Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that strongly activates dendritic cells and can initiate allergic inflammation. Since exposure to rhinovirus or double-stranded (ds) RNA (a surrogate of viral infection) induces TSLP expression in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), this cytokine may link innate antiviral responses and the type 2 adaptive immune response. Objective As BECs from donors with asthma have a deficient interferon (IFN) response to rhinovirus infection, a study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that their antiviral response shows a bias towards TSLP production. Methods Primary BECs were grown from subjects with asthma and healthy volunteers. After exposure to dsRNA, interleukin (IL)-8, IFNβ and TSLP mRNA and protein expression were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Results dsRNA dose-dependently increased IL-8 expression in BECs with no significant difference between the groups. However, BECs from subjects with asthma expressed less IFNβ and more TSLP mRNA and protein in response to dsRNA than BECs from those without asthma (median (IQR) 57 (38–82) pg/ml vs 106 (57–214) pg/ml for IFNβ (p<0.05) and 114 (86–143) pg/ml vs 65 (32–119) pg/ml for TSLP (p<0.05) in response to 10 μg/ml dsRNA for 24 h). Induction of TSLP mRNA by dsRNA was blocked by Toll-like receptor 3 or protein kinase inhibitors or by preventing de novo protein synthesis, but not by neutralisation of type I IFN receptors. Conclusion BECs from subjects with asthma are biased towards higher TSLP and lower IFNβ production in response to dsRNA, suggesting that viral infection in asthma may lead to an altered mediator profile that biases towards a Th2 immune response.


Correlation and path analysis were carried out in nineteen tomato genotypes for yield and quality characters. The association studies showed that fruit yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with number of fruits per plant and fruit width. However, fruit yield per plant was negatively and significantly correlated with days to last fruit harvest and shelf life. Path analysis studies done to study the cause and effect relationship revealed that plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit width and ascorbic acid had high positive direct effects on fruit yield per plant. Hence, direct selection for these traits is done for improving


Self-consistent calculations are presented for the electronic structure of $3d$, $4d$, and some $\mathrm{sp}$ impurities in Cu. The calculations are based on density-functional theory in the local-spin-density approximation and on the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green's-function method. The muffin-tin potentials of the impurity and of the neighboring atoms are calculated self-consistently. The use of the proper host Green's functions guarantees the correct embedding of this cluster of 13 muffin-tin potentials in the ideal Cu host. One shell of perturbed neighbor potentials is sufficient for a good description of the electronic properties. While the results considerably improve the previous singlesite calculations, they nevertheless confirm for most impurities the qualitative results obtained in these calculations. Charge-transfer effects are most pronounced for some $4d$ impurities and the vacancy. The magnetic moments of the $3d$ impurities are only slightly changed compared to the single-site calculations.


Raindrops degrade the performance of outdoor vision system, and bring difficulties for objects detection and analysis in image sequence. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for raindrop removal using chromatic based properties in order to improve the data quality and vision effect of image sequence. The raindrops detection method, considering the chromatic properties of image sequence, is induced, which is not affected by the velocity and time information of raindrops. Therefore, this function is suitable for all the blur effects caused by raindrops. Moreover the algorithm is effectual both for removing raindrops at background and foreground. The experiment results show that the proposal algorithm is able to remove the raindrops and improve the quality of image sequence remarkable.


Deweys' philosophy of education has inherited and developed the Hegel's theory,the theory of evolution and the pragmatism.He has formed a unique thinking mode to understand the world,including:holistic thinking,process thinking,practice thinking and relational thinking.Dewey's way of thinking will help us clarify on the fuzzy and devia-tions in the theory and practice of the curriculum reform of basic education.


Shows that improved system throughput in a multiprocessor system can be achieved by taking advantage of interrupt masking on a processor basis and the ability of I/O interrupts to be taken on any enabled processor.


The article discusses examination discourse within the framework of sociolinguistic approach. Being an integral part of any society at a certain period of its development, examination or final testing procedure can be regarded as a separate unit of any status-oriented discourse where the key role belongs to the participants of communication. Taking into consideration pragmatic features of examination discourse the following constitutive characteristics were outlined and analyzed: goals and objectives of communication, time and place of communication, communication environment, participants of communication, their status and role in the process of communication, means and strategies of their interaction within examination procedure. In the framework of current research it was found that examination discourse encourages the candidate to demonstrate knowledge and skills he/she possesses in certain subject and at the same time it acts as an instrument of candidate's knowledge and skills control.


Mobile phone technology has been widely use nowadays. There are some system use mobile as network device. So do FTMK E-Leave System (E-Leave) which use mobile phone as a device to send SMS notification to the user to inform them that their leave application has been approved. The main function of E-Leave is apply leave and leave approval. The special addition in this system is using mobile phone to send notification. The development of this project used the V-shape Model methodology, Adobe Dreamweaver CS3 as software, PHP as the programming language whereas MySQL is for the database management system. This system developed by using SSDAM methodology. Overall, this system can help and facilitate management through more orderly manner.


We propose an inline pressure sensor composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic tube integrated with graphene sheets. The PDMS tube was fabricated through molding, and a multilayered graphene sheet was transferred on the surface of the PDMS tube. The pressure inside the tube was monitored using the changes in the electrical resistance of the transferred graphene. The proposed pressure sensor could be suitable for precise pressure measurement for a small amount of fluid in microfluidic systems including organ-on-a-chip devices.


Three models for compositional ow in porous media, varying in physical and mathematical complexity, are considered. Various formulations of the governing equations that describe these models, including phase and global pressure-saturation formulations with the total velocity and ux, are presented. Finite element methods for solving these diierential formulations are identiied.


Recent years saw an increase in voting systems using public permissionless blockchains. Although public blockchains offer transparency and immutability, permissioned consensus is better suited for voting systems' requirements, because an initial level of trust in authorities is always required. Hence, a permissioned Distributed Ledger (DL) immutably storing the voting system's audit trail satisfies demands measurably.ProvotuMN 3.0 is a decentralized and receipt-Free (RF) voting system based on an end-to-end verifiable Re-Encryption Mixnet (RMN). RMNs allow for flexible votes and elections and decouple the ballot structure from the cryptographic voting protocol. Thus, ProvotuMN decentralizes trust (i) through the use of cryptographic shuffles and Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proofs (NIZKP) in an RMN executed among DL nodes, (ii) by employing a distributed key generation for election keys, and (iii) by offering a decentralized re-encryption service assuring RF. Performance evaluations performed indicate that the voting scheme is scalable for large-scale voting.


In this paper we show that the geometrical configuration of the auroral electrojet is of great importance in the interpretation of Doppler velocity data obtained by auroral backscatter radars operated close to the auroral oval at low elevation angles. We show that some of the characteristic features in the azimuthal dependence of the radar Doppler velocity can be explained by accounting for the auroral electrojet curvature produced by (1) the shape of the auroral oval, (2) the altitude variation of the Hall and Pedersen currents, and (3) other local variations in current flow. An important application of the geometrical considerations described in this paper is the estimation of the ionospheric electric field from Doppler-velocity variations observed in the diffuse radar aurora.


This article explores experiences of working couples as they balance work and bring up children. It further points out the crucial role of house-helps in raising children and the challenges it poses. The research used exploratory qualitative design targeting working couples. Data was collected through Small Christian Community and Face-book platform. The study found out that more and more couples spend less time with their children leaving them under the care of house-helps who often are not trained in child development. The implication of the research is that policy makers need to design appropriate programs in building capacity for house-helps, policies for beneficial work environment for raising children and programs that would help families to balance work and family.


BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a pre-trained architecture that improves on previous models to create richer, context-dependent representations of words Devlin et al. (2018) More concretely, the hidden layers from the BERT model can provide contextual word embeddings for multiple subtasks, such as sentiment classification, paraphrase detection, and semantic similarity scoring Kokkinos and Potamianos (2017). This project is an exploration of methods to improve BERT architectures for this multi-task classification task, namely by scaling up the number of hidden layers of the model and by experimenting with a variety of dataset augmentation techniques.


Current study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of water hyacinth (Echhornia crassipes) biochar and lime to remediate cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contaminated soils. A pot experiment was carried out treating soil with Cd and Pb (both separately and in combination) at the rates of 3, 6, 9 mg/kg and 250, 500, 750 mg/kg, respectively. Biochar and lime were applied separately to the metal spiked soils at the rate of 5.54 g/kg and 2.77 g/kg, respectively. After growing metal accumulator plant Eleusine indica for five months, metal contents were examined in plant biomass (composite sample prepared mixing equal amount of both root and shoot). Water hyacinth biochar had higher efficiency (up to 72%) to reduce phytoavailability of Pb compared to Cd for E. indica when applied in metal spiked soil. However, lime application restricted the availability of Cd to E. indica up to 38.8% compared to control. Documented greater microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and chlorophyll content under application of water hyacinth biochar than lime indicates its higher efficacy for growth of plants and microbes in Pb and Cd contaminated soil due to supply of nutrient in the soil. Therefore, the water hyacinth biochar and lime have potential to reduce bioavailability of Pb and Cd in contaminated soil.


The potential of Fourier transform middle-infrared spectroscopy has been demonstrated for the quantitative analysis of substrates (glucose and fructose) and metabolites (glycerol and ethanol) involved in alcoholic fermentation. Temperature variations between samples and water background reference caused changes in absorbance, and therefore the prediction of concentrations with partial least-squares (PLS) regressions was affected. The same temperatures for the calibration, validation, and prediction sets gave the smallest standard error of prediction (SEP): SEPglucose = 3.9 g L−1; SEPfructose = 4.3 g L−1; SEPglycerol = 0.5 g L−1; SEPethanol = 1.3 g L−1. In order to take different working temperatures (18, 25, and 35 °C) into account, an artificial neural network was used to create a nonlinear multivariate model. Compared to PLS regression, this method provided better results, especially for glycerol and ethanol, where SEP decreased by 0.3 g L−1 and 0.4 g L−1, respectively.


N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center RAMS, MoscowABSTRACTThe review article on clinical effectiveness of IL-2/LAK-therapy considers main aspects of pharmacokinetics andpharmacodynamics of the therapy active agents. We suggest essential principals for enhancement of this treatment clin-ical efficiency on the basis of the analyzed data.Although preclinical studies on IL2/LAK-therapy have demonstrated beneficial results, so far clinical trials havefailed to show significant clinical effectiveness. We consider that clinical ineffectiveness could be a result of inappro-priate implication of this method due to: (a) lack of information about LAK-cells biodistribution in the organism at thetime when most clinical studies were carried out, (b) the data on LAK-cells mechanism of action was not considered,(c) necessary doses and ways of administration of LAK-cells were not developed.While studies on these issues were still under investigation on experimental models, clinical trials were conducted aswell and thus failed to consider preclinical data that might be a plausible cause of inconsistency of clinical trials. Therefor eit might not be possible to realize IL-2/LAK-therapy potential in clinical practice for a certain historical period.The paper reviews different data on experimental research and previous results of clinical studies on IL-2/LAK-ther-apy, which confirm the higher efficacy of locoregional high dose IL-2/LAK-therapy. We consider it necessary to con-tinue further clinical studies on this treatment mode in cancer patients. The research also includes several case reports of IL-2/LAK-therapy in cancer patients carried out in N. N. BlokhinRussian Cancer Research Center RAMS.Key words:adoptive immunotherapy, interleukin-2, lymphokine-activated killer cells, locoregional immunotherapy.


Some of the best minds in Antarctic research in Australia and New Zealand met at the 'Strategic Science in Antarctica' conference in Hobart in June.


Britton's thaw-lake cycle hypothesis is examined and modified in light of new observations on ice-wedges and revegetation following drainage of lakes in the wet coastal tundra of arctic Alaska. Two thaw-lakes which were artificially drained in 1950 provided base-line data for the ages of basin surfaces. Sizes of clonal colonies of Eriophorum angustifolium and Carex aquatilis were used in an attempt to age older, naturally drained lake basins. The floristic composition of the vegetation through


The succession of one editor of the Papers by another is not especially note worthy, particularly when the transition from the able stewardship of Wil liam S. Peterson occurred two issues before. Nevertheless, the start of a new vol ume gives an opportunity to reconsider and restate editorial policies that even long readers of the journal may not be familiar with. Close readers will have no ticed some recent small typographical variations. This issue is distinguished by its colored cover, a device that amalgamates the practices of previous editors. Such details are not so important as the singular fact that, after many years of increasingly irregular publication, the Papers is now restored to its regular quar terly schedule. Even the best editors cannot control all the circumstances under which their journals are produced. However, regularity of appearance is servicable to contributors, comforting to readers and, indeed, essential if the journal is to function satisfactorily as the organ of the Society. So the bedrock of editorial policy is regularity and timeliness of production. To achieve this goal, we are aided by the Society's decision to compose the Papers in the editorial offices, and the selection of a printer, the Stinehour Press, with whom the Society has enjoyed beneficial relations in the past. The attractive appearance of the journal is largely to the credit of Barbara Brannon, whose function as editorial assistant, supported both by the University of South Caro lina and the Society, greatly exceeds the usual responsibilities of such a role. These facilities have allowed us to restore the "News and Notes" section that will


(05/02/2019)  Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) Station and Site Description Report As part of the "Wind Atlas for South Africa" project, site inspection trips were carried out by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Risø DTU in April and June of 2011. A total of 10 sites featuring instrumented 60-m masts were visited; the present report summarises the findings of the site inspection teams. The main results are descriptions and documentation of the meteorological masts, instruments and site conditions. For each site, the location and magnetic declination have been determined, as well as the sensor boom directions on the mast. Elevation maps have been constructed to show the surrounding terrain and photos taken to document the land cover. Finally, the observed wind roses and wind speed distribution as of 1 October 2013 are shown.


Andragogy is a form of teaching and learning initially aimed at the adult public, and its assumptions are directed at providing greater autonomy and participation of this public in their learning. It can be considered as a counterpoint to the traditional pedagogical aspect, which covers a methodological format, essentially applied to children, but has its model present in several higher education institutions, in which the teacher has the central role of decision making on how and what to teach This article aims to analyze, from the perceptions exposed by participants of a Junior Company, how the learning experience of the students in this organization can be related to the principles of andragogic learning. Based on the analysis of the six interviews carried out, it was verified that the experience in the junior company gives its members a greater autonomy regarding their learning, a greater comprehension and applicability of the course, as well as a better use of their baggage of particular experiences. With this study, we intend to contribute with reflections on the possibilities of improvement and development of the learning process in higher education, especially in the teaching field of Administration.


Contents: Simulation of Manufacturing Strategies - MRP/JIT/OPT.- Resolving Production Problems Using Simulation.- Towards Operational Control.- Knowledge-based Simulation.- Simulation of Materials Flow Operations.- Simulating Manufacturing and Corporate Strategies.- Late Paper.


Many products are more helpful if our friends use them too. Word of mouth helps us coordinate our choices, writes Evan Sadler.


Objective
To investigate the relationship between impulsive behaviors and the error-related negativity (ERN) component of event-related potentials of error processing in heroin addicts.

Methods
Using the paradigms for psychological experiment, the Iowa gambling task (IGT) was performed both in heroin addiction group (HA group, 20 cases) and healthy control group (HC group, 20 cases) ,and the inspection of electroencephalography was underwent in all subjects concurrently. Following the collection of data, the amplitude and latency of ERN were compared between the two groups, and then the relationship between the amplitude of ERN and the scores of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale(BIS-11) was analyzed separately.

Results
Decision-making course had no effect on the net score remarkably in HA group(F=1.21, P>0.05). Compared with HC group(64.3±8.4, 73.8±16.4), BIS score as well as the numbers of high frequency loss cards were significantly higher in HA group(75.2±7.6, 105.5±22.2; t=-5.39, -9.24; P<0.05), while both the two groups had visible waveforms of ERN, and the amplitude was markedly lower in HA group(HA:(4.23±0.87) μV, HC:(6.11±1.09) μV; t=5.96, P<0.05), but no statistical difference was found in latency of these two groups(HC: (102.1±28.2) ms, HA: (107.8±24.2) ms; t=-0.62, P=0.54), and the amplitude of the two groups was negatively associated with BIS score respectively in both two groups (HC: r=-0.66, HA: r=-0.78; both P<0.05).

Conclusion
The reduced capability of error processing maybe partly contribute to both addiction and relapse to heroin addict, and the ERN event-related potential could be regarded as an indicator of impulsive behaviors and the capability error processing.

Key words:
Heroin dependence; Evoked potentials; Impulsive behavior; Neuropsychological tests


The target motion analysis (TMA) for a moving scanning emitter with known fixed scan rate by two fixed passive observers using the time of interception (TOI) measurements only is investigated in this paper. By transforming the TOI model into the direction difference of arrival (DDOA) model, an instrumental variable (IV) estimator is proposed to solve the scanning emitter tracking problem. It is a closed-form solution with no initial guess required. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm can provide estimation accuracy very close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) with significantly lower estimation bias at moderate noise levels compared to the conventional pseudo-linear least square (PLS) estimator.


The objectives of this research are to 1) design the model for a Web-based Learning System using Project-based Learning of Imagineering to Enhance Creative Construction of Multimedia Skills and Cooperative Skills (Web PjBLMultimedia), and 2) evaluate the suitability of the model design for a Web-based Learning System using Project-based Learning of Imagineering to Enhance Creative Construction of Multimedia Skills and Cooperative Skills. The research is divided into three phases which consist of 1) the study and the synthesis of conceptual framework for a Web PjBLMultimedia, 2) the design of the model for a Web PjBLMultimedia, and 3) the suitability evaluation on the design the model for a Web PjBL-Multimedia. The sample group includes 5 experts in the fields of education technology, computer, and information & communication technology for education. The research tools herein include the model for a Web PjBL-Multimedia and suitability evaluation form. The data were analyzed by arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The results of the research show that the suitability in terms of overall suitability of elements was at high level; and the suitability in terms of element components in the model for a Web PjBL-Multimedia was at very high level.


The wavelength dependence of the efficiency of an integrating sphere alters the relative spectral irradiance of the light‐source system of which it is a part. Since the total radiance factor (reflected plus fluoresced energy) of a fluorescent material depends upon this irradiance, wavelength‐dependent changes in the efficiency of the integrating sphere can lead to significant variations in the total radiance factor. Such variations can result from changes in the fractional area of the sample port, changes in the sphere wall coating, or the change from specular component included to excluded. Conditions minimizing the importance of these variations are described, but for the accurate colorimetry of fluorescent materials, the use of45°/0° geometry is recommended.


Geophysical investigations have been used since long time in environmental studies to delineate groundwater and soil pollution. This method is very effective in combination with the traditional method of investigation of soil and groundwater pollution. The application of both investigation methods can be continued in monitoring remediation, which is an innovative approach and is illustrated in two case studies.


This paper focuses on the introduction of the mental capacity legislation and in particular its application to care and family proceedings in the UK. It reviews challenges with regards to its implementation, noting serious shortfalls in its use even a decade after the mental capacity act was introduced. Guidance is provided within the paper with regard to maximizing capacity and involvement of individuals in care proceedings where these issues have been raised. Case examples are also used to clarify and to contextualize these matters.


As a subject for this evening's meeting of the Section at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, I thought that a short account of the Electrical Department, its history, the work done, the types of cases sent there for treatment, and the treatment given, might be suitable. The Electrical Department at this hospital was founded in 1882, and Dr. Steavenson was appointed medical officer in charge. Before the year mentioned some electrical treatment, such as faradism and galvanism, had been carried out in the wards by house-surgeons and dressers. The department founded in 1882 was closeby the King Henry VIII gateway of the hospital, on the site now occupied by the Pathological Laboratory. It consisted of a waiting-room, a room for electrical treatment and testing, containing also an operating table for treatment by electrolysis. There was also a bath-room containing one electric bath. For many years this was the only electric bath in London. The department contained also a workshop. The current was derived from Leclanche cells. There were three batteries, each containing fifty cells. .


The increasing integration of wind and photovoltaic generation has aggravated the uncertainty of power systems, which necessitates probabilistic power flow (PPF). Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) is an emerging method for PPF, whose core is to approximate the implicit input-state function with an explicit polynomial function. It has been proved by many literatures to be more efficient than traditional methods. However, it cannot handle wind correlation and may lose accuracy because of the unsmooth piecewise wind speed-power characteristic. This paper proposes a new method to overcome this defect by decomposing PPF into a parametric problem and a stochastic problem. The parametric problem aims to acquire an explicit expression of the implicit power-state function, and is solved by the PCE method based on Chebyshev polynomial. The stochastic problem is the combination of correlated unsmooth wind speed-power model and the acquired explicit power-state function, and can be solved efficiently by sampling methods. Computational results of the IEEE 14-bus system validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


South Africa (SA) still faces the legacy of apartheid: the history, politics and economics have a lasting, indelible effect on the health of its people. Here, we discuss the challenges of caring for patients with chronic disease, focusing on paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as a framework for evaluating the structural challenges to accessing care in SA. Prior reports have demonstrated numerous factors influencing access for SA patients with chronic disease. This article explores the economic, social and political vestiges of apartheid as it affects the healthcare system and subsequently, our patients.


Grandparents are valued in traditional and contemporary Aboriginal societies. In this paper we summarize traditional knowledge from Manitoba Aboriginal experiences, and we provide data from contemporary on-reserve grandmothers. Data for this study were collected in 2007 in 16 First nations Manitoba communities. Open-ended semi-structured in-person interviews were conducted in maternal-child centers that provide programs for developmental health for children and their parents (prenatal to age 6). Of the 100 people interviewed, ten of those were grandmothers, and their stories are analyzed in this paper. Results showed that grandmothers provided cultural transmission to subsequent generations, ensured child safety, provided acceptance and care for grandchildren, were challenged by inadequate and unsafe housing and communities, had difficulty proving educational supports for grandchildren, were supported by a network of kin, found community support inconsistent, needed to make a living, and needed more health supports. Implications for policy and research are given at the end of the paper.


This paper will describe the mobile App designed and developed by ETT S.p.A. ICT Company for the new wing of the Gallerie dell'Accademia Museum in Venice (Italy), recently opened to the public. The Mobile App is a real video guide, which integrates the BLE (the Bluetooth Low Energy) technology with Augmented Reality solutions to retrieve geolocation information from transmitters Beacons, and automatically shows the gallery of the works in the room in which the visitor is located. Designed for different types of users (Children, Teenagers, Adults), it helps to investigate aspects and details of the works that cannot be perceived naturally, in order to make the visit to the Gallery more interesting also to children and young people who can learn the history of the structure and the works while having fun. The app contains features, such as thematic routes and augmented reality contents, through which visitors can see what emerged during restoration work, or view the artworks in three-dimensional mode, in addition to enjoy videos with in-depth information, available for some of the artworks, and gaming features. Augmented reality features were developed using image recognition techniques that allow the visitor to recognize the works by using the camera of the mobile device. A precise tracking of all the works in the structure was made, in order to allow the application to draw information from a local dictionary, no need for internet connection. Thanks to the AR solutions integrated with the Beacons, the visitor is able to access the information more quickly and better understand the value of the masterpieces exposed in the Gallery.


The study employed the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) method with limited questionnaire administration to explore the economic status of dry season vegetable production in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The communities covered are Kami, Bab He. Bullu, Brutu, Pataal and Busa. The scope of study covered mainly challenges and costs related to resource acquisition, production, post harvest and marketing, as well as the benefits and opportunities o.fthe vocation. Though 60% of the communities studied had abundant and free landfrom their chief and clan heads, the study results indicated low levels of operation on the average, as a result of over crowding around limited areas of water channels, while large tracts of land without water channels lay waste at short distances away from dams. Crop outputs are not able to attract market demand from big cities leaving producers to the mercy offew customers like schools, hospitals, hotels and market women from nearby towns like Wa, Nandom, Lawra etc. The major costs indicators found were land, for Brutu and Pataal andfencingf'or all communities studied except the karni disabled farm which had been fenced forfarmers. Net benefits were generally low and unattractive enforcing the desire among the youth for migration down south. Many wells and dug-outs had been constructed many years ago by predecessors although some annual shallow-well constructions occurred in river beds and dam sites in some communities. Women especially had more difficulty getting land and money to hire labour which husbands were reluctant to provide. This reduced their level of operation further in comparison to the men folk and leading to annual economic hardship andfrustration among women, causing young girls to migrate with visiting .friends from big cities. In addition to marketing problems, other post harvest challenges encountered were storage difficulties especially for onions and tomatoes as a result of low demand and short-shelved varietal types. To scale-up the numerous economic opportunities in dry season vegetable production in the region, it is recommended that water channels be increased, both in length and quantity around dams, to improve productivity through land and water use efficiency. Women groups, which are already in place, should be assisted with credit to upgrade their operations and help reduce their economic hardship and frustration during the dry season.


This paper presents an improved clustering algorithm with Ant Colony optimization (ACO) based on dynamical pheromones. Pheromone is an important factor for the performance of ACO algorithms. Two strategies based on adaptive pheromones which improved performance are introduced in this paper. One is to adjust the rate of pheromone evaporation dynamically, named as  , and the other is to adjust the strength of pheromone dynamically, named asQ . Two evaluation indices, Precision and Recall, are chosen to validity the improvement strategies. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the two strategies on pheromone can achieve better performance than basic ant colony algorithm and clustering algorithm with ant colony based on best solution kept.


Radical polymerization and copolymerization of some o-alkylphenyl methacrylates were carried out and the effect of the ortho-substituents on the ability to homopolymerize, on the monomer reactivities, and on the ceiling temperatures of the monomers was studied. The effect of the substituent on tacticities and thermal stabilities of the polymers formed was also discussed. The ability to honiopolymerize and the monomer reactivity were considerably decreased by the introduction of the o-substituent. 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenyl methacrylate formed no methanol-insoluble polymer at 60°C. On the basis of the tacticity determined it was noted that the o-substituted phenyl methacrylates preferred syndiotactic addition in the propagation reaction less than did phenyl methacrylate or methyl methacrylate. The polymers formed from the o-substituted monomers were thermally less stable than poly(phenyl methacrylate), and, consistent with this finding, ceiling temperatures of the o-substituted phenyl methacrylates seemed to be lower than that of phenyl methacrylate. The effects observed were characteristic of the o-substituents conformationally close to the carbon-carbon double bond of the monomer or the carbon carrying the unpaired electron of the polymer radical.


There is a considerable academic literature on the relationship between Central Bank independence and inflation but the issue of Central Bank accountability and its effect of inflation performance has received very little attention. This paper looks at the issue of accountability in a simple theoretical model. Defining greater accountability as lower public uncertainty over the Central Bank's preferences, it shows that greater accountability will tend to be associated with improved inflation performance. This follows because, increased uncertainty will cause the public to raise their average inflation expectation, ceteris paribus. This can be thought of as a form of risk premium that the public add to their inflation expectations when they are uncertain about the Central Bank's future actions. Given this result, the paper goes on to establish that a given level of inflation can be achieved by different combinations of accountability and independence. Greater accountability means that the same inflation outcome can be achieved at lower independence. The paper then suggests that this result accounts for the negative correlation between independence and accountability found in Briault, Haldane and King.


Background

Egg production is a very important economic trait in chicken breeding, but its molecular mechanism is unclear until now. Nandan-Yao chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a native breed in Guangxi province, China, which is famous for good meet quality, but low egg production. To explore the molecular regulation related egg production, high egg production (HEP) and low egg production (LEP) were divided according to the total egg number at 50 weeks, and the concentration of serum sex hormones was tested to evaluate the physiological function of ovary and uterus. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to explore the transcriptome from the ovary and uterus of Nandan-Yao chicken.
Results

The levels of serum sex hormone were showed that concentrations of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteotropic hormone (LH) were very significantly higher in HEP compared with LEP respectively (P < 0.01), and concentrations of testosterone (T) were very significantly lower in HEP compared with LEP (P < 0.01), which indicated there were better physiological function in HEP compared with LEP. Analysis results of RNA-Seq showed that 901 and 2763 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ovary and uterus between HEP and LEP chicken, respectively. Enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that DEGs were involved significantly in the regulation of tight junction in the ovary (P < 0.05), while in uterus DEGs were mainly enriched significantly in the phagosome, ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), focal adhesion, cardiac muscle contraction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the regulation of MAPK signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Protein network interaction and function analyses revealed FN1, FGF7, SOX2,ALDOB, HSPA2 in the ovary, and UQCRH, COX5A, FN1, TGFB, ACTN1 in the uterus were key candidate genes for egg production in Nandan-Yao chicken.
Conclusions

The current study identified key genes and pathway contribute to improving our understanding of reproductive biology of chicken and isolating effective molecular markers that can be used for genetic selection in Nandan-Yao chicken.


Background: Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Hypertension when associated with Diabetes mellitus increases this risk. To prevent this, we need appropriate antihypertensive agents with better compliance.  By virtue of selective inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, telmisartan reduces blood pressure throughout the day with high tolerability. Methods: A longitudinal and interventional study was undertaken including both male and female patients within the age group of 25-55yrs with clinically diagnosed Essential hypertension and essential hypertension associated with type II diabetes mellitus.  Totally 80 patients were enrolled in this study.  They were divided into 2 groups i.e., Essential hypertension group as A and hypertension associated with diabetes group as B with 40 patients in each group. Again A group was divided into 2 sub-groups (A1 & A2) and B into (B1& B2) with 20 patients in each group. A1and B1 sub groups received Tab. Telmisartan 40mg once a day. A2 and B2 sub groups received tab. Enalapril maleate 5mg once daily. The total period of the study was 3 months. Results: In this study, both telmisartan and enalapril maleate reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures in A and B groups at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks almost equally with no statistical significance. But in terms of adverse effect profile, persistent dry cough and rash was observed more in A2 and B2 group than A1 and B1 subgroups. Conclusions: Telmisartan is effective, better tolerated than enalapril for the treatment of hypertension.


3MRA(the Multimedia, Multi–pathway, Multi-receptor Exposure and Risk Assessment)是第一代模型,是一种在不确定条件下,针对全国性多介质、多途径和多受体进行风险评估的体系,用于评估废物处置区域内对生态、人类构成风险的污染物的浓度阈值。本文中,通过对3MRA模型及其在国内外发展应用现状的综述,认为模型具有良好的应用发展前景,并从4个方面提出借鉴使用模型的建议方法,为我国废物管理提供决策依据。
A first-generation model—the Multimedia, Multi-pathway, Multi-receptor Exposure and Risk Assessment (3MRA) is a flexible framework for conducting nationwide multimedia, multi-pathway and multi-receptor risk assessments under uncertainty, which is developed to estimate protective chemical concentration limits in a source area. In this paper, according to the summary of the 3MRA model and its development and application at home and abroad, it is affirmed that 3MRA model has a good prospect of application. Finally, the methods of referencing and using model are proposed from four aspects, providing decision-making basis for waste management in our country.


Historical warfare in Europe inflicted numerous costs on rural populations. To reduce such costs, rural populations relocated behind the relative safety of urban fortifications. We argue that war-related urbanization had positive consequences for long-run regional economic development. We geocode the locations of more than 600 conflicts in early modern Europe. We find a positive and significant relationship between historical conflict exposure and regional economic development today. Our results are robust to a wide range of econometric techniques, alternative samples, and economic outcomes. Human capital accumulation stands out as one channel through which war-related urbanization translated into regional economic development. Our results highlight the military origins of European wealthy urban belt.


Water projects, like sustainable development projects in general, often tend to become unsustainable because they are guided by top-down strategies which exclude the input, influence and ownership of projects by their beneficiaries. For attaining sustainable development, the social capital of communities must be harnessed—beneficiaries of development need to be conscientised through a process of establishing self-awareness that their indigenous knowledge can lead to empowering participation and sustainable development. The international call for the participation of project beneficiaries places participation, as a people-centred strategy, within the capacity-building debate—beneficiaries should not only have a stake in projects, they ideally should own it. This 'new', even controversial, emphasis on participation calls for a re-assessment of participation as a capacity-building and empowerment strategy. The article evaluates the effect of participation in a water supply project in Eritrea, designating some of the related issues within the participation debate. The aim of the article is not to cover the total rural context of the case study, only the specific relationship between water project implementation and participatory development. The article concludes with general and specific recommendations, inter alia with regard to the need for a role to be played by anthropologists in project planning; the need for introducing participatory action research methodology and a call for a decentralised decision-making process which reconstructs the social capital of communities, enabling people-centred, bottom-up participation and capacity-building of the beneficiaries of development.


INTRODUCTION Gathering information has been a function of managers since the days of Barnard (1938) because, as suggested by Porter (1979), the information about the environment that is available to an organization affects the efficiency of the strategy it chooses to employ. For this reason, one structural variable that is receiving a great deal of attention is information technology(IT) (Davis, 1991; Fiedler, Grover, & Teng, 1996; Radhakrishnan, Zu, & Grover, 2008; Soh, Markus, & Goh, 2006), especially as IT has become affordable for even the smallest of firms (Unknown, 2003). One problem in the strategy-IT literature, however, is that, in most instances, only specific components of information technology are examined. For example, a review of the last few years' strategy-IT literature has shown investigations into reverse auctions(Mithas, Jones, & Mitchell, 2008), supply chain management (Jean & Sinkovics, 2008), outsourcing (Rustagi, King, & Kirsch, 2008), use of the World Wide Web (Bemslimane, Plaisent, & Bernard, 2005), knowledge management (McGill, 2007) and interorganizational systems (Han, Kauffman, & Nault, 2008). Very few (e.g., Radhakrishnan, Zu, & Grover, 2008) deal with complete IT systems and their uses. Strategy researchers disagree which is the most appropriate theoretical paradigm to use to explain business performance (e.g. Kristensen & Lojacono, 2002; Williamson, 2008; Doty, Glick, & Huber, 1993; Tiwana & Bush, 2007), thus another problem that arises in the literature is that many different theories are proposed to explain the impact of IT systems on strategy and viceversa. These include such varied themes as Miles and Snow's (1978) organizational taxonomy (Karimi, Gupta, & Somers, The Congruence between a Firm's Competitive Strategy and Information Technology Leader's Rank and Role, 1996), Hambrick and Mason's (1984) upper echelon theory (Leonard & Dooley, 2007), social embeddedness (Chatfield & Yetton, 2000), transaction cost economics (Brynjolfsson, Malone, Gurbaxani, & Kambil, 1994; Jean & Sinkovics, 2008), trust (Rustagi, King, & Kirsch, 2008), resource based view (Radhakrishnan, Zu, & Grover, 2008), and punctuated equilibrium (Lassila & Brancheau, 1999) to name but a few. However, there does appear to be a common theme in much of the IT literature: efficiency. Efficiency is either directly discussed or implied in much of the IT material, regardless of the theoretical approach taken. Considering that transaction cost economics has efficiency as its underlying foundation (Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, 1975), it would make sense that TCE could be used to explain and predict the relationship between information technology and strategic choice. THEORY & PROPOSITIONS The strategy a firm adopts, according to transaction cost economics, depends upon the costs associated with that strategy. In cases where the chosen strategy of the firm does not provide the optimum available reduction of transaction costs (i.e., efficiency), performance suffers. Thus, when the costs of transacting in the market are high or the market fails, transactions will be brought "in-house" and a hierarchical governance mechanism will be used. Conversely, when the costs of transacting in the market are low, a market system will be chosen. However, the strategy of the firm leads to high performance only when the structure that the firm adopts optimizes the transaction costs associated with the chosen strategy (Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, 1975). TCE, therefore, follows the accepted model of strategy --structure--performance (e.g., Williamson, 1975; Porter, 1980; Miles & Snow, 1978; Abernethy & Lillis, 2001; Jones & Hill, 1988). Gurbaxani and Whang (1991) have suggested that all transaction costs result in one way or another from lack of information. …


Cuprite, copper oxide (I), is commonly found as an oxidation product of copper sulphides in the upper zones of copper deposits. This oxide in a dispersion form has found wide application. The structure of its double layer at copper oxide/electrolyte solution interface was not described yet because of its relatively high solubility and redox reactions. Experiments, presented in the paper, were performed on the copper oxide sample obtained by reduction of alkaline solution of copper(II) acetate by glucose. Surface charge density measurements were taken by potentiometric titrations taking into account solubility of the oxide. Zeta potential versus pH was calculated from electrophoretic measurements of the Cu2O in 1:1 electrolyte solutions of alkali metal chlorides. Adsorption density of the background electrolyte was measured as a function of pH. To avoid CuCl precipitation all measurements were taken at concentrations lower than 0.001M of Cl. Basing on surface charge density versus pH dependence the ionization and complexation reaction constants were calculated.


This adverse outcome pathway details the linkage between activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and early life stage mortality in fishes. Fishes represent the most sensitive taxa to adverse effects resulting from activation of the AhR. Embryos are more sensitive than juvenile or adult fishes based on endpoints that could be of significance to population trends. The AhR is critically involved in development of the heart and vasculature. Activation of the AhR can result in altered cardiovascular development and function in early life stages. Initial development of this AOP draws heavily on evidence collected from zebrafish (Danio rerio) through mechanistic investigations by use of targeted knockdown of genes and through use of selective agonists and antagonists. However, comparable manifestations of activation of the AhR have been recorded across freshwater and marine teleost and non-teleost fishes, as well as birds. Therefore, this AOP might be broadly applicable across oviparous vertebrate taxa. Despite this conservation, great differences in sensitivity exist both among and within taxonomic groups. Therefore, this AOP has utility in support of application toward the mechanistic understanding of adverse effects of chemicals that act as agonists of the AhR, particularly with regard to cross-species, cross-chemical, and AOP21


Discussion of Rare Dermatoses A Case for Diagnosis (Nonpigmented Acanthosis Nigricans?). Presented by Dr. N. C. Barwasser, Moline, Ill. E. Y., an unmarried white man aged 23, born of Slavic parents, is by occupation a miner. There is nothing of significance in his past medical history. He graduated from high school at the age of 19. The family history reveals that the mother and father are first cousins. The patient had warty lesions about the eyes and lips at birth. At the age of 3 years the lower lip became so pendulous that an operation was performed. Hoarseness has been present since early childhood. At the age of 11 years, two years after a tonsillectomy, changes were first noticed in the mouth. At the age of 12 years warty lesions appeared on the backs of the hands. Since then the legs, the arms, the feet, the lumbar vertebral region and


Editor—Shennan and Bewley summarise the dilemma in managing term breech presentation.1 But despite the recommendation of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of external cephalic version for all uncomplicated term breech pregnancies, the procedure is apparently not part of routine clinical practice in the United Kingdom.2 The reasons for this include local, national, and training issues.

A systematic inquiry into the practice of external cephalic version in the United Kingdom is required. Questionnaire studies suggest that few British centres offer external cephalic version, although these incur selective reporting bias.3 Uptake of external cephalic version is low because of patients' refusal, contraindications to the procedure, and failure to diagnose breech presentation (R Varma et al, 29th British congress of obstetrics and gynaecology, Birmingham, July 2001). Better antenatal detection of breech presentation and broadening the inclusion criteria to include higher risk pregnancies may enhance the impact of external cephalic version. Counselling by health professionals influences the decision making process, and this should be consistent with and supplemented by local success rates of external cephalic version.

Further training of practitioners in external cephalic version is needed, especially as there are no recognised training courses nor is it listed as an objective in the training syllabus for specialist registrars of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. In contrast, the syllabus for the royal college's subspecialist training in fetomaternal medicine states that the trainee should be expert in the procedure, which has a long learning curve and so would be best started early on in professional training rather than when subspecialising.

Obstetricians' inexperience in managing vaginal breech delivery has contributed to adverse outcome and is likely to increase as a result of the current change in practice.1,4 Nevertheless, it is impossible to deliver all term breech pregnancies by caesarean section. The mother may insist on vaginal delivery, breech labour may be precipitate, and there are special situations such as the second fetus in twins. It is therefore imperative that trainees continue to receive training in vaginal breech delivery.

A retrospective study of external cephalic version (n=108) versus non-external cephalic version (n=254) for term breech presentation in 1998-2000 in our hospital showed that 4.0 (95% confidence interval 2.8 to 6.8) attempted procedures were required to prevent one caesarean section (R Varma et al, 29th British congress of obstetrics and gynaecology, Birmingham, July 2001). As implied by Shennan and Bewley, obstetricians no longer recommend trial of vaginal breech delivery. Thus, applying this study's findings to current practice, the effectiveness of external cephalic version increases, such that 2.2 (1.8 to 2.8) attempted procedures may prevent one caesarean section. External cephalic version is therefore one of the most effective procedures in modern obstetrics and is both safe and cost effective.


SubQ unfractionated heparin is the primary anticoagulant used in hospitals to prevent thrombus formation. The National Blood Clot Alliance defines unfractionated heparin as a "fast-acting blood thinner that works together with antithrombin, a natural protein in the body, to block clot formation." Unfractionated heparin "binds to antithrombin and enhances its ability to inhibit two of the body's most potent clotting factors— factor Xa and factor IIa— usually within minutes." As nurses working in hospital settings, we noticed that there are a variety of techniques and equipment used to administer subQ unfractionated heparin. For example: • nurses use both 3 mL syringes and 1 mL tuberculin syringes • nurses use 25g 5/8-in needles, 27g 1/2in needles, or a combination of tuberculin needles (27g 1/2) with 3 mL syringes • nurses inject unfractionated heparin at varying rates, such as immediate release, or 10to 30-second injection durations. Clearly, nurses are using numerous methods for delivering this medication. We found ourselves wondering if there's evidence of best practices for administering subQ unfractionated heparin. We questioned the type of syringe, needle sizes, and timing needed to administer the medication. Because patients often complain of bruising and discomfort, we believed there may be a better way to administer subQ unfractionated heparin. Using an evidence-based protocol, we attempted to understand what tools nurses were using to deliver subQ unfractionated heparin in the hospital setting and determine if any policies and procedures were in place to aid the nurses in proper administration. We also wanted to know if the protocols were based on the best available evidence.


Consumer confidence is critical for maintaining high demand and profitability in the pork industry. Consequently, the industry is responsible directly to produce pork products that are wholesome, nutritious, and appealing to consumers. Many factors including genetics, health, biosecurity, management, and nutrition and feeding influence pork products and ultimately, consumer demand and appeal for pork.


Infiltration of CD8+TCRαβ+ T‐effector populations (CD8 effectors) into graft epithelial compartments has long been recognized as a key lesion in progression of clinical renal allograft rejection. While the afferent phase of allograft immunity is increasingly well‐defined, the efferent pathways by which donor‐reactive CD8‐effector populations access and ultimately destroy the graft renal tubules (rejection per se) have received remarkably little attention. This is an important gap in our knowledge of transplantation immunology, because epithelial compartments comprise the functional elements of most commonly transplanted organs including not only kidney, but also liver, lung, pancreas, and intestine. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that attack of graft epithelial elements by CD8‐effector populations not only causes short‐term graft dysfunction but is also a major contributor to development of chronic allograft nephropathy and late graft loss, which now represent the salient clinical problems.


Self-tapping screws are commonly used to connect critical structural components, such as legs to rails in chair construction, using laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) materials. The loosening of a connection is commonly seen in self-tapping screwed LBL connections before actual breakage of connections happens. The loosening of connections, especially those associated with chair legs, can significantly affect chair stability. Current furniture performance test standards have not address this issue, i.e., the minor loosening of a connection is not treated as a failure in the current standard because of the lack of better understanding the load-rotation-time behavior of various connections subjected to the cyclical loads. The effects of cyclic loading magnitude and orientation on the load-rotation-time behavior of L-shaped, end-to-side, single self-tapping screwed LBL connections were investigated. Results indicated that the Burger and Kelvin models could be used to describe the cyclic and recovery behavior of studied connections. Increasing the cyclic loading magnitude resulted in a decreasing trend for all viscoelastic constants. The most significant decrease in all viscoelastic constants occurred when the cyclic loading magnitude applied to connections increased from 50 to 60% of its corresponding ultimate static resistance loads.


This paper describes the designing of automatic control of Heat Recovery Steam Generator(HRSG) designed by Harbin Co.Ltd.,Using the technology imported from ALSTOM,and simply describes the important points and notices in designing of automatic control and instrument supervision,and gives out some advice.


All the methods developed for studies on pure organic molecules (e.g. various kinds of 2D NMR, shifting the pH of the sample etc) can be used to improve peak resolution and assignment, and a wealth of information is available. In this lecture I shall not deal with the basic methodology of in vitro NMR, as this is covered in numerous basic textbooks [e.g. (2)]. Instead I shall concentrate on the special techniques necessary to use the method for studying biological tissues, particularly in relation to Metabolomics, and some of the results that have been obtained.


Education is the knowledge of utilizing one's potential and abilities towards the betterment and the safety of the country. The current study was designed to investigate the interest of the students in the subject of mathematics at elementary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The current study was significant in this way that the students came to know the worth of mathematics but also for future researchers who intended to explore the benefits of mathematics at secondary and at higher secondary level of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. All students of government primary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa constituted population of the study. The scope of the study was delimited to the elementary schools in District Kohat. The study was further delimited to the subject of Mathematics for 8 th class of the government schools of district Kohat. Four elementary schools were taken for sample of the study. In this way forty students were taken randomly through simple random sampling techniques as sample of the study. To achieve the objective of the study a questionnaire was developed for the students. Data was collected and analyzed by using different test. Conclusions were made in the light of the objectives and recommendations were given.


Asset Management Excellence Don Barry MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS Asset Classes and the World of Life-Cycle Asset Management Joel McGlynn and Frank Knowlton A Framework for Asset Management Thomas Port, Joseph Ashun, and Tom Callaghan Measurement in Maintenance Management Original by J. Stevens, Edited by Don Barry Information Management and Related Technology Don Barry, Brian Helstrom, and Joe Potter-Original by B. Stevens Materials Management Optimization Don Barry and Eric Olson-Original by Monique Petit MANAGING EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY Assessing and Managing Risk Siegfried F. Sanders-Original by J. Kaderevek and G. Walkder Reliability by Design: Reliability-Centered Maintenance Don Barry-Original by James Picknell Reliability by Operator: Total Productive Maintenance Doug Stretton and Patrice Catoir OPTIMIZING MAINTENANCE DECISIONS Reliability Management and Maintenance Optimization: Basic Statistics and Economics Andrew Jardine-Original by Murray Wiseman Maintenance Optimization Models Andrew Jardine Optimizing Maintenance and Replacement Decisions Andrew Jardine A Maintenance Assessment Case Study Don Barry Achieving Maintenance Excellence Real Estate, Facilities, and Construction Andrew Carey and Joe Potter Information Technology Service Management Life Cycle Brian Helstrom and Ron Green Information Technology Asset Management Ron Green and Brian Helstrom Achieving Asset Management Excellence Don Barry-Original by John D. Campbell The Future of Asset Management Solutions: Consolidation, Capability, Convergence Joel McGlynn Appendix A: References, Facts, Figures, and Formulas Appendix B: RFID Updates Jordan Olivero, Taylor Teal, and Casey Hidaka Appendix C: PAS 55-An Emerging Standard for Asset Management in the Industry Don Barry and J.P. Kurkowski


Under the condition of different heat-treatment, we proceed the passivation speed research on different antinutritional factors in soybean. The results indicates that the TI still remains activity when urease full deactivate. So as the deactivate index from the urease can′t full reflect the deactivate status of antinutritioual factors in soybean.


The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the knowledge of bisexual relationships that occurred in the early 1900s regardless of the sexual and racial oppression of the time period. Though this paper is based off a novel/musical, it is considered historical fiction and much of the writing within the piece is truthful. I believe that through art and literature we are able to experience and view the human experience through a greater lens. The Color Purple, by Alice Walker and adapted for stage by Marsha Norman, walks us through the relationships our main character, Celie, is involved in and evolves through. During the story we see some women completely dismiss gender norms and shape their village as they see it fit. The audience sees many facets of her trauma and how her life events affected her attraction and affection towards certain relationships, but most importantly, the relationship she has with herself.


Background: Tanespimycin (KOS-953, 17-AAG) disrupts the function of Hsp90, a molecular chaperone of MM client proteins such as IL-6, IGF-1R that are key to growth, survival and drug resistance. In vitro, BZ + KOS-953 show additive cytotoxicity against MM cells. Single-agent KOS-953 produced durable MR and SD (ASH 2005 A#361) in relapsed and refractory MM pts with an MTD ≥ 420 mg/m2. Objectives: Define a phase 2 dose of BZ+KOS-953 in pts with relapsed, refractory MM. Determine PK of KOS-953 and its active metabolite. Evaluate proteasome inhibition in whole blood lysates. Explore changes in intracellular signaling proteins in PBMCs and CD138+ MM cells. Methods: Pts receive BZ as IVB followed by 1-hr infusion KOS-953 (in a Cremophor formulation) D1,4,8,11 q 21d. Dose escalation occurred in a step-wise manner (KOS-953: 100, 150, 220, 275 and 340 mg/m2; BZ: 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3 mg/m2). Collection of PK and surrogates occurs after D1, 11 dosing. Toxicity is assessed by NCI CTCAE v3.0 and response by EBMT criteria. Results: 40 pts were enrolled in 7 dose levels: 22F/18M; median age/KPS 59y/90; all rel/refy; median # of prior regimens 4 (range 2–16); 97% dex; 73% prior BZ; 87% prior thalidomide; 7% prior lenalidomide; 67% prior SCT. Pts received a median of 4 cycles (range: 1 – 19+). Three episodes of DLT potentially related to KOS-953 were observed (KOS-953/BZ dose): grade (g) 3 pancreatitis (150/1.3); g4 metabolic acidosis with GI hemorrhage secondary to GI amyloidosis (275/1.3); and g3 myalgias/cramps (340/1.3). Other g3–4 toxicity: anemia, back pain and thrombocytopenia (all reversible). Common toxicities (>10%): fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, thrombocytopenia and nausea (predominantly g1-2). Significant cardiotoxicity, peripheral neurotoxicity and DVT were not reported. KOS-953 PK: similar to single-agent trial with no change in clearance on this schedule. Dose (mg) vs exposure to [parent + metabolite] was linear (R2=0.87). 20S proteasome inhibition was similar to published BZ single-agent values. Hsp70 induction was observed in PBMCs prior to D11 infusion, suggesting sustained Hsp90 inhibition on this schedule. Responses (CR+PR+MR) were seen in all dose levels of KOS-953 with BZ ≥ 1.0 mg/m2: BZ-naive pts (5/7 pts; 71%); BZ-refractory pts (defined as PD on BZ-containing regimen prior to study or no response to prior BZ; 2/6 pts; 33%) and BZ-pretreated pts (5/13 pts; 38%); 4 pts were non-evaluable having received ≥ 2 infusions and 10 pts (Cohort 7) are not yet assessable for response. Conclusions: Encouraging anti-MM activity has been observed in all dose groups with KOS-953 with BZ ≥ 1.0 mg/m2. The dose group of 1.3 mg/m2 BZ + 340 mg/m2 KOS-953 is being expanded to assess tolerability; one pt out of 10 experienced DLT at this dose level to date. To date, no additive toxicity or PK interactions are seen. A phase 2 study of the combination in relapsed, refractory MM and a registrational phase 2/3 trial in MM pts in 1st relapse comparing BZ to BZ+KOS-953 are planned.


The South Pacific societies are founded on their maritime links, use and enjoyment of the coast and coastal environment is central to the well-being of the community. The first part of this paper discusses the use of strategic coastal planning as a resource management tool for managing future use and development of the coastal areas of the South Pacific. The processes used in identifying a common vision for the future of the coastal environment and establishing a way to achieve this vision is outlined. The paper also discusses the approach Beca has used in over the past few years in applying this planning tool and includes current examples of coastal strategies from around the South Pacific. The second part of this paper debates the strength and weaknesses of this type of planning approach drawing on lessons learnt from the Beca's experience in strategic coastal planning and discusses a 'tool box' of practical common principles for planning for the future of tie coastal environment and coastal communities.


With its superior performance, the Transformer model, which is based on the 'Encoder-Decoder' paradigm, has become the mainstream in natural language processing. On the other hand, bioinformatics has embraced machine learning and made great progress in drug design and protein property prediction. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are one kind of permeable protein that is convenient as a kind of 'postman' in drug penetration tasks. However, a small number of CPPs have been discovered by research, let alone practical applications in drug permeability. Therefore, correctly identifying the CPPs has opened up a new way to take macromolecules into cells without other potentially harmful materials in the drug. Most of the previous work only uses trivial machine learning techniques and hand-crafted features to construct a simple classifier. In CPPFormer, we learn from the idea of implementing the attention structure of Transformer, rebuilding the network based on the characteristics of CPPs according to its short length, and using an automatic feature extractor with a few manual engineered features to co-direct the predicted results. Compared to all previous methods and other classic text classification models, the empirical result has shown that our proposed deep model-based method has achieved the best performance of 92.16% accuracy in the CPP924 dataset and has passed various index tests.


In no other lake as large as Lake Erie (surface area, 25,690 km2) have such extensive changes taken place in the drainage basin, the lake environment, and the fish populations over the last 100 years. Deforestation and prairie burning led to erosion and siltation of valuable spawning grounds. Marsh spawning areas were drained. Lake-to-river spawning migrations were blocked by mill dams. Accelerated cultural nutrient loading increased total dissolved solids by nearly 50% (1920–70). Average summer water temperatures increased 1.1 C. Phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance increased severalfold. Severe oxygen depletion developed in the bottom waters of all three basins of the lake. Lake sturgeon were fished out as nuisance fish in the late 1800s. The commercial fisheries for lake trout, lake whitefish, and lake herring collapsed by 1940 and those for blue pike and walleye by 1960. Yellow perch production became unstable in the 1960s. The effects of exploitation, environmental changes, and new species on thes...


Cancer, a condition in which cellular changes causes the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, they build up within the body, use oxygen and nutrients that might usually nourish other cells. Tumors grow in an immunosuppressive environment where the immune reactions against cancer cells are silenced by the tumour itself. Cancer treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Immunotoxins like monoclonal antibodies of bacterial or plant protein toxins is also a potential therapy for treating cancer [1]. Surgery is the most common treatment for cancer. It minimises the cancer but cannot completely cure. The process of anticancer drugs used to kill cancer cells is known as chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is additionally one among the method which kills neoplastic cell, by using X-rays, gamma rays and charged particles cancer treatment is done successfully [2]. The inability of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to selectively target cancer cells leads to a very high degree of toxicity [3]. Also, the development of chemo-resistance leads to inappropriate response to chemotherapeutic agents and some of the treatments have side effects like myelosuppression, hypertension, hyper pigmentation, diarrhoea, headache, etc. ABSTRACT Toxicity remains a major issue with current anticancer agents due to non-selective action. Immunotherapy is a profound development in anti-cancer treatment due to its ability to deliver therapy to specific cellular targets. Cancer immunotherapy is based around the concept of helping the immune system to recognize and attack certain cancer cells. The cancer-killing properties oncolytic viruses are supported by observations that in case of the chickenpox infection which brought back the WBC count and lymph node status in patients with lymphocytic leukemia. Measles improved in the prognosis of leukemia, Hodgkin's, and Burkitt's lymphoma. The viruses kill neoplastic cells as well as trigger already existing but ineffective anti-tumor immune response against the tumor. Virus infection of a tumor cell results in the virus making copies of it until the cell bursts. The dying cancer cell releases materials, such as tumor antigens, that allow the cancer to be recognized, by the immune system. Numbers of researchers are working in this field to utilize virus to bring novel therapeutic options for various cancers. Adenovirus type 5 injection which is the first oncolytic virus-drug named 'ONCORINE' was approved in 2005 for head and neck malignancy. A second one approved by the US FDA in October 2015, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a genetically engineered herpes virus, that could treat advanced melanoma. More viruses are under trial for their oncolytic potential. In this article we intend to portray the various altered pathways developed, by which the tumour cells gain the trait to bring about increased viral tropism and tumour toxicity.


Hot gaseous halos are predicted around all large galaxies and are critically important for our understanding of galaxy formation, but they have never been detected at distances beyond a few kpc around a spiral galaxy. We used the ACIS-I instrument on board Chandra to search for diffuse X-ray emission around an ideal candidate galaxy: the isolated giant spiral NGC 1961. We observed four quadrants around the galaxy for 30 ks each, carefully subtracting background and point-source emission, and found diffuse emission that appears to extend to 40–50 kpc. We fit β-models to the emission and estimate a hot halo mass within 50 kpc of 5 × 109 M☉. When this profile is extrapolated to 500 kpc (the approximate virial radius), the implied hot halo mass is 1–3 × 1011 M☉. These mass estimates assume a gas metallicity of Z = 0.5 Z☉. This galaxy's hot halo is a large reservoir of gas, but falls significantly below observational upper limits set by pervious searches, and suggests that NGC 1961 is missing 75% of its baryons relative to the cosmic mean, which would tentatively place it below an extrapolation of the baryon Tully–Fisher relationship of less massive galaxies. The cooling rate of the gas is no more than 0.4 M☉ yr−1, more than an order of magnitude below the gas consumption rate through star formation. We discuss the implications of this halo for galaxy formation models.


The use of mulches in landscape plantings is increasing. Mulches have been promoted by water conservation, green waste reduction, and other programs primarily to reduce evaporation from soil. In addition, many of the materials used for mulching provide an improved aesthetic appearance for the landscape and provide weed control. Many different materials are available from composted products such as manures, sludge, and greenwaste to non-composted products such as wood chips and yardwaste from landscape maintenance operations, bark products from lumber mills, and rock (CIWMB).


This Public Policy Brief presents recent forecasts of the U.S. federal government deficits and publicly held federal debt, along with brief commentary by economic research staff at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. It is based on materials presented in an internal policy briefing on April 29, 2004. Contributors to this brief include Radoslav Raykov and Robert Triest.


The present invention discloses a method for treating organic waste water, which is prepared with an organic plastic does not completely cover the iron-based material into a coated iron-based material, organic waste water into a pH of 3 to 7 for processing; the said organic plastic is polyethylene, polypropylene or polytetrafluoroethylene, the iron-based material zero valent iron. Iron-based material used in the present invention is wide sources of raw materials, low cost, simple manufacturing process, stability, environment-friendly, high reaction efficiency, reusable, and long service life. Processing method of the present invention may be used for treatment of a variety of organic pollution, according to local conditions for different sectors of industry typical characteristics of organic pollutants adjustment, can overcome the deficiencies of various conventional techniques, to facilitate easy operation and high efficiency.


With the high development of computer science and technology,knowledge of computer has been updated at speed,so enable speciality textbook of computer to not meet the need of creative talents education of computer.In this paper,our some considers and beneficial reformation for textbook organization and writting in computer curricula and teaching reformation are presented.


Alloy 718 is a high temperature alloy, used where high temperature strength or oxidation resistance is required. As the alloy is precipitate heat treatable it is possible to have a large variety of strength depending on microstructure. The different microstructures used in this study are relevant for industry and used at various stages in production and service.
Mechanical properties of Alloy 718 with different microstructures have been studied at high strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 3000 s-1, and at room temperature up to 800°C. The adapted Johnson-Cook material model shows a good agreement with the experimental data. The deformed microstructures are studied and the deformation patterns of the different microstructures show some differences, for small grain size the deformation appear to be on primary and secondary glide systems and change direction at grain boundaries and for large grain size the deformation seem to occur primarily on primary glide systems and the glide systems does not seem to change direction so much at grain boundaries.
For aged condition the hardening precipitates seem to give most of the strength, as the aged condition show superior strength up to 600°C, and at 800°C the different microstructures show similar strength and the effect of the hardening precipitates have vanished.


Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (family Lamiaceae) also known as Livingstone potato (vat or rizga in Nigeria), is a dicotyledonous perennial shrub growing up to 2 m tall. While it is cultivated mainly for its edible tubers, the plant is potentially valuable as phytomedicine. Three varieties (vat-long'at, vat-riyom and vat-bebot) are well known among the Berom of Plateau State, Nigeria. The vat-bebot variety (which showed good promise in bioactivity studies) was used in this study. The leaves and tubers were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Fractionation of the active ethyl acetate extracts was carried out using open column and preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (prep HPLC). This led to the isolation of β-sitosterol and oleanolic acid from the leaves; while 19-dehydroursolic acid and yarumic acid, as well as β-sitosterol were isolated from the tubers. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy (EIMS) were used to characterize isolated compounds. Comparing acquired spectral data of isolated compounds with those from literature helped to confirm the identity of the compounds. The isolation and characterisation of these compounds, from Plecthranthus esculentus, have not been hitherto reported in literature.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to introduce the result of treatment for bony mallet finger using hook plate Materials and Methods: From September 2007 to Feburary 2008, 7 patients were treated with hook plate for bony mallet finger. Indications of operative treatment are fractures involving more than 30% of articular surface or those with palmar subluxation or fracture fragment displaced more than 3 mm. We used hook plate which prebend the 1.2 mm miniplate (Leibinger). The mean follow-up period was 7 months. The clinical results were evaluated using Crawford classification. Results: According to Crawford classification, 6 cases were excellent and 1 case was good. There were marginal necrosis in one case and nail deformities in 3 cases. These complications were healed spontaneously. Conclusion: Internal fixation of mallet finger using Hook plate is a relatively easy method which can achieve anatomical reduction and firm fixation for earlier interphalangeal joint exercise.


At a time when the General Accounting Office has estimated that 99 percent of hospital bills contain overcharges, these bills have become so complicated and so lengthy that no mere mortal patient can read them or spot mistakes. Itemized bills for even brief hospitalizations run several pages and those for major surgery, like a heart bypass, can be dozens of pages.
 If mistakes go unnoticed, the patient or insurer can end up paying too much. In addition, health-care experts say the complicated bills make it virtually impossible for patients to compare costs at hospitals. In both ways, these bills can contribute to worsening inflation in health care.
 "You have these incomprehensible bills with millions of little items and for each a price," said Dr. Uwe Reinhardt, a health economist at Princeton University. "The American hospital bill is a source of great humor in the world health economics community; people just laugh."


A further decline in grain dust explosions occurred in the U.S. in 1983 Based on explosions reported to USDA, FGIS Safety Director Ralph Regan and Robert W. Schoeff, Extension Marketing & Safety Specialist, Kansas State University. There were 13 reported explosions in 1983 compared to 14 injured. Property Damage estimates ranged from minor to $1.2 million. Welding, bearing failure and spontaneous combustion were the major probable causes. The cause was still undetermined in 5 cases at the time this report was prepared. Corn was being handled in seven of the 12 explosions, sorghum in two, grain screenings & soybeans in one each, and the mill was shut down in one case. The continued low incidence level and moderate damage from secondary explosions can be attributed to several factors:


Aiming at the relation between QCD and the quark model, we consider projections of gauge configurations generated in quenched lattice QCD simulations in the Coulomb gauge on a $16^3 \times 32, \beta = 6.0$ lattice. First, we focus on a fact that the static quark-antiquark potential is independent of spatial gauge fields. We explicitly confirm this by performing $\vec{A} = 0$ projection, where spatial gauge fields are all set to zero. We also apply the $\vec{A} = 0$ projection to light hadron masses and find that nucleon and delta baryon masses are almost degenerate, suggesting vanishing of the color-magnetic interactions. After considering the physical meaning of the $\vec{A} = 0$ projection, we next propose a generalized projection, where spatial gauge fields are expanded in terms of Faddeev-Popov eigenmodes and only some eigenmodes are left. We apply the proposed projection to light hadron and glueball masses and find that the $N-\Delta$ and $0^{++}-2^{++}$ mass splittings become evident when projected with more than 33 (0.10 \%) low-lying eigenmodes, suggesting emergence of the color-magnetic interactions. We also find that the original hadron masses are approximately reproduced with just 328 (1.00 \%) low-lying eigenmodes. These findings indicate an important role of low-lying eigenmodes on hadron masses and would be useful in clarifying the relation between QCD and the quark model.


To redirect NAD(P)H consumed by dehydrogenases to NiFe-hydrogenase, the genes encoding for lactate dehydrogenase (ddh) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) were disrupted in a glucose tolerant mutant of unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 (GT strain). The cells of GT strain, ddh deficient (Δddh) mutant and both adh and ddh deficient (ΔadhΔddh) mutant were harvested at the late-logarithmic growth phase of photoautotrophic culture in antibiotic-free BG-11 medium. Dark anaerobic hydrogen production in GT strain, Δddh mutant and ΔadhΔddh mutant in nitrate-free HEPES buffer solution without or with glucose has been studied by following the time courses of the number of moles of hydrogen, endogenous and exogenous glucose, lactate, acetate and ethanol per culture volume and the dry cell weight concentration. Dark incubation of cells of Δddh mutant and ΔadhΔddh mutant in HEPES buffer solution without glucose resulted 1.16-fold and 1.15-fold increases in the initial hydrogen production rates over GT strain, respectively, while 1.1-fold and 0.85-fold increases in the number of moles of hydrogen per culture volume at 96 h over GT strain, respectively. When hydrogen production experiments were performed in the glucose-added HEPES buffer solution, dark incubation of cells of Δddh mutant and ΔadhΔddh mutant resulted 1.4-fold and 1.6-fold increases in the initial hydrogen production rates over GT strain without glucose run, respectively, while 1.5-fold and 1.3-fold increases in the number of moles of hydrogen per culture volume at 96 h over GT strain without glucose run, respectively.


The Relationship Between Early Maltreatment, Later Attachment, and Self-Esteem in Older Child Adoptees By Mona Kumar April, 1997 This study examined the effects o f early maltreatment on later attachment and self-esteem in adolescent adoptees. Nine clinical older child adoptees with a history o f maltreatment were examined in relation to ten clinical and 15 non-clinical infant adoptees with no history o f maltreatment. Delayed removal from biological home suggested history o f maltreatment. Subjects currently receiving psychological services were classified as clinical, while those who had never received psychological services were classified as non-clinical. The Inventory o f Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA Armsden and Greenberg, 1987), and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) were used to obtain attachment information. Level o f self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE Rosenberg, 1979). Early maltreatment did not predict poor attachment or low self-esteem, as evidenced by older child adoptees' high scores on the respective measures. O f the three groups examined, clinical infant adoptees demonstrated the lowest levels o f self-esteem and attachment. Finally, self-esteem and attachment were found to be positively correlated in all three adoptive groups. Implications for parental and therapeutic roles in the amendment o f early maltreatment, resolution o f adoption-related issues and development o f attachment and self-esteem are discussed. Maltreatment and Attachment 1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY MALTREATMENT, LATER ATTACHMENT, AND SELF-ESTEEM IN OLDER CHILD ADOPTEES History o f Adoption Adoption is defined as "the act o f establishing a person as parent to one who is not in fact or in law his (/her) child" (Brittanica, 1985, p. 105). Adoption may be distinguished from fostering by its characteristic o f permanency. That is, whereas the latter is a temporary placement o f the child with alternate caregivers, adoption is a permanent placement in which the child's legal ties to his/her biological parents are severed. Historically, the main purpose o f adoption was to ensure continuity o f the male line in a particular family, usually for political, religious, or economic reasons. The adoptive parents, having failed to produce a son of their own, used adoption as a method o f procuring a male lineage. Thus the adoptees were always male, with the adoption often taking place in adulthood. The desire to continue one's family line or secure rights to inheritance are no longer considered the primary motives for adoption. Today, the desire to create a parent-child relationship is the most frequently cited reason for adoption. Although traditionally adoptive parents have consisted o f yoimg, married, middleto upper-class couples who were unable to bear children of their own, these criteria for adoptive candidacy are being broadened in recent years. For instance, there is increasing acceptance o f wider age gaps between adopter and adoptee, low income families, families in which the mother is employed outside the home, single-parent families, and transracial and transreligious adoptions. Additionally, applicants now include individuals able to procreate but seeking an alternate form o f family building. These individuals opt for adoption rather than Maltreatment and Attachment 2 natural childbirth for various personal reasons, such as the desire to not contribute to the growing world population, or as an act o f compassion toward parentless children. Given these changing trends, there has been a resultant increase in the pool o f adoptive applicants. Adoptive parents have typically preferred to bring infant children rather than older children into their homes. The rationale is that by adopting an infant, one will be able to simulate, as much as possible, a biological parent-child relationship. Specifically, one will be able to experience the parenting of an infant, and impact on his/her early socialization. According to Kadushin (1970), in 1967, the median age o f children at the time of adoptive placement was 2.1 months. The practice o f infant adoption was very popular, whereas that o f older child adoption was not. Hence, the prospect o f adoption for individuals not placed in infancy was very grim. Although infants have remained the adoptee o f choice, since the mid 1970's the resistance to adopting older children has begun to dissipate, and older adoptees, like their infant counterparts, are beginning to find Increasing acceptance in adoptive placement (Jewitt, 1978). This gradual broadening o f acceptance has been due, perhaps in large part, to the lack o f available infants in relation to prospective adoptive parents (Reitz & Watson, 1992). Another factor has been the growing number o f older couples that seek to adopt. These couples often prefer older children with whom there is a more proportionate age gap; the rationale being the anticipation o f a better goodness-of-fit between parents and child. The experiences o f parents adopting an older child, however, differ in many respects from those adopting an infant. Older child adoptees, in general, have experienced Maltreatment and Attachment 3 events and circumstances in their families o f origin unlike those that are experienced by infant adoptees in their adoptive homes. Older Child Adoptees For the purpose o f the present study, older child adoptees are defined as individuals who have been removed from their birth families at no earlier than 18 months o f age, and therefore, have spent a portion o f their early lives with their biological parent(s). The relevant demographic statistics, although obtained through an American study (Kadushin. 1970), are applicable to Canadian older child adoptions. The cohort o f older adoptees included in the present study were largely bom between 1976 and 1978, thus, only six to eight years after the completion o f Kadushin's survey. Thus, the demographics surrounding adoption at this historical period would be appropriate to describe the subjects examined in the present study. According to Kadushin (1970), birth parents of older child adoptees are typically ill-prepared and ill-equipped to raise families. They have substantially less formal education than average adults, and tend to hold generally lower paying jobs. For example in I960, about 43% o f all white adults had completed high school, compared to only 9% o f the biological parents o f older child adoptees. Consequently, 82% of these biological fathers and 85% o f the biological mothers held occupations requiring minimal to no formal training. Many o f these families were living at or below the level o f poverty (Kadushin, 1970). Biological parents o f older child adoptees tend to have atypically large families. In 1962, 52% of these families had five or more children compared to 10.5% o f families in the general public (Kadushin, 1970). The biological families o f older child adoptees are Maltreatment and Attachment 4 more likely than those in the general population to live in substandard, overcrowded housing facilities. There tends to be a high incidence o f pathology in older child adoptees' biological parents, including mental deficiency, mental illness, emotional instability, alcoholism, prostitution, and erratic work history. For example, 31% o f ± e mothers and 21% o f the fathers in Kadushin's study were noted as emotionally unstable, and 20% o f the mothers and 47% o f the fathers were regarded as alcoholic. Furthermore, the biological parents o f older child adoptees tend to have experienced poor parenting and personal deprivation in their own upbringings. In Kadushin's study, 28% o f this group evidenced such background histories. Finally, the marriages o f older child adoptee biological parents are more likely than those in the general population to be characterized by discord, arguing, instability, separations, and extramarital affairs. Older child adoptees typically receive less than adequate care in their families o f origin, and often are subjected to various forms o f abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) and/or neglect (physical or emotional). Physical neglect, according to Kadushin (1970), is defined as the inadequate provision o f food, clothing, health needs, or living conditions. Emotional neglect includes parenting that is characterized by indifference a lack o f affection, recognition, encouragement, and approval o f the child. In general, older child adoptees are deprived by their biological parents o f the type o f parental relationship considered necessary for secure attachment and healthy emotional development. As a result o f their deprived life circumstances, biological families o f older child adoptees are often unable to adequately rear their children. This situation generally results in one o f two outcomes. In some cases, the biological parents realize that they are unable to provide sufficient care for their child and so relinquish him/her to foster care. More Maltreatment and Attachment 5 often, however, the child is legally removed by authorities that have been made aware o f the ongoing abuse and/or neglect and the child is then rendered to foster care. In some cases, these biological parents will attempt to better their parenting skills and living situation in order to regain custody o f their child. In other cases, however, the parents are either unable or unwilling to prove themselves to be fit parents and hence eventually lose their parental rights. Their children must then remain in foster care until a permanent adoptive placement can be found. For some older child adoptees, particularly those who have incurred early maltreatment, the interim between removal from biological family and placement with adoptive family may last several years and include several foster placements (Reitz & Watson, 1992). Once a permanent placement is found, there is usually a pro


Almost anything that 1 say about Sir Philip Sherlock would be to gild the anthurium - the anthurium being the gift of a life of hope and fulfillment creatively crafted and deftly lived as part of a process of transformation, growth and development of an entire society in quest of itself, of its reason for being, for over half a century. Philip Manderson Sherlock had been at the beginning, since the late Thirties, of all the great challenges facing the people of our groping West Indies whether it be the call for self-government followed by the birth-pangs of a society in protracted labour or the halting courtship leading to an attempt at union, or the bringing forth, complete with primal screams, of so many Independent nations starting with his own native Jamaica and her sister twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago in 1962. A persistent advocate of West Indian integration even in the face of the ill-fated Federation of 1958-61, Sir Philip has lived to see the light rekindled and the hope restored in the hearts of a new generation which remains the legatee of the vision he had for our Caribbean people in the surge towards a definitive civilisation. For him, as for other founding fathers, the twilight of colonialism was to herald a light rising from the West. "Oriens ex Occidente Lux. Everywhere else it rises from the East. Trust us in our determination to be different, special and unique! Lord Milverton who, as Sir Arthur Richards the British Governor who detained trade unionist Alexander Bustamante and other radicals in 1939/1940. told me while I was researching the early self-goverment movement in Jamaica, that on being instructed "by savingram" from the British Colonial Office to proceed to Jamaica and "restore Order", he arrived in the island with characteristic gubernatorial ardour intent on teaching the troublemakers a lesson. To his amazement he found alongside the fiery and remarkable Bustamante and a few "egg-heads" like Dick Hart and Frank Hill, a highly sophisticated society with people like the renowned lawyer N. W. Manley and bright young community leaders. Among these he singled out a "bright young man named Phillip Manderson Sherlock". That bright young man had progressed to being the Vice Chancellor of the independent University of the West Indies at the time Lord Milverton was relating this story. None of this should be surprising, for Sir Philip was a great spirit, the avatar of all that gives force, purpose, life, hope and meaning to the turbulence, contradictions and chaosof our multi-sourced existence. He belonged to the chosen few the West Indies was lucky to have had at the helm of its social revolution - the chosen few who believed that the intractable problems of underdevelopment and the attendant immiseration of the mass of the population had to be met by the empowerment of our people through the exercise of their intellect and their creative imagination. So he himself has been poet as well as historian, policy-determiner as well as classroom teacher, social worker and philosopher as well as administrator and man of public affairs. It is this call for texture rooted in a deep understanding of the need to inform intellectual pursuits with the arts of the imagination, which enriched the operation of the University of the West Indies from its fledgeling years. As a founding father, he actually helped to establish and administer the institution as its first Vice Principal and Director of Extra Mural Studies. By the time he became Vice Chancellor, after tending the establishment of the St. Augustine branch of the UWI, the Sherlock vision of the creative arts and the humanities acting as catalyst for intellectual pursuits and remaining handmaiden to the science and technology branches of knowledge, was well established. He institutionalised the vision partly through the introduction of a creative arts plank in the outreach work of his Extra Mural Department with the appointment of Staff Tutors in Drama along with counterparts in Social Work, Trade Union Education and Radio Education laying the foundations for degree programmes in Sociology and Social work, in Industrial Relations and related Social Science studies and in Mass Communications. …