1 corpus. We found that, Kaldi providing the most advanced training recipes gives outstanding results out of the box, the Sphinx toolkit also containing recipes enables good results in short time. HTK provides the least support and requires much more time, knowledge and effort to obtain results of the order of the other toolkits.


ABSTRACT This quantitative content analysis uses sex trafficking as a case study to understand how news reporting techniques evolve as a social problem emerges on the public agenda. Results indicate that as news organizations became more experienced in covering trafficking and the public made more aware of trafficking as a social issue, journalists moved from routines that favored official perspectives and frames that concentrated on individuals, to the sociocultural level, in which knowledgeable sources attempted to explain why trafficking occurs, and to an institutional level, in which strategies for intervention were proposed and debated. In this way, the newsworthiness of trafficking is sustained.


In reviewing my Cicero: On Fate and Boethius: Consolation of Philosophy 4.5-7, 5 in CR 43 (1993), 56-8, A. E. Samuels of Lancaster finds inconsistencies in the level of knowledge expected of readers. In an ideal world there might indeed be a different treatment, and a different book, for every type of reader; but in practice, since Cicero's treatise is unlikely to attract a huge readership (though I hope I am wrong about this) there seemed to be a case for compromise. Moreover, few students nowadays are going to be so at home with the strained and idiosyncratic Latin of the Defato that literal translation and the keying of the commentary to it are not going to be of some help to them; and since readers of this text are likely to include many with a considerable understanding of philosophical argument and a modest understanding of Latin, I do not see why they should be shielded from textual issues or scholarly debates. Even those who do not yet have Latin at all may benefit from having it drawn to their attention rather than concealed in an appendix how uncertain some of the textual readings are, and may indeed be provoked into learning the language so that they can judge these points better for themselves. I hope S. is not making the mistake of supposing that sophistication in potential readers is to be measured along a single axis that of linguistic fluency, in the sense of ability to dispense with translations. If that was ever true, which I rather doubt, it is not so now. S.'s review includes no detailed reference to any philosophical doctrine, argument, or interpretation; I imagine Cicero and Boethius might find this rather surprising. The connections in argument were indeed my motive for including the two texts in a single volume in the first place.


The experimental and theoretical analysis about toxic trace element chlorine removal during coal combustion are reported. By fixed bed combustion experiments, it is identified that chlorine retention ratios of calciumbased sorbents are much bigger than that of magnesiumbased sorbents. Influence factors on fluorine retention by blending CaO with coal are studied such as type of coals, combustion temperature, retention time and Ca/S molar ratio. It is showed the optimum conditions for chlorine retention by blending CaO with coal are that combustion temperature in the range 700 to 900 ℃,retention time between 5~20 min. At high temperature, because of the hydrolysis of CaCl2, chlorine retention ratios of CaO will sharp decrease. In chaingrate furnace combustion of coal, chlorine retention ratios can be advanced by blending calciumbased sorbents with coal accompanying calciumbased sorbents injecting.


We studied the fat content of spring herring from Hokkaido and examined iodine value and saponification value of these fats: the results obtained were shown in Table 1-5.


Digital images can be degraded through noise during the transmission and process of acquisition, it is still a fundamental challenge is to eliminate as much noise as possible while preserving the main features of the image, for instance, edges, texture, and corners. This paper proposes for image denoising a new Improved Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (IHGA), whose combined a Genetic Algorithm (GA), with some image denoising methods. Wherein this approach uses mutation operators, crossover, and population reinitialization as default operators available in evolutionary methods with applied some state-of-the-art image denoising methods, such as local search. Tests are conducted on some digital images, commonly used as a benchmark by the scientific community, where different standard deviations are used for digital images. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is very effective and competitive in comparison with previously published works.


The utility model discloses a polyester wire mesh hot-melt glue coating machine which comprises a motor, a speed reducer, a hopper, a feeding screw, a hot melting furnace and a spray head; the hot melting furnace comprises an inner tube and a heating element; the motor is connected with the feeding screw by virtue of the speed reducer; the feeding screw is provided with a spiral propulsion blade; the hopper is funnel-shaped, a discharge hole formed in the lower part of the hopper is connected with the feeding screw; the feeding screw is connected with the head end of the inner tube, the heating element is arranged at the outer side of the inner tube, the tail end of the inner tube is connected with the spray head, and the spray head is provided with an air pipe in which compressed air is introduced; a first heating area, a second heating area and a third heating area are sequentially arranged from the head end to the tail end of the inner tube; the heating temperature of the first heating area is 80DEG C, the heating temperature of the second heating area is 180DEG C, and the heating temperature of the third heating area is 240DEG C. The polyester wire mesh hot-melt glue coating machine can be used for continuously and automatically completing the whole processes of feeding, hot melting and spraying, a wear-resistant and antiaging polyester wire mesh edge can be formed, and the treated polyester wire mesh can meet the mating use of the medium-speed and low-speed papermaking machines and a high-speed papermaking machine.


Presented paper is focused on fast near surface anomaly detection in potential data. Our aim is to find fast and semi –automated anomaly detection technique for the near surface anomalies with defined geometry. The proposed algorithm is based on the shape recognition. The edge and line detection is used on acquired data to detect the typical shape of the anomaly. Shape geometry parameters are converted into the anomaly parameters and location information. The technique was tested using a set of noise-free and noisy synthetic gravity data; satisfactory results were obtained.


A growing body of evidence has linked hydroxyethyl starch products, like Voluven, to adverse patient outcomes. Voluven is a hydroxyethyl starch product used predominately in critical care areas as a plasma volume expander. In response, from 2013, health administrators in many jurisdictions either withdrew Voluven from sale, or issued warnings about its potential to cause harm. Initially promoted as lower risk than older volume expanders, the CHEST, CRYSTMAS and 6S studies, amongst others, associated Voluven with increased mortality and morbidity, specifically renal failure, and need for dialysis, in intensive care patients. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) issued a warning about the products, including additional guidelines for their use, but failed to mandate a Voluven recall. Many Australian health services, however, voluntarily removed Voluven products from stock.


A RF acceleration system has been designed for the Joint Project for High-Intensity Proton Accelerators in Japan. A new type of RF cavity using MA(Magnetic Alloy) cores will be used for synchrotrons in order to achieve the high field gradient for the acceleration. The status of R&D on the cavity is also reported.


Abstract. More than thirty years ago Halbert White inaugurated a "modelrobust" form of statistical inference based on the "sandwich estimator" of standard error. This estimator is known to be "heteroskedasticityconsistent", but it is less well-known to be "nonlinearity-consistent" as well. Nonlinearity raises fundamental issues because regressors are no longer ancillary, hence can't be treated as fixed. As a result, (1) the regressor distribution affects the parameters and (2) randomness of the regressors conspires with the nonlinearity to become a source of sampling variability in coefficient estimates. These effects generalize to arbitrary types of regression where regressors have traditionally been treated as ancillary. The generalizations result in a novel notion of misspecification and a re-interpretation of regression parameters as statistical functionals. The cost of a model-robust approach is that the meaning of parameters needs to be rethought and inference needs to be based on model-robust standard errors. For linear OLS, model-trusting standard errors can deviate from "model-robust" standard errors by arbitrary magnitudes. In practice, the two types of standard errors can be compared with a diagnostic test.


In this paper, the guide specifications for bridge base isolation published in 1991 by the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) are briefly summarized and discussed. The effective stiffness and equivalent damping ratio given in the AASHTO isolation specifications are evaluated. Based on this study, it is concluded that the equivalent damping ratio determined using the AASHTO procedure may decrease with respect to the increase of the inelastic deformation of lead‐rubber bearings. In addition, the equivalent damping ratios calculated for a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system subjected to a generated AASHTO design earthquake may be larger than 30% for a wide fundamental period range. As a result, a three‐dimensional inelastic time‐history analysis as required by the AASHTO provisions may be necessary. However, to require a three‐dimensional inelastic time‐history analysis could be a dilemma for the current bridge engineering design practice. As an alternate approach, an empiric...


In this papr we present an approach to the interpretation of angiographic lesions of renal arteries. We describe a procedure which takes a structural description of a renal artery and a particular class of lesions as inputs and maps them into an output space that evaluates the compatibility between them. Classes of lesions spcialize the different possible types of lesions for the renal artery in an hypertensive context. The classes are defined by conceptual prototypes that are represented by fuzzy sets. The compatibility evaluation procedure is based on the possibility theory.


Bangle essential oils have a developmental potential. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the ratio of the raw materials (Bangle rhizome) to the solvent (F/S = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 g/mL), that of the plant material size (0.5 cm and 2 cm), as well as that of the extraction type (hydrodistillation and steam distillation) to the yield and quality of the Bangle essential oil produced. The experimental results lead to the conclusion that (i) the material to solvent (F/S) ratio of 0.3 g/ mL is the optimum one for extraction of Bangle essential oil by hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods; (ii) the raw material size of 0.5 cm provides a higher yield; (iii) hydrodistillation is more effective when compared to steam distillation. The qualitative analysis by GC-MS shows that the amount of terpineol (terpinene-4-ol), which is the main component of the Bangle essential oil is higher in case of hydrodistillation when compared to that obtained by steam distillation.


A method for evading the tropical cyclone in the South China Sea is analysed. The article plans the beginning line according the moving project, fix the safe range for evading the tropical cyclone. The result of mocking the method proves useful.


This article argues that a theodicy which is constructed upon foundations born in the late modern age, rather than in the pre-modern ages of myth or the early modern age of science, will be a more satisfactory Christian response to experiences of pain, suffering, and evil and thus will become a more constructive aid for pastoral ministry. Such a theodicy will engage its work within a paradigm of divine-human participation rather than explanation


Background: The sudden appearance of hypotension and oliguria without obvious cause following stable circulation and respiration in preterm infants is frequent in Japan. Such episodes are referred to as late‐onset circulatory dysfunction of premature infants (LCD). Volume expanders and inotropic agents are often ineffective against this condition, whereas i.v. steroids are significantly effective. A major problem is that cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) often develops a few weeks after an episode. The aim of the present study was to clarify the risk factors, including LCD, related to cystic PVL.


Considering the ecological region to which the Heihe River wetlands belong,the driving forces that formed the wetlands,the extent of influence by the interference factors,and the natural characteristics of the wetland process,also taking into account the exploitation of the wetlands resources involves many agencies and stakeholders,a multiple-level protection and management model was proposed for the Heihe River wetlands.Based on the current status of researches in Heihe River wetlands,the direction and contents for future studies on the wetlands were also recommended,providing a demonstration and reference for studies and protection of inland river wetlands in arid and semi arid region in Northwestern China.


This beautifully produced book comes at a modest price and with the less modest promise of being a 'highly original work' that 'presents a new mode of philosophizing'. There are six monograph-sized chapters: The Identity of the Self; Why is There Something Rather than Nothing?; Knowledge and Skepticism; Free Will; Foundations of Ethics; Philosophy and the Meaning of Life. Nozick's intimation of what will be novel about his work is like the reported message from Hamlet's father's ghost only more disquieting: instead of being 'directed to arguments and proofs: it seeks explanations. Various philosophical things need to be explained; philosophical theory is introduced to explain them, to render them coherent and better understood.' His construal of the need for explanation as a need for explanation by means of a theory is what chiefly characterizes Nozick's approach. Explanations given in the form of theories will be either scientific or pseudo-scientific, depending on the kind of difficulty and type of subject matter with which the inquirer is trying to deal. Nozick's inquiry is not scientific. His theory about Personal Identity is called The Closest Continuer Theory: 'To be something later is to be its closest continuer' (p. 33). The theory presents, he says, a necessary condition for identity but not a sufficient condition. It follows, although Nozick does not say so, that any understanding of how close something must be to X in order to be X must come from elsewhere, and he does not tell us where we get it. Suppose that, in the event of the Queen of England's sudden demise, someone solemnly states that Prince Charles is now (the very same person as) Elizabeth II. He could feed his madness on the whole of Nozick's discussion, for it is replete within Frankensteinian examples—a feature to which I shall recur—and he could claim that the situation he had rumbled to was as predicted by the closest continuer theory. For while Nozick stipulates that the properties of a thing's closest continuer must resemble the properties of that thing and be causally produced by them, these are matters of degree, and the position of closest continuer can always in principle be competed for. So in Nozick-theoretical terms Prince Charles is a good contender for the position of Elizabeth IPs closest continuer, being in very many respects like her and not less than 50 per cent produced by her. We can sharpen the example by supposing him to be her only child. With competition from siblings removed, he would be a continuer of such distinctive closeness that only the Queen's own continued existence would stand in the way of his actually being her. And whether she continues to exist is a purely contingent question.


The invention provides a touch panel and a display device, capable of detecting disconnection of an inspection electrode or increase of the resistor in the touch panel at one side of the inspection electrode. The touch panel includes: a substrate; a plurality of X electrodes which are formed over the substrate, the plurality of X electrodes extending in a second direction and being arranged in a first direction which intersects with the second direction; and a plurality of Y electrodes which are formed over the substrate, the plurality of Y electrodes extending in the first direction while intersecting the X electrodes and being arranged in the second direction; a drive voltage being supplied to the plurality of Y electrodes from one side of the plurality of Y electrodes, wherein lead lines are connected to respective end portions of at least either one of the X electrodes and the Y electrodes respectively, the touch panel further includes an inspection electrode which is laminated to respective end portions of the at least either one of the X electrodes and the Y electrodes with an insulation film sandwiched therebetween on a side where the lead lines are not connected to the at least either one of the X electrodes and the Y electrodes, and a voltage for inspection is supplied to the inspection electrode during an inspection time and a voltage at the same phase as the drive voltage supplied to the at least either one of the X electrodes and the Y electrodes is supplied to the inspection electrode during a usual operation time.


In the article is presented an experience of creating the bank of examinational and educational tasks, which promotes the assessment of professional competences' formation level of higher educational institutions' students. The diagnostic assessment tools of the competences are based on competence clusters, which are defined as world-view, regulatory and instrumental; their characteristic, ways and forms of assessment and levels of difficulty are given.


The ability to develop and maintain an effective network is one of the entrepreneurial competencies. Despite recognition of the value of networking, there has been little research into the networks of female entrepreneurs. Current evidences indicate the differences between men and women's networking and in part, women's weakness to creat and maintain entrepreneurial networking compared to that on men. Considering that a majority of previous researches have seen social network as a static not dynamic object, this article aims at studing the dynamics of the role of female entrepreneurs' social network at different stages of the business life cycle including new and stablished businesses. This article presents findings drawing upon qualitative research conducted in Tehran, Iran, through 10 semi-structured interviews among female entrepreneurs who export goods and services and their businesses are at least 5 years old to make sure they have experienced both new and established business. The findings showed providing access to opportunities, information and resources is the most important role of social network for Iranian female entrepreneurs in both new and stablished businesses.


In order to further decrease the cost and enhance the durability of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane for vanadium redox flow battery, a super thin (40 μm) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/SPEEK (PS) membrane is prepared. The physico-chemical properties and single cell performance of PS membranes prepared with different casting solvents including NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), DMF (N,N′-dimethylformamide), and DMAc (N,N′-dimethylacetamide) have been investigated. Results show that the energy efficiency of VRB with PS/DMF can reach up to 91.2% at the current density of 40 mA cm−2, which is 11.1% and 6.4% higher than that of the commercial Nafion 212 and pristine SPEEK membrane, respectively. In addition, charge–discharge test over 150 times proves that the PS/DMF membrane possesses high stability and thus it is suitable for VRB application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43593.


Racket and strings is an important factor in the badminton sport. The aim of this study to analyze the pull and the diameter racket string based on restitution coefficient of shuttlecock. The variation of pull was measured used racket Vinlux Miotex Power 007. Six variation of racket string are (22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27) lbs. The diameter of the strings has kept constant of 0.66 mm. The other variable is the diameter variation of the strings are (0.62, 0.64, 0.66, 0.68, and 0.70) mm, respectively and the pull of the strings are kept constant of 24 lbs. Based on the result, the increasing of the pull was decreased the COR value, from 0.541 to 0.374 for 22 lbs to 27 lbs, respectively. Furthermore, the similar trend for the diameter variation with the pull variation, the COR value was decreases with the increasing of the diameter, from 0.529 to 0.447 for (0.62 to 0.70) mm. We can conclude, the increases of the pull and diameter variation was decresed COR value of shuttlecock. ©2016 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.


When an algorithm is designed it should be analyzed at least from the following points of view: • Correctness. This means to verify if the algorithm leads to the solution of the problem (hopefully after a finite number of processing steps). • Efficiency. This means to establish the amount of resources (memory space and processing time) needed to execute the algorithm on a machine (a formal one or a physical one). 1 Basic steps in algorithms correctness verification To verify if an algorithms really solves the problem for which it is designed we can use one of the following strategies: • Experimental analysis (testing). We test the algorithm for different instances of the problem (for different input data). The main advantage of this approach is its simplicity while the main disadvantage is the fact that testing cannot cover always all possible instances of input data (it is difficult to know how much testing is enough). However the experimental analysis allows sometimes to identify situations when the algorithm doesn't work. • Formal analysis (proving). The aim of the formal analysis is to prove that the algorithm works for any instance of data input. The main advantage of this approach is that if it is rigourously applied it guarantee the correctness of the algorithm. The main disadvantage is the difficulty of finding a proof, mainly for complex algorithms. In this case the algorithm is decomposed in subalgorithms and the analysis is focused on these (simpler) subalgorithms. On the other hand the formal approach could lead to a better understanding of the algorithms. This approach is called formal due to the use of formal rules of logic to show that an algorithm meets its specification. The main steps in the formal analysis of the correctness of an algorithm are: • Identification of the properties of input data (the so-called problem's preconditions). • Identification of the properties which must be satisfied by the output data (the so-called problem's postconditions). • Proving that starting from the preconditions and executing the actions specified in the algorithms one obtains the postconditions. When we analyze the correctness of an algorithm a useful concept is that of state. The algorithm's state is the set of the values corresponding to all variables used in the algorithm.


Medieval cetacean exploitation has often been connected to various societies, including the Basques, Norse, Normans, and Flemish. The extent to which active whaling was practiced remains unclear. Furthermore, primarily for the ninth to the twelfth centuries AD, it has been argued that the symbolic significance of cetaceans surpassed their utilitarian value and that their consumption was restricted to the social elite. For many European regions, laws were set in place ensuring that any stranded cetacean was the property of the social elite. Little research has been conducted on zooarchaeological cetacean remains. The identification of cetacean fragments to the species level is hard and are frequently merely identified as "whale" resulting in a poor understanding of human-cetacean interaction in the past. As part of this study, a literature review was undertaken for which medieval sites from Northern and Western Europe where cetacean remains have been found were assessed. The Osteological Reference for Cetaceans in Archaeology-Manual (ORCAManual) was created to optimize identification of cetaceans remains. Furthermore, a select number of remains were re-examined using the created ORCA-manual as well as Zooarchaeology by Mass-Spectrometry (ZooMS), in order to identify the remains to species level. This study indicates that especially the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), and the common bottlenose dolphin (Turiops truncatus) are well represented in the medieval archaeological record, indeed suggesting that active hunting was occasionally undertaken. Several specimens of the grey whale were also identified, suggesting that active whaling might be one of the reasons why the species disappeared from European waters. Medieval cetacean remains are frequently recovered from high-status and ecclesiastical sites, suggesting that the exploitation and consumption of cetaceans was restricted to the social elite, though they are also recovered from "rural" site types, suggesting peasant efforts to undermine elite control of stranded cetaceans.


This survey study aims to explore the relations among the formal and informal control, employees' orientations, and behavior performance. For this purpose, the research uses structured equation modeling to investigate the relationships of the variables. The research was carried out within 121 pharmaceutical companies operating in Marmara Region, and used a questionnaire to determine 560 medical sales representatives' perceptions. According to the research findings; process control has direct and indirect positive effects on informal controls, control-related orientation of representatives, and their behavior performance. However, output control doesn't affect directly any research variables except social control. In addition, informal controls are correlated to control-related orientations and behavior performance as formal controls. Particularly, self control has significant direct and indirect effect on behavior performance through control-related orientations. In this respect, the study provides contribution to understand the interaction between formal and informal controls and their effects on behavior performance.