This paper presents some comparison of the spinning reserve allocation by the system operators in various continents, including United States, Europe, Oceana, Africa, and South East Asia. In deciding which jurisdiction and network to be reviewed, the criteria were (i) methodology used and amount of spinning reserve allocation in the system (ii) that jurisdiction and network contained some form of deregulation or competition in the electricity supply industry. This review will be summarised definitions and technical specifications used for each power system security requirements.


This article considers the land transactions, occupations, and last known residence of three brothers, Protestant landed gentry from Manorhamilton, Leitrim County, Ireland, who arrived in West Gwillimbury, Simcoe County, Upper Canada (Ontario) in 1819, 1822, and 1825, and of their sons, sons-in-law, and grandchildren. At least one aspired to a large estate, but none acquired more land than they needed for themselves and their sons. Most of their children (all born in Ireland) or their husbands farmed in Ontario, most in Simcoe County, but their grandchildren dispersed widely across North America and less than half remained in farming.


Software verification is an important part of software development and themost practical way to do this today is through dynamic testing. This reportexplains concepts connected to verification and ...


A 42 year old male from Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh presented with a subcutaneous nodule in the submandibular region. It was 2x3 cm in size, firm, mobile and non-tender. Lymphadenitis and sialadenitis were kept as differential diagnosis. Fine-needle aspiration revealed Leishman Donovan (L-D) bodies along with non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas. We are presenting this report for its rarity.


A process for preparing the RE doped nano-class yttrium oxide-base luminescent powder features that the mixture of ammonia water and ammonium dicarbonate is used as the composite precipitant to prepare it by co-deposition method. Its advantages are high dispersity and high luminescent intensity.


There are many factors,such as history,geography and society,lead to the influence of the han nationality areas and ethnic minority areas,and the political,economic,cultural and social development is uneven.Some terms not all apply to ethnic minority areas as a benchmark set by the ceiminal law in han area.It should be flexible.It is been applying according to the law,reality and theory.In the specific provisions of criminal law,rape and other crimes shall prevail in the apple.


Nutrient fluxes with river runoff can largely determine the state of coastal water ecosystems. The Vilyuchinskaya and Avachinskaya Bays of Kamchatka Peninsula were surveyed on 4–5 July 2022, just after the peak of the spring–summer flood of the Vilyucha and Avacha Rivers associated with the snow melting in volcanic areas. Additionally, water sampling was performed in river water in December 2022, in the period of winter low water. A general undersaturation of CO2 of surface waters was observed in the Vilyuchinskaya and Avachinskaya Bays. Strong supersaturation of CO2 of the near-bottom waters was observed, due to microbial destruction of organic matter, especially in Avachinskaya Bay. This organic matter was formed as a result of photosynthesis in the water column, which subsequently gravitated to the bottom and concentrated in specific bottom depressions in the studied bays. In these depressions, black sediments were found, in which sulfate reduction occurred. The porewater of sediments had a very high concentration of organic carbon, dissolved and organic nitrogen, and phosphates, as well as CO2 partial pressure. The source of nutrients for the studied bays is tephra (volcanic suspended particles), which covers all the watersheds, including the soil and snow, as a result of volcanic activity in the study region. Based on the calculated nutrient fluxes in river runoff for the summer and winter seasons and the DIN/DIP ratios in river, sea, and pore waters, the causes of phytoplankton blooms, including the occurrence of red tides, are discussed. The maximum flux of nutrients and, accordingly, phytoplankton blooms should be expected in the years with the highest volcanic activity and high summer air temperatures, since the melting of nutrient-rich snow and ice will be maximum. This will determine the flux of nutrients in the river runoff of the Kamchatka Peninsula and contribute to phytoplankton blooms.


Method of manufacturing polyester fibers with good adhesiveness to rubber, characterized in that in the process of making polyester fiber into yarn, a yarn-making oil (spin finish) containing an epoxy compound and an alkylene oxide adduct of an amine compound containing an alkoxysilane group is added to the polyester fiber, and it is then heat-treated.


Abstract:The Woman of Colour (1808), an anonymous epistolary novel, remained out of print until the 2008 release of Lyndon J. Dominique's Broadview edition. It has since become central to studies in the long eighteenth century because of its subversion of the marriage plot and the intertwining of this plot with Black liberation struggles through the voice of the mixed-race Jamaican protagonist Olivia Fairfield. In this introduction to an ECF special issue dedicated to the novel, the authors trace developments in Black British history, Black womanist historiography, and global Romanticism in order to situate The Woman of Colour within a radical Black Atlantic tradition. They argue that the novel foregrounds the resistance of Black and enslaved people, and that the refractive force of the plot breaks away from the teleology of colonial conquest and opens up multiple interpretive possibilities.


This paper is aimed to analyse the existing relationships and controlling functions between ecological footprint and international sanction in case of Teheran city. The analysis begins questioning whether the sustainability of health on our common planet is rightly treated with oblivion to the pernicious consequences from the economic blockade of one country by the global community. The analytic method used is based on developing a conceptual and theoretical framework of reference to review the literature, interviews on the main variables of the research: urban policy, transport system, international sanctions and multi scale governance. It is concluded that while that the existence of more holistic facilitating the development of the rail transport system, the governance and stakeholders put a lot of obstacles and play at a different scale. The analysis suggests that a holistic approach is required to build urban mobility based on decreasing of ecological footprint by addressing a fuller range of degradation public health, urban politicisation, to process the policy of the multi-scale governance of city, to create the governance that implies geographical proximity, organisational proximity and institutional proximity of stakeholders.


The main object of this paper is to extend the theorem of W.H. Young on convergence of the conjugate Fourier series to Wiener's class. We prove that the conjugate Fourier series of a function of Wiener's class converges to for every x for which exists.


World Fiber Technologies, Inc. began construction of Georgia's initial High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lane project in September 2010. This project converted 16 miles of the existing High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes to HOT Lanes, as well as a 2-mile HOV to HOT Lane conversion on SR 316. This paper discusses the construction challenges faced with this project, including the following: Schedule;Traffic Control; Existing Conditions; Conduit Network; Power Service; Structural Design/Fabrication; Structural Installation; Battery Backup; and System Signage. Each of the above challenges required a unique solution, as this was the first such deployment in Georgia. World Fiber worked closely with the design team to provide input on plan revisions, details and specifications during construction to ensure the project's constructability. Through a cooperative relationship with the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), State Road and Toll Authority (SRTA), Design Engineer (Jacobs), Tolling Integrator (ETC) and many subcontractors and vendors, World Fiber was able to complete this project on schedule. The HOT Lanes are scheduled to commence operation in September 2011.


Existing service discovery protocols use a service matching process in order to offer services of interest to the clients. Potentially, the context information of the services and client can be used to improve the quality of service matching. To make use of context information in service matching, service discovery needs to address certain challenges. Firstly, it is required that the context information should have unambiguous representation. Secondly, the mobile devices should be able to disseminate context information seamlessly in the fixed network. And thirdly, dynamic nature of the context information should be taken into account. The proposed Context Aware Service Discovery (CASD) architecture deals with these challenges by means of an ontological representation and processing of context information, a concept of nomadic mobile context source and a mechanism of persistent service discovery respectively. This paper discusses proposed CASD architecture, its implementation and suggests further enhancements.


Stereoselective construction of a steroidal side chain containing a 26–27 cyclopropane ring, compound 22, has been achieved by an intramolecular cyclisation of the corresponding β-methylsulfonyloxy cyanide 16, derived from a chiral cyclopentane derivative. Compound 22 has been further utilised in the synthesis of the naturally occurring steroid petrosterol 3.


It analyses the development of sports tourism resources by survey method and documentation method and so on,according to the similar folk-custom between Fujian and Taiwan,taking actions that it is suit to the local circumstances,emphasizing the characteristics of the sports tourism,paying attention to environmental protection,adapting to the development of the social trend and other factors.The result shows that: government's policies to support,increasing investment;highlighting the regional and cultural characteristics of sports tourism;Paying attention to culture the sports tourism professional talents,promoting the resource rationaly;strengthening the construction of sports tourisms facilities


This article examines the power dynamic in the clinical communication between the doctor and the patient in Harold Pinter's play A Kind of Alaska (1982). It approaches the medical metaphors that go back and forth between Hornby and Deborah to comment on the politics of these metaphors, situating the doctor's diagnostic metaphor as well as the patient's self-expressive metaphor as a critique of the doctor's domination. The article thus speaks to the urgent relevance of Pinter in our pandemic-infested times.


..................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... IV DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. VII CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 REFERENCE LIST.................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2: MOBILITY IN OLDER ADULTS: A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................... 30 MY CONTRIBUTION TO THE PUBLICATION .................................................. 31 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. 32 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 33 A NEW THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILITY ............................... 38 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 45 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... 46 REFERENCE LIST.................................................................................................... 47 FIGURES..................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3: MONITORING MOBILITY IN OLDER ADULTS USING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) WATCHES AND ACCELEROMETERS: A FEASIBILITY STUDY .................................................... 55 MY CONTRIBUTION TO THE PUBLICATION .................................................. 56 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. 57 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 58 METHODS .................................................................................................................. 61 RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 64 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 66 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... 71 REFERENCE LIST.................................................................................................... 72 TABLES....................................................................................................................... 75 FIGURES..................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 4: RELIABILITY OF ANKLE ISOMETRIC, ISOTONIC, AND ISOKINETIC STRENGTH AND POWER TESTING IN OLDER WOMEN ........ 78 MY CONTRIBUTION TO THE MANUSCRIPT.................................................... 79


METHODS IN CURRENT USE FOR PREDICTING AND DETERMINING PERFORMANCE UNDER OUTDOOR EXPOSURE CONDITIONS ARE REVIEWED. TECHNIQUES THAT MEASURE CHANGES IN APPEARANCE, STRENGTH, AND FLEXIBILITY ARE EMPHASIZED. TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING CHEMICAL CHANGES IN EXPOSED PLASTICS ARE DISCUSSED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO ROUTINE TESTS THAT CAN BE USED AS A GUIDE TO ESTIMATE THE SERVICE LIFE OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL MATERIALS.


The method to obtain thee new sensitivities of shape optimization of mechanical structures are proposed to make possible to transform the structures precisely based on transposition of discreted elements using finite element method corresponding to the addition and removal of the elements. The new sensitivities are acquired by considering the changes of the nodal displacements after addition or removal of the elements in finite difference form which are far more suitable than the current one. The minimum weight problems are treated on cylindrical structures and two dimensional plate structures under constraints of equivalent stress. The obtained optimum structures are retransformed by smoothing procession using polynomials keeping the constraints and the minimalities of the weights.


According to this seasonal study of college fashionistas, retailers should expect conservative spending from fashionistas for the 2016 back to school season.


This paper describes the overall design of a Ku-band 19 beam klystron amplifier. The device is designed to operate near to 2.5 KV with the total beam current of 0.5A equally distributed among its various beamlets. Two new schemes of magnetic focusing arrangement have been analyzed and experimented A block window design has been incorporated for the RF input and output. First, in-house developed codes and 1D code AJ Disk is used for initial design, later commercially available 3D simulation codes like CST-studio and Ansoft HFSS have been used for final optimization of the design.


summary 1. Two proteins with lysophospholipase activity (EC 22.214.171.124), provisionally denoted Iysophospholipase I and lysophospholipase II, were found to be present in beef liver homogenates. These lysophospholipases were well separated during DEAE-ceiluIose chromatography of delipidated beef liver extracts. 2. Lysophospholipase I and lysophospholipase II required a 3590-fold and a 770-fold purification, respectively, in order to obtain homogeneous preparations. 3. The molecular weights of lysophospholipases I and II were estimated to be about 25 000 and 60 000, respectively. Isoelectric points of 5.2 and 4.5 were measured for the two enzymes. 4. In accordance with previous observations on beef pancreatic lysophospholipase, both lysophospholipases from beef liver exhibited general esterolytic properties in that compounds like tributyrin and p-nitrophenylacetate were also hydrolysed. Evidence is provided indicating that the hydrolysis of these compounds is an intrinsic property of the beef liver lysophospholipases. 5. Highly purified non-specific ~~boxylesterases (EC 188.8.131.52) were found to be essentially inacti.ve against l-acyllysophosphatidylcholine.


BURANDT P., PAPENBROCK J., SCHMIDT A., BLOEM E., HANEKLAUS S. & SCHNUG E. 2001. Genotypical differences in total sulfur contents and cysteine desulfhydrase activities in Brassica napus L. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 41 (1): 75-86, with 3 figures. English with German summary. The sulfur supply of agricultural crops plays an important role in their defence strategies against pathogens. The mechanisms of sulfur induced resistance (SIR) are, however, not yet known. The working hypothesis was the involvement of volatile sulfur compounds in SIR, especially the evolution of H2S. In total, ten Brassica lines (no. 1-10) of winter oilseed rape showing a broad variation with view to their genetic pedigree were selected from a set of about 100 genotypes, and leaf samples were taken just before flowering. The activities of a H2S releasing L-cysteine desulfhydraselike enzyme (EC 4.4.1.-) and of O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OAS-TL, EC 126.96.36.199) were measured, and the total sulfur content was determined by X-ray spectroscopy. The higher the sulfur content in plants, the lower was the L-cysteine desulfhydrase ac-


Laser Scann has been the focus in the field of 3D-City,and it has favorable outlook in the field of 3D modeling,In this paper,the method could be better applied to the extraction of primary objects of the Laser Scaning data.The author first introduce the phase-shift laser ranging theory of the 3D laser Scaning,analysis the plane equation of the 3D Laser Scaning data,combine with re- gion growing algorithm carry on the segment to the Laser Seaning Data,ang then can extraction the plane feature.Finally,the author carry on the experiment and the analysis to this method.


Part 1: the fundamentals of fisheries economics further analysis - dynamic fisheries models optimal control theory and its application to fisheries optimal equilibrium and dynamic approach for a fisheries model. Part 2: population dynamics and contemporary fisheries management stock recruitment models a biological and ecological approach to the stock-recruitment relationship Age-Structured Matrix Models the role of stock assessment in finding the best data representation model the role of Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) in producing results for fisheries decision making, a critique. Part 3 Institutions of the European Community: the European Commission the Council of Ministers the new co-operation procedure the European Parliament the European Court of Justice the Court of Auditors. Part 4 The legislative frameowrk of the CFP: the Treaty of Rome (25 March 1957) first legislative acts of the Council the 1972 Act of Accession the creation of 200-miles EEZ, towards a comprehensive CFP the Council resolution towards a coherent single CFP package restriction of access the Common Fisheries Policy and the Mediterranean. Part 5 The CFP instruments: the budgetary management for fisheries and its relative importance in the economy resource management, access restrictions technical conservation measures TACs and quota management system the efficiency of the TAC resource management policy the future of the resource management. Part 6 The Common Organization of the Market: the components of the Common Organization of the Market in fisheries products Common Marketing Standards producer's organizations the price system of the Common Organization of the Market critique of the Intervention Scheme for fishery products the Community's trade policy Community's membership of International Fisheries Conventions. Part 7 The Common Structural Policy: the Multiannual Guidance Programmes (MAGPs) critique of the Community fishing vessel's register the implementation of the Community's structural measures overall assessment, future perspective. Part 8 Reforming the CFP: review on the main features of the CFP restricted access a proposed licensing scheme justified by a theoretical bioeconomic model.


Kaytuesso flavolateralis gen. and sp. nov. is described from Papua New Guinea. The new genus is remarkable in that the only included species is one of the smallest species known within the Oncomerinae. The relationships among Kaytuesso and the related genera Agapophyta Guerin, Erga Walker and Musgraveia Leston and Scudder are discussed.


STATED BRIEFLY, the meaning of policy is &dquo;the mode of thought and the body of principles underlying the activities of an organization&dquo;,1 &dquo;a guide for making administrative decision&dquo;,2 &dquo;an established way of doing business and directing actions in specified areas of an organization or institution&dquo;.3 In this outline of labour policies, we examine the evolutionary trend of the mode of thought and the body of principles, the guidelines, underlying action in the field of industrial relations in Nigeria. But we confine this examination to the specific areas of recruitment and commitment of labour, training, advancement, labour compensation and. the procedural schemes for regulation of employment, or labour relations. The objective of this article is to examine how far those policies are reflected in Nigerian industrial relations practice, and to stimulate thought on the implications of the present trend of development.


General revenue sharing is the best example of shifting governmental relationships as a result of the "New Federalism" agenda advanced by former President Nixon. What is occurring, in essence, is a sorting out and re arranging of governmental functions. Using this framework, this article considers the rationale for general revenue sharing and other New Federalism programs, with the main emphasis on the decentralizing proposals of New Federalism. A concluding section considers the importance of govern mental structure to New Federalism. The emphasis has been on increasing the autonomy of local general purpose units of government and decreasing the federal government's role in administrative decisions. The Brookings' monitoring revenue sharing project will provide necessary insights into the distributional, fiscal and political impact of general revenue sharing.


An understanding of the correct model of intertemporal consumption choice is crucial to evaluating the effects of fiscal policies. The debates over whether deficit policy matters (Martin Feldstein, 1974; Robert Barro, 1974) and, if so, how to measure such policy (Robert Eisner and Paul Pieper, 1985; Kotlikoff, 1986) are fundamentally debates about the correct model of consumption. Unfortunately, distinguishing empirically between different consumption theories is a subtle business that has produced no strong conclusions. One problem confronting many tests of alternative consumption theories is that they require joint and quite specific assumptions about preferences, economic resources, and the consumer's information set that may not be justified. In such cases, what is described as a rejection of a particular model may simply be a rejection of restrictive assumptions placed on the model. A second problem that is also routinely swept under the rug involves the implicit assumption that consumers optimize perfectly given their preferences and resources, and that they correctly value their resources. In order to explore these more fundamental questions we, have conducted an experiment to determine whether individuals, when placed in a controlled life cycle setting, make consistent and coherent consumption choices, and whether they correctly value their future resources. The experiment provides negative answers to both of these questions; in the experiment subjects made significant and systematic errors in their consumption choice, reflecting, in part, an overdiscounting of future income. This paper reviews several of the findings from our 1987 working paper, and then discusses their implications for fiscal policy. We give a brief description in Section I of the experiment. Section II describes inconsistencies and errors in consumption choice and traces them to the overdiscounting of future labor income. Section III presents some regression results also pointing to an undervaluation of future resources. Section IV discusses the implications of these results for viewing fiscal policy and suggests the need for additional experiments as well as consumption models that acknowledge, rather than avoid computation problems.


What is the difference between kinesiology and biomechanics? Are they one and the same or do they embody different fields of knowledge? An analysis of the component parts of the words reveals kinesiology to mean literally the study of motion and biomechanics to mean the study of the mechanics of life. Kinesiology is, therefore, inclusive of the biomechanics of motion and the neural and cardiovascular elements of movement. The broader scope of kinesiology is demonstrated by the Kinesiology Department at the University of California, Los Angeles, which has several specific tracks for advanced study including biomechanics, motor control, neural science, and exercise physiology. Biomechanics includes the statics and dynamics of musculoskeletal function, the mechanics of blood flow, cardiovascular and renal function, and the mechanics related to any bodily function.

What do these two words mean to the physical therapist clinician?…


Objective:To investigate the role of Shen Luo Tong on the production of gelatinase and Collagen α5(Ⅳ) protein in the high glucose induced cultured podocytes.Methods: The mouse podocyte cells were cultured in normal glucose(NG),high glucose(HG),mannitol glucose(MN) and the serum with Shen Luo Tong.The activity of MMP9 and MMP2 was detected by gelatin zymography,MMP9 mRNA was detected by RT PCR,the levels of collagen α5(Ⅳ) protein in culture supernatants were detected by Western blot analysis.Result: In HG groups,MMP9 activity of the supernatant was increased from 2 nd day,reached the maximum on 3 rd day,the activity of MMP2 had no change.The levels of Collagen α5(Ⅳ) protein of supernatant in HG groups,declined from 2 nd day and showed lower level on 3 rd day.There is negtively correlated between activity of MMP9 and production of Collagen α5(Ⅳ) in supernatant.MMP9 mRNA was upregulated after 2 day by high glucose induced and back to the basical level on 5 th day;Activity of MMP9 on 3 rd day in the Shen Luo Tong with 5% serum had no incresed than before high glucose induce,also the correlated changes of collagen α5(Ⅳ) by HG,the level of MMP9 mRNA on 2 nd day was downregulated by Shen Luo Tong in podocyte.Conclusions:Shen Luo Tong may be has the effect to regulate the change of MMP9 and collagen α5(Ⅳ) in podocyte by high glucose induced.


The amount of data produced by the scientific community is already measured in tens and hundreds ofpetabytes and will significantly grow in the future. High-throughput computing systems have provento be a solution for handling such data streams. Technologies and a set of products that enable thedeployment and use of important components of a distributed system already exist, are quite stable andsupported. Meanwhile, building a fully functional system, even with existing components, is nottrivial. The Unified Resource Management System is under development at the MeshcheryakovLaboratory of Information Technologies of JINR. This system uses technologies and solutions thatwere developed during the evolution of middleware platforms for the distributed processing of datafrom the LHC experiments, but oriented to JINR-based experiments. The basis for the integration ofcomponents to the system is the usage of a common authentication and authorization service. Thisarticle presents the experience of integrating the CRIC information system and the Airflow-basedworkflow management system with the JINR SSO authentication service.


Abstract. In order to examine the role of the liver in the disposal of endogenous growth hormone and prolactin, the hepatic uptake of both pituitary hormones was determined directly in healthy men in the basal state (n = 12) and after stimulation of growth hormone and prolactin production by an intravenous arginine load (30 g/30 min; n = 5) and exercise (n = 3). The hepatic venous catheter technique was employed.


Objectives: This study aimed at comparing head posture and skeletal antero posterior jaw relationship in different sex groups. Materials and methods: the study group consisted of 505 lateral cephalograms representing skeletal groups of Class I,II, and III based on ANB angle.Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to gender : subgroup 1 (females) and subgroup 2 (males). Several cephalometric parameters and head posture variable were measured on the cephalograms . Head posture variables were compared in different antero-posterior jaw relationship and different sex groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: In the total sample, the only significant difference in head posture variable between different skeletal classes was NSL_Ver (P<0.05) between Class II and Class III skeletal relationships. There were significant differences in most of the head posture variables between both genders in the total sample at different P levels. Conclusion: Class II patients exhibited more head extension relative to the true vertical plane than Class III patients. Females exhibiting more head extension relative to the cervical column than males, more forward cervical inclination and more cervical curvature also were noticed in females than males in the total sample. (1180) Waleed El Sayed Refaat E.D.J. Vol. 63, No. 2 on 136 patients with no regard to age and gender; he found significant correlations between head posture and antero-posterior jaw relationships. D'Attilio et al. (2005)17 conducted a study on children only ,they found several differences in head posture variables among different anteroposterior skeletal relationships. It would be of importance to investigate if there is any direct or indirect relationship between antero-posterior skeletal pattern and head posture. So in this study, head posture variables were examined and compared in subjects with different antero-posterior jaw relationships, taking the effect of age into consideration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials A total sample of adult 505 lateral cephalograms were included in the study. The inclusion criteria for the subjects enrolled in the study were: 1. No previous orthodontic or orthognathic surgical treatment. 2. No cervical spine disorder or deformity. 3. The first four cervical vertebrae are included in the lateral cephalogram. Classification According to Antero-Posterior Skeletal Relationship. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the antero-posterior skeletal relationship based on the value of ANB angle. Furthermore, subjects in each group were subdivided into two age groups; subgroup 1 included females and subgroup 2 included males. Group I: Class I skeletal relationship (ANB angle = 3°± 1) This group comprised 184 subjects( with a mean ANB of 3.0° ± 0.82) was subdivided into two subgroups: subgroup 1 consisted of 113 subjects. subgroup 2 consisted of 71 subjects. Group II: Class II skeletal relationship (ANB angle > 4 degrees) This group comprised 177 subjects( with a mean ANB of 6.07° ± 1.19) was subdivided into two subgroups. sub group 1 consisted of102 subjects and subgroup2 consisted of 75 subjects . Group III: Class III skeletal relationship (ANB angle < 2 degrees) This group comprised 144 subjects (with a mean ANB of -0.75° ± 1.93) was subdivided into two subgroups. sub group 1 consisted of 78 subjects, and subgroup 2 consisted of 66 subjects .


it is about the great problem that teachers and coaches, trying to determine the impact of the lack of planning of the technical fundamentals of football in the sub 7 level are in the first part, this is because: A lack of knowledge about how to plan, how to find out a specific order of teaching and learning intended stimulus to the development of the capacities of children. It is also due to the lack of training of coaches, teachers in teaching the technical foundations, based on a certain logical process that may lead to the stimulation and development of children. The lack of coaches, teachers in appropriate applications of methods and principles in teaching the technical fundamentals of football. A lack of resources and using the same sporting equipment in different categories that are divided by age. The lack of a systematic process in the teaching and learning of the technical fundamentals of football to recreational level. Causing enormous problems in children motor skills development executing harming natural movements and other exercises. And that working children by age and adequate sports equipment and are age-appropriate always seeking to stimulate and develop their motor skills or motor. Even when working with the under 7 have to take into account the planning, the technical fundamentals of football should be taught with attachments should work with them to recreational level always looking intend the child to have fun.


AbstractThis paper reports a new species of Phytomastax B.-Bienko from Xingjiang. Thetype specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Normal University.Phytomostax tianshanensis sp. nov. (figs. 1--8)This new species is allied to Phytomastax artemisiana B.-Bienko 1949 and Pkytomastax hissarica (B.-Bienko) 1947. It differs from the former in the vertex rounded into the frontal ridge: upper three ridges of hind femur and kneelopes withoutsmall spines; the lower margin of fossa antennalis of female as the same level of thelower margin of eye. It differs from the latter in the terminal part of all femorawith apical spines; with an incomplete transversal ridge between the vertex andfrontal ridge.Male unknown.Length of body: 15--16mm; length of pronotum: 2mm; length of hind femur: 9--9.5mm.Holotype , paratype 1, Xingjiang:Tekes, Sept. 6, 1989. Xi Bi-Xia.


Linear systems governed by continuous-time difference equations cover a wide class of linear systems. From the Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach, we investigate stability for such a class of systems. Sufficient conditions, and in some particular cases, necessary and sufficient conditions for exponential stability are established, for multivariable systems with commensurate or rationally independent delays. A discussion on robust stability is proposed, for parametric uncertainties and time-varying delays.


The present invention for blocking the ignition factors pressure and can be selected to discharge if the fluid through the dynamic relationship between the mass body, which can precisely control the discharge pressure of a fluid safety release valve and it comprises of a fluid discharged from the discharge pipe It relates to a safety device. To this end, the safety release valve is a hollow which is connected to the discharge pipe of the valve housing, a valve seat and a valve housing which is a mass body for opening and closing the exhaust port of the valve housing, a proof mass supported elastically supported to produce a mass elastically in the coupling on the valve housing state so that the mass body is possible lifting movement from the upper side, and a support cap for opening and closing the upper side of the valve housing, the buffer for receiving the fluid discharged from the mass body and the discharge pipe between the valve housing and a supporting cap according to the combination of the valve housing and the support cap space is formed, the pressure of the fluid discharged from the discharge pipe are adjusted in accordance with the change of the mass.


For the efficiency and simplicity of electric systems, the dc power electronic systems are widely used in a variety of applications such as electric vehicles, ships, and aircraft and in homes. In these systems, there could be a number of dynamic interactions and frequency coupling between network and loads and other converters. Hence, time-domain simulations are usually required to consider such a complex system behavior. However, simulations in the time domain may increase the calculation time and the utilization of computer memory. Furthermore, frequency coupling driven by multiple converters with different switching frequencies or harmonics from ac-dc converters makes that harmonics and frequency coupling are both problems of ac system and challenges of dc system. This paper presents the modeling and simulation methods of a large dc system by using the harmonic state space (HSS) modeling. Through this method, the required computation time and CPU memory can be reduced, where this faster simulation can be an advantage of a large network simulation. Besides, the achieved results show the same results as that of the nonlinear time-domain simulation. Furthermore, the HSS modeling can describe how the frequency components are coupled with each other through the different switching frequency of each converter.


There appears to be a divide in the literature between American and European approaches to European integration studies. This article discusses the differences between the two types of approaches, and what problems occur from having this divide. It is argued that IPE offers a venue for dialogue between those who focus exclusively on the EU (labelled here as "European approaches') and those who see the EU case to be part of more general phenomena and who seek to produce general theories ("American approaches'). The article suggests that IPE offers a useful body of literature to narrow the gap between " American' and "European' studies of European integration.


It illustrates merits of lightweight steel structure, it discusses design method of single-deck lightweight steel workshop building need attention from plane design、human design of cross section、feasible construction documents design、flexible outline design, which can reinforce reasonable design.


We report on a study of quasi-ballistic transport in deep submicron, inhomogeneous semiconductor structures, focusing on the analysis of signatures found in the full nonequilibrium electron distribution. We perform self-consistent numerical calculations of the Poisson-Boltzmann equations for a model n(+)-n(-)-n(+) GaAs structure and realistic, energy-dependent scattering. We show that, in general, the electron distribution displays significant, temperature dependent broadening and pronounced structure in the high-velocity tail of the distribution. The observed characteristics have a strong spatial dependence, related to the energy-dependence of the scattering, and the large inhomogeneous electric field variations in these systems. We show that in this quasi-ballistic regime, the high-velocity tail structure is due to pure ballistic transport, whereas the strong broadening is due to electron scattering within the channel, and at the source(drain) interfaces.


This paper investigates the relay selection (RS) problem for multi-hop full-duplex relay networks where multiple source–destination (SD) pairs compete for the same pool of relays, under the attack of multiple eavesdroppers. To enhance the physical-layer security, within a given coherence time, our objective is to jointly assign the available relays at each hop to different SD pairs to maximize the minimum secrecy rate among all pairs. Two RS schemes, optimal RS and suboptimal RS (SRS), are proposed for two-hop networks based on global channel state information (CSI) and only SD pairs CSI, respectively. Since all users can communicate within the same coherence time, our joint RS schemes are important for the user-fairness and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. To evaluate the performance, the exact secrecy outage probability of the SRS scheme is derived under two residual self-interference models. The asymptotic analysis shows that the SRS scheme achieves full diversity. A relay-based jamming scheme is also proposed by using unassigned relays for user communications. Finally, the two-hop RS schemes and the analysis are extended to the general multi-hop network with multiple eavesdroppers. The numerical results reveal interesting fundamental trends where the proposed schemes can significantly enhance the secrecy performance.


In response to recent upgrade of the raytracing code for the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) in LHD, transient electron thermal transport is reanalyzed. The upgraded code LHDGauss-U takes into account the oblique injection of the ECH ray to magnetic field line. The obtained results show reduced transport hysteresis widths by up to ∼ 20% where the heating absorption is less significant, but qualitative features of the transport hysteresis reported in previous studies are found to be preserved.


The use of Artificial Intelligence approaches as NPCs in games is a very common practice, as they seek to convey the impression to players that these characters are somewhat autonomous. One of the approaches used is the technique called NEAT, which consists of making use of artificial neural networks together with genetic algorithms to manage the topology, connections, and weights of a network in an adaptive way. This work presents the proposal to create an NPC for games in a subcategory of board games, those based on bluff and incomplete information. The game used as a case study is One Night Ultimate Werewolf, a social deduction game, so that information is incomplete for players, and part of them must use the bluff in order to confuse other players. The objective is to evaluate the possibility of modeling the behaviors of this type of game for the application of NEAT.


Residual oil is defined as underground crude oil that cannot be produced even after a reservoir is produced by a certain oil production method. The reserve of remaining oil is determined by many parties, and oilfield development time, geological characteristics, crude oil characteristics, oil displacement agent types, production technology and deployment principles all have certain influences. Facing the sustainable development, this paper analyzes the optimized design method of high-angle directional well trajectory, the development characteristics, residual potential and development effect of actually drilled sand bodies, clarifies the characteristics of high-angle directional excavation, further explores the potential of high-angle directional excavation of fault edges, and realizes the high-efficiency tapping of fault edges. Through practice, the residual oil in the corner of fault is excavated directionally with high inclination, and the effect is remarkable. By adopting the techniques of maintaining upper wellbore straightness and speed, strengthening directional deviation and stabilizing deviation drilling, optimizing mud performance and hydraulic parameters, and cooperating with the drilling process of appropriately breaking the rock debris bed, the problems of large deviation, long control section, and strict target area requirements in the highly inclined directional well of Pu181-155 well have been effectively solved. At the same time, downhole accidents have been reduced, mechanical drilling speed has been improved, and drilling cycle has been shortened.


Objectives. To determine the physical activity (PA) level and the association with excessive internet use among adolescents of "Mi Peru" district, in the Cal...


It is believed that the moisture that is inherently present in nondried wood-fibers adversely affects the cell morphology of plastic/wood-fiber composite foams processed in extrusion. Based on this hypothesis, achieving a continuous extrusion-based production of fine-celled plastic/wood-fiber composite foams witha desirable quality would be strongly conditioned by the efficiency of the system designed for uninterrupted wood-fiber moisture elimination. This paper presents an innovative approachin addressing this problem by implementing the well-known cascade devolatilizing system in a chemical blowing agent (CBA) based production of plastic/wood-fiber composite foams. It comprises a moisture-evaporation tandem extrusion system equipped witha vent at the interconnection of the two extruders to serve for purging the moisture in the atmosphere. In order to check the performance of the newly developed system, an experimental study has been carried out for comparing the cell morphology and the volume expansion ratios of the foams obtained by processing identically formulated foamable plastic/wood-fiber composite mixtures using simultaneously the cascade devolatilizing tandem extrusion system and a corresponding single extruder withno vent. The experimental results revealed that the foams produced by using the cascade devolatilizing tandem system exhibited significantly improved cell morphologies and surface quality.


The purpose of this investigation was to isolate and identify some fruit spoilage fungi (FSF) and screening for cell wall degrading enzyme pectinase. Pectinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that play an important role in food processing industry and a lcoholic beverage industry. 7 FSF cultures were isolated from apple, banana, kiwi, lemon, mango and orange and identified based on morphological and microscopic characteristics. Out of 7 fungal isolates 5 were identified as belonging to Aspergillussp. and one each belonging to Fusariumsp. and Trichodermasp. Identified fugal isolates were then screened for pectinase production. 4 isolates belonging to Aspergillussp. showed pectinolytic effect as they produced zone of hydrolysis due to degradatio n of pectin by the pectinase. Further these isolates were subjected to pectinase production and pectinase activity was estimated by dinitrosalicylic acid method. Pectinase activity showed that FSF7 (isolated from orange) produced maximum (156.80U/ml) and FSF5 (isolated from lemon) minimum (102.54U/ml) enzyme after incubation of 120hours. Process parameters such as pH, temperature, incubation time, carbon and nitrogen source were optimized for FSF7 to maximize the pectinase production. Temperatue 35∞C, pH 7,


Reverberation mapping methods have been used to measure masses in about three dozen AGNs. The consistency of the virial masses computed from line widths and time delays, the relationship between black hole mass and host-galaxy stellar bulge velocity dispersion, and the consistency with black hole masses estimated from stellar dynamics in the two cases in which such determinations are possible all indicate that reverberation mass measurements are robust and are accurate to typically a factor of a few. The reverberation-mapped AGNs are of particular importance because they anchor the scaling relationships that allow black hole mass estimation based on single spectra. We discuss potential sources of systematic error, particularly with regard to how the emission line widths are measured.


This report examined the extent to which individuals from 60 same-sex romantic couples (30 gay male and 30 lesbian dyads) who disclosed their same-sex attractions to the world and family (i.e., were `out') were more likely than their relatively closeted counterparts to share higher quality relationships. Using a multimethod approach that included the `Big Five' personality dimensions as covariates, participants completed questionnaires about their relationships and discussed a disagreement in their relationship while being videotaped. Individuals who were out to the world — and individuals who had partners that reported being out — tended to (i) report greater relational satisfaction and (ii) display more positive relative to negative affect during dyadic interactions. Associations generally held controlling for personality traits among both gay male and lesbian couples.


The robust, twin-piston reciprocating pump is at the heart of systems for pumping concrete. Both manufacturers and contractors have shown great ingenuity in adapting it and developing associated equipment for the constricted spaces and long distances encountered in underground working and tunnelling. A number of them developed by various manufacturers are highlighted.


The reputation of men whose behaviours are orientated to values that praise virility is studied. Whatever the acts that may have been committed, their social impact depends on the comments they provoke. Reputation implies rivalry, since if it is acquired within a peer group, it also develops against these peers. Jealousy drives those who lack prestige to humiliate those who have it. Young delinquents care particularly about their reputation and respect they command. Incarceration increases the importance of these values and the brutality of rivalries and tends to deteriorate the relationships between young delinquents.


Disaster risk means the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets to which could occur to a system, society, or community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically with relation to risk, exposure, and susceptibility (UNISDR, 2019). In times of calamities, MDRRMU plays a crucial role in assisting residents. This study is being undertaken to determine the residents' satisfaction with the MDRRMU in Estancia, Iloilo. As a result, the purpose of this research was to see how satisfied residents were with the performance of Estancia MDRRMU. This study used the descriptive method of research and a researcher modified questionnaire was used to gather data. Conducted in the municipality of Estancia, located in the northern part of Iloilo province, 501 randomly selected residents of the municipality were the respondents of the study. Result shows that residents were satisfied with the performance of MDRRMU. To improve residents' satisfaction, the MDRRMU should be proactive in educating people in Estancia about disaster management and strengthening its MDRRM Council with clear and enumerated functions, responsibilities, and coordination.


Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization (MALDI) is a very powerful and widely used mass spectrometric technique for ionizing high-molecular-weight compounds. The most commonly used, dried-droplet (DD) technique can lead to a concentration distribution of the analyte on the sample carrier and is therefore often not suitable for reproducible analyses. A newly developed solvent-free deposition, called the compressed-sample technique (CS), prevents the uneven distribution of the analytes caused by the crystallization of the compounds and allows the quantitative analysis of various compound classes with high correlation coefficients. In the present work, the CS technique for MALDI mass spectrometry was optimized for mass resolution and reproducibility. The drilled sample carrier showed a significant loss in mass resolution due to the inhomogeneous electrical field. In contrast, the addition of metal powder greatly improved the mass resolution in analyzing at greater laser raster widths and gave an increase in intensity. Furthermore, the drilled targets with a groove present were replaced by a new target design with a completely flat surface. Simultaneously, the drill diameter was reduced from two millimeters to one. This reduced the amount of sample and generated stabler sample surfaces. MALDI-Imaging analyses showed that the metal-powder additive and the smooth surface of the new target design resulted in a highly homogeneous sample surface. Thus, the shot-to-shot reproducibility could be further increased over the entire sample surface. In addition, the extremely user-dependent and time-consuming sample preparation by grinding in a mortar was replaced by a new grinding method. Several ball mills of various manufacturers were implemented to optimize the grinding process for reproducibility and the ability to handle 20-mg samples. Only one ball mill was suitable to achieve reproducible analyses and to allow the use of small grinding vessels. Therefore, stainless steel vessels were made with an inner volume of 400 μL. The grinding time and the material and size of the balls were optimized. Under optimized conditions, six samples can be ground simultaneously within 15 minutes; this delivers reproducible results from sample to sample as well as from day to day. After optimization as described, the CS method was used for the quantification of low-molecular-weight peptides as well as derivatized carbohydrates; it provided correlation coefficients of at least 0.99. Comparison of the dried-droplet and the compressed-sample techniques for the analysis of a peptide mixture showed that two of seven peptides could not be detected by the DD technique. Only an increase of the concentration showed signals, still weak, for these two peptides. The results also demonstrated that with the DD technique the reproducibility from well to well is not guaranteed, the relative standard deviations being as much as 60%. In contrast, relative standard deviations of as little as 11% can be achieved with the CS technique. The large uncertainty of the results obtained with the DD technique because of the different degrees of crystallization of the analytes during the sample application confirmed that no quantitative and only in a limited manner qualitative statements can be made with this technique. Even the analysis of chemically closely related molecules such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates proved the weaknesses of the solventbased sample preparation technique, while the solvent-free technique provided reproducible and reliable results. The CS method, however, achieved a relative standard deviation of less than 9% and proved the applicability of this method. Furthermore, carbohydrate-containing real samples were analyzed, and the parameters cationization agent and matrix, which must always be determined empirically for a MALDI analysis, were optimized by means of the principalcomponent analysis. With both the CS and the DD techniques, mass spectra of high quality could be achieved with the principal-component analysis. In addition, peptide-containing real samples obtained by extraction from plants were also analyzed successfully when the sample was desalinated in a pretreatment. Finally, relative response factors were determined for the analysis of carbohydrates and their derivatized homologues, as well as for fatty alcohol ethoxylates by the CS technique. The ionization in a MALDI analysis takes place for all substances simultaneously. Thus, competing reactions among the analytes and the matrix used can quickly lead to ion suppression. However, the addition of further ionizable components in competition with the analyte does not affect the determination of the relative response factors, so that constant relative response factors can be obtained in this way.


The thesis of the paper is that the hierarchical structure of organizations contributes to the explanation of the well-known firm size-wage effect. A theoretical analysis elaborates why and how wages may depend on hierarchical position and span of control. It is argued that wage premiums for supervisors add to the explanation of the firm size-wage effect, but that an effect of span of control should not be expected. In empirical analyses, both hypotheses are confirmed. The hierarchical structure of organizations explains at least 4 and at most 48 per cent of the wage gap between large and small firms.


The main result in this paper is an extension of T. D. Zhong's for the boundary properties of a Bochner-Martinelli type integral on a bounded domain with C2 -smooth boundary and on a manifold with C2 -smooth boundary to a Stein manifold with piecewise smooth boundaries (even to non-closed piecewise smooth Stein manifold). Using the local expression of the Henkin-Leiterer kernel in term of usual Bochner-Martinelli type kernel defined on Stein manifolds, the author proves a more general Plemelj formula: are both belong to H (v bD) for the Bochner-Martinelli transform on piecewise smooth manifolds.


Preface 1. Is Childhood being Sexualized? 2. Fashion and Sexualization 3. Children's Products and Sexualization 4. Magazines and Sexualization 5. Television and Sexualization 6. Music and Sexualization 7. Advertising and Sexualization 8. Pornography and Sexualization 9. Digital Media and Sexualization Bibliography


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Abstract We report an efficient one-pot route for the synthesis of symmetrical dialkyl trithiocarbonates from alkyl halides using carbon disulfide and a basic ionic liquid 1,1′-bis-methyl-3, 3-methylene-bisimidazolium dihydroxide as a reagent and phase-transfer catalyst.


Background: Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder characterized by intermittent episodes of mania or depression, with an absence of symptoms in between. During these episodes, people with bipolar disorder exhibit disruptions in normal mood, psychomotor activity, the level of physical activity that is influenced by mood Aim of the study: Was to assess the effect of caregiver's expressed emotions on clinical outcomes of patients with bipolar disorder. Research design: Descriptive / correlations design was used in this study. Setting: Psychiatric and Mental Health Hospital in Benha city, Qalubia Governorate. Subject: A purposive sample consist of (80) bipolar disorder patients and their caregivers from the previous study setting. Tools: Three tools were used for data collection. Tool (1):a structured interviewing questionnaire sheet was used to collect data about socio demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied sample. Tool (2):Camber Well Family Interview to assess patients families about their response to patients illness. Tool (3):to assess symptoms of patients with mood disorders. Results: There was a positive statistically correlation between total caregivers' expressed emotion and total patients' clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Patients with highexpressed emotion caregivers have been found to have poorer management of their health condition and poorer clinical outcome than those with lowexpressed emotion. Recommendations: Designing a systematically continuous family intervention programs in psychiatric hospitals that provide proper information and psychological support ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ


The polyurethane waterproof and insulation system adopted for the external wall of a high rise building in Shanghai has good integrity,high strength,excellent waterproof and insulation performance.It facilitates construction,shortens construction time,and has reached good effect.


Regional security arrangements play a central role in modifying emerging norms as they travel from the global to the local level. This process of norm localization is shaped by various factors such as the characteristics of regional security cultures, corresponding resonance with the emerging norm, institutional voice opportunities, and mechanisms of framing and pruning as they are utilized by norm entrepreneurs. The article applies this analytical framework to the localization of the responsibility to protect (R2P) norm by the African Union and the European Union. Subsequently, the paper examines how localization of the R2P norm in both regions affected their reactions to the Libyan crisis in 2011. It also examines the likely ramifications that the intervention may have on the future reception of the R2P by African and European actors.


Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide: with greater than 160,000 deaths reported in the US in 2008 and a dismal 15% 5-year survival rate, there is a clear need for improved therapeutic approaches. Considering the increasing evidence for the role of cancer stem cells (CSC) in driving tumor initiation and metastases, development of model systems to isolate and characterize such populations in lung cancer would provide important tools to drive discovery of novel therapeutic modalities. We recently reported application of selective culture conditions to generate novel cell lines from colon cancer that exhibit CSC properties (1). Here we apply a similar approach to lung cancer. Methodology: Freshly resected NSLC tissue was obtained, processed and cultured using serum-free defined culture media previously developed for fetal lung stem cells (2). Expanded cell lines were characterized for their tumor initiating properties in NSG mice upon implantation under the sub-renal capsule. Cell populations generated from lung cancer under serum-containing conditions served as controls. Tumors were analyzed by HE these tumors recapitulated the morphology of the patient9s original tumor, with mixed features that included differentiation into both adeno- and squamous-type carcinoma. Within 16 weeks, spontaneous metastases were observed to the lung, liver and pancreas. Gene array analyses of LUCA22 cells compared to control populations revealed up-regulation of genes associated with the Wnt and TGF-beta pathways, while flow cytometry identified over-expression of several CSC-associated cell surface proteins, including CD44. Conclusion: Novel NSCL cell lines have been derived from primary tumor specimens by employing culture conditions previously established for tissue stem cells. These lines display key features ascribed to CSC including the capacity to recapitulate the original tumor morphology from where they were derived and the ability to spontaneously metastasize. Gene array analysis and mAbs library panning of the cell lines are being applied to identify lead opportunities for targeting lung cancer stem cells. References: (1) Roberts et al., 2010, ISSCR Annual Meeting Abstract #840; (2) Roberts et al., 1990, Amer J Physiol: 3:415 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 502. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-502


Stress is an increasingly recognized phenomenon that has negative effects on growing numbers of people. Stress assessment is a complex issue, but different studies have shown that monitoring user psychophysiological parameter during daily life can be greatly helpful in stress evaluation. In this study a wearable biosensor platform able to collect physiological and behavioral parameters is reported. The developed wearable platform, in terms of hardware and processing algorithms, is described. Moreover the use of this wearable biosensor platform in combination with advanced simulation technologies, such as virtual reality offer interesting opportunities for innovative personal health-care solutions to stress. A recently founded European project, "INTERSTRESS-Interreality in the management and treatment of stress-related disorders," will take into account these relevant aspects.


Procedural level generation techniques that learn local neighborhoods from example levels (such as WaveFunctionCollapse) have risen in popularity. Usually the neighborhood structure (such as a regular grid) onto which a level is generated is fixed in advance and not generated. In this work, we present a constraint-based approach for graph generation that learns local neighborhood patterns (in the form of labeled nodes and edges) from example graphs. This allows the approach to generate graphs with varying structures that are still locally similar to the examples. We demonstrate the approach on several applications, such as abstract graphs describing Legend of Zelda dungeons. Additionally, using Super Mario Bros. levels, we show how techniques that run on a grid may be considered a special case of graph generation where each tile is a node connecting to its neighboring tiles' nodes.


In this paper we present the procedure for the design and 3-D printing of Sclero-Corneal Surface (SCS) models based on real ocular morphological data and its use in the Optometry laboratory of the Optics and Optometry Degree in the practical classes of Advanced Contactology. Learning about what is a correct fitting of rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses (CL) is acquired through the theoretical study of examples of adaptations and the subsequent practice of different and repeated placements of RGP CLs on human SCSs. This learning procedure is limited by the impossibility of repeated use of some LCs due to the need to disinfect them, the lack of ease in placement that reduces practice time, the discomfort suffered by the student-patient (SP) that prevents supporting certain CLs and the lack of varied geometries of SCSs between the SPs causes a learning deficit since multiple scenarios are not available. The use of SCS models as an ocular surface in which to test different RGP CLs resolves these limitations in addition to strengthening the student's training on geometric parameters by getting involved in the design and manufacture of the models.


A short lyrical work based on music form the opera A Better Place, and in particular on the melancholy descending scales and rising fifths associated with the character of Suzanne. This is a small character portrait of Suzanne, with the omnipresent character of the river as her backdrop.


This study was carried out in order to develop likert type scale that will be used for assessing attitudes towards "Individual Instrument" class. Stages of developing the scale can be lined in this way: Firstly, literature review was made which was the beginning stage of the study. Similar studies were analyzed, a basic idea was created and 60 students in Gazi University, Faculty of Fine Arts Education, Department of Music Education, in 2010 academic year's fall semester attended the study and they were required to write compositions about their views on individual instrument class. In scope of the obtained data, a draft scale made of 36 items including 20 positive and 16 negative propositions was prepared. Draft scale was sent to professionals for content validity, and in line with feedbacks, scale was rearranged and conducted on 373 students studying vocational music in various universities. Structural validity of the scale was determined by making factor analysis. Varimax rotation principle component analysis was used in factor analysis. On the other hand, internal consistency coefficient of the scale and total item correlations were calculated and it was determined that Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient was α=0,947, KaiserMeyer Olkin (KMO) was 0, 96. When all of these obtained data is analyzed, it can be said that Individual Instrument Class Attitude Scale is a valid and reliable scale.


Application to modeling a river, especially in the handling of floods, the data requires a very thorough profile of the river. In this study analysis will be conducted of the accuracy of a river profile generated from LiDAR measurements. To obtain the elevation accuracy of LiDAR data a comparation between the data extracted from LiDAR data compared with the stream profile measurement results using a Total Station (TS).
The area selected for this study is the Code River measured from the north (North Ring Road) to the south (Amarto bridge) with the criteria of data samples taken are natural cliffs, artificial cliffs, open areas, residential areas, and tree-covered areas. Points of measurement were decided by measuring the cross section of the river using a Total Station (TS), while the cross section profiles taken include toe, cress, and rivers. Used in this study were DEM obtained from the data processed TIN created from point clouds. Comparison of the cross section points was performed by comparing the height difference between the results of measurements using a Total Station (TS) with the result of the extraction of LiDAR DEM to obtain the elevation accuracy tolerance of the river profile.
The results of this study is presented in the form of a cross section data of field measurements using a Total Station (TS) and the cross section of the point clouds and DEM extracted LiDAR data. From the results of the comparison it is indicated that the test point data from field measurements using Total Station (TS) is as good as point clouds and DEM extracted LiDAR data. RMSE values obtained from the data point clouds are 1,338 m and the average elevation was 0.380 m and for DEM the RMSE values obtained are 2.018 m and 0.446 m for the average elevation.


This is a provisional status report of biophysics activities in Africa. We start by highlighting the importance of biophysics research and development for every country's economy in the 21st century. Yet, the amount of biophysics activity in African countries varies between woefully little to nothing at all. We present a scope of biophysics research on the continent based on a pilot scientometrics study. We discuss a number of existing multinational programmes and infrastructure initiatives and propose a Pan African Professional Society for Biophysics. We emphasize the need for education, infrastructure and career development, and conclude with a list of suggested recommendations for expedited development of biophysics research on the continent.


ABSTRACT:
 Tree cavities are vital resources for many animals, especially birds and mammals. We aimed to determine density of cavity resources in coniferous spruce-pine (Pinus/Picea genera) stands of the Białowieża Forest, Poland, and to correlate their presence with tree species composition, and characteristics of trees and stands (condition, DBH, basal area). We conducted studies in spruce-pine stands with no (national park), medium (seminatural reserves), and high (managed forest) management activity. We measured all trees within 50-m × 50-m sample plots (eight plots in each zone) and searched for all tree cavities. The highest density of cavities was observed in the national park (12.5/ha) and the lowest in managed plots (3.0/ha). Most cavities were found in dead trees (74.4%), mainly in pines Pinus sylvestris L. The basal area of dead pines within the stand was the best predictor of cavity presence on sample plots. Our results confirm a key role of pine snags in natural coniferous stands. Forest management leads to dramatic reduction of tree cavity resources in managed stands. We suggest that the leaving or creation of pine snags is the most effective method of providing or retaining cavity resources in commercial coniferous forests in Europe.


An intermolecular RhII-catalyzed, formal (4 + 3)-cycloaddition between vinyl ketenes and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles for the construction of azepinone products is described. Employing vinyl ketenes as a 1,4-dipolar surrogate, instead of the more commonly used dienyl moieties, allows for the intermolecular and selective formation of azepinone products over a potential (3 + 2)-cycloadduct under mild reaction conditions allows for the generation of azepinone products in up to 98% yield.


A method to optimize the arrangement of an fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array is described to address the need to improve the accuracy of impact localization for aerospace vehicles. The sensitive area of the FBG, which is approximately elliptical, is analyzed using finite element simulation and experimental measurement. Based on this analysis, three optimized FBG sensing arrangements are proposed to improve the coverage of the FBG sensitive area at the center, located on the side and corner positions of an experimental test sample when subject to an impact.. By employing the inverse problem analysis method in multiple repetitions of impact localization experiments, the accuracy of impact localization is improved from 74% with the traditional 4-corner arrangement to 84%, 88%, and 91% respectively for the three arrangements, demonstrating the effectiveness of the optimized FBG array arrangement method.


The present contribution focuses on a recently developed model of microstructure evolution. The model is based on a phase field approach, which takes account of kinetic effects in solidification of alloys and intermetallic compounds. It further incorporates crystal orientation as an additional field variable, which evolves through a Monte-Carlo algorithm. Combination of the phase field approach with Monte-Carlo algorithm allows for physically meaningful and computationally effective simulation of microstructure in polycrystalline and intermetallic forming systems. The paper includes various examples of simulated microstructures in different thermal processes.


Determination of technetium in the products of reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel is an important problem for the atomic industry. At the present time, radiometric [1, 2] and mass spectral [3, 4] methods and Xray fluorescence analysis [5] are mainly used for this purpose. However, radiometric methods involve preliminary separation of technetium from other radioactive isotopes and the other methods call for expensive instrumentation and are unsuitable for "in-the-field" determination of technetium (at spent fuel storage facilities and reprocessing plants).


In this paper we propose to improve smart cities frameworks based on enterprise architecture with territorial governance for managing Covid-19 crisis using GIS technology. With GIS technology, smart cities are able to meet their technological challenges through the information and technology infrastructure. In the same context, we found that many Enterprise Architecture frameworks are used to build smart cities but we found also that they do not completely explore data, application, and technology aspects and they didn't take business process and services into consideration. In this paper we propose to improve theses frameworks by considering territorial governance which will rise to a more sustainable territorial development. Territorial governance is considered as a modality or mechanism for effective coordination of actors or organizational entities in a territory. We think that EAF are the only frameworks which are able to support all the perspectives and roles defined in a territorial governance approach. Through using GIS technology, we will be able to implement effectively these artifacts.


The nervous system of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata (Leidy) and Euclymene oerstedi (Claparede) (= Caesicirrus neglectus [Arwidsson, '11‐'12]) retains its primitive association with the epidermis. It shows only slight metamerism in the presence of larger collections of neurones opposite the parapodia and of larger nerves at the segmental boundaries. Multicellular giant fibers are present in the ventral nerve cord; giant neurones which show a characteristic pattern of distribution in each species are also present. The cerebral ganglia supply nerves to the prostomial wall, nuchal grooves and the wall of the buccal cavity, and a pair of large nerves from the circumpharyngeal connectives also appear to join the buccal system. The organs of special sense are the elongated prostomial nuchal grooves, and prostomial ocelli in Euclymene but not in Clymenella. Statocysts are absent.


This article investigates whether (a) lexical elaboration (LE), typographical enhancement (TE), or a combination, and (b) explicit or implicit LE affect 297 Korean learners' acquisition of English vocabulary. The learners were asked to read one of six versions of an experimental text that contained 26 target words. The study adopted a 2 × 3 MANOVA design with TE and LE as two independent variables and form- and meaning-recognition vocabulary posttests as two dependent variables. The TE had two levels, enhanced and unenhanced, and the LE had three levels, explicit, implicit, and unelaborated. The results were (a) LE alone did not aid form recognition of vocabulary, (b) explicit LE alone aided meaning recognition of vocabulary, (c) TE alone did not aid form and meaning recognition of vocabulary, (d) LE and TE combined did not aid form recognition of vocabulary, (e) both explicit and implicit LE aided meaning recognition of vocabulary, (f) explicit and implicit LE did not differ in their effect on form and meaning recognition of vocabulary, and (g) whether a text was further enhanced in addition to either explicit or implicit LE did not seem to affect the acquisition of the previously unknown words' forms or meanings.


This paper discusses the integration of unit tests into a first semester programming course. The students were supplied with unit tests to support their learning and assessments. A questionnaire was completed by the student cohort about their use and perceptions of these unit tests. As a result of both the students and our experiences we examine the advantages and disadvantages of introducing unit tests early and make some pedagogical recommendations for the introduction and use of unit tests in first year programming.


Most of the theories pertaining to Human Resource Management, we follow especially in the developing countries like Pakistan have become time irrelevant. In the fast pace of technological developments, in last about fifty years the human needs, wants, physical and group requirements have tremendously changed. Urge to compete and win over has left the human values far behind. So has been the change in human behavior within the group, organizations and societies. Due to emerging sense of insecurity, individuals feel protected under the umbrella of religion, cultural grouping and compulsory alliances which means group and societal polarization. It means spending most of the energies on rivalries and frictions within the organizations. In this backdrop, the old theories of tackling the human behaviors appear to have lost their relevance. Examples are of Maslow' Need Theory, Herzberg's Motivation Hygiene Theory, Equity Theory and so on and so forth. Interestingly almost all such theories are still taught as part of the curriculum in countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka etcetera. We don't ask question, rather try to justify the applicability of all these theories. Contrarily, we find change in human wants, needs and preference of life, so has to be the behaviors. Therefore, there is a need to challenge the viability of these theories in the contemporary settings of technological dominance. In this backdrop, the paper focuses on analyzing the applicability of these theories in the materialistically dominant human behavior of prevailing times. Accordingly, it suggests a working model for organizational functioning of firms and organizations of developing world which greatly impact the developed world in many ways.


The Internet of things (IoT)-based smart grid system is a burning tool for ensuring smart home automation monitoring systems, smart billing systems, and smart energy distribution. Smart grid has the advantage to integrate renewable energy resources (RESs) into the conventional grid that can reduce the effects of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This paper focuses on demonstrating the bidirectional power flow between generation units and the consumer's unit, smart energy metering, and home automation system. Solar photovoltaic (PV) system is supplies power to the home appliance with the grid and when the power solar PV is sufficient, it can contribute to the grid. The smart billing system provides the billing information to the users through message. Home automation system benefits the consumer to distribute energy efficiently s and to control home appliances from anywhere in the world. The proposed research work is implemented practically to verify the feasibility of the system. ESP32 with GSM module is incorporated into the system as the controller. The real-time data of voltage, current, and power are collected from the ThinkSpeak server. The error is calculated from the measured data and the actual data and is illustrated graphically. The average percentage of error for solar power is 7.542989% and for the grid is 3.443207%.


Introduction The institutional set-up of European Monetary Union (EMU) is unique. Monetary policy is centralised at the supranational level, but many other policies with macroeconomic impact remain at the national level. This decentralised decision-making produces externalities, which are not correctly internalised in the decisionmaking procedures. The problem is not new and has received some attention with respect to fiscal policy.2 It is much less regarded in the field of wage bargaining, presumably because markets are supposed to work efficiently. But experience reported in this paper shows that labour markets remain local markets and wage bargainers behave as


We construct a Ramsey-type model where households recycle waste generated by con- sumption and the non-recycled waste has negative externality. The aim of this paper is the following two points. Firstly, we examine a structural change process from \a linear economy" based on consumption-disposal toward \a sound material-cycle economy" or \a circular economy" based on consumption-recycling. Secondly, we examine dynamics of op- timal consumption tax and recycling subsidy. Additionally, we discuss the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Previous theoretical literature explains the mechanism of the EKC through changes in production sectors such as an introduction of abatement technology or technological change. In contrast, this paper tries to explain the EKC through the aforementioned structural change process.


Gas hydrate with high concentration was drilled in Shenhu area,the northern slope of the South China Sea in 2007. However, there are some questions left puzzling us. Acid-degassed gases of sediment samples showed that values changing from -29.9% to -48.2%, indicates the existence of thermogenic gases, which is in accordance with the gas chimney below the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) identified from seismic profile. However, the gas type of the core sample indicated that gas hydrate is formed by the mixed gas with a major proportion of biogenetic gas. Additionally, in comparison with BSR discovered over the world, BSRs in Shenhu area are chaotic to identify. This study demonstrates that those above may result from the complicated geological circumstance. The relief shallow depositions in slope add to the complication of the gas hydrate analyses. The high resolution 3D seismic datasets and gas hydrate drilled wells, together with adjacent deep oil wells, can aid significantly to the reconstruction of the depositional, tectonic and eustatic history of the shallow layers and present a gas hydrate model to answer the questions.


Aiming at the problems in testing strata with low permeability,hydrogen sulfide-bearing wells and high temperature and pressure,a whole set of mature testing technology and doable construction programs are worked out,which turn out to be mature in technology,secure in construction and objective and accurate in testing results examined by practical construction.


Purpose: The aim of this research is examination of scientific production on badminton.
Material and Method: The data were obtained from studies published in the British Medical Journal, Eric, ULAKBIM National Databases, WOS, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and YÖK National Theses Center databases between 1939 and 2020. A total of 856 publications, including 624 articles, 134 proceedings papers, 71 MSc theses, and 27 PhD dissertations, were included in the research. The data obtained from these studies was analyzed using content analysis.
Results: The most publications were produced between 2016 and 2020. 751 publications in English and 105 in Turkish. The author distribution of the studies was found to be balanced. The articles were published in the SCI-Expanded database at most and the AHCI database at least. It was found out that there were a total of 134 proceedings papers, 90 of which were full texts and 44 were abstracts. Of the studies, 670 were quantitative, 105 were qualitative, 54 were mixed design, and 27 were reviews. Experimental design was used the most, and historical design was used the least. Stratified and simple random sampling methods, which are among the probability sampling methods, were mostly used. Most of the studies were conducted with athletes, and the least with trainers (coaches and teachers). In terms of subject matter, the most studies were conducted on exercise and sports physiology and the least on physical education, games, and recreation. The studies focused on physiological, anthropometric, and motoric measurements as the main themes.
Conclusion: As a result, new scientific studies on badminton with disabled people, trainers, primary and secondary school students, recreation, physical education, and games will contribute to the field.


I would like to qualify some of the remarks that were attributed to me in your article on why so many scientists are moving to the US (August pp10–11). First, I said that whereas there is more money on offer in the US, you also have to work for it. For example, American academics typically have only 9-month appointments and must compete for outside funding for their summer salaries. In Britain 12-month salaries are guaranteed.


The article introduce the verifying test of refueling system of China Experimental Fast Reactor.The purposes of the test is to check the performance of the equipment of refueling system,and to verify the requirement for the SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system,and to verify the refueling SCADA system.For these purposes the test platform and device were built.For the first time in China,the simulated automated refueling was realized on the platform.This test has established the base for the test of refueling system on CEFR.


This paper analyzes the introduction of fundamental physics in design education as a pedagogical method that brings interdisciplinarity into play. It presents the framework of three workshops that took place in a design school. For each workshop, a theme was chosen by the designers and the professor of physics: superconductivity in 2011, quantum physics in 2013 and light and optics in 2014. The authors suggest that introducing physics in a design curriculum was thought in terms of an "a fortiori" education program that would help practitioners to draw pertinent questions and responses whatever the situation. The authors suggest therefore that the curriculum had five goals that correspond to a model of design: affective (how to cope with uncertainty), reflexive learning (how to cope with processes rather than contents), cognitive (how to cope with non knowledge), economic (how to cope with the industrial society of innovation), and political (how to cope with the equality of disciplines and "indiscipline").


Software engineering students not only have to learn theoretical concepts but also how to successfully apply them in practice. Hence, projects are an important part of software engineering curricula. As software engineering methods and technologies are only relevant for non-trivial software systems, we report in this paper on a master-level software engineering project course in which a team of students developed a compiler for the Game Boy in a single semester. The students developed different languages and corresponding parsers to a common intermediate language, optimizations on the intermediate language, as well as a code generator for the Game Boy. We particularly present lessons learned by us and the students as well as potential course improvements.


An arbitrary beamforming scheme is analyzed in a 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) free-space optical (FSO) communication system. The probability density function (PDF) and moment generating function (MGF) of the instantaneous received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the receiver are derived for Gamma-Gamma distributed non-identical FSO links. We also consider the effect of zero-boresight misalignment errors where the radial misalignment is assumed to be Rayleigh distributed. Using the MGF of the SNR, the error performance of the considered FSO system is investigated. Specifically, we derive the expression for average symbol error rate (SER) for subcarrier intensity modulated (SIM) M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK). Contrary to the fact that repetition scheme (equal-weight beamforming) is optimal in identical channel conditions, it is observed in this paper that for non-identical turbulence channels, arbitrary beamforming with proper selection of weights can outperform the repetition beamforming.


According to 2008 game white paper, it is reported that both the game developer`s and the gamer`s dissatisfactions about a game design have been increased recently. It is required to enhance the style of the development work flow and the communication manners to reduce such dissatisfactions. This paper suggests a method which can be used not only to simplify the development work flow but also to provide a satisfactory communication skill between the developer and the users. By speculating the mental recognition model, a knowledge representation model based on UML(Unified Modeling language) has been devised. Our approach can be successfully employed to conceive the user feedback and to articulate the original game design elements, thus provides a more concrete and flexible design process.


The current state of innovation activity in economically developed countries is determined by the creation of the necessary socio-economic conditions for their entry into a new technological order. Therefore, at present, the role of the state is not only in organizing the innovation process, but also in regulating it, stimulating it, and directly financing the scientific and technological sphere. The specifics of the organization of financing of science and technology, the use of sources and the choice of forms of its implementation are determined primarily by the investment opportunities of a particular country, the role of the state, the specifics of the goals and tasks facing the national economy in the innovation sphere. The study of the current state of state financing of science in the Russian Federation is of particular interest, since it is the mechanism of effective management of federal budget funds that is designed to ensure the progressive socio-economic development of the country, as well as the activation of investment activities in the innovation sphere. The purpose of this study is to determine the features of the financing of Russian science in modern conditions and in historical terms. Various methods were used in the study: analytical, abstract-logical, systematic approach, statistical and economic analysis, the method of analogies, comparative and expert assessments, statistical data processing. As a result of the study, it was found that the situation in the field of science is far from ideal. The share of basic research in the structure of budget support is decreasing, despite the nominal increase in state funding. Our country lags significantly behind the developed countries in terms of such indicators as the share of budget expenditures on scientific research as part of total budget expenditures, as well as in relation to GDP. In addition, we can talk about the insufficient updating of the technological base and the complication of scientific research due to the low percentage of expenses for the purchase of equipment. Analyzing the sources of covering internal costs, we can conclude that despite the increase in the share of budget financing expenditures, business support for science is insignificant. Thus, the system of financing Russian science needs to be improved. In particular, it is necessary to increase state support for scientific infrastructure and human resources, while the allocation of budget funds should be based on the performance of each participant, which requires the creation of a system for monitoring and accounting for the commercialization of intellectual activity results.


In Education Sciences, the notion of 'competence' is widely used, both as an aim to be reached with students and as performance in teachers' education. This article advances a type of competence that is highly relevant for teachers' work, namely the 'ethical competence.' Ethical competence enables teachers to responsibly deal with the daily challenges arising from their professional roles. In this study, I put forward a definition of ethical competence and I propose a conceptual structure, both meant to support the illustration, description, and development of ethical competence for teachers.


The combination of fixed point homotopy method and simplicial subdivision method is called simply the fixed point homotopy method and that of Newton homotopy method and simplicial subdivision method is called simply the Newton homotopy method. Both methods are effective for calculating multiple load flow solutions of ill-conditioned power system while the Newton homotopy method is more effective than the fixed point homotopy method


Highlight text Transcriptional repression of STP1 is rapidly induced by phosphorylatable sugars through an HXK1-independent signalling pathway involving the participation of sugar-responsive cis elements localized in the promoter.


Coyne, J. A., and H. A. Orr. . Speciation. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Mayr, E. . Animal species and evolution. Boston: Belknap. Templeton, A. R. . Mechanisms of speciation: a population genetics approach. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics : –. Whitlock, M. C., and K. Fowler. . The changes in genetic and environmental variance with inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics : –.


The isolation and identification of eleven crystalline components from the aerial part of Cynanchum taiwanianum Yamazaki (Asclepiadaceae) are described. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral evidence and chemical transformation. Besides caffeic acid, β-amyrin, and methyl phaeophorbide a, the isolated flavonoid components are classified into two groups, i.e. kaempferol derivatives (kaempferol, astragalin, afzelin, trifolin) and quercetin derivatives (quercetin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, hyperin).


Pulsars are remarkable objects that emit across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, providing a powerful probe of the interstellar medium. In this study, we investigate the relation between dispersion measure (DM) and X-ray absorption column density NH using 68 radio pulsars detected at X-ray energies with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory or XMM-Newton. We find a best-fit empirical linear relation of , which corresponds to an average ionization of %, confirming the ratio of one free electron per 10 neutral hydrogen atoms commonly assumed in the literature. We also compare different NH estimates and note that some NH values obtained from X-ray observations are higher than the total Galactic H i column density along the same line of sight, while the optical extinction generally gives the best NH predictions.


The Metis are an aboriginal people with a long and important history in Canada - a people that has had its aboriginal rights denied for too long. We will describe in this paper how the Metis emerged and developed in the various parts of Canada, particularly the Northwest. We will also show how, in the Northwest, they were cheated out of their aboriginal rights, and elsewhere denied them entirely.


Ad-hoc networks, every node in the network communicates with other nodes directly or indirectly through intermediate nodes that relay its packets because of transmission power limit. So, all the nodes in the network are virtual routers participating in computing and maintaining the routes. Wireless LAN card can also form a temporary Ad-hoc network to share the files. Depending on the node's mobility, there are two types of Ad-hoc networks: Static Ad-hoc Networks and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). Sensor network is an example of a typical static Ad-hoc network since most sensors don't move at present. Typically, a sensor network is an equivalent to a static Ad-hoc network in some extent, but high density is an additional property of the sensors. A MANET is defined as a system of independent mobile nodes that can communicate over wireless links without any pre-existing infrastructure. The absence of a fixed infrastructure in MANET poses several types of challenges for it. The biggest challenge among these is routing. Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send data packets and to exchange information from one host to the other host in a network.


Theoretical studies of low-energy electron-molecule and ion-ion scattering processes require computations of highly excited electronic states. Non-adiabatic effects are crucial to consider and structure calculations are combined with electron scattering calculations. Ab initio and fully quantum mechanical studies limit the investigations to diatomic or triatomic molecular scattering complexes. Often various strictly or quasi-diabatic representations of the electronic states are applied. We have studied various processes such as dissociative recombination, ion-pair formation, dissociative attachment, vibrational or dissociative excitations following electron collisions with diatomic and triatomic molecules. We also investigate the mutual neutralization reaction following collisions of oppositely charged ions. Calculated cross sections and final state distributions are compared with experimental data. Theoretical challenges that remain to be solved will be discussed.