It has been well-established i n both humans and laboratory animals that the withdrawal of alcohol after a period of chronic exposure can have convulsive effects. In the present studies, however, such convulsive effects were detected i n naive rats following the metabolism of a single ethanol i n j e c t i o n . These effects were assessed by measuring the duration of kindled motor seizures (MSs) and electrographic after discharges (ADs) e l i c i t e d by low-intensity amygdaloid stimulation at intervals before, during, and after the exposure. Kindled MSs are those which can be r e l i a b l y e l i c i t e d only after an organism has been stimulated p e r i o d i c a l l y with an i n i t i a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e low-intensity current. Thus, before each experiment the subjects were kindled with the periodic amygdaloid stimulation u n t i l MSs and ADs of stereotypical duration and pattern were r e l i a b l y e l i c i t e d . The consistency of the kindled seizures provided a stable basel i n e against which to assess the convulsive effects of the withdrawal of ethanol. In Experiment 1 kindled seizures were e l i c i t e d at fixed intervals before and after a single intraperitoneal i n j e c t i o n of ethanol. Changes i n the AD and MS duration revealed a potent anticonvulsive effect i n the 3 hr immediately following the i n j e c t i o n , followed about 12 hr l a t e r by a convulsive effect l a s t i n g about 5 hr. In Experiment 2 th i s effect was replicated and d i r e c t l y related to changes i n the l e v e l of blood ethanol. The anticonvulsive effect was related to the presence of the ethanol while the convulsive effects seemed to be triggered by i t s metabolism. In Experiments 3 ,and 4 a different experimental design was used to study the


The author cites similarities between devising an integrated approach to designing, manufacturing, using, and supporting aircraft avionics systems and the approach to analyzing enterprise-integration architectures. It is suggested that the most effective approach will be the framework that is created by a consensus of the users of such systems. This cooperation will provide a known environment into which systems can be connected and operated, provide lower development costs, and provide a more competitive environment for avionics system component suppliers.<<ETX>>


Motorcycle are the most common transportation used by public to go to a nearby or distant places. Besides the price is relatively cheap, motorcycle can be used to bypassing traffic jam or narrow road. Motorcycle are tend to be a target of thievery due to weak surveillance of vehicles. Unlike cars which have more effective safety system like GPS (Global Positioning System), motorcycle only have a conventional yet less effective safety system, such as safety locks. This research will design a motorcycle safety system that combines microcontrollers with Android applications. The microcontroller used is the Arduino Mega 2560 equipped with GPS modules, SIM900 modules and relays. Application of IOT (Internet of Thing) technology as a medium used for communication between Android tools and applications. The GPS module will provide the coordinates of the motorcycle position and displayed in the Android application via Internet communication using the SIM900 module. The Relay is designed to disconnect the power stream on the vehicle machine. Based on the results of this design can be implemented on the motorcycle to be able to know the position of the stolen vehicle.


HYPOTHESIS
Women deposit more collagen after major abdominal surgery than men.

DESIGN
A post hoc analysis of data obtained from 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trials.

SETTING
University hospital general surgical service.

PATIENTS
One hundred sixteen patients undergoing colon resection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Protein and hydroxyproline (collagen) deposition during the first 7 postoperative days in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene implants positioned subcutaneously.

RESULTS
On univariate analysis, men and women deposited comparable amounts of collagen (257 +/- 120 vs 281 +/- 117 ng/mm, respectively). When potential confounding factors were entered into a generalized mixed-effects model, only the interaction between age and sex was a significant factor (P = .047). Collagen deposition decreased with age in men, being 317 +/- 133 ng/mm in men younger than 45 years, but only 238 +/- 113 ng/mm in those older than 45 years (P = .03). In contrast, collagen deposition was virtually identical in women younger than 45 years (280 +/- 133 ng/mm) and in those older than 45 years (281 +/- 110 ng/mm). Only 3 of these women were receiving hormone replacement therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Collagen deposition after surgery decreased significantly with age in men, while remaining unchanged in women. Younger men and women deposited similar amounts of collagen. Therefore, older men made less collagen after surgery than older women, perhaps explaining the consistent observation that wound dehiscence is twice as common in men than in women. Our results differ from previous studies conducted in healthy, nonsurgical volunteers, which showed that (1) young women made significantly more collagen than young men and (2) collagen deposition was reduced in postmenopausal women, but deposition returned to premenopausal values with hormone replacement therapy. Differences between our results and those reported previously likely stem from the populations studied. In particular, multiple perioperative factors decrease collagen deposition, which apparently obscures the differences observed previously in healthy, unstressed volunteers.


BACKGROUND
A recent task force of The American Society for Clinical Nutrition and American Society for Nutritional Sciences recommended in a position paper on trans fatty acids that models be developed to assess the effects of changes in fat intake on disease risk.

OBJECTIVE
The objective was to investigate, using human arterial endothelial cells as a model, the influence of trans fatty acids and magnesium on cell membrane composition and on calcium influx into arterial cells, a hallmark of atherosclerosis.

DESIGN
Endothelial cells were cultured for 3 d in media with high (adequate) or low (inadequate) amounts of magnesium plus various concentrations of trans,trans linoelaidic; cis,cis linoleic; trans elaidic; oleic; or stearic acids. The cells were then harvested and the fatty acid composition and the amount of (45)Ca(2+) incorporated into the cell was determined.

RESULTS
The percentage of fatty acids incorporated into the endothelial cells was proportional to the amount added to the culture medium. Adequate magnesium was crucial in preventing calcium influx into endothelial cells. Without an adequate amount of magnesium in the culture medium, linoelaidic and elaidic acids, even at low concentrations, increased the incorporation of (45)Ca(2+) into the cells, whereas stearic acid and oleic acid did not (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Our model indicated that a diet inadequate in magnesium combined with trans fat may increase the risk of calcification of endothelial cells.


Summary An epithelial-like cell line has been established from an area of clinically normal adult human attached gingiva, It has a generative time of approximately 24 hours in logarithmic phase and a plating efficiency of about 80-90%.


We experimentally demonstrate broadband four-wave mixing (FWM) between two spatial modes of a 5-km-long few-mode fiber. We show that, in contrast to FWM in single-mode fibers, inter-modal FWM (IM-FWM) can be better phase matched for waves well separated in frequency (a few THz) than when they are closely spaced (tens of GHz).


Abbou, R.; Lestradet, H.; and Azerad, E.\ THE CLINICAL VALUE OF THE INTRAVENOUS INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIA TEST. Presse med. 63:333-35, March 5, 1955. A 50 per cent glucose solution is administered intravenously at a rate of 0.33 gm. per kg. of body weight. The total injection is completed in two minutes (40 cc. of 50 per cent glucose given in two minutes in a 60-kg. subject). Blood sugar determinations are performed every fifteen minutes for a period of sixty minutes after the glucose administration. Blood is withdrawn from the ear lobe and the micro-method of Somogyi-Nelson was used. The subjects were fasting. Normal subjects showed a return of blood sugar levels to the normal glycemic levels within sixty minutes, unlike diabetic patients who maintained hyperglycemic levels during this time. (French) Allegretti, Niksa; Vukadinovic, Gjorgje; and Rabadjija, Luka: INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH ASCORBIC ACID AND DESOXYCORTICOSTERONEACETATE (DCA). Am. J. Physiol. 780:50810, March 1955. Experiments are reported in the adrenalectomized rat dealing with sensitization to insulin action by ascorbic acid and by DCA. It had previously been noted that both agents produce sensitization to insulin in the intact animal. After adrenalectomy, only DCA brought about sensitization. This difference in behavior is ascribed to differences in sodium retention before and after adrenalectomy. In either type of preparation DCA effects sodium retention; but its effect is greater and insulin sensitization more pronounced in rats fed with the usual laboratory supply of food than in those deprived of sodium chloride. Arkin, W.; and Hryniewska, H.\ INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY OF RETROBULBAR NEURITIS. Ophthalmologica 128:107-14, August 1954. (Abstracted from Am. J. Ophth. 39:920, June 1955.) In a series of thirty cases of retrobulbar neuritis, mild insulin shock therapy (30 to 40 units intravenously daily for four to six days) was remarkably effective in reducing or abolishing the central scotoma and in improving visual acuity. The authors consider most of their cases as early forms of multiple sclerosis. Ashore, Raymond; Moore, Richard; and Ellison, Edwin H.: UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND INVERT SUGAR. A.M.A. Arch. Surg. 70:428-35, March 1955. Comparative infusions of 10 per cent glucose, fructose, and invert sugar, at an average rate of 1 gm. per kg. body weight per hour, were given to three groups of resting patients. Each patient served as his own control for two and, occasionally, three of the sugars used. Blood sugar, lactic acid, and inorganic phosphorus levels and urinary losses of sugar, sodium, and potassium were measured for a period of six and a half hours from the time of infusion. Infusions of fructose and invert sugar led to smaller losses of urinary sugar than of glucose in normal subjects and in patients with pancreatic disease and hepatitis. However, the difference did not exceed 9 gm. per infusion in any of the three groups studied. In general, the diuretic effect was slightly less marked with fructose and invert sugar. In normal subjects, the loss of sodium was slightly more pronounced with fructose and invert sugar than with glucose. Potassium losses were a little greater after fructose but not after invert sugar infusions. Serum lactic acid levels were consistently higher with fructose and invert sugar than with glucose in nearly all patients, including those cases in which the urinary loss of sugar with fructose and invert sugar was greater than with glucose. Serum inorganic phosphorus fell in nearly all patients, without a definite pattern in relation to type of sugar infused or patient group. Symptomatic post-infusional hypoglycemia was observed with glucose but not with fructose or invert sugar in three patients with hepatitis. In patients undergoing major surgical procedures under general anesthesia, a fall in hepatic glycogen was always observed with infusions of saline. This fall in hepatic glycogen could be prevented in many patients by infusion of any of the three hexoses studied. Fructose (followed by invert sugar and glucose in this order of decreasing effectiveness) has the greatest ability to form hepatic glycogen in dogs under pentobarbital (Nembutal) anesthesia. This observation suggests that fructose may be the most useful sugar in patients with depleted hepatic glycogen reserves. Bond, Bar Dee; and Spitzer, John J.: EFFECTS OF HEPARIN ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE RABBIT. Am. J. Physiol. 780:575-79, March 1955. The effects of heparin on carbohydrate metabolism in the rabbit were investigated. The following results were obtained, (a) Heparin causes a highly significant rise in the normal fasting blood glucose level, which can be prevented by the previous administration of Priscoline. (b) Heparin does not significantly affect the hyperglycemia induced by small amounts of epinephrine, JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1956 73


Utilization of the earth's geothermal energy resources for production of electric power has been achieved in several areas throughout the world. The only commercial development in operation in North America is at "The Geysers" north of San Francisco. A 12 MW unit commenced operation in 1960, and additional units have been added bringing the total capacity to 192 MW. Design and construction now under way will increase this to 522 MW by the end of 1974. There are plans for continuing increments of approximately 100 MW per year as steam reserves are developed. The steam supply, mechanical and electrical features, operating experience, and special problems are described.


Cover Photo: Children on the left walk to fetch water as school girls walk back to their homes at Amarpur village near Udaipur, Rajasthan, India in this photograph from September 2013. If South Asia is going to be part of a world where all children can lead productive lives and be responsible citizens when they grow up, it is important to focus not only on children attending school but also on those who are out of school. Much has been achieved in South Asia in getting more children to school. National legislation and policies are in place in line with international frameworks like the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC). Governments have shown strong commitment to upholding the right to education for all children. Yet, the unfortunate reality is that the numbers of out-of-school children in South Asia are simply staggering. The latest data indicate there are 7.57 million children between the ages 5 to 10 who are not attending school in the South Asia region. Another 25.29 million children between the ages 11 to 13 should be in secondary education but are not in school at all. These numbers make South Asia the region with the second highest number of children not getting an education, after Sub-Saharan Africa. This study is primarily based on the country reports from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The fi rst three countries are the most populous in South Asia and home to the majority of out-of-school children in the region. The South Asia study and the country studies aim to understand the scale of the problem of exclusion of children in the four countries as well as in the region. This study shows there are a total of 27 million children out of school in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, of whom 17 million are of primary school-age and 9.9 million of lower secondary school-age. Children not attending school are in most cases unaccounted for in school records. They are therefore " invisible " and often not considered in policy and decision-making. The lack of data and information on children who are the most excluded from education are making it even more diffi cult to reach these children. In addition there is a lack of tools and methodologies needed to identify children who are not attending school. We hope that this study, which is part of the Global Initiative …


Over the last few years, GPS guidance systems have become increasingly more popular. GPS-equipped devices like smart phones become more common and larger amounts of GPS data become available to geographic applications. Having precise information about the routes of a driver during a period of time can be useful to learn and estimate both the traffic and the driver's intent at specific moment of time. With our solution we want to go a step further to the existing GPS navigation systems by designing a mechanism that is capable to learn driver's routes. We could offer in the future a point-to-point concept for an environmentally friendly routing mechanism anywhere within a selected road network based on our HMM-method and a training process. Our study is based on real data collected from various local drivers and can be easily applied in modern intelligent traffic systems. The system comes with a user interface that displays the GPS routes on the map for a specific driver. These routes can be analyzed using parameters like time, distance, height and speed. Also we developed a tool that manages to compute the maximum-likelihood using the Viterbi algorithm in order to validate the next route segment election for a sampled road network.


The paper analysis based on MRAC strategies for controlling a first-order system with considering the cost criterion for utilizing the gradient method. Adaptive control includes adjusting the uncertainty parameters develop by using the suitable controller to control in reality that the parameters of the plant being controlled change thoroughly because of altering in natural provisions or in a while in the plant itself. Planned paper deal with the application of dummy reference adaptable control conspires and the plant execution. We consider the simplest adaptive law or parameter estimators which are obtained by using the SPM. Simulation for the proposed first-order plant model of a scalar plant is performed in MATLAB – Simulink for a different assessment of adaptation gain. Due to the alteration in adaptation gain, the adaptation mechanisms also altered and effects on results are evaluated. On the deviation of plant parameters to ensure global stability, we consider the Lyapunov stability approach for the proposed first-order closed-loop dynamics system.


The aerobic capacity modelfor the evolution of endothermy contends that endothermy arose as a result of selection for enhanced aerobic capacity rather than for thermoregulatory considerations. An implicit assumption of this model is that basal metabolism (BMR) increases with an increase in sustainable activity (i.e., aerobic capacity). We tested this assumption for passerine birds using individuals of 10 diferent species to determine whether basal and summit (maximum coldinduced) metabolic rates were correlated. Metabolic rates were measured as oxygen consumption by open-circuit respirometry. Regressions of basal and summit metabolism against body mass (log10-log10 transformations) indicated that both BMR and summit metabolism were positively and significantly related to mass. Slopes of the two regression lines were not significantly diferent, which indicates similar scaling properties for BMR and summit metabolism. Residuals of log10-log10 transformations of summit metabolism and BMR against body mass demonstrated that summit metabolism was correlated with BMR independently of mass (r = 0.869). In addition, analyses generating phylogenetically independent contrasts indicated that contrasts of log10 BMR and log10 summit metabolism were both positively and significantly correlated with contrasts of log10 body mass. Residuals from these regression lines demonstrated that the significant positive correlation between BMR and summit metabolism (r = 0.861) remained when effects of both mass and phylogeny were removed. Thus, metabolic rates of the passerines in this study are consistent with the aerobic capacity model for the evolution of endothermy.


BACKGROUND
Tumor markers are a major part of the secondary prevention and thus the detection of malignancies. Neoplasms often have an increased concentration of sialic acid on the tumor cell surface and are shed or secreted by some of these cells which increase the concentration in blood.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on 90 subjects equally divided into three groups viz, healthy individuals, oral cancer and precancer. The estimation of serum total sialic acid level was done according to Plucinsky et al by resorcinol reagent method. The statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS 10.0 software.

RESULTS
The mean serum total sialic acid (TSA) level in oral precancer and oral cancer group was statistically significant (P<0.05). In oral cancer group when stage I and stage II were compared with stage III and stage IV, it was statistically significant (P<0.05). Histopathologically, oral cancer and precancer did not show statistically significant values (P>0.05). The present study also suggested that no correlation exists between habit of tobacco chewing / betel nut chewing / smoking or alcohol consumption with that of serum total sialic acid levels.

CONCLUSION
Serum total sialic acid levels can be used as an adjunctive diagnostic marker in head and neck cancer.


Abstract The optimization of a two-parameter river catchment simulation model is described. The parameter K1 controls the rate of infiltration into the soil, and the second parameter, K2, is used in the routing equation. The Simplex direct search method is used and is implemented on a hybrid computer. The computer programme forms an n-dimensional "simplex" (n being the number of parameters) from initial trial values of the parameters, and uses the basic operations of reflection, expansion and contraction to find the optimum value of the objective function. The operations are carried out according to the value of the objective function at each apex of the "simplex." The peripheral devices linked to the hybrid computer are used to give a continuous display of the optimization process, and the effects of systematically varying the parameters are studied by plotting sample hydrographs for various pairs of parameter values and by plotting the surface of the objective function.


Corporate tax avoidance activities are prevalent in many countries, some of which have formulated anti-tax avoidance policies to curb such activities. China amended the chapter on special tax adjustment in the Enterprise Income Tax Law in 2008 and implemented Measures for Special Tax Adjustment in 2009. This study applies the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share securities markets in 2005-2015 to investigate whether the implementation of Measures for Special Tax Adjustment has effectively curbed corporate tax avoidance activities and increased income tax costs. The empirical results indicate that company effective tax rates (ETRs) are increased significantly after the implementation of Measures for Special Tax Adjustment. And, companies with greater amounts of goods (or service) related party transactions significantly increased ETRs after the implementation of Measures for Special Tax Adjustment. The Chinese government continues to issue numerous rules focused on transfer pricing to amend Measures for Special Tax Adjustment. Therefore, we recommend that corporations carefully assess relevant transactions to avoid being subject to Measures for Special Tax Adjustment legislation.


The demise of America's state mental hospital system, or "deinstitutionalization," has received much attention from sociologists and historians of medicine. Less understood is the manner in which the public experienced and came to terms with it. Using elements of folklore and horror studies, I will examine how popular films accommodated audiences to institutional decline and confirmed popular antistatist pessimism. The Exorcist (1973), One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Halloween (1978), and When a Stranger Calls (1979) helped weave a tapestry of distrust. By endorsing popular conceptions of institutional failure and presenting mythical narratives of individualist triumph, these films helped pave a path towards the conservative Reagan era to come.


Cumulus oophorus cells (COC) exhibit a close relationship with the oocytes. We aimed to determine the role of the DNA integrity of COC and lymphocytes on the oocyte and embryo quality and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) success.


The surface Plasmon resonance, which occurs between the dielectric material layer and the metal surface, is of great interest in several fields including the materials to fabricate solar cell, because the enhanced electromagnetic field caused by surface Plasmon resonance increases the optical absorption of solar cell by adding metal nanoparticles.[1] The metal nanoparticles used in this paper are spherical gold nanoparticles, which deposit on the surface of device, can enhance the optical absorption via the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance in an organic photovoltaic cell. [2] The shape, size, spacing, and the surrounding dielectric materials of nanoparticles affect the absorption ratio and absorption peak with different wavelengths.[3-4] The gold nanoparticles used in this paper are 5nm, 10nm, and 20nm in diameter, which are deposited on ITO (indium tin oxide) glass substrates, and then another two organic materials deposit on it. The first organic materials are Poly (styrenesulfonate) / poly(2,3-dihydro-thieno-1,4-dioxin) (PEDOT) and poly {2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene} (MEHPPV) with Fullerene(C60) mixtures, the second materials are poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester(PC70BM) mixture, and the third materials are poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM) mixture act as p-type and n-type organic semiconductor. By using the DDSCAT software, The Discrete Dipole Approximation for Scattering and Absorption of Light by Irregular Particles, the SPR enhancement and absorption peak can be predicted in this software, and the enhancement caused by surface Plasmon resonance within the layers of this device is supposed to be related to the photocurrent in this organic photovoltaic cell with gold nanoparticles. Under halogen illumination, the proposed enhancement is around 20~30% power efficiency in this device agrees well to the result as DDSCAT software simulated.


We have demonstrated a tunable mid-infrared tandem optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on BaGa4Se7 (BGSe) crystal, which was intracavity-pumped by the tunable signal wave at ∼1 μm generated from a KTiOPO4-OPO (KTP-OPO) in doubly-resonant oscillator (DRO) configuration. Wavelength tuning of the mid-infrared tandem OPO was realized by tuning the pump wavelength at the fixed phase matching angle to reduce the effects of beam cutting and Fresnel reflection loss. Together with pump-tuning method, angle-tuning method was supplied to extend tuning range. A tuning range of 4.1–4.5 μm was obtained with just 5 individual phase matching angles of the BGSe crystal. The maximum output energy of 1.92 mJ/pulse was obtained at 4.26 μm with an estimated slope efficiency of 9.5%.


Finite-element analysis formulation has been developed for the simulation of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation phenomena, which include the effects of finite aperture transducers and anisotropic material properties. The computer code has been validated qualitatively for 2-D simulations of elastic-wave propagation in an aluminium block by comparison with experimental measurements, and quantitatively for 2-D simulations of point sources acting on an infinite half-space by comparison with an analytical Cagniard-de-Hoop formulation. The authors describe how the finite-element formulation can be used to predict not only longitudinal and shear-wave propagation, but also the interaction of surface waves with cracks in materials.<<ETX>>


The article examines the results of research carried out in describing the features and concepts revolving around the significance given by teachers and students to the Natural Sciences and Environmental Education in fourteen official Educational Institutions in six municipalities of the department of Narino. The study hosted a qualitative methodology to uncover the concepts that determine how knowledge is accessed through learning and teaching in schools, by categorization, data reduction, identification of trends, the development of a descriptive argument and triangulation by source and theory. Concepts were studied from the perspective of linking the thoughts and actions of teachers and students. Results are expected to foster reflections on these concepts, which may have implications in determining the educational practices and the implementation of alternative educational proposals in classroom practices.


Common variants in the APOE gene are associated with cognitive decline, brain atrophy and risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE polymorphism effects may also vary with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and other risk factors. Here we create percentile charts ‐ or 'nomograms' ‐ plotting the trajectory of subcortical volumes with age, stratified by sex and by APOE genotype, in a large population‐based sample from the UK Biobank. We hypothesized that age effects would differ in men and women and APOE e4 allele carriers would tend to show steeper age‐related decline compared to those carrying APOE e3 and e2 genotypes.


The assembly of galaxies can be described by the distribution of their star formation as a function of cosmic time. Thanks to the WFC3 grism on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) it is now possible to measure this beyond the local Universe. Here we present the spatial distribution of Hα emission for a sample of 54 strongly star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1 in the 3D-HST Treasury survey. By stacking the Hα emission, we find that star formation occurred in approximately exponential distributions at z ∼ 1, with a median Sérsic index of n = 1.0 ± 0.2. The stacks are elongated with median axis ratios of b/a = 0.58 ± 0.09 in Hα consistent with (possibly thick) disks at random orientation angles. Keck spectra obtained for a subset of eight of the galaxies show clear evidence for rotation, with inclination corrected velocities of 90–330 km s−1. The most straightforward interpretation of our results is that star formation in strongly star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1 generally occurred in disks. The disks appear to be "scaled-up" versions of nearby spiral galaxies: they have EW(Hα) ∼ 100 Å out to the solar orbit and they have star formation surface densities above the threshold for driving galactic scale winds.


ABSTRACT Particle data, engineering layouts, and theoretical modelling are presented for two class 10,000 cleanrooms with class 1,000 mini-environments used for advanced environmental research and development. Particle data generated from strategically selected sample points, is presented for background and controlled upsets in three dimensions in the clean room as well as in the intermediate changing room. The primary source of contamination in the clean room appears to be generated by the personnel. Although an increase in particle numbers is observed with increased traffic in the clean room, control over the environment is maintained by restricting high particle generating activities to within a separate changing room environment. A theoretical model based on application of a Gaudin-Schuhmann Law to the sparse matrices generated by standard industrial sampling methods is presented to show the particle distributions within the areas tested, as well as prediction of particle numbers outside the range sam...


The extent of Etruscan influence on early Rome is nearly impossible to determine because ancient authors have masked Rome's Etruscan heritage. The primary written sources preserve a complex and often disguised account of Rome's debt to Etruria but Etruscan origins are obscured to such a degree that the arguments over the magnitude of Etruscan influence range from claims that the influence is minor to advocacies for a wholesale Roman import of Etruscan ideas and technology. Modern scholars have attempted to add to the list present in the primary sources by using archaeological and linguistic evidence but there is no consensus for an accepted set of Etruscan borrowings. By investigating the primary sources, I argue that the seemingly disordered Roman treatment of Etruscan influences is not accidental and that the complexity of the tradition illustrates the willingness of ancient authors to remove all traces of Etruscan recognition from Roman rituals.


ABSTRACT The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has put the most vulnerable at the centre of a global effort to improve the lives of those living in poverty. This paper analyses the mechanisms underpinning economic inclusion of youth with disabilities in Bhutan through an institutionalist approach. Using evidence from various sources, we provide policy, program, and strategy advice for near-term implementation based on current formal and informal institutional arrangements. In our conclusions, we advocate for a wide angle on institutions to identify mechanisms of economic inclusion and overcome fragmented approaches for people with disabilities.


In the past, the UK's Research Assessment Exercises have relied heavily on assessment by a panel of experts in the particular Unit of Assessment that the researchers being evaluated happened to work in. It was therefore quite a surprise when the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, announced that in future, research evaluations would be bibliometrics based. In this talk, the history of the RAE will be sketched out and the motives for changing to a bibliometrics approach will be explained. The current REF Pilot experiment will be explained and the bibliometric methods being used will be critically examined. The role of Evidence Ltd. and the fact that it is now owned by Thomson Reuters will be explored. The Keynote will end with speculation about how the future REF might be applied and with commentary on the validity of citation counting for analysing research quality.


Mobile devices, easily accessibly without constraints of time or space, have emerged as a means to replace existing mode of exercise. Smartphone applications have been the most commonly adopted for exercise data management. As users can select their desired applications, convenience increases significantly. Wearable devices, which feature tracking terminals, have gained grounds rapidly even in health and sports segments of the market as they have optimal conditions for exercise data management. For efficient exercise data management, various devices, not existing single platform, should be used, and various content services should be provided. Amid trends towards synchronization of various mobile devices with services over time, the exercise data management is expected to advance into new realm and adopt new values.


Difference equations with impulses are studied focussing on the existence of periodic or bounded orbits, asymptotic behavior and chaos. So impulses are used to control the dynamics of the autonomous difference equations. A model of supply and demand is also considered when Li-Yorke chaos is shown among others.


We investigate the wavepacket spreading after a single spin flip in prototypical two-dimensional ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic quantum spin systems. We find characteristic spatial magnon density profiles: While the ferromagnet shows a square-shaped pattern reflecting the underlying lattice structure, as exhibited by quantum walkers, the antiferromagnet shows a circular-shaped pattern which hides the lattice structure and instead resembles the wave pattern of a stone thrown into a pond. We trace these fundamentally different behaviors back to the distinctly different magnon energy-momentum dispersion relations and also provide a real-space interpretation. Our findings point to new opportunities for real-time, real-space imaging of quantum magnets both in materials science and in quantum simulators.


Roy Parker considers key developments in services for children separated from their birth families in England and Wales over the last 30 years.


HOUSING FOR CHIP SEMICONDUCTOR CHARACTERIZED IN THAT INCLUDES 2 SUBSTRATE WITH ONE OR MORE HOLES 6 IN WHICH MAY BE MOUNTED CHIP SEMICONDUCTOR AND MEANS CONNECTED SUBSTRATE 2 AUDIT TO SEAL HERMETICALLY SUCH CHIPS.


A semiconductor optical amplifier simulator (SOASim) and its modeling background are presented. SOASim has the capability to consider semiconductor optical amplifiers under amplitude-modulated input current feeding. Experimental results including all-optical pulse reshaping applications are shown with good agreement with simulations. Several gigabit rate operation may be obtained if the SOA could achieve gain recovery time below 10 picoseconds.


The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) has a long and varied history, and this book examines how the WAEMU can achieve its development and stability objectives, improve the livelihood of its people, and enhance the inclusiveness of its economic growth, all while preserving its financial stability, enhancing its competitiveness, and maintaining its current fixed exchange rates.


The article is devoted to the idea of combining navigation and measurement software to provide a higher level of efficiency and quality of aerial electromagnetic survey. Complex geophysical measurement systems of "Impulse-Aero" series are overviewed. Current survey technology with the above-mentioned systems includes human-based control of the measurements with a geophysicist on-board. The technology also includes the navigational support by the geophysicist or an additional navigation specialist. The concept of automatic combined complex for navigational and measurement monitoring is proposed in the article. The main goal of the system under analysis is to automatically estimate the quality of received data and to give necessary recommendations on the screen of the navigation unit. As the result of the survey, some tasks during the flight can be solved by pilots without any additional staff. This approach is supposed to increase flight safety, reduce costs and raise the efficiency of the survey in general.


Evry sientists now nows that einsten was plain wrong, if he was right, than why does the Earth orbit the Sun if the sun somhow bends time? If einsten was wright, than we would see clear evidence in the fossil recorder. but we dont, so einsten was WRONG..


for any partition (Bi). Here there is no need for ultimate consequences. A partition whose members are proximate consequences, or not consequences at all, will serve as well. In causal decision theory the situation is somewhat more complicated. The version of causal decision theory formulated by Gibbard and Harper (1981) is explicitly framed in terms of ultimate consequences-propositions that specify everything that the decision maker cares about in the decision problem. The version that I have advocated does not require ultimate consequences. Yet the two formulations are meant to capture the same basic idea, and are, in a sense, equivalent. A discussion of the role of ultimate and proximate consequences in these two versions of causal decision theory will clarify both their interrelation and a number of claims made regarding causal decision theory by its opponents. Gibbard and Harper take the instrumental expected utility of an action, U(A), to be:


Pelvic radiation disease is a term related to complications developed after radiotherapy used for pelvic cancers. Symptomatology can be overt, dull or even absent depending on variable factors. We present the case of a 78-year-old female patient with a declared post-partum hysterectomy, known cardiovascular disease, and fatigue and dizziness as main symptoms. She was diagnosed with pelvic radiation disease only after the symptoms were triggered by a non-vitamin K anticoagulant treatment and carefully reassessed anamnesis. Despite it being a predictable condition in patients receiving pelvic radiation, the disease is underdiagnosed, clinicians often overlooking the scale of the problem by treating the symptoms or by focusing on a small fraction of the disease within their medical branch. The case presented displays the value of shifted focus from survivorship to life quality and the importance of patient-tailored management. Sometimes, complementary therapy uncovers a masked illness which can initially be a real challenge but early diagnosis can lead to a satisfactory medical outcome.


A method of using light to lure the insect trap (400), comprising a light source and a casing insect attractant (404), which housing can be mounted on a mounting surface of a substantially planar or flat. Housing (404) and cooperate to form a light source or a bidirectional (or no overlap) to the insect attractant light image. It comprises a housing, for two or more insect attractant light (401) opening, insect attractants or reflected light is radiated onto the flat mounting surface. And the insect attractant source housing cooperate to form a light image, the image is continuously displayed housing surrounding the light image point. Opening the box also prompted flying pests into the trap. With the entry of insects into the trap, they were confined in a insect trap is mounted in the retaining surface. Direct radiation of light, reflected light and the housing is formed at least two retaining insects cooperation between the position of the movable surface (preferably non-overlapping) the display light, the display light compared to the prior art can significantly increase the capture rate. The trap can also display an image of a substantially surrounds the optical trap housing.


This study examined the success and persistence of Latina students in the complex environment of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields at a Tier 1 Research higher education institution in Texas. For this qualitative study, 10 Latina students pursuing STEM majors were interviewed within a framework focusing on Greene's resilience theory. Results of this study suggest a strong likelihood for Latinas to succeed in STEM fields because of their development of resilience.


Pelvic floor disorders encompass symptoms, including urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Challenges to treating individuals with pelvic floor disorders include under-reporting of symptoms and inconsistent diagnostic criterion. Nearly 1 in 4 individuals in the United States has experienced a pelvic floor disorder. Incontinence disorders are more frequent in women and the prevalence increases with age. Obstetrical trauma is a common factor in the development of pelvic floor dysfunction. Morbidly obese individuals have a higher prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and weight loss may lead to improvement of symptoms. Evaluation and treatment should address the individual's productivity and quality of life in addition to anatomic and functional limitations. Pelvic floor disorders are best treated with a multidisciplinary approach.


[Objective]To summarize the experiences in management of intraspinal - extramedulary tumors.[Methods] The clinical characteristic,imaging examination and clinical effects of 168 patients with intraspinal -extramedulary tumors admitted to our department for surgical treatment in the last 10 years were retrospectively analyzed.[Results]In this group,the intraspinal tumors included neurinoma in 96 cases(53.6%),meningiomas in 38 cases(22.6%),lipoma in 4cases(2.4%), metastasis tumor in 8 cases(4.7%),ganglioneuroma in 3cases(1.8%),hemangioma in 5 cases(3.0%),angiolipoma in 2 cases(1.2%),arachnoid cyst in 1 case(0.6%),epidermoid cyst in 8 cases(4.8%),dermoid cyst in 4 cases(3.6%), teratoma in 4 cases(2.4%).According to the locations,45 cases(28.7%) located at cervical region,62 cases(39.5%) at thoracic region,61 casess(38.9%) at lumbar and sacral region.All the patients in this group underwent operative treatment. 160 cases(92.5%) were totally resected,8 cases(4.8%) were subtotally resected.Postoperatively,143 cases( 89.9%) were cured,the neurological symptoms were apparently improved in 8 cases(5%),and unchanged in 5 cases( 3.1%).Three cases recurred.One case was operated on again.No operative death occurred.[Conclusion]Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal tumor are important measures to improve prognosis.Detailed history - taking,careful examination and MRI imaging play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal tumors.


In this paper, an experimental application focused on energy quality observation is developed. The required parameters are obtained from the system by the designed electronical measurement cards and then transferred to the computer. As the controller a Data Acquisition card is used and also a user-friendly web interface is prepared for computing and managing all of the information to show power quality, event detection and power metering. The interaction between user interface and the system is supplied via OPC server communication. Powerful capabilities for the measurement, analysis and monitoring of electrical energy has been obtained by using real-time data.


IT IS COMMON to hear that medicine is today suffering from a wave of specialism that threatens to engulf the general practitioner. The loudest and most frequent lamentations come from the specialists themselves, who feelingly proclaim the value of general practice and its great rewards-for the other fellow. It tends to leave the general practitioner bewildered with the acute problem of reconciling these grand tributes with the arduous nature of his work, its relatively low financial returns, and the increasing tendency to make it harder and harder for him to get his patients into hospitals. Perhaps this, like other problems of today, can be enlightened by a historical review. The criticism of specialism is not new. Two thousand years ago Plato said,


The vision of Indigenous men has been to take greater responsibility themselves to improve the status of men's health and play their rightful role as leaders, fathers, uncles, husbands and grandfathers. They have adopted a diverse range of strategies, including the development of community-based men's groups.

Although there is considerable diversity in the composition and priorities of Indigenous Men's Groups, they have a common aim of empowering men, supporting and being a role model for younger Indigenous men, and addressing the factors identified as contributing to social dissatisfaction and poor health and wellbeing in Indigenous communities. The scope of men's groups is often very broad and holistic and they face a huge range of expectations, issues and challenges. Their resource base is generally very limited. It can be extremely challenging for men's groups to know where to start, or how to direct their energies for maximum impact.

This literature review is intended to provide a guide for men's group leaders (and those who support them). It provides a brief overview of the available best practice evidence for a range of strategic initiatives which Indigenous men may consider to be important. It indicates possible directions and related issues which may help men's groups clarify or prioritise their vision, assist with planning and implementing strategies, or provide evidence as a basis for advocacy to other organisations.

How reliable are the sources of information used:
The review is based on relevant Australian and international literature. It was conducted by searching multiple databases of the Austhealth library for relevant publications listed between 2001-2005. The breadth of this literature review has meant that both the theoretical frameworks and specific program or issue areas have been canvassed only to the extent of extracting key learnings. Hence, it is recommended that men's groups that wish to focus on any specific area should conduct their own targeted literature search.


The article discusses the design aspects of quasi-resonant buck converters for high power applications. Various types of voltage-stabilized converters are considered, in particular, a quasi-resonant buck converter for use in high-power applications. A mathematical description is given for the design of a quasi-resonant buck converter with switching at zero current, computer simulation models for testing the operability and evaluating the efficiency of the proposed type of converter.


. The QIF (Quadrant Interlocking Factorization) method of Evans and Hatzopoulos solves linear equation systems using WZ factorization. The WZ factorization can be faster than the LU factorization because, it performs the simultaneous evaluation of two columns or two rows. Here, we present a method for computing the real and integer WZ and ZW factorizations by using the null space generators of some special nested submatrices of a matrix A .


The relative conception of buildings equal potential connection was explained,the equal potential connection of toilet was analyzed importantly,the effectiveness of buildings equal potential connection was discussed,some problems need attention of buildings equal potential connection in construction process were summarized,and it pointed out that equal potential connection adopted in buildings electrical design is an effective safe measurement to protect against electric shock and lightning stroke.


Before the Industrial Revolution the greater part of the inhabitable world was occupied by small-scale societies and large territorial states were, comparatively speaking, a rarity. Nevertheless, between 3000 BCE and 1800 CE there were at least 60 agrarian "megaempires" that controlled at the peak an area equal to or greater than one million of squared kilometers. What were the social forces that kept together such huge agrarian states? A clue is provided by the empirical observation that over 90 percent of megaempires originated at steppe frontiers—zones of interaction between nomadic pastorialists and settled agriculturalists. I propose a model for one route to megaempire. The model is motivated by the imperial dynamics in East Asia (more specifically, the interface between the settled farmers of East Asia and the nomads of Central Asia). It attempts to synthesize recent developments from theories of cultural evolution with insights from previous work by anthropologists on nomad/farmer interactions. Bio-data: Peter Turchin is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut. His books include War and Peace and War (Pi Press) and Secular Cycles (Princeton). Turchin A model of empire formation page 2 INTRODUCTION Understanding the rise and fall of empires (large territorial states) is one of the most important research directions in world history. Beginning with Gibbon (1932), most theoretical efforts have been directed to the second part—the causes of imperial disintegration and fragmentation (Tainter 1988). The first part of the question, however, is theoretically more challenging. Large territorial empires are a comparative rarity in the historical record. Before the Industrial Revolution the greater part of the inhabitable world was occupied by small-scale societies, and even regions where empires repeatedly rose and fell were, as often as not, in the fragmented state. Thus, the really difficult question is not why large agrarian states kept disintegrating, but how they arose in the first place. What were the social forces that kept together huge states controlling populations of millions or tens of millions spread over millions of squared kilometers? What were the preconditions for the rise of such "megaempires," defined here as territorial states that controlled at the peak an area equal to or greater than one megameter squared (one million of squared kilometers)? Despite some promising approaches, reviewed, for example, by Michael Mann (1986), these questions remain essentially unanswered. In this article I propose a model for one route to megaempire. The model is motivated by the imperial dynamics in a particular world region, East Asia (more specifically, the interface between the settled farmers of East Asia and the nomads of Central Asia). It attempts to synthesize recent developments from theories of cultural evolution with insights from previous work by anthropologists on nomad/farmer interactions. The main focus of the paper is not on the origin of the state, but rather on the processes explaining how small states scale up to megaempires. "IMPERIOGENESIS" IN THE EAST ASIAN REGION As will be addressed in greater detail in a later section, the spatial distribution of megaempire occurrence is highly clumped. Many world regions never served as loci for such states, while in other regions empires rose sporadically and in a few locations repeatedly. One world region, unique in that it has seen a continuous sequence of rise and fall of empires since the Bronze Age, is China (Table 1). Beginning with the Qin unification in the third century BCE, the periods of fragmentation between successive unifications generaly did not exceed a century (although some unifications were partial, see Table 1 for details). Table 1 also quantifies another striking pattern that has been noted by world historians (e.g., McNeill 1963). Only one out of the fifteen unifications listed in Table 1—the establishment of the Ming dynasty in the fourteenth century—did not originate in the North. All others started in the North: three from the northeast (Liao peninsula, Manchuria), three from the north central (Huang He region), and eight from the northwest (most often from the Wei River Valley). The importance of the North for Chinese empires is also suggested by the location of capitals (Table 1). Capitals tend to be located in areas where rulers draw most of their support. What is particularly interesting is that in the beginning of the second millennium C.E. the economic center of Turchin A model of empire formation page 3 China has shifted south to the Yangtze river, but the political center remained in the North. The political centers of Chinese empires, thus, were located not in geopolitically safe locations, but on, or near China's "perilous frontier" (borrowing from the title of the insightful book by Thomas J. Barfield). Before the intrusion of the imperialist powers in the nineteenth century, China was never seriously threatened from any other direction than the North (Barfield 2001). By contrast, there was almost continuous military pressure in the North, from Turco-Mongolic steppe dwellers in the Northwest and the Tungusic people of Manchuria in the Northeast, periodically punctuated by successful invasions that occupied northern China and, on two occassions, the whole of China. Is it possible that this geopolitical pressure may help us understand why northern China was such a "hotspot of imperiogenesis"? The importance of the steppe frontier in Chinese history has not escaped the attention of scholars (e.g., Lattimore 1967, Barfield 1989). Of particular interest are the ideas of anthropologists Thomas Barfield and Nikolai Kradin on the interactions between the Chinese and the steppe nomads (Barfield 1989, 1990, 1994, Kradin 2000, 2002, 2005). These authors showed that the scale of political organization among the nomads was directly proportional to the size of the neighboring agrarian empires. Thus, the greatest imperial confederations of nomads in world history (the Xiongnu, the Turks, and the Mongols) arose on the steppe side of the northern China frontier. In other words, the exceptionalism of the East Asian imperiogenesis hotspot was mirrored in the exceptionalism of repeated rise of gigantic imperial confederations in the steppe. Furthermore, there was a substantial degree of temporal synchrony between the rise of the steppe imperial confederations and Chinese empires—Xiongnu and Qin/Han, Turks and Sui/Tang, Mongols and Sung (Barfield 1989). Barfield and Kradin (Barfield 1989, 1990, 1994, Kradin 2000, 2001, 2002, 2002, 2005) argue convincingly that political organization of the pastoral nomads on a large scale is impossible without a nearby settled society. The reason is that the nomadic society does not produce the surplus in the form useable to support the state. Collecting taxes from the nomads is problematic because free nomads are at the same time warriors well able to resist any coercive pressure brought on them. Nomads also have another option of resisting taxation that farmers do not have—moving their herds away. Finally, the chief product of the steppe economy, livestock, cannot be easily stored (unlike grain produced by agrarian economies). Thus, political organizations of the nomads had to draw their resources from the agrarian societies—by robbing the farmers, by extorting tribute from the agrarian states, or by controlling trade routes. Kradin refers to this type of political organization as xenocratic (from xenos "stranger" and kratos "power"). This argument leads to a hypothesis about why there is a correlation between the sizes of agrarian states and nomadic confederations. As the scale of agrarian states in East Asia increased, the nomads needed to cooperate on an increasingly greater scale in order to overcome the state defenses for successful raiding, or present a credible threat to extort the tribute. Additionally, larger and richer sedentary states possessed greater wealth that nomads could extract, thus enabling larger nomadic polities. That is why Barfield calls Turchin A model of empire formation page 4 the nomadic confederations the "shadow empires", because their size mirrored the size of agrarian states (Barfield 2001). The direction of causation proposed by Barfield, then, is that the appearance of agrarian megaempires explains the rise of nomadic imperial confederations. This appears to be a valid inference. However, if the presence of a large agrarian state exerted an integrative influence on the nomads, why should not the presence of a large nomadic confederation have a similar effect on the farmer societies? In the next section I propose a verbal model exploring the possible consequences of such a nonlinear feedback loop. A MODEL OF MIRROR STATE FORMATION ON THE FARMING/NOMADIC FRONTIER Cooperation as the basis of society Before I discuss the logic of the model, I need to deal with the general question raised in the introduction—what were the social forces that held together agrarian states? I explored this issue in greater detail elsewhere (Turchin 2006: Chapter 5), so here I only give a brief summary. The first important point is that attempts to build a theory of society by assuming that all people behave in entirely self-interested manner have been unsuccessful. This premise was clearly enunciated in the fifteenth century by Niccoló Machiavelli in The Prince, and in the twentieth century was formalized as the rational choice theory (for a systematic application of the rational choice theory in sociology, see Coleman 1990). Another influential current in social theorizing, which also assumes that the society is made up of rational agents, was the theory of social contract, going back at least to The Leviathan of Thomas Hobbs. Unfortunately, all attempts to develop a theory of society based on Hobbesian contractarianism founder on the free-rider proble


Now-a-days, if we compare the population and number of diseases, we find that, the count of diseases is more than today's population, so death-rate is rising. So as to avoid this, Timely treatment is necessary. This paper explores machine, which gives special care for ambulatory patient, providing immediate message in case of emergency. To indicate emergency treatment, ULN device is used. It reduces human efforts. This system focuses on physiological vital parameter such as temperature and heart rate. Sensors which are used for the patient sends data to android mobile via Bluetooth and also updates database on computer.


Objective:To explore the significance of various kinds of optioual internal fixations of intertrochanteric hipf ractures.Method:From May 2000 to May 2006,60 cases with intertrochanteric hip fractures were followed up.They were treated with the four kinds of operations respectively:angled blade plate(135o),dynamic hip screw(DHS),Gamma nail,proximal femoral nail(PFN),The date of each group were collected for statistical anglysis on the following aspects :intraoperative complications,clinical healing time of fracture,post-operative restored function and complications.Result:All cases,excellent results achieved in 38 cases,good in 15,fair in 7,excellent and good rate was 89%,All the fractures were healed with an average healing time of 16 weeks without delay union and nonunion.Conclusion:Gamma nail and proximal femoral nail(PFN) in treating the intertrochanteric hip fractures have the following advantages,such as less-invasion,stable fixation,fewer blood loss,early-mobilization,high union rate and fewer complication.


The method of transmitting a signal present invention discloses a channel request through the bandwidth, the method using a mobile station apparatus, from the mobile station a bandwidth request method of performing a bandwidth request process and use of the method of the base station. Together with the base station to the mobile station transmits a bandwidth request preamble and a bandwidth request message to request bandwidth. Area bandwidth request message may be configured as null tones. The mobile station in response to the bandwidth request, the base station transmits a response indicating the bandwidth request received bandwidth request BRACK A-MAP IE to the mobile station. The base station transmits an uplink grant to the mobile station by BRACK A-MAP IE or CDMA Allocation A-MAPIE. When receiving an uplink grant from the base station, the mobile station transmits an uplink scheduling data to the base station. However, if the area of the base station is filled on the quick access message decoding failed or quick access message with null tones, the base station transmits a bandwidth request header authorization to the mobile station uplink grant instead.


In this article, a high-efficiency and high-density 2.5 kW four-level flying capacitor multilevel (FCML) totem-pole bridgeless power-factor-correction (PFC) rectifier with 200 V GaN devices is analyzed, designed, and tested. This 2.5 kW four-level continuous conduction mode (CCM) GaN totem pole PFC operates with 360 kHz current ripple frequency which significantly reduces the inductor size while keeping a very low switching loss. This article compares the device loss of the four-level and two-level CCM GaN totem-pole PFC with the same ripple frequency (360 kHz) and shows that the four-level CCM GaN PFC has much less device loss. In addition, this article introduces the detailed design of a compact and low-profile matrix inductor based on the commercial composite inductors. This article also introduces the design of a high-density and low-loss flying capacitor. A 2.5 kW four-level FCML GaN totem-pole PFC prototype with 120 kHz switching frequency (360 kHz current ripple frequency) is developed and tested in this article. The tested peak efficiency is 99.25%. The PFC system power density is 104 W/in3, without a heatsink and with forced air cooling.


Background : In simple terms, sociology can be interpreted as a science that describes the state of society complete with structure, layers


Canada has a more restrictive biotechnology policy than the United States. Adopting a similar-cases-research-design, this article shows that policy networks explain this difference. The overlapping nature and the boundary between the multiple networks relevant to biotechnology in each country are distinct. In the United States, two policy networks deal with biotechnology. One primarily handles agricultural plants, while the other deals with food; key state actors overlap. In contrast, networks in Canada are separated between those dealing with regulation with two overlapping networks assessing environmental and health risks, and a network to manage biotechnology promotion. Promotion and regulation thus constitute a network boundary in Canada, but not in the United States, where networks deal with these two issues simultaneously. American networks have promoted beliefs favourable to more permissive regulatory preferences than the Canadian environmental and health risk assessment networks and American biotechnology policies are therefore even more permissive than those of Canada.


We consider rational nonlinear electrodynamics coupled to General Relativity. The effective geometry induced by nonlinear electrodynamics corrections are found. We determine shadows of regular non-rotating magnetic black holes and compare them with the shadow of the super-massive M87* black hole imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration. This allows us to obtain the black hole magnetic charge. The size of the shadow is very close to the shadow of non-regular neutral Schwarzschild black holes. As a result, we can interpret the super-massive M87* black hole as a regular (without singularities) magnetized black hole.


The exact mechanisms involved in clinical cases of cutaneous adverse food reactions are rarely known. Commonly terms such as food allergy (to describe a repeatable immunologically mediated reaction to ingestion of a particular food) or food intolerance (non–immunological event) are used to differentiate between pathomechanisms. In dogs immunologically mediated adverse events dominate with respect to cutaneous manifestations. Food induced cutaneous reactions can be clinically indistinguishable from canine atopic dermatitis. Cellular responses and cytokine profiles in lesional skin are also similar. This has led to the terminology "food induced atopic dermatitis" (FIAD).


Jakarta Smart Card (KJP) is a program by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government which gives a chance for the less affluent to achieve up to secondary education. This paper examines three aspects of KJP implementation, namely (i) opportunities and challenges of the program implementation as the fulfillment of social justice in education; (ii) problems related to the program implementation and its future challenges; and (iii) KJP as an effort to improve education services. This study used primary data obtained from interviews and relevant secondary data. The main finding indicates that violations and misuse of KJP fund still exist. Although the government has improved the rules, management, and mechanisms for the distribution of the program, inaccuracies in data and fund recipients are still found. Therefore, these issues need to be the points of evaluation, improvement, and innovation to fulfill the social justice for the disadvantaged citizens.


Strain applied to a condensed-matter system can be used to engineer its excitation spectrum via artificial gauge fields, or it may tune the system through transitions between different phases. Here we demonstrate that strain tuning of the ground state of otherwise highly degenerate frustrated systems can induce novel phases, both ordered and disordered. For the classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice, we show that weak triaxial strain reduces the degeneracies of the system, leading to a classical spin liquid with non-coplanar configurations, while stronger strain drives the system into a highly unconventional state which displays signatures of both spin-glass behavior and magnetic long-range order. We provide experimentally testable predictions for the magnetic structure factor, characterize the ground-state degeneracies and the excitation spectrum, and analyze the influence of sample shape and boundaries. Our work opens the way to strain engineering of highly frustrated magnets.


Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, the contribution of geography was discussed from the viewpoint of delivering relief supplies after widespread disasters. Possible emergencies, obstacles, and counterplans were analyzed with the Nankai megathrust earthquake in mind. The Pacific coast of southeastern Japan, especially the Kii Peninsula, southern Shikoku, and eastern Kyushu, was an area significantly affected by the earthquake. The area was characterized by an aging population, little public transport, and poor transportation infrastructure. In addition, with the declining self-sufficiency of rural life, many commodities, including foodstuffs, consumed by rural residents are supplied from urban areas. In this current situation in Japan, delays and bottlenecks in the delivery of supplies to disaster-hit areas could cause major disruptions in relief activities. Therefore, rapid, effective relief transport systems and emergency stock systems are needed to reduce the damage. However, comprehensive approaches to these aspects lag behind in comparison with disaster-prevention measures and disaster-recovery assistance.


Low solubility contaminants such as heavy metals and radionuclides can adsorb onto mobile colloids and travel with underground water in soils over kilometers. However, the detailed flow pathway and rate-limiting transport mechanism of colloids in soils are largely unknown. To study these phenomena we developed a microfluidic soil analog to measure both population dynamics and single particle trajectories of model colloids. The soil analog consists of an O(1 mm) chamber filled with packed 15 μm polystyrene beads. Comparisons between measured and estimated hydraulic permeability from Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulations suggest a pseudo-two dimensional packing with ∼50% of beads displaced from the bottom of the channel. A T-junction at the exit of soil analog allowed for encapsulation and enumeration of several thousand colloids per experiment to give population dynamics. Single particle trajectories of 0.5, 1, and 3 μm colloids were captured by fluorescence microscopy within the soil analog at Peclet numbers of 1600-9600. Tortuosity calculated from these trajectories and comparison with LBM simulations using point particles revealed that pore-scale transport of colloids was influenced by the size exclusion effect. The innovative features of this device provide a means to link microscale transport properties like particle trajectories, which are difficult to measure in natural soils, to macroscale transport properties like dispersion, which can be measured in column and field-scale experiments. This device will enable future studies to connect microand macroscale colloid transport and to measure the effect of chemical heterogeneities that mimics those found in natural soils. Back to table of contents 4:30 PM Shaken Kenzhekhanov, Martin Lozano, Keith B. Neeves, Xiaolong Yin, and Tao Huang 1 Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 2 China University of Petroleum, East China Invasion-Flowback Processes During Hydraulic Fracturing Well Interference Technology development in horizontal drilling and multistage fracturing unleashed the energy potential of shale and low permeability reservoirs that have not been previously considered as feasible. The main mechanism that enables higher recovery rates of hydrocarbons from such reservoirs is to maximize contact with reservoir rocks by horizontal well bore and hydraulic fractures. The capacity of reservoir rocks to flow fluids (permeability) in such reservoirs is very low, therefore the drainage area of a well follows the trajectory of the wellbore and the fractures. It is a challenge to space wellbores and fracturing stages optimally, without significant well interference and yet not leaving much unstimulated reservoir volume behind. As such, well interference is quite common and has been widely observed in the field using diagnostic tools, such as microseismic imaging, pressure monitoring, chemical tracers, and fiber-optic sensors. Conventional wisdom suggests that as two well's hydraulic fracture network overlap, the fracturing fluid of the new well entering the fracture network of the old well should negatively affect the performance of the old well. However, field data suggest that sometimes the influence on the interfered wells can be positive. While there have been several numerical studies on this issue, experimental studies that can lead to a fundamental understanding of physical mechanisms of positive and negative well interferences are few. This study focuses the consequence of a new well's fracturing fluid entering an existing well's fracture network. We used microfluidic porous media micromodels directly visualize invasion of Rocky Mountain Fluid Mechanics Research Symposium 2017 21 Presentation Abstracts Session 3A: Fluid Dynamics in the Environment, 3:30 PM 5:00 PM (Room A) hydraulic fracturing fluid into a porous matrix and flowback. To mimic the interaction between the hydraulic fracturing fluid and the matrix in the case of well interference, two invasion-flowback cycles were carried out. The first invasion flowback cycle's purpose is to simulate the hydraulic fracturing of the old well and establish the corresponding saturation state. The second invasion-flowback cycle simulates fluid invasion from the new well into the old well's fracture network and its interaction with the matrix. Through micromodels experiments, we found that most of the time invasion of hydraulic fracturing fluid of a new well should damage the production of the old well. However, if the new well's fracturing fluid contains surfactant and the old well's fracturing fluid does not, surfactant can reduce the water saturation in the porous matrix after the second invasion-flowback cycle. The invasion-flowback experiments using NOA81 micromodels demonstrated that visual analysis of multiphase flow and fluid-fluid interactions could provide a valuable information in well interference phenomena. The fluid saturation profile of invasion-flowback processes also could be used to investigate important parameters, such as relative permeability, capillary forces, wettability, that affect the hydrocarbon recovery. Back to table of contents 4:45 PM Nicholas T. Wimer, Amanda W. Mackoweicki, John W. Daily, Gergory B. Rieker, and Peter E. Hamlington 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Direct Numerical Simulation of Wildland Fires at Small Scales Preliminary results are presented from a new research effort focused on understanding and characterizing wildland fire spread at small scales (roughly 1m-1mm) using direct numerical simulations (DNS). The simulations are intended to directly resolve, with high physical accuracy, all small-scale fluid dynamic and chemical processes relevant to wildland fire spread. Simulation of wildland fires is an incredibly complex and challenging problem due to the vast difference in scales associated with the problem. An understanding is needed not just of the burning of fuel, but also of the atmospheric conditions, weather patterns, topography, and turbulence-flame dynamics. This work is focused on the sub-meter scales associated with wildland fire; in particular, the dynamics of small-scale diffusion flames. Here, preliminary results are presented for DNS of centimeter-scale gaseous pool fires coupled with multi-step chemical reaction mechanisms. The results are connected to the fundamental structure and spread of wildland fires, and an outlook is provided for the future expansion of these DNS studies. Back to table of contents Rocky Mountain Fluid Mechanics Research Symposium 2017 22 Presentation Abstracts Session 3B: Biology, Surfaces, and Droplets, 3:30 PM 5:00 PM (Room B) Session 3B: Biology, Surfaces, and Droplets 3:30 PM 5:00 PM (Room B) 3:30 PM Carlos Quiroz-Arita, Patricia E. Gharagozloo, Myra L. Blaylock, Ryan Davis, Thomas H. Bradley, Thomas Dempster, and John McGowen 1 Sandia National Laboratories, Thermal/Fluid Science & Engineering, Livermore, CA 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 3 Sandia National Laboratories, Bioscience, Livermore, CA 4 Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation and the Algae Testbed Public Private Partnership, Mesa, AZ Computational Study of Turbulence and Mixing in Algae Raceway Ponds: Implications of Fluid Mechanics in Algae-based biofuels Growth Models A dynamic algae growth model is coupled to a Computational Fluid Dynamic model based on a raceway pond affiliated with the ATP3 collaboration. Our dynamic model solves a set of ordinary differential equations consisting of growth functions which are dependent on incident radiation, temperature, and nutrients availability. Our model also incorporates dynamic losses due to dark and photo-respiration. The novelty of this model is the coupling of the dynamic algae bioprocesses with 3D turbulence mixing, based on Reynolds Average Navier Stokes equations which impact in the light regimes and respiration losses that algae experience and the resultant productivities in these raceway systems. Two main sources of model uncertainty have been identified as the velocity inlet profile and the turbulence intensity, which shows the importance of 3D turbulence characteristics to the model accuracy. The biomass productivity predicted by the 1D dynamic algae growth model, where well-mixed conditions are assumed, has a relative error of 13.86% with respect to the ash-free dry weight of Nannochloropsis oceanica, of 0.476 g.l-1 (+/0.021), observed in open raceway ponds at AzCATI during the ATP3 Unified Field Studies. The model error suggests that 3D mixing rates may impact the light fluctuations experienced by algae in these systems. Our research demonstrates that the appropriate selection of turbulence mixing models coupled with algae growth models is critical in the accuracy of algae biomass productivity predictions. Back to table of contents 3:45 PM Nicholas Danes, Rogier Schoeman, Keith Neeves, and Karin Leiderman 1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO Toward a Mathematical Model of Hemostasis Hemostasis is the process by which a blood clot forms to prevent bleeding. The formation time, size and structure of a clot depends on the local hemodynamics and the nature of the injury. Extravascular injuries, those which occur outside the vessel, have not been extensively modeled or understood. To understand such injuries, both experimental and computational models of hemostasis must be simultaneously developed from the ground up. Here we develop and validate a computational model against analogous experimental results for the fluid dynamics inside a microfluidic bleeding chip. Future steps to further communicate the experimental and computational models are also presented for modeling the transport and reactions of the platelet populations. Back to table of contents 4:00 PM Anudeep Pendurt


Conclusion The main attributes of an EWARS in complex emergencies are sensitivity (to detect potential outbreaks), timeliness (to allow prompt response) and flexibility (to adapt to any new threat). Moreover, in humanitarian crisis of this nature, with a shortage of trained personnel, overburdened staff, and problems of access, the system must be simple. As stressed in previous emergencies, close collaboration between international agencies and national staff and authorities is critical for an efficient EWARS. However, a crisis can contribute to strengthening the national capacities by bringing new resources and tools, by improving networking with international partners and by training human health resources.


Advanced Manufacturing is widely used with features and applications playing a game changing role in our daily life. The European Space Agency has initiated in April 2016 a multi-disciplinary approach exploring the impact of infusing Advanced Manufacturing into space practices. A Concurrent Design Facility study was performed investigating potential design methodology amendments produced by introducing Advanced Manufacturing techniques into the design space. Innovative materials and processes were added to the conventional design parameters usually populating the systems design trade-spaces. This enabled multifunctional solutions, previously inconceivable, with a redefinition of interfaces and related requirements, shifted from 'discipline' boundaries to 'units' or 'assembly' boundaries. The Concurrent Design Facility Study identified the core domains of expertise required in a 'Design for Advanced Manufacturing' frame, governed by a flexible, open-minded systems engineering coordination. Early involvement of material and process engineers in the design proved to be an essential ingredient of the 'Design for Advanced Manufacturing' recipe. The design freedom brought by Advanced Manufacturing calls for unconventional design solutions, creativity becomes a need and infusion from non-space is invaluable. Biomimicry and architecture principles enriched the concurrent design environment, which proved to be very well suited with the needs and objectives of the new design methodology. This article reports the Concurrent Design Facility study conduct, as first attempt to understand Advanced Manufacturing impact on design methodology, the study cases selected for analysis, the observations on the methodology and on the interactions among the specialists in the team. The study outcome is reported, including an overview of benefits, disadvantages and points for further investigation in relation to the study cases assessed. In addition, the paper proposes recommendations for injecting Advanced Manufacturing into the project life cycle, from early design up to procurement phases and ultimately to the assembly, integration and verification phases, indicating required modelling tools, technologies and redefined engineering roles and expertise.


Thin diamond films were grown on low resistivity p-type Si wafers by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. Using gold contacts, diode-like behavior was observed and forward bias current densities in excess of 5 A/cm 2 were obtained. Reverse bias current densities were as low as 5 mA/cm 2 . Photocurrent was measured when photon energies larger than the Si bandgap were used to illuminate the heterojunction. The same photocurrent spectrum was measured even when the illumination spot was moved several centimeters away from the metal-diamond contact. Photovoltage. photocurrent and hot probe measurements have been used to infer the energy band diagram of the diamond-Si p-p heterojunction.


1530 Background: There is a movement toward basket trials, where eligibility is based on molecular aberrations rather than anatomical origin of a cancer. There is a paucity of information on how many cancer patients (pts) meet eligibility for basket trials. This study assessed the genetic eligibility of cancer pts seen at a large cancer center for the currently open basket trials. Methods: Moffitt's Clinical Genomic Action Committee (CGAC) database was used to assess 236 pts across 30 cancer types with targeted deep sequencing as part of clinical care between 1/1/2013 and 12/31/2014. Pts were screened for basic histologic and genetic eligibility on all basket trials open in North America in January, 2015 (Novartis Signature, NCI-MATCH, NCI-M-PACT). The trials included 23 different arms utilizing different agents based on 44 different molecular alterations; 11 of these alterations allowed eligibility into multiple trials. Results: Among the 236 evaluable pts, 83.5% met genetic eligibility for at least 1 of...


Recently, many studies have focused on extracting transliteration pairs from bilingual texts. Most of these studies are based on the statistical transliteration model. The paper discusses the limitations of previous approaches and proposes novel approaches called dynamic window and tokenizer to overcome these limitations. Experimental results show that the average rates of word and character precision are 99.0% and 99.78%, respectively.


Editors' Note: Roberge and Lewicki use Lewicki's previously published model of trust and distrust to analyze transactions in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul, and conclude that the merchants are often acting quite differently, and with different motivations, than Western customers assume. They use this insight to develop the "TRUst-rElationship" (TRUE) model, a more convenient way of defining four different kinds of relationships, each of which is based on each party's prediction of the trustworthiness of the other.


In spot welding process, in the industry, prime concern is adequate strength and good spot weld considering aesthetic looks with less power consumption. Strength is function of properties of material and nugget diameter is also function of properties of material. So to achieve strength there must be analysis of nugget diameter and break load both experimentally and analytically with help of software and actual testing of sheet metal spot welds. If the results of both method matches than our analysis is said to be valid. Here, crucial factor is material of sheet. In this paper, the material used is CRCA Steel analysis for nugget diameter and strength is carried out with help of real time testing data and software simulation. The data acquired from that analysis is compared with the actual data and deviation in both results is identified. If the deviation is within prescribed limit, results are acceptable from both analytical and simulation point of view. Deviation is best shown with help of graphical representation.


This article comments on the Donovan and Pocock articles appearing in this issue, both of which address the evolution of theory and practice in family therapy. An emphasis is placed on the importance of integration and a shared philosophy of theory and practice in our current political and economic managed care climate, in which it is critically important to embrace the integrated and chaotic whole of what is happening in theory and in practice.


The noise and gain characteristics of a 1.5μm resonant semiconductor laser amplifier have been measured. A heterodyne detection scheme was used to measure the gain and noise properties relevant to coherent communication applications. Measurements were made with the amplifier operating in unsaturated, saturated, and injection-locked regimes. Unsaturated internal gain as high as 29 dB was measured with the amplifier operating close to threshold. Measured signal-to-noise ratios agree well with calculated results and are 9 dB below the input quantum shot noise limit. A degradation in the amplifier performance is observed when operated above or at threshold. Gain saturation for high input powers also degrades the noise characteristics of the amplifier.


Objective To analyze therapeutic effects of psychological and behavioral symptoms for Alzheimer's Disease patients in neurology outpatient department. Methods 80 outpatients with Alzheimer's Disease and psychological and behavioral symptomswere chosen and randomly divided to risperidone groupand quetiapine.Their BEHAVE- AD,therapeutic effects,side effects before and after treatment were noted and analysed. Results Before and 2- week after treatment BEHAVE- AD and therapeutic rank of two groups were not significantly different,P = 0. 8829,but 4- week after treatment BEHAVE- AD of quetiapine group( 10. 5 ± 5. 6) was less risperidone group( 12. 8 ± 4. 3),whose difference was significant,P = 0. 0427. Extrapyramidal system reaction ratios of quetiapine group( 5. 00%) was less than risperidone group( 25. 00%),whose difference was significant,P = 0. 0123. Conclusion Quetiapine is better than risperidone in short therapeutic effects to control psychological and behavioral symptoms for Alzheimer's Disease,and security of quetiapine is also better.


Background: The portrayal of men and women in various contexts and genderedrelated research is a field of interest that has been extensively dealt with for more than three decades. Still, an acknow ...


Fathers and father figures in child welfare and child development have often been neglected as a focus of interest and research, yet they are often recognised as being a key to the functioning of the family. In addition to this concept, parenting beliefs and practices inevitably influence those of child development and child rearing. By beginning to unravel the differences between role and gender and looking at the diverse dimensions of fatherhood, it is contended that there is no definitive discourse regarding fatherhood in the same way as it is suggested about motherhood. Whoever these men are, and whichever ethnic group or culture that they may originate from, it is argued that they have often been ignored or avoided in child welfare work. It is hoped that by identifying some of the key concepts in this overlooked area, intervention can be planned to engage fathers more constructively.


paper session 29: Molecular biology - forage quality. In: Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress, pp. 1105-6. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. United States Department of Agriculture. (1980). Report and recommendations on organic farming. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. VanTassel, L. W., Heitschmidt, R.K. and Conner, J.R. (1987). Modeling variation in range calf growth under conditions of environmental uncertainty. J. Range. Manage. 40: 310-4. Walker, B.H. (1993). Stability in rangelands: ecology and economics. In: Proc. XW International Grassland Congress, pp. 1885-90. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Walker, J.W. (1994). Multispecies grazing: the ecological advantage. Sheep Res. J. Special Issue: 52-64. Walker, A.B., Frizelle, J.A. and Morris, S.D. (1994). The New Zealand policy framework for sustainable agriculture and some implications for animal production research. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim Prod. 54: 369-72. Walker, J.W., Heitschmidt, R.K., DeMoraes, E.A., Kothmann, M.M. and Dowhower, S.L. (1989). Quality and botanical composition of cattle diets under rotational and continuous grazing treatments. J. Range Manage . 42: 239-42. Whitson, R.E., Heitschmidt, R.K., Kothmann, M.M. and Lundgren, G.K. (1982). The impact of grazing systems on the magnitude and stability of ranch income in the Rolling Plains of Texas. J. Range Manage .35: 526-32. Wight, J.R. and Hanson, C.L. (1993). Simulation models as decision aids for management of rangeland ecosystems. In: Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress, pp. 770-1. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Wilson, A.D., Harrington, G.N. and Beale, I.F. (1984). Grazing management. In: Management of Australia's rangelands (Eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson and M.D. Young) pp. 129-40. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia. Wood, W.R. and Thiessen, T.D. (Eds) (1985). Early fur trade on the Northern Plains: the narratives of John Macdonnell, David Thompson, Francois-Antoine Laraocque and Charles McKenzie. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Manuscript received 4 April 1996, accepted 30 July 1996. Rangel. J. 18(2) 1996, 216-43 EVALUATING STOCKING RATE IMPACTS IN RANGELANDS: ANIMALS DON'T PRACTICE WHAT WE PREACH A.J. Ash1 and D.M. Stafford Smith2 'CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, PMB, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814 2CSIR0 Division of Wildlife and Ecology, PO Box 2111, Alice Springs, NT 0871 Abstract Stocking rate is the most important management variable affecting productivity and stability in rangelands. In this paper we examine the relevance of stocking rate research to the complex and highly variable ecosystems that make up most rangeland enterprises. We review a number of stocking rate experiments that have been conducted in both rangelands and more intensively grazed, improved pastures and demonstrate a fundamental difference in the nature of the stocking rate - animal production relationship between the two environments. Animal production in rangelands is less sensitive to increases in utilisation rate than in improved pastures, at least in the short to medium time frame of most experiments. These differences can largely be explained by factors relating to the much greater spatial and temporal variability of rangelands such as: inter-annual and seasonal fluctuations in vegetation composition and quality; long-term vegetation changes; and spatial and temporal patterns of diet selection in complex vegetation. Together, these factors limit the application of linear stocking rate models to complex rangeland environments for prediction of animal production responses. We suggest that dynamic simulation models, which incorporate the spatial and temporal variability of rangelands, may be the best way of developing simple but useful management principles for setting stocking rates that are more appropriate than simplified regression relationships.


This study investigated the feasibility of automatic image registration of MR high-spatial resolution proximal femur trabecular bone images as well as the effects of gray-level interpolation and volume of interest (VOI) misalignment on MR-derived trabecular bone structure parameters. For six subjects, a baseline scan and a follow-up scan of the proximal femur were acquired on the same day. An automatic image registration technique, based on mutual information, utilized a baseline and a follow-up scan to compute transform parameters that aligned the two images. These parameters were subsequently used to transform the follow-up image with three different gray-level interpolators. Nearest neighbor interpolation and b-spline approximation did not significantly alter bone parameters, while linear interpolation significantly modified bone parameters (p<0.01). Improvement in image alignment due to the automatic registration was determined by visually inspecting difference images and 3D renderings. This work demonstrates the first application of automatic registration, without prior segmentation, of high-spatial resolution trabecular bone MR images of the proximal femur. Additionally, effects due to imprecise analysis volume alignment are investigated. Inherent heterogeneity in trabecular bone structure and imprecise positioning of the VOI along the slice (A/P) direction resulted in significant changes in bone parameters (p<0.01). Results suggest that automatic mutual information registration using nearest-neighbor gray-level interpolation to transform the final image ensures VOI alignment between baseline and follow-up images and does not compromise the integrity of MR-derived trabecular bone parameters.


The latest research progress in magnesium alloys containing antimony in recent years is discussed.Effects of antimony additions on the cast-ability,microstructure,tensile properties,creep behavior,damping properties and corrosion resistance of Mg-Al and Mg-Zn based alloys are summarized.Finally,some further research orientations of magnesium alloys containing Sb in the present study are suggested.


OBJECTIVE To explore the treatment and prophylactic of acute herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) infection efficacy of intravascular administration of plasmid DNA expressing mIL-12 in mice.METHODSTo establish HSV-1 infection models,mice were injected with viral suspension into the peritoneal cavity.The hydrodynamics based transfection was performed for transferring the pGEG.mIL-12 into Balb/c mice.The different survival rate was observed in experimental and control groups.The expression of interleukin-12(IL-12) and IFN-γ were assayed by ELISA,and CTL and lymphocyte proliferation from the spleen cells were measured.RESULTSCompared with mice in control group,resulting in significant prolongation of survival period of the mice,the significant elevation of the serum concentration of IL-12 and IFN-γ were detected in mice treated with pGEG.mIL-12.Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly elevated in these mice,but failed to elicit CTL activity at detectable level.CONCLUSIONIntravascular immunization of IL-12 gene has an advantage in preventing and treating the acute infection with HSV-1 in mice.


Stewart, Chater and Brown's (2006) decision-by-sampling theory proposes that people make decisions about everyday events by drawing samples of "similar" events from memory and comparing them to the event in question. Classic gainsversus-losses framing effects emerge naturally from the theory, along with a number of other decision-making phenomena. In this paper, we note that since these biases are treated as memory-related, and there are empirically observed individual differences in both memory and susceptibility to bias, the two might be expected to be related. Specifically, better memory should reduce overconfidence but, somewhat counterintuitively, strengthen framing effects. To test this, we measured working and retrieval memory for 60 undergraduates, and compared these to their susceptibility to each bias. Although the data collected displayed the usual decision-making effects, no relationship was found between memory and either bias once covariates were controlled for.


Due to human and industrial activities the groundwater is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Thus the analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural ecosystem. The assessment of the groundwater quality was carried out in the different village of Moth block of Jhansi district, central India. In Physico - chemical analysis, various quality parameters are measured including pH, turbidity, total hardness, Iron, Chloride, Fluoride and Nitrate concentration pre sent in groundwater. Also all parameters were compared with WHO standards of water quality. The study of physico - chemical characteristics of this groundwater sample suggests that the evaluation of water quality parameters as well as water quality managemen t practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.


We report here an experimental demonstration of a pulse decoding technique from spectral analysis of femtosecond pulses. This technique is based on a single-step Fourier domain inversion algorithm and shows the impact of the spectral window function on the retrieval of the signal pulse. Using two femtosecond laser pulses at 780 and 1560 nm from a fibre laser, we have shown that even when the spectral content of the reference pulse is far from a narrow band limit (as much as a quarter of its entire spectral content for our conditions), the single-step retrieval analysis using spectral windowing in the Fourier domain works efficiently. The enhanced signal levels possible due to the wider spectral window are critical in the unambiguous description of laser pulses, which would have potential application in the retrieval of comparatively weak and complex ultra-short pulses as is often needed in pulse shaping applications and coherent optical communications.