G Doitsh, NL Galloway, X Geng. Nature. 2014;505(7484):509–514

HIV-induced disease is characterized by progressive CD4+ T-cell depletion. A long-standing question has been: what drives this depletion? Earlier reports suggested that caspase-3–driven apoptosis was a primary form of HIV-induced T-cell depletion. The focus of the present study was to examine an alternative mechanism of T-cell loss induced by HIV.

Human lymphoid aggregate culture formed with human tonsillar and splenic cells were used to study how CD4+ T cells die in a "natural and preserved lymphoid environment" in the absence of artificial cell activation. In situ immunostaining …


An evolutionary development approach is increasingly commonplace in industry but presents increased difficulties in risk management, for both technical and organizational reasons. In this context, technical risk is the product of the probability of a technical event and the cost of that event. This paper presents a technique for more objectively assessing and communicating technical risk in an evolutionary development setting that (1) operates atop weakly-estimated knowledge of the changes to be made, (2) analyzes the past change history and current structure of a system to estimate the probability of change propagation, and (3) can be discussed vertically within an organization both with development staff and high-level management. A tool realizing this technique has been developed for the Eclipse IDE.


Muscles from 12 moderately or heavily infected hogs contained relatively large amounts (0.25 to 13.70 Atg/g) of n-valerie acid, an acid rarely found in vertebrate tissues. The n-valeric acid content in general, correlated well with the larval counts in the diaphragm, tongue, and psoas musclescorrelation coefficients of 0.81, 0.84, and 0.82, respectively, were obtained. Only trace amounts of the acid were found in the visceral organs of the infected hogs. Trace amounts were also found in the muscles and organs of hogs with infections of less than 21 days duration, in hogs with no known helminth infections, and in hogs with ascaridand kidney worm-infections. The level of n-valeric acid in infected muscle per larva counted was about twice that per decapsulated larva or per isolated cyst from the same muscle. The production of the volatile fatty acid, n-valeric, in animal metabolism is evidently uncommon (Bueding and Most, 1953; von Brand et al., 1952). Bacteria and molds produce this acid (bacteria, Barker and Haas, 1944; Bornstein and Barker, 1948; Dehority et al., 1958; Nakae and Elliot, 1965; Yoshiaki and Karashimada, 1966; Serzedello, 1967; molds, Leal et al., 1966; Nishibe et al., 1966). Consequently, it occurs in swine feces where the diet controls its proportion among the volatile fatty acids (Friend et al., 1962). In the parasitic helminths, this acid was probably first observed by Bunge (1889) when he was studying anaerobic fermentation in Ascaris lumbricoides and A. megalocephala (= Parascaris equorum). Bunge found that the products of the fermentation process were CO2 and a strong-smelling, volatile fatty acid that he did not identify. Weinland (1901, 1902, 1903), with objectives similar to those of Bunge and using the same nematodes, identified the strong-smelling component as valeric acid and as a major end product of carbohydrate metabolism. Later, other isomers of valeric acid and other fatty acid components were identified in A. lumbricoides (Bueding and Yale, 1951; Bueding, 1953). In in vitro studies concerning carbohydrate metabolism of the larvae of Trichinella spiralis, von Brand et al. (1952) found n-valeric acid to be a major end product. The present work was undertaken to determine if n-valerie acid could be detected in Received for publication 10 October 1969. certain muscles and organs of trichinous hogs to ascertain if such a determination could be used to diagnose trichinosis in swine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The larvae and cysts of Trichinella spiralis utilized in this study were obtained from hogs infected with a strain of the parasite that had been maintained in swine at this laboratory for more than 30 years. In all experiments, each hog to be infected was fed trichinous pork at the rate of 500 larvae per pound of live body weight. The experimental animals were fed a well-balanced mash feed and, in some cases, shelled corn. Experimental animals All experimental hogs were raised worm-free until weaned, in concrete pens that were washed daily, as recommended by Spindler (1942). The 11 noninfected controls as well as 10 of the 15 infected hogs were maintained in such pens until slaughter; 5 of the infected hogs were maintained in a fenced hog lot. Spot checks at slaughter for trichurids and asearids in the controls and experimentally infected trichinous hogs were negative. The duration of the infections in the 15 infected hogs ranged either from 45 days to 8 months or from 11 to 20 days. Also, 3 ascaridand 2 kidney worm-infected pigs, which were used in other experiments, were used as helminth-infected, nontrichinous controls. At necropsy, the hogs weighed from 95 to 400 lb. Preparation of tissue samples The following tissue samples were taken from each of the 15 infected and 11 control hogs at slaughter: diaphragm (pillars), tongue, psoas, intercostals, loin, heart, duodenum, liver, and kidney. The samples were washed and ground separately in an electric food chopper. The ground samples of each tissue were well mixed and 2 or 3 10-g portions removed within 3 hr after the death of the donor, and processed for examination


This article forms part of the project "Towards an integrated Europe: an opportunitty of improving education in the field of Natural Sciences", a comparative study of the teaching of Physics and Chemistry in Germany and Spain. Concerning these viewpoints our research has concentrated on four groups: school management staff, teachers, pupils and families. We have limited this article on results related to the use of practical laboratory work in the mentioned subjects


The invention discloses an identifying weight method, device and system of IBM network, which comprises the following steps: using identifying weight information for UE identifying weight using which saves by S-CSCF itself; finishing UE and IMS network identifying weight processing procedure; registrating UE whose registration state is Unregistered and S-CSCF saves identifying weight information; providing dentifying weight scheme accomplish flow process of UE application identifying weight quintuple which can neglect S-CSCF and flow to HSS through MAR, MAA. The invention reduces MAR, MAA information source commutation, which optimizes identifying weight flow path of UE first registration.


We have conducted simulations of a memory-efficient up-the-ramp sampling algorithm for infrared detector arrays. Our simulations use realistic sky models of galaxy brightness, shapes, and distributions, and include the contributions of zodiacal light and cosmic rays. A simulated readout is based on the HAWAII-2RG arrays, and includes read noise, dark current, KTC noise, reset anomaly, persistence, and random telegraph noise. The up-the-ramp algorithm rejects cosmic rays, RTN, and KTC noise. The reset anomaly and persistence are also correctable. It produces a best estimate of the source flux under the assumption of very low signal-to-noise, while the overall dynamic range is increased. We present an analysis of the fidelity of image brightness recovery with this algorithm. This work is motivated by the need for sensitive, precise, accurate photometry for Destiny, a mission concept under study for the Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM).


Mahanarva fimbriolata, M. spectabilis, M. liturata and M. posticata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) are known pests for sugarcane and pasture plantations throughout Brazil. By direct sap feeding on the plants they cause phytotoxicity and due to this they decrease the production of plantations. With species distribution modeling it is possible to analyze the possible occurence of the four species in South and Central America. To create species distribution models the algorithms Bioclim, Domain, different generalized linear models and Maxent were used in R. For those models current and future bioclimatic variables as well as elevation and other agricultural variables were used. The future climatic variables are for the years 2050 and 2070 with different repentant concentration pathways. The species show suitable habitats in different countries in South and Central America where sugarcane plantations are abundant. The results of the future climate analyzes do not show differences compared to the current climate analyzes. Overall the Maxent algorithm showed the highest AUC scores and Bioclim the lowest. The variables which contributed the most to the models are elevation, isothermality and different precipitation variables. Climate change and therefore additional insect lifecycles do not have an impact on the insect's suitable habitats. Overall Maxent is the best algorithm to perform species distribution models with a low number of occurrence points and for climate change analyzes.


The available data on ligand hyperfine interactions for Gd3+ and Eu2+ in alkaline-earth fluorides is interpreted using a model in which the covalent contributions of s and p electrons on the ligands are assumed to follow a power-law dependence upon the ligand distance R. Electrostatic polarisation of the ligands, caused both by extra charge on the paramagnetic ion and by distortion of the lattice, produces a large contribution to the ligand hyperfine interaction parameters. A crude theoretical model is developed which indicates a similar magnitude of electrostatic contribution.


Asthma is a common chronic disease that has various causes. Patients feel dyspnea and chest tightness when asthma is an outbreak. The mortality rate is decreasing due to the development of medicine to treat asthma. The primary two drugs are Montelukast sodium and Tiotropium bromide. They have different pH values but similar chemical characteristics, such as charge. These two drugs work similarly as well; both alleviate asthma by blocking specific receptors. They are both orally taken, but Montelukast is made to a tablet, while Tiotropium needs a handihaler to use. This difference creates a price difference.


Connecting with some actual examples of the utilization and service of university's personnel archives,this paper discusses the present situation of and problems existing in the utilization and service of university's personnel archives,and puts forward some new approaches for the utilization and service of university's personnel archives.


Objective: Develop and validate an instrument to measure adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment on the part of patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, based on a theoretical reference supported by treatment adherence behavior and self-efficacy. Materials and methods: The process of facial, content and construct validity performed on the instrument is outlined in detail, as are the reliability tests. The instrument was subject to evaluation by six experts and 380 adults with different sociodemographic characteristics, before being applied to 145 patients who had been diagnosed with ischemic cardiovascular disease. Results: A questionnaire with 29 items, 6 dimensions, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.837 and a score of 29-174 was obtained, indicating that the higher the score, the better the adherence. Conclusions: It is considered a useful instrument to determine therapeutic behavior in terms of adherence to treatment among patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease, since it is based on a theoretical construct that is founded on adherence behavior, on the one hand, and self-efficacy, on the other. The latter is a predictor of adherence behavior. This broadens the approach to measuring the phenomenon, including determining the abilities or capacity perceived by patients in order to complete a treatment.


An H/sub /spl infin//-based Lyapunov proof is provided for a result recently established by Lin and Saberi (1993): if a linear system is asymptotically null controllable with bounded controls then, subject to input saturation, it is semi-globally stabilizable by linear state feedback. A new result is that, if the system is detectable, it is semi-global stabilizable by completely linear output feedback. Further, an extension which relaxes the requirements on the input characteristic is obtained.


An approach is proposed and numerically investigated to isolate an energetic monocycle pulse in the ultraviolet. The ultraviolet radiation is generated in an attosecond radiation window formed from multicolored, multicycle pulses with mutual phase coherence. Using multiple multicycle pulses with energy scalabilities, the scheme is expected to lead to orders of magnitude higher pulse energy of the monocycle optical radiation than those of the sub-10-fs ultraviolet pulses that have been generated so far. The carrier envelope phase of the monocycle ultraviolet pulse is tailored through the phases of the incident laser radiations. PACS: 42.65.Re; 42.65.Jx; 42.65.Ky; 42.65.Sf Ultrashort optical pulses are nowadays available in various wavelength ranges from the x-ray to the infrared. In the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range, several schemes generate ultrashort pulses [1-9], some of which have been applied to probe ultrafast dynamics in molecules [10-14] and ions [15]. The pulse energies of the ultrashort UV pulses reported so far reach one microjoule, while the shortest UV pulse ever generated has a duration shorter than 3 fs [9]. Third-harmonic generation (THG) in a gas medium [1] is employed there, which is initiated by a sub-4-fs pulse, and the available pulse energy is determined by the onset of the photo-ionization [9] as well as the available pulse energy for the sub-4-fs driver. Generation of monocycle pulses in the UV is yet to be demonstrated. Further shortening the UV pulses towards the single field-oscillation period would allow the excitation of electron wavepackets [16] in the spectral ranges of vacuum-UV and deep-UV for biologically relevant molecules. Higher pulse energy may also be demanded for highly nonlinear interactions such as the ionization [17-19] as well as those generate shorter-wavelength radiations. The UV pulse may also seed the proposed scheme of the monocycle harmonic generation in free-electron lasers that is expected to generate isolated monocycle pulses there [20]. In this Letter, we propose an approach to generate isolated UV pulses with monocycle pulse durations with scalable pulse energies. In contrast to precedent schemes that are based on the light-matter interactions in femtosecond time scales [9], the idea presented here creates an attosecond radiation window within which UV radiations are confined to form an isolated light transient with the comparable duration. This transient window is formed after combining a train of monocycle pulses synthesized from multicycle, multicolored optical pulses and a longer pulse with scalable pulse energies. The scheme mainly relies on four-wave mixing (FWM) for highly efficient frequency up-conversion. Numerical investigations presented in this letter show practical examples of the scheme and the characteristics of the monocycle UV pulses to be generated there. In the proposed scheme, a train of monocycle pulses and a relatively long laser pulse, the latter of which is hereafter called a gate pulse, are first prepared in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges [(A) in Fig. 1(a)]. The train of monocycle pulses, for instance, can be generated via FWM in a gas medium followed by the Fourier synthesis of the generated multicolor laser lines [21-24]. The gate pulse assumed here is longer than the monocycle pulse but short enough compared to the separation between two adjacent monocycle pulses in the train. As illustrated in Fig. 1 (a), when degenerate FWM is induced by the pulses in a transparent medium, the gate pulse nonlinearly slices the temporal fraction where it coincides with one of the monocycle pulses in the train for frequency up-conversion into the UV: which is hereafter referred to as nonlinear optical-pulse slicing (NOPS). Since the FWM is a third-order nonlinear interaction, the UV radiation is confined within a temporal window with a duration much narrower than any of the gate pulse and the monocycle pulses in the train. To be specific, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b), the radiation is confined within the cube (solid line) of the intensity of the incident radiation (dotted line) synthesized by the pulse train and the gate pulse, which has an attosecond duration determined by the wavelengths of the constituent spectral components. The numerical simulation in this research relies on the forward Maxwell equation that directly treats the evolution of electric field [25-27]. For propagation in a gas-filled hollow fiber, the equation for the longitudinal field component ) , ( ~ ω z E may be written with the moving frame at a velocity υg [25]: dxdy t z E F y x y x i I t z E W F U y x A dxdy y x A c n dxdy y x A dxdy t z P F y x A c i z E i z z E


Solar fraction of a three-storeyed Hui style building located in Huangshan,Anhui province was calculated in this paper.A novel dual-function solar collector with tile-shaped glass cover and a novel version Trombe wall with venetian structure were installed on the building for solar heating.The average thermal efficiency of these two modules is around 50%and 30%respectively.And the solar fraction of the building is 59%in the whole heating period,shows these two solar collecting modules can save a large amount of energy consumed for heating.


Summary A variety of cultured mammalian cells, including both permanent strains (3–16 years in vitro ) and newly isolated lines (one to five passages in vitro ) derived from several species and with diverse histories have been stored successfully at -70°C. (dry-ice chest) for periods of at least 3 years. The conditions for storage were found to be dependent on the method of freezing and thawing and on the concentration of glycerol in the medium over the range of 5–20 per cent. Conditions for optimal survival were observed to vary not only among strains from different sources, but also among nutritional variants and the stock cultures from which these were isolated. Cells deteriorated at -70°C. at a rate which was a function of the conditions of storage and the strain of cells. Under conditions for optimal survival, one group of cell strains had a half-life at -70° C. of about 3 years, whereas a second group had a half-life of 1–1.5 years.


Sir,

We describe a case where a blocked heat moisture exchange (HME) filter was missed in the pre-anaesthesia machine check leading to a potentially life-threatening situation.

An American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I, female patient was scheduled for exploratory laparotomy. Anaesthesia Machine (Datex Ohmeda S/5 Avance®) with disposable anaesthesia breathing circuit from "Airway Surgicals®," was used for the case. Anaesthesia machine was checked as per the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) recommendations, and standard monitoring recommended by AAGBI was attached to the patient.[1] The patient was pre-oxygenated and administered glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg, fentanyl 100 μg and propofol 120 mg intravenously. Once the patient stopped breathing, mask ventilation was attempted which was unsuccessful even after insertion of an oral airway. The immediate concern was that this was an unanticipated difficult airway. As the patient was apnoeic and adequately relaxed under the effect of propofol, the airway was quickly secured by endotracheal intubation. The airway resistance remained high after intubation and auscultation revealed a silent chest. Considering bronchospasm as a likely cause, intravenous hydrocortisone and vecuronium were administered and the depth of anaesthesia was increased with sevoflurane. There was no change in the resistance to ventilation, but the capnography showed a trace of low amplitude. As the reservoir bag felt different, some malfunction of the anaesthesia equipment was suspected. A non-rebreathing (AMBU) bag was connected with the filter and catheter mount in the circuit, but the air entry did not improve. The catheter mount and filter were removed immediately, and the AMBU bag was directly connected to the tube and the lungs could be ventilated easily. Air entry was bilaterally equal. ETCO2 trace was normal and airway pressure was also reduced. Auscultation of the chest showed clear breath sounds. It was evident that the problem was due to blocked filter which was immediately replaced. The surgery was completed and the patient made an uneventful recovery from anaesthesia.

The oxygen saturation did not drop below 96% at any point during the episode. Possibly, there was some air entry in the lungs through the blocked filter, and the actions described above were carried out swiftly with the help of other anaesthetists who were in the theatre complex.

On subsequent investigation, it was discovered that the two bag test was completed without connecting the HME filter and catheter mount.[2] Probably, the obstruction in the breathing system would have been picked up, had the circuit been completely assembled while checking. Obstructions in the anaesthesia breathing circuits have been reported due to various foreign bodies.[3]

We concluded that the HME filter had a manufacturing defect on the basis of elimination. The filter was dismantled and assessed. It consisted of two discs, one of green foam and another thin white papery disc. On using individual components of the filter, it was evident that the green foam of the filter was blocked. On pressing the oxygen flush, the blast could not be felt at the tube connector end. As there was no possible technique to confirm the structural defect in the foam, one possibility that can be considered is compression of the disc in the filter making them impermeable.

This report adequately delineates the importance of anticipating problems and finding prompt solutions by stepwise exclusion of apparatus failure. Anticipating trouble, innovating and learning from the experience of others are inherent in the anaesthesia community. An important learning point from this case is, in the event of 'Tight Bag' during anaesthesia, the anaesthesia circuit should be immediately replaced by the AMBU bag at the end of the endotracheal tube.[4] This will ensure that the patient is safely oxygenated while the equipment issues are resolved.

Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.

Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.


The Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Province of Los Rios is a public entity focused on carrying out projects and executing programs that guarantee the social, economic and productive development of the province of Los Rios, in order to improve the quality of life of the population riosence. It has a wide segregation of departments that join efforts to achieve the organizational objectives established in the planning of the institution, one of the departments that is part of this entity is the Directorate of Social Development.


Surface waters are the most vulnerable to pollution and variations in the hydrological cycle. These waters are polluted by anthropogenic pollutants such as pesticides from agricultural activities and heavy metals from agro-industrial activities. The waters of the San-Pedro River reservoir at the Faye dam are expected to be used for the drinking water supply of the population of the city of San-Pedro. The objective of this study is to assess the chemical quality of the water in the San-Pedro River at the Faye dam based on the calculation method of the Water Quality Index (WQI). Thirteen (13) stations were sampled during the four (4) climatic seasons in 2021 and 2022. These seasons are: the large dry season (LDS), large rainy season (LRS), small dry season (SDS), and small rainy season (SRS). Chemical analyses were conducted on 27 physico-chemical and chemical parameters. The results of the Water Quality Index calculation indicate water unsuitable for drinking in all seasons. The quality of these waters is influenced by trace metal elements (TME) with average WQIavg, TME values of 1079.6 864.5 3007.6 and 3645.2 in LDS, LRS, SDS, and SRS, respectively. On the other hand, organic parameters have a less significant influence on the quality of this water, as evidenced by WQI values of 35.7 in LDS 53.9 in LRS 80.1 in SDS and 33.5 in SRS. Therefore, this water requires appropriate treatment before any use.


The invention relates to an oar body comprising an oar hub and a plurality of oar blades connected to the oar hub. The oar body is characterized in that wheel rims are formed at the peripheries of the oar blades; gear teeth distributed along the circumferential direction are formed on the peripheral walls of the wheel rims; and two ends of the oar hub are conical streamline forms. The oar body has the advantages that the conventional rotating shaft structure is cancelled, one wheel rim is formed outside each oar blade, so that the rotation mode of the oar blades is changed from rotating shaft rotation in a rotation torque transmission method into wheel rim rotation, the oar blades of a screw propeller are rotated by engagement of gears on the wheel rim instead of rotation of a rotating shaft, a main engine of a ship and the screw propeller can be connected without a mechanical rotating shaft, and a propelling device without the rotating shaft is provided for the ship, thus the technical problem of the rotating shaft of a large ship is solved, and a cabin of the ship can be designed more flexibly; in addition, the oar blades are driven to rotate by using a gear engagement mode, the output power of the screw propeller can be greatly reduced under the same power, and therefore, the work efficiency of the ship is improved, the energy consumption is reduced, and the purpose of saving energy is achieved.


Objective To assess the effects and costs of oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot (tinea pedis). Methods Randomised controlled trials were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CNKI from the beginning of these databases to March 2006. Randomised controlled trials including participants who have a clinically diagnosed tinea pedis, confirmed by microscopy and growth of dermatophytes in culture were selected. Results Twelve trials, involving 700 participants, were included. Two trials showed that Terbinafine and Itraconazole were effective compared with placebo. No significant difference was detected between Terbinafine and Itraconazole; Fluconazole and either Itraconazole and Ketoconazole; or between Griseofulvin and Ketoconazole, although the trials were generally small. The two trials comparing Terbinafine and Griseofulvin produced a pooled difference in favour of Terbinafine's ability to cure infection. Adverse effects were reported for all drugs, with Gastrointestinal effects most commonly reported. Conclusions The evidence suggests that oral antifungal durgs are effective against tinea pedis, that Terbinafine is more effective than Griseofulvin and that Terbinafine and Itraconazole are more effective than no treatment, and that they cause stomach upsets and can be quite expensive.


Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors in women. The mortality of epithelial ovarian cancer accounted for the first place in various gynecological tumors. The aim of the present study was to explore the anti-effect of dendritic cell-cytokine induced killer cell (DC-CIK cell) in combination with paclitaxel/cisplatin (PXT/DDP) against ovarian cancer in mouse. We divided 30 mice into 6 groups by the different therapeutic approaches, which was respectively control group (A0), DC-CIK-1 group (A1), DC-CIK-2 group (A2), PXT/ DDP group (B0), PXT/DDP+DC-CIK-1 group (B1) and PXT/DDP+DC-CIK-2 group (B2). Tumor tissues morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The method of Td mediated dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect apoptosis of tumor cells. Natural kill cells (NK-cells), T lymphocytes (T-cells) and B lymphocytes (B-cells) were examined by flow cytometric analysis. The results showed that DC-CIK cell in combination with PXT/DDP significantly improved tumor morphology and promoted Skov-3 cells apoptosis. The combination therapy remarkably reduced microvessel density (MVD). The protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was inhibited dramatically in combination therapy groups. NK cells, T cells and B cells were up-regulated significantly. These results suggested that DC-CIK cell in combination with PXT/DDP significantly suppressed the tumor growth through inhibition of angiogenesis, which could significantly improve immune functions by increasing NK cells, T cells and B cells number. It could serve as a new approach for ovarian cancer treatment.


The establishment of Central Cooperative Banks (DCCB) at the District level was to serve as a link between the ultimate credit disbursing outlets, viz., Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies (PACS) at the village level and state Cooperative Banks (SCB) at the State level. The study aims at identifying the challenges before the District Cooperative Central banks (DCCB) in the context of reforms. PDCC was main credit source for rural masses of the district having network of 129 branches out of 246 in the district. Keeping its wide coverage of area, huge network of branches and dominance in priority sector advances in the district. In order to assess the performance of Central Cooperative Bank in the cooperative credit over a period, time series data with respect to deposits, share capital, working capital, loan advanced, outstanding recoveries, membership and overdue were collected for the period 1991 to 2014,from the available records at CCB, Parbhani. The cross section data were collected from PACS and farmer defaulters. Most of the analysis of factors that affect the overdue in crop loans are based on annual data from the calendar year 2014-15. The conclusions of the present study were as follows- The amount of overdues increased from Rs.497.93 lakhs to Rs.9425.36 lakhs in the study period. The average amount of overdue per society was Rs.6.51 lakhs. The average overdue amount at borrower level for marginal, small, medium and large farmer was Rs.2117, 5857, 10244 and 14144 respectively. Percentage of overdue was 3, 17, 39 and 41.Short term loan overdue was predominant which accounted for 94 per cent at institute level. The important reasons reported for non-repayment were inadequate farm income, absence of other sources of income, poor economic condition of defaulter, anticipation of debt relief, repayment of other loan dues and division of funds. The overdue upto 1 year at institute level contributed major portion i.e. 57 per cent to the total agricultural loan overdue. The short term loan overdue contributed 90 per cent defaulters and 92 per cent amount at borrower level. The loan overdue was positively correlated with caste, net cropped area, gross cropped area, net income, gross income and area under cash crops. Willful default contributed maximum overdue amount i.e. 62 per cent at overall level. Keywords: District Coop. Central bank, loan overdue, defaulter, outstanding recoveries.


Aiming at initial spare parts' characteristics of unstable fault rule and little historical data,a prediction model combining genetic algorithm,GM(1,1) model and RBF neural network was proposed in this paper.The model optimized the parameter of GM(1,1) model through genetic algorithm and gave the predictive values an error adjustment through RBF network.Lastly,half-year dada of an initial spare parts in new-plane troops was collected for the simulation of this model.The results show that the proposed model has high predictive precision comparing with GM(1,1) model and optimized GM(1,1) model,which can be applied in the short-term prediction of initial spare parts.


ABSTRACT Background: Contextual factors impact health the same way social and cultural conditions do. Women's health, with its varying dimensions, is also under the influence of biological, societal, and cultural contexts. This typical condition has been developed along the continuum of their life cycle, bearing close correlation with their lif style. Therefore, identifying those marices within which women's health behaviors are formed is important.This study aims at exploring the contextual factors affecting women's health in Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran. Methods: This study was carried out using a qualitative method, on a content analysis approach. Participants were 20 middle-aged women from Zahedan who entered the study with purposive sampling method. The method of collecting data was face-to- face and through conducting semi-structured interviews. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed, andreviewed, from which categories were extracted. The semantic similarities were revised and subcategories were identified, and then the related subcategories were arranged under one category. Results: Two main categories of "features of context-based structure" and "changes in the cultural context" prove to be the basis for health behaviors in women. As for the category of "characteristics of context-based structure", individual, familial and environmental characteristics were identified, and regarding the category of "changes in the cultural context", the context-based cultural features were identified. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that effective contextual factors influencing women's living conditions had a decisive role in their health behaviors. In fact, the context- based structure in association with the cultural changes that have occurred in the beliefs of men and women, have had a decisive role in the women's health behaviors.


Abstract|Infant Incubator Prototype Tool Based Microcontroller ATMega 8535 Maulana Jayadi Un- dergraduate Program, 2011 Gunadarma University http://www.gunadarma.ac.id Key Words: Temperature, Humidity, UV lamp, infant incubator ABSTRACT : Increasing rapidly on technological development of great help in developing the progress of obstetricians in the hospital medical equipment. In this case, infant incubator is a closed container that the temperature and humidity settings can be set automatically and are useful to warm the baby's body temperature. In this case, designed a portable incubator babies are easy to carry around - which is particularly useful for rural residents away from the hospital. In this portable infant incubator requires a stable humidity in the incubator so that the condition is maintained in accordance with the set point. Based on the reference, the temperature of babies born prematurely should be maintained at a temperature of 35 C - 37 C and humidity in the range 85


To identify factors that patients with prostate cancer believe to be important determinants in their decisions about future enrolment in clinical trials.


Abstract Objective To compare the genetic regulation of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) with that of pristane‐induced arthritis (PIA) in rats. Methods A genome‐wide linkage analysis of an (E3 × DA)DA backcross of rats with CIA (n = 364 male rats; the same strain combinations as previously used to determine the genetic control of PIA) was performed. The strongest loci in both CIA and PIA (i.e., Cia12/Pia4 and Cia13/Pia7) were isolated in congenic strains. Susceptibility in both congenic strains was tested in rats with CIA and in rats with PIA. Results We found a striking, although not complete, similarity of the arthritis‐controlling loci in CIA and in PIA, as well as the previously defined loci associated with cartilage destruction, antibody production, and the acute‐phase response. All major PIA quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in early severe arthritis were also strong regulators of CIA. The 2 strongest QTLs, Cia12/Pia4 on chromosome 12 and Cia13/Pia7 on chromosome 4, were also analyzed in congenic strains with DA or E3 as the background genome. Consistent with the results of linkage analysis, the congenic strain experiments showed that the chromosome 4 locus was more penetrant in CIA than in PIA, while the chromosome 12 locus almost completely dominated the control of PIA severity. Conclusion The underlying genetic control of CIA was found to have many, but not all, pathogenic mechanisms in common with PIA, despite the use of a cartilage‐specific antigen (type II collagen) to induce CIA but not PIA.


Schrödinger's solution of both the relativistic and the nonrelativistic Coulomb problem in its Wave Mechanics formulation is reviewed. 1 The Wave Equations Schrödinger's derivation of a wave equation for a particle of mass m began with the relativistic dispersion relation for the free particle: ppμ = gμνp p = (mc). In terms of the energy E and the three-momentum p this is E − (pc) = (mc) (1) Interaction of a particle of charge q with the electromagnetic field is described by the Principle of Minimal Electromagnetic Coupling: pμ → πμ = pμ− qcAμ, where the four-vector potential A consists of the scalar potential Φ and the vector potential A. These obey B = ∇× A and E = −∇Φ− 1c ∂A ∂t . For an electron q = −e, where e is the charge on the proton, positive by convention. In the Coulomb field established by a proton, Φ = e/r and A = 0, so that E → E+e/r. Here r is the proton-electron distance. The Schrödinger prescription for converting a dispersion relation to a wave equation is to replace p → (~/i)∇ and allow the resulting equation to act on a spacial function ψ(x). This prescription results in the wave equation KleinGordon Equation: { E − (mc) + 2E ( e r ) + ( e r )2 − (−i~c∇) }


Higher alcohols, produced by chemical reactions among proteins, amino acids and sugar etc. under the action of enzymes, is the aromatic ingredients and flavoring components in Baijiu(liquor). Adequate amount of higher alcohols could enhance the mellow and soft taste of Baijiu(liquor). However, excessive content of higher alcohols in liquor is harmful for peoples' health. In recent years, based on the fermenting rules of fermented grains, some saccharifying agents and fermenting agents were added in liquor-making to reduce higher alcohols content in Baijiu(liquor). In this paper, the addition of liquor-making enzymes such as α-amylase, saccharifying enzyme, proteinase and cellulase etc. for the control of higher alcohols content and further to ensure liquor quality was introduced in details.


The preterm labor is the presence of regular uterine dynamics with cervical changes from 22.0 to 36.6 weeks of gestation. This is a quantitative, retrospective, descriptive, cross- sectional study, performed in the Teofilo Davila Hospital from Machala city in the period January-June 2016; whose objectives were: To establish the prevalence of preterm labor and its presentation according to weeks of gestation; to know the results of the management according to drugs used and clinical evolution; to determine if there was clinical improvement according to dose administered; and to know if the management is carried out in accordance with the Protocol of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador. The universe was constituted by 159 patients and the sample by 82 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Data collection forms made by the author were used to record the information obtained from the clinical records of the statistics department, obtaining as results: prevalence of preterm labor of 23% (n=159) presenting 67% (n=55) between 32-36,6 weeks of gestation. In 100% (n=82) of cases Nifedipine was used, with 78% (n=64) success. The most used dosage was: loading dose of 10mg c/20 min. (3 times) and maintenance dose of 10mg c/6-8h for more than 72 hours, being effective in 68% (n=28). The management differs to the protocol in which the maintenance dose is lower than that established and is administered for more than 72 hours in 88% (n=72) of patients.
Keywords: Preterm labor, tocolytic management.


The increasing numbers of residential settings for older and retired people in industrial societies offer anthropologists a remarkable opportunity to observe the aging in process. Aging is a natural process, and it points to a different meaning in each culture and societies. This study was able to identify a number of important factors relating to aging including a) how God is important for elder people, b) how their social relation to each other is, c) what kind of factors affect their social relations, and d) why the effects of social change is a key concern for old people. I found three important key themes. The first key theme supported some researchers' opinions that religion plays a more important role in old age. This second theme is also stated by other researchers, old people think that the social networks and relations were much better in the olden days. The last theme is the social relations in old age. Some researchers said that elder people are friendly and they like to spend time together. However, at Gaziantep Destitute Centre, most of the participants reported that they did not like spending time together with the other residents.


Koh (1) correctly notes that gemcitabine elicits two mechanisms of action, but proposes that chain termination predominates. We believe its ability to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase and deplete dNTP is more critical (2). We have previously discussed our rationale for this position (3). Both mechanisms result in S phase arrest and then replication catastrophe upon addition of a CHK1 inhibitor. Koh agrees with this conclusion (4). His primary concern is that we use high concentrations of gemcitabine. Our experiments are designed to reflect clinically relevant concentrations and schedules. Patients receive gemcitabine by a short infusion, and it is cleared rapidly from plasma. Accordingly, we incubate cells briefly with gemcitabine. After removal, cells continue to accumulate in S phase as observed in vitro, xenografts, and human tumors (3). The CHK1 inhibitor is most effective when administered after cells arrest in S phase (5). In contrast, Koh incubated cells with gemcitabine and CHK1 inhibitor continuously for 72 h (4), neither of which is a clinically relevant schedule. Koh notes his low concentrations of gemcitabine permit continued proliferation for 72 h (4). These low concentrations are not clinically relevant as the standard dose (1000 mg/m) causes durable S phase arrest in the tumor cells (3). We also showed that considerably lower concentrations of gemcitabine in xenograft models exhibited durable S phase arrest (3). Consequently, low concentrations of gemcitabine that permit ongoing replication have little relevance to the clinical administration of these drugs. Consequently, we believe our experimental design is far more relevant to human patients.


Abstract – This article offers a brief historical overview of the rise and growing social significance of homeowners associations in the United States. With the spread of business corporations in the late nineteenth century, private ownership of American business property increasingly became collective. Since the 1970s, homeowners associations have extended this fundamental collectivizing trend to private ownership of residential property. Homeowners associations are replacing public zoning in the United States as the primary instrument by which the close interdependencies of properties in residential neighborhoods are controlled. By 2009, there were more than 160,000 homeowners associations in the United States. This article is part of a special mini-symposium on HOAs as Private Governments in the July/August 2011 issue of the Public Administration Review.


Globalisation has subverted the developmental state. This chapter explores one of the central issues of this volume: the extent to which global market conditions are producing deep-seated changes in the distinctive form of East Asian political economy, which is given the generic label of the developmental state. A major contention of this chapter is that different state forms are nested within different structures of global governance. From this perspective, the developmental state, and for that matter the Western European welfare ...


In the disposal of urban and rural garbage, diaper waste has emerged as a new phenomenon. If this kind of waste is put into a river, it will harm the water environment because the earth cannot quickly break down it. This study aims to clarify the efficacy of counseling communication in raising public knowledge of postal waste management (disposable diapers). Bibliometric analysis is used in this quantitative descriptive study. The objective is to get fresh data on the investigation of extension communication to raise public knowledge of the disposal of pospak waste. Google Scholar and Crossref, two publisher sources, were used to gather the data. Through Publish or Perish, you can access articles from both sources. After gathering the data, VOS viewer is used to analyzing it. The results of the study indicate that counseling information is still an exciting topic in increasing public awareness. The importance of communication in handling waste is included in cluster 5. While public awareness in handling waste is included in cluster 3. The study of "Waste Management" is a point of attention of researchers which can be found in 8 clusters on research topics.


This article is meant to serve as a brief introduction/review for non-laser chemists of the application of intense, pulsed infrared laser radiation to organic molecules. The topics discussed demonstrate that pulsed infrared laser radiation in many instances is a unique method of inducing or augmenting organic reactions and does not merely resemble conventional heating processes. Examples are presented of laser-specific molecular selectivity, laser-controlled chemical equilibria, inducement of the high energy reaction channel in bifunctional reactants, sensitized organic reactions, and reactions in solids and at gas-solid interfaces. It is obvious from the relatively few literature reports that the application of infrared laser photochemistry to organic chemical systems is in its infancy.


Australian Museum science is freely accessible online at http: / /publ icat ions .aust ra l ianmuseum.net .au 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Austral ia nature culture discover Leighton Kesteven, H., 1944. The evolution of the skull and the cephalic muscles: a comparative study of their development and adult morphology. Part III. The Sauria. Reptilia. Australian Museum Memoir 8(3): 237–269. [19 May 1944].


Micro-Doppler (MD)-based target classification capabilities of automotive radars can provide high reliability and short latency to future active safety automotive features. A large number of pedestrians surrounding a vehicle in practical urban scenarios mandate prioritization of their treatment level. Distinguishing between relevant pedestrians that are crossing the street or are within the vehicle path and those that are on the sidewalks and are moving along the vehicle route can significantly minimize the number of vehicle-to-pedestrian accidents. This work proposes a novel technique for estimating a pedestrian direction of motion that treats pedestrians as complex distributed targets and utilizes their MD radar signatures. The MD signatures are shown to be indicative of pedestrian direction of motion, and a supervised regression is used to estimate the mapping between the directions of motion and the corresponding MD signatures. In order to achieve higher regression performance, a state-of-the-art sparse dictionary learning-based feature extraction algorithm was adopted from the field of computer vision by drawing a parallel between the Doppler effect and the video temporal gradient. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in practical automotive scenario simulations, where a walking pedestrian is observed by a multiple-input/multiple-output automotive radar with a two-dimensional rectangular array. The simulated data was generated using the statistical Boulic-Thalman human locomotion model. Accurate direction of motion estimation was achieved by using support vector regression and multilayer perceptron-based regression algorithms. The results show that the direction estimation error is less than 10° in 95% of the tested cases for pedestrian at a range of 100 m from the radar.


The rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of rumen escape dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and metabolically essential amino acids (EAA) for canola meal (CM) from five different processing plants (samples 1–5) and one sample of soybean meal (SBM) were compared. Rumen degradability was estimated by incubating sample-filled small nylon bags in situ in the rumen of steers for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 30 h. Postruminal digestion was estimated using a sequence of ruminal in situ incubations for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 h, in vitro incubation in an acid-pepsin solution and a mobile nylon bag technique distal to the abomasum. The rumen escape of nutrients for CM1 was consistently lower compared to other CM samples, while CM4 resulted in the highest escape of nutrients at 30 h. An estimate of maximum degradability of EAA measured at 30 h differed among CM samples, with the rumen escape of EAA being CM4 > CM2 = CM5 ≥ CM1 = CM3 > SBM. The DM, N and EAA content of mobile bag residues was relatively uniform among CM sample...


The article aims at the situations in liaoningsheng's petroleum refinery industry.At first it summarizes the difficulties in surviving and developing in liaoning's petroleum refinery industry in recent years,and then applies principal component analysis and cluster analysis.finally,the article which bases on intensive study and detailed investigation,comes up with relevant counter measures for promoting the industry competence of liaoning petroleum refinery from social level,industrial level,corporate level.


Reproductive Endocrinology S S C Yen & R B Jaffe (ed) pp 579 £28 Eastbourne: Holt-Saunders 1978 There are now many books on reproductive endocrinology but none, I believe, to match this for sheer quality in almost every respect. It has a most distinguished list of authors and the editors, who themselves contribute a major part of the work, are justifiably in the highest international ranking. The extent and depth of coverage is profound, the text admirably readable, the illustrations profuse and lucid and the general standard of production superb. All these superlatives must seem a little suspicious, but I believe they are fully justified. Each chapter is followed by a list of references, many ofimpressive length (e.g. 305 for the chapter: 'Practical Evaluation ofHormonal Status') but the editors do not claim exhaustiveness. There is no author index, which some might regard as an unfortunate omission. The subject index is good but not perfect (I noted, for example, the omission of the eponyms for the galactorrhoeaamenorrhoea syndrome though all three appear in the text). These minor criticisms notwithstanding, this is unquestionably a best buy. G I M SWYER Consultant Endocrinologist (Retired) University College Hospital


As important literatures recording scientific activities,technical reports play irreplaceable role in research management.Through various channels of investigation,the authors drew a clear map of the research management the European Union.Based on this map,the authors introduced the European administrative system of technical reports.


Spatial resolution is one of the most important characteristics of a radar image. Significant limitations in communication regulations should be taken into account concerning radar facilities in long-wave frequency ranges (P or VHF). These limitations do not allow high resolution of a radar facility. The article presents a possible conceptual design of a small spacecraft with a bistatic dual-frequency P-VHF radar facility. The system under consideration is characterized by the displacement of the transmitting station in the process of imaging and stationary position of the receiving station. The synchronization of the system is ensured by organizing a direct channel of signal propagation between the transmitter and receiver. The distinctive feature of the system is simultaneous radiation of direct impulses of the space-borne radio transmitting device in two bands. The influence of the atmosphere on the radar resolution is compensated as a result of joint processing at the ground receiving station. It is expected that total spatial resolution can be brought up to 2 meters due to the simultaneous operation in dual-frequency ranges. The results of a full-scale ground-based experiment simulating the work of the proposed radar complex are presented in the article.


After a brief discussion of the historiography of the fur trade in part one, the authors go on in part two to detail the spatial and institutional structure of the fur trade. The key figures which bridged the gap between European and Native cultures were the Hudson's Bay Company factor and Indian trading captain. The interaction between these diverse cultures was not always smooth because neither side had much understanding of the others' basic values. Unfortunately, we are not given an analysis of how the trading ceremony developed over time. Instead, it is presented as a fixed and unchanging form with the exception of the increasing importance of alcohol.


Let ZG be the integral group ring of a group G and A(G) be its augmentation ideal. For each n >_ 1, the subgroup Dn(G) G N (1 + An(G)) is the n-th dimension subgroup of G. It is easily verified that Dn(G) _ vn(G), the n-th term of the lower central series of G. The validity of the reverse inequality, namely, Dn(G) c_ n(G), is known as the dimension subgroup problem for G. Rips [8] has constructed an example of a finite 2-group such that D4(G) "Y4(G). On the other hand, a well-known result due to P. Hall and S.A. Jennings states that if the lower central factors "yk(G)/'yk/ I(G) are torsion free for all k >_ 1, then Dn(G) vn(G) for all n >_ 1 (cf. [6, Corollary 3.1]). In particular, it follows that if G F/F" is a free metabelian group, then Dn(G) n(G) for all n. For a free center-by-metabelian group G= F/[F", F], the lower central factors have elementary abelian 2-subgroups (Ridley [7], Hurley [5]), and hence these groups are not covered by the Hall-Jennings result. The purpose of this paper is to prove that if G is a free center-by-metabelian group, then D(G)= ,n(G) for all n. This answers a question of I.B.S. Passi (verbal communication). In terms of the free group ring ZF, with G F/R, the dimension subgroup problem reduces to identifying the subgroup F N (1 + r + |n) as R. n(F), where f=A(F)=ZF(F-1) and r=ZF(R-1). If R=[F",F], then r |af, where a ZF(F'1), so as a first approximation to the identification of F (1 + r + In), in Section 3 we identify F (1 + far + f n) for all n. (The identification F t (1 + Ia + n) F" /n(F) for all n has been shown by N.D. Gupta [2]).


Hypertension, either high blood pressure or pulmonary hypertension, both affect the life of patients in many ways.

Does Pulmonary hypertension similar to high blood pressure?
Does it affect old age people or the neonatal age groups also?
What were the reasons for pulmonary hypertension?
Does pulmonary hypertension manageable with modern and traditional drugs?

The purpose of the literature review is to identify the targeted therapy for pulmonary hypertension and also include the plants that may be effective for the management of pulmonary hypertension.

The author has reviewed many targeted drugs that are presently used, and many are in research that was found effective in making the life of patients as normal as possible.
They also reviewed about 15 herbal plants which were found effective in the management of the disease.
As pulmonary hypertension is not treatable, it can only be managed by changing lifestyle and food habits; therefore, the authors emphasized reviewing the traditional approach for the management of pulmonary hypertension.


We present the K-grid, a structure for storage and retrieval of affective knowledge. The K-grid is an ubiquitous-affective computing structure that can be used to capture and disseminate affectively laden knowledge, based on activities and past experiences. The knowledge is recorded in special substructures (Knodes) which are initially linked sequentially, based on the chronological order of their creation, to form Klines. Then, an interpolation process is used to fill in missing parts of the K-nodes. Subsequently, a clustering mechanism is used to amalgamate the formed K-lines into a final structure, the K-grid. A navigation mechanism is also proposed, for extraction of information from the K-grid, once the K-grid is formed.


Background: Cancer is one of the most significant causes of death. Plants with anti-cancer effects have shown to eliminate tumor cells by the induction of apoptosis. Objectives: The present study aimed at investigating the apoptotic effects of 3 Euphorbia native species (E. microciadia Boiss, E. osyridea Boiss, and E. heteradenia Jaub. & Sp.). Methods: Cell lines with the strongest sensitivity to the extracts including HeLa for E. microciadia, K562 for E. heteradenia, and Fen for E. osyridea were investigated for the effects of the plants' hexane extracts on the induction of apoptosis, according to annexin V/propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry. We used real-time PCR to evaluate the changes in expressions of genes related to the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Results: Flow cytometry results indicated that 50 μg/mL of all the extracts induced apoptosis in more than 60% of treated cells. Administration of the extracts resulted in increased caspase-3 activity for all treated cell lines. Real-time PCR results showed decreased B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and increased Bax and Fas mRNA levels in cells treated with the extracts. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in cells treated with 50μg/mL of E. microciadia was 29.25 ± 12.0 (P < 0.05) and for 100 μg/mL of E. heteradenia. and E. osyridea was 30.2 ± 13.0 (P < 0.05) and 22.2 ± 2.4 (P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The studied plants have shown remarkable apoptosis-inducing effects on tumor cell lines by affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Additional studies in terms of their beneficial effects as natural sources of potential anti-cancer agents will be necessary.


Using lightweight individual gauge bridge connector provides a connection of the metal stud and the bridge member. Bridge connector has a joint cut offset the junction cuts and longitudinal tear drop shape, by the cut, tighten the metal stud web more effectively.


CURRENT RESEARCII IN JOURNALISM and communications shows 332 staffand doctoral-degree projects distributed among 35 schools and departments of journalism. In addition, 16 of the schools have reported the completion of 89 masters' theses since the last research report in the Spring 1960 issue of the QUARTERLY. Staff studies total 298 and doctoral dissertations 49; 15 doctoral titles are included as double entries in staff research because the degree candidates are employed as journalism teachers. The number of research projects reported for 1960 is down in each category from the 387 staff studies, 56 doctoral dissertations and 139 masters' theses listed for 1959. Forty-nine schools and departments of journalism submitted reports a year ago. However, the decline in numbers is not necessarily a meaningful measurement of research work in progress. This year's report specifically eliminated "static" research listings, that is, those carried over from year to year but not completed. The current report contains only those studies started in 1960 and those which, if hitherto reported, were definitely completed. Of the 298 staff studies, 99 are reported as completed; of the 49 doctoral dissertations, 24 have been completed. There were 20 completed Ph. D. degrees reported for 1959. Twenty-four of the staff studies are offered as prospective books, of which three have been completed and apparently are ready for publication; three others are portions of other books: and one is a study translated into an Asian language. As has been the case for several years, the largest number of individual studies are being conducted in the analysis and measurement fields of communications : audience analysis, communication processes and effects, communicator analysis, content analysis and research methods. More than a third of all the studies-127 of them-are among this group, with 44 in audience analysis alone. Social studies, including history and biography, law, public opinion and propaganda, and public relations, account for 73 projects. There are 42 studies in business and technical areas of communications, 24 in editorial techniques of newspaper and magazine, 24 in foreign communications and 19 in radio and television. Education for journalism, high school journalism and a few miscellaneous studies make up the remainder. Of the 35 schools and departments reporting, 10 of the largest journalism and communications divisions account for 2 17 of the 332 staff and doctoral studies, or 65%. Each of these 10 has from 10 to more than 40 studies. The University of Wisconsin, with its Communications Research Center, its School of Journalism and its Department of Agricultural Journalism, leads with 45 projects. Minnesota is second with 36 and Illinois third with 26. Others among the 10 leaders are Michigan State, Indiana, Iowa, Stanford, Syracuse, Washington and California (Los Angeles).


This chapter introduces basic concepts that are required for the understanding of two-dimensional graphics. Almost all output devices for graphics like computer monitors or printers are pixel-oriented. Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between the representation of images on these devices and the model of the image itself which is usually not pixel-oriented, but defined as scalable vector graphics, i.e., floating point values are used for coordinates.


Various acyl-acyl carrier protein intermediates in saturated and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were tested as substrates for β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase. With both classes of substrates the condensing enzyme in fatty biosynthesis demonstrates specificities which indicate that it might be an important factor in determining fatty acid chain length in Escherichia coli.


In this research, the aim is to carry out the language translation, validity and reliability studies of The Measure of Creative Thinking in Music (MCTM), developed by Peter R. Webster. Parallel to these aims, at first the language translation of the MCTM was provided, then reliability and validity studies were completed with a study group, consisting of 102 (3rd and 4th grade) students. Within the context of these studies; a survey of demographic information Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, The Test of Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words was used with MCTM. The results revealed that the MCTM has reliability and validity in Turkey conditions. Key words: Creative thinking in music, measure of creative thinking in music


Some diatom exudates may remain attached to the exterior cell surface, potentially altering cell stickiness and affecting important aspects of the diatom's ecology such as aggregation rates and grazing rates. We measured the accumulation of cell‐surface sugar‐containing compounds by labeling cultured marine diatoms with fluorescent‐tagged sugar‐binding lectins and measuring the fluorescence associated with each cell using flow cytometry. The binding of FITC‐labeled concanavalin A (FITC‐ConA), a lectin that binds to glucose and mannose residues, varied 5‐fold among different diatom species in exponential growth (on a per‐cell basis) and 2–3‐fold within a given species in different physiological states. Although transparent exopolymer particles followed a simple accumulation curve over time in batch culture, FITC‐ConA. cell‐1 did not follow the same pattern, suggesting that surface sugar accumulation is not driven simply by the accumulation of such particles in the medium. For Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle and Heimdal (3H clone), the amount of sugar‐containing compounds on the cell surface increased transiently as growth rate slowed in early stationary phase under both N and Si limitation. For Chaetoceros neogracile (Schuett) van Landingham, FITC‐ConA. cell‐1had a strong inverse relationship with growth rate across several Si‐limited batch culture experiments. Both results suggest some biological mediation of cell‐surface sugar‐containing compounds. Our study reveals the great potential for using lectin binding to investigate cell‐surface sugars on diatoms. Lectins allow us to investigate noninvasively the role of cell‐surface sugar‐containing compounds in modifying cell stickiness and aggregation, as well as the partitioning of exuded phytoplankton carbon. We suggest that cell‐surface sugar accumulation may be related to diatom stickiness, based on a correlation between our FITC‐ConA measurements and stickiness estimates in the literature on several of the species we studied.


Regional gravity and aeromagnetic surveys covering about 1,000 square miles have been made in the La Sal Mountains area of southeast Utah and southwest Colorado as part of a program of geophysical studies of the Colorado Plateau. Major geologic features are the laccolithic La Sal Mountains, and parts of the northwestward-trending salt anticlines at Castle, Fisher, Spanish, Sinbad, and Paradox Valleys, and at Pine Ridge. Sedimentary rocks exposed in the area include marine beds of Pennsylvanian and Permian (?) age; continental beds of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous age; and marine beds of Late Cretaceous age. Marine beds of Mississippian, Devonian, and Cambrian age have been penetrated by deep wells. The densities of most of the sedimentary rocks range from 2.5 to 2.65 g per cm3, but evaporites of Pennsylvanian age, which form the cores of the salt anticlines, have densities of about 2.2 to 2.3 g per cm3 . The igneous intrusions comprising the three laccolithic groups of the La Sal Mountains are of latest Cretaceous or early to middle Tertiary age. The intrusive rocks are diorite porphyry, monzonite porphyry, and syenite porphyry. They have an average density of about 2.61 g per cm3 and an average magnetic susceptibility of about 0.002 cgs units, as determined by sampling. The salt anticlines and the laccolithic intrusions at North and South Montains trend northwestward, parallel to the structural front of the Uncompahgre uplift and to the axis of Sagers Wash syncline. In these areas the igneous rocks were injected along the strike of older salt anticlines. Steepened regional gravity and magnetic gradients along Paradox Valley salt anticline and North Mountain are apparently related to northwestward-trending basement faults or warps, so that deep-seated structural control is indicated for the positions of the salt anticline and the igneous intrusions. Other prominent zones of steepened regional gravity gradients, which coincide in trend with magnetic contours, are also apparently related to structural and lithologic changes in the Precambrian basement rocks. These indicated basement structural zones trend east-west between South Mountain and Kane Springs Canyon and northeast between Pack Creek and North Mountain. Basement rocks are probably shallower, and possibly more dense, south of and beneath the La Sal Mountains than at Polar Mesa and at Spanish, Fisher, and Sinbad Valleys. A broad zone of comparatively flat magnetic gradient extending beneath the La Sal Mountains indicates that the basement rocks are uniformly magnetized and are probably of low to moderate magnetization. The salt anticlines of the area are left-laterally offset alo^g a zone extending northeastward from Pack Creek past Pol^r Mesa. This zone of offset coincides with northeastward-trending gravity and magnetic contours, indicating that Pennsylranian, or earlier, faulting of the Precambrian basement may have occurred. The igneous intrusions at North Mountain were emplaced near the intersection of the inferred northeastwardtrending basement fault with the northwestward-trending barement fault which extends from Paradox Valley to North Mountain. Amplitudes of the salt cores of the anticlines at Fisher and Castle Valleys are indicated by gravity minima to be about 10,000 and 7,000 feet, respectively. Thickened salt of Castle Valley anticline apparently extends beneath the northwest laccoliths of North Mountain and may be continuous at depth with thickened salt of the Paradox Valley anticline. Thickened salt may also extend partly beneath South Mountain, according to available geologic and gravity evidence. High-gradient magnetic anomalies closely reflect the are^.l pattern of the igneous intrusions of the mountains. Analysis of the anomaly at North Mountain indicates that the average aggregate thickness of the laccoliths, exclusive of a central feeder stock, is about 2,000 to 2,500 feet At South Mountain the maximum thickness of the laccoliths may be 4,000 to 5,000 feet. There is no magnetic indication of a parent body froti which the laccolithic complex was derived, therefore, any such body probably lies at comparatively great depth.


Objective: Enhanced knowledge retention and a preference towards a deep learning approach are desirable pedagogical outcomes of case-based learning (CBL). The CBL literature is sparse with respect to these outcomes, and this is especially so in the area of biochemistry. The present study determined the effect of CBL vs. non CBL on knowledge retention in an undergraduate biochemistry course; it also investigated associations of learning approach, age and gender. Methods: We used the Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire, a retention test, final exam grades and other demographic information to statistically compare academic outcomes of students subjected to either CBL or non-CBL active learning techniques. Results: We showed that students exposed to CBL in a second year course performed significantly better on a retention test conducted nine months after the final exam, and that there was a positive correlation between a deep learning approach and higher retention scores. We did not find an association between gender and age with the retention of biochemistry concepts. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that use of CBL in undergraduate biochemistry education may confer benefits in terms of retention of knowledge of key concepts.


Coupling from tapered fibers into the whispering gallery modes of the optofluidic ring resonator is investigated analytically. By adjusting the taper diameter to match the propagation constant of the mode in the taper with that of the resonant mode of interest, the mode with the best sensing capability can be excited selectively and efficiently.


Cognitive radio (CR) is proposed as a promising solution to resolve the spectrum resource scarcity. The premise to implement CR is not to introduce harmful interference to the licensed users (LU). This constraint makes interference estimation becoming very important. In this paper, we perform a quantitative analysis of the aggregation interference at the LU's receiver. We develop two multi-cell models for interference estimation based on spectrum sensing. A comprehensive analysis about the distribution of the aggregation interference is given by taking account of the architecture of multi-cells, sensing sensitivity, the distribution of the cognitive radios, and the underlying propagation environment. Numerical results validate the analysis.


The concept of halalan tayyiban is very central to a Muslim spiritual life, it has a direct influence on the true practice and fulfilling the religious obligations as demanded by Almighty Allah. The centrality of this concept attracted and still attracts numerous studies, which cover a multiplicity of topics ranging from mainly branding to scientific technicalities involved in the production of permissible consumable products during modern times. This study will focus on the implication and influence of halalan tayyiban on Muslim decent spiritual life and how this relates to al-Ghazali's concept of breaking the two desires—food and sex. The study uses a descriptive analytical approach which is mainly interpretative in form of textual commentary. The study observed that a combination of these two concepts will lead to a more refined understanding of the concept of halalan tayyiban and its influence on one's spiritual life.


This study aims to determine the contribution of biomotor and psychomotor factors that determine pencak silat front kick ability. The study uses quantitative methods and confirmatory factor analysis design. This type of research used in this research is correlational research with confirmatory factor analysis design that confirms the relationship of indicator variables with latent variables that determine the ability of the front kick pencak silat. Data collection is processed and analyzed using a computer-based application Statistics SPSS (Product Statistics and Service Solutions) Version 23 and using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and Bartlett Test. The sample is a part or representative being studied. As a sample it is better to have the same characteristics as a population so that you can draw a picture of the population. The population and sample in this study were all students fostering the achievement of Pencak Silat UKM PSHT Sebelas Maret University with a total of 25 students. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling.The technique in collecting data uses tests and measurements. The results of the study are as follows: analysis of biomotor and psychomotor factors that determine the ability of the pencak silat front kick above, the biomotor and psychomotor factors that determine the ability of the front kick of pencak silat (H0 accepted) or those that have a factor component value of ≥ 0.5 are: Biomotor and psychomotor factors that contribute to determining the ability of pencak silat front kicks 1. Power of leg muscles with a factor component value of 0.92 2. Flexibility with a factor component value of 0.43 3. Power the abdominal muscles with a factor component value of 0.53 4. The balance with the factor component value is 0.91 5. Agility with a factor component value of 0.24 The results of the statistical analysis of biomotor and psychomotor factors that contribute to determining the ability of the front kick of pencak silat are leg muscle power (0.92), balance (0.91), abdominal muscle power (0.53), flexibility (0.42), and agility (0.24).


This paper designs Financial House of Quality and establishes a relational matrix between financial demand quality and elements of financial quality and a correlation matrix among elements of financial quality. Financial House of Quality is a new method for evaluating the financial quality and deciding the key items in improving financial quality of a company.


The winding is of the coil type in oblique layers with planar coils with change from one turn to the next by offset. Winding, in a half section through a plane containing its axis, has the shape of a trapezium ensuring excellent stability during winding, which prevents lateral retaining flanges. The winding process is to start winding the turns so as to form in said section, a triangle (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 9, 4, 1) until such time as its height reaches the small base height (16, 17, 24, 25) of the trapezium of the finished coil, and then to grow the coil along the axis of the coil by successive removals of layers oblique descending turns (17, 18, 19, 20) and riser (21, 22, 23, 24) alternately.


At this time, a lot of people in investing. Many investors do not rely on
rational concepts and considerations in investing. Investment decision making
theoretically has consideration to decide which investment will be selected, such
as perception of risk to consider risk which will be faced in the future. Based on
the phenomenon, this study aims to determine the effect of financial literacy,
internal locus of control, and risk perceptions of investment decision-making. This
study was conducted in the middle of Gresik area, with the number of respondents
as many as 153 people with most of the work become entrepreneurs, with a
minimum income of Rp 3,000,000 per month. This study used the analysis
technique used is multiple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate
that internal locus of control and risk perceptions have a significant positive effect
on investment decision making, while financial literacy has an insignificant
positive effect on investment decision making.
Keywords: Financial Literacy, Locus Of Control Iinternal, Risk Perception,
Investment Decision Making


Abstract Experimental results of a high-harmonic gyro-klystron amplifier are presented along with small-signal theory and large-signal simulation data. In this device, axis-encircling electrons interact synchronously with high-order azimuthal cylindrical-cavity TE modes. Gain in excess of 20 dB has been achieved at the fifth and sixth harmonics of the cyclotron frequency. The requisite high-energy beam is provided by a gyro-resonant RF accelerator. Harmonic operation together with RF acceleration potentially constitute a compact high-power high-frequency amplifier.


In this paper, fuzzy stress strengths RF=P(Y≺X) and traditional stress strengths R=P(Y<X) are considered and compared when X and Y are independently inverse Weibull random variables. When axiomatic fuzzy set theory is taken into account in the stress–strength inference, it enables the generation of more precise studies on the underlying systems. We discuss estimating both conventional and fuzzy models of stress strength utilizing a maximum product of spacing, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Simulations based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method are used to produce various estimators of conventional and fuzzy dependability of stress strength for the inverse Weibull model. To generate both conventional and fuzzy models of dependability, we use the Metropolis–Hastings method while performing Bayesian estimation. In conclusion, we will examine a scenario taken from actual life and apply a real-world data application to validate the accuracy of the provided estimators.


Abstract. Suzuki recently gave constructions of non-discrete examples of locally compact C*-simple groups and Raum showed C∗-simplicity of the relative profinite completions of the Baumslag-Solitar groups by using Suzuki's results. We extend this result to some fundamental groups of graphs of groups called generalized BaumslagSolitar groups. In this article, we focus on some sufficient condition to show that these locally compact groups are C∗-simple and that KMS-weights of these reduced group C∗-algebras are unique. This condition is an analogue of the Powers averaging property of discrete groups and holds for several currently known constructions of non-discrete C∗-simple groups.


For the proposed Moscow-TRIUMF-Spectrometer it is desired to inject axially, with the minimum possible creation of azimuthal momentum, a beam of 4.1 MeV p+ into a 3 T field produced by coaxial coils. It is shown that an external coil, acting as a converging lens, with axial field antiparallel to the axial field of the spectometer, imparts to a low divergence input beam azimuthal momentum of opposite Sense to that produced by the spectrometer field. A coil located inside the iron shield of the spectrometer, adjacent to the shield end cap, shifts part of the spectrometer radial field into a region of low axial field where the converging rays from the exterior lens are close to the symmetry axis and, so, experience a weak radial field. It is shown that such a configuration reduces the transverse momentum at the expcrimental target to about l/6 the value obtained when the two extra coils are turned off.


In this study, we developed a snake robot that goes through a branch point on exterior of a pipe in a helical shape. A hyperbolic function is utilised to generate a wave along the helical curve. The joint angles of the snake robot are derived by calculating the curvature and torsion of the curve by using the formula of the continuous curve model. We implemented the new motion in a real snake robot by considering parameters of the curve. In addition, we propose a method to compensate for the effect of gravity to achieve the motion by a real snake robot. Experimental results are shown to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Abstract: Regional differences in neurotensin metabolism and the peptidases involved were studied using intact, viable rat brain microslices and specific peptidase inhibitors. Regional brain slices (2 mm X 230 μm) prepared from nucleus accumbens, caudate‐putamen, and hippocampus were incubated for 2 h in the absence and presence of phosphoramidon, captopril, N‐[1(R,S)‐carboxy‐3‐phenylpropyl]‐Ala‐Ala‐Phe‐p‐ aminobenzoate, and o‐Phenanthroline, which are inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase 24.11, angiotensin‐converting enzyme, metalloendopeptidase 24.15, and nonspecific metallopeptidases, respectively. Neurotensin‐degrading proteolytic activity varied by brain region. Significantly less (35.0 ± 1.6%) neurotensin was lost from hippocampus than from caudateputamen (45.4 ± 1.0%) or nucleus accumbens (47.8 ± 1.1%) in the absence of inhibitors. Peptidases responsible for neurotensin metabolism on brain slices were found to be predominantly metallopeptidases. Metalloendopeptidase 24.15 is of major importance in neurotensin metabolism in each brain region studied. The relative contribution of specific peptidases to neurotensin metabolism also varied by brain region; angiotensin‐converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 activities were markedly elevated in the caudate‐putamen as compared with the nucleus accumbens or hippocampus. Interregional variation in the activity of specific peptidases leads to altered neurotensin fragment formation. The brain microslice technique makes feasible regional peptide metabolism studies in the CNS, which are impractical with synaptosomes, and provides evidence for regional specificity of neurotensin degradation.


The treatment of pemphigus has always been most unsatisfactory, as testified to by the numerous therapeutic agents in use. 1 There are two main types of pemphigus: the acute type in which death occurs in a few weeks, and the chronic type in which often there is a lapse of several years before death supervenes. The most common manifestation of the chronic type is known as pemphigus vulgaris. The use of vitamin therapy in the treatment of this disease is not without precedent. In 1932 Ludy and DeValin reported the uncomplicated recovery in six patients of pemphigus under massive dosage with viosterol. King and Hamilton 2 have also reported a case controlled by vitamin D therapy. Many writers remark on the incidence of the disease among the lower strata of society, wherein deficiency diseases are most frequently encountered. Ludy reported that all his patients had subsisted on an unbalanced diet


This paper made the investigation and analysis on optimistic aspects and shortcomings of high school biology experiment teaching in Yulin City from the basic situation of the school laboratory assistant,biology experiment teaching conditions,the biology experiment course arrangements and teaching methods,the opening case of high school compulsory biology experiment,teachers and leaders' understanding effect on the experimental role and proposed countermeasures and suggestions for future experimental teaching to promote development of high school biology experiment teaching of Yulin City.


The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has recommended a nation-wide maintenance automation system (MAS), which will include maintenance control centers (MCCs). Three operational concepts were developed to consolidate the real-time monitoring, coordination, and remote maintenance at the MCCs. The three concepts were then evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Surveys and questionnaires were used to develop the qualitative criteria for evaluation of the concepts and included such concerns as the service to air traffic controllers and the users of the National Airspace System, impact on the maintenance workforce and, impact on risks and costs. The remote-maintenance workload was then assigned to the MCC or the local work centers in order to compare the staffing implications. The results suggest an MCC starting with an initial staff-type facilitator MCC performing only monitoring and coordination and evolving into a super MCC responsible for most remote maintenance and control functions.<<ETX>>


The role of neurovascular dysfunction has long been suggested to be of relevance in the disease pathology of Alzheimer's. However, a mitochondrial genetic cause for vascular dysfunction has yet to be investigated in depth. We examined the mtDNA of individual cerebral endothelial cells obtained by laser micro‐dissection from 9 Alzheimer disease brains in late Braak & Braak topographical stages of pathology. The objective of our study was to detect deletion‐type mutations in the mtDNA by scanning a region of the genome in which deletions have been most commonly detected. We detected 4 separate mtDNA mutations from a total of 18 endothelial cells isolated from 9 Alzheimer brains (2 cells from each). These mutations were characterized by sequence analysis. We suggest that the presence of mtDNA mutations in the small number of endothelial cells from Alzheimer brains indicates that the microvascular cell population may harbor a high aggregate level of such mutations, potentially underlying increasing vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease and, possibly, in aging.


Routers are one of the important entities in computer networks specially the Internet. Forwarding IP packets is a valuable and vital function in Internet routers. Routers extract destination IP address from packets and lookup those addresses in their own routing table. This task is called IP lookup. Internet address lookup is a challenging problem due to the increasing routing table sizes. Ternary Content-Addressable Memories (TCAMs)are becoming very popular for designing high-throughput address lookup?engines on routers: they are fast, cost-effective and simple to manage. Despite the TCAMs speed, their high power consumption is their major drawback. In this paper, Multilevel Enabling Technique (MLET), a power efficient TCAM based hardware architecture has been proposed. This scheme is employed after an Espresso-II minimization algorithm to achieve lower power consumption. The performance evaluation of the proposed approach shows that it can save considerable amount of routing table's power consumption.


Gas coolant at low pressure exhibits poor heat transfer characteristics. This is an area of concern for the passive response targeted by the Generation IV GCFR design. For the first 24 hour period, the decay heat removal for the GCFR design is dependent on an actively powered blower, which also would reduce the temperature in the fuel during transients, before depending on the passive operation. Natural circulation cooling initiates when the blower is stopped for the final phase of the decay heat removal, as under forced convection the core decay heat is adequately cooled by the running blower. The ability of the coolant to flow in the reverse direction or having recirculation, when the blowers are off, necessitates more understanding of the flow behavior characteristics in the upper plenum. The work done here focuses primarily on the period after the blower has been turned off, as the core is adequately cooled when the blowers are running, thus there was no need to carry out the analysis for the first 24 hours. In order to understand the plume behavior for the GCFR upper plenum several cases were run, with air, helium and helium-air mixture. For each case, the FLUENT was usedmore » to characterize the steady state velocity vectors and corresponding temperature in the upper plenum under passive decay heat removal conditions. This study will provide better insight into the plume interaction in the upper plenum at low flow and low pressure conditions.« less


In this paper I look at the dynamics of human behavior in crowds, focusing the role of non-normative voices in current crowdsourcing initiatives. I reiterate the idea that the power of the crowd lies not in the majority but in the collective. Many popular crowdsourcing platforms are designed to disregard outliers and only reward answers that agree with the masses. I use the example of the Long Tail in order to challenge developers to design more crowdsourcing tasks that take advantage of wide variance.


Controlled synthesis of two-dimensional noble metal nanomaterials with in-plane branching morphology has been of great research interest recently, which yet achieves limited success for AuAg-based nanocrystals. Herein, we report the...


The embodiment of the invention provides a method of load balancing between a cellular network and a wireless local area network. The method comprises: a base station obtains identifiers of a plurality of second user equipment (UE) units enabling the energy efficiency of the base station not to be reduced as well as identifiers of WLAN APs having correspondence relations with the second UE units in a first UE unit serving at the base station; the base station sends the identifiers of the second UE units to all WLAN APs having correspondence relations with the second UE units; the base station receives identifiers, sent by all WLAN APs, of third UE units, wherein the third UE units are ones determined by all WLAN APs in the second UE units and the throughput capacities are not reduced during switching from the base station to the WLAN APs; and the base station sends first switching information to the third UE units, so that the third UE units are switched to the WLAN APs. Therefore, reduction of throughput capacities of the UE units can be avoided and thus the user experience is improved.


Random Early Detection (RED) drops the arriving packet when it is necessary to drop a packet, but the Web traffic is the main traffic in the network and is has few packets,thus the effectiveness of the advance drop is not obviously- This paper proposes a selective dropping policy which uses a virtual queue resemble to the Fairness Queue to detect the flows sending more packet more than the fair share and drops the packets from those flows when congested. The simulation results have demonstrated that the RED algorithm with selective drop has decreased the dropping rate .increased the throughput of the gateway,cut down the response time of Http application and improved the stability of the RED queue.


To allow extension of a network element separate and / or the entire network uptime in a simplified form, a method of operating a wireless network is provided. The network are mutually comprises a plurality of network elements that are configured to perform wireless energy transfer from one network element performs wireless communication to another network element, energy, network element separate and / or across a network according the negotiation between the network elements to optimize the budget and / or life of the energy is transferred to the wireless from one network element to another network element. Further, preferably for carrying out the method as defined above, the corresponding network is provided.


The anisotropic growth of twinned platelets having a cubic crystal structure is examined by a ball-model simulation of the growth process. The simulation has suggested that the long-accepted growth mechanism, which relies on the self-regenerating {111} faceted-side-face structure, may need revision. Such a side-face structure is likely to transform into a different structure where the twin bands are bound by {100} planes. Experimental evidence is presented to support this structure for the silver halide system


This research paper revolves around several factors that affect cryptocurrency and its efciency shortly. Many great
scholars have talked differently about this concept. To nd where cryptocurrency is bound to be, a survey was conducted
with necessary questions and a total of 200 responses were received which in turn, helped us to analyze and interpret various economic and social
factors impacting its standing in the business sector. Certain limitations and suggestions were generated at the end of the research analysis,
followed by the conclusion. It also explores the users' condence in dealing with cryptocurrency in a time when the usage of such virtual cash was
not fully managed and regulated. Besides, the paper is aimed to measure the spread of cryptocurrency use to have a clear photo from the practical
view. The paper additionally analyses how certain remarkable international locations have responded in terms of recommendations.


The principle challenge ofMRI brain scan classification is the capture of the features of interest in such a way that relative spatial information is retained while at the same time ensuring tractability. Some popular feature representations are directed at colour, texture and/or shape. Little work has been done on techniques that maintain the relative structure of the features of interest. This chapter describes a number of mechanisms whereby this may be achieved. More specifically, the work is directed at medical image classification according to a particular feature of interest that may appears across a given image set. There are many medical studies [1, 8, 10, 12, 15, 24, 26, 32, 38, 40, 49] that demonstrate that the shape and size of specific regions of interest plays an important role in medical image classification. One example (and the application focus of the work described) is that the shape and size of the corpus callosum, a prominent feature located in brain MRI scans, is influenced by neurological diseases such as epilepsy and autism, and by special abilities (such as mathematical or musical ability) [35, 43, 47].


We present a linear-response formalism for a system of correlated electrons out of equilibrium, as relevant for the probe optical absorption in pump-probe experiments. We consider the time dependent optical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega},t)$ and its nonequilibrium properties. As an application we numerically study a single highly excited charged particle in the spin background, as described within the two-dimensional $t$-$J$ model. Our results show that the optical sum rule approaches the equilibriumlike one very fast; however, the time evolution and the final asymptotic behavior of the absorption spectra in the finite systems considered still reveal dependence on the type of initial pump perturbation. This is observed in the evolution of its main features: the midinfrared peak and the Drude weight.


The invention discloses an adhesive for alkali resistant acrylate glass fiber mesh cloth shaping, and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of polymer adhesive preparation. The adhesive is prepared through the reaction of the following components, wherein the components comprise: a material selected from acrylic acid and an ester monomer thereof, or methacrylic acid and an ester monomer thereof; nano-silicon dioxide; a styrene monomer; an initiator; an emulsifier; a buffering agent; a molecular weight regulator; a pH value modulator; and deionized water. According to the adhesive, the nano-silicon dioxide is adopted as the core, a copolymer of the styrene monomer and the acrylic acid monomer is adopted as the shell layer, and the shell layer hard monomer is the acrylate copolymer emulsion with the significant core-shell structure, wherein the concentration of the shell layer hard monomer shows the gradient change. The glass fiber mesh cloth treated by the adhesive of the present invention has advantages of excellent positioning effect, strong adhesive force, bright mesh cloth, good elasticity, high alkali resistance, good water resistance, strong weathering resistance, no yellowing, and no after tack. The adhesive of the present invention is the single mass component glue, is easy to use, does not contain any organic solvents, and has advantages of aquosity and environmental protection.


I t can be said that the histogenesis of tuberculous nodules is almost clarified today. However, in regard to the causal genesis, which forms the background for it, there is an opinion that it is due to the irritation of the chemical composition in the body of the tubercle bacillus and a different opinion that it is due to allergy. The chemical study of tubercle bacillus was first begun by HAMMERSCHLAC (1888). Since then many studies have been made. Among these studies the most problematic was the lipoids of the tubercle bacillus, and experimental studies using these lipoids began to attract attention. In regard to the lipoid chemistry of tubercle bacillus a new development was made through the efforts of R. J. ANDERSON. The biological reaction of lipoids was first studied by SABIN and his collaborators (1930), and they have continued to publish brilliant works since then. Serological experiments were made by PINNER, DOAN and MOORE. In reviewing the study made in the past on the biological reaction of tuberculophosphatide, the study was done by injecting healthy and tuberculous animals with phosphatide and examining pnly the histological reaction at the site of the injection. In this way SABIN and his collaborators showed that the lipoid fractions act as masturation factors for monocytes, epithelioid cells and giant cells, resulting in the formation of tuberculous tissue. As ROULET (1935, 1937) studied by injecting phosphatide in the animals intracutaneously, the amount used was very small, being 1 mg. He used ANDERSON'S so-called A, (phosphatide) which was,purified again. The results coincided with those of SABIN et al. However, differing from SABIN et al., ROULET stated that from the fact that both the healthy and tuberculous animals react to phosphatide to the same extent the development of tuberculous nodules is a direct reaction to the specific components of the body of tubercle bacillus and has no relation to allergy. From the experimental results obtained by the experimentors mentioned above, by the direct stimulus of tuberculo-phosphatide the monocytes appeared, followed by the appearance of epithelioid cells and the formation of giant cells occurred, thus making clear the formation of tuberculous nodules. But can the causal genesis of tuberculosis progressing under the assembly of various factors be fully