This article presents a basic outline of the legal elements of proof of a case involving exposure to radiation. It raises issues regarding the standard of care to which a practicing health physicist must adhere in order for his or her employer to avoid liability for "overexposure" of radiation workers. Finally, the article outlines the methods of proving the dose received by a plaintiff and the need for accessible documentation to use in making that proof. A list of specific cases and of other published material related to this subject has been placed at the end of this article for the convenience of the reader.


Objective To propose an appropriate index for evaluation of the potential risk caused by hyperdislipidemia, which is suitable to the characteristics of cardiovascular diseases profile in China. Methods Data for analysis included surveillance data from the China Multi-center Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology (MUCA) and cohort follow-up data from 2 cohorts in China MUCA and 1 cohort from the PRC-USA Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology. Both surveillance and follow-up data were presented to show the characteristics of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese population. The association between baseline serum total cholesterol (TC) and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) events and ischemic stroke were analyzed in scrutiny. The combination of CHD and ischemic stroke called ischemic cardiovascular diseases were proposed as a new index for evaluation of potential risk from dyslipedemia. Results (1) Data from both surveillance and follow-up showed that the incidence rate of ischemic stroke was 2 times of that of CHD. The ischemic cardiovascular disease accounted for 65% of the total cardiovascular diseases. (2) Baseline serum TC was significantly positively associated with the age-standardized incidence rate of both CHD events and ischemic stroke in all three large, long-term cohorts. (3) At every level of baseline serum TC, the age-standardized incidence of ischemic stroke events was higher than that of CHD except for males in the 8 th Five-Year Plan cohort. For example, when TC was ≥240 mg/dl, the incidences were only 110-130/100 000 for CHD events but (360-550)/100 000 for ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion Ischemic cardiovascular disease represents a larger body of cardiovascular diseases profile and is a more appropriate index for evaluation of potential risk from dislipidemia in China.


PURPOSE: A mobile cloud connection situation information usage authentication intensifying system and a method thereof are provided to authenticate a mobile communication system user based on the situation information which is able to reflect the user connection environment in a service using point of the user of the mobile cloud service. CONSTITUTION: A mobile terminal (100) comprises a situation information collection module and an authentication execution client module. The mobile terminal transmits a situation information message including the situation information and the authentication information. A situation information based authentication server (200) receives the situation information message and the authentication information. The situation information based authentication server determines the authentication means based on the situation information message. The situation information based authentication server executes the authentication of the user of the mobile terminal. [Reference numerals] (100) Mobile terminal; (200) Situation information based authentication server; (210) Data receiving daemon; (220) Authentication execution daemon; (230) Authentication policy applying daemon; (240) Situation information DB; (250) Authentication policy DB; (260) Authentication log DB


The 'molten globule' state has been regarded as an intermediate state between the native and denatured state of globular proteins. However, thermodynamically, the molten globule state is generally considered a denatured state, although, some notable exceptions have been reported. At pH 2, ovalbumin possesses fea- tures which are characteristics of the molten globule state, and this study provides additional evidence of molten globule-like features. An analysis by differential scanning calorimetry shows that the ovalbumin mol- ecule at pH 2 resembles the native state more than the denatured state. The state of ovalbumin at pH 2 may be described as a molten globule, which is very similar to the native state.


Introduction by the column editors: Given the recent emergence of supported employment as an evidence-based means of helping persons with mental illness obtain jobs in the competitive employment market, one might ask, "What is the value of and indications for transitional employment?" Because there is a group of persons with schizophrenia and other disabling mental disorders who may be reluctant to plunge directly into a commitment to undertake competitive work, alternative vocational rehabilitation services might increase the number of persons who can eventually graduate into the regular community workforce.This month's Rehab Rounds column describes a hybrid program that combines features of transitional and supported employment. Program participants are placed in real jobs in the community while both they and their employers are given a trial work period, of flexible duration, to decide on the feasibility of the individual's holding a position in which customary standards must be met. During the trial w...


Seeds of Salix bebbiana Sarg., S. discolor Muhl., and S. eriocephala Michx. (Salicaceae) were stored at 2 moisture contents (low, 5.1 to 7.3% and high, 8.5 to 9.8%) and 4 temperatures (4, –20, –80, and –145 °C [39, –4, –112, –229 °F]) for 60 mo. Seeds stored at 4 °C lost most or all viability by 24 mo. We observed no significant difference in germination between the 2 seed moisture contents for each species. After 60 mo of subzero storage, germination of S. bebbiana seeds declined from 89 to 83%, S. discolor from 60 to 54%, and S. eriocephala from 71 to 54%.


International Affairs 97: 1 (2021) 57–79; doi: 10.1093/ia/iiaa159 © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Institute of International Affairs. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: email@example.com Since the 1980s, the economic geography of rural Colombia has felt the impact of the cultivation of illicit crops as a means of subsistence amid enormous social, economic and technical disadvantages faced by peasants. The peace agreement in Colombia,1 signed in 2016 between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the government, not only brought about the demobilization of armed guerrillas but sought to establish a suite of plans and projects that, implemented at the local level, would facilitate a rural transformation capable of guaranteeing a stable territorial peace. The accord included a series of initiatives, among them rural reform, a handover of weapons, political participation by the demobilized guerrillas and the victims of the conflict, and a concerted solution to the problem of rural dependence on illicit crops.2 As part of that vision, the accord's chapter 4—created through discussions with FARC-EP and the National Coordinator of Coca, Poppy and Marijuana Growers (COCCAM, the acronym in Spanish)3—introduced a new perspective on the war on drugs based on rural development. This included provisions on: (1) voluntary eradication of illicit coca crops; (2) investment and technical assistance in productive projects; (3) social participation for territorial planning; and (4) a transition period (of two years) in which peasants were to receive basic economic 'food assistance'.4 This design connected the problem of illicit crops with a comprehensive agrarian reform set out in chapter 1 of the agreement.


It has been suggested that high-dose glucocorticoids might impair the efficacy of anti–programmed cell death 1 (PD1)/PD ligand 1 (PDL-1) immunotherapies.1,2 However, glucocorticoid treatment is also considered one of the main treatment options for edema caused by brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.3 Therefore, it is important to explore new strategies for edema treatment that does not negatively impact immunotherapy efficacy in patients with edema while on treatment with immunotherapy. Anlotinib is a new, orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, and c-KIT. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that anlotinib inhibits VEGF/PDGF with 2 B-chains/FGF2-induced angiogenesis.4 In this study, we hypothesize that anlotinib as an anti-VEGF therapy can potentially reduce edema from brain metastases and radiation. Between June 2018 and November 2019, thirteen NSCLC patients with 23 brain metastases were included in this retrospective study. All patients were confirmed to have edema and were on an anti-PD1/PDL-1 immunotherapy. The inclusion criteria included patients (i) with advanced NSCLC, (ii) with brain metastases and edema, and (iii) undergoing treatment with anti-PD1/ PDL-1 immunotherapy after ≥2 lines of systemic chemotherapy. The inclusion criteria did not limit the specific anti-PD1/PDL-1 immunotherapy regimen. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was used to treat brain metastasis in all patients during immunotherapy treatment (Figure 1A). The exclusion criteria were: patients (i) with contradictions of anlotinib, such as intracranial hemorrhage, high risk for hemorrhage, or immediately after operation; (ii) who underwent treatment with anti-angiogenic therapies such as bevacizumab; or (iii) who could not tolerate oral drugs. A total of 23 lesions treated with SRS were included. The patients were treated with anlotinib (12 mg per day for 2 wk) in a 3-week cycle.4 Repeat brain MRI was done at 1 week after anlotinib treatment to assess changes in edema. Subsequently, local SRS treatment was planned. Anlotinib treatment was continued during and after SRS treatment for at least 2 more cycles. During the whole treatment, no glucocorticoid was used. The edema index (EI = Volume edema + lesion/Volume lesion)5 of edema before and after anlotinib treatment and the degrees of edema related symptoms before and after anlotinib treatment were the primary outcomes of the study. Statistical significance was calculated using the paired sample t-test with a threshold of P = 0.05. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Peking University Third Hospital and completed under its supervision. All patients signed written informed consent. Results showed that there were no significant adverse reactions (grade 2 or higher) related to anlotinib. The EI of all lesions was decreased after treatment with anlotinib. The mean and standard deviation of EI before and after anlotinib treatment were 7.87 ± 3.34 and 3.19 ± 1.45, respectively (t = 8.41, P < 0.001; Figure 1B). In addition to improvement with edema, anlotinib also effectively improved edema-related symptoms in the patients. The median grade of edema-related symptoms (on a scale of grade 0 to 2) was grade 2 prior to anlotinib treatment, and significantly improved to grade 1 after anlotinib treatment (t = 7.5, P < 0.001). In addition, when anlotinib treatment was used concurrently with brain SRS, there was no evident of edema symptoms due to SRS (short-term symptoms were increased in only one patient when compared with those with symptoms before SRS, range 0–1: median 1, t = 2.03, P = 0.06). Two out of the 13 patients discontinued the immunotherapy, while the remaining 11 patients continued immunotherapy according to the predefined treatment protocols. No glucocorticoids were used in any patient (Figure 1C), and thus the efficacy of the immunotherapy was not affected by glucocorticoid. In summary, anlotinib treatment could potentially replace glucocorticoids and effectively improve edema from brain metastases or SRS. Anlotinib has similar mechanism of action with other antivascular therapies including bevacizumab, which could also become an alternative treatment option for edema in patients undergoing immunotherapy. Antivascular drugs can become an effective alternative to steroids by avoiding the impact of steroids on immunotherapy in NSCLC patients with brain metastases.


This invention discloses the method how the computer hard disk data saves and restores run-on time spot, including the following steps: Carries on the piecemeal management to the hard disk, through intercepting the visit requested the operating system to hard disk, the written data backups to the data warehouse continually, at the same time the hard disk writes data, realizes the continual memory for the hard disk run-on time data. When needs it, chooses any time data from the data warehouse to carry on the restoration, realizes the random restoration. This invention is characterized in that it can save the data condition of the run-on time fast and continuously when the hard disk is processing, but does not interfere with the user work, takes few space of the hard disk, to restore the data condition of any-time pot accurately, rapidly.


In this paper, we research theta function identity involving Rogers– Ramanujan identity and establish a Rogers–Ramanujan–Slater type theta function identity related to G(q) and φ(q).


UCRL-11Z1Z University of California Ernest O. lawrence Radiation Laboratory TWO-WEEK LOAN COpy This is a library Circulating Copy . which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Diuision, Ext. 5545 .A; CONTRU:HJTION TO THm UNDICRSTANDING OF THE PRIMARY QUANTUM CONVERSION IN PHOTQSYNTHESIS Berkeley, California


This paper introduces some new extensions of ¿ analysis for LTI systems with structured uncertainty to time varying and nonlinear systems.


The aim of this work is the preparation of biocompatible
nanofibers and nanostructures by means
electrospinning/electrospraying techniques. Gelatin and
collagen matrix doped oxycellulose were used. Biomimetic layer
usable in tissue engineering were prepared this way.


The research objective was to study the characteristics of the structure of lymphocyte population and subpopulation and the content of proinflammatory mediators in patients with uterine leiomyoma at reproductive age. There were examined 220 patients of reproductive age, 190 of them with uterine leiomyoma and 30 healthy women. High content of T-lymphocytes with Fas-receptors and a significantly high level of proinflammatory mediators (tumornecrotic factor alpha, β -interferon and C-reactive serum protein), the primary fibroblast growth factor on the background of an γ -interferon deficiencywere ob- tained in patients of reproductive age with uterine leiomyoma. The conclusion was made about the activation of factors of adaptive immunity and proinflammatory mediators in women of reproductive age with uterine leiomyoma.


Between 1940 and 1965, the purchasing power of working families living in the south of Madrid was extremely low and, as a result, most of their working-age members would look for a job. Women were among them, in spite of certain cultural patterns that encouraged women to quit their jobs after marriage. Evidence from fieldwork indicates that their participation in the economy was even more active than officially registered, because many women worked underground in order to support their families. These women had to do chores at home, too.


Today's globalized business environment has made business demands more dynamic and complex than ever. Accordingly, companies have confirmed that customer demands emanate from online customer review platforms, whose importance they have recognized as being important. There are many studies about extracting market needs from online customer review platforms. However, the research focuses on these processes and is limited to specific platforms. Limitations arise when diverse types of OCR platforms exist, due to processes being limited to a specific platform. Therefore, we categorized these platforms and tested the differences in their underlying market needs information with a quantitative approach. Part-of-speech tagging, named-entity recognition, and lexicon-based sentiment analysis were applied as methodologies. The academic contribution of this study is to suggest that an appropriate data source should be selected according to the market for extracting user review data. A practical contribution of this study is reduced waste of materials and human resources among companies through a basic stage of an optimized analysis process.


A method of separating ions, the method comprising: Causing ions in a trapping region of an ion trap (25, 100, 200) along a first axis (35, 235) enter the trapping region; Storing the ions in the trapping region for a period of time until the ions are to be emitted from the trap; Directing a jet of gas (70, 270) during the time period along said first axis (35, 235); and Applying during the time period of an electric potential gradient in the direction of the first axis (35, 235) to produce a counteracting electric force to the force of the gas jet, so that ions of a particular ion mobility at a given point on this potential gradient in equilibrium, where these two forces cancel each other to cause separation of the ions in space on the basis of their ion mobility during the time period, wherein all the particles of the gas jet (70, 270) have a motion vector having a dominant directional component, wherein the dominant direction component of all particles is in the same direction.


In the current study, we had obtained the spectral features of biomolecules of blood plasma, urine and bladder wash of a
certain set of the patients of bladder cancer. The fluorescent biomarkers such as tryptophan, tyrosine, collagen, elastin,
flavin and porphyrin, in the above body fluids are distinctly from those of normal controls. This study indicates the potential
application of optical biopsy for bladder cancer detection.


This paper considers the efficient numerical analysis of large and complex electromagnetic structures by using domain decomposition techniques such as the Numerical Green's Function (NGF) [1] and the Domain Green's Function Method (DGFM) [2] in connection with hierarchical higher order basis functions [3, 4]. Both the NGF and DGFM methods are applicable to problems that can be subdivided into distinct computational regions. Previously low order Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) type basis functions [5] have been used to discretise each of the subdomains. In the current approach this has been extended to use hierarchical higher order basis functions that allow for larger and more complex geometries to be considered. The work presented in this article will discuss the formulation of the methods and the results of applying the solution techniques to various examples consisting of large and complex electromagnetic problems.


A measurement of when the detonator breaks out and lights an initiation train has been a desirable diagnostic for both modelers and experimentalists alike. A detonator diagnostic has been developed using magnet wire circuit to transmit a signal when the detonation wave breaks the cup. This is used to establish time zero for a variety of types of shots. This paper describes the design and testing challenges of this diagnostic, and the tests conducted to prove the concept. The value of this diagnostic is that it is an in situ measurement, meaning it can easily be housed inside the booster counterbore on the detonator face. It provides an unambiguous measurement of time zero, when coupled with diagnostics that supply detonator bridge burst information.


Rasahus costaricensis n. sp. from Costa Rica is described and illustrated. New locality records are given for six other species of Rasahus .


Experimental study is carried out to investigate the hydraulics of turbulent circular jet under surface confinement. The effect of surface confinement on the jet centerline velocity and axial velocity profiles under different surface confinements and jet exit velocities has been studied. The decay of jet centerline velocity is high under surface confinement compared to the free jet. The effect of surface confinement on the velocity profile in the vertical axis is negligible near the jet exit; however, it increases downstream of the jet exit. Flux entrainment increases linearly along the jet axis and decreases as surface confinement increases, while the kinetic energy decreases linearly along the jet axis and increases as surface confinement increases.


There has been substantial progress in understanding a class of SU(N) gauge theories that are confining at high temperatures. This class includes theories with center-symmetric Polyakov loop deformations or with periodic adjoint fermions. The crucial role of monopoles in lattice gauge theories of this type can be understood analytically. The basic mechanisms occur in the two-dimensional O(3) spin model, deformed by appropriate mass term to give an XY model. Vortices of the XY model are constituents of O(3) instantons just as SU(N) magnetic monopoles are constituents of KvBLL instantons. Similar methods applied to an SU(2) lattice gauge theory yield an effective U(1) description in which monopoles are responsible for confinement.


A non-contact volume measurement method for irregular objects is proposed in this paper based on 3D reconstruction technology, where a linear laser and a camera are used. The line-surface model of laser surface and feature points is first established in a camera coordinate system. The point cloud coordinates of measured object are calculated using the geometric measurement principle and transformed into the world coordinate system from the camera coordinate system. The differential object point cloud is obtained by subtracting the reconstructed model from the initial background model, and the object volume is calculated by integrating the differential depth point cloud data. To extract accurate center of light stripe, a fitting algorithm is proposed using the truncated gaussian distribution. The measurement error is less than 4.5% at the distance of 2 meters away from the measurement devices. The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately reconstruct 3D objects and accurately measure the irregular objects volume.


Bernaise (Binary Electrohydrodynamic Solver) is a flexible high-level finite element solver of two-phase electrohydrodynamic flow in complex geometries. Two-phase flow with electrolytes is relevant across a broad range of systems and scales, from `lab-on-a-chip' devices for medical diagnostics to enhanced oil recovery at the reservoir scale. For the strongly coupled multi-physics problem, we employ a recently developed thermodynamically consistent model which combines a generalized Nernst--Planck equation for ion transport, the Poisson equation for electrostatics, the Cahn--Hilliard equation for the phase field (describing the interface separating the phases), and the Navier--Stokes equations for fluid flow. We present an efficient linear, decoupled numerical scheme which sequentially solves the three sets of equations. The scheme is validated by comparison to cases where analytical solutions are available, benchmark cases, and by the method of manufactured solution. The solver operates on unstructured meshes and is therefore well suited to handle arbitrarily shaped domains and problem set-ups where, e.g., very different resolutions are required in different parts of the domain. Bernaise is implemented in Python via the FEniCS framework, which effectively utilizes MPI and domain decomposition. Further, new solvers and problem set-ups can be specified and added with ease to the Bernaise framework by experienced Python users.


A mask for depositing a thin film and a thin film deposition method using the same are disclosed. The mask includes pattern bars disposed on a frame. The pattern bars are moveable and are position to form a deposition pattern. The mask includes a pattern modification mechanism configured to move the pattern pars to a plurality of positions to modify the deposition pattern.


In this paper, we extend strong-field double ionization from diatomic molecules to triatomic molecules. Strong-field double ionization of CO{sub 2} is studied here with both linear and circular polarizations. A clear nonsequential signature is seen in doubly ionized CO{sub 2}. We also compare nonsequential double ionization behaviors of CO{sub 2} to those of the well-studied diatomic molecules, and the difference is attributed to the detailed electronic structures in molecules.


Since the enactment of The Public Procurement Act No. 12 of 2008, scholarly analyses and evaluations of its contents, institutional mechanisms and underlying policy objectives are conspicuously absent. This seminal article on the subject seeks to outline and discuss the institutional and legal framework for the public procurement system and practice in Zambia. Thus, government agencies, procurement officers, anti-corruption institutions, policy-makers, scholars, students, judges and lawyers in Zambia will find this article most invaluable for practice.


Modern advances in electronics and communication technology have given rise to the development of several home automation technologies and systems. Current home automation systems have several drawbacks including high cost, not being of a Do It Yourself (


The child occupies a very crucial place in every family, community and the entire human society. Among the cardinal African values, the child is highly ranked. Thus, offspring remains an essential aspect of African marriages. As the primary agent of socialization, the family plays a pivotal role in child formation. Apart from the general educational contents, African child formation importantly involves the inculcation of the effective African values that aid individual and societal integral developments. Within the platforms of both informal and formal education, the reality and place of the media in child formation is indubitable. As an important vehicle of information transmission, the media is pivotally positioned to provide platforms of exposures. Thus, with the activities of the media, the child is exposed to information that could add either positive or negative values to his/her process of formation. In the contemporary age of Information Communication Technology (ICT), the African child is faced with media realities that pose greater challenges to his/her human formation. The present piece approaches the place of the media in African child formation from the ethical perspective with a view to determining the moral problems and prospects therein. With the philosophical tools of exposition, critical analysis and appraisal, it could be submitted that African child formation is both advanced and hampered by the recent media activities, thereby eliciting measures towards promoting the advantages and disparaging the disadvantages.


Nigel Eltringham, ed. Framing Africa: Portrayals of a Continent in Contemporary Mainstream Cinema. New York: Berghahn Books, 2013. vi +181 pp. Notes on Contributors. Index. $70.00. Cloth.Maryellen Higgins, ed. Hollywood's Africa after 1994. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2012. vi + 274 pp. List of Contributors. Index. $28.95. Paper.Michael F. O'Riley. Cinema in an Age of Terror: North Africa, Victimization, and Colonial History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010. vii + 200 pp. Acknowledgments. Notes. Works Cited. Index. Cloth. $45.00.The three books discussed here represent engaging, current scholarship in film studies. All three volumes focus on how Africa is mediatized, politicized, and imagined in the West. The two edited volumes and one monograph, discussing films primarily made in the last fifteen years, are informative, well-written, and useful for specialists as well as students interested in film criticism.Both edited volumes, Framing Africa and Hollywood's Africa after 1994, highlight Ella Shohat and Robert Siam's well-articulated view, as contextualized in Unthinking Eurocentricism: Multiculturalism and the Media (Routledge, 1994), that "British-dominated imperialism of the nineteenth century faded into the U.S.-dominated imperialism of the twentieth" on the African continent (113). Colonial powers in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have changed hats, leaving Africa still without power over the telling of its own story in films made by Hollywood. White Anglo-European hegemony has continued to produce confection narratives of "positional superiority" (Edward Said's term, cited in Shohut and Siam), which favor codified, familiar, Western stereotypes of the continent and produce an imaginary that since Conrad has promoted Africa as a "heart of darkness" on which Europe would write its destiny. Maryellen Higgins notes in her introduction to Hollywood's Africa after 1994 that "colonial formulas" and "western rescue fantasies still permeate representations of Africa" in films made by U.S. filmmakers (9).By mean of several examples, Michael O'Riley's Cinema in an Age of Terror: North Africa, Victimization, and Colonial History demonstrates how the West, particularly the United States and France, has conveniently used its "positional superiority" to manipulate popular stereotypes held about North Africa, Arabs, and Islam in order to further war, violence, and Western domination in the Arab world. One of the most engaging chapters in the book focuses on the Italian social-realist filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo's famous film The Battle of Algiers (1965), and how the film functioned for the U.S. military and the Pentagon in the 2000s "as a cartographic process that mapped out the uncertain contours of the war in Iraq" (45). This contemporary manipulation and repackaging of a film's messages, originally meant to explain the reasons for resistance during a time of colonial fascism, totally discounts the revolutionary significance Pontecorvo sought to impart to audiences in the 1960s. The revolutionary awakening that eventually inspired Third World movements across the globe is completely lost in the Pentagon's re-visioning of the film. Pontecorvo's central thesis about the Algerian struggle for freedom, O'Riley argues, was conveniently repackaged in order to help promote the warmongering fervor that took place during the Bush Administration. Taking The Battle of A Igiers utterly out of its original context in order to use it to influence political rhetoric to sanctify the push for war and torture attests to the degree to which films made about "Others" across Africa and the Middle East can be exploited by the West. O'Riley notes that in the age of spectacles such as "crumpling trade towers, suicide bombers, burning embassies, and tortured bodies [which] have become commonplace images . .. [in] the age of terror" we must now "raise questions as to what we are to do with such images and what type of response is appropriate" (1). …


A test environment needs to be informative, versatile and maintainable in order to efficiently meet aggressive development and integration schedules, reduce long term support costs and provide test station life-cycle extension, independent of the level of test being performed. For a test environment to support these requirements, it must contain features that may be developed independently, yet operate within a tightly integrated environment. Each of the test environment's features will be analyzed for impact on the short term and long term costs associated with a test system. It is the intent of this paper to discuss and provide a design methodology that simplifies and reduces each of these factors.


A single factorial trial was conducted to investigate effects of glutamine(Gln) on intestinal microflora and mucous membrane of weaning piglets.Sixty-four healthy 28-day old weaning piglets(Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshine)) with the same parity,similar body weight(about 7.5 kg) were randomly allotted to two groups(namely the control and the 1% Gln-added group) with four replicates and with eight weaning piglets(half male,half female) in each replicate and were fed for 30 days.One boar with the same weight form each replicate was chosen to be slaughtered after feeding,then contents of recta,cecum and colon were obtained for analysis of intestinal microflora;duodenum,jejunum and ileum were obtained for making optical scanning slice to view changes of intestinal villis and crypts.The results indicated that,addition 1% Gln to diets for weaning piglets could maintain integrity of morphological feature of the intestinal mucosal,improve intestinal microflora,and reduce pathogenic bacteria.Compared with the control,lactobacilluses in the contents of recta,cecum and colon increased 2.8%(P0.05),4.1%(P0.05) and 4.0%(P0.05) respectively in the Gln-adding group,bifidobacteria increased 9.4%(P0.01),9.7%(P0.01) and 9.6%(P0.01) respectively,Escherichia coli reduced 3.0%(P0.05),2.9%(P0.05) and 3.3%(P0.05) respectively.Villus height of duodenum,jejunum and ileum elevated significantly(P0.01),while the crypt depth reduced(P0.05) with Gln supplementation.


The properties and performance of electronic devices are crucially dependent on interface-related phenomena. The presence of interfaces can enable electronic device functionality (p-n diodes, solar cells); alternatively, non-functional interfaces can degrade device performance (ohmic vs. non-ohmic contacts). The most versatile tools for semiconductor interface characterization are ac (impedance spectroscopy, C-V) and dc (I-V) transport measurements. However, due to the lack of spatial resolution, these methods often cannot separate the contributions from electroactive interfaces and contacts. This is especially true for the non-traditional electronic materials such as semiconductive oxides, nitrides, conductive polymers, etc. Combined with the tendency towards miniaturization of electronic devices, this clearly necessitates spatially resolved ac and dc transport measurements.


BACKGROUND
Low concentrations of anti-tuberculosis drugs are related to drug resistance and treatment failure.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of low plasma concentrations of anti-tuberculosis drugs.

METHODS
The study was performed among 60 pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in-patients at a tertiary care university-affiliated hospital in Tehran, Iran. Drug samples were drawn 2 and 6 h post dose for isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and pyrazinamide (PZA); related concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma drug concentrations, duration of treatment, age, sex, liver enzyme levels, administered doses and smoking status were evaluated and recorded.

RESULTS
Among 60 patients recruited to the study, the mean (±SD) age was 54.2 (±20.9) years; 39 were female. The median peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of INH, RMP and PZA were respectively 2.5, 4.0 and 43.6 μg/ml; 81% of the patients had drug plasma concentrations lower than the target ranges for at least one administered drug. Respectively 49.1%, 92.5% and 8.7% of the patients had low concentrations of INH, RMP and PZA.

CONCLUSION
The results indicate that RMP concentrations are below the reference range in most patients, while PZA is within the target range of the standard doses.


Objective:To study the weight and coefficient change with the lung and large intestine of taiyang disease(wind cold superficies syndrome) model of mice.Methods:180 mice were divided randomly into two groups:control group and experimental group.After successful modeling,two groups mice were randomly selected at 7d,10d,14d,and sacrificed after weighting body,removal the lung and large intestine,weighted and calculated lung and colorectal coefficient.Results:The coefficient of lung was reduced to varying degrees in control group and experimental group,the lung coefficient of experimental group was significantly decreased,the lung coefficient of experimental group in14d was lower than in 7d and 10d(P0.01,P0.05).The colorectal weight and coefficient of control group were higher than experimental group;the colorectal weight of control group was higher than that of experimental group in 7d and 14d(P0.01),the colorectal coefficient of control group was higher than that of experimental group in 7d(P0.01).Conclusion:The coefficient and weight of lung and large intestine are rather changeable in model of(wind cold superficies syndrome) mice,the pathological changes have certain relevance.


Paltseva O.P. Leisure as the factor of the process of self-organizing of student's youth. The article considers the leisure as the factor of the process of self-organizing of student's youth. The author emphasizes that the process of self-organizing of student's youth carried out in the sphere of leisure is often influenced by spontaneous and negative factors not subjected to any regulation. These conditions require the coordination of activities of social institutions based on the clear idea about the possibilities of each of them, thus enabling evaluation of the efficiency of their influence on the young people.


Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate high technology adaptive driving controls, such as mini steering wheel-lever system and joystick system, for the people with physical disabilities in the driving simulator. Background: The drivers with severe physical disabilities have problems in operation of the motor vehicle because of reduced muscle strength and limited range of motion. Therefore, if the remote control system with driver-by-wire technology is used for adaptive driving controls for people with physical limitations, the disabled people can improve their quality of life by driving a motor vehicle. Method: We developed the remotely controlled driving simulator with drive-by-wire technology, e.g., mini steering wheel-lever system and joystick system, in order to evaluate driving performance in a safe environment for people with severe physical disabilities. STISim Drive 3 software was used for driving test and the customized Labview program was used in order to control the servomotors and the adaptive driving devices. Thirty subjects participated in the study to evaluate driving performance associated with three different driving controls: conventional driving control, mini steering wheel-lever controls and joystick controls. We analyzed the driving performance in three different courses: straight lane course for acceleration and braking performance, a curved course for steering performance, and intersections for coupled performance. Results: The mini steering wheel-lever system and joystick system developed in this study showed no significant statistical difference (p >0.05) compared to the conventional driving system in the acceleration performance (specified speed travel time, average speed when passing on the right), steering performance (lane departure at the slow curved road, high-speed curved road and the intersection), and braking performance (brake reaction time). However, conventional driving system showed significant statistical difference (p 0.05). The subjects with physical disabilities showed a tendency of relatively slow acceleration (p 0.05) according to the characteristics of the subjects. Conclusion: The driving performance with mini steering wheel-lever system and joystick control system showed no significant statistical difference compared to conventional system in the driving simulator. Application: This study can be used to design primary controls with driver-by-wire technology for adaptive vehicle and to improve their community mobility for people with severe physical disabilities.


This article first derives the grammatical consequences from applying head theory to analyzing the syntactic structure of modern Chinese.Then it points out that X bar theory has some serious defects which determine that the X Bar theory and its derivation Head theory shouldn't be used to analyze the syntactic structural system of modern Chinese.


Anteaters comprise three different species: Myrmecophaga tridactyla (flag anteater), Tamandua tetradactyla (mini anteater) and Cyclopes didactylus (anteater), some considered vulnerable to extinction. These species are distributed over a large part of the Brazilian territory, especially in the cerrado biome. In order to preserve these species, some research work on the health status of these animals has been carried out, both in captive and free-living animals. The objective of this study was to investigate keratinophilic filamentous fungi, including dermatophytes, in the coat of 27 adult anteaters retained in captivity. Among the animals studied, 14 were giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and 13 were small anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla). These specimens were retained at the São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation and Quinzinho de Barros Municipal Zoological Park. Samples were obtained by means of rubbing sterilized squares of carpet on the coat of each animal. Each carpet was seeded in Petri dishes containing Mycobiotic™ agar medium (Difco™) and incubated at 25ºC until colony growth was observed. Dermatophytes were not isolated; however, the following genera of filamentous fungi were identified: Cladosporium spp. (51.8%), Scopulariopsis sp (29.6%), Aspergillus spp. (22.2%), Acremonium spp. and Chrysosporium spp. (11.1%) and Mucor spp. (7.4%), among these we highlight the keratinophilics: Scopulariopsis sp, Acremonium spp. and Chrysosporium spp. There are few studies on the prevalence of dermatophytes and other keratinophilics in wild animals and none on anteaters. It was possible to confirm the presence of non-dermatophytic keratinophilics in the normal microbiota of anteaters, similarly to what was observed in other mammals.


Outstanding achievements of Shi Lang research are obtained since 20 century 80's.The article probes Shi Lang's actions in the period of being suspected as a surrenderer,military power having been deprived and transferred to capital as an inner officer;explains in the back of which Shi Lang stood vigorously for recovering Taiwan,there are close relation with his own benefit,requirement and the psychology;and considers that only researches completely a historical figure,then can make an appraisal based on facts.


While immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly used for various cancers, unpredictable immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) such as autoimmune encephalitis is life‐threatening. Here, we report an association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and atezolizumab‐induced encephalitis.


This work presents two electronic systems experiments with resonance tubes, which generate automatically a sequence of several sound wave frequencies in a range defined by the user and then verifies the amplitude of each one in real-time, allowing for the immediate data visualization in a graph. Besides, they save all the frequency values and the respective wave amplitudes in a text file that can be later imported and processed with worksheets. The final results were satisfactory and this work explains all the hardware and software aspects based on an open-source philosophy.


Abstract Many Japanese cities are discovering 'internationalisation' as a means of solving problems associated with economic restructuring. Yokohama, Japan's second largest city, owes its very existence to Japan's need to internationalise and open up to trade in the 1850s. In the past twenty-five years or so the city has lost much of its pivotal importance as a gateway port, as new forms of contact with the rest of the world have eroded the preeminent role of ships and seaports in global trade. At the same time, the phenomonal growth of Tokyo has put Yokohama under the shadow of its giant neighbour less than 30km to the north. This paper reports on the city's current planning strategies and major projects designed to develop an international city more independent of Tokyo; one which is oriented to information and technology-based industries.


Based on real time digital simulator (RTDS),a hybrid real-time simulation method for electromagnetic transient and electromechanical transient is proposed. In the environment of RTDS/Cbuilder and by use of multithreading and doubly linked list-sparse matrix,a real-time electromechanical transient simulation program is developed. The equivalent circuit models of network interface at electromagnetic side and that at electromechanical side are put forward,and the connection between RTDS electromagnetic model and real-time electromechanical transient program is implemented,thus a hybrid real-time simulation platform is built. When the power grid containing DC power transmission is analyzed in detail,the impact of AC power system on transient stability can also be considered accurately. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid real-time simulation method is valid and efficient.


An increased need for electric energy and share of renewable energy is important for a more sustainable future, to which wave power can contribute. Some concepts for wave power use linear generator ...


With the arrival of new devices for reading electronic books which must essentially public to the convenience of reading which entails having screens not based on a technology called "electronic ink" retroiluminadas acceptance, we are witnessing a phenomenon which is present in every day media in the media (press, internet and television) and is focusing the concerns of publishers, authors, libraries, readers. Everyone wants to have their space to capitalize on the growing popularity of ebook readers. The publishing industry displayed cautious in this new situation since, on the one hand, does not want to lose their market share and on the other hand feels that with the eBook may lose part of control of an industry that has capitalised during more than five centuries.

Libraries in our country are beginning to offer services with electronic books in two ways. Yes there are differentiated in procurement policies which are carrying out publishers this phenomenon, implying perhaps more problematic is the theme uses, interests and other sectors involved and the preservation of copyright aspects. Scientific publishing houses policy is the same that has been used with electronic; journals i.e. does not purchase the book, if not a laying about permitted; uses access license nor is a unitary, if we subscribe to a closed package that focuses the interests of our users, and on the uses does not allow download purchase multi-user any member of the community which must be identified on an intranet.
Procurement is carried out in the collections of public libraries is still much more restrictive; the book is provided with a digital rights Manager (DRM) which limits the uses and use the electronic multi-user capabilities, and if the library you want to have more copies to give you must buy additional licenses, i.e. its functionality is almost of the physical book: a person a loan. The pricing policy is also different the sale price to the public, overloading to almost triple its price per unit. In this communication we analyze the phenomenon and its impact on all agents and aspects of the process.


The authors established a Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) to predict the 10-60d precipitation for 17 hydroclimatic regions over China during the boreal summer monsoon season (May to October) by using the previous atmospheric intraseasonal signals. Both deterministic and probabilistic evaluations showed that the BHM provides skillful subseasonal forecasts over southeastern and southwestern hydroclimatic regions at a lead time of 20-25 days while the skills are poor over northeastern China, owing to the underestimation of intraseasonal variability. The authors have conducted numerous calculations and employed many different statistical analysis methods. However, the explanation for their choice of the calculation and methods are deficient. Moreover, I cannot tell whether the BHM proposed in this paper show any superior skills than other statistical models or even dynamical S2S models. From this point of view, I incline to reject the manuscript, but I give an opportunity to the authors to improve the manuscript.


A new THz planar transducer is proposed, and its performance in terms of the analytic sensitivity and selectivity is investigated. Full-wave analysis results show promising capabilities of the transducer when used in THz DNA-base biosensors.


In the presence of the nontrivial QCD ground state or vacuum, nonlocal condensates are used to characterize the quark or gluon propagator, or other Green functions of higher order. In this paper, we wish to show that, by taking the large $N_c$ limit (with $N_c$ the number of color) in treating higher-order condensates, a closed set of coupled differential equations may be derived for nonlocal condensates. As a specific example, the leading-order equations for the nonlocal condensates appearing in the quark propagator are derived and explicit solutions are obtained. Some applications of our analytical results are briefly discussed.


y£v6|iEva from such as T6 ppa80 Kal u&Aov. IV. Constructio ad sententiam. V. Variation in gender, number, and case. VI. Variation in person, voice, tense, and mood. VII. Variation in construction. Throughout these chapters the author is careful to mention textual variants and editorial conjectures. In a final chapter (pp. 451-63) he first sums up the results of his detailed inquiry. Then he indicates his own conception of the value of the study of yETafJoAi; for textual criticism. Here he is at first fairly reasonable. ' Nur ein genaues Studium der verschiedenen Arten der bei Thuk. vorkommenden pETafioAal wird uns helfen konnen, den uberlieferten Text gegen voreilige Konjekturen zu verteidigen oder aber bei abweichender Lesart der Hss. mit grosserer Wahrscheinlichkeit der urspriinglichen Text festzustellen ' (p. 458). But he proceeds to a conclusion which does too little justice to other criteria. Lastly an attempt is made to answer the question ' What was Thucydides' intention in the use of pETafSoMi ? ' In addition to a very full list of contents, Dr. Ros has given an ample bibliography (but without much sign of a knowledge of British or American work) and indices, of which the first will be invaluable for reference to the passages of Thucydides discussed, the second and third will please all who are interested in the use by ancient authors of the technical terms of literary criticism, and the fourth, consisting of a list of the verbs cited on pp. 299-337 (' Wechsel zwischen Indik. Imperf. und Aor.'), is useful for grammarians. The book is well-produced and misprints are few. The following should be corrected: p. 97 Andodikes, p. 129 ' Auch noch I 12, 2


This article discusses teachers' practical knowledge and beliefs of their pro- fession based on reflective writings of twenty Estonian teachers.Ten novice and ten experienced teachers participated in the study. They put together their professional port- folios, which among other documents included reflective writings regarding pro- fessionalism. The teachers' writings enabled us to qualitatively analyse how they described and interpreted their teaching activities and what being a professional teacher means to them. The results showed that when speaking about the image of a professional teacher, novice teachers stressed technological teaching aspects, for instance - skills in using IT equipment. The essays by the experienced teachers included more keywords related to the development of students and stressed the teacher's role as an educator. Both novice and experienced teachers valued the pedagogical education of teachers.


In order to make effective analysis and prediction of crack tendency, deformation and residual stress in the casting process,provide scientific evidences for casting process designers in improvement and optimization of process,and ensure the castings' dimension accuracy and stability,and improve the castings' quality, the virtual mould technology was put forward. This technology uses only partial finite element mesh of castings to analyze the thermal stress in the casting process. In the virtual molds,the spring rod unit is used to consider the contact between castings and moulds. In general,the volume of mould is much bigger than that of castings,so this method can reduce greatly the grid number,save large amount of calculation memory and time. Through comparing with traditional contact,this technique is proved to be feasible.


Background In systemic sclerosis (SSc), therapeutic options are limited mainly to the management of complications, halting fibrosis, therefore preventing disease progression is a great challenge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) in SSc. Objectives In the study, we investigated the influence ofECP on lymphocyte activation and cell death by determining CD95, Annexin V, CD69 and HLA-DR expression on circulating T and B cells in SSc patients, and assessing their changing after ECP therapies. Moreover, we evaluated the relationship between lymphocyte activation and changes in certain immune parameters following ECP treatments. Methods We enrolled 16 SSc patients, who received 12 ECP treatments in total. Blood samples were taken prior to the first therapy and 6 weeks after each cycle. Samples were also obtained from 16 healthy controls. Lymphocyte subgroups were quantified by flow cytometry. Results Initially, patients had higher numbers and percentages of peripheral CD95+ T cells, but not CD95+ B cells, compared to control values. After ECP treatments, values of CD95+ T cells decreased and became similar to controls. Annexin V expression on T and B cells did not changed during the therapy. We observed significant negative correlation between the changes in percentages of peripheral CD95+ T cells and CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells. Although neither early-activated (CD69+) nor late-activated (HLA-DR+) T lymphocytes showed any changes after ECP, clear negative correlations developed between them and the functional ability of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells after the last treatment. Conclusions Our results indicate that the initial increase of CD95+ expression in SSc presumably reflects a physiological response to the pronounced autoimmune processes, which can be effectively attenuated by the restoration of regulative T cell numbers and functions as the result of ECP therapy. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


The writer attempts to consider the issues of deficient science instruction in primary education,science and literacy education,science pedagogy for teachers' cultivation,and science teachers in elementary education.The article,therefore,focus on the study of feasible strategies of science faculty training in colleges and universities from the perspective of major setup,scientific research and professional development of college tutors in science education.


serve as an effective base for work, since it is certainly subject to control, and deserves special study. Since we must await an outstanding contribution from behavioural biology to clarify the above-mentioned "mechanisms," one would have hoped for more information on variation in parental care, at least among mammals in general and primates in particular, with particular emphasis on infanticide and the ecological conditions under which it occurs. On the non-human level, this is almost certainly the most interesting aspect of the study of sex-ratio bias. At the same time, the existence of human groups in which there are no twins tells us something about the occurrence of infanticide. It would be worthwhile to examine whether the nonoccurrence of twins means that both are killed off or only one and, in the latter case, if the determining factor is sex difference. The briefly mentioned correlation between polygyny and homicide among the Yanomamo is suggestive if we bear in mind that almost one in three adult males is murdered and that killers (one in two adults) have more wives (Chagnon i988); these data point to the need for a more extensive ethnographic foray into polygynous societies. The same could be said about the practice of hypergamy (hypergyny), since the connection between the two models is obvious (see, among others, White and Burton i988, Dorjahn i988). Turning to the model of i 5 thand i 6th-century Portuguese society developed by Boone (i986, i988), it should be noted that the pattern institutionalized among the nobility as morgadio, whereby the first male child was the exclusive heir to the lands, also functioned until recently as a cultural model for the entire population. Even the humbler classes left their lands either chiefly or entirely to the morgado-the principal heir, not necessarily the eldest son but certainly the one who in the father's opinion would best continue the lineage (Rodrigues de Areia i986). This flexibility sheds light on what Sieff calls cooperation among siblings, since the latter is conditioned by the rules of marital residence. Nevertheless, in many cases it can be shown that parents prefer to be assisted by a daughter in their old age, a practice justified by the proverb "My daughter's children are my children; my son's children may or may not be mine." We should not be surprised, therefore, to find more women surviving, as in the rural German population studied by Voland. In the north of Portugal, where the model of cultural morgadio became deeply rooted, apart from that affecting the firstborn, who was generally fitter and had a higher rate of survival, the high infant mortality rate took on symbolic justification in the context of Catholic beliefs; infants who died baptised, and therefore free from sin, went straight to heaven and became the family's "little guardian angels." When one asked a woman how many children she had, it was common to receive the following reply: "I have five and three little angels" (meaning that three out of eight children had died). In this context to have a "little angel" (to let a child die) was close to becoming an ideal. There were even people who expressed a desire quite openly. References Cited


Nasser Lake area delineated by Latitudes 22°00′ –23°58′ N and Longitudes 30°07′–33°15′ E. The identified heavy mineral assemblages of 64 collected representative samples of the study area can be classified into two main groups. The first one is the opaque minerals as; magnetite, hematite, ilmenite, leucoxene, vanadium, chromite, pyrite, atacamite, alumina minerals, gold and silver. The second group is non-opaque minerals includes garnet, monazite, rutile, zircon, titanite, apatite and green silicates (pyroxene and amphibole groups with other minerals such as: epidote, biotite, muscovite, andalusite and sillimanite). The examined sediments of studied area are characterized by radiometrically (low) concentrations of eU and eTh. The radiometrically elemental concentration of eU ranges between U/D and 4ppm with an average of 1.3ppm, while eTh is between 2 and 17ppm with an average of 5.61ppm. The Ra content ranges between 1and 4ppm with an average of 1.66ppm. The content of K ranges between 0.68% and 1.25% with an average of 0.61%.


Chiral drug has been a hot topic of new drug research in the world.The asymmetric oriented synthesis of chiral drug and its intermediate catalyzed by enzyme has many advantages compared with the traditional organic synthesis,such as moderate conditions,no strong acid and alkali as well as high pressure and temperature needed,not strict demand on equipments,faster reaction rate,high stereoselectivity and small environmental pollution,so it belongs to green synthesis technology and has become a most promising preparation method of chiral compound.This paper introduces the way,catalytic mechanism and application of asymmetric oriented synthesis of chiral drugs catalyzed by enzyme,and some of the latest developments.


One aspect of Hidatsa grammar which is usually obscured by traditional presentations is the range of semantic and grammatical functions which may be served by a single morpheme. Thus, if the same morpheme can be used as a locative suffix or stem, a demonstrative suffix or stem, a relative pronoun, and a nominalizing prefix, a grammar which treats each of these topics separately will obscure their underlying semantic unity and may postulate a bewildering homophony of seemingly distinct morphemes. And too, such a presentation may miss important insights about the historical development of the language and its family. For lack of a better term, I will here call the use of a single morpheme in a multiplicity of functions which cross-cut traditional categories a "morphological constellation." In Hidatsa, I have found several of these morphological constellations. The one I will discuss here involves the functions locative, demonstrative, and relative. A very common locative suffix in Hidatsa has the phonemic shape /-hkua/. Two rules apply to this underlying form to derive four allomorphs. One rule deletes the preaspiration when /-hkua/ follows a short vowel. The other rule dissimilates the diphthong /-ua/ to [-aa] when /-hkua/ follows a round vowel. The following forms exemplify the rules and indicate something of the meaning of /-hkua/. (1) mixtaahkua downstairs, down below from mixtaa under, below


Modern society is characterized by a demand for maximal transparency. Simultaneously a social demand, kindled by the all-invasive presence of social networks, and a political call, as the guarantee for an accomplished democracy, it nevertheless harbours numerous dangers. The State is particularly implicated. Should one accept transparency as an obvious given or be reminded of the priority of privacy and if necessary legislate as such? The right and the left are interpellated but struggle to perceive the issues at stake linked with transparency as a political phenomenon.


MISHIMA, F. K. T. Obese Children and their parents: Investigation of psychodynamic characteristics. 2007. 254 p. Dissertation (Mastering Degree) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. Obesity is a chronic illness that reaches thousands of people. Being considered of high risk and with serious consequences for the physical and mental health, its incidence in childhood became an important subject to be investigated and related to its possible damage in individual, family and social levels. Considering this, the present aimed to contribute for the knowledge of the psychodynamic characteristics of obese children and their parents, by applying projective interviews and techniques. Five case studies had been performed with 710-year-old, male children, average socioeconomical level, with IMC-for-age level ≥ 95% (obesity). The parents were invited to take part of the study with their children and were explained about the its aims. After their allowance, the parents were interviewed in the private researcher's office, and applied both a semi-structured interview concerning their children's personal history and a socioeconomic classification protocol (ABIPEME). After that, the children went through individual, psychological assessment sessions. The techniques used were Machover's Draw-a-Person Test (DAP) and CAT-A, whose results were analyzed according to Bellak's approach. The parents had also been assessed using the DAP and a reduced form of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), according to Morval's approach. The data obtained from the CAT-A and the TAT were later organized in order to inform about the ego functions' conditions of both the child and parents; also, a dynamic evaluation by simple inspection was performed, according to the psychoanalytic approach. The results had suggested a specific familiar dynamics maintaining the child's obesity: on one hand, a maternal image that did not offer the son enough holding in order to facilitate the illusiondisillusion process and to make a transitional experience possible. On the other hand, paternal image that was not able to satisfy the child's needs, as well as to support the mother-son dyad, providing the mother conditions to perform her function. Consequently, the child had problems to reach transitional experiences, which caused damages to symbolization ability, creativity expression and personal style-of-being, thus leading the child to search for concrete support in the external reality (food) as a way to have a relationship with the environment and alleviate anxiety. Key-words: Obesity. Child. Family. Projective techniques.


All across the world a revolution is being waged in information technology and India is being recognized globally for its new found mantra -Information Technology, which has its root in the success started by the development of India's export led SI. Software has been targeted as a growth sector in In dia. Thousands of jobs have been created, many MNC's have been set up and domestic firms have been established. As a part of this process increasing number of Indian women have ente red the labor market. Though the exact percentage of women at vari ous levels in IT industry is not available but NASSCOM: analysis 2009 estimates that women constitute 24 percent of total IT work force which is higher than participation in National economy as a whole which is 13 percent. The new recruitment d rive in most of the SI is increasing the male to female ratio to 60:40. This percentage is e xpected to increase in near future in India. (NASSCOM strategic review: 2009, pg: 128) With increase in percentage of WE, certain i related with women has also increased like health problems, safety issues etc. Though a lot of research has been done on these asp ects but very less work has been done on the basic problems faced by these WE in and out of the industry. This study sheds light upon some of the aspect like nutritional status of women , their general and occupational health problems and issues related to life style and safet y of WE in software industries. The paper concludes that women irrespective of bein g in SI face some problems like unhealthy nutritional habits and ill maintained phy sical health. Moreover it also highlights that WE in software industries continue to cluster around low end jobs and do not feel safe while working and moving in and around the industri es.


This study aims to determine the effect of Auditor Industry Specialization and Adoption of IFRS on Audit Report Lag which the Company size, and Loss as control variables. Manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018 as sample population. This research used a purposive sampling technique as the sampling method. The number of samples was 103 companies for 5 years. The results show that the adoption of IFRS has a positive effect on Audit report lag. Whereas Auditor industry specialization has no effect on Audit report lag.


The central-north and central-south coas ta/ territories of Santa Catarina present a unique madel of development characterized by bath strong economie dynamism and the concentration of the population in coas ta/ a reas. In the first part of this study, we discuss the repercussions of individual and collective actions by territorial stakeholders in regard ta three ongoing dynamics that are fair/y coordinated


Outlines the establishment of a course in multimedia technology, which forms part of the curriculum for librarians at the Royal School of Librarianship in Copenhagen, Denmark. The course is organized by the cataloguing and classification department and is presented to final‐year students; it is based on the use of already known theories in classification and cataloguing for structuring multimedia applications. An important part of the course is the creation of a multimedia workstation allowing students to work with the hardware and software required.


ABSTRACT Semi-tethered loaded swimming (denoted STLS) has been used widely to develop or test swimmers skills, although its transference to increase performance seems overestimated. In addition, its relationship with dry-land tests remains obscured by imprecise reports. Sixteen competitive male swimmers (age: 18.31 ± 1.42) participated in a two-fold purpose study: Firstly, swimming performance was assessed at different STLS intensities on an adapted Smith Machine. A repeated measures 1-way ANOVA was conducted to find differences between the variables collected through a linear encoder at 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of the maximal load (ML). Secondly, the relationships between the swimming velocities and the different sorts of variables obtained on a dry-land arm-stroke strength test were studied by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that less velocity, acceleration and impulse were delivered at high loads (p < 0.001). It increased the velocity fluctuation, affecting the swimming patterns adversely. On the other hand, the correlations between velocity-based dry-land variables and swimming velocities (r = 0.71) seem to be more suitable to predict swimming performance, rather than strength-based variables (r = 0.49). In conclusion, coaches should reconsider using STLS, as little or no benefit may be obtained in performance.


Abstract In this paper a method for coverage control for a convex region D ⊂ ℝ 2 in a dynamic environment is studied. An information map is introduced in which the information about each point is decaying with respect to time s.t. the robots must revisit them periodically. Also a time-varying density function is used for modeling moving points of interest. The considered gradient based control approach causes the cost function to stay within the desired bounds. But due to the non-stationary problem setup caused by the information decay it does not converge to a single point but to a bounded set, such that the robots keep gathering information continuously. With this method it is possible to gather information about several points of interest within the region D with only a few robots. In the end simulation results are presented to outline the effectiveness of the proposed control law.


While not accounting for a significant proportion of overall crashes, median crossover crashes generally do account for a significant proportion of interstate fatalities. When addressing the specific location of median crossover crashes, previous research has noted that median crossover crashes appear to increase in the vicinity of interchanges. Due to the seriousness of median crossover crashes and the desire to identify trends in Utah, the need existed to evaluate the impact of median crossover crashes and to determine if median crossover crashes do increase in the vicinity of interchanges. The purpose of this research, therefore, was to determine the role that the interchanges play in contributing to median crossover crashes. To address the purpose and need, 14 years of crash data spanning the years 1992 through 2005 on Interstates 15, 70, 80, 84, and 215 in Utah were used to determine overall characteristics of median crossover crashes and the relationship between median crossover crashes and other types of crashes. Using a chi-square goodness of fit test, the distributions of median crossover crashes and all types of interstate crashes in the vicinity of interchanges were compared. This analysis showed that 90 percent of rural median crossover crashes occur within 3.0 miles of an interchange, and 90 percent of urban median crashes occur within 1.0 mile of an interchange. Furthermore, rural median crossover crashes occur in generally the same distribution around the interchange as all types of crashes, while urban median crossover crashes tend to take place further from the interchange.


There is very little information available on the physicochemical proprieties and biochemical composition of the honey commercially available which are truly endangered in Morocco. None of the studied honey is available for commercial purposes, which is the main interest and novelty of this study. The aim of this work is to characterize and classify forty seven honey samples collected from different localities in Morocco and to compare them with two foreign honey samples from Ghana and France, based on their physicochemical proprieties, phenolic contents, radical scavenging activity and volatile compounds by SPME-GC/MS were used to evaluate the quality and cluster all honey samples. Variance analysis revealed highly significant differences between samples (p < 0.05). Monofloral honey was characterized by the highest concentration of proline (292.77 ± 13.30). Mutifloral honey from France showed higher amounts of diastase (17.50 ± 1.80) than other compounds, while eucalyptus honey had a higher amount of HMF (105.14 ± 3.7) than the others. Multifloral honey from Ghana showed higher contents of total phenol (149.31 ± 0.41 mg GAE/100g) and flavonoids (58.28 ± 2.6mgRu/100g) than carotenoids (40.76 ± 0.7 mg Eβ carotene/100g). Thyme honey showed the highest phenol content (70.97 ± 1.35 mg GAE/100g), flavonoids content (47.18 ± 2.43 mg ERu/100g) and carotenoids content (74.94 ± 3.08mEβ-carotene) than other monofloral honey and glucose honey examined. The principal components analysis (PCA) was performed in order to classify honey samples and identify the most discriminant parameters. Lastly, using ANOVA and correlations for all parameters, significant differences between diverse types of honey were examined. Biochemical and SPME/GC/MS methods were used to propose a complementary approach for honey classification.


Objective To explore the relationship between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cancer and cervical precancerosis.Methods HPV DNA of 626 patients with cervical erosion were examined by liquid based cytology (LCT) and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) To observe HPV DNA level and cytology changes in HPV positive group and HPV negative group respectively.Results The HPV DNA positive rate with PCR was 24.9%(156/626),the positive rate with LCT was 15.2%(95/626),the difference was significant (P0.001).21.6%(135/626) of all cases were abnormal by LCT The incidence of LSIL,HSIL,SCC in HPV positive group were significantly higher than those in negative group (all P0.001);HPV DNA quantity were (16.26±8.31),(65.85±15.72),(133.36±18.14),(325.69±20.36) and (651.27±25.73)in WNL,ASCUS,LSIL,HSIL and SCC patients respectively (all P0.001).Conclusion HPV infection is correlated to the cervical cancer and cervical precancerosis.Combination application of LCT and PCR for might be valuable early screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer and cervical precancerosis.


Broadband electric field fluctuations with typical amplitudes of 10–20 mV/m peak-to-peak and frequencies from 0 Hz to 3 kHz (BB-ELF) were observed coincident with a region of ≤200 eV transverse H+ acceleration (TAI) near the poleward edge of the pre-midnight aurora. The coherence and phase velocity of the electric fields were measured using a interferometric antenna array over the frequency range of ≈ 100 Hz to 3 kHz. These electric field fluctuations were found to have the following characteristics: 1) incoherence perpendicular to the geomagnetic field, 2) coherence parallel to the the geomagnetic field, 3) parallel phase velocity (ω/k∥) of 30–35 km/s upwards, 4) 0 < |k∥/k⟂| < 0.22. We show that these properties are compatible with the emission being electrostatic H+ cyclotron (EHC) waves. We also discuss possible generation mechanisms for the waves, and their relationship to the TAI.


Color space dimensionality possesses main problem in fast processing of color images so appropriate sampling of color images is very important. Unlike the existing statistical sampling algorithm, in this paper, a biologically inspired non-linear color image sampling technique has been proposed using non-uniform quantization of RGB space. Response of human retinal receptors to various light intensities is non-linear in nature. Buschbaum has qualitatively presented the non-linear tan-sigmoid model of the human vision as against the logarithmic and power law models. An experiment has been carried out on certified normal color vision observers in broad day light conditions to model their color vision. Readings of this experiment were used to compute the parameters of Red, Green and Blue color vision non-linearity presented by Buchsbaum. These parametric non-linearity equations were used to sample the color images and other applications of the work have been proposed. The non-linearity equations with respective parameters represent the models of Red, Green and Blue color vision receptors. Physiological limitations and facts of human vision have been utilized to compute the parameter.


Nineteen years of hourly tide readings at Honolulu, Hawaii, and Newlyn, England, are analysed without astronomical prejudice as to what frequencies are present, and what are not, thus allowing for background noise. The method consists of generating various complex input functions ci, (t) for the same time interval as the recorded tide £(t), and of determining the associated lag weights w in the convolutions ζ^(t)=∑i∑Swisci(t−τs)+∑ij∑ss′wijss′ci(t−τs)cj(t−τs′)+... by the condition ((£—£)2) = minimum. The two expansions represent linear and bilinear processes; the Fourier transforms of w for any chosen i (or ij) are the linear (or bilinear) admittances. Input functions are the (time variable) spherical harmonics of the gravitational potential and of radiant flux on the Earth's surface; these functions are numerically generated hour by hour, directly from the Kepler-Newton laws and the known orbital constants of Moon and Sun, without time-harmonic expansions (unlike the harmonic method of Kelvin-Darwin-Doodson). The radiative input is required to predict non-gravitational tides, and it allows for the essential distinction that the Earth is opaque to radiation and transparent to gravitation.


Analysis on deficit in quality of nursing could strengthen nursing quality control,and reduce the rate of deficit in clinical nursing quality. This paper aimed at the facts that nursing quality deficit occurs often in indirect operations on patients,nurses attach much more importance to accomplish operation procedure than quality of nursing,deficit in cooperation between section offices result in low quality of nursing service .So the countermeasures were put forward,such as assigning responsibilities to specific sentry and person,showing the quality of nursing service in public,et al.


Specific acoustic impedance of transparent liquid, sound transmitting distance of laser induced sound and laser beam waist radius are analyzed. It shows that the peak pressure, dominant frequency and energy of laser induced sound increase as specific acoustic impedance increases. The dominant frequency quickly drops in a short distance and then becomes a constant at a larger distance. Under the condition of optical breakdown, a high ratio of laser to sound energy conversion can be obtained with a large laser beam waist radius.


The authors identify, analyze, and summarize prior research from 117 research articles and books that deal with age stereotypes in the workplace. They discover and report the most prevalent and well-supported findings that have implications for human resource management. These findings are described in terms of prevalent age stereotypes that occur in work settings, evidence refuting age stereotypes, and moderators of age stereotypes. The authors provide recommendations for practice and future research.


Abstract : Recent U.S. Navy interest in air vehicles for application to advanced naval missions has pointed out a need for technology development in certain areas to support parametric and point design studies in the Advanced Naval Vehicle Concepts Evaluation (ANVCE) program. Among those technologies requiring study were the aerodynamics and precision hover control characteristics of Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) vehicles. LTA, or buoyant assisted lift, vehicles offer potentially significant increases in on-station endurance over conventional aircraft. To evaluate fully this potential, however, it is important to have a sound aerodynamic description of these aircraft that can be relied upon to give accurate representations of their performance, stability and control requirements. The present study is intended to provide a basis for the aerodynamic characterization of LTA vehicles suited to parametric studies, point design and even preliminary design efforts. The study employs combinations of applicable theory, experiment and empiricisms to represent the aerodynamic characteristics of conventional airship (body-of-revolution) and delta shapes, the latter shape having applicability to hybrid aircraft utilizing both aerodynamic and aerostatic lift. Additionally, the potential of boundary layer control for drag reduction in conventional airships is reviewed and the basic aspects of hovering control of LTA vehicles are developed. (Author)


Head circumferences of 271 babies born at the University Hospital of the West Indies were measured at intervals during their first year of life. Growth was particularly good in the very early months and poor during the later months. Comparisons are made with other studies of negroes and whites, and the effects of malnutrition and unstimulating environments upon mental development are briefly discussed.


T'he Second Preparatory Committee (PrepCom) for the 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was held from April 28 to May 9, 2003, in Geneva, under the chairmanship of Ambassador LSszlo Molndr of Hungary. The PrepCom was the second of three sessions that will be held prior to the 2005 Review Conference and represented the end of the first phase of the "enhanced" strengthened review process (agreed to at the 2000 Review Conference). Under the new process, the first two sessions (2002 and 2003) considered "principles, objectives and ways in order to promote the full implementation of the Treaty, as well as its universality." The third PrepCom session, which will be held from April 26 to May 7, 2004, will need to make recommendations to the 2005 Review Conference, taking into account the deliberations and results of the two previous sessions. One hundred and six states parties as well as representatives from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) participated in the PrepCom, while representatives from the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the European Commission, the League of Arab States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference attended as observers. Representatives from 37 nongovernmental organizations attended the plenary meetings of the PrepCom. The 2003 PrepCom was held amid concerns about the continued viability of the nuclear nonproliferation regime at large, generated by the lack of commitment by some state parties—nuclear weapons states (NWS) and nonnuclear weapons states (NNWS) alike—to their respective treaty obligations.


The study acquires readers with results of research investigation in the area of arithmetical and geometrical imaginations of children with visual impairment. It compares reached level by them in the area of pre-mathematical imaginations with the level of intact population.


Changes in secretion of thyroid autoantigenes and production of antithyroid autoantibodies after long-term exposure to low doses of DDT were studied. Changes in serum levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroid peroxidase, attributed to disruption of thyroxine production by DDT were found. Long-term exposure of rats to low doses of DDT revealed no specific impact on serum autoantibodies to all thyroid autoantigenes studied. The increase of the ratio of autoantibody/autoantigen for thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin was rather small and thus could not be considered as a significant symptom of thyroid autoimmunity.


Matriptases, members of the type II transmembrane serine protease family, are cell surface proteolytic enzymes that mediate tumor invasion and metastasis. Matriptase is highly expressed in breast cancer and is associated with poor patient outcome. However, the cellular mechanism by which matriptase mediates breast cancer invasion remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine the role of matriptase in the protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated metastasis of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Matriptase small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown significantly attenuated the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced invasiveness and migration of MCF-7 cells, and inhibited the activation of phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2)/PKC/MAPK signaling pathways. Matriptase-knockdown also suppressed the expression of MMP-9 and inhibited the activation of NF-κB/activator protein-1 in MCF-7 cells. Additionally, GB83 [an inhibitor of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)] inhibited PKC-mediated MMP-9 expression and metastatic ability in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of matriptase suppressed TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and invasiveness via PAR-2/PLCγ2/PKC/MAPK activation. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the role of matriptase in MCF-7 cell invasion and migration ability, and suggest that matriptase modulation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing breast cancer metastasis.


It is diflicuh to effectively suppress hort-period seismic multiples via predictive drconvolutiun whenever aufoconelations 01 the input data are similar to ~utocor~claliuns of the desired output data. In such situations. the are nu obvious choices Ior prediction dk timce imd qxrntor length. Atlrma~ivrty. this paper preserm wo other ~methods fur suppressing rhort~period multiples and rnhanciog primuy rc,lcction*. one approach uses decoouolulios "itI IWO sequential Wiener shaping films. The first Wiener fitter shapes the earth's impulrr rerponwv to a reflectivity function in order to sups press multiples and B sewn* Wiener filter shapes the ieiink wavelet to a spike in urder to perform Wavrtet deccmvoluliun. This sequential Wiener shaping deconvdution i8pprmch works well il we have il rrliablr estimate of the rstlsctivily firm well togs. The second proposed approilch is il Ieast-squares inversion methud which mtrdrts the primaries and rnuhiplcr in the seismic trace by ad.jurring reflection coelTicirnt pariunetrrs. The success 01 (his ma&-bard inversion approach depends un rhr accuracy of reflrctim coctTicien~ paramrrrrimtion. The effrctivenrrr 01 refkctiviry estimation by either dcccmrulutiun or model-based inversion is dependcnr un rhe validity of assumptions used in eirher method. Both cnethods require romc knuwlrdge about the earth's retkcliv~ ity in order I" wurk rwxtively.


This article examines market scoping for early-stage technologies, a fundamental yet underexplored marketing activity. Market scoping refers to managerial activities directed at the identification of market spaces for early-stage technologies. This discovery-oriented research aimed at theory development draws on an extensive, multiyear database of email trails and archival records detailing market-scoping efforts for early-stage technologies emerging from a global research university. From this longitudinal database, the authors provide an in-depth examination of managers' market space decisions and advance an initial theory of market scoping. They isolate managers' market-scoping mindset—which manifests as market ambiguity avoidance or acceptance—as a key explanatory construct shaping market space decisions and outcomes. Market ambiguity avoidance results in managers' downstream orientation toward end users; this mindset, counterintuitively, may lead to technology commercialization failure. In contrast, market ambiguity acceptance results in managers' upstream orientation; this mindset directs attention away from end users but helps uncover indirect paths to viable market spaces. This article lays the groundwork for advancing marketing research in the context of early-stage technology commercialization.


LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC PREMISES FOR SUBDIVISION OF UPPER CRETACEOUS RAW MATERIALS IN THE RADOM-LUBLIN AREA

Summary
The paper presents some questions connected with methods of regional studies on rock raw materials at the example of Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Radom - Lublin region.
Three categories of raw material units - series complexes and assemblages - are differentiated in the Radom - Lublin region on the basis of data on facies variability and lithostratigraphy. The series is the basic higher-order raw material unit which may be shown in a map on the basis of paleogeographic data and those on geological structure in the region. In the Upper Cretaceous section there are differentiated two series differing in origin and economic usability: limestone-siliceous and limestone series. The former is characterized by predominance of opokas and, locally, gaizes, smaller share of marls and subordinate of limestones. The limestone series comprises chalk and limestones whereas the share of marls is subordinate.
Boundaries of the series appear transversal in relation to those of chronostratigraphic units. That is why the knowledge of facies conditions in Upper Cretaceous sections throughout the area appeared undispensible for delineating extent of the series. Delineation of series boundaries at early stage of prospecting appears highly important for appropriate selection of directions of further works.
Complex is a lower-order unit which may be presented in a map but appears not always traceable in a wide area. Such units were differentiated on the basis of changes in mutual relations between individual rock varieties or appearance of a new variety in either subordinate or dominating form. The changes which may be neglected in delineation of series are found to be important for delineating boundaries of complexes.
Assemblage may represent an equivalent of one or more complexes of the same economic value, established on the basis of quality criteria of the industry.
In the Upper Cretaceous section there were differentiated assemblages of three categories: building-cement, cement and cement-chalk.


The use of Ti-Cu alloys has proven to have good results in the application of dental implants due to the bactericidal effect of Cu and the high corrosion resistance of this type of alloys [1]. For better performance of implants in terms of biocompatibility and antimicrobial response during service in the human body, the copper concentrations in Ti alloys must have an adequate proportion. On the other hand, despite the high-biocompatibility of Ti, and the bactericidal effect of Cu, the Ti-Cu alloys have shown a deficiency in mechanical properties, which is reflected in particle release and consequently the formation of bacterial colonies. Through the powder metallurgy technique (PM) it is possible to produce Ti-based materials to obtain prototypes for biomedical application. Mechanical alloying is a process used in the PM from which nanocrystalline materials with improved mechanical properties can be obtained [2]. In this work, the synthesis of equiatomic Ti-Cu alloys by mechanical alloying and subsequent melting or sintering processes was performed to evaluate the hardness and microstructural features of alloys as a function of the consolidation process. Equiatomic Ti-Cu alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) process from elemental Ti and Cu


Background and objective:  Currently there are few data available regarding the use of impulse oscillometry parameters to assess airflow obstruction during standardized methacholine challenge testing.


The microwave energy absorption behavior of foamed berry puree was studied considering the variations in the physical properties of the material. The absorptions of microwave energy within foamed berry puree indicated fluctuating trends in decay as microwave drying progressed, which were attributed to the effects of temperature, moisture content, and density of the material. Mathematical models of the dielectric constant ϵ′ and dielectric loss factor ϵ″ as a function of temperature and moisture content were developed using second-order functions. During microwave drying of foamed berry puree, moisture content had the most important negative influence on the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor, followed by temperature and porosity.


By asing the nonclassical method of symmetry reductions, the exact solutions for general variable-coefficient KdV equation with dissipative loss and nonuniformity terms are obtained. When the dissipative loss and nonuniformity terms don't exist, the multisoliton solutions are found and the corresponding Painleve II type equation for the variable-coefficient KdV equation is given.


On the 7–11 April 2015, ca one hundred duck researchers from all over Europe and beyond gathered at the 4 Pan European Duck Symposium in Hanko, southern Finland, to present and discuss ongoing research. We encouraged the delegates to submit their research to Ornis Fennica, which offers free open access, with the aim to gather the resulting publications in one issue, applying the usual rigorous external peer review process and acceptance criteria. We ended up with seven accepted articles (six original articles and one review), all edited by the Guest Editors and Editor-in-Chief. Here, we identify some shared foci of interest, providing guidance as to where to direct future waterfowl research efforts in Europe.


Summary The Carrai Granodiorite is an intrusive magmatic pluton with steeply dipping margins surrounded by a well-developed contact metamorphic aureole. Emplacement of the body was accompanied by little distortion of neighbouring rocks and involved vertical displacement of pre-existing material. Scarcity of country rock blocks, and the presence of numerous dioritic xenoliths indicate that stoping was unimportant, and the pluton was accommodated in the upper crust by vertical uplift of earlier rocks ('block elevation'). A close relationship existed between faulting and granodiorite emplacement. Deep shears possibly account for the generation of the linear zone of plutons in which the Granodiorite is located.


We have developed a transparent, high refractive index inorganic photoresist with significantly higher etch resistance than even the most robust polymeric resist. As feature sizes continue to decrease, film thickness must be reduced in order to prevent pattern collapse. Normally thinner films prevent sufficient pattern transfer during the etch process, creating the need for a hardmask, thus increasing production cost. Compared to PHOST, we have shown over 10 times better etch resistance. Organic photo-crosslinkable ligands have been attached to a hafnium oxide nanoparticle core to create an imageable photoresist. This resist has shown superior resolution with both E-beam and 193 nm lithography, producing sub-50 nm patterns. In addition to improved etch resistance, the inorganic photoresist exhibits a high refractive index, increasing the depth of focus (DOF). The nanoparticle size of ~ 1-2 nm has the potential to reduce line edge roughness (LER).


Digital twin (DT) is one of the key concepts of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). A DT is a data-driven, digital replica of a real-world object or environment, including all the states and behaviour of the real-life counterpart. Based on research across multiple domains, DTs show great potential to improve both efficiency and sustainability. In addition, a DT is able to remove key constraints of human observations and interactions. Yet, the technology is still in its infancy. Thus, this article presents a literature search across five different databases focusing on suitable approaches for data coupling and the stages of DT implementation integration with Industry 4.0 technologies. The review process follows the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology. The selected articles cover a wide range of DT implementations across the agricultural industry, ranging from arable farming to aquaponics. Findings include identification of the stages needed to create the DTs, the data coupling processes, and how Industry 4.0 technologies (e.g., cloud-based technologies, IoT, and AI subfields) are integrated. Findings presented in this article will support others in the design of DTs and integration of Industry 4.0 technologies for agricultural greenhouses.