An upward breaking cone is a common shape proposed for Arctic offshore structures. The conical shape will induce ice bending failure, and hence reduce the horizontal ice forces on the structure. In order to save on fabrication costs, it may be desirable to approximate the smooth conical surface by a series of flat faces or facets. The present paper documents an experimental test program which studies the ice loading on a multifaceted conical structure. AI: 50 model scale of a sixsided or six-faceted cone is tested. The model is instrumented to measure separately the ice loads on different parts of the structure. The faceted cone is subjected to a range of ice conditions representing level ice sheets and ridges. The present paper describes the model construction, associated instrumentation, the experimental techniques and test conditions for the model test program. The test results are presented in tabular form. Comparison is made of the experimental results with the predictions of two theoretical models developed for computing the ice forces on smooth cones. The forces measured on the multifaceted cone show reasonable agreement with the Ralston (1980) theoretical model. Fig. 1 Schematic of faceted cone. Typical full-scale dimensions are shown and actual I :50 model-scale dimensions indicated in parentheses. was modelled. It is a six-sided or six-faceted cone with an inscribed diameter of 30 m at the waterline and 10 m at the neck. A similar structure with a neck twice as large was also modelled. The dimensions of this structure are similar to several concepts which have been proposed for Arctic use. The number of sides, six, was chosen to emphasize the effect of a multifaceted structure as distinct from a smooth cone. The slope of each side is 5:6 or about 40° with the horizontal. At the top of the six-sided truncated cone is the "collar," which is a transition section to the vertical "neck" above it. Each side of the collar has a steep 2: 1 slope designed to prevent thick ice pieces from jamming against the neck. The neck itself is a vertical six-sided surface placed on top of the collar. The present paper documents the tests conducted at NRCOttawa, where an 1:50 scale model was tested. The model was instrumented to measure the six components of forces and moments on the entire structure. In addition, the model was segmented to measure the forces on different parts of the cone. Namely, the three components of forces acting on the neck, collar and three of the facets were measured separately. Also, the test setup was such that the orientation of the structure with respect to the direction of ice motion could be changed. The roughness of INTRODUCTION A common shape proposed for Arctic offshore exploration and production structures is that of an upward breaking cone (e.g., Wasilewski and Bruce, 1981; Della Greca, 1984). This type of structure is expected to be made of steel. The curved shape of the cone would make fabrication with steel very difficult and costly. Thus, for ease of fabrication and saving in construction costs, it would be desirable to approximate the smooth conical surface by a series of flat faces or facets. However, to-date, only smooth-surfaced conical structures have been tested for ice loading. Hence it is necessary to investigate the effects of a multifaceted surface on the ice failure process and subsequently on the ice loading on the structure itself. A joint university-industry research program was initiated to study the different aspects of ice loading on a multifaceted conical structure. This program was conducted jointly by Esso Resources Canada Ltd. (ERC), Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). The program involved two series of tests at relatively large model scales of 1:10 and 1:20 conducted at ERC's outdoor ice basin in Calgary (Metge and Weiss, 1989; Metge and Tucker, 1990), one test series at a smaller scale of 1:50 conducted at NRC's Institute for Mechanical Engineering in Ottawa (Irani et aI., 1992), and another test series at intermediate scales of 1:25 and 1:50 at NRC's Institute for Marine Dynamics (lMD) in St. John's, Newfoundland. The principal objective of the test program was to understand the interaction and forces of floating ice, multi-year ice floes and ridges with a multifaceted conical structure. In addition, the test program was devised to address the issue of model-scale effects. In physical model testing, it is important to have confidence in the extrapolation of the model test results to full-scale conditions. The present test program, conducted over a wide range of model-scale factors, will allow the comparison of results from tests conducted at different scale factors. Fig. I shows a schematic of the generic full-scale structure that Received, 1992: revised manuscript received by the editors March 2, 1993. The original version (prior to the final revised manuscript) was presented at the Third International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (lSOPE-93), Singapore, June 6-11, 1993.


The Goldstein Technology Research Guide This page has information pertaining to the custom Workstations available for use within the Goldstein Library. All other computing needs should be patronized next door within the CCI Helpdesk computer lab.


Frugal behavior is infrequently studied in both psychology and marketing. As a consumption pattern it deserves greater attention because frugal consumer behavior is a desirable goal for both individuals and societies. Paradoxically, targeting frugal consumers might also be a profitable strategy for savvy marketers. The present study builds on previous research into the nature and motivations for frugal behavior. Data analysis from a survey of 464 U.S. student respondents shows that three individual-difference characteristics are associated with frugality. Consistent with a prior study, frugality was negatively correlated with materialism and positively correlated with consumer independence. In addition, frugality was positively correlated with self-control, suggesting that frugal consumers tend to be less materialistic, more independent, and have more self-control than are their less frugal counterparts.


Canine cancer patients represent an important translational model for human cancer research with their spontaneous tumor pathogenesis and the many histological, genetic, molecular and clinical similarities between canine and human tumors. Canine tumors provide an opportunity to investigate shared biomarkers and their response to therapeutic interventions over an accelerated timeline compared to human cancers due to differences in expected lifespan and other factors. Dogs, like humans, have three related RAS genes, HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, with extremely similar genetic sequence and resultantly high protein homology. These proteins have many key molecular functions including roles in cell proliferation and survival. Across multiple human cancer types, recurrent gain-of-function missense mutations in the RAS-family genes occur primarily at codons 12, 13, and 61. These mutations result in constitutively active RAS proteins. The frequencies of mutations across the three RAS genes and codons have been hypothesized to lead to distinct biological behaviors. Mutations are most common in KRAS, then NRAS followed by HRAS. We investigated RAS-family genetic mutations in a dataset of 213 canine patients with hemangiosarcoma (HSA), a common, aggressive malignancy derived from endothelial cells for which treatment with both surgery and traditional chemotherapies often fail to prolong survival beyond six months. Recent publications show that genomic profiling of canine HSA tumors can help group tumors into subtypes with potential for guiding therapy selection and improving outcomes. All 213 dogs had tumor tissue sequenced via the FidoCure® Precision Medicine Platform targeted sequencing panel and were followed until time of death or were censored to the date patients were last known to be living. All SNVs and Indels detected were missense mutations. Unlike human pan-cancer data, somatic mutations in NRAS (n=32) were most common with only 1 dog with a somatic KRAS mutation and no dogs with somatic HRAS mutations. Similar to human RAS mutations, affected codons were primarily codon 61 (n=28), codon 13 (n=5), and codon 12 (n=1). Pairwise survival comparisons between dogs with missense mutations in NRAS codon 61 showed that this mutation was associated with better prognosis (n=28, MST 251 [CI 213;327]) compared to dogs with missense mutations at other codons in the NRAS and KRAS genes (n=5, MST 66 [CI 64;NA], p=1.58E-05) and compared to dogs without missense mutations in the RAS family of genes (n=180, MST 123 [CI 100;149], p=0.036). These preliminary findings of similarities between canine and human tumors and associations between mutated codons and prognosis in our growing dataset create an important opportunity to accelerate cancer research, including clinical and biopharmaceutical studies, with great potential benefit to both dogs and humans.
 Citation Format: Michelle E. White, Garrett Harvey, Lucas Rodrigues, Chase Schwalbach, Dorothy Girimonte, Aubrey Miller, Abigail Hull, Lindsay Lambert, Christina Lopes, Gerald Post. Canine hemangiosarcoma as a model for RAS-mutated human cancers: Preliminary data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting RAS; 2023 Mar 5-8; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2023;21(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A005.


IDC predicts that 2008 will be marked by some of the industry's biggest market makers — in software, servers, networking, telecommunications, and semiconductors — greatly increasing investments in disruptive markets, business models, and offerings. The shift will be so great that these disruptions will cease to be considered disruptions — they will become the new status quo for competing in the IT marketplace for the next decade. Key developments defining the coming year include:


In this paper, we present the framework for developing the first working power amplifiers at sub-millimeter-wave frequencies. The technology is made possible by an advanced InP HEMT transistor. A three-stage power amplifier is presented, which uses a binary combiner to realize a total output periphery of 80 mum and demonstrates 12-dB gain at 335 GHz, making, this the first demonstrated sub-millimeter-wave power amplifier. Measured saturated power of 2 mW at 330 GHz is also presented, which provides a transistor power benchmark of 25 mW/mm at 330 GHz. Finally, single-stage amplifier data with large periphery transistors are presented, which demonstrates 5-dB measured gain at 230 GHz and positive measured S21 gain to ~300 GHz, demonstrating that power amplifiers using larger transistors are feasible at these frequencies as well.


This paper introduces the constitution and characteristic of a experiment system of computer composition principle based on FPGA technology. At the same time, application examples of a floating point calculator and a micro controller are given.


Since 1978, the abundance of Coccinella septempunctata L. has been recorded at a hibernation site in the western Czech Republic. Over the years, abundance varied by two orders of magnitude and a long-term trend for decrease in C. septempunctata abundance was observed beginning in the early 1990s. This recession was correlated with the decreasing abundance of its dominant prey, cereal aphids. The acreage of small grain cereals and other crops suitable for breeding C. septempunctata populations also decreased. The change in abundance of cereal aphids may be associated with a dramatic decrease in fertilizer input after 1990. Decreasing fertilizer use has changed the quality of small grain cereal crops and is reflected in lower yields.


Two types of modeling and simulation as service configuration problems are formally defined and their complexities are analyzed. Optimization and heuristic solutions for these configuration problems are introduced. The important engineering parameters related to the schemes and their scalability are also investigated.


Objective
To observe the effect of peripheral arteriovenous exchange combined with intravenous gamma globulin in the treatment of neonatal hemolysis.

Methods
Seventy children with neonatal hemolysis admitted to the first affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from January 2013 to May 2018 and who met the indications for peripheral arteriovenous exchange were selected as the study subjects.The patients were divided into peripheral arteriovenous exchange group and " peripheral arteriovenous exchange+ gamma globulin" group by random number table method, with 35 cases in each group.Baseline data of the two groups, changes of serum bilirubin before and after treatment, partial blood biochemical indicators, hospitalization time and jaundice regression time were observed.

Results
The levels of serum bilirubin ((241.5±48.1), (184.6±26.3), (166.3±18.5), (133.5±20.8) μmol/L) in peripheral arteriovenous exchange + gamma globulin group were significantly lower than those in peripheral arteriovenous exchange group ((299.3±32.5), (225.7±38.9), (195.4±21.1), (173.8±35.4) μmol/L) at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment, the difference was significant (P<0.05). RBC in children in two groups after treatment was(4.3±0.8)×1012/L, (4.2±1.0)×1012/L vs.before(5.2±1.1)×1012/L, (6.4±1.3)×1012/L, Hb after treatment in both groups was (125.8±11.2) g/L, (124.9±10.5) g/L vs.before (148.9±26.5) g/L, (159.3±14.6) g/L and reticulocyte count after treatment in both groups were (7.6±2.1)%, (7.3±1.8)% vs.(5.2±1.3)%, (3.1±0.5)% were significantly improved, but the peripheral arteriovenous exchange+ gamma globulin group was significantly better than the peripheral arteriovenous transfusion group, the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). The hospitalization time (10.3±1.9) d and jaundice regression time (8.6±0.5) d in the peripheral arteriovenous exchange + gamma globulin group were significantly lower than those in the peripheral arteriovenous exchange group ((15.5±2.6) d, (10.0±1.1) d). The difference was statistically significant(t=9.553, 6.855, P<0.05). The children who had re-hemolytic after treatment in the peripheral arteriovenous exchange + gamma globulin group were significantly lower than the peripheral arteriovenous exchange group (5.7%(2/35) vs.25.7%(9/35)), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.285, P=0.022).

Conclusion
Peripheral arteriovenous exchange combined with intravenous gamma globulin is effective in the treatment of neonatal hemolysis.It can significantly reduce serum bilirubin, improve blood biochemical parameters, shorten hospitalization time and jaundice regression time, and is safe and reliable.

Key words:
Neonatal hemolysis; Peripheral arteriovenous exchange; Gamma globulin; Therapeutic effect


C KVV Auger electron spectra of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (at different emission angles) and of quaterphenyl, fullerenes C60, singleand multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) have been studied. The interpretation of HOPG spectra is based on the angular dependence of the Auger line shape and on the comparison with the related carbon compounds. The Auger spectra of HOPG at normal (SHOPGn) and grazing (SHOPGg) emission are quite different at the highenergy side. We interpret the difference between the two spectra in terms of different sampling depth and interlayer interaction. The normal emission spectrum is formed by the top, underlying layers and interlayer interaction. The last is the interaction between p-electrons of the first and second layers. This p-state is closer to the Fermi level than the p-state of the single layer and may be responsible for metallic conductivity. Information on this p-state found in these experiments provides a unique method for identification of the interaction between carbon atomic layers or for differentiating between the single and double layer structures of carbon atoms. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 79.20; 73.30.+y,73.25.+i; 73.20. r


The generation of a stationary random process with an exactly exponential correlation function is considered as an inverse problem in which one must find a stochastic differential equation (SDE) whose solution has a given probability density function (PDP of the solution. Synthesis of the corresponding generating SDE is derived. The results remove the known Pearson restrictions and extend the range of such processes to arbitrary PDF.


This paper presents an overview of the development of chemical monitors using the surface- enhanced raman scattering (SERS) technique. The SERS effect is based on recent experimental observations, which have indicated enhancement of the Raman scattering efficiency by factors up to 108 when a compound is adsorbed on rough metallic surfaces having submicron protrusions. The focus of our research efforts is on the development of SERS-active sensors and instrumentation capable of field analysis and remote sensing.


The results of a multidisciplinary study conducted on four salivary gland myoepitheliomas diagnosed with fine needle aspiration biopsy (FAB) and treated using local excision are presented. Histologically, two cases were benign and two malignant. Smears of the benign varieties contained an uniform population of slightly spindled cells with bipolar cytoplasm and conspicuous cell membranes. The nuclei were small and oval with homogeneous chromatin. The cells were observed in groups or clusters over a proteinaceous background. There were adjacent isolated cells differing in shape with rounded eosinophilic cytoplasm, the cytoplasm was discretely granular and/or clear with round hyperchromatic centrally-located nuclei. One smear showed numerous capillaries with prominent endothelial cells on a background made up of a chondroid matrix. Two cases disclosed malignant cytological changes with a necrohemorrhagic background, discrete pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli, hyperchromatism and occasional atypical mitosis. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for protein S-100 and vimentin, and focally for cytokeratin. Electron microscopy was basically composed of myoepithelial cells.


The present invention discloses industrial preparation process of tetrachloro terephthalonitrile. Tetrachloro terephthalonitrile is prepared with terephthalic acid as initial material and through four reaction steps, including the first step of chlorinating terephthalic acid to prepare tetrachloro terephthalic acid, the second step of preparing tetrachloro terephthalyl chloride; the third step of preparing tetrachloro terephthalyl amide; and the fourth step of preparing tetrachloro terephthalonitrile. The present invention has simple technological process, is suitable for match production and has product purity up to 99 % and product yield up to 70 %.


Objective: This paper discusses the enrichment and purification of total flavonoids and luteolin from peanut hull with macroporous adsorption resins.Methods: Using the luteolin as the standard,the capability of static adsorption and desorption are examined,the optimum macroporous resins are selected,and the exchange of content of total flavonoids and luteolin are compared.Results: The D101 resin was the best of the 7 resins for enriching and purifying total flavonoids and luteolin,and the proportion of total flavonoids and luteolin of extraction increase 4 5 times respectively.Conclusion: D101 resin can be used to enrich and purify the total flavonoids and luteolin from peanut hull extract,which can increase the rate of enrichment.


Transmission electron micrographs of a multilayer film consisting of 360 alternating layers of plasma deposited hydrogenated amorphous silicon and silicon nitride show that each 28‐A‐thick layer is remarkably flat and uniform. Within the first 1000 A near the glass substrate the regular growth of the layers is disturbed by instabilities which resemble dislocations in the layering. Electron microscopy of compositional layering may prove to be an important tool for studying the growth mechanism during plasma deposition.


Recently, the use of solder containing lead in the interconnection between printed substrate and electric packages has been prohibited since lead may have a bad influence on humans and the environment. Today Sn-Ag-Cu alloys (SnAgCu) are used in general as a substitute of Sn-Pb alloys (SnPb). However, the melting point of SnAgCu is higher than that for SnPb which may induce damages in the substrate and packages. To solve this problem, the reflow of lead-free solder by microwave heating was studied. The microwave heating system worked at 2.45 GHz frequency on TE10 mode. The most suitable heating location in the waveguide and the most suitable microwave power were investigated by measuring the temperature of the substrate and the solder simultaneously. After the solder was heated up to the melting point of 493 K, solder-mounted was achieved. The intermetallic chemical compound between the solder and Cu was observed by SEM and it was also analysed by the cross-section of the solder using EDX.


This paper proposes a new approach to deal with the problem of stability under arbitrary switching of continuous-time switched time-delay systems represented by TS fuzzy models. The considered class of systems, initially described by delayed differential equations, is first put under a specific state space representation, called arrow form matrix. Then, by constructing a pseudo-overvaluing system, common to all fuzzy submodels and relative to a regular vector norm, we can obtain sufficient asymptotic stability conditions through the application of Borne and Gentina practical stability criterion. The stability criterion, hence obtained, is algebraic, is easy to use, and permits avoiding the problem of existence of a common Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, considered as a difficult task even for some low-order linear switched systems. Finally, three numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Abstract This paper presents a sliding mode filter for removing noise. It effectively removes impulsive noise and highfrequency noise, producing a smaller phase lag than linear filters. In addition, it is less prone to overshoot than previous sliding mode filters and it does not produce chattering. It is computationally inexpensive and thus suitable for real-time applications. The proposed sliding mode filter employs a quadratic surface as its sliding surface, which is designed so that the output converges to the input in finite time when the input value is constant. Its algorithm is derived by using the backward Euler discretization, which can be used to prevent chattering. The effectiveness of the filter was shown by experiments using an ultrasonic sensor and an optical encoder.


Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) and Positive Bias Temperature Instability (PBTI) are critical circuit reliability issues in highly scaled CMOS technologies. In this paper, we analyze the impacts of NBTI and PBTI on SRAM Vmini and present a design solution for mitigating the impact of NBTI and PBTI on SRAM V<inf>MIN</inf>. Two different SRAM V<inf>MINS</inf> (SNM-limited V<inf>MIN</inf> and time-limited V<inf>MIN</inf>) are explained. Simulation results show that SNM-limited V<inf>MTN</inf> is more sensitive to NBTI while time-limited V<inf>MTN</inf> is more prone to suffer from PBTI effect. NBTI/PBTI-aware control of wordline pulse width and sense amplifier enable time mitigates the V<inf>MIN</inf> degradation induced by NBTI/PBTI.


Osteoporosis is a severe skeletal disorder. Patients have a low bone mineral density and bone structural deterioration. Mounting lines of evidence suggest that inappropriate apoptosis of osteoblasts/osteocytes leads to maladaptive bone remodelling in osteoporosis. It has been suggested that transplantation of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, may alter the trajectory of bone remoulding and mitigate osteoporosis in animal models. However, stem cells needed to be carefully stored and characterized before usage. In addition, there is great batch‐to‐batch variation in stem cell production. Here, we fabricated therapeutic polymer microparticles from the secretome and membranes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These synthetic MSCs contain growth factors secreted by MSCs. In addition, these particles display MSC surface molecules. In vitro, co‐culture with synthetic MSCs increases the viability of osteoblast cells. In a rat model of ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis, injection of synthetic MSCs mitigated osteoporosis by reducing cell apoptosis and systemic inflammation, but increasing osteoblast numbers. Synthetic MSC offers a promising therapy to manage osteoporosis.


Jet-type perforate-wash-cement (P/W/C) is a relatively new well plugging technique that is more cost effective than the traditional casing milling method. ConocoPhillips has extensively used this technique in the Greater Ekofisk Area (GEA) over the last 10 years. In this method, Tubing Conveyed Perforating (TCP) guns perforate casing in the target interval before the zone is washed and a cross-sectional cement plug is installed using a specialized Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA). The BHA has nozzles in respective zones to separately spray wash fluid and cement during the operation. Tool translational (up and down movement) and rotational speeds, nozzle diameter, number of nozzles, nozzle angle, mud and cement properties, flow rates and nozzle pressure drop are the key governing parameters. In 2014, ConocoPhillips Norway launched a project to improve quality of wash and cement processes and since 2016 utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for parametric optimization. The analysis significantly enhanced understanding of the fundamental processes involved, enabling improvement of the existing tool and processes. The focus of this paper is on how BHA rotational speed, nozzle diameter, and nozzle angle influence wash process efficiency. Deeper insight from CFD analysis on the influence of these parameters on the wash process is discussed in more detail in this paper. Updated wash and cement procedures and parameter values were introduced in 2017 based on CFD modeling and detailed in a best practice document. To date approximately 200 successful operations have been performed as per the best practice.


Overview The 4x4 QFN package is becoming popular for many signal and interface applications. To enable optimal thermal performance, this package has an exposed heatsink designed to be soldered directly to a metal pad on the application board. The purpose of this article is to show how application board thermal properties dominate the typical system in which a small QFN package might be used. Therefore, external design choices will, in most cases, make the difference between what would otherwise be reasonable, plausible or impossible applications, at least when viewed from a strictly thermal perspective. In broad terms, the junction−to−back−of−flag thermal resistance of the 4x4 QFN is on the order of 6−8°C/W (the lower value being obtained when referencing the temperature at the hottest point on the board−side of the exposed mounting pad, the higher value when referencing the perimeter of the exposed pad). On the other hand, because of the small footprint of the package, board−to−ambient thermal resistance (which is controlled by board size, materials, layout, and thermal boundary conditions), can easily range from about 15°C/W up to in excess of 120°C/W. JA (junction−to−ambient, the sum of the junction−to−board contribution and the board−to−ambient contribution) thus may vary nearly an order of magnitude, from the most optimistic, thermally aggressive value of about 20°C/W, up to 130°C/W. Conceivably, even lower values could be achieved by the use of forced−convection cooling applied to external heatsinks on the back side of the application board, yet on the other hand, values much worse than 130°C/W could be realized if insufficient board area is provided for the device. The latter possibility may arise indirectly and inadvertently, for instance, if the heat−spreading area is disrupted by injudicious gaps, or if other heat sources exist in close proximity to the device in question, effectively "stealing" some of its intended convection area.


This work deals with the highly practice-relevant problem of automated contract conclusion through so-called M2M applications in the field of electronic procurement. It combines technical basics, technical terms and practical fields of application with legal considerations on the modernisation of the doctrine of legal transactions. Based on the insights gained, various contract models for the use of automated systems are presented and modified for M2M transactions in e-procurement. Following on from the proposed attribution instrument of the "system declaration", rules for framework contract and platform models are conceived for the legal structuring of M2M transactions.


Energy loss, radio interference, and audible noise interference caused by corona discharge bring many special problems to the design and operation of the transmission lines. The smooth conductor is adopted in the traditional calculation model. The electric field intensity of stranded conductor which is used in practice is larger than that of smooth conductor. Therefore, a computation model is adopted for evaluating the corona inception voltage of stranded conductors. The electric field intensity is calculated by the charge simulation method in the computation model. Then the negative corona inception voltage is calculated according to the negative corona criterion. The results from numerical computation are compared with that from test in the others papers. Good agreement is obtained between the computation and test results, which demonstrate the validity of the numerical simulation program. The numerical simulation program may therefore be applied to study characteristics of negative DC corona inception voltage of stranded conductors. Surface roughness coefficient is in inverse proportion to the conductor radius, which is in proportion to conductor strand number.


: Land use and climate change are the two major driving factors of watershed runo ff change, and it is of great significance to study the influence of watershed hydrological processes on water resource planning and management. This study takes the Changyang River basin as the study area, builds a SWAT model and explores the applicability of the SWAT model in the basin. Moreover, we combine data on land use and climate change in di ff erent periods to construct a variety of scenario models to quantitatively analyze the impacts of di ff erent scenarios on runo ff . The results show that the R 2 and Ensof the model are 0.71 and 0.68 in the calibration period, respectively, and those in the verification period are 0.68 and 0.65, respectively, indicating that the SWAT model has good applicability in simulating the runo ff of the Changyang River basin. Under the comprehensive scenario of land use and climate change on runo ff , we found that land use and climate change have a certain contribution to the change in runo ff . Therefore, the runo ff of the basin increased by 0.22 m 3 / s, in which land-use change caused the runo ff in the basin to increase by 0.07 m 3 / s attributed to the decreased area of arable land and the increased area of urban land in the basin. Moreover, climate change has caused the runo ff in the basin to increase by 0.13 m 3 / s, mainly influenced by the increased precipitation. The results show that climate change has a more significant e ff ect on runo ff in the basin.


Objective To study the relationship among tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6) and immunologic pathogenesis of epilepsy.Methods Healthy adult SD rats (n=30) were divided into control group (n=10,treated with normal saline) and model group(pentylenetetrazole treated group,n=20).Radioimmunoassay(RIA) method was used to detect the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in peripheral blood from the epilepsy group and the control group,respectively.Results The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the epilepsy group were higher than those in the control group,and there were statistically significant differences(P0.01).Conclusion TNF-α and IL-6 may be involved in the immunologic pathogenesis of epilepsy.


This paper presents a simple and inexpensive analog electronic transducer for power measurement in DC circuits. Setting in an original way the dependence between the duty ratio and voltage using a closed loop feedback system, the output signal of the transducer provides a signal proportional to the power of the measured circuit .The advantages of the proposed transducer are highlighted using a prototype.


Abstract The pupa of Nebrioporus (Zimmermannius) ceresyi is described and illustrated at S.E.M. on the basis of a female specimen collected on the Island of Pantelleria (Italy, Sicilian Channel, central Mediterranean). The morphology and chaetotaxy of this pupa are compared to those of the other known pupae of the same genus and to those of related genera previously attributed to the genus Potamonectes.


To avoid the fiscal cliff entirely, Congress needs to eliminate a deficit of roughly $6.8 trillion over ten years.1 This will require spending cuts and revenue enhancements.


This paper investigates whether trucking firms that haul hazardous materials differ from firms who do not haul these goods. It employs a database of 75,000 federal government safety audits of United States motor carriers. We find that hazardous materials firms are five times larger, in terms of annual fleet miles, than non-hazardous materials haulers, and are more likely to be general commodity carriers. Based on Poisson regression analysis, firms that carry hazardous materials exclusively have an accident rate 11% higher than comparable firms that do not carry these commodities, and a rate of fatalities and serious injuries that is 22% higher. Firms that carry hazardous materials in combination with general freight, have an accident rate that is 18% higher and a fatality and injury rate that is 24% higher. Among hazardous materials carriers, accident rates decline with firm size. Private carriers are safer than for-hire carriers. Haulers of gases in packages and liquids in tanks have the highest accident rates. Carriers of hazardous wastes have the lowest accident rates. Firms classified as "unsatisfactory" in safety audits by the federal government have an accident rate 50% worse than other firms, though these accidents do not result in a higher incidence of fatalities and injuries.


3 Introduction 4 Review of Literature 4 Product Development 6 Results 7 Limitations 7 Discussion 7 Implications to Nursing Practice 8 Conclusions 9 References 10 Appendix A: Fighting Cancer Fatigue: A Look at Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies 12 THERAPIES TO REDUCE CANCER FA TIGUE 3 Abstract Background: Cancer related fatigue is one of the most common side effects of cancer and its associated treatments. It may last months or years after cancer treatment is finished and can severely impact quality of life. Studies have shown that various nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies can help to reduce and manage cancer related fatigue. Project Development: This project seeks to create a booklet that can increase awareness of, and provide information on, the nature of complementary integrative medicine therapies that may reduce cancer related fatigue as well as the availability of these therapies in the local area. A literature review was conducted to identify the ten most effective complementary therapies that have research evidence supporting their use in the reduction of cancer fatigue. The 10 identified therapies are outlined in the booklet, along with a brief description of each therapy. A further internet search was also conducted to find businesses that provided any of the l O identified complementary therapies in the Huntsville and Northern Alabama and southeastern TN area. Each identified treatment option includes a description of the therapy and its benefits and risks, a description of the business that offers the therapy, and the contact information for the business. Results: The finished booklet was distributed to the Clearview Cancer Institutes at Huntsville, Crestwood, and Decatur. Discussion: This project's purpose is to improve the quality of life of cancer patients suffering from cancer related fatigue by providing the booklet to cancer centers in the Huntsville, AL area and increasing patients' access to basic information about complementary therapies that they can find locally.Background: Cancer related fatigue is one of the most common side effects of cancer and its associated treatments. It may last months or years after cancer treatment is finished and can severely impact quality of life. Studies have shown that various nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies can help to reduce and manage cancer related fatigue. Project Development: This project seeks to create a booklet that can increase awareness of, and provide information on, the nature of complementary integrative medicine therapies that may reduce cancer related fatigue as well as the availability of these therapies in the local area. A literature review was conducted to identify the ten most effective complementary therapies that have research evidence supporting their use in the reduction of cancer fatigue. The 10 identified therapies are outlined in the booklet, along with a brief description of each therapy. A further internet search was also conducted to find businesses that provided any of the l O identified complementary therapies in the Huntsville and Northern Alabama and southeastern TN area. Each identified treatment option includes a description of the therapy and its benefits and risks, a description of the business that offers the therapy, and the contact information for the business. Results: The finished booklet was distributed to the Clearview Cancer Institutes at Huntsville, Crestwood, and Decatur. Discussion: This project's purpose is to improve the quality of life of cancer patients suffering from cancer related fatigue by providing the booklet to cancer centers in the Huntsville, AL area and increasing patients' access to basic information about complementary therapies that they can find locally. THERAPIES TO REDUCE CANCER FATIGUE 4 Introduction Cancer related fatigue is one of the most common side effects of cancer and its associated treatments. Unlike normal fatigue, it does not usually result from exertion and is not relieved by rest (Mudumbi & Tang, 2016). The exact cause of cancer related fatigue is unknown and may be related to the disease itself as well as treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. It can be debilitating, long lasting, and can severely impact quality oflife. Cancer related fatigue is often more distressing than other symptoms like pain or nausea. In many patients, it can last months or years after cancer treatment is finished (Mudumbi & Tang, 2016). Cancer related fatigue has also been linked with various psychological symptoms and mood disorders. According to Mudumbi and Tang (2016), cancer fatigue is often reported in cancer survivors who have sleep disturbance, pain, distress, depression, lymphedema, higher body mass index (BM!), and decreased activity levels. As a result, cancer related fatigue can have a significant impact on function and quality of life. However, studies have shown that various nonpharmacological therapies can be used in conjunction with normal care to have a positive effect on cancer symptoms, reducing fatigue and improving quality oflife (Kampshoff et al., 2015). The purpose of this project is to identify the most effective complementary and integrative medicine therapies for reducing fatigue in adult cancer patients, and create an informational booklet describing these therapies and where to find them. Review of Literature A review of literature was conducted to find effective evidence based nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies for managing cancer related fatigue. PubMed and CINHAL were searched using tenns such as cancer, fatigue, complimentary therapies, integrative therapies, nonpharmacological, holistic, and treatment. THERAPIES TO REDUCE CANCER FA TIGUE s Articles were further screening through the selection of articles in English language and published in the years between 2010-2019. The therapies were chosen based on three criteria: effectiveness at reducing cancer related fatigue, safety of the therapy, and availability in the Northern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee area. A total of32 articles were reviewed, with ten therapies identified for inclusion in the booklet. These therapies are acupuncture, massage therapy, yoga, medical qigong, music therapy, art therapy, exercise, reflexology, guided imagery, and hypnosis. The therapies varied in the strength of the evidence supporting their effectiveness, with some such as exercise and yoga having multiple well designed studies examining their use on a variety of populations, while therapies such as reflexology that had fewer studies and only researched specific populations like breast cancer patients were also included due to the low risks associated with their use. Once the therapies were identified, an additional internet search was completed to assure there were providers for each of the therapies in the Northern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee region. Two therapies initially identified lacked qualified providers in the area and were replaced with physical therapy and music therapy after a further literature review and internet search. The final therapy selection includes nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies with providers spread across Northern Alabama and into the Nashville area of southeastern Tennessee. Of these, the more popular therapies like acupuncture and yoga have many service providers and clinics all throughout the chosen area. Others, like medical qigong or polarity therapy, have very few official businesses, but may have individual practitioners that patients can seek out themselves through websites and directories such as the Qigong Institute website at or the American Polarity Therapy Association website. Some therapies such as exercise and guided imagery can be practiced and learned in a professional THERAPlES TO REDUCE CANCER FA TlGUE setting such as at physical therapy or a clinic or simply by oneself through internet research or referral from a medical professional. The wide range of options and methods available for relieving cancer related fatigue allows individuals the flexibility to tailor their care to their own desires. Product Development 6 The final booklet is designed to provide information about the effectiveness and availability nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies to reduce cancer related fatigue to patients undergoing cancer treatments. The first section is an introduction that explains what cancer related fatigue is and what its symptoms are. lt also explains the nature of nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies, with an emphasis on how they are meant to be used in conjunction with conventional cancer treatments and not as a replacement to them. Patients are also advised to discuss with their doctor before starting any nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies, as certain types of cancer or other health factors may potentially contraindicate the use of some therapies. The major content of the pamphlet discusses the nonpharmacological complementary and integrative medicine therapies themselves. Each therapy has a short description with information such as what the therapy is, how the therapy works, what receiving the therapy will involve, what effects the therapy may have, and what the risks are. Every therapy has at least one business or clinic that provides the therapy. Each of these businesses will also have a description with information such as what services they offer, what qualifications and certifications they possess, and where their business is located. At the end of the booklet is a table with the phone number and website for each of the businesses listed. THERAPIES TO REDUCE CANCER FATIGUE 1 Results The finished booklet is twelve pages long, with an introduction, one page each for the ten therapies, and a page containing the contact infor


This paper develops a precise method of estimating the cost of debt to a firm that is based on standard financial theories and empirical evidence on default risk and financial distress costs. An analysis with current data on the S&P 500 demonstrates that the capital structures of large firms are consistent with the model's simple implications.


This study is aimed at identifying the impact of digital divide on the quality of university education at Jordan private University in the north region, and the descriptive analytical approach has been used to suit the nature of the study so as to design the appropriate tool through the questionnaire, as it was distributed to a sample of (250) of the faculty members as a representative sample of the study community. The most important results were is represented by the fact that there is statistically significant effect at the level of significance (α <0.05) of the digital divide with its dimensions (Digital reach, digital ability divide, digital results divide) on the quality of the university education in its dimensions (Strategic vision of leadership, academic reputation, quality of students (graduates), besides the quality of scientific research, as well as the quality of a university professor).


Phase equilibrium calculations require experimental lab data to constrain component properties in an equation of state (EOS) model. These thermodynamics-based models generally perform well when it comes to predicting conventional PVT experiments but often fall short when it comes to predicting gas injection experiments, particularly for CO2 injection. We therefore seek to develop methods that can help provide a good initial estimate of the swelling curve, in cases where laboratory data are not available.
 Our company PVT database compromises more than 2,200 PVT studies, which enables us to pursue three different avenues for predicting the CO2 swelling curve. The first method relies on a machine-learning algorithm, which takes fluid composition and temperature as input. In general, we find that this solution does not preserve monotonicity of the pressure-dependent properties and it extrapolates poorly outside the parameter space used for training. As an example, it fails to predict the first-contact miscible pressure defined as the maximum pressure on the swelling curve.
 The second option involved correlating swelling pressure, swelling factor and swelling density as a function of the amount of injected gas. We find that all three curves are well-represented by a parabolic expression and we were able to correlate the coefficients as a function methane content in the reservoir fluid only. The resulting model predicts saturation pressure, swelling factor, and density of the swollen mixtures with an absolute average deviation of 4.8%, 2.3% and 1.7%, respectively, which is an excellent starting point for tuning an EOS model for EOR screening studies until experimental data becomes available.
 The third strategy involved tuning a separate EOS model to each of the 34 CO2 swelling studies and then attempt to correlate the EOS component properties. We compare the values of the tuned pseudo-component properties against some standard correlations such as Pedersen, Kesler-Lee, Riazi-Daubert and others. We find that the Pedersen correlations for critical pressure, critical temperature and acentric factor provide a more accurate initial guess than the other correlations tested. However, we observed that the tuned solution depended to some extent on the initial guess. We find that for our fluid systems, the default values for the critical volume of the pseudo-components need to be reduced by 15% to better predict the viscosity using the LBC model. Despite the slightly improved property estimation, we did not manage to find a clear trend for the binary interaction coefficient between CO2 and the plus fraction. Therefore, we would recommend predicting the CO2 swelling curve with the set of parabolic correlations.


In this video artwork, the author looks at the interaction between neurodiversity and media design, focusing on his acoustic condition of hyperacusis as well as his neurodivergent condition of Asperger's. There are many inner thoughts that the hyper sensorial acoustic disorder brings, and the author creates poems as an output, interrelating art and technology in the cognitive process, and underlining a cross-connection between the data and emotions.


This paper demonstrates how pseudo‐transient continuation improves the efficiency and robustness of a Newton iteration within a non‐linear transient elasticity simulation. Pseudo‐transient continuation improves efficiency by enabling larger time steps than possible with a Newton iteration. Robustness improves because pseudo‐transient continuation recovers the convergence of Newton's method when the initial iterate is not within the region of local convergence. We illustrate the benefits of pseudo‐transient continuation on a non‐linear transient simulation of a buckling cylinder, including a comparison with a line search‐based Newton iteration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In the late Ming dynasty period,natural perceptual desire that had been bound for a long time greatly displayed.To meet the perceptual desire became an important life goal for literati.The desire pursuit of literati in Late Ming dynasty based on elaborate management of daily lives,containing complex and rich aesthetic connotations.First of all,the interest in desire greatly widened the aesthetic vision,the fulfillment and transformation of "desire" meant the liberation of human beings,which was the symbol of beauty returning to daily life.Second,literati were intoxicated and wandered in the pursuit of desire.They tried hard to construct their life ideal based on daily lives.Besides true happiness and value of life,literati got reflection on complex connotations of desire in the pursuit of them,which reflected the spiritual struggle and awaking of self-awareness of literati.Therefore,the relationship between "desire" idea and the aesthetic experience in late Ming dynasty is also complex.


The paper rests on the basic principle of the double difference method, through using Kennett and Engdahl(1991)'s IASPEI Earth model which can be used in computation theoretical travel time in the condition of regional and telseismic earthquake .We have developed a double difference program which can be used in the regional and teleseismic earthquake. And utilizes this program to relocate the Jiashi Ms 6.8 earthquake sequence in Xinjiang province on 24/2/2,003, obtained a quite good result.


Flower-like TiO2 materials, with their advantages of high specific surface area, large pore structure, and high photocatalytic activity, have been widely used in environmental management, air purification, and surface self-cleaning. TiO2 nanoflowers were prepared by a hydrothermal method. Ag-doped TiO2 nanostructures are obtained using microwave-assisted reduction. Results show that Ag are well dispersed on the surface of TiO2,which can enhance the visible absorption. Ag/TiO2 could also restrain the recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs efficiently. The results of photocatalytic water splitting showed that Ag/TiO2 samples had better photocatalytic performance than pure TiO2.


Introduction: AV nodal conduction properties differ in the anterograde versus the retrograde direction. The underlying substrate remains unclear. We propose that direction‐dependent changes in AV nodal function are the net result of those occurring in the slow and fast pathways.


Many parents worry about this question. The answer comes from children, families, teachers, and doctors working together as a team. Watching your child's behavior at home and in the community is very important to help answer this question. Your doctor will ask you to fill out rating scales about your child. Watching your child's behavior and talking with other adults in the child's life will be important for filling out the forms.


Genetic polymorphism of five new European Standard Set (ESS) STR loci was studied in a sample population of Bangladesh using Investigator ESSplex kit (QIAGEN). Allele frequencies and forensic efficiency parameters were evaluated in a sample of 88 unrelated individuals. No significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed for the loci. The combined probability of match (PM) and combined power of exclusion (PE) for the studied loci was calculated to be 1.22 × 10 -6 and 0.98306 respectively. However, combining this data with data from other STR loci typically incorporated in most of the commercial kits using our population sample gave very high level of individualisation. Typing of these five ESS loci therefore may provide a useful addition to the previously established set of autosomal STR loci in Bangladeshi population.


We read with interest the Technical Brief by Smogorzewska et al. (1) describing an artificially increased total bilirubin in a patient with a monoclonal IgM paraprotein. Monoclonal paraproteins have been shown to artifactually influence several automated assays of different methodologies, including nephelometry, turbidometry, and immunologic assays, by forming precipitates during the assay procedure (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). The total bilirubin assay on the Hitachi 917 automatic chemistry analyzer (Roche Diagnostics) has been reported to yield falsely increased bilirubin values as a result of paraprotein interference (1)(8).

Smogorzewska et al. (1) and Pantanowitz et al. (8) described this artifact as rare, but we have identified 6 patients at 2 hospitals with documented paraproteins who had falsely increased serum total bilirubin. Notably, patients with artifactually high total …


We theoretically investigate the effect of public information — such as credit ratings and securities analysts' reports — on investor welfare in the context of delegated asset management. Specifically, we ask: does more precise public information increase investor welfare by decreasing an asset manager's informational advantage and, thereby, mitigating the agency problem between him and his client? We show, first, that public information does not align incentives and, second, that decreasing the precision of the information is Pareto improving. Interpreting public information as credit ratings, this suggests that widening ratings categories makes everyone better off. Our results are consistent with some empirical facts about asset management fees.


Linear mixture model (LMM) has been widely used in hyperspectral image unmixing under the assumption that the mixed spectrum is performed in a linear manner. In order to obtain accurate amounts of material abundance, two constrains are usually imposed on LMM, which are abundance non-negative constraint (ANC) and abundance sum-to-one constraint (ASC). Although LMM with full constraint shows bunches of advantages in application, it is not so effective in complicated ground scene, for it couldn't simulate nonlinear factors and might distort the unmixed abundances under nonlinear interferences. In this paper, we propose a generalized constraint model by slacking the sum to one constraint of fractional abundances, which can tolerate spectral-amplitude variation caused by undulated terrain. The experiment results indicate that the proposed method outperforms LMM with full constraint significantly in terms of unmixing accuracy of specific land-covers, such as shadows caused by sheltering.


The place of play in the education of young children has been the focus of much interest in the past. But the findings from this research project demonstrate that there remains a significant amount of confusion about the role that play has in young children's education. In particular we found that there is a clear distinction between the rhetoric and reality of play in the reception class. Further, there was evidence of real anguish for some early years workers who were failing to offer the play activities that they knew should be provided. These findings are particularly interesting at present, since the debate on the role of play has once again emerged as fundamental in the attempt to define a curriculum appropriate to the needs of the 3-6 year olds who, from the year 2000, will be required to work within the highly contentious Foundation Stage of the National Curriculum.


In order to study the effect of land use of Henan Province on the economic development of the province,land use and regional economic development of Henan Province have been investigated and analyzed,using statistical method and regression analysis method.The results of the study show that there is a negative correlation between cultivated land area and population,GDP,fixed assets investment and industrial added value,with construction land use being positively related to cultivated land area.The secondary and tertiary industries are positively related to urban land use scale.Economic development and cultivated land,urban land use change of Henan Province is divided into three stages: gentle development,rapid fluctuation and then stable development.The overall land use evolves from extensiveness to intensiveness,benefitting the sustainable development of the province,which proves that the development of economy will lead to intensiveness of urban and rural land use and better protection of cultivated land.


The synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban has a rapid onset and offset of anticoagulation. However, there are no data about the pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) relationship of argatroban in patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and no data about other coagulation parameters than activated clotting time (ACT) in this setting. In the ARG‐E04‐trial, 140 patients were randomly assigned to argatroban (250, 300, or 350 μg/kg as bolus before PCI, followed by 15, 20, or 25 μg/kg/min infusion) or unfractionated heparin (70–100 IU/kg bolus). A 2‐compartment model with first‐order elimination adequately described the pharmacokinetic profile of argatroban over all 3 dosing groups. Clearance (CL) and distribution volumes (V1 and V2) were 21 L/h, 9.2 L, and 6.6 L, respectively. A significant sigmoidal Emax relationship was established between the argatroban plasma concentration and the response in ACT and the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), whereas the response in activated partial thromoplastin time (aPTT), ecarin time (ECA‐T), and prothrombinase‐induced clotting time (PiCT) could be described by a nonsigmoidal Emax model. This study proves a relatively small interindividual variability of both PK and PK‐PD properties of argatroban even at high doses and supports the profile of argatroban as a drug with a predictive dose‐effect relationship and therefore good controllability.


Observation of the two-dimensional (2-D) 3 nm x 3 nm lattice structure of the S-layer sheath of the archaeobacterium Methanospirillum hungatei is reported for the first time by scanning tunneling microscopy. The samples consisted of sheath fragments deposited on a TaSei substrate and coated with a Pt/Ir film. In addition to confirming the 2-D structure, the images reveal some new information about the nano-scale details of the sheath structure. A lateral resolution of 1 nm was achieved, suggesting that the grain size of the Pt/Ir films was much less than for similar films deposited on a smooth metal surface.


In order to explore the feasibility of vibration sensing behind barriers by terahertz interferometry,a terahertz interferometer was built based on a Michelson interferometer and using 214.58 μm CO2 laser pumping gas THz source.Small vibrations behind a thin cardboard caused by knocking a target mirror was measured by the terahertz interferometer.With some data processing techniques such as phase analysis and spectrum analysis,vibration time-histories and time-frequence distribution were resolved.The maximum of measured peak-peak amplitude is 17.54 μm and the minimum is 7.98 μm.The calculated peak velocity is about 2.7 mm/s.The maximum and minimum of vibration frequence are 58 Hz and 21 Hz,respectively.The results show that terahertz interferometry is a convenient novel technique that senses vibrations behind barriers,and can effectively overcome disadvantages of conventional vibration sensors.


This study investigates the interface state electron dispersion relation between NaCl(100) islands and Ag(111) dependent upon NaCl island size. Both onset energy and effective mass are size dependent. However, these dependencies are relevant at different island sizes. We trace back this effective mass dependency to a misfit-induced strain based on atomically resolved images. Our results open up new avenues for the development of nanodevices by tuning the effective electron mass via strain of the insulating component.


The purpose of this research is to study the relationship among Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) features on students' perceived motivational support and cognitive investment. The research used a multiple regression for data analysis across a sample of 200 students in to a public higher learning institution in Federal Territory of Labuan Malaysia. Their participation was purely voluntary. Empirical analysis via multiple regressions confirmed that students' perceived motivational support and cognitive investment was influenced positively by Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) features. The results may be used to inform higher education institutes students' on how to design DGBL for the college students. How the DGBL works on college students' perceived motivational support and cognitive investment. The results of this study offers a new forward motion to the findings of prior studies on develop a consolidated design model to consider all identified empirical relationships in order to support efficient DGBL in higher education.


PanJen provides users the opportunity to explore the relationship between a dependent variable and its covariates with minimal restrictions. The package offers an easy and data-driven way to choose a functional form in multiple linear regression models by comparing a range of parametric transformations. The parametric functional forms are benchmarked with a non-parametric smoothed relationship. The package allows users to generate plots that show the functional form relationship between the explanatory variable and the dependent variable. Furthermore, PanJen allows users to specify specific functional transformations, driven by an a priori and theory-based hypothesis. The plots and model fit metrics enable users to make an informed choice of how to specify the functional form the regression. We show that the PanJen ranking outperforms the Box-Tidwell transformation, especially in the presence of inefficiency, heteroscedasticity or endogeneity.


This paper reports the non-stationary behavior of a roof drainage during experimental measurement in the climate simulator. Many buildings use a fully or partially flat roof where it is necessary to use the roof drainage. Thermal behavior of roof drainage is very important from the point of view of heat transfer and potential condensation. The placement of a roof drain slightly deteriorates thermal transmittance of the roof. This experiment evaluates roof drains in the specific climate simulator where thermal conditions were dynamically controlled in the specific temperature range. The measurement was performed for two types of roof drains. The first drainage is a simple single-shell and the second is double-shell drainage. The results show the effect on the thermal transmittance of the roof section and also the minimal effect of condensation on the non-insulation part of the drainage. Both roof drains showed minimal deterioration of thermal transmittance of the roof construction.


This paper tackles the issue of costs in international arbitration for developing countries. The paper argues that while the economic costs are noted in the literature as substantial, equally enormous are the costs endured in policymaking as well as social costs. Relying on select case experiences from Zimbabwe and South Africa, the paper shows that due to a legacy of exclusion and inequality, 'progressive' policies of developing states are challenged by international actors who place commercial and private interests at a higher premium than wealth redistribution and cohesion. The end result is that when countries adopt policies to redress injustices of the past, they draw the ire of partners in investment treaties who then turn to arbitration tribunals. This translates to great costs for both parties but especially for the developing states. The paper notes that unless a universally uniform ideological position is embraced in arbitration, developing states will continue to be dragged to arbitration tribunals, a problem which constrains space for their policymaking.


In Martinique, systematic perinatal assessment was performed in pregnant women acutely infected with Zika virus and was correlated with MRI evaluations of the neonates.


The Kriging method was used to estimate the unobserved points and generate contour maps of Cu,Zn,Pb,and the polluting status were assessed by adopting Igeo method in the study area.The results indicated that Cu,Zn,Pb were accumulated to some extent and the spatial distribution of them variated greatly.The high concentration part of Cu was found mainly in Xigu District and the concentrations of Cu were lower than its background level in a large scale and that of Zn and Pb were higher than their background levels in many areas.The high concentration parts of Zn were found in all the districts and concentrations of Pb were high in the whole Chengguan District.According to the pollution assessment,most sampling sites of Zn,Pb and all the sampling sites of Cu ranked in the second level or lower.More than half of the sampling sites of Cu were in zero level,showing a better state and most samplings of Zn and Pb ranked in the first level.Xigu District was polluted comparatively seriously by Cu and Pb in certain parts.Chengguan District was polluted by Pb in different degrees and the concentrations of Zn showed a worse state in Qilihe District.Soil environmental quality of Anning District was the best.


In this work, a novel microstrip bandpass filter with a wide stopband is proposed. With the assistance of an open stub, one modified open‐circuit coupled line with symmetrical feeding, a long transmission line, and a wide stopband with a sufficient rejection level can be achieved. Detailed design and synthesis procedures are provided. Good agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates feasibility of the proposed filter. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:549–551, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26557


Mindfulness approaches are increasingly popular clinical, empirically supported interventions, but used little with those with learning disabilities. This paper describes a weekly mindfulness group for service users in a community-based learning disabilities service. Client feedback on the group is presented.


ABSTRACT This study examines the general question of how classroom characteristics are linked with differences among students in civic competence, which is seen to be an important basis for political inequality. A resource-mobilisation account of youth civic competence is presented, and this is tested using hierarchical linear modelling and International Civic and Citizenship Study 2009 data. The determinants of youth civic competence are explored at the individual, family, and classroom levels, where resource and mobilisation factors at each level are examined. Evidence for classroom effects are tested using Campbell's compensation hypothesis and insights derived from Marsh's big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE). This case study of the Czech Republic shows limited evidence for an open classroom climate reducing civic competence differences between low- and high-SES students, and no evidence of BFLPE increasing such differences among youths.


Experiments done on the cultivation trials of Japanese Shiitake ( Lenlinus edodes )mushroom in India are discussed. Success crop was obtained on the logs of Oak placed at Solan after one and half years of inoculation. This is the first report of cultivation of this mushroom in India.


Abstract : This data was collected as part of a larger research effort to develop an instrument that would measure attitudes toward women in the Army. In January 1974 an anonymous 174-item questionnaire was administered to a combined sample of approximately 800 soldiers (both officers and enlisted, both men and women) at Fort Dix, New Jersey; Fort Lewis, Washington and Madigan General Hospital at Fort Lewis; and Fort Meade, Maryland; and from the group, 721 usable questionnaires were obtained. Of this sample, 540 (75%) were men and (25%) were women; 401 (56%) were officers and 320 (44%) were enlisted. In response to a question on this matter, approximately two-thirds of the women said they expected to leave the Army before they retired but only 48% of the men said this. The sample design had been constructed so as to include both white and non-white respondents and to include samples from installations that varied in type and were geographically dispersed. Nevertheless, until certain additional analyses have been carried out one should be cautious about generalizing the results to the rest of the Army.


Current multimedia database systems largely focus on specific media types and/or application domains. This paper gives a sketch of METIS, a database solution for the unified management of any kind of digital media, characterized by profound customizability for domain or application needs. The system core is based on an expressive data model that can be adapted to any scheme for media management, description, and classification desired, and can accommodate arbitrary query operators, similarity measures, and/or feature extraction algorithms. METIS is based on a persistence abstraction layer allowing the exchange of storage back-ends and includes a customizable web front-end for media management. Thereby, METIS establishes a common database foundation for a wide spectrum of multimedia applications.


With the evolution of network and communication technology, Web service management has been a hot topic for the last couple of years. Firstly this paper introduces the background and development of two concepts: Web service and Web service management. Based on the overview of service management ,such as architectures .frames, models,functions,etc,we integrate the universal architecture of web service management. In addition,this paper introduces the corresponding protocol or standard on its every layer.


The title compound, [AlCl3(C4H10O)], forms crystals which appear orthorhombic, but which are actually monoclinic. They are twinned on (100). This is a rather common occurrence when the monoclinic angle β is close to 90°.


The analyses of high frequency data are a very effective approach to understand the microcosmic structure of market.Under the condition that the normality of data is not true,extreme value theory based on method of partially parameterization is adopted to fit the tail of the return distribution for high frequency data,and further to estimate value at risk.The statistical test for the data of Shenzhen index is conducted and indicates that value at risk can be well estimated by the semi-parameterized extreme value theory.


In this paper, an empirical model of dual gate graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) has been developed. The explicit form of drain current expression has been established analytically based on a drift-diffusion approach. The channel sheet charge density helps us to determine the quantum capacitance more accurately. The channel potential has been derived from the equivalent circuit. The improvement of carrier mobility has been included. The closed form expression is obtained with a few fitting parameters to explore the model characteristics. The model is also valid for single gate technology. The model has been verified against some pioneering experimental results reported in literatures. Model simulation agrees well with existing experimental data. We have also compared the results of the model obtained from NANOHUB online simulator for further verification. The characteristics of small signal parameters of this GFET model have been observed and cut-off frequency has been determined. The developed analytical GFET model is also found to be computationally efficient. It is observed that with ± 10% variation in top gate oxide thickness, maximum drain current and peak transconductance vary by (−11.53%/ + 14%) and (−25%/+31.25%), respectively. The double gate bilayer GFET model is implemented in Verilog-A and verified for a voltage amplifier in SPICE environment.


Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) modulate inflammatory/immune responses and promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the effects of BMSC transplantation on central neuropathic pain and neuronal hyperexcitability after SCI remain elusive. This is of importance because BMSC‐based therapies have been proposed for clinical treatment. We investigated the effects of BMSC transplantation on pain hypersensitivity in green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐positive bone marrow‐chimeric mice subjected to a contusion SCI, and the mechanisms of such effects. BMSC transplantation at day 3 post‐SCI improved motor function and relieved SCI‐induced hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation. The pain improvements were mediated by suppression of protein kinase C‐γ and phosphocyclic AMP response element binding protein expression in dorsal horn neurons. BMSC transplants significantly reduced levels of p‐p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (p‐ERK1/2) in both hematogenous macrophages and resident microglia and significantly reduced the infiltration of CD11b and GFP double‐positive hematogenous macrophages without decreasing the CD11b‐positive and GFP‐negative activated spinal‐microglia population. BMSC transplants prevented hematogenous macrophages recruitment by restoration of the blood‐spinal cord barrier (BSCB), which was associated with decreased levels of (a) inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6); (b) mediators of early secondary vascular pathogenesis (matrix metallopeptidase 9); (c) macrophage recruiting factors (CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10), but increased levels of a microglial stimulating factor (granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor). These findings support the use of BMSC transplants for SCI treatment. Furthermore, they suggest that BMSC reduce neuropathic pain through a variety of related mechanisms that include neuronal sparing and restoration of the disturbed BSCB, mediated through modulation of the activity of spinal‐resident microglia and the activity and recruitment of hematogenous macrophages. Stem Cells 2015;33:1902–1914


Student retention is a critical issue for universities, and nearly half of the students who start degree programs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) do not complete them. The current study tracks the progress of STEM students taking part in an entry-to-graduation program designed to build community, provide academic and social support, and promote engagement in academically purposeful activities. Although it had no effect on the number of students who changed their major, the program more than doubled the number of students who graduated in their original major. Black or Hispanic students taking part in the program also graduated at twice the rate of comparator students, largely attributable to the success of women in these groups. The results provide needed real-world insights into how to create an equitable environment that promotes the persistence and graduation of students, including those from groups historically underrepresented in STEM.


The world is moving very fast and it has to keep moving this way for continuous development. But modern transport is failing to provide smooth transportation system to the citizens. Excessive traffic jams lead to delays in reaching workplace or home, wastage of fuel, wear and tear on vehicles or even a road rage by the stressed and frustrated motorists. Very often we see people standing in a long queue for toll tax collection. Parking is also an extra headache to the vehicle owners. With the help of Internet of Things we have proposed a remedy to all these problems and to make the vision of a Smart City true. We have proposed an algorithm to control traffic congestion and the smart parking system. We have also discussed smart toll tax collection using Internet of things. The implementation of our proposed method is inexpensive.


Most existing CNN-based salient object detection methods can identify local segmentation details like hair and animal fur, but often misinterpret the real saliency due to the lack of global contextual information caused by the subjectiveness of the SOD task and the locality of convolution layers. Moreover, due to the unrealistically expensive labeling costs, the current existing SOD datasets are insufficient to cover the real data distribution. The limitation and bias of the training data add additional difficulty to fully exploring the semantic association between object-to-object and object-to-environment in a given image. In this paper, we propose a semantic distillation guided SOD (SDG-SOD) method that produces accurate results by fusing semantically distilled knowledge from generated image captioning into the Vision-Transformer-based SOD framework. SDG-SOD can better uncover inter-objects and object-to-environment saliency and cover the gap between the subjective nature of SOD and its expensive labeling. Comprehensive experiments on five benchmark datasets demonstrate that the SDG-SOD outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches on four evaluation metrics, and largely improves the model performance on DUTS, ECSSD, DUT, HKU-IS, and PASCAL-S datasets.


According to the characteristics that bolt stretcher working condition was bad,putting forward a kind of design method which was finite element analysis combining with experimental.Using the software of ANSYS to check the strength and optimize the structural of the key structure-tension for cylinder,formulating the tensile test scheme,and comparing the data.The results showed that,the stress concentration strength of the initial parameter cylinder was greater than the material limit yield,which did not meet the design requirements;the strength and stiffness of cylinder both met the material requirements after optimizing the structure size of the cylinder,and the safety coefficient was improved greatly;the simulation strain data and experimental value of the cylinder outer were coincidence,which provided designing evidence for the reliability and safety of the equipment.


The present investigation aims to isolate, characterise and evaluate the phytoconstituents of Gomphrena serrata L. responsible for hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity models both in vitro and in vivo . The plant species has not been explored for various therapeutic activities. HPLC analysis of subfraction of plant extract showed the presence of piperine, which was isolated and further hydrolysed to piperic acid. The results of the study indicate that the plant hydroalcoholic, acetone extracts at 500 mg/kg and compound piperic acid at 0.5 mg/kg exhibited better results in the regeneration of damaged hepatocytes and reduction of biochemical marker enzymes. The hepatoprotective activity might be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E induced ER and oxidative stress. The present study reveals that the hepatoprotective activity of floral extracts might be due to in situ conversion of piperine into piperic acid. As piperic acid showed the equipotent potential to standard drug silymarin, it can be further developed as a hepatoprotective drug.


The benefits and drawbacks of a multimegawatt downwind compared to upwind wind turbine are assessed using unsteady, three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics. For the same operating conditions, the downwind turbine has a 3% higher output power and a similar mean flapwise root bending moment. However, in comparison to the upwind turbine, the downwind turbine has a 3% higher thrust and a factor 3 larger peak-to-peak unsteady loading. These features arise due to higher flow incidences on the blade, higher axial velocities ahead of the rotor, and higher loading on the inboard span of the blade when the downwind turbine is compared to the upwind turbine. Overall, it is concluded that the downwind turbine configuration may be better suited for the design of multimegawatt offshore wind turbines.


This series is designed to make available to a wider readership selected labour market, social policy and migration studies prepared for use within the OECD. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language – English or French – with a summary in the other. The opinions expressed and arguments employed here are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 I would like to thank Marco Mira d'Ercole and his colleagues in the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development for making available to this study the data used in their own earlier studies as well as their contribution through comment and feedback on drafts of the Working Paper. I would particularly like to thank Marco for his encouragement and enthusiasm for this project and our shared view about the importance of all fiscal incidence studies including consumption taxes in their analysis. Thanks also for various comments on this paper provided by members of the OECD in the context of its work on the " distribution of resources ". 3 DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2008)1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Consumption taxes are only rarely assessed for their impact on the economic well-being of individuals. This paper reviews various studies on this issue. It first describes the large differences in the size and structure of these taxes among OECD countries, and then reviews the types of assumptions that are typically made when estimating the redistributive impact of these taxes. Based on this review, the paper advocates the wider adoption of the methodology that is currently adopted by government statisticians in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom – based on input-output tables and on the modelling of a large part of the consumption taxes levied on various types of final expenditures and production inputs. The paper argues that, beyond methodological differences, all studies agree that consumption taxes have a significant regressive impact on the distribution of household disposable income. Illustrative simulations – based on applying the detailed findings on the incidence of consumption tax in one country (Australia) to the tax structure and income distribution of other OECD countries suggests that omission of consumption taxes affects estimates of the overall size of the redistribution achieved through the tax system and of how this differ across countries and evolves over time. RÉSUMÉ …


ABSTRACT This study examines a sense of community developed by and among staff at two diverse youth vacation programmes. In-depth interviews and non-participant observations conducted with counselors and camp directors at each camp were the methods used by this study to collect data. Inclusion boundaries and episodic distinction are the two themes that emerged from the data. The findings reveal that both camps sought to establish a sense of community through the development and use of rituals and traditions established primarily over an intensive staff pre-camp training week that were integrally connected to the natural context in which the camps were located. However, the contemporary camp emphasized community and natural surrounds as a metaphor for life outside of camp, while the traditional camp tended to emphasize the natural context of community as a respite from life outside of camp.


The aim of this paper is to investigate the ways of presenting the problem of the 1920 plebiscite's defeat in the Polish reports by Melchior Wańkowicz and Leon Sobociński. It attempts to show the indicators of change in the interpretation of this event during the decade filled with the censorship of World War II in the reportages of these authors. It describes how the Polish narratives tried to neutralize the situation of defeat and what lessons were learned from it. This paper asks questions about the dramaturgical potential of this experience of defeat and the mechanisms of both remembering it and erasing it from memory


1. Introduction 2. Building a Futures Perspective 3. Strategy - Strategic Intent and Strategic Planning 4. Strategic analysis - Gathering and Interpreting the Information 5. Short-term action planning - Establishing a Framework 6. Primary Case study 7. Secondary Case study 8. LEA Case study Appendix: Proforma


The biggest foreign investor in Korea, the EU made more than $40 billion in investments last year, and trade between the two countries reached approximately $89 billion. Trade volume of EU and Korea is increasing continuously. Specially, EU became the second trading country with China from 2006. Korea's enterprises increased export to the EU market. But, medium and small enterprises' export was slowed. Medium and small enterprises' price competitiveness was dwindled in Western Europe. The purpose of this paper strengthens medium and small enterprises' competitive power analyzing FTA of Korea and EU. If Korea-Elf FTA is contracted, Korea's price competitiveness may rise in EU. Indeed, Korea's medium and small enterprise export will be increased. Korean SMEs are weaker than they appear because they have been subsidized and low-tech levels and weak financial strength of SME. Korea set the stage for small and medium enterprises to strengthen their international competitiveness, s And government must make active FTA road map. Also, the Korean Government must solidify support about medium and small enterprises.


During the period of January 1993 to December 1995, 22 cases of acute lateral ankle sprains grade I and II were treated by acupuncture. There are twenty two patients (8 men and 14 wemen) were entered to study. They had been injured before receiving the treatment for one day 16 cases (17.72 %), 2 weeks 3 cases (13.64 %), and 3 weeks 3 cases (13.64 %). Four patients (18.18%) were injuried by playing football and by walking 18 cases (18.82 %) The patients were treated in every other day. The results revealed that 11 cases (50%), 7 cases (13.82 %) and 2 cases (9.09 %) needed 1, 2 and 5 acupunctures respectivly. There were no complications observed.


Bipolar I disorder begins frequently between the ages 15-24 and differs from other mood disorders (MD) in that at least a manic or mixed episode is needed for the diagnosis. An older beginning of bipolar I disorder should suggest another primary cause such as a general medical condition, organic causes or drug use. The most common causes of secondary mania are neurological causes. Focal brain lesions are most common causes of secondary mania and the most important causes of focal brain lesions are multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, epilepsies, various causes of dementia, brain aneurisms, brain tumors, traumatic brain injuries, cerebrovascular lesions (Jacobson et al. 2007). We present a case of mania probably caused by a lacunar infarct in the pontomesencephalic area.


AIM:To study the effects of exogenous bone mesenchymal stem cell(BMSC) transplantation on silicosis fibrosis in rats,and to explore the dose-effect relationship.METHODS: BMSCs were isolated and cultured from male 5-week-old SD rats in vitro.Fifty healthy female SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group,silicosis model group,BMSCs treatment A group(1×109 cells/L),BMSCs treatment B group(3×109cells/L) and BMSCs treatment C group(5×109 cells/L).The silicosis model was made by one-time infusion of silica dust suspension using the non-exposed tracheal intubation,and different doses of BMSCs were given for intervention therapy.All the rats were sacrificed on the 21st day after the model was established.The morphological changes of the lung tissues were observed by HE staining and Masson staining.The localization and distribution of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β) were determined by the method of immunohistochemistry.The protein levels of TNF-α,TGF-β,collagen type I and collagen type ⅡI were detected by Western blotting.The sex-determining region(SRY) protein was searched by an immunofluorescence method to confirm the homing of BMSCs.RESULTS: Compared with control group,the silicosis model group had significant alveolitis changes,silicon nodule formation,collagen deposition and other pathological characteristics.Compared with silicosis model group,the pathological changes in BMSCs treatment A group were improved.The conditions of BMSCs treatment B group were also improved significantly.However,the pathological changes in BMSCs treatment C group were increased obviously.The protein levels of TNF-α,TGF-β,collagen type I and collagen type ⅡI in the lung tissues ranked as follows: BMSCs treatment C group silicosis model group BMSCs treatment A group BMSCs treatment B group control group.The difference between BMSCs treatment C group and silicosis model group was not statistically significant,and the differences between the other groups were statistically significant.The SRY-positive cells were observed in BMSCs treatment B group,but no significant expression in the heart,liver,spleen and kidney tissues was observed.CONCLUSION: The exogenous BMSC transplantation antagonizes the development of silicosis fibrosis in rats,which has dose-effect relationship.


International medical service is becoming much more popular at present with the in-creased exchanges between countries around the world. This paper mainly analyzes the characteristics and practical measures taken by the international department of some large comprehensive class A tertiary hos-pitals in regard to customer orientation, service features, facility and environment building, talent team building and foreign communications, management and credentials, and insurance cooperation. It is found out that the customers are ambassadors, counselors, foreign workers and their family members, foreigners for business visits or foreign tourists; appointment service, one-stop service and other special service are pro-vided; separate clinical area or room of international elements are installed; they continually enhance foreign exchanges and improve language skills and foreign culture cognitions of team members; they have particular management modes and operate with international standards; they cooperate with international insurance companies. The mode of international medical service is thus concluded on the analysis.

Key words:
Large comprehensive Class A tertiary hospital; International medical service; Inter-national elements; International cooperation; Foreign patients


............................................................................................................................................ 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 8 LATENCY IN A MOBILE NETWORK ...................................................................... 10 LATENCY DEFINITIONS FOUND IN THE LITERATURE, WHITE PAPERS AND STANDARDS .......................... 10 NEED FOR LOW LATENCY AND COMMON LATENCY TARGETS .............................................................. 12 UNCERTAINTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF USER PLANE LATENCY DEFINITIONS ......................................... 14 LATENCY DEFINITION CONSIDERED FOR THIS RESEARCH .................................................................. 15 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANT CONCEPTS .................................... 17 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 17 MOBILE NETWORK AND ITS COMPONENTS ........................................................................................ 17 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network .................................................................... 18 Evolved Packet Core ............................................................................................................ 18 REASONS FOR LATENCY IN NETWORK COMPONENTS ........................................................................ 19 Processing delay in the radio network ................................................................................. 20 Scheduling latency ............................................................................................................... 23 FACTORS AFFECTING PACKET LATENCY .......................................................................................... 24 Parameters affecting packet latency .................................................................................... 24 STATE OF THE ART IN LATENCY MEASUREMENT IN LTE .................................................................... 26 REQUIREMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT SETUPS ................................................ 28 NEED FOR REALISTIC EFFECTS ON MEASUREMENT SETUPS .............................................................. 28 Realistic radio network ......................................................................................................... 28 Realistic core network .......................................................................................................... 29 Realistic user and service characteristics ............................................................................ 29 ABILITY TO MEASURE ONE-WAY LATENCY ........................................................................................ 29 Access to network ................................................................................................................ 30 Placement of measurement points ...................................................................................... 30 Appropriate transport protocol ............................................................................................. 31 Placement of the application server ..................................................................................... 31 Eliminating measurement error ............................................................................................ 32 MEASUREMENT SETUP ......................................................................................... 33 THE USER EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................... 35 Traffic generator ................................................................................................................... 35 Ostinato architecture ............................................................................................................ 36 THE RADIO NETWORK ..................................................................................................................... 37 Realistic radio network ......................................................................................................... 37 KauNetEm overview ............................................................................................................. 38 Radio network simulator ....................................................................................................... 39 Integrating radio network and KauNetEm ............................................................................ 44 THE CORE NETWORK ..................................................................................................................... 45


Section 2.1.2 Minor correction in the proof of theorem 2.17, page 20: one should introduce first x1 ∈ S and discuss if x0 − x1 (instead of x0) belongs of not to L. The corrected proof is as follows: Proof. Let x1 ∈ S, and set L := cl{Sp(S)}. If x0 − x1 6∈ L, then by theorem 2.14, x0 − x1 and L can be separated, and hence S and {x0} can be separated. If x0 − x1 ∈ L, since x0 − x1 6∈ ri(S − x1), then by theorem 2.13, x0 − x1 can be separated from (S − x1) by a linear continuous functional over L. This linear functional separates x0 from S. It can be extended to a continuous linear functional on the space X (see proposition 2.11), and hence the result follows.


CIS (Cu-InSe) thin films were prepared onto glass substrate by the two stage process—generally called bilayer process. At first, Cu layer was deposited onto glass substrate by electron beam evaporation technique and then InSe single layer was deposited on the resulting Cu layer to produce CIS thin film. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis revealed that deposited film has an amorphous nature. Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out as a function of temperature during heating and cooling cycles in air. The heating and cooling cycles of the sample are almost reversible after successive heat-treatment in air. In order to consider the influence of the InSe upper layer on the optical properties, the thickness of the InSe upper layer in the CIS films was varied from 50 to 150 nm. Analysis of the transmittance and reflectance spectra, recorded in the wavelength range of 400-1,100 nm, revealed that the CIS films have high absorption coefficient of ~10 cm. The direct band gap varies from 1.40 to 1.22 eV. The refractive index, the extinction coefficient and the dielectric constant of the CIS films depend on the film thickness.