There is a great demand for table grape saplings, mainly for commercial varieties indicating that micropropagation could be an effective method for their mass propagation. Internal contamination in woody plant species is an important problematic issue and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been known as potential plant biological protectors. In the present study, the glasshouse grown mother plants of four grape varieties ('Asgari', 'Khalili', 'Keshmeshi', and 'Shahroudi') were inoculated with AMF as pre-treatment. The fungi strains were Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices and a mixture of all three species. The comparative in vitro performance of these genotypes was evaluated following optimization of in vitro growth conditions for each genotype. Furthermore, the positive effect of AMF inoculation of stock plant on micropropagation process was studied. Changes in biochemical features (total chlorophylls, total phenols and total sugars), growth parameters (root length and total leaf area) and in vitro behavior of AMF pretreated as well as control explants were recorded. The mycorrhizal association with grapevine roots was confirmed following root staining and evaluation of colonization rate. The results revealed a distinct difference and clear genotypic effect on various in vitro parameters of studied grape genotypes. The utilized inocula were found to have the capability of mycorrhizal association with grapevine roots, leading to enhancing phenolics as a defense mechanism, increasing sugars and chlorophyll and finally growth of whole plant corresponding to the grape variety and AMF strain. These results confirmed that health and physiological conditions of the stock plants are important parameters for in vitro grape culture establishment and suggest the integration of mycorrhizal technology with tissue culture to accomplish better results.


The present study investigates lexical collocations in first- and fourth-year Thai university learners' and examines the relationship between receptive and productive knowledge of lexical collocations. A total of 148 students (75 first-year students and 73 fourth-year students) were tested on their lexical collocations, both receptively and productively, using two measures. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data, and correlational analysis determined the relationship between receptive and productive knowledge. Overall, the results showed that Thai university learners achieved significantly higher performance on tests of receptive knowledge of lexical collocations than on tests of productive knowledge. The data analysis also indicated that the fourth-year learners outperformed the first-year learners on both receptive and productive measures of lexical collocations. Furthermore, the correlational analysis revealed that receptive and productive knowledge of lexical collocations were interrelated. Together, the current findings indicate that Thai university learners' productive knowledge of lexical collocations is built on receptive knowledge, and lexical collocations result from incremental learning.   Article visualizations:


The sensitivity to water stress of different plant water indicators (PWI) at different plot scales (leaf and aerial) was evaluated during the second fruit growth stage of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi cv. Star Ruby) trees growing in a commercial orchard for a sustainable irrigation scheduling. Trees were drip-irrigated and submitted to two irrigation treatments: (i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of crop evapotranspiration to avoid any soil water limitations, and (ii) a non-irrigated (NI) treatment, irrigated as the control until the 104 days after full bloom (DAFB) when the irrigation was suppressed, until to reach a severe water stress level in the plants (around -2.3 MPa of stem water potential at solar midday). The plant water indicators studied were: stem water potential (SWP); leaf conductance (Lc); net photosynthesis (Pn), and several vegetation indices (VI) in the visible spectral region derived from an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a multispectral sensor. The measurements were made at 9, 12 and 18h (solar time) on 50 and 134 DAFB, coinciding with a fruit diameter of 20 and 70 mm, respectively. The correlation analysis between the PWI at leaf scale (SWP, Lc and Pn) and at aerial scale showed relatively poor results, with Pearson correlation coefficients (r values) around 0.6. However, SWP presented the highest r value with the normalized difference vegetation index (NVDI), green index (GI), normalized difference greenness vegetation index (NDGI) and red green ratio index (RGRI) showing the higher coefficients 0.80, 0,80, 0.85 and 0.86, respectively. In addition, a quadratic regression curve fitting was made for the SWP and aforementioned indices, obtaining values of R2 around 0.7 in all cases; the best fit corresponded to SWP = - 4.869 + 15.765 NDGI - 14.283 NDGI2 (R2 = 0.749) to predict SWP values between -0.5 and -2.3 MPa. Results obtained show the possibility of using certain vegetation indices to be used in the detection of water stress in adult grapefruits, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling.

Funding:

-WATER4EVER is funded by the European Commission under the framework of the ERA-NET COFUND WATERWORKS 2015 Programme

-RIS3MUR REUSAGUA is funded by the Consejería de Empresa, Industria y Portavocía of the Murcia Region under the Feder Operational Program 2014-2020


The title compound, (2aβ,8aβ,8bβ)-4-acetyl-3,6,6,8b-tetramethyl-2a,6,7,8,8a,8b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho-[8,8a,1-bc]furan-2-one, C 17 H 22 O 3 , was synthesized by the intramolecular reaction of a butynoate ester of hydroxy-β-ionone. Ring A adopts the most stable chair conformation, 1 C 4 , with atoms C7 and C8b lying at distances of −0.63 (1) and 0.50 (1) A, respectively, from the least-squares plane composed of atoms C8, C8a, C8c and C6. The furan ring adopts an E 5 envelope conformation. Atom C8b occupies the flap position and lies at a distance of 0.58 (1) A from the least-squares plane made up of the remainder of the atoms in the ring


Water governance has been identified as a key issue in water resources management and in the processes of water supply service delivery. This is in recognition of the fact that, several trends and factors are currently increasing the likelihood of a serious crisis in Kenya over the medium and long-term; one of which is the lack of accountability and transparency which exists at some levels within the water sector, leading to corruption. This study sought to investigate the effects of public procurement policies on organizational performance by focusing on WASREB. The objectives of this study were to establish the effects of public procurement policies on transparency and efficiency in service delivery of WASREB. This study used a case study design. The study population was 41 staff of WASREB. Since the study population was small, a survey design was used and the whole population was used in the study. Out of the study population of 41 respondents, 40 responses were obtained which represent a 97.57% response rate. In collecting data, the study used semi structured questionnaires. The questionnaire was administered using a drop and pick later method to the sampled respondents. The quantitative data in this research was analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics using statistical package for social sciences (SPPS). Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency, standard deviation and percentages were used to profile sample characteristics and major patterns


The subject of this research is the doctrine of personality in philosophy of the early German romanticism. As the main source of establishment of the romantic concept of personality, the author examines I. Kant's doctrine of the genius nature of creation. Detailed analysis is conducted on the artistic-philosophical fragments of Novalis and F. Schlegel, in which the concept of personality as a subject of creation is described most vividly. The article substantiates the fundamental significance of the concept of personality of all elements of the philosophy of romanticism, namely for the romanticists' theory of understanding. The author analyzes not only the philosophical research on romanticism, but also literary, culturological, and religious publications on the topic. The article systematically substantiates the position, according to which creation in the philosophy of romanticism manifests as a universal substance of human spirit, which finds individual reflection in each person, and becomes the foundation for his growth and knowledge. The peculiarity of semantic theory of creative personality consists in the fact that in cannot be exhaustively cognized by the rational means; only artistic-aesthetic and religious consciousness allows approximating to comprehension of the nature of creation.


We have shown that the number of 10 M capsaicin-induced coughs was extremely increased 24 h after an antigen challenge in sensitised guinea pigs, and a b2-agonist, procaterol (0.1 mg?kg), did not alter the increased cough response to capsaicin. In addition, procaterol did not influence the cough response to capsaicin in naı̈ve guinea pigs. We concluded that airway allergy accompanied with airway eosinophilia induces transient increase in cough reflex sensitivity, which is not mediated by bronchoconstriction [2].


A reported ease of fatal poisoning by mushrooms in Imo State, Nigeria was caused by a species of Amanita containing amatoxins. The species probably belongs to Amanita section Phalloideae.


Throughout his life, Kahn drew architecture, landscapes, objects and other subjects. If we were to put together a selection of various different drawings and placed them in chronological sequence, we would be able to observe an evolution through different periods and variations in the act of drawing. There is a visible overlapping of technique and form, testament to his artistic inspiration, personal circumstances and, above all, his conception of architecture. In order to study these relationships, we selected two recurring motifs in his drawings – trees and self-portraits – to search for graphic convergence; their constant presence are proof of a graphic evolution that goes hand in hand with his architectural designs.


In this work, a unique set of generators for a cyclic code over a finite chain ring has been established. The minimal spanning set and rank of the code have also been determined. Further, sufficient as well as necessary conditions for a cyclic code to be an MDS code and for a cyclic code to be an MHDR code have been obtained. Some examples of optimal cyclic codes have also been presented.


The solubilization o fl iposomes induced by the addition of surfactants was photocontrolled under temperature control. The instability of the membrane was increased both by photoisomerization of photoresponsive molecules included in the membrane and by changing temperature. By addition of as piropyran to the liposome membrane, chargeseparated structure was formed by UV irradiation, causing local polarization and subsequent motion in the membrane. We found a difference in the solubilization processes in a specific temperature range under UV irradiated and nonirradiated conditions, and figured out that the solubilization o fl iposomes smaller than 2 ¯m can be distinctly photocontrolled i na certain temperature range.


In this work, we investigate the beyond standard model (BSM) impact of leptophilic U(1) models, namely U(1)Lμ−Le , U(1)Le−Lτ and U(1)Lμ−Lτ on coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) and hence its effect on dark matter (DM) direct detection experiments. Imposing the latest relevant experimental constraints on these models, we obtain O(50%) enhancement for case of U(1)Lμ−Lτ in a region m ′ Z ≈ 20 MeV. Subsequently, we observe that the enhancement seen in CEνNS is roughly getting translated to enhancement by a factor of 2.7 (for Germanium based detectors) and 1.8 (for Xenon based detectors) in the neutrino scattering event rate which eventually enhances the neutrino floor by same amount. This enhancement is more prominent in the region with DM masses less than 10 GeV. The model parameter space that leads to this enhancement, can simultaneously explain both anomalous magnetic moment of muon ((g−2)μ) and observed DM relic density, in a modified scenario. Enhancement of neutrino floor requires increased number of DM-nucleon scattering events in the future DM direct detection experiments, to establish themselves to be DM signal events. In absence of any DM signal, those experiments can directly be used to measure the neutrino rate, quantifying the BSM effects.


Utilization of natural power resources such as wind and solar cells has been growing rapidly in recent times. However, the output power of such resources depends on natural conditions and always fluctuates widely. Therefore, devices capable of storing electric energy for some time before it is required are essential in order to ensure stable operation of power networks incorporating natural resources. Many such storage systems or devices have been developed, e.g., pumped hydropower and rechargeable batteries.


Abstract This article examines the first two decades of the transregional Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) from its inception with the Bangkok Summit of 1996. Examining instances of region building and the socialisation of states, it identifies the gradual emergence of a role for the forum, one that stands in some contrast to initial participant expectations. In this respect, rather than a structure for delivering substantive negotiated outcomes around issues such as trade liberalisation, the value of ASEM across its first 20 years came increasingly to be seen in its ideational aspects: identity building, norm diffusion, and dialogue without preconceptions.


Ground‐based riometers provide an inexpensive means to continuously remote sense the precipitation of electrons in the dynamic auroral region of Earth's ionosphere. The energy‐dependent relationship between riometer absorption and precipitating electrons is thus of great importance for understanding the loss of electrons from the Earth's magnetosphere. In this study, statistical and event‐based analyses are applied to determine the energy of electrons to which riometers chiefly respond. Time‐lagged correlation analysis of trapped to precipitating fluxes shows that daily averaged absorption best correlates with ∼60 keV trapped electron flux at zero‐time lag, although large variability is observed across different phases of the solar cycle. High‐time resolution statistical cross‐correlation analysis between signatures observed by riometer stations, and assuming electron motion due to gradient and curvature drift, results in inferred energies of 10–100 keV, with a clear maximum in occurrence for 40–60 keV electrons. One event is considered in detail utilizing riometer absorption signatures obtained from several stations. The mean inferred energies for the initial rise time and peak of the absorption after correction for electric field effects were ∼70 keV and ∼60 keV, respectively. The analyses presented provide a means to characterize the energy of electrons to which riometers are responding in both a statistical sense and during the evolution of individual events.


ABSTRACT
An innovative experiential learning activity in an online undergraduate population health nursing course provided an authentic experience that connected course content with abstract concepts and patient situations. To address identified application needs, the design incorporated social determinants of health to enhance realism and applicability and build readiness for nursing practice through the experience.


Though in terms of strict chronological history the Three Kingdoms period lasted but sixty years (220-280), the events of the era had great impact on later Chinese thought, history, literature, drama, and art. Studies about the historical Three Kingdoms period, including research on history, literature, religion, and culture, have increased dramatically in recent decades. Similarly, academic interests in later views of the period as expressed in fiction, theatre, and the visual arts have also flourished. In late May and early June 2001, a group of over forty American and Chinese scholars gathered in Sichuan for an international conference dedicated to the study of "Three Kingdoms Culture," (Sanguo wenhua ;:. ~:t1t)-a broad term encompassing all facets of the historical and cultural legacy of the Three Kingdoms period. Papers were presented in small panel sessions organized around the two broad headings of "history" and "literature," though many presentations clearly expanded the bounds of the organizational framework. General topics included history and historiography of the Three Kingdoms period; literary, dramatic, and visual interpretations of Three Kingdoms events, figures and personalities; later reception of Three Kingdoms culture in China,


At present,military TV plays,widely shown across the country,have attracted hundreds of millions of audience.There has appeared a win-win of political returns and economic returns.It's important to define the meaning of the military subjects of TV plays,examine the development status and features and discuss the reason why they are so welcomed.This article focuses on the above-mentioned aspects.


Dynamic terrain is the ability to modify a terrain database in real-time. In the past, effects such as explosions did not alter the surface topology of the terrain by creating craters. The tracks and tires from vehicles did not leave ruts in areas with soft soil. This limited the training value of ground-based visual simulation systems. Dynamic terrain has become an increasingly important requirement for realistic ground-based simulation. The simulation of terrain deformation can be applied in training situations that involve vehicles causing ruts in soft soil, munitions generating craters, and the generation of trenches and berms by engineering forces. Dynamic terrain has often been implemented using "tricks". For example, rather than placing an actual crater in the terrain as a result of a mine detonation, most simulations simply place a picture of a crater without changing the elevation of the affected terrain. In systems that actually implement dynamic terrain, they are not intended for warfighter-in-the-loop real-time visual simulation, they often depend on a proprietary IG, or are dependent on a special terrain database structure. This precludes their use with existing simulators using other visual systems. It also precludes the use of dynamic terrain in situations where heterogeneous simulators need to interact over a network. Under the STRICOM SBIR program, Diamond Visionics has been tasked with developing a PC-based dynamic terrain solution that can be integrated with components of existing simulation systems. This included various IG, vehicle, networking, and SAF systems each potentially running on different platforms. This paper focuses on the challenges we faced in developing a flexible dynamic terrain solution. Specific topics discussed include software frameworks, the real-time modification of a terrain database, the realistic IG-independent visualization of terrain modifications, and the distribution of modifications to other networked simulators.


This paper relates the origins and evolution of industrial organization, a field of investigation devoted to the study of productive activities, components, and actors. The "new" industrial economics results from reviewing the notions of firm and competition and from the adoption of a structuralist hypothesis and then of the structure-conduct-performance trilogy. Today, it gives a leading role to firm strategies. New concepts (including contracts theory, transaction costs, and contestable markets) and inescapable methodological repositioning (including the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach) contribute to the building of a more fine-grained analysis of market regulations and industrial strategic behaviors.


by means of Avogadro's number, an easy calculation ( x = 60.62 X X 1 .7 X indicates the presence of only one solitary positive or negative ion of mercuric sulfide in each 1000 liters of the solution. Surely, in order to maintain equilibrium with anything in this volume, these two ions would have to move with the velocity of light, and be everywhere a t the same time; and this condition we know they do not fulfil. = 1.03 X


Water is the base of human life. Day by day water resources are decreasing and its uses are increasing. Rain is the main source of water and plays key role in agriculture. This paper concentrates on the scenario of rain in India and emphasizes the need of cloud seeding in India. As per the report of World Bank, India is going to be the water stressed country by 2025. Annual average precipitation of India is 1 170 mm and around 80 percent of the total area of the country experiences annual rainfall of 750 mm. Due to the large spatial and variability in the rainfall, water resources distribution in the country is highly skewed in time and space and water deficit country by 2050 and its 16 percent of total area is drought prone and farmers are committing suicide so there is a great need of proper water management. Through cloud seeding India can tackle this situation. Cloud Seeding is a technique to create condensation by increasing precipitation in air. In India there is huge need of this type of technology which can increase humidity in drought prone area, like Vidarbha region that is the worst region for agriculture. More than 20,000 farmers committed suicide in this region. Cloud seeding is the only hope of the people who are living in drought prone areas. Key Words: Condensation, Precipitation, Silver iodide, hygroscopic nucleus, calcium chloride.


This paper focuses on the formulation and validation of a novel perturbation method for the prediction of the forced response of mistuned bladed disks. At the contrary of previous approaches, the proposed one involves the sum of the inverses of the tuned and mistuned impedance matrices through the use of the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula. Then, considering these inverses as diagonal dominant matrices leads to an efficient series representation of the forced response of mistuned bladed disks. A detailed validation effort of this new procedure was next achieved. In particular, it was demonstrated that this approach leads to a convergent series representation over the entire range of blade-disk coupling levels for small mistuning. The dominant parameter affecting the magnitude of the largest mistuning for which convergence occurs is shown to be the system damping with a weaker effect of the blade-disk coupling. Examples of application to a single-degree-of-freedom per blade model and the reduced order model of a blisk demonstrate the potential of this novel approach. Finally, the applicability of this technique for the optimization of intentional mistuning pattern is shown.


This paper assesses the viability of introducing a new personal income tax (PIT), focusing on the administrative costs of new tax. I first present a methodology for calculating the one-time start-up costs and the ongoing administrative costs of a new PIT. I then apply this methodology to the specific case of Kuwait. I estimate that the first-year total administrative costs of a new PIT tax administration in Kuwait range from Kuwaiti dinars (KWD) 46.8 million to KWD 90.9 million (or from USD 154.4 million to USD 300.0 million), depending on how the construction costs are financed. However, after the initial construction costs are incurred, I find that the annual total administrative costs of a PIT fall significantly to about KWD 50 million (or about USD 164 million), regardless of specific financing methods, and then rise at an annual rate of less than 6 percent per year to reach KWD 82.0 million (or USD 270.6 million) by year 2020, driven mainly by labor force growth. I also estimate that the likely revenues of a new PIT far exceed these administrative costs, even if the PIT is imposed at low rates.


Medical images from various modalities carry diverse information. The features from these source images are combined into a single image, constituting more information content, beneficial for subsequent medical applications. Recently, deep learning (DL) based networks have demonstrated the ability to produce promising fusion results by integrating the feature extraction and preservation task with less manual interventions. However, using a single network for extracting features from multi-modal source images characterizing distinct information results in the loss of crucial diagnostic information. Addressing this problem, we present structure and texture preserving generative adversarial networks based medical image fusion method (STPGANsFusion). Initially, the textural and structural components of the source images are separated using structure gradient and texture decorrelating regularizer (SGTDR) based image decomposition for more complementary information preservation and higher robustness for the model. Next, the fusion of the structure and the texture components is carried out using two generative adversarial networks (GANs) consisting of a generator and two discriminators to get fused structure and texture components. The loss function for each GAN is framed as per the characteristic of the component being fused to minimize the loss of complementary information. The fused image is reconstructed and undergoes adaptive mask-based structure enhancement to further boost its contrast and visualization. Substantial experimentation is carried out on a wide variety of neurological images. Visual and qualitative results exhibit notable improvement in the fusion performance of the proposed method in comparison to the state-of-the-art fusion methods.


The evolutionarily conserved Crumbs (CRB) polarity complex, which consists of the core components CRB3a, PALS1 and PATJ, plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell contact formation and cell polarization. Recently we observed that deletion of one Pals1 allele in mice results in functional haploinsufficiency characterized by renal cysts. To address the role of PALS1 at the cellular level, we generated PALS1 knockout MDCKII cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The loss of PALS1 resulted in increased paracellular permeability indicative of an epithelial barrier defect. This barrier defect was associated with a redistribution of several tight junction-associated proteins from bicellular cell-cell contacts to tricellular junctions. The regulation of tight junction protein localization at bicellular junctions by PALS1 was dependent on its interaction with PATJ. Together, our data uncover a critical role of PALS1 in the correct positioning of tight junction proteins to bicellular junctions.


As more infrastructure becomes concentrated in orbit (particularly in the geosynchronous belt), maintaining the safe and stable functioning of this infrastructure becomes more critical. Recent history, including the failures of AMC-9, Telkom-1, and Intelsat 29e, shows that incidents will still occur from time to time, although being able to make full and accurate attribution of the causes of these incidents will allow satellite owner/operators and other stakeholders to mitigate future events by understanding and acting to prevent their causes. In this paper, analytical techniques which allow for processing remote sensor data (particularly EO/IR imagery) such that insight into the evolution and probable causes of an on-orbit incident can be obtained are described. These techniques are demonstrated where feasible via application to actual incidents (including data from the three incidents named above), and hypotheses for the most likely courses of events and feasible root causes of these incidents are provided. Particular attention is paid to assessing the possibility of events being attributable to natural causes (such as micrometeorite strikes) or to artificial causes (such as accidental debris shedding or internal mechanical failure). Discussion of techniques utilizing data derived from other sources, including radar and passive RF observation, is provided, as is analysis of techniques whereby telemetry may be matched to external observation data. Finally, some assessment of the minimum data needs for feasible incident analysis are made, and recommendations for evolving best practices in geosynchronous satellite anomaly attribution are given.


The University of Illinois, recognizing the importance of coordinated engineering research activities, has initiated a program in manufacturing research and education to serve industry's needs. This program is being coordinated through the Manufacturing Research center (MRC). The MRC provides a forum within which industry can participate in research through sponsorship of projects. It enhances the education of students who will become a pool of trained professionals sensitive to industry's needs. The Center also facilitates the transfer of technology from academia to industry and addresses the need for the continuing education of industrial staff. The mission, organizational structure, and technical area being supported by the MRC are described.<<ETX>>


A series of novels,essays and prose written by Ding Ling before 1949 have always been hot topics of studying female literature in modern Chinese literature.When I was in Rosy Village is a kind of unique writing of existence experience.By revealing the references of different layers in linguistic description,it can be found that the invisible clue of the work is the morbid mental state of most people in deserted age according to the depiction of venereal disease.To interpret the narrative intention of Ding Ling by divinity writing and to see through the female world in the perspective of text gender are feasible analytical methods.


Adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at the silica-water interface and the adsorption deposition that occurs when the plate is retracted from solution were studied by ellipsometry. Characteristic times of adsorption at the silica-water interface are of the order of seconds near and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) (10 -3 M), but due to diffusion control adsorption times become larger at smaller concentrations. Desorption by substitution of pure water for the solution proceeds rapidly, in less than a minute at all concentrations. Equilibrium adsorption increases from almost zero at concentrations below 5 x 10 -5 M to a plateau value with an area per molecule of about 40 A 2 above the CMC. The amount of CTAB deposited on the plate by retraction is large, starting from very small concentrations in the solution, for which adsorption at the coexisting solid-liquid and liquid-vapor interfaces is negligible. Around the CMC the area per molecule on the surface in air, about 50 A 2 , does not depend on the speed of retraction. At lower concentrations the amount deposited decreases with increasing the speed. Here the process is controlled by the rate of supply of surfactant molecules to the three-phase line (solid, liquid, and vapor coexisting line) from which the deposition occurs. When the plate with deposited monolayer is immersed in pure water or dilute solution, desorption occurs rapidly, as for the liquid-phase experiment when CTAB solution is replaced by water. The results are in accord with conclusions based on dynamic and equilibrium contact angle data. The possibility of structural transformation of the silica gel layer on drying is considered, and the importance of surfactant purity is outlined. Implications of the reversibility of adsorption in mechanisms of de-wetting transitions and hydrophobic attractions supplement the discussion.


Abstract : The growth of cyberspace is posing challenges to many aspects of the international system and foremost among them is the current Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) paradigm. While humanitarian concerns have strongly influenced recent LOAC development, state interests and not humanitarian concerns ultimately determine how states conduct war. Accordingly, states will continually explore and consider the nascent opportunities presented by cyberspace to determine whether cyberspace operations enables them to more easily or efficiently achieve their political objectives. In doing so, state practice will challenge many of the current LOAC provisions. Chief among these are rules regarding combatantcy and targeting of civilians. The rule s concerning combatantcy developed because the state controlled a monopoly on the use of for ce and could only employ this force effectively through an organized military structure. However, the unique aspects of cyberspace challenges both the monopoly states have on the use of force and the need to employ that force through an organized military structure. Similarly, the rules concerning the targeting of civilians developed after states concluded that targeting civilians did not ultimately further their political objectives However, cyberspace provide states the opportunity to target civilians in a more efficient and less directly violent manner.


9101 Background: Furmonertinib (AST2818) is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with central nervous system (CNS) penetration. Here we report the CNS response to furmonertinib versus gefitinib as first-line therapy in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in the FURLONG study. Methods: FURLONG was a randomized, double-blind, multi-center phase III study. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive first-line furmonertinib 80mg/d or gefitinib 250mg/d. Brain scan was mandatory at screening. Patients with asymptomatic CNS metastases who did not require steroid treatment for 28 days or more were enrolled. A pre-planned CNS efficacy analysis was done using RECIST v1.1 in patients with measurable or non-measurable CNS lesions (cFAS) and patients with only measurable CNS lesions (cEFR). Results: Of 358 enrolled patients in the FURLONG study, 133 (37%) patients were defined as cFAS and 60 (17%) were defined as cEFR according to baseline brain scan judged by a blinded independent review committee (IRC). At the cut-off date of Sep 15, 2021, CNS progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by IRC in the cFAS population was significantly longer in the furmonertinib group than in the gefitinib group (20.8 vs 9.8 months, HR 0.40 [95% 0.23-0.71]; p = 0.0011). CNS PFS rate at 6, 12, 18 months were 91%, 77%, 63% in the furmonertinib group, and 76%, 46%, 34% in the gefitinib group. In the cEFR set, confirmed CNS objective response rate was 91% in patients with furmonertinib and 65% in patients with gefitinib (p = 0.0277), and CNS disease control rate were 100% vs 84% (p = 0.9420), respectively. The mean best percentage change in the sum of target CNS lesion size from baseline in cEFR was -61.8% in the furmonertinib group versus -38.7% in the gefitinib group (p = 0.0011). Conclusions: Furmonertinib showed CNS efficacy as first-line therapy in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients with CNS lesions. Patients treated with furmonertinib had a reduced risk of CNS progression or death, a higher CNS ORR and a deeper CNS response compared with gefitinib. Clinical trial information: NCT03787992.


The emergence of drug resistant strains of tubercle bacilli has proved to be one of the main drawbacks to the successful use of antimicrobial therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Resistant strain also may be obtained readily by in vitro methods. Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to study this phenomenon experimentally because of the inability to induce regularly a high degree of drug resistance in cultures subjected to exposure to drugs in the animal body. This report summarizes the results of drug susceptibility determinations of several different strains of tubercle bacilli recovered from guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits after prolonged treatment.


Electromagnetic (EM) 1st-kind surface integral equations (IEs), such as the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for conducting structures and the Poggio, Miller, Chew, Harrington Wu and Tsai (PMCHWT) for penetrable structures [1], are known for their superior accuracy on models with sharp edges/corners (Lipschitz continuous surfaces). However, when the current density unknowns are discretized in their native subspaces of $H_{\|}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\operatorname{div} v_{\Gamma}, \Gamma\right)$, they produce linear systems with unfavorable spectral properties, that are less attractive for Multilevel Fast Multiple Algorithm (MLFMA) [1] accelerated iterative solvers. That has brought into the forefront other well-conditioned IE formulations e.g., potential-based formulations, that converge faster but make use of additional degrees-of-freedom, or operator preconditioning strategies e.g., Calderon-based, that trade preconditioning set-up time and matrix-vector multiplication time for lower iteration count.


For quantum dots on a wetting layer, the role of Coulomb scattering and carrier-phonon interaction for carrier capture and relaxation of carriers between the quantum-dot levels are studied theoretically


In recent years, robots have assisted physiotherapists in some parts of their rehabilitation exercises. Because patient health is so essential, rehabilitation robots must be highly safe. The use of variable stiffness actuators is one of the most widely used methods in construction rehabilitation robots. This article improves the mechanism of an actuator called AWaS. AWaS uses one motor to control the displacement and another motor to control the stiffness of the mechanism. In this paper, the torque and energy required to change the mechanism's stiffness are reduced by changing the mechanism. Also, the adaptive control method is used to prevent vibrations and minimize the position error and stiffness of the mechanism. This mechanism has three inputs and three outputs coupled to each other. This paper uses a method to control nonlinear coupled MIMO systems.


The application of physical chemistry in the fine chemical industry were reviewed.The interfacial phenomena emphatically elaborated and colloid disperse system was emphatically elaborated.


After the Sino-Japanese War,the government of Qing Dynasty changed its traditional restraining commerce and exhausting commerce policy into rewarding industry and commerce policy for encouraging the running of industries and raising the social position of businessmen.The government of Qing Dynasty had issued five rewarding industry and commerce articles.The issuing of rewarding industry and commerce articles,which was in favour of raising the social position of businessmen and encouraging the running of modern industries,was one of the achievements of the government of the late Qing Dynasty in learning western countries' economic legislation.However,these articles couldn't produce the desired results because of seriously divorcing from reality and being short of attractive force.


The paper presents the main approaches to the creation of the information analysis system for support and maintenance of interdisciplinary studies of regional natural resources and environment with view of establishment of a representative PA network in Republic of Karelia. It focuses on developing the comprehensive ontology of the natural sciences, covering the subject areas of project participants research, which was chosen as the basis for the technology of scientific data systematization and retrieval. The paper also contains the description of the map service developed on the basis of MapServer v.4.10.3 and Open Geospatial Consortium standards using P. MAPPER v.3.2. program shell and AJAX technology.


The production economic yield of processing Brazil soybean and US soybean was evaluated by our local equipment.The more profit about 5.36 RBM was gained from Brazil soybean,the Brazil soybean contained more oil and more moisture with soft hull and larger viscosity,so it was easy to agglomerate and cause the accident in the production,but the beneficial result was high as its high oil content and high protein content.The output and quality will be improved if a dryer is increased in the front of the preparation for drying and conditioning.


I n the 140 years since the American Civil War (1860-65) ended, this uniquely momentous conflict continues to attract more public interest than perhaps any other event in our history. Well over 50,000 books have been written about the War since its conclusion in 1865. 1 A quick search of Books in Print highlights another 140 forthcoming titles. The War had enormous impact on the fledgling country in many ways. Beyond basic questions of secession and the morality of the institution of slavery, communities experienced upheaval as families were separated and the work force depleted. The South also experienced the physical destruction of farms and cities that took decades to rebuild. For the nearly three million men that served, war could mean death or permanent disability as both were real possibilities. An estimated 620,000 died, with at least two-thirds succumbing to disease, and the total mortality of the war represented a loss of more than two percent of the entire population of the United States at that time. Among those who survived the war, hundreds of thousands suffered from permanent illnesses and disabilities for the rest of their lives. In Mississippi alone, the 1866 State expended one-fifth of its budget on artificial limbs. Of all the "wars" in which the u.s. has fought, this one brought the highest number of deaths. More than 90,000 men from Michigan served in thirty regiments of infantry and eleven regiments of cavalry. Of these men, 85,000 were volunteers.3 Because of the importance of this period in our history, and the issue of preservation as well as access to primary accounts of the era, Western Michigan University Libraries submitted a proposal to digitize eight Civil War diaries held in the Regional History Collections for inclusion in the Michigan Electronic Library (MeL). The diaries include a diverse range of military experiences with connections to Michigan. historians to high school and college students currently use these diaries. Even before digitization was undertaken, a couple of the most fragile diaries had been photocopied for examination. But the quality of the photocopies was poor, and the original diary was still needed to decipher faded handwriting. Even if an enhanced photocopy were possible, simply handling the 140-year-old documents threatened more damage. The development of a Digitization Center and a crossdepartmental team in the University Libraries means that a better answer to access and preservation is available: the MeL grant is making the digitization of the diaries happen. Color scans with complete cataloging and searchable full text solve many of the problems associated with preservation and access. When completed, patrons will be able to view images of the original handwritten diaries as well as transcriptions with notes. It is anticipated that this ease of access through MeL will be used, in particular, by students from the middle school level, as well as public historians, re-enactors, and scholarly researchers worldwide. To our knowledge, there are few diaries, with full searchable text coupled with images of the handwritten page, available on the Internet. The diaries for this project were selected because they represented a broad range of experiences. We also sought to lend insight into an important national event from the Michigan perspective. The diarists describe experiences ranging from the mundane to the extraordinary. Many men serving in the war had probably never traveled great distances from their homes. They took time to record the novel things they viewed for the first time. On March 27, 1862, Cyrus Thomas noted in his diary, "Passed through some delightful country Large plantations & splendid mansions could be seen." Thomas entered service on August 12, 1861, serving with Company 3 of the 49th Ohio Infantry. He also references a battle at Dog Walk, Kentucky, and has observations about rations and military life. Other diarists mention battles and key events. George Harrington remarks about the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2 and 3, 1863. Alonzo C. Ide, a native of Battle Creek, created copious lists of the men killed and wounded at the Battle of Campbell's Station and the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse. He listed the men who fell in East Tennessee who are buried in a circular cemetery at Knoxville. After the war, he resided at Yorkville, near Gull Lake. One of the most engaging diaries in the project was written by Eugene Sly. Sly was born in 1841 at Galen, New York, eventually moving to Illinois. He was attending school in Chicago when the Civil War began. He left school and enlisted on August 7, 1862. He engaged in battles at Stone River and Chickamauga. At the battle of Chickamauga, he volunteered to remain and care for wounded and, as a result, was taken a prisoner of war. Eugene Sly's diary includes observations about his experiences as a prisoner. The diary was written in 1864, during which time he was incarcerated in several Confederate prisons. His entries begin with his experiences in Danville Prison, a holding center, located in Richmond, Virginia, which led to a move to Libby Prison, also in Richmond. He was transferred to the infamous Andersonville (Georgia) prison on May 20 and a few months later, September IS, 1864, to South Carolina, to the Florence Military Stockade, described later as a "death camp." All together he survived seventeen months in prisons at Libby, Andersonville, and Florence before his release. After the war, he settled in Petoskey and later at Benton Harbor. Specific and vague illusions to sickness appear in several of the diaries. Perhaps Eli Page may have had one of the most physically demanding jobs as part of the Quartermaster Unit supplying the field. Among his entries, he frequently notes work projects, with numerous references to "boxes" and "carts." He also mentions "sore eyes" and "weak eyes" in several entries. Page was originally from Ohio and settled in Allegan County after the war. Milton Sawyer of Portland, Michigan, wrote about recurring fevers and other As artifacts, the eight diaries had serious preservation issues relative to faded handwriting and physical deterioration. The majority of the diaries are pre-printed pocket diaries of various sizes that provide space for a daily entry. Several of the diaries were written in pencil, which has faded over the years. Additional challenges included glued inserts and failing bindings. Given the importance of the manuscripts, digitization was an obvious solution to preservation issues since it will provide easier to read files that are more accessible while preserving the original artifacts. ,-----------------------, health problems. At age 46, he was the


A novel hydrogen plasma treatment to convert an amorphous phosphorus film deposited on silicon substrates into a thin crystalline layer is successfully developed. The amorphous phosphorus layer is deposited on desired substrates as silicon using vacuum evaporation in a direct‐current plasma reactor in a controllable fashion. The formation of 2D phosphorene layers is based on the phase transition of a previously deposited amorphous film into the crystalline black phosphorus flakes. Direct transformation from red phosphorus to black can be achieved at a temperature of 300 °C on desired substrates as silicon, although mica and glass can also be used. This allotrope transformation can be achieved without any high pressure or high temperature. Apart from hydrogen plasma treatment, ultraviolet (UV) exposure to see any possible improvement in the 2D layer formation is also used herein. Various characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to study the crystallinity and morphology of the samples. In addition, the plasma‐treated flakes are used to realize photodetectors which show excellent response to illuminating light. While the hydrogen plasma treatment leads to crystalline phosphorene sheets, the UV treatment results in granular and partially crystalline nanostructures.


Introduction Chapter 1. The Palace of Consumption Chapter 2. Creating an Industry Chapter 3. Modernizing Main Street Chapter 4. A New Deal for Department Stores Chapter 5. An Essential Industry in Wartime Chapter 6. The Race for the Suburbs Chapter 7. The Postwar Discount Revolution Chapter 8. The Death of the Department Store Epilogue. Remembering Downtown Department Stores Notes Index Acknowledgments


Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease of great importance in the Region of the Americas because of its prevalence, wide geographical distribution, morbidity and mortality. Several species of Leishmania can cause disease, and the resulting presentations differ in their clinical manifestations, diagnostic signs, severity, and treatment responses. The three main forms of leishmaniasis disease are: cutaneous, mucosal or visceral, of which cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common. Visceral leishmaniasis (caused by L. infantum) is the most severe form and can cause death in up to 90% of untreated people. In 2013, PAHO, with the support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation, developed recommendations for the treatment of leishmaniasis in the Americas using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Since that time, new evidence has accumulated necessitating a revision of these recommendations. This publication, the second edition of the treatment guidelines for the Americas, has been put together with the leadership of PAHO's Regional Program for Leishmaniasis with the support of the World Health Organization. It presents updated therapeutic recommendations for all three major forms of leishmaniasis disease, detailing the schemes and criteria for indication of treatment in the regional context. There are several notable changes from the first edition. For cutaneous disease, ketoconazole has been removed from the list of treatment options. Evidence for thermotherapy and pentamidine isethionate has been upgraded to "conditional" from "weak" in the previous edition. The number of Leishmania species for which there is strong evidence of the effectiveness of miltefosine has increased from two to four. And the evidence for intralesional antimonials in this disease form is now strong, whereas previously it was considered weak. The evidence for treatments for mucosal leishmaniasis – which is now considered separately to cutaneous disease – has become stronger since the first analysis, with the recommendation for use of pentavalent antimonials with or without oral pentoxifylline now strong. For visceral disease, the evidence has moved in the other direction. Whereas in the first edition, the evidence was considered strong for pentavalent antimonials, amphotericina B deoxycholate, it is now conditional. For miltefosine, there is now strong evidence against its useage. Further changes include the division of recommendations by adult and pediatric populations and the addition of new specific recommendations for immunocompromised patients that were not available in the first edition, including a strong recommendation against the use of pentavalent antimonials.


An inference channel in a database is a means by which one can infer data classified at a high level from data classified at a low level. The inference problem is the problem of detecting and removing inference channels. It is clear that inference problems are of vital interest to the designers and users of secure databases. Database management systems are intended to provide the means for efficient storage and retrieval of information. Their very power means that if they are not properly designed to prevent illegal inferences, they not only will not prevent such inferences, but will greatly assist users in forming them. Yet so far inference problems in multilevel databases have not been studied very deeply. This is partly due to the difficulty of the problem, and probably also due to the fact that one cannot implement any means of controlling inferences until one has solved the more fundamental problem of determining how one stores and retrieves multilevel data. This essay surveys the state of the art of the study of inference problems in multilevel databases. We describe particular strategies that have been developed for certain inference problems, as well as more general models of the inference problems and the tools that have been developed for handling them. We do not describe work on preventing inferences in statistical databases, which we consider a specialized problem not necessarily relevant to the inference problem in multilevel databases. However , we do note that the work on statistical databases shows that one can be successful in preventing inferences if one carefully limits the scope of the problem one is studying. Before beginning our survey, we should point out that all the models and techniques discussed here, and indeed all attempts to deal with inference control in database systems, have one limitation in common. An inference of sensitive data from nonsensitive data can only be repre


We surveyed 2680 women, in 423 (15.8%) women we revealed the nonpalpable masse of mammary glands from which we verified 129 (30.5%) cases of cancer. Informative standard of standart mammography and ultrasound, after applying diagnostic mammography increased by 5%. We allocated significant criteria for malignant lesions, and the indications for biopsy. These results demonstrate the need for mandatory application of diagnostic mammography in radiation survey in premenopausal women.


Social studies of accounting have drawn attention to the dubious role of accounting as a representational link between organizational realities and action. Based on five years immersion with perfor ...


Data clustering aims to organize data and concisely summarize it according to cluster prototypes. There are different types of data (e.g., ordinal, nominal, binary, continuous), and each has an appropriate similarity measure. However when dealing with mixed data set (i.e., a dataset that contains at least two types of data.), clustering methods use a unified similarity measure. In this study, we propose a novel clustering method for mixed datasets. The proposed mixed similarity measure (MSM) method uses a specific similarity measure for each type of data attribute. When computing distances and updating clusters' centers, the MSM method merges between the advantages of k-modes and K-means algorithms. The proposed MSM method is tested using benchmark real life datasets obtained from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The MSM method performance is compared against other similarity methods whether in a non-evolutionary clustering setting or an evolutionary clustering setting (using differential evolution). Based on the experimental results, the MSM method proved its efficiency in dealing with mixed datasets, and achieved significant improvement in the clustering performance in 80% of the tested datasets in the non-evolutionary clustering setting and in 90% of the tested datasets in the evolutionary clustering setting. The time and space complexity of our proposed method is analyzed, and the comparison with the other methods demonstrates the effectiveness of our method.


Abstract A new phase sequence: twist grain boundary Sa phase to blue phases was observed in a chiral compound (R)- or (S)-1-methylheptyl 3′-fluoro-4′-(3″-fluoro-4″-octadecyloxybenzoyloxy)tolan-4-carboxylate. It is the first time that blue phases have been found to occur above the TGBA phase in the absence of a cholesteric phase. These phases were characterized by microscopic observation, differential scanning calorimetry, the contact method and study of the racemic system.


A recent surge of films depicting memory have indicated the increasing prominence of memory narratives in the public sphere. [1] Although memory has occupied film as a major thematic interest since modernity, the cinematic treatment of memory and amnesia has altered significantly throughout the course of the last few years, particularly in terms of memory's operation in media spaces. The focus of this essay is therefore on "mediatized" memory, or the notion of a collective, mediated memory narrative through which the past can be re-experienced, and by which processes of memorialization can be socially organized as visual events.


The growth and diffusion of abrupt Zn profiles in undoped gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon‐doped GaAs, and heterojunction bipolar transistor structures grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy have been studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling. The depth profiles indicate that abrupt (within 100 A) turn‐on of Zn doping to levels approaching 1020 cm−3 are obtainable, while abrupt turn‐off is limited to about two orders of magnitude due to dopant tailing toward the surface resulting from residual Zn in the reactor. The sharp diffusion fronts resulting from post‐growth anneals indicate that the Zn diffusion coefficient has a concentration dependence. However, the diffusion of Zn at high concentrations appears to be inhibited by crystal defect kinetics resulting in a relatively concentration‐independent Zn diffusion coefficient. The V/III growth ratio did not have an effect on Zn diffusion in undoped or silicon‐doped GaAs. The diffusion of Zn in heterojunction bipolar transistor struct...


Abstract Four completely pelleted rations consisting of the following alfalfa meal: ground shelled corn ratios—100:0, 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60—were fed to eight Holstein heifers in two 4 × 4 Latin-squares and to 40 crossbred lambs in a 67-day continuous feeding trial. Apparent digestibility determined with heifers indicated an increase in dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients as the per cent corn was increased in the diet. Daily dry matter consumption decreased as the corn increased, and daily energy consumption was similar for all rations. Results of the lamb trial gave similar trends in dry matter consumption. There was no significant difference (P  Results of both trials support the hypothesis that ruminants will adjust voluntary food intake in relation to physiological demand for energy if fill or rumen load does not limit their consumption.


TiN thin films prepared by laser treatment using Kr-F excimer laser in the controlled atmosphere. The depth distribution and composition of nitrogen and contaminated oxygen have been determined by non-Rutherford proton backscattering using 1.7 MeV Tendetron accelerator. The electronic structure of TiN thin film have been characterized by resonant photoelectron spectroscopy using indus-I synchrotron radiation. Specifically, complex resonance profile that shows the enhancement at 45 eV which is consistent with the resonant photoemission of Ti 3d states involved in the Titanium nitride and oxide.


Surface roughness effects on the hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of finite length gas journal bearings has been studied by numerically solving the ensemble averaged compressible Reynolds equation. Analysis is based on the premise that the ensemble averaged Reynolds equation with film thickness averages using incompressible lubrication assumptions is valid for compressible lubrication at moderate compressibility numbers (Λ≤100). Film thickness averages are derived for a roughness distribution given by a polynomial fit of a Gaussian distribution. Load capacities and viscous friction losses for finite length gas journal bearings with longitudinal and transverse roughness patterns are compared with smooth bearings for varying eccentricity ratios, LID ratios and compressibility numbers. The finite length time dependent Reynolds equation for rough bearings is solved using a semi-implicit scheme and compared with smooth bearing results. As an illustration, the nonlinear transient unbalance response of a...


Wireless sensor network is a field of networking that has been used for sensing information from environment.  In WSN the sensor nodes are attached to a battery for sensing information. Each node utilizes three types of energy during its lifetime over the network. These energies are sensing energy, transmission or receiving energy and idle energy. During the sensing information the nodes consumes energy and transmission energy is used to transmit a data over a distance. Idle energy is that when node is not working but remains in on state. Due to deployment of WSN in unreachable area energy is main constraint for network to be cost effective. The major issue is network lifetime that must be increase so that network performs for long duration of time and provide cost effective for an n organization. To overcome this issue various methods had been proposed, chaining, pegasis, clustering and chain head selection are one of these methods.


The aim of this research paper is to critically analyze the effectiveness of the Bourbon Reforms in the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata. In 1802 the chaotic situation and multiple failures of the Royal Treasury led the Crown to send a visitor to the Viceroyalty. It had been denounced as scandalous the bankruptcies that took place in much of the Charcas' Cajas Reales: La Paz, Oruro, and Carangas. This work deals with bankruptcies occurred in the two Cajas located in the mining centers of Oruro and Carangas during the last two decades of the Eighteenth–century, a period associated with the Bourbon reforms and its success in the taxation of the Spanish colonies in


In order to reflect and analyze the relationship between saving energy and the profit of the enterprise, the magnitude of value indexes such as the unit price of energy, total cost of energy, real cost of comparable products, and total profit are used in the energy balance table to analyze and calculate the relationship between energy and relative economic target, the reflection of energy usage target alteration to enterprise's profit, the reflection of energy price alteration to enterprise's profit. It is testified that by using the analysis energy economic technology, many problems in the course of producing and operating can be found out, the management can be improved, and the energy saving and consumption reducing can be promoted.


In order to adapt to the situation of bio-psycho-social medical model, to solve the present strained doctor-patient relationship, and to cultivate a new generation comprehensive development medical talent with high quality, clinical teachers pay attention to cultivate the ability, while teaching professional knowledge, so as to To improve the quality of teaching and i service.


This is an unabashedly theoretical book motivated by a recent empirical puzzle. To wit, why did certain post-Soviet states strongly reorient their trade and monetary relations away from Russia after 1991, while others either clearly chose not to do so or engaged in heated yet ultimately indecisive political debates about the "proper" direction for their foreign economic policies? Rawi Abdelal provides a provocative answer to this question: "What societies want depends upon who they think they are" (p. 1). His book effectively challenges dominant realist and liberal theories of international political economy, and promotes a new "Nationalist" theoretical perspective to better explain the foreign economic policies of postimperial states.


(57) Abstract: topical ophthalmic formulations of the present invention, as an active ingredient 11- (3-dimethylamino) -6,11-dihydrodibenz [b, e] oxepin-2-acetic acid or a It comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The formulations are useful for treating allergic conjunctivitis, vernal and allergic eye diseases such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) need to be organized in order to be more resource-efficient and scalable. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) are of interest for WSN organization because of their route redundancy to the root. A recent routing protocol for WSNs coming from the IETF ROLL Working Group specifies the use of DAGs and proposes to improve the route redundancy even further by routing through sibling nodes as well. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of routing through sibling nodes and we propose a new use of siblings which preserves most of the performance but reduces algorithmic complexity and memory requirements.


-Childhood is an important stage, a golden age in preparing individuals and developing their potential to compete in the future. Helminthiasis is included in the top 10 infectious diseases suffered by children. Helminthiasis is an environment-based disease thus it is crucial to improve the awareness of environmental sanitation. Slum or environment with poor sanitation influence the spreading helminthiasis. Moyudan Health Center (Puskesmas) is one of the health centers in Sleman Regency with the highest cases of helminthiasis. This study aimed to determine the relationship of environmental factors and helminthiasis infection. The research design used was Cross Sectional. The subjects of this study were 311 elementary school students in the work area of Puskesmas Moyudan. Data retrieval technique was conducted using multistage random sampling. Fecal examination was done using direct method while measurement of independent variables was conducted using observational method. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi Square test. The result showed that from 311 samples of elementary school students, 37.5% were infected with Enterobius vermicularis. Environmental factors showed no association with helminthiasis infection: fly density (sig=0.348), toilet availability (sig = 0.307), landfill (sig = 0.207), floor type (sig = 0.330). There was no relationship between environmental factors and helminthiasis. Educating community especially parents about maintaining hygiene at home and local environment has a positive impact on the prevention of helminthiasis infection. .


Bioresorbable materials are extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this study, the common industrial processes of compression moulding and solvent casting were utilised for initial preparation of thin film blends based on Poly (dl-lactide), Poly (l-lactide-glycolide) and Poly (ϵ-caprolactone). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), phosphate buffered saline adsorption, tensile testing and contact angle measurement were used as a means of investigating the physical and mechanical properties of the blends.


The properties of a lowpass prototype filter of degree 4, exhibiting equal-ripple behaviour in the passband, are discussed. Explicit solutions are given for the element values of the corresponding crystal bandpass filter, and, from these, it is seen that the attainable bandwidth depends on one parameter only of the lowpass prototype. For the case where a deliberate mismatch is introduced into the lowpass prototype design, there are two possible solutions, one of which is found to lead to designs permitting bandwidths in excess of those obtained from the conventional matched design.


The current work investigates the capability of Large language models (LLMs) that are explicitly trained on large corpuses of medical knowledge (Med-PaLM 2) to predict psychiatric functioning from patient interviews and clinical descriptions without being trained to do so. To assess this, n = 145 depression and n =115 PTSD assessments and n = 46 clinical case studies across high prevalence/high comorbidity disorders (Depressive, Anxiety, Psychotic, trauma and stress, Addictive disorders) were analyzed using prompts to extract estimated clinical scores and diagnoses. Results demonstrate that Med-PaLM 2 is capable of assessing psychiatric functioning across a range of psychiatric conditions with the strongest performance being the prediction of depression scores based on standardized assessments (Accuracy range= 0.80 - 0.84) which were statistically indistinguishable from human clinical raters t(1,144) = 1.20; p = 0.23. Results show the potential for general clinical language models to flexibly predict psychiatric risk based on free descriptions of functioning from both patients and clinicians.


Background: A better prognosis in obese patients has been described in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, this evidence is mostly based on retrospective studies and has provided conflicting results. No study reported cause-specific mortality according to body mass index (BMI) in ACS. We aimed to prospectively assess the impact of BMI on mortality and its specific causes in ACS patients. Methods: We included non-selected ACS patients admitted in a tertiary care coronary unit, collecting baseline characteristics, management and clinical course. Patients were stratified into five clinically meaningful BMI subgroups of <20, 20–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–35, >35 kg/m2. The primary outcome was 1 year mortality, its causes and its association with BMI. This association was assessed by the Cox regression method. Results: We included 2040 patients in our study with a mean age of 62.1 years. Low weight patients (BMI <20) were older, with less cardiovascular risk factors, higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and worse renal function. Mean follow up was 334 days. The unadjusted analysis showed lower all-cause mortality in all subgroups as compared to low weight patients. After adjusting for potential confounders, this association remained significant for patients with a BMI 20–24.9. Cardiac mortality was similar across BMI subgroups. In contrast, the adjusted analysis showed a significantly lower non-cardiac mortality in patients with a BMI 20–24.9, 25–29.9 and 30–35 as compared to low weight patients. Conclusions: Baseline characteristics in ACS patients significantly differ according to their BMI status. The prognostic impact of BMI seems mostly related to extra-cardiac causes in low weight patients.


Purpose – The aims of this paper are: to identify the dimensions of knowledge management (KM), and to propose a model for KM that will be useful for future researchers in carrying out KM measurement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a literature review of theoretical and empirical contributions to KM. Findings – The results obtained show that the creation, transfer and storage, and implementation and use are dimensions of the concept of KM. On the basis of these dimensions, this study proposes a model integrating these dimensions and operationalizes it using selected items, so that future researchers may carry out measurements using the proposed model. Practical implications – The study implies that companies and researchers use a smaller time in theoretical checks and can devote to measurements which develop improvements. Originality/value – The present model differs from other, previous models in that it integrates various approaches to the study of KM.


The aim of this pilot study is to examine how feedback type and error type influence the revision process of undergraduate writers. For the purpose of this study, text feedback was provided for eight essays, which were produced in a writing class for students who study English as a foreign language. Directive and non-directive feedback, differentiated by either providing or not providing students with suggestions for improvement, was distributed to approximately equal extents. The revised texts were then compared to the draft versions in order to analyse the students' reactions to the feedback instances. Errors which triggered feedback were described in terms of the Scope – Substance taxonomy (Sigott, Cesnik, & Dobric 2016). In this study, the focus was on Error Substance, i.e. the units of text that need to be modified, namely, text, paragraph, sentence, or word. The quantitative analysis of the feedback instances (n=90) has shown that written text feedback is generally highly effective, and that non-directive feedback leads to a more positive effect than directive feedback, particularly as far as lowerlevel errors (sentence or word) are concerned. The reasons for non-responses to feedback cannot be attributed to feedback type or error substance, which shows a distinct need for further qualitative analysis.


Based on the mathematical model of the conjugate heat transfer from a steel cylinder to a water-air medium, the results of the calculation of the cooling rate and the mass fraction of the α-phase in supercooled austenite during the γ → α transformation are obtained. To find the mass fraction of the α-phase in austenite during supercooling, a modified Kolmogorov – Johnson – Mel – Avrami equation is used. The calculation results have been obtained during the cooling of the high-temperature metal cylinder by the laminar gas-liquid flow in an annular channel with account taken of vaporization in the liquid. The regulation of the heat and mass transfer balance of the system during the vaporization is based on the energy model of the heat balance and is performed using the effective thermophysical parameters of the cooling medium. The mathematical model is presented in a two-dimensional non-stationary formulation taking into account the symmetry of the cooling medium flow relative to the longitudinal vertical axis of the cylinder. To solve the system of differential equations, the control volume method is used. The parameters of the cooling medium flow are calculated using an algorithm SIMPLE. For the iterative solution of the system of linear algebraic equations, the methods of Gauss-Seidel and under-relaxation are used. The calculations, are carried out using a grid with a condensing profile at the «metal cylinder – liquid» and «liquid - outer metal ring» boundaries on the liquid side and the metal side.


To clone the manganese peroxidase gene Ps-mnp1 from Pleurotus sapidus PS1 contributing a lot to the lignin biodegradation activity is important for the analysis of protein structure and functions of Mn P and the understanding of manganese peroxidase gene function and transcriptional regulation of Pleurotus sapidus. Based on the analysis of ribosomal r DNA Intenal Transcribed Spacer( ITS) sequences,the classification status of the strain PS1 was defined. Ps-mnp1 was cloned by using the methods of Genome Walking-PCR and Reverse transcription-PCR with primers designed from some white-rot fungi which contains the conserved sequences of the known manganese peroxidase genes( Gen Bank No.KP189358. 1). We used a variety of modern bioinformatics technology softwares to clone the manganese peroxidase gene and analyze the protein structure of Ps-mnp1. For example,after the cloning full length DNA sequence of genome walking method,prediction of the full c DNA sequence of manganese peroxidase gene by using contigexpress splicing software; comparison the DNA and c DNA nucleotide sequences alignment analysis by using Bio Edit software; prediction the RNA splice site through Augustus website,following the comparison and correction of Ps-mnp1 sequences by using the the NCBI database; understanding the compositions of the intron and exon by using online software Gene Structure Display Server contrast of white rot fungus manganese peroxidase gene. The results obtained in the sequence analysis of Psmnp1 from Pleurotus sapidus indicated that the full length of the DNA was 1 854 bp containing 14 exons and 13 introns.Meanwhile,exons and introns composition analysis of the genes Ps-mnp1 from Pleurotus sapidus,compared to other white-rot fungi manganese peroxidase genes,suggested that P. ostreatus and P. sapidus belonged to the same genus Pleurotus,but the manganese peroxidase gene structures between them were entirely different. The Ps-mnp1 gene included a signal peptide of 20 amino acids and held Open Reading Frame of 1 095 bp,with start codon ATG and stop codon TAA,encoding 364 amino acids. The results of protein phylogenetic analysis by MEGA 5. 1 software revealed that Psmnp1 and 6 strains of white rot fungus protein clustered on short branches Mn Ps,and differentiated 5 long branches of Mn Ps group formed by disulphide bond. In addition,the 3D structures of Ps-mnp1 were built using homology modelling technique,and the results showed that the binding sites of the protein ligand included 1 Fe heme,2 Ca ions and 1 Mn( II),and the those sites were non-conservation. The results also suggested that the modelling similarity was 72. 51%compared with P. eryngii VPs. This paper could establish the basis of the study in the structure and function of the Psnmp1. It is further helpful to offer reference on the variation of protein engineering of the Ps-mnp1.


Two new species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from western Cameroon are described and illustrated, their conservation status assessed and their taxonomic affinities discussed. Both species were discovered in Kupe and the Bakossi Mts. Psychotria geophylax Cheek & Sonke has affinities with sect. Flaviflorae E. M. A. Petit, whereas P. bakossiensis Cheek & Sonke falls near sect. Involucratae E. M. A. Petit & Verdc. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, 2005.


Abstract : We have proposed to develop novel antibody fusion proteins in which antibodies specific for the breast cancer tumor associated antigen HER2/neu will be genetically fused to the cytokines IL-2, IL-12, and GM-CSF. It is expected that the anti-HER2/neu antibody cytokine fusion protein will localize the cytokine at the tumor and elicit an immune response. During our first year of funding we completed the construction and characterization of an anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(GM-CSF) fusion protein. This novel molecule expressed in myeloma cells was correctly assembled and secreted and showed antibody and cytokine related activities. In addition, anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(GM-CSF) was able to target the HER2/neu expressing murine tumor CT26-HER2/neu and enhance the immune response against the targeted antigen, HER2/neu, suggesting its potential use in the treatment of HER2/neu expressing tumors. We also expanded our repertoire of human HER2/neu expressing murine cell lines by transducing the murine B cell lymphoma 38C13 with the cDNA encoding human HER2/neu. We studied the in vivo properties of this new tumor model (38C13-HER2/neu) and found that this model provides a useful tool for the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches designed to stimulate the tumor specific immune response.


We propose a new inductive principle, which we call the complexity approximation principle (CAP). This principle is a natural generalization of Rissanen's minimum description length (MDL) principle and Wallace's minimum message length (MML) principle and is based on the notion of predictive complexity, a recent generalization of Kolmogorov complexity. Like the MDL principle, CAP can be regarded as an implementation of Occam's razor.


Objective : To describe the pattern of presentation of sickle cell retinopathy patients who presented at the Eye Foundation Hospital Lagos, Nigeria between January 2002 and March 2003. Materials and Methods : The medical records of 27 patients who presented at the Eye Foundation Hospital with retinal changes due to sickle cell disease within a 15-month period were reviewed retrospectively. Results : A total of 27 patients were evaluated, 67% were male while 33% were female. The mean age at presentation was 36.18 years with female patients tending to present earlier than male patients.The most common complaint at presentation was a sudden drop in vision seen in 63% of the patients evaluated. The dominant genotype among the patients was SC with 81.5%; 7.4% were SS and 11.1% were AS. The duration from onset of symptoms to presentation was evaluated. The median duration at presentation was greater than 12 weeks after onset of symptoms; 85% of patients presenting had proliferative retinal changes. Proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR) changes were classified according to Goldberg's classification of 1971. Stage 4 PSR was the most common stage seen, occurring in 48% of patients. Conclusion : Sickle cell retinopathy patients seen at the Eye Foundation Hospital generally presented after 12 weeks of onset of sudden drop in vision. They were mostly in the SC genotype group and mostly had stage 4 proliferative retinopathy according to Goldberg's classification. Keywords: sickle cell retinopathy, pattern of presentation, genotype Nigerian Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 13 (1) 2005: 17-20


With the methods of theoretical analysis,this paper reveals and researches the result of frequency offset and dynamic bandwidth of a filter network in its amplitude-frequency characteristic.And through digital simulation,it proves the theoretical analysis and reveals the relationship between the rate of swept and the value of frequency offset and the broadening of dynamic bandwidth.It will be beneficial to deviation analysis of swept measurement and special design of communication filters.


PURPOSE
This study was conducted to assess public awareness and policy challenges faced by practicing nurses.

METHODS
After collecting nurse-related news articles published before and after 'the Thanks to You Challenge' campaign (between December 31, 2019, and July 15, 2020), keywords were extracted via preprocessing. A three-step method keyword analysis, latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling, and keyword network analysis was used to examine the text and the structure of the selected news articles.

RESULTS
Top 30 keywords with similar occurrences were collected before and after the campaign. The five dominant topics before the campaign were: pandemic, infection of medical staff, local transmission, medical resources, and return of overseas Koreans. After the campaign, the topics 'infection of medical staff' and 'return of overseas Koreans' disappeared, but 'the Thanks to You Challenge' emerged as a dominant topic. A keyword network analysis revealed that the word of nurse was linked with keywords like thanks and campaign, through the word of sacrifice. These words formed interrelated domains of 'the Thanks to You Challenge' topic.

CONCLUSION
The findings of this study can provide useful information for understanding various issues and social perspectives on COVID-19 nursing. The major themes of news reports lagged behind the real problems faced by nurses in COVID-19 crisis. While the press tends to focus on heroism and whole society, issues and policies mutually beneficial to public and nursing need to be further explored and enhanced by nurses.


Background : Occult biliary stones escape detection on conventional investigations, and clinico‐biochemical systems proposed for predicting biliary pancreatitis has low predictive values.


We introduce a definition for Families of Optimal Binary Non-MDS Erasure Codes for [n, k] codes over GF(2), and propose an algorithm for finding those families by using hill climbing techniques over Balanced XOR codes. Due to the hill climbing search, those families of codes have always better decoding probability than the codes generated in a typical Random Linear Network Coding scenario, i.e., random linear codes. We also show a surprising result that for small values of k, the decoding probability of our codes in GF(2) is very close to the decoding probability of the codes obtained by Random Linear Network Coding but in the higher finite field GF(4).


The choice of the focal length of the transmitter in an optical system is analyzed, using the formula for the transferred power as a basis.


Fiberlike Si 3 N 4 was prepared by the carbothermal reduction of diatomaceous earth in a flow of nitrogen and ammonia. Diatomaceous earth, an inexpensive raw material, is composed of 82.5 wt% SiO 2 , 5.69 wt% Al 2 O 3 , and a very small amount of metal oxides (K 2 O, CaO, and Fe 2 O 3 ). Two types of fiberlike Si 3 N 4 were obtained, short needlelike fiber and woollike fiber with Fe droplets at 1350°C


189 ISSN 1758-194X 10.2217/CRC.12.26 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Colorect. Cancer (2012) 1(3), 189–192 1Fox Chase Cancer Center, 510 Township Line Road, Cheltenham, PA 19012, USA 2Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 1014 College Bldg, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA 3Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 215 728 3690; Fax: +1 215 379 1369; email@example.com Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common form of cancer in the USA among men and women, with approximately 141,210 new cases diagnosed and 49,380 deaths annually [101]. The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) encourage screening for adults aged 50 years and older [101]. Numerous screening modalities currently exist, including fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), barium enema (BE), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) and colonoscopy. Recognizing the potential contribution that screening can play in reducing the burden of CRC, Healthy People 2020 has called for CRC screening rates to exceed 70%. When CRC is identified in its early stages, survival rates are significantly improved, with 5-year survival rates of stage I patients of up to 74% versus only 6% for those with stage IV disease [101]. While CRC screening rates are rising in the USA, they are still well below the target and lag far behind screening rates for breast and cervical cancers. Furthermore, there is a substantial and persistent CRC screening disparity that contributes to d ifferential mortality and survival. The ACS has separated CRC screening tests into two categories: first, "tests that primarily detect cancer, which include both guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT) and immunochemical-based FOBT (FIT) and testing stool for exfoliated DNA (sDNA)"; and second, "tests that can detect cancer and advanced lesions, which include endoscopic examinations and radiologic examinations (i.e., flexible sigmoidoscopy [FSIG], colonoscopy, double-contrast barium enema [DCBE], and computed tomography [CT] colonography, or virtual colonoscopy)" [1]. This distinction can help patients and providers make informed decisions after weighing the pros and cons of the tests in each category. It is important to note that the priority is to prevent CRC, and any of these recommended tests are acceptable, although the "We must take advantage of and integrate the many proven approaches to help patients learn about the importance of colorectal cancer screening, understand their options and be motivated to participate." EDITORIAL


to the Prime Minister. His assessment of conditions is therefore of particular interest. Until the Communist invasion in 1950 the country and its history was little known to the West except for a few specialists in far Eastern affairs and with the removal of the spotlight of war it has largely again disappeared from the news, save for occasional reports of unrest or of corruption in high places. It is therefore valuable to have one's perspective corrected.


Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious respiratory disorder and has challenged public health organizations everywhere. To effectively target government interventions, the most vulnerable persons to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), the development of serious health indications and mortality must be identified. We conducted a thorough literature review to provide the existing position of technical information in these domains, stressing the necessity for a united worldwide approach, touching forward and learning for upcoming diseases. Medline, Embase and Global Health, and the Web of Science, were searched by the end of August 2021. The search criteria were SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-specific. A broad array of descriptions has been recycled regarding the harshness of the condition. Furthermore, multiple countries took various public health steps to control the transmission of COVID-19. In this review, we are enlisting the countries and their short- andlong-term public health responses to combat this pandemic. We also described four key sections of public health responses, i-e, monitoring, public education, crowd control and establishment of health care facilities followed by various countries to prevent the pandemic.


The harmonic distortions of motor currents can be mitigated by the application of the double-delta sourced winding (DDSW), which implements multi-level operation with two-level converters. In practice, dual winding induction machine (DWIM) has been considered for this application due to its inherent compatibility to DDSW. The modeling of DWIM is discussed for the vector control, and a decoupling control method of each winding to the other is proposed to improve the dynamic response of the current regulation. The torque control is also discussed for the case where one of the converters is dropped out. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is assessed with experimental results. It has been confirmed that the total harmonic distortion of the converter currents was decreased by 67.7 % when DDSW was applied to an 11 kW DWIM. In addition, the bandwidth of the current regulation could be increased by 113.7 % thanks to the proposed decoupling control method.


This paper reports a computational fluid dynamics simulation of airflow and fine particle (PM2.5) dispersion in the street canyon in Hong Kong, using large eddy simulation. An aspect ratio (AR) of 2.7 and a Reynolds number of 5 × 106 with a one main vortex, were used. This study focused mainly on the vehicle-induced momentum source and PM2.5 concentrations were measured at 10 altitudes near the leeward wall in the street canyon, to provide high resolution measurements for model validation. The simulated PM2.5 concentrations agreed well with the measurements, (R = 0.85). The concentration was higher at the lower part near the leeward wall than the upper part. Higher concentration was found near the roof level. A near-uniform vertical dispersion of PM 2.5 near the windward wall was demonstrated; and the average concentrations were lower than found near the leeward wall. The intermittent escape of the PM2.5 above the canyon at the roof level occurred mainly at the centre and near windward wall areas. The results demonstrated that a reduction in the AR can be conducive to pollutant dispersion in street canyon planning. The findings of this research would inform building designers to formulate effective strategies such as positioning of ventilation air intake, for the control of ingress of PM2.5 into building environments.


In order to improve the completeness of the computer-aided diagnosis system for the segmentation of large-sized lung tumors and the segmentation accuracy of small-sized lung tumors, a dual-attention 3D-UNet lung tumor segmentation network model was constructed. The upsampling operation in the traditional 3D-UNet network is replaced with the DUpsampling structure. By minimizing the loss between the pixels of the feature map and the compressed label image, a more expressive feature map is obtained, thereby improving the network convergence speed. On this basis, the spatial attention module and the channel attention module are integrated so that similar features in single channel and multichannel are related to each other, and the global correlation of feature maps is increased to improve the accuracy of segmentation results. The experimental results show that compared with methods such as 3D-UNet, the model effectively improves the accuracy of lung tumor cell segmentation, and the MIoU score on the public dataset LIDC-IDRI reaches 89.4%. The segmentation method will be closer to the facts and in line with the safety and health of human life.


The article is devoted to the problem of the Conflict on the Chinese Eastern Railway in the works of Soviet orientalist experts — contemporaries of the events. The Conflict on the CER is the Soviet-Chinese confrontation on the Chinese Eastern Railway, starting in 1924. The chronological framework is determined by the history of the Conflict of the Chinese Eastern Railway — the period of the second half of the 1920s — early 1930s. Already at the end of 1924, the first conflict between the Soviet and Chinese sides of the road took place. The conflict at the Chinese Eastern Railway in early 1926 moved to a qualitatively new level. The Soviet-Chinese Conflict at the CER in 1929 was already a military conflict between the two countries. In the 1920s-1930s little attention was paid to this conflict in Soviet literature. The reason for the increased interest of the public and expert experts in the Conflict at the Chinese Eastern Railroad was the sharp aggravation of the conflict and the military events of 1929. Already in 1929, brochures describing the military conflict were published in Siberia, and detailed materials on the problems of the Conflict at the Chinese Eastern Railroad appeared in periodicals. The source for the research was the publications of the contemporaries of the events. The works of Soviet orientalists such as B.N. Melnikov, S.A. Dridzo, A.A. Ivanov, G.N. Zarkhin, G.B. Skalov, V.Ya. Aboltin. In addition, other publications by various authors devoted to the Soviet-Chinese Conflict at the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929 were considered. Analysis of the publications made it possible to conclude that an extremely simplified picture of events was given in the Soviet scientific and popular science literature, the analysis of problems was replaced by propaganda and ideological clichés, the authors reduced the causes of the conflict to the intrigues of external enemies.


A method of fabricating a single-mode optical fiber preform wherein a core torch produces fine glass particles eccentrically with respect to the center area of a flame stream, the core torch being so arranged as to blow the flame stream at an angle inclined to a seed rod. The porous glass body forming the core is grown on one end of the rod and in the direction of the axis of the rod. A cladding layer is formed on the periphery of the porous glass core body by at least one torch for forming the cladding. The obtained porous glass body is heated and vitrified into a transparent glass body, which is sealed in a silica tube for jacketting to form a single-mode optical fiber preform. At least one exhaust port is disposed within a distance of 1 mm to 50 mm from the periphery of the porous glass body and in the vicinity of the growing surface of the glass body to exhaust residual glass fine particles and undesired gases. A porous glass body having a diameter of 20 mm or less is easily formed. Single-mode optical fiber having a cladding-to-core-diameter ratio of 3 or more is fabricated by the VAD method. Accordingly, a long-length and low-loss single-mode optical fiber is mass-produced.


The proboscis monkey's habitat is a mangrove area dominated by rambai (Sonneratia caseolaris) as their main food source. In order to suppress the rate of decline in the proboscis monkey population due to habitat loss, it is necessary to restore proboscis monkey habitat by planting rambai mangroves in their natural habitat areas, such as Curiak Island, to increase the carrying capacity of feed. So far, the rambai tree planting activity on Curiak Island is still being carried out on a self-taught basis by partners. So, there are still obstacles such as the low survival rate of seedlings, slow growth rates, challenges in transferring seedlings to planting sites, and pests and plant diseases that interfere with the growth of rambai mangroves. In this program, it has been conducted the introduction of Composter as a tool for processing organic waste into fertilizer to assist the seedling process, so that the survival of the seeds increases. Partners are also given training and counseling on the Rambai Mangrove Restoration technique with assistance starting from seed selection, transportation of seeds to planting sites, planting, and maintenance. A total of 2 composter barrels and 100 rambai mangrove seedlings have been planted with partners on Curiak Island. After this program, partners are judged to have been able to absorb the science and technology transferred by the team with an in the success of planting rambai mangroves at the planting location, Curiak Island. In future, partners are expected to independently carry out a sustainable rambai planting program so that efforts to restore proboscis monkey habitat and conserve river ecosystems can be realized.


This study examined pedagogical practices adopted by teachers when teaching learners taking English as First Additional Language in Life Sciences classrooms. The inquiry adopted a generic qualitative design located within the interpretivist paradigm and involved purposively selected Life Sciences teachers and grade 10 learners from South African township schools as participants. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. The empirical investigation is underpinned by the Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) as the underlying theoretical framework. The study uncovered a myriad of instructional challenges facing Life Sciences teachers and learners associated with the use of English as a medium of instruction while it is taken as a First Additional Language by the learners. In particular, the terminology used in Life Sciences as a key knowledge domain posed fundamental instructional challenges in relation to meaningful development of enhanced learners' conceptual understanding of scientific phenomena. Theoretical implications for meaningful science teaching and learning are discussed.


The invention construction surface processing step of processing the surface of the concrete surface of (a); (B) concrete external removing rust of the exposed reinforcement to the rust removing type reinforced rust removal of applying a rust inhibitor anti-corrosive treatment stage (c) balcheong inhibition of applying a mixture of cement powder, the coated rust on the reinforced exposure to the concrete outer Listening treatment step; system; (D) recovering an alkaline anti-corrosive treatment and processing returns to alkaline by applying a penetration-type rust inhibitor on the surface of the concrete; (E) reinforcing the installation steps for installing helical tie to the concrete surface; (E) adhesion enhancing treatment step of applying an adhesive to a concrete surface; (F) recovery section comprising: an inorganic polymer construction mortar composition is mixed with water; And that comprises the a technical feature; and (g) surface finishing step of applying a surface treatment material to the concrete surface.