MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression during various basic biological processes such as development, cellular differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Altered expression of miRNAs is associated with development and progression of various human cancers, where they mainly regulate the translation of oncogenes and of tumor suppressor genes. In colorectal cancer (CRC), these regulators complement the Vogelstein multi-step model of pathogenesis and have the potential of becoming a novel class of tumor biomarkers and of therapeutic targets. To identify miRNAs deregulated in CRC that could be used for diagnosis and prognosis, we examined by Quantitative Real-Time PCR the global expression of 378 mature miRNAs in 40 CRCs and their paired non-tumor tissues. Non-parametric confidence intervals for each miRNA where calculated and twenty-four miRNAs whose expression is significantly altered in tumors respect to the normal tissue where identified (Bonferroni P This study has identified promising miRNAs to be used as biomarkers (for example in plasma) in diagnostic and prognostic settings of CRC. And, in addition it shows their direct involvement in the regulation of driving events of CRC carcinogenesis which should be explored further in biological models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4038.


The challenge of tourists' expectations is predicated on more authentic and traditional experiences as modern tourism grows. Local traditional food, which comprises autochthonous goods that have been consumed in that area since ancient times, is one of the experiences that such tourists are looking for. European legislation establishes geographical indications of origin to ensure that the items are authentic for that destination. This study aimed to evaluate respondents' perceptions of the authenticity of locally produced goods from Western Serbia's tourist region. Additionally, consideration was given to the significance of the geographic origin label in the Republic of Serbia, particularly in light of tourists' consumption and purchase of regionally authentic goods. A total of 504 respondents participated in the study. The findings indicate that traditional foods from this area are well-known to tourists, and guest households that serve these foods will have a competitive advantage.


A simplified procedure for the isolation of the sucrase · isomaltase complex from rabbit small intestine was worked out, which allows the preparation of this protein in a homogeneous form in good yield.

The sucrase · isomaltase complex from rabbit small intestine is a glycoprotein. It is rich in acidic amino acids; it has no free thiols in the native state but denaturation unmasks six thiols. The tyrosine/tryptophan ratio is 2. The sugar moiety(ies) (150%) is composed of d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, fucose, glucosamine and galactosamine (the latter two are probably acetylated). The sucrase · isomaltase complex contains no neuraminic, uronic acid, lipids, phosphate, sulfate or zinc.

The partial specific volume, calculated from the amino acid and sugar composition, agrees with that experimentally determined. The hydrophobicity coefficient of this membrane protein does not differ from that of other membrane bound or water soluble proteins.


Objective: Determine the variables associated with the social performance of users living in supported housing, in particular the personal and clinical characteristics of the residents, factors of the centre and of the health areas to which they belong. Method: Descriptive and correlational study whose sample consisted in 122 residents and 30 caregivers of 15 supported housing and 6 residential housing. Social performance was assessed through the Basic Everyday Living Skills Scale, which consisted of four sub-scales: self-care, domestic skills, community skills and activity and social relationships. In order to analyze the data, a mixed linear model was used. Results: In the sub-scales of self-care, community skills and activities and social relations the variance depends primarily on the personal characteristics. On the other hand, in the domestic skills 47.6% corresponds to centre characteristics and health area. The level of restrictiveness, time of residence in the facility, diagnosisof the users, age of residents and social support received corresponded to the statistically significant variables on the prediction of the social performance. Conclusion: Social performance of the users who live in supported housing is mainly determined by individual characteristics. However, variables of the centre and health area have a different weight depending on the type of social skill.


The purpose of this study was to compare the learning culture of high and low performing boys and girls high schools in Pakistan. Data collection was accomplished using a translated and adapted version of the Dimensions of a Learning Organization Questionnaire [26], [27]. Data were collected in 164 public boys and girls high schools in Pakistan. The overall results of each school in the Lahore Board exams were also collected from schools. Boys and girls high schools differed significantly on all domains of the learning culture. Statistically significant differences were also found between high and low performing schools on the dimensions of Strategic Leadership and Knowledge Performance. However, neither high and low performing high schools for boys nor for girls showed significant differences on DLOQ dimensions within their gender. Student achievement was significantly correlated to the dimensions of Strategic Leadership for Learning and Knowledge Performance.


Abstract : With more than 20 countries possessing bountiful oil and mineral deposits, Africa is home to more resource-rich states than any other region in the world. Yet, living conditions for most citizens remain dismal as a result of inequitable distribution of resource revenues. Sub-Saharan Africa s top five petroleum producers rank among the bottom third in the world in terms of child mortality. The continent s two largest producers Angola and Nigeria rank among the bottom ten countries in this category.1 Natural resource wealth is also strongly associated with undemocratic and illegitimate governance. Roughly 70 percent of the world s resource-rich states are categorized as autocracies. This pattern is not a coincidence. The steady flow of natural resource revenues funds the patronage and security structures these governments rely on to remain in power without popular support. Nearly without exception, Africa s resource-rich states also exhibit high levels of public sector corruption. States heavily reliant on the export of oil and minerals, moreover, face a greater risk of civil conflict than their resource-poor counterparts. These patterns need not be the norm. If accountably governed, natural resource wealth could be a boon to a society, enabling valuable investments in infrastructure, human capital, social services, and other public goods. With their technical expertise and financial resources, international corporations can be a vital component in the resource management equation in Africa by helping a country get its resources to the market and recovering a higher return for the public than would otherwise be the case. Yet, too often, such collaborations are not at all beneficial. Unscrupulous investors eager to turn a quick profit have found Africa s resource-rich governments to be attractive targets.


As DRAM scaling becomes more challenging and its energy efficiency receives a growing concern for data center operation, an alternative approach— stacking DRAM die with thru-silicon vias (TSV) using 3-D integration technology is being undertaken by industry to address these looming issues. Furthermore, 3-D technology also enables heterogeneous die stacking within one DRAM package. In this paper, we study how to design such a heterogeneous DRAM chip for improving both performance and energy efficiency, in particular, we propose a novel floorplan and several architectural techniques to fully exploit the benefits of 3-D die stacking technology when integrating an SRAM row cache into a DRAM chip. Our multi-core simulation results show that, by tightly integrating a small row cache with its corresponding DRAM array, we can improve performance by 30% while saving dynamic energy by 31% for memory intensive applications.


It is substantiated and determined that the European antiglobalistic movement is one of the most advanced in the world. Brief overview of the major antiglobalistic organizations in Europe, their conditions of work is made. Protests in France and Greece, which took place with the participation of activists of the antiglobalistic movement are under consideration


INTRODUCTIONOrganophosphorous poisoning is a prevalent emergency care problem found in Nepal. Nepal being agricultural country and pesticide being easily available, organophorous poisoning is most common cause of poison related morbidity and mortality in Nepal. Main objective of the study is to evaluate the clinical profile and outcome of patients on the basis of demographic profile, type of compound, presenting symptoms and outcome.
MATERIAL AND METHODSOur study included 80 patients with organophosphorous ingestion, admitted in ICU and wards of Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMS-TH), Bhairahawa, Rupendehi, Nepal from1th July, 2019 AD to 30th July 2020 AD. Ethical clearance was obtained along with consent from patient. Data was collected from patient's visitor.
RESULTSFemales (63%) were more common than males (37%). Age group 21-30 was most likely to ingest OP compound for suicidal attempts.Chlorpyriphos (80%) was most common compound ingested.41% cases consumed alcohol, 10% cases were smokers, 11% cases had diabetes and 22% cases had hypertension. Vomiting (90% cases) was most common symptom. 54% cases had hospital stay of less than 5 days and 43% cases had hospital stay of 5-10 days.Based on POP scoring 24 cases of  moderate severity 1 case died where as 3 cases out of 8 severe cases died.74% had uneventful recovery,11%  developed intermediate symptoms,10% needed ventillatory support and 5% died due to poisoning.
CONCLUSIONOrganophosphorous poisoning was the most common acute poisoning in young female population.Strict policies against the free availability and sale of insecticides is required to control organophosphorus poisoning.


A method for the fine structural localization of acyltransferases catalyzing the transfer of acyl groups from palmityl-coenzyme A (CoA) to α-glycerophosphate based on the formation of a heavy metal precipitate at the site of CoA release is described. In this method CoA released through the action of the enzyme is oxidized by potassium ferricyanide, which is reduced to potassium ferrocyanide and precipitates in the presence of cupric ions. Acyltransferase activity was found to survive both fixation in glutaraldehyde and incubation in the presence of the capture reagent system used for cytochemistry. Reaction product marking the enzyme activity was located within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and to lesser, but significant extent, within the membranous envelope of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Reaction product was not associated to any significant extent with other membranous organelles. The significance of these observations in terms of the role of acyltransferases in liver function is discussed.


This study was part of a PhD thesis at Kenyatta University – Kenya Abstract In this paper we compared perceived rainfall variability with actual rainfall variability using a more nuanced and mixed approach in order to understand the influence of gender dynamics and spatial location on perceptions. To be able respond effectively to climate variability people must first perceive the changes correctly. Past studies have focused on general perceptions about climate changes but have failed to ascertain the correctness of these perceptions as well as to exhaustively focus on gender dynamics and livelihood expectations that shape these perceptions. To address these gaps we focused on a more nuanced comparison between actual climate variability and gendered perception across three livelihood zones.  We obtained historical Rainfall data from weather stations in the three livelihood zones which we analysed using Coefficient of Variance (CV) and Cumulative Departure Index (CDI). We then compared this with responses from inter-household survey data of 420 households that were stratified in stages depending on the zones and gender of the target respondents. Although it was not significantly different how women and men perceived the changes in rainfall (p-value above 0.05) men seemed to perceive the variations more correctly compared to women. All aspects of rainfall variability were significantly perceived differently in the three agricultural livelihood zones. Depending on specific livelihood expectations in each zone the variability of rainfall was either perceived correctly or wrongly. Keywords: Gendered perception, spatial perception, gender, rainfall variability, livelihood zones, Kenya.


Few would question the proposition that the French Revolution has been one of history's great polarizing events. The sheer scope of the revolutionary project and the means employed to transform abstract concepts into tangible ideals and institutions divided the Revolution's most ardent supporters from its most fervent detractors. The ambiguous tenure of the Revolution continued to cast a long shadow over the unsettled political culture of nineteenth-century France. However, as the Third Republic achieved the stability denied its two predecessors, so too, the Revolution was less the guiding force of the political left and more a national legacy. On a different level, though, the Revolution continued to generate conflict. The passions that once dominated French politics have, for the past three decades, reverberated in intellectual circles. The two studies explored in this review highlight, to varying degrees, the meaning of the French Revolution for both its participants and for subsequent generations. Whereas the collection of articles in Unfinished Revolutions examine the cultural idea of revolution in France (as opposed to the French Revolution, in particular), Marie-Hélène Huet's Mourning Glory considers both the French revolutionaries' views of the opportunities presented them as well as how posterity has treated the revolutionaries' efforts.


Slavery and freedom were constituent elements in American institutions from the very beginning. In the inherent antagonism of the two, DeTocqueville recognized the most serious menace to the permanence of the nation.1 Slavery, which came in time to be known as the "peculiar institution" of the South, gradually shaped the social, moral, economic and political ideas of that section to fit its genius. The more democratic tendencies of the free industrial order of the North served by contrast to crystallize still more the group consciousness of the South. In this wise the erstwhile loyal South was slowly transformed into a section that was prepared to place local and sectional interests above national, and the result was secession. Just as it was not loyalty to inalienable human rights in the abstract that brought about the abolition of slavery in the North, but rather the gradual expansion of the idea of liberty through the free give and take of a vigorous democracy in which economic and social conditions militated against slavery, so it was not loyalty to States' rights in the abstract that brought about the Civil War but rather the alien group


The thoughtful critique by Maienschein and colleagues (2008) of the ethics of translational research fails to address head-on the implications of expediting the translation from bench science to therapeutic application in collaboration with the private sector. The authors acknowledge that there has been a "widespread push to translation" (2008, 43), noting that the mission of the National Institutes of Health (NIH, Bethesda, MD) is to ensure that "basic research discoveries are quickly transformed into drugs, treatments, or methods for prevention" (2008, 43). They also recognize that this push to translation "distorts the science, sometimes in indeterminate ways" (2008, 43), but they expressly decide to "leav[e] in. . . the background" (2008, 43) the impact of the private sector in this process. However, if we allow this issue to pale into the background, we are likely to underestimate the profound challenges presented by expedited translational research. There is already a substantial body of evidence that industry collaboration can distort science in often predictable ways that may undermine the integrity of the research process and pose potential threats to public health. Any efforts to expedite the industry-sponsored translation of biomedical research must take these threats seriously, and any academic medical center seeking to establish an institute for clinical and translational research must take systemic measures to address them. Extensive collaboration between academic researchers and the private sector in the conduct of biomedical research


Objective Discuss the clinical peculiarity and drug resistance of the pathogen of recurrent urinary tract infection. Methods Synchronal culture of 138 bacteria-free middle section urine samples in Sabourand medium and L medium, and K-B drug-sensitivity test is conducted. Result The positive rate of L medium (51%) is obviously higher than Sabourand medium (21%). The results of drug-sensitivity test indicate that L-bacteria(including accompanied L-bacteria) are not sensitive to the antibiotics that react to cell coat, in which the resistance rate is about 73%, such as PNC; the resistance rate of drug that react to cell membrane,protein or nucleuacid is 5%, such as kanamycin. Conclusion L-bacteria(including accompanied L-bacteria) are the main pathogen in recurrent urinary tract infection. The diagnosis is easy to be omitted or disjudged because of its atypical clinical symptom. All these lead to drug resistance. It is suggested that doctors include L-bacterias as one of the concerns in selecting antibiotics, so as to reduce the recurrence with a rational regimen.


Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in men with prostate cancer. Coronary and aortic calcification have been associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the general population, and are readily seen on staging cancer positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans. The utility of vascular calcification on non-gated CT for cardiovascular risk assessment in men with prostate cancer is not known.

 We determined the association between coronary and aortic calcification on non-gated CT imaging and MACE in men with prostate cancer.

 We studied 354 men who underwent indium-111 capromab pendetide PET/CT for recurrent prostate cancer at our institution between 2012–2016. Clinical data were obtained from the medical record. Coronary and aortic calcification were qualitatively assessed using a standardized scoring system. The primary outcome of MACE included myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary and/or peripheral revascularization, heart failure hospitalization, and all-cause mortality.

 Over 5 years of follow-up, 63 patients (18%) met the primary outcome. Vascular calcification was common in this cohort (median 68 years of age), with 214 patients (60%) having coronary calcification and 296 patients (84%) having aortic calcification. Older patients had greater coronary and aortic calcification, and also higher rate of MACE. In adjusted models for age and diabetes, coronary calcification was associated with higher rate of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 2.1, interquartile range [IQR] 1.1–4.0, p=0.02) while aortic calcification was not (HR 2.7, IQR 0.8–9.0, p=0.12). Undifferentiated vascular calcification was not associated with MACE (p=0.24).

 Coronary calcification on non-gated CT scan is independently associated with MACE in men with recurrent prostate cancer while aortic calcification is not. The presence of coronary calcification should be included in staging PET/CT reports, and this information should prompt implementation of cardiovascular risk modification strategies.

 Type of funding sources: Private hospital(s). Main funding source(s): This study was supported by the Mentors in Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine.


The paper discusses a number of issues that are important to the development of a useful normative "welfare theory" of the public space economy. Attention is specifically focused on theoretical welfare economic models of public goods provided at facilities to which consumers must travel for consumption. The recent analysis of Bigman and ReVelle [2] is subjected to critical scrutiny and found wanting. An alternative, more complex but still very simple, analysis is provided.


The approach Robert Flaherty took to devise and shape his classic film, Nanook of the North [1922], served to codify the emergence of a new film genre, which I have defined in this article as primal drama. The film's popular reception and iconic status are assessed in terms of its precursors and the way it engages with themes associated with evolutionary theory, the role of space and place, and the historical context in which it was made. In analysing the film, I seek to interrelate film studies texts and archival research with literature on behavioral psychology, genetics, and cultural geography.


In this paper, using the axle load limits of COMESA, equivalence factors for trucks of the types used in Sudan have been developed. In addition, the correct procedure to calculate the total loading over the design life for pavement also determined. So the problems occur due to wrong understanding for determining the total equivalent standard axles, can be avoided. Although this paper is not limited to this, but the developing of trucks equivalence factors is the most important result obtained.


This chapter focuses on what those Islamic economists have to say about Pareto criterion, and critical assessment of what is offered as its replacement in the new paradigm. It provides a clearer picture of the relevant issues and a better understanding of what the new paradigm offers as an alternative. The interdependence of the utility functions implies that gains would necessarily be accompanied by losses. Economics, quite fruitfully, split the concept of efficiency into two distinct categories: technical efficiency, and allocative efficiency. The law of demand is predicated on the law of diminishing marginal utility. Dr. Umer Chapra's disregard of what economics has to say about the conflict between efficiency and equity requires a little more attention. The evidence from the Western democracies over the past century paints a picture that could hardly be identified with his assertion about the status quo.Keywords: allocative efficiency; Dr. Umer Chapra; Islamic economics; Pareto criterion; western democracies


Dear Editor, Granuloma annulare (GA) is a noninfectious granulomatous skin disorder that can present with various clinical features. It is characterized by collagen degeneration, mucin deposition, and palisaded or interstitial histiocytes. Although the pathogenesis of GA is not fully known, studies point to a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to an as-yet undetermined antigen. Mesotherapy is a nonsurgical procedure that includes injection of different types of medications into the middle layer of the skin, mostly for aesthetic uses. Various adverse effects including granulomatous reactions have also been reported in the case of nonapproved methods or unlicensed substances. A 31-year-old woman was referred to the dermatology clinic of our center due to the skin-colored papules in the preiorbital area that appeared 4 months following mesotherapy for skin rejuvenation. The patient had a severe diffuse facial edema following mesotherapy with hyaluronic acid for skin rejuvenation (Figure 1). She was not able to state the exact brand of the mesotherapy injection. Oral prednisolone has been prescribed and tapered for her by the nondermatologist injector that performed the mesotherapy to control this severe edema. She was also taking cetirizine and fexofenadine for facial itching. The edema and pruritus got relatively improved, but some papules appeared on the lower eyelids subsequently. In physical examination, multiple nonpruritic subcutaneous papules with varying sizes between 0.5 and about 1 cm were observed on the lower eyelids (Figure 2). The patient stated that the growth of these papules to be gradual during these 4 months. These papules were surrounded by healthy skin and no erythema was seen in the borders of lesions. The papules were firm and without tenderness. Her family history of dermatological disorders was unremarkable. All routine laboratory data were normal. We got suspected of foreign body granuloma and sarcoidosis as differential diagnosis, so a skin biopsy was performed. Histopathologic examination revealed granuloma formation in deep dermis, composed of eosinophilic degenerated necrobiotic collagen surrounded by palisaded histiocytes and scattered lymphocytes (Figure 3). Superficial dermis showed only mild perivascular inflammation. A few multinucleated giant cells were present. Alcian blue stain confirmed dermal mucin deposition. Ziehl-Neelsen and PAS staining were negative for the infectious causes. There was no cellular atypia, increased mitosis or any evidence of malignancy. No polarizable foreign particles were observed in the specimen. These histopathology findings was compatible with the diagnosis of granuloma annulare. Granuloma annulare (GA) is typically localized to the dorsum of the hands and/or feet. It can infrequently present on the face and more rarely on periorbital structures including the eyelid and orbital rim. Moreover, there is also very limited report of GA following the


Physical activity at all ages is, of course, an important component of health. But it is especially important in children because they are growing and developing into adults. One important factor in this development is the child's peak bone mass, which is essential in maintaining bone health in adulthood and for preventing bone diseases such as osteoporosis. For this reason, Fuchs, Bauer, and Snow (2001) investigated the effects of high-intensity jumping on hip and lumbar spine bone mass in children. The researchers evaluated bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) of the left proximal femoral neck and lumbar spine by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). They also assessed physical activity and calcium intake, along with height, weight, body fat, and sexual maturation (Tanner stage). Participants in the study consisted of 89 prepubescent children between 5.9 and 9.8 years old, randomly placed into a "jumping" group (25 boys and 20 girls) or control group (26 boys and 18 girls). Both groups participated in a seven-month "exercise intervention:' three days a week for 20 minutes a day. This took place during the regular school day, but on days separate from the regularly scheduled physical education classes. A researcher and four instructors trained in teaching elementary school children led the 73 exercise sessions, which included both groups. Each session started with a five-minute warm-up, followed by ten minutes of either jumping


This paper discusses the performance of the wavelet based filtered multi-tone (WFMT) modulation. The novel WFMT modulation was proposed in 2003 for improving characteristics of wireless and DSL multicarrier systems. In this paper we describe a main idea of WFMT and discuss the advantages of this novel modulation. The WFMT modulation in comparison with OFDM and DMT has low level of out-of-band side lobes, low sensitivity to narrowband RF interference, lower number of frequency sub-channels and correspondently lower peak-to-average power ratio for the same size of FFT/IFFT core. The number of the frequency sub-channels in WFMT system is small (about 5~50). The attractive feature of WFMT is its low implementation complexity compared with known multicarrier architectures, that are based on FIR synthesis and analysis filter-banks. Several main characteristics of the WFMT are illustrated by simulation results. The practically realized WFMT system is described followed by the test results.


A non-linear, spectrophotometric, least-squares computer program has been used to calculate 'best fit' association constants and extinction coefficients for various complexes in aqueous solution without the need to use buffers or to make measurements of pH. Spectrophotometric studies at temperatures between 5° and 200°C in aqueous solution have been undertaken of the protonation of the diacidic bases 2,2',2"-terpyridine, 4,4'-bipyridine and 2-aminomethylpyridine. Two association constants each have been determined for 2,2',2"-terpyridine and 4,4'-bipyridine and one association constant, that of the ring nitrogen atom, for 2-aminomethylpyridine. Protonation constants have also been determined for the ring nitrogen atoms of 8-aminoquinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline and pyridine. With the exception of 2-aminomethylpyridine, all the compounds exhibited straight line van't Hoff plots within the estimated experimental error (~+/-0.02log(K) units). Values for the standard enthalpy and entropy of reaction have been calculated which are of higher precision than have been available previously. In addition, the overall association constant for the complex ion bis (2,2',2"-terpyridine) iron (II) has been measured at temperatures between 25 and 200 C using techniques similar to those employed in the studies of base protonation. The association constant for the first chloro-complex of cadmium (II) has been studied between 25° and 250°C using a silver-silver chloride concentration cell with transference. Studies were made in perchloric acid media at ionic strengths of 0.8, 1.3 and 2.3mol. kg[-1] and the results interpreted in terms of changes in the mean activity coefficient of the bulk electrolyte with ionic strength and temperature. Finally, the association constant for the first chloro-complex of copper(II) was studied spectrophotometrically to 100+/-C in a perchloric acid medium of ionic strength 1.0mol.l[-1].


An 80-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastric ulcers, celiac artery occlusion, and transient ischemic attacks presentedwith a painful rash on her flank of 2 days' duration. She denied any history of trauma and had not applied anything topically in this area of skin. She denied fevers, systemic symptoms, joint pain, and skin thickening. Her medications included metformin, lansoprazole, venlafaxine, diltiazem, atorvastatin, oxycodone/acetaminophen, ramopril, reglan, zolpidem, and clopidogrel. Physical examination revealed an 8-cm solitary, erythematousplaquewithvesiculation andcentral erosionon the right lateral area of her abdomen (Figure, A). The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. A punch biopsy showed a vacuolar interface dermatitis pattern, but a definitive clinical diagnosiswas not established. Shewas treatedwith clobetasol cream (0.05%), and the plaque resolved in 4 weeks with postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Tenmonths later, thepatientdevelopeda tender, pink, indurated7-cmplaquewith telangiectasias and central ulceration in the same location, with no other cutaneous findings (Figure, B). No precipitating factors could be identified. A punch biopsy showed minimal inflammation, atrophy and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, and edema, sclerosis, and absence of hair follicles in the dermis (Figure, C). Quiz at jama.com A B


The optical properties of poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-p-phenylene) (PPP) and poly[3-(2,5,8-trioxanonyl) thiophene] (P3TT) coupled silver nanocap array have been investigated. The absorption spectrum of P3TT and the emission spectrum of PPP match the absorption of the silver nanocap array. Plasmon energy transfer occurs from the silver nanocap array to P3TT or from PPP to the silver nanocap array, resulting in the largely increased or decreased photoluminescence (PL), respectively. The PL enhancement of the P3TT coupled silver nanocap array is more than 9-fold; whereas the PL intensity of the PPP coupled silver nanocap array is less than one-tenth of the PPP film.


Letter from "Lew" at Stewart Studios in Bay City, Texas to Byrd Williams of Fort Worth, requesting that Williams share tips about his customer service practices in his photography career, from which Lew intends to write an article.


The music industry has always been complex and competitive. Nowadays, combining different genres has become a common practice to promote new music and reach new audiences. Given the diversity of combinations between all genres, predictive and descriptive analyses are very challenging. Here, our goal is to mine frequent and exceptional patterns in music collaborations that have achieved success in both global and regional markets. We use the Apriori algorithm to mine genre patterns and association rules that reveal how music genres combine with each other in each market. The results show significant differences in the behavior of each market and a strong influence of the regional factor on musical success. In addition, we are able to use such patterns to identify and recommend promising genre combinations for such markets through the association rules.


Objective: To investigate the application of group cognitive behavioral intervention in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 120 T2DM patients admitted to our hospital were recruited as the study cohort and randomly divided into an observation group (n=62) and a control group (n=58). The control group underwent conventional nursing, while the observation group underwent conventional nursing and group cognitive behavioral intervention. Before and after the intervention, the changes in the SAS, SDS, blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were compared between the two groups. Results: Meticulous examinations were carried out on the patients. The inspection direction involved starting with the degree of inhibition, and the changes in each patient's blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were monitored in real time, input into a mathematical data model and then compared with the control group's results before the intervention, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). After the intervention, the SAS and SDS levels of the patients in the observation group were compared in real time with the control group, and the different levels were recorded. There were no significant differences in the patients' anxiety and depression levels in the control group before and after the intervention (P > 0.05), but the patients' fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels in the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The comparisons of the SAS and SDS levels before and after the intervention, and the conversion of the blood glucose and other substances had independent sample data for the overall inspection. In the process of carrying out this study, the obtained numerical results showed that there was a significant difference between the SDS levels in the observation group and the levels in the control group, showing a practical statistical significance. In addition, there were significant differences in the blood glucose and HbA1c levels, which had a certain statistical significance. And the different values between the two kinds of data obtained by the independent sample tests were statistically significant. Conclusions: Proper nursing interventions effectively improve the therapeutic effects on patients' diseases, reduce their blood glucose and hemoglobin levels, help to regulate their glucose metabolism, mitigate their negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and depression), and elevate T2DM patients' quality of life.


Recent studies suggest that executive control and working memory training can benefit older adults, however, findings regarding the amounts of training and transfer effects are mixed. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of a process-based training intervention in a diverse sample of older adults and explore possible moderators of the amount of training and transfer effects. For that purpose, 80 older adults (65-95 years) were enrolled in the study, half of them were trained for three weeks on visuospatial, verbal, as well as executive working memory tasks; the other half did not receive training. Performance on trained and transfer tasks was assessed before and after training, as well as at a nine-month follow-up. Analyses revealed significant training effects in all three tasks, as well as near transfer to a verbal working memory and far transfer to a fluid intelligence task. Remarkably, all training effects and the transfer effect to verbal working memory were stable at the nine-month follow-up. Further analyses revealed that training gains were predicted by baseline performance in training tasks and (to a lesser degree) by age. Transfer gains on the other hand, were predicted by age and by the amount of improvement in the trained tasks. These findings suggest that cognitive plasticity is preserved over a large range of old age and that even a rather short training regimen can lead to (partly specific) training and transfer effects. However, there are a range of factors that may moderate the amount of plasticity.


The movement of pneumatic cylinders tends to be unstable and must be compensated in some manner. If the system is driven with proportional valves, the pole assignment method can be used by operating opening cross-sectional area in the proportional valve with a feeding back of the system state variables. The proposed servo system is driven by charging and discharging high speed switching valves and the valves switch the air up to 200 Hz. The compensation by operating opening time of valves is discussed and tested in this paper. As a result, the usefulness of this compensation is shown theoretically and experimentally.Furthermore, the observer which estimates the higher order state variables is introduced into this servo system. The observer can estimate the system state variables such as velocity and pressure correctly, therefore allowing the sensors to be replaced.


This paper presents a novel coupled Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) for the optimization of algorithmic trading techniques, termed Visio- Temporal Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (VTCGAN). The termed Visio- Temporal Conditional Generative Adversarial Network combines an Image Generative Adversarial Network and a Multivariate Time Series Generative Adversarial Network, offering an innovative approach for producing realistic and high-quality financial time series and chart patterns. By utilizing the generated synthetic data, the resilience and flexibility of algorithmic trading models can be enhanced, leading to improved decision-making and decreased risk exposure. Although empirical analyses have not yet been conducted, the termed Visio- Temporal Conditional Generative Adversarial Network shows promise as a valuable tool for optimizing algorithmic trading techniques, potentially leading to better performance and generalizability when applied to actual financial records.


The search for new scaffolds is one of the important goals in the discovery of new pesticides, and the oxazoles as an important five‐membered heterocyclic compound are widely used in the discovery of new pesticides. Oxazoles ring are often used as the scaffolding structure or bridging chain to connect different reactive groups. In recent years, oxazoles have made rapid progress in the discovery of new pesticides, especially in the discovery of fungicides, insecticides, and acaricides. A systematic review of the recent research progress of oxazoles in the discovery of new pesticides is of interest. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the application of oxazole compounds in the discovery of new pesticides from 2003 to 2023; summarized the fungicidal, antibacterial, insecticidal, acaricidal, and herbicidal activities of oxazoles; and discussed the structure–activity relationship, physiochemical and mechanism of action, with the aim of providing inspiration and ideas for the discovery of oxazoles as novel agrochemicals.


In higher vocational colleges,how to teach Practical Writing to the students of sciences is a problem.By adopting project-teaching is an effective method.Combine the project procedures with the teaching contents can improve the teaching results;in teaching the project can arouse the students' interests and this will stimulate the students' potentials and make them feel good;make use of project——activities for students to experience social activities to improve their overall qualities.


As CMOS technologies enter nanometer scales, maintaining the microprocessor reliability becomes a major design challenge. In particular, accelerated transistor aging is a serious reliability concern, as it considerably reduces the operational microprocessor lifetime. To address this issue, in this work cross-layer solutions for aging modeling and simulation as well as mitigation are investigated and proposed, to be able to co-optimize reliability together with the traditional design constraints such as power, performance, and cost. Therefore, the knowledge from several abstraction layers, ranging from circuit to architecture-level, are exploited for cost-effective aging-aware micro-architecture design. The detailed simulations and experimental analysis performed in this work show the benefits of this approach over state-of-the-art single-layer solutions.


Abstract : This report applies singular perturbation techniques to nonlinear optimal control problems and systems with high frequency oscillatory behavior. For a class of nonlinear regulator problems the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is solved as a power series expansion whose coefficients are solved from equations involving the slow variables only. Consequently we obtain near-optimal feedback controls. Through the construction of a composite Lyapunov function, these controls can stabilize large disturbances of the fast variables. A fixed endpoint nonlinear control problem is decomposed into three lower order problems, namely, the nonlinear reduced order problem and the linear quadratic left and right boundary layer problems. For systems with high frequency oscillatory behavior, the original system is decomposed into a slowly varying system and a fast oscillatory system. This procedure provides physical interpretations for the high frequency oscillations occurring in a mass-spring-damper system and an interconnected power system.


The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Zinbryta, an interleukin-2 receptor blocking antibody (daclizumab; Biogen and AbbVie) for the treatment of adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) in May, 2016. It was also approved by the European Union in July, 2016. Zinbryta is a long-acting, self-administered monthly injection that was branded as a new MS drug for patients who needed a "new option for treatment." It blocks interleukin-2 receptor alpha (CD25) and modulates T-cell expansion. The drug was withdrawn from the market in March, 2018 following 12 reports from Germany (9), United States (2), and Spain (1) following the development of "inflammatory encephalitis and meningoencephalitis" in patients on Zinbryta. Although cases of hepatotoxicity made news with Zinbryta earlier along this drug's postmarketing journey in the treatment of patients with MS, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) ordered a review of the risks of hepatotoxicity with Zinbryta use June, 2017; this analysis will focus on the pharmacovigilance data concerning the central nervous system (CNS) complications. The details of the CNS complications have been elucidated by EMA. Every drug failure provides an opportunity for learning, but it is also noteworthy that no FDA-approved MS drug in modern times has met with such an untimely, sudden, and inglorious exit. This should serve as a cautionary tale for all clinicians who use "newer MS drugs" that have mushroomed in recent memory following a flurry of recent FDA approvals.


7% of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients also present with a pars defect. To date, there are no available data on the results of fusion ending proximal to a spondylolysis in the setting of AIS. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of posterior spinal fusion (PSF) in this patient cohort, to investigate if maintaining the lytic segment unfused represents a safe option.Retrospective review of all patients who received PSF for AIS, presented with a spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis and had a min. 2-years follow-up. Demographic data, instrumented levels and preoperative radiographic data were collected. Mechanical complications, coronal or sagittal parameters, amount of slippage and pain levels were evaluated.Data from 22 patients were available (age 14.4 ± 2.5 years), 18 Lenke 1–2 and four Lenke 3–6. Five patients (24%) had an isthmic spondylolisthesis, all Meyerding I. The mean preoperative Cobb angle of the instrumented curves was 58 ± 13°. For 18 patients the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) was the last touched vertebra (LTV); for two LIV was distal to the LTV; for two, LIV was one level proximal to the LTV. The number of segments between the LIV and the lytic vertebra ranged from 1 to 6. At the last follow-up, no complications were observed. The residual curve below the instrumentation measured 8.5 ± 6.4°, the lordosis below the instrumented levels was 51.4 ± 13°. The magnitude of the isthmic spondylolisthesis remained constant for all included patients. Three patients reported minimal occasional low back pain.The LTV can be safely used as LIV when performing PSF for the management of AIS in patients with L5 spondylolysis


The reaction of 2-(alkylamino)-3-(trifluoroacetyl)butenedioates (2a-b) with alkyl and aryl hydrazines in ether provides 1,6-dihydro-6-oxo- 3-(trifluoromehtyl)-4-pyridazinecarboxylates as their alkylamine salts (3a-g). The structures of these products are substantiated using 2D nmr and 15 N nmr techniques


In a distributed, heterogeneous, proxy-based digital library, autonomous services and collections are accessed indirectly via proxies. To facilitate metadata compatibility and interoperability in such a digital library, we have designed a metadata architecture that includes four basic component classes: attribute model proxies, attribute model translators, metadata facilities for search proxies, and metadata repositories. Attribute model proxies elevate both attribute sets and the attributes they define to first-class objects. They also allow relationships among attributes to be captured. Attribute model translators map attributes and attribute values from one attribute model to another (where posMetadata facilities for search proxies provide structured descriptions both of the collections to which the search proxies provide access and of the search capabilities of the proxies. Finally, metadata repositories accumulate selected metadata from local instances of the other three component classes in order to facilitate global metadata queries and local metadata caching. In this paper, we outline further the roles of these component classes, discuss our design rationale, and analyze related work. Keywords: Metadata architecture, interoperability, attribute model, attribute model translation, metadata repository, InfoBus, proxy architecture, heterogeneity, digital libraries, CORBA.


ABSTRACT A fossil cycad pinna fragment with dichotomising and anastomosing venation and cuticular preservation from the middle Miocene Hindon Maar deposits, Otago, New Zealand, is assigned to the extinct genus Pterostoma (Cycadales: cf. Zamiaceae) as a new species: P. neehoffii. The leaf features of the Hindon Maar fossil differ from previously reported Pterostoma-like macrofossils and dispersed cuticles from New Zealand and Australia in having the combination of narrow guard cell flanges, poorly developed epidermal cuticular ridges and apparently lacking trichomes, suggesting that there were at least three cycad species present in the Neogene of New Zealand. The fossil is also placed into a broader overview of the macrofossil and pollen record for cycads in New Zealand and their possible paleoenvironments.


The article highlights the components and principles of the system of internal control of health care quality in a medical institution. An analysis of the degrees of quality control of health care at the level of a medical institution is presented. It is shown how a continuous system of quality control of medical care is developed and formalized at the level of a health care institution. The requirements for the Regulation on the quality control system of medical care of the institution are given. The components of expert evaluation of the level of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation, the rules of sociological research are described. An analysis of clinical audit (internal and external) is also presented.


This article is targeted at knowledge management students and scholars and everyone who is interested in understanding the theoretical aspects of knowledge management. It assists organizations in the effective and efficient knowledge management. The paper analyses some existing knowledge theories but not all and brings out a new knowledge management model. It is not enough to just regard knowledge as a justified true brief. Knowledge is not fixed and can change with time though there can still be some knowledge that can remain fixed. Prato's knowledge theory, Piaget and constructivism as well as positivism theories will be examined in this paper. These theories' implications and gaps will be demonstrated


The common use in the literature of orthogonal measurements in obtaining quantum discord for two-qubit states is discussed and compared with more general measurements. We prove the optimality of orthogonal measurements for rank-2 states. While for rank-3 and -4 mixed states they are not optimal, we present strong numerical evidence showing that they give the correct quantum discord up to minimal corrections. Based on the connection, through purification with an ancilla, between discord and entanglement of formation (EoF), we give a tight upper bound for the EoF of a 2⊗N mixed state of rank 2, given by an optimal decomposition of 2 elements. We also provide an alternative way to compute the quantum discord for two qubits based on the Bloch vectors of the state.


In this paper, a study has been made of the high level clear air turbulence reports received from jet aircraft in relation to the wind field at the cruising levels. It is seen that such turbulence is mainly experienced near trough lines and in areas having large east-west wind gradient. Charts showing the various types of situations leading to the generation of the clear air turbulence have been presented and discussed in some detail. The illustrations may be of use to forecasters in indicating this hazard in weather forecasts supplied for the operations of Jet aircraft on the international routes passing over Bombay.


Now that computers are no longer merely a means to do our job but help us to pursue our lives, one could question the appropriateness of functionality and efficiency as the main guiding principles for design. User experience and aesthetics of interaction are becoming increasingly paramount. But what makes for aesthetic of interaction and how to design for it? In the module "Aesthetics of Interaction" we used a variety of methods to discuss, experience and analyse the concept of aesthetics of interaction in depth. In this extended abstract we elucidate the methods used, i.e., movies, interaction maps, interaction mechanisms, prototypes and silent presentations, including the rationale behind them.


Graphical abstract Source: Figure created in the Mind the Graph Platform, available at www.mindthegraph.com The high prevalence of cardiac diseases around the world has created a need for quick, easy and cost effective approaches to diagnose heart disease. The auscultation and interpretation of heart sounds using the stethoscope is relatively inexpensive, requires minimal to advanced training, and is widely available and easily carried by healthcare providers working in urban environments or medically underserved rural areas. Since René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec's simple, monoaural design, the capabilities of modern-day, commercially available stethoscopes and stethoscope systems have radically advanced with the integration of electronic hardware and software tools, however these systems are largely confined to the metropolitan medical centers. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of stethoscopes, compare commercially available stethoscope products and analytical software, and discuss future directions. Our review includes a description of heart sounds and how modern software enables the measurement and analysis of time intervals, teaching auscultation, remote cardiac examination (telemedicine) and, more recently, spectrographic evaluation and electronic storage. The basic methodologies behind modern software algorithms and techniques for heart sound preprocessing, segmentation and classification are described to provide awareness.


Author(s): Popescu, Irina | Advisor(s): Masiello, Francine; Tarica, Estelle | Abstract: This dissertation examines how a set of postmodern contemporary novels by women, queer, and writers of color in North and South America reframe the parameters of narrative empathy in order to revise what constitutes as an ethical human rights novel. This project is part of a growing scholarly discourse connecting the evolution of the novel in the Americas with changing conceptions of human rights as connected to racial, ethnic, and gender identity in the Americas. The writers discussed reconfigure the relationship between reader and victim within the human rights narrative genre. This reconfiguration is founded on a critical reconstruction of the problematic use of sentimental empathy in the nineteenth-century rights novel. Since this former brand of sympathy joined the burgeoning discourse of rights in the Americas to the representation of racialized or gendered corporeal suffering, the reader's understanding of personhood in the nineteenth century was ethically misguided and predicated on the victim's indignity. Chapter One details how Octavia Butler's Kindred critically rewrites nineteenth-century foundational nation-building texts. This chapter exposes the dangers of narrative voyeurism masking itself as empathy and instead points to an empathy devoid of identification through bodily suffering. Chapter Two looks at Sylvia Iparraguirre's Tierra del Fuego in order to deconstruct and revise both the colonial travel narrative and the South American nation-building genre. This chapter maps an alternative foundation for narrative empathy by fostering legal and temporal visibility for the indigenous subject and land. Chapter Three examines how Manuel Puig's El beso de la mujer arana engages with nineteenth-century melodrama to define empathy as abject corporeality. This chapter defines empathy through psychological proximity and touch, demonstrating how the novel reforms political and gender identity at the cusp of Argentina's Dirty War. Chapter Four turns to an examination of Louise Erdrich's Tracks. Here empathy is defined through the reader's understanding of how nineteenth- century legal practices devastatingly defined land, voice, bodies, and citizenship in the United States. Chapter Five discusses Horacio Castellanos Moya's Insensatez through its documentation of hemispheric genocide. This chapter shows how aesthetics can ethically capture empathy through silences and voids, documenting indigenous historical and bodily trauma. Human rights law and legal policy shapes and is shaped by the formal qualities of the novel and other art forms. The hemispheric human rights novel (1970-2009) uses narrative empathy to develop a closely interconnected relationship between law and literature. This, in turn, revises the relationship between the reader, the victim and national history by teaching readers how to ethically engage with the bodies and minds of the victims presented. First, the revision of the nineteenth-century melodrama and sentimentalism particular to the hemispheric context enables readers to witness the formal construction of an aesthetic model which uses absence and corporeal abjection in order to represent human rights abuses. And secondly, the use of legal documents and national history formally within the novelistic space allows readers to access literature vis-a-vis the national-legal space. Ultimately, as the reader beings participating in this process of decoding, their new responsibilities for the ethical reading practices demanded by the human rights novel are laid out, transforming the reader into an ethical witness.


Application of C/C ++ and VISUAL BASIC in real time control software development was discussed. It is ensured by incorporation of these two design tools to develop real time control experimentation application with friendly interface more easy and less cost.


Argumentation problems are concerned with determining the acceptability of a set of arguments from their relational structure. When the available information is uncertain, probabilistic argumentation frameworks provide modeling tools to account for it. The first contribution of this paper is a novel interpretation of probabilistic argumentation frameworks as probabilistic logic programs. Probabilistic logic programs are logic programs in which some of the facts are annotated with probabilities. We show that the programs representing probabilistic argumentation frameworks do not satisfy a common assumption in probabilistic logic programming (PLP) semantics, which is, that probabilistic facts fully capture the uncertainty in the domain under investigation. The second contribution of this paper is then a novel PLP semantics for programs where a choice of probabilistic facts does not uniquely determine the truth assignment of the logical atoms. The third contribution of this paper is the implementation of a PLP system supporting this semantics: smProbLog. smProbLog is a novel PLP framework based on the PLP language ProbLog. smProbLog supports many inference and learning tasks typical of PLP, which, together with our first contribution, provide novel reasoning tools for probabilistic argumentation. We evaluate our approach with experiments analyzing the computational cost of the proposed algorithms and their application to a dataset of argumentation problems.


Eighty-five percent of UTI in children is caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). Other gramnegative bacteria include Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter. Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus, and, rarely, Staphylococcus aureus. Non-E. coli UTI is more often associated with urinary tract anomalies, younger age, and previous antibiotic treatment (4). Viruses and fungi are uncommon causes of UTI in children (5, 6).


The invention relates to a method for the production of a fiber-reinforced composite preform from a laminate (40), having at least two prepreg layers, comprising the following steps: - clamping at least one first edge section (44) of the laminate (40) in a first clamping device (16) that is movable relative to a molded piece by means of a movement mechanism, and a second edge section (44) of the laminate (40) positioned opposite the first edge section in a further clamping device, - applying a tensile force (F) across the region of the laminate (40) positioned between the clamping devices by means of the first clamping device (16) relative to the second clamping device (17), and simultaneously moving the first clamping device (16) into a direction that is facing away from the second clamping device (17) up to a location at which the rounded surface region (58, 59) impresses a curvature onto the laminate (40) between the first clamping device (16) and the second clamping device (17) as viewed in the longitudinal direction thereof, and to a production device for deforming a semi-finished product for the production of a fiber-reinforced composite component according to said method.


Scale, or spatial resolution, plays a key role in interpreting the spatial structure of remote sensing imagery or other geospatially dependent data. These data are provided at various spatial scales. Determination of an optimal sample or pixel size can benefit geospatial models and environmental algorithms for information extraction that require multiple datasets at different resolutions. To address this, an analysis was conducted of multiple scale factors of spatial resolution to determine an optimal sample size for a geospatial dataset. Under the NET-CMO project at ERDC-GRL, a new approach was developed and implemented for determining optimal pixel sizes for images with disparate and heterogeneous spatial structure. The application of local spatial dispersion was investigated as a three-dimensional function to be optimized in a resampled image space. Images were resampled to progressively coarser spatial resolutions and stacked to create an image space within which pixel-level maxima of dispersion was mapped. A weighted mean of dispersion and sample sizes associated with the set of local maxima was calculated to determine a single optimal sample size for an image or dataset. This size best represents the spatial structure present in the data and is optimal for further geospatial modeling. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTRUCTION NOTICE – Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. ERDC/GRL TR-20-5 iii


Web documents are known as 'pages', each of which can be addressed by an identifier called a uniform resource locator (URL). For example: http:// www.acm.org/pubs/contents/proceedings/series/sigir/. Web pages are usually grouped into 'sites', sets of pages published together. For example: http://www.acm.org Pages are remarkably versatile. A web page can play the same roles as a news article in a conventional IR corpus, such as providing information for a report or helping to answer a question — indeed these days most news articles are also published as web pages. However, the Web also contains pages of many other types. Many web pages exist purely to help users navigate to other pages in the site, such as the 'entry page' or 'home page' of a site. Some pages provide an interactive service such as a search form. Some pages provide a commercial service, allowing users to shop for products online. Some pages are generated dynamically and intended to be used once, such as a search engine results list


Institute of Geoscience, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan Subaqueous pumice eruptions include mainly 1) subaqueous plinian-type eruptions, 2) subaqueous flow-generating eruptions, 3) explosive bulk interactions of vesicular magma and water, and 4) non-explosive release of pumice clasts from the thermally and mechanically brecciated surface of growing vesicular domes. Subaqueous plinian-type eruptions form normally graded deposits as the umbrella region is gravitationally inverted to a density current. The column of subaqueous flow-generating eruptions may expand by water-ingestion and heating the water to steam, but eventually collapses with increasing water-ingestion to produce poorly sorted, inversely-to-normally graded or massive, and partly stratified density-current deposits. Pumice eruptions driven by bulk interaction of a wellvesicular magma with the ambient water recurs as long as the magma is supplied to the watery setting. Resulting dilute currents form thinly-bedded sequences of inversely to normally graded, stratified, and well-sorted deposits. Pumice blocks and lapilli can be carried to the surface by buoyancy during non-explosive thermal and mechanical brecciation of pumiceous lava. Fallout of these pumices produces fairly well sorted, inversely graded or massive units. Magmatic pumice eruptions are plausible down to a water depth of 500-1000 m. Phreatomagmatic pumice eruptions occur mainly at domes growing in water shallower than 200300 m, or slightly emergent. Growth of a lava dome to shallow water lessens the confining pressure and allows explosive magma-water interaction or magma vesiculation to form a pyroclastic cone on the dome.


Abstract : A new control methodology for manual flight control, viz., real-time tracking control, is developed. Amplitude and rate constrained dynamic actuators are considered. Optimal tracking control is made possible by the use of unique reference signal prediction strategies which extrapolate the reference signal over the optimization horizon. A receding horizon, linear-quadratic inner-loop controller is employed in conjunction with an outer-loop nonlinear element. The constraint effects mitigation strategy is to optimally track a modified reference signal which yields feasible actuator commands over the optimization horizon when the pilot demanded reference is too aggressive to be tracked by the inner-loop optimal control law. A discrete-time implementation yields computationally inexpensive, closed-form solutions which are implementable in real-time and which afford the optimal tracking of an exogenous, unknown a priori reference signal. The developed control algorithm is applied to an open-loop unstable aircraft model, with attention being given to the trade-offs associated with the conflicting objectives of aggressive tracking and saturation avoidance. One-step ahead constraint mitigation is shown to provide substantial improvement in the constrained system response, while slightly more complicated constraint mitigation strategies yield stronger stability properties.


Long-tailed distributions possess an in…nite variance, yet a …nite sample that is drawn from such a distribution has a …nite variance. In this work we consider a model of a population subject to mutation, selection and drift. We investigate the implications of a long-tailed distribution of mutant allelic e¤ects on the distribution of genotypic e¤ects in a model with a continuum of allelic e¤ects. While the analysis is con…ned to asexual populations, it does also have implications for sexual populations. We obtain analytical results for a selectively neutral population as well as one subject to selection. We supplement these analytical results with numerical simulations, to take into account genetic drift. We …nd that a long-tailed distribution of mutant e¤ects may a¤ect both the equilibrium and the evolutionary adaptive behaviour of a population.


There are ˜3,000 children, as well an additional ˜7,000 adults, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) each year in the USA. This makes ALL the most common cancer diagnosed in children. It represents ˜25% of paediatric cancer diagnoses. With current therapy, most patients achieve a complete remission and many are cured. However, the prognosis remains quite poor for the ˜15–20% of children who suffer a relapse of their ALL. Improved outcomes for these relapsed patients will require either more efficacious salvage therapies or improved initial therapy that prevents ALL relapse. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which a small population of leukaemia cells can escape therapy and contribute to relapse often months or years later is critical for improving ALL outcomes. Herein, we will review emerging clinical and laboratory research that suggest quiescence, or dormancy, is an important cellular mechanism that enhances ALL chemo-resistance and persistence, and ultimately contributes to disease relapse. Furthermore, the mechanisms that regulate this balance between leukaemia quiescence and proliferation are beginning to be elucidated and will provide new knowledge about leukaemia biology. Finally, these observations support the need for and feasibility of therapeutically targeting these quiescent, chemo-resistant ALL cells by either exploiting metabolic or signalling pathway vulnerabilities unique to quiescent cells, or by causing the release of ALL cells from the protective niche(s) that triggers and maintains ALL quiescence.


Fiscal federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by multi-level asymmetric architecture of government sector and a high degree of fiscal decentralization. Reform of indirect taxation has resulted in centralization of the major part of the revenues in B&H and induced a high degree of fiscal interdependence of governments. In the absence of national economic and fiscal goals and fiscal coordination required during the global economic crisis, strong autonomous activities of the Entities and District have been expressed. Uncoordinated and divergent responses to the crisis in addition to distorting the achieved degree of tax harmonization within B&H has led to a widening fiscal deficit and the rapid growth of borrowing at all levels of government. The aim of this paper is to propose a new model of fiscal coordination in B&H that would mitigate the negative effects of fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic management. The key hypothesis is that, in given political constraints, only a concept of fiscal federalism that includes comprehensive, institutionalized and obligatory fiscal coordination can ensure a coherent response to the crisis.


Constructing teaching consortium in universities and colleges is not only an important measure to deepen teaching reform and realize education modernization,but also an important channel to strengthen the construction of high quality education resources and promote education innovation.This paper elaborates relevant concepts and characteristics of cloud computing technology,analyzes the connotation and meaning of teaching consortium construction in universities and colleges and puts forward a mode and basic framework of constructing teaching consortium in universities and colleges in a cloud computing environment.Considering the intercollegiate cooperation in China is still at the initial stage,the independence of each university system should be ensured during the integrating process.In terms of policy and technology,a mode of"constructing individual cloud platform in universities by building teaching consortium and ensuring the network independence of each university on the premise of sharing teaching resources"is better suited to the construction of computing-based teaching consortium in universities and colleges


In a recent Foundations of Physics paper [5] by the current author it was shown that, when the self-force problem of classical electrodynamics is properly solved, it becomes a plausible ontology underlying the statistical description of quantum mechanics. In the current paper we extend this result, showing that ordinary matter, thus represented, possibly suffices in explaining the outstanding observations currently requiring for this task the contrived notions of dark-matter, dark-energy and inflation. The single mandatory 'fix' to classical electrodynamics, demystifying both very small and very large scale physics, should be contrasted with other adhoc solutions to either problems. Instrumental to our cosmological model is scale covariance (and 'spontaneous breaking' thereof), a formal symmetry of classical electrodynamics treated on equal footing with its Poincare covariance, which is incompatible with the (absolute) metrical attributes of the GR metric tensor.


To elicit growth and related functions, the interaction of growth hormone receptor (GHR) with growth hormone (GH) is vital as this contact passes the message downstream to the metabolic pathways. The crystal structure of GHR and GH in Labeo rohita is still vague. This study discusses prediction of 3D structures of GHR and GH, validation of predicted structures and binding affinity of GHR with GH. Discovery studio 4.1 software was used for homology modelling and docking of GHR with GH. The best model for GHR (DOPE score: -16527.1) and GH (DOPE score: -17613.3) were used for docking by ZDOCK pro. The docked complex obtained from the interaction of GHR with GH (GHR-GH, ZDOCK score: 19.26) was refined by RDOCK (RDOCK score: -25.642). The findings revealed that GHR-GH complex is stable and interacting amino acids in GHR are R43, E44, I108, D126, E127, D164, R159, W166, W169, and in GH are F3, L45, K49, P61, R64, D116, G128, K172, T175, R178. The interaction of amino acids in the active pockets of complex and its duration provides insight into the actions of GH in Labeo rohita. In addition, docking of GHR with GH provides information about the type of interaction at the binding sites of ligand and receptor and interacting amino acids viz. PHE3, ALA22, TYR98, LEU114, MET145, VAL149, LEU150 and PHE199. Thus, docking of the GHR with GH is useful in understanding the structural information and developing specific receptor antagonists beside providing support in establishing therapeutic approaches in teleost fishes.


PurposeThis study examines the long-term link between fair valuation uncertainty and discounts/premia in closed-end funds. This study argues that, in exploring the close-end funds puzzle, prior research generally omits to consider the uncertainty surrounding the measurement of funds' financial disclosure, as reflected in the fair value hierarchy, when investment specialty differs across funds.Design/methodology/approachRegressions were employed to explore how the fair value hierarchy affects closed-end funds' discounts/premia when investment specialty differs. The authors also examine the effects pre- and post-2012 to explore if that relationship changes due to the additional disclosure requirements enacted at the end of 2011.FindingsThe authors find that the three levels of the fair value hierarchy have effects that vary according to a fund's specialty. For equity specialized funds, Level 3 significantly increases discounts and decreases premia, suggesting the impact of valuation uncertainty that underlies Level 3 estimates; this relationship disappears (decreases in severity) for premia (discount) experiencing funds post-2012. In contrast, Level 1 and Level 2 do not have any significant effect on discounts or premia except that post-2012, Level 2 begins to display discount decreasing effects. For bond specialized funds, no significant association was noted between premia and any of the fair value levels except that post-2012, Level 3 begins to display premium increasing effects. However, results are different for discounts. The authors note that Level 1 valuations significantly increase discounts, but only post-2012; Level 2 valuations significantly decrease discounts (pre- and post-2012), consistent with such estimates incorporating unique and relevant information; and Level 3 valuations do not have a significant effect on discounts.Originality/valueThe results of this study revisit prior evidence and indicate that results about the effects of fair value measurement and the closed-end funds' puzzle are sensitive to the period length being considered and the investment specialty of the fund. The authors also note that additional disclosure regarding Level 3 valuation inputs decreases market concern for valuation uncertainty and increases the liquidity benefits of investing in Level 3 carrying funds.


In this paper, exact analytical forms of the normal surface and eigenpolarizations in anisotropic media are obtained. Both the permitivity and permeability tensors are supposed to be anisotropic, becoming simultaneously diagonal in the principal system of coordinates. The equation of normal surface in various forms and exact relations for eiggenpolarizations are presented and their properties are discussed. Orthogonality relationships between the eigenmodes are also introduced. Sufficient conditions for existence of two, one, or no optical axes are thoroughly established. The analysis is extended for the case of electrically or magnetically optically active materials, and exact form of eiggenpolarizations are derived. It is shown that for the medium with no optical axes, being referred to as pseudo-isotropic medium, under certain conditions there is exactly no reflection. This phenomenon is totally independent of the polarization, angle of incidence, and even wavelength.


The invention relates to the technical field of networks, in particular to a method and a system for endowing network switching equipment with a remote sensing function. The method comprises that: a sensing module in the network switching equipment generates and transmits a superposed signal to a sensing probe by a network matching terminal connected with the network switching equipment, and the superposed signal output by the sensing probe is finally transmitted back to the network switching equipment by the network matching terminal, and the sensing module detects a change in the superposedsignal and judges the change at the sensing probe according to detected information. The method has vast market prospect.


In recent years, we recognize a new paradigm in the development process:From object oriented development, to the development process which has focused on the use of standard components. In recent years a lot of research related to the component-based development has been done, especially in business domain. but still there are many open and unresolved problems in this area. such as established development process for a distributed environment, formal process, infrastructure for COTS, development and management tool considering maintenance to guarantee a proper treatment of components. It also required a service and an application integration for component. In this paper, we propose cooperative information systems (CIS) that supports component based development. It must address for component based systems to achieve their full potential. We identify a set of CIS organized 3-tier which is a presentation layer, business logic layer and data control layer. We also discuss the specific roles and activities for the layers. we also define the behavior and managed information for business logic layer as core level. As an illustration of the CIS, we present a successful considerations which is widely helpful to user when they make decision in component development and assemble. Also, we expect to component reusability and efficiency in business domain.


Stress hysteresis (H) and temperature dependence of phase transition stress (dσ/dT) are the two signatures of first-order phase transition in shape memory alloys. We studied the effects of grain size on these two properties in polycrystalline superelastic NiTi with the average grain size from 10 nm to 1500 nm. We identified a critical grain size (∼60 nm) below which both H and dσ/dT rapidly decrease, leading to vanishing hysteresis and breakdown of Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The physics behind such grain size effects are the dominance of interfacial energy in the energetics of the polycrystal and the lack of two-phase coexistence at nano-scales.


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The atomic nitrogen flux and impacting ion kinetic energy are two important parameters which influence the quality of deposited nitride films using reactive growth. In this letter, a method is described to control the flux and kinetic energy of atomic and molecular nitrogen ions using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma with N2/Ar and N2/Ne gas mixtures. The results clearly show that the addition of neon to nitrogen plasma can remarkably enhance the production rate of atomic nitrogen due to Penning ionization involving the metastable state of Ne. In contrast, the addition of argon significantly decreases the rate.


1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a clinically effective in vivo for a number of human PEGylated prodrug conjugate of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), wherein the PEG is linked to rhGH via samogidrolizuemy (samorasscheplyaemy) temporary linker; wherein said prodrug conjugate is characterized in that: (1): the conjugate has a GH activity of less than 5% relative to the native growth hormone without PEG; and (2): speed samogidroliza linker such that the in vivo half-life is from 10 hours to 600 hours, as well as suitable pharmaceutical napolniteli.2. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim. 1, where the speed samogidroliza such that the half-life in vivo of up to 5 times shorter than in vitro half-life of the corresponding PEGylated prodrug conjugate chGR.3. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim. 2, wherein the in vivo half-life of up to 3 times shorter than the period in vitro half-life of the corresponding PEGylated prodrug conjugate chGR.4. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim. 2 or 3 wherein the in vivo half-life of up to 2 times shorter than or almost identical in vitro half-life period corresponding PEGylated prodrug conjugate chGR.5. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim. 1 and 2, wherein the composition is a composition for subcutaneous administration, intramuscular administration or intravenous vvedeniya.6. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim. 1 and 2, where PEGylated prodrug has a total PEG load per molecule of growth hormone that is at least 25 kDa.7. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim. 1 and 2, wherein the prodrug conjugate has the chemical structure (A): wherein is ΗΝ-rhGH rhGH residue attached to the temporary linker; R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5


China's traditional architecture has far-reaching impact in the world history of architecture,not only because of its unique architectural design and structure system,but more importantly because of its rich ethnic characteristics of sculpture and painting.Sculpture and painting are an integral part of China's ancient buildings and furnishing.These architectural works occupy an important position in the development of the world's architectural cultures.This paper analyzes the different applications and indications of China's architectural sculpture and painting arts because of each nation's different customs,traditional ideas and religious beliefs.During the long-term experience and technological exploration of the ancient architectural sculpture and painting,the sculptures and paintings of different styles are endowed with different connotations and morals.The bright and colorful painting and sculpture are valuable treasures left to its descendants by the Chinese traditional architecture,which serve as significant reference for the development of China's architectural art.


(A) Functions attributed to stromal cells Hemopoietic stem cells that home to the spleen of irradiated hosts form colonies of erythroid, myeloid, megakaryoid, undifferentiated or mixed morphology (I). This has been used by Trentin and his colleagues as a means to investigate the contribution of the organ stroma to the regulation of hemopoiesis (2). The irradiated tissue was found to retain its ability to influence locally the direction of differentiation of stem cells. Spleen colonies tended to become erythroid and those developing in a fragment of bone marrow stroma implanted into the spleen were mostly granulocytic. Trentin termed this phenomenon the 'Hemopoietic Inductive Microenvironment' (3). Thus, the specific patterns observed in hemopoietic tissues such as the red pulp of the spleen and the specific localization of lymphoid follicles, as well as the characteristic cellular composition of each organ would be attributable to the local presence of inducer molecules. Friedenstein and his colleagues went a step further and identified in culture the cells that belong to the organ stroma of the bone marrow (4). Upon reintroduction under the kidney capsule of recipient mice, these cells induced local bone formation and hemopoiesis. Spleen stroma did not behave similarly (5 ) . It was therefore suggested that, upon ectopic transplantation, strornal cells transfer the microenvironment of their tissue of origin. Following in vitro exposure of hemopoietic cells to colony stimulating factors, terminal differentiation occurs. By contrast, cultured stroma1 cells allow concomitant differentiation and self-renewal of bone marrow stem cells for prolonged time periods (reviewed in ref. 6). Modification of the conditions in long-term cultures resulted in differentiation into various lineages; whereas some horse serum batches supported differentiation into granulocytes and rnacrophages, selected fetal calf sera induced accumulation of pre-B lymphocytes (7), a combination of selected sera and interleukin-2 induced pre-T cell growth (Tamir and Zipori, unpublished results), and enforcement of interleukin-3 secretion by introduction of IL-3.cDNA into the stromal cells caused the accumulation of mast-like cells (8). It is therefore clear that the outcome of differentiation depends upon the availability of inducers in the vicinity of the proliferating stem cell. The function of the stroma1 cells appears to be mainly to support stem cell renewal. Whether stromal cells also direct lineage-specific differentiation, as suggested by Trentin (3), is not evident from the study of long-term cultures. Nevertheless, in view of histological observations (2) and the information accumulated following the study of cultured hemopoietic cells (6), the putative functions expected to be performed by the stroma are as follows: 1. Osteogenesis, 2. Control of lineagespecific differentiation, 3. Expression of differ-


According to the present condition of physical education (P. E.) in vocational colleges, this paper sorts out main problems, puts forward the guilding thoughts and strategies of effect-oriented P. E. course reform and analyzes the effect of the reform and problems in the study so as to increase the effect of P. E. course reform.


T extensive use of cover or green-manure crops in the United States is a comparatively recent development and has coincided with the realization that land too long cultivated loses its productive power. Since the soils of the Atlantic and southern states have been cropped the longest as well as the most persistently, data from this region are urgently needed. Cover crops are'used with the expectation that the yield of the subsequent crops will be increased and this hope is usually realized. Inquiries are often made as to why the turning under of cover crops has this effect. The study reported in this manuscript was undertaken with the hope that at least a partial answ.er to these questions might be found. It was also felt that the results might serve as a basis for further research.


Background: The Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is defined as skin-to-skin contact between mother and her newborn. KMC is a simple way to increase the life expectancy of low birth weight and premature infants. The purpose of this study is to explore the stability of vital signs for Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants before and after using KMC. Methods: the design was a quasi-experimental pre and posttest without a control group has been conducted in private hospital perinatal inward Tangerang with 30 LBW babies. Results: The result shows that the stability of vital signs with t-test the baby's temperature that the resulting p=0.001; α=0:05, heart frequency p=0.004; α=0:05, breath frequency p=0.004; α=0:05 and oxygen saturation p=0.011; α=0:05. The stability of vital signs through KMC could be a complement and alternative to conventional nursing for LBW babies and length of stay in hospital could be minimized. Conclusions: The stability of these vital signs through the KMC can be used as a complementary and alternative in the treatment of LBW, particularly those with low birth weight, which can decrease the duration of hospitalization and use of the incubator is an absolute equipment used.


introduCtion International neWs coverage oF Mexico FocUses ever More FreQUently on the actions of drug traffickers, reporting shootouts between government forces and criminals in the Mexican government's war against organized crime. Such a picture, however, conceals many of the true dimensions and victims of Mexico's violent war. In reality, the government carries out its war on crime through an array of human rights abuses whose victims range from detained suspects, innocent and guilty alike, to individuals and communities with no connection to crime. This article, which forms part one of a two-part series examining Mexico's public security policies from a human rights perspective and presents an overview of some of the human rights violations that characterize Mexico's security operations today.1


Abstract : An integral equation approach has been developed for treating a large class of planar discontinuities in coaxial waveguides. The technique can effectively treat single and multiple discontinuities with no constraints on frequency or relative location. The integral equations are formulated with the transverse component of electric field in the aperture of each discontinuity as the unknown quantity. A numerical solution procedure is described which allows a choice of both the number of subsectional expansion pulses employed in each aperture and the number of terms evaluated in the modified higher-order-mode series. Once a solution for the electric field in each aperture is obtained, straightforward procedures may be used to compute the admittance of any discontinuity or the field anywhere in the waveguide. Two sets of coaxial waveguide/cavity structures have been constructed and an extensive program of experimental measurements of cavity admittance and field components at cavity walls has been pursued. The measured results have been compared to integral equation calculations of the same quantities to verify the accuracy of the approach. The integral equation approach has demonstrated a capability for extreme accuracy when sufficient expansion pulses and series terms are used and offers the opportunity for computing the transient response of waveguide discontinuities by means of a transform technique. (Author)


Legged robots are meant to traverse unstructured environments. In some cases, high steps (level changes) can pose significant challenges. These terrain features can be successfully addressed by whole body optimization when a map of the environment is available. Despite recent advances in this field [8], optimal planning is still far from being realized in real time, due to the complexity of the optimization process, the need to have both reasonably accurate 3D maps of the environment [5] and reliable state estimation [3]. In particular these approaches are of limited applicability in cases of visual deprivation where a reactive approach is preferable [1, 6]. In this abstract we propose a height reflex strategy to successfully negotiate big height changes (e.g. when the robot steps down from a high pallet). In this context, an important issue is the loss of mobility of the swing leg, when trying to establish a new foothold during a reaching motion [7]. An elegant way to address this situation, is to "squat" the whole trunk to aid the reaching motion. In other words, the swing motion can be "reconfigured" by mapping it among the four legs. This results in a reaching motion without stretching too much the swing leg. Another way of seeing this is that the height reflex is able to extend the workspace of the swing leg, through the motion of the body. This behaviour is somewhat similar to the one presented in [2], but we tackle the problem from a planning perspective rather than a control one. With our approach we were able to address higher obstacles, up to 24cm which is 33% of the leg length and 58% of its retractable leg range [9]. The proposed approach is also able to incorporate kinematic limits.


Abstract Many archivists regard the archival imagination evidenced in the writings of David Bearman as avant-garde. Archivist Linda Henry has sharply criticized Bearman for being irreverent toward the archival theory and practice outlined by classical American archivist T. R. Schellenberg. Although Bearman is sometimes credited-and sometimes berated-for establishing "a new paradigm" centered on the archival management of electronic records, his methods and strategies are intended to encompass all forms of record keeping. The essay provides general observations on Bearman's archival imagination, lists some of its components, and addresses elements of Henry's critique. Although the longlasting impact of Bearman's imagination upon the archival profession might be questioned, it nonetheless deserves continued consideration by archivists and inclusion as a component of graduate archival education.


An optical detection system for microfluidic devices are described and small compatible with optical detection system dry-focusing type microfluidic device. The system LED and; means for directing onto the microfluidic device through the objective lens collimated light; means and for collimating the light emitted by the LED; aspheric fused quartz objective lens and the microfluidic and means for detecting the fluorescence signal emitted from the device. The working distance between the objective lens and the device, it is possible to irradiate the microfluidic device drawn along the diagonal path of light from the outside of the LED or laser. Dry-focusing type microfluidic device includes a plurality of channels, and an optical alignment mark in which a plurality of closure having a curved wall. At least one channel is at least disposed between the two marks. Mark is irradiated for the purposes of alignment and focusing by the light captured by the diagonal path from the outside of the white LED.


This paper presents a E-health monitoring scheme based on HNB (home node base station) and mobile cloud computing. In this method, the health data of each user is captured by using sensors and sent to the corresponding devices (i.e desktop, laptop, mobile). From that device the health data is transferred to cloud under which the mobile device is registered. In HNB it is verified whether the user's health is normal using a database stored inside the HNB. If any abnormality is detected it will shows some indication through some sounds or light. The E-health data are send to cloud for each 15 seconds. In cloud also the data is verified with the normal data and if any abnormalities found it will indicate by sending message to the corresponding healthcare center. The health data in the cloud are stored with high security and only authentic healthcare center can access the data. Based on health data the healthcare centre takes proper action to cure the patient. KeywordsMobile cloud computing, Home node base station, E-health monitoring, Healthcare centre, E-health Data __________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________


Synthesis of acrylic acid-acrylate salt (acrylic acid-potassium acrylate and acrylic acid-sodium acry- late) copolymer super absorbent resin (SAR) by UV photopolymerization have many merits compared with traditional methods, such as simple technology, short reaction time, normal temperature operation and no pollution. Photoinitia- tor is the most important factor of photopolymerization. In this paper, several kinds of photoinitiators ( Iragure651、 Iragure819、Iragure184、Iragure1700、Iragure1800 and Iragure2929) were studied, including the influence of varieties and concentration on the performance of UV copolymerization and the water absorption capacity of SAR. It shows Iragure651, Iragure1700 are efficient photoinitiators for photopolymerization of SAR. The proper exposing time for preparing SAR was about 10min. Using Iragure651 as photoinitiator, the water absorbency and 0.9% NaCl absor- bency of acrylic acid-potassium acrylate copolymer SAR reach 1358mL/g and 115mL/g respectively.


The present invention is a user's smart phone for poisoning identified as related to usage data collection system and method of the smartphone by the user using a smart phone to the user using the processor of the command processing for executing an application, connect to the Internet, the communication unit for transmitting and receiving data, according to the execution of the application measured for each display unit, and the set time period for the processor, the communication and power consumption of said display for displaying the time information, identify the applications running on the smartphone , using the measured power usage, and a control unit for collecting the user's smart phone usage. Wherein the control unit, the power usage is not less than the display portion in the first power usage predetermined time, it characterized in that it is determined that the user is actually using the smart phone to the first time.