I felt extremely honored and a little worried when Dr. William Whelan invited me to write an essay on ''How I Became a Biochemist.'' I thought of many before me who shared their scientific career milestones and their significant contributions to biochemistry. However, then I felt that I could provide a slightly different view of my scientific journey as a biochemist who traveled half the world to become a toxicologist via cellular biologist. I was born in the crowded, noisy, and colorful Bucharest, capital of Romania. After 4 years of high school with a major in Biology and Chemistry, in 1992, I was admitted to The University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry. Five years later, I graduated and enrolled in the Master of Molecular Biology Program for another year. My Professor of Biochemistry, Dr. Dana Iordachescu, once said that the main thing one acquires during the 5-year training period at the University is only the ''ABC of Biochemistry.'' At the time, that seemed an understatement for such a period of hard work, but looking back, I realize that she was right. Having reached that point, I thought I was ready to use that ABC and I decided to apply for a job as scientist. I was hired as research assistant at the Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy in 1998, the year when I met Professor Frank Vella then at University of Saskatchewan, Canada, who was to become a dear friend over the years, although mostly via e-mail since then. Known as a personality in education, he was invited to chair the second Workshop on Biochemical Education, cohosted by the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Biochemistry. Watching him explain how students should present their work, talking with passion about the love of his life, Biochemistry, made me think that he could make anyone love Science and anyone with a slight interest in Biological Sciences to love Biochemistry well and to remain faithful to that field. That actually happened to me too. My journey began with the recently appointed Dr. Stefana Petrescu, the young and ambitious Director of The Institute of Biochemistry, herself a graduate of the same Department, who set me to study the glycosylation pathways in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Coworkers in that laboratory, for whose time, help, and patience I owe deep gratitude, include Drs. Mihaela Trif, Gabriela Negroiu, and Norica Nichita. They smoothly transitioned me from the theoretical concepts acquired during the classes at the University into the reality of acquiring results at the bench and, most importantly, to their interpretation. The team in the Glycobiology Laboratory had already shown at that time that the glycosylation inhibitor N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) interfered with the folding and maturation of tyrosinase, the enzyme that regulates the melanogenesis in mammals. The compound had been shown to completely abolish the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase and to result in complete loss of pigmentation in B16 mouse melanoma cells (1). My Ph.D. project showed that pH-sensitive liposomes were efficient carriers for the delivery of iminosugars such as NB-DNJ to the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells (2) and later became the basis for a patent application. That is how I became interested more in the modulation of melanin production than in the use of melanogenesis as an indirect end point for the efficiency of liposomes to deliver glycosylation inhibitors into cells. In 2001, I earned my Ph.D. in Biology (Cum Laude) from the Institute Address correspondence to: Gertrude-Emilia Costin, Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS), 30 W Watkins Mill Road, #100 Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Tel: 1301-947-6524. Fax: 1301-947-6538. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Received 30 July 2010; accepted 30 July 2010


Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration; inhibition of inflammation and pain relief; and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro; promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration; maintain stem cell activity; alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation; and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application.


The present trend in papermaking is towards higher machine speeds and improved paper quality. This requires papermaking machine drive system to improve its speed, provide higher stability and assure higher precision. So how to get a more realistic model and design a good drive control system is very important. A novel nonlinear load balance control method is presented in this paper, which is a more realistic load balance method because of including a larger number of variables. It can acquire identical or even higher performance with compare to linear balance method. The results of simulation indicated the nonlinear load balance method validity. A high-performance drive control system, which consists of advanced programmable computer controllers (PCC), smart servo drivers, also is discussed. With transfer data at rate of 100 Mbps, electrical cam and time-isolated multitask operating system, the novel drive system make higher performance motion control more easily to realize. The results showed the drive system presented was high precise, high reliable and easily extendable


The Carnegie Mellon School of Design has appointed graphic designer Ben Fry as the Nierenberg Chair of Design in its School of Design for 2006-2007. Widely regarded as the one of most prestigious appointments in design education in the U.S., the Carnegie Mellon University School of Design's Nierenberg Chair of Design is a visiting professorship at established through the generosity of Carnegie Mellon alumnus and Emeritus Life Trustee Theodore D. Nierenberg.


a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Effective connectivity DCM Bayesian model selection BMS Model evidence Model comparison Bayes factor Nonlinear dynamics fMRI EEG MEG Synaptic plasticity Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) is a generic Bayesian framework for inferring hidden neuronal states from measurements of brain activity. It provides posterior estimates of neurobiologically interpretable quantities such as the effective strength of synaptic connections among neuronal populations and their context-dependent modulation. DCM is increasingly used in the analysis of a wide range of neuroimaging and electrophysiological data. Given the relative complexity of DCM, compared to conventional analysis techniques, a good knowledge of its theoretical foundations is needed to avoid pitfalls in its application and interpretation of results. By providing good practice recommendations for DCM, in the form of ten simple rules, we hope that this article serves as a helpful tutorial for the growing community of DCM users. Introduction Over the last two decades, neuroimaging analyses have become progressively refined and sophisticated. For example, there has been a trend away from the analysis of manually defined regions of interest to whole-brain analyses; from classical frequentist statistics to Bayesian hypothesis testing; and, most recently, efforts to construct


We raise a question of whether it is appropriate to simulate human and social systems using simple "ant-like" agents, and argue that in order to simulate emergence and evolution of social order, complexity must reside not only on system level (i.e. simple agents with complex relations), but also on the level of an individual agent, in the form of boundedly rational reasoning and planning capabilities. Further, we show that agent's ability to socialize with other agents and form informal friendships is key to the emergence of robust organizational structures. These theses are supported by an implemented system that uses a large number of intelligent agents to simulate emergence of terrorist cells and planning and execution of a bomb plot. We demonstrate these emergent behaviours with a detective story that is plausible enough to be published in a newspaper, yet is a completely fictional scenario created and performed by a cast of intelligent agents by means of self-motivation and self-organization. We argue that addition of individual-level realism to the model significantly boosts face validity of the simulation results.


Northwestern University, has a large number of users with their own microcomputers. Many of these microcomputer owners are interested in terminal emulation, and communication at baud rates approaching 9600. This paper describes the problems encountered in trying to meet the needs of users who attempt to communicate between their microcomputers and the mainframes available at Northwestern.


The main aim of this bachelor thesis is the study of humic acids and their barrier properties. The reactivity of humic acids was studied by simple laboratory diffusion techniques in plastic diffusion cells. This thesis is mainly focused on the through-diffusion processes in hydrogel media. Hydrogel media were based on the thermoreversible polysaccharide (agarose) with or without addition of humic acids. The rate of reactivity of humic acids was compared by the interactions with organic cationic dye – methylene blue. The influence of ionic strength and pH was tested as well.


The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, held in London's Hyde Park in the summer of 1851, represented many things. As its royal patron Prince Albert remarked in March 1850, the exhibition was to be 'a true test and living picture of the point of development at which the whole of mankind has arrived . . . , and a new starting point from which all nations will be able to direct their further exertions'.1 In other word, it was a public exercise in ranking the nations of the world according to their manufacturing achievements and thereby demonstrating the superiority of industrial civilisation. To contemporaries, it was also a celebration of British manufacturing prowess, an unprecedented international gathering in which the world's leading nations came together for peaceful competition, a lesson in the power of technology and a testament to the


We present a concept to quantify the sediment cascade's components and influencing factors for the Schöttlbach torrent – a 71 km2 non-glaciated catchment in the Niedere Tauern mountain Range in Styria, Austria. Geomorphic mapping is used to identify primary bedload sources on slope as well as patterns of lithology, slope-channel coupling and vegetation conditioning erosion intensity. We apply modern near-range measuring techniques (TLS, Structure from Motion) to monitor erosion rates from representative erosion sites and sediment delivery rates at the outlet since 2014. These measurements are interpreted based on the geomorphic map to derive a catchment-wide seasonal sediment budget. To explain seasonal variations we evaluate precipitation and discharge data from a dense station network as storm precipitation and runoff events are the main triggers of torrent sediment mobilization.


Due to a current challenge of increasing global temperature, thermo-ethanologenic yeasts receive considerably interest nowadays. In this study, 10 yeast isolates were checked for their thermophilic growth at temperature 40 0- 45 0 C four of them were selected for their fermentative capacity and ethanol tolerance at high temperatures. Only JCY2 was able to grow at 45 0 C. Four isolates JCY2, JCY3, JBY1, SF112 performed significantly well (at the 95% confidence level) in fermentation at 43 0 C. Of which JCY2was able to tolerate up to 20% v/v ethanol as compared to S. cerevisiae . Therefore only one isolate having high ethanol tolerance activity was selected indicating the further application feasibility of this yeast for ethanol production at high temperature was characterized.


Abstract Ascites, also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), is a specific type of metabolic and cardiovascular disorder with a clear genetic component that affects fast-growing broiler chickens. In order to use genetic selection to reduce the incidence of PHS, a simple and easy to use indicator of PHS resistance or susceptibility in broiler breeders needs to be provided to geneticists. Electrocardiography is a noninvasive technology able to detect changes in heart function that have been associated with PHS susceptibility. Results from the present study demonstrated that broiler breeders having electrocardiographic parameters indicative of susceptibility or resistance to PHS produce progeny populations with high or low incidences of PHS. Furthermore, at the end of a 49-d grow-out period, progeny with the lowest PHS incidence also had significantly greater body weight and better feed conversion than progeny with the highest PHS incidence. These results indicated that electrocardiography could be successfully used to select for PHS resistance without detrimental effects on live performance.


Geometry Processing is an emerging research field whose goal is to develop the new mathematical, computational, and engineering tools needed for efficient processing of 3D geometric information. This book contains the research papers presented at the Seventh Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing 2009 (SGP), held in Berlin, Germany July 15-17, 2009. SGP is the premier venue for disseminating new research ideas and cutting-edge results in computerized processing of geometric models. The research papers included in this book address diverse topics in Geometry Processing, including: shape analysis and matching, surface remeshing, reconstruction from samples, segmentation, triangulation, and compression.

This year we received a total of 75 submissions. Because of the generally high quality of the submissions, the evaluation process has been very selective. After receiving all reviews and going through a short period of intensive discussion amongst the program committee members, we were able to accept 26 Full papers for SGP 2009. This year, the review period was extended to two weeks in order to allow authors the opportunity to carefully address reviewers' concerns. All accepted submissions were reviewed by at least four reviewers, and at least three of them members of the program committee. In addition to the technical paper presentations, the conference also hosted a poster session consisting of 7 posters.

The two invited addresses given by Leo Guibas (Stanford) and Gunter M. Ziegler (TU Berlin) were the special highlight of the symposium. Both presentations tied into familiar disciplines of computational geometry, topology, and discrete geometry.


Maximum sustained energy expenditure in humans is limited by energy intake and strongly tied to event duration. The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.


The most difficult aspect of numerical simulation of well tests is the treatment of the Bottom Hole Flowing (BHF) Pressure. In full field simulations, this pressure is derived from the Well-block Pressure (WBP) using a numerical productivity index which accounts for the grid size and permeability, and for the well completion. This productivity index is calculated assuming a pseudo-steady state flow regime in the vicinity of the well and is therefore constant during the well production period. Such a pseudo-steady state assumption is no longer valid for the early time of a well test simulation as long as the pressure perturbation has not reached several grid-blocks around the well. This paper offers two different solutions to this problem: (1) The first one is based on the derivation of a Numerical Transient Productivity Index (NTPI) to be applied to Cartesian grids; (2) The second one is based on the use of a Corrected Transmissibility and Accumulation Term (CTAT) in the flow equation. The representation of the pressure behavior given by both solutions is far more accurate than the conventional one as shown by several validation examples which are presented in the following pages.


Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic which comprises two sulfonamide
groups. The literature is not clear regarding the identification of the chromatographic peaks of
its two major related substances: chlorothiazide and 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
(DSA).

In the present study, a simple, sensitive, and selective HPLC method was developed and validated
for the assay of HCTZ, Chlorothiazide and DSA. The method was carried out on a C18 column,
maintained at 40ºC. The mobile phase was composed of monobasic potassium phosphate buffer 0.02M
pH 3.0/acetonitrile/methanol (82:9:9, v/v/v), run at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection at
270 nm.

All related compounds including processing impurities and degradants from stressed samples
were well separated from each other. The performance of this method was validated in accordance to
the ICH guidelines and included specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy,
precision and robustness.

Based on the results, the HCTZ degradation pathway was proposed and the validated
HPLC method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of HCTZ in pharmaceutical formulations,
contributing to improve quality control, to assure therapeutic efficacy and to clarify the literature.


This article extends concerns of our National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators (NAECTE) membership beyond the borders of the United States to the continent of Africa. Specifically, it explores the current status of early childhood teacher education in one of the poorest nations of the world—Ethiopia. It includes an analysis of recent policy developments as well as continuing challenges to educational progress. The article concludes with a call for like-minded professional organizations such as NAECTE to lend its expertise and support to this struggling nation.


Online distance learning is an essential element in the continuing education of law enforcement officers across the nation. However, little research has been conducted into the use of learning management systems by law enforcement agencies as a tool for professional development. This study attempts to assess the attitudes, preferences, and influences that impact distance learning for professional development work for state law enforcement officers and their agencies. Law enforcement agencies and law enforcement training centers have failed to utilize or embrace distance-learning technologies, or they have adopted distance-learning technology without knowing the effectiveness of the training or learning. For adult learning to be active, the learner must embrace the subject and the training delivery method. The law enforcement profession has historically used traditional classroom lectures for education and hands-on demonstration for training. This study focuses on the attitudes, preferences and other factors that influence the use of distance learning for professional development by state law enforcement officers. This study incorporated an online survey of 496 Florida state law enforcement personnel employed by the Florida Highway Patrol and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, Division of Law Enforcement. The survey consisted of 64 questions that were analyzed and results into categories of descriptive demographics, work-related, reading and writing skills, technology use, software use, self-belief, self-management, ease of use, and learning preference for a review of factors that influence the attitudes and perceptions of state law law enforcement personnel on the use of learning management systems for profession development learning. This quantitative study revealed wireless connectivity variations between metropolitan and rural counties does not influence the perception or attitude of state law enforcement


Abstract During the past ten years, archeological research into the nature of medieval Islamic cities has been conducted in northern Morocco. The majority of this research has centered at the small port‐fortress of Qsar es‐Seghir on the Strait of Gibraltar. In the 13th century the town was enclosed within a circular fortification wall with twenty‐nine evenly spaced defensive towers and three double‐bent‐axis entry gates. By means of a systematic sampling program, we have located examples of the major social institutions: the congregational mosque, a public bath and the central market area. Evidence from portions of twenty houses we have excavated reveal a uniformity in certain design principles juxtaposed against a diversity of decorative and layout details. Quantitative analyses are being conducted to characterize the assemblage, refine the chronology, and elucidate the community structure. During the past few years the research focus of the project has been expanded to a regional level through test exca...


Because an inverse linear relationship between the glucose utilization and expression of TNF-alpha in skeletal muscle has been reported, this association may conform a critical key in the development of insulin resistance where elevated plasma free fatty acids plays a key role. Heme oxygenase is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme into biliverdin, which is subsequently reduced to bilirubin, free iron and carbon monoxide. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been potentially associated with cellular protection, especially against oxidative insults and inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the role of HO-1 in skeletal muscle on insulin resistance induced by high fat diet. Exposure of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells to palmitate led to enhanced TNF-alpha expression, which was inversely correlated with a fall in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation as well as GLUT4 translocation. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that palmitate enhances phosphorylation of IkBalpha of C2C12 cells suggesting NF-kB activation is involved. To investigate cytoprotective effect of HO-1, we performed adenovirus-mediated HO-1 gene transfer to C2C12 cells. HO-1-transduced C2C12 (HO-1-C2C12) cells with increased accumulation of bilirubin and HO activity did not exhibit any palmitate-elicited changes which were observed in Lac-Z-transduced C2C12 cells. We, then, treated mouse with CoPP to induce HO-1 (HO-1 mouse), and perform hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp to investigate insulin resistance in vivo. After 3-month-high fat diet, both control and HO-1 mouse gained body weight almost identically, however, insulin sensitivity was significantly impaired in control mouse as compared with HO-1 mouse. Skeletal muscle of control mouse displayed enhanced TNF-alpha expression with NF-kB activation which caused impaired Akt phosphorylation as well as GLUT 4 translocation as compared with those of HO-1 mouse. Taken together, these observations suggest that HO-1 in skeletal muscle may be a new therapeutic target against insulin resistance through inhibition of NF-kB/TNF-alpha pathway.


Oligonucleotide N3′ → P5′ phosphoramidates (3′‐phosphoramidates) are DNA analogs that are presently under investigation as potential therapeutic agents. These compounds may also hold promise as a diagnostic tool. Here, we describe a rapid method for the analysis of single‐stranded RNA fragments utilizing 3′‐phosphoramidate oligonucleotides as probes in conjunction with capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). 3′‐Phosphoramidate 9‐mers were mixed with complimentary RNA, and CGE was used to monitor duplex formation. Complimentary strands of RNA and 3′‐phosphoramidate formed duplexes that gave unique relative mobilities based on an internal standard. The ability of CGE to discriminate between perfect duplexes and duplexes that contain a base mismatch was also investigated. However, the primary focus of this work was to determine CGE's ability to detect the presence of the 3′‐phosphoramidates/RNA duplex under routine electrophoretic running conditions. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis was utilized to verify duplex formation.


Conventional electrogram mapping techniques for localization of accessory pathways during radiofrequency ablation procedures are time consuming and often inaccurate. We hypothesized that a computer generated, three‐dimensional electrogram of retrograde atrial activation created from signal‐averaged sequential endocardial bipolar electrograms (collected from the atrial aspect of the mitral annulus using a single transseptal catheter and then time aligned to a known myocardial activation reference) would improve left‐sided accessory pathway afrial insertion site identification and increase ablation efficiency. Ablation efficiency was defined by procedure time, fluoroscopy time, duration of radiofrequency energy required to achieve initial accessory pathway block, cumulative ablation energy per procedure, and number of radiofrequency energy applications. Patients with single left‐sided accessory atrioventricular connections were studied. Standard mapping results in 31 patients (group A) were compared to a three‐dimensional electrogram approach used in 26 patients (group B). Three‐dimensional electrogram mapping reduced procedure time (group A 3.8 ± 1,6 vs group B 2.8 ± 0.9 hours, P < 0.004), fluoroscopy time (group A 45,3 ± 35.0 vs group B 25.1 ± 10,5 min, P < 0.02), time to accessory pathway block (group A 2.6 ± 1.5 vs group B 1,2 ± 0.5 sec, P < 0.002), cumulative radiofrequency energy (group A 2126 ± 2207 vs group B 636 ± 586 joules, P < 0.0008), and radiofrequency energy applications (group A 5.0 ± 4.4 vs group B 1.7 ± 1.2, P < 0.0002). We conclude that three‐dimensional electrogram mapping improves left‐sided accessory pathway atrial insertion localization, reduces ablation procedure time and radiation exposure, and improves ablation efficiency.


In this paper, we describe the social context of a distance learning situation between teachers and learners and its cooperative learning activities. The objective is to make learners cooperate through project pedagogy. The project pedagogy is based on experiential learning and consists of learners working together in a team. During their cooperative activities, learners are supported by the system in a way that depends on the difficulties detected and the support style. When the system is no longer able to provide useful advice, learners are supported remotely by the teacher. We describe a model of multi-agent architecture providing this support. This architecture is made up of various communicating agents distributed across a network like the internet. We have developed a distance learning environment, based on this multi-agent architecture, in the field of educational robotics. We give an example to show how teachers can support learners remotely by modifying their interface or by acting on the distant physical device (a micro-robot).


Comprend : My soul there is a country (texte de Henry Vaughan), I know my soul hath power (texte de Sir John Davies), Never weather-beaten sail (texte de Thomas Campion), There is an old belief (texte de John Gibson Lockhart), At the round earth's imagined corners (texte de John Donne), Lord, let me know mine end (texte : Psaume 39)


Fast method of measurement of radon concentration in water based on flushing (bubbling) water sample with air in closed loop with Lucas cell is presented. The main feature of the method is washing radon from large sample of water to small volume of air including the volume of Lucas cell, thanks to which high radon concentration in the air and considerable sensitivity of measurement is achieved. Estimated measuring sensitivity is S = 8.5 cpm/(Bq/dm 3 ). Random error due to statistical fluctu- ations of count rate at radon concentration 1, 100, 10 000 Bq/dm 3 is: 11, 1.1, 0.1% correspondingly at counting (measuring) time 10 min. Minimum detectable radon concentration in water for such counting time is 0.11 Bq/dm 3 .


Two identities are obtained by Jacobi's triple product identity and some basic operators. By applying these identities, Jacobi's theorem for the number of representations of an integer as a sum of eight squares is easily proved.


Fibre reinforced cement-based composites were prepared using kraft pulps from sisal and banana waste and from Eucalyptus grandis pulp mill residues. The study adapted conventional chemical pulping conditions for the non-wood strands and a slurry vacuum de-watering method for composite preparation followed by air-curing. Plain cement paste and Pinus radiata kraft reinforced cement composites were used as reference materials. Mechanical testing showed that optimum performance of the various waste ®bre reinforced composites was obtained at a ®bre content of around 12% by mass, with  ̄exural strength values of about 20 MPa and fracture toughness values in the range of 1.0±1.5 kJ mÿ2. Experimental results showed that, of the waste ®bres studied, E. grandis is the preferred reinforcement for low-cost ®bre-cement. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


The impact of the geometric phase on the time evolution of quantum‐mechanical wave packets is studied theoretically. Two model systems of coupled electronic potential energy surfaces are compared. One of them, the well‐known E×e Jahn–Teller system, comprises two conically intersecting surfaces, and the dynamics is subject to the geometric phase. The other system, describing the (E+A)×e Pseudo‐Jahn–Teller effect, comprises three intersecting surfaces and the dynamics is not subject to a geometric phase. Apart from the geometric phase, the coupling to the upper surface is verified to be negligible for low‐energy wave packet motion. Still, the geometric phase leads to a pronounced difference of low‐energy wave packet dynamics in both systems. Most significant is the phenomenon of destructive self‐interference of the two parts of the wave packet that encircle the conical intersection on opposite sides. The importance of the resulting different shape of the wave packet for a fs pump‐probe spectrum is pointed out.


In 2017, a change to the national curriculum of New Zealand required primary teachers to implement a new component into the Technology area of The New Zealand Curriculum. This was to be fully implemented by the start of the 2020 school year. However, unless this was a personal area of ability, no primary teacher in New Zealand has been trained or prepared for this new addition. This study reports on how one school worked to implement this new requirement into their teaching practice. This study noted that for the participating teachers, teaching an unknown area of the curriculum required emotional work, political work, and pedagogical work. Over the course of the 2019 school year, these teachers in collaborative professional development (PD) sessions explored, experimented with, and enacted digital technology. Results from this study showed that students' learner was enhanced through teachers' meaningful and purposeful integration of digital technology in their programs of learning. This study offers insight into how primary teachers were able to work in authentic collaborative relationships to support each other in how to implement a new curriculum requirement that was not supported by any ministerial PD.


Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder caused by intermittent partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep resulting in intermittent hypoxemia and hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, increased oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. The prevalence of moderate-to-severe OSA in the general population, estimated at 23.4% in women and 49.7% in men, has increased over the past few decades (1,2), due in part to the obesity epidemic (3). Multiple observational studies have reported an association between OSA, insulin resistance, and increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes (4,5). In a meta-analysis, the presence of OSA was independently associated with a 1.35-fold increase in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (4). In addition to being a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, OSA is highly prevalent in adults with type 2 diabetes, with prevalence estimates between 58% and 86%, with moderate-to-severe OSA being present in 25–59% of individuals (4).

Although increasing severity of OSA has been associated with worsened glycemic control (6), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the gold standard treatment of OSA, has not been consistently shown to improve glycemic control or reduce insulin resistance in clinical trials in which CPAP was used for 1–6 months (4,7–10). Multiple factors may contribute to the heterogeneity of the results, including different levels of CPAP adherence, various durations of CPAP therapy, background glycemic control, and the use of antihyperglycemic agents, the number of which has been ever increasing. In well-controlled laboratory experiments, however, there is evidence that short-term CPAP use with ensured compliance of 8 h nightly for 1–2 weeks results in improved …


In this paper, we develop exact inference procedures (tests and confidence region)\ for autoregressive models [AR($p$), $p\geq 1$]. Proposed approaches test hypotheses, which fix the complete vector of autoregressive coefficients with Fisher-type statistics. Distribution of each statistic is independent of nuisance parameters, and is relatively easy to simulate. To test the multiple unit root hypothesis with order $d$ (possibly $d\geq 2)$, we generalize parameterization of \QCITE{cite}{}{Dickey(1976)}, \QCITE{cite}{}{Fuller(1976)}, \QCITE{cite}{}{Hasza-Fuller(1979)}, \QCITE{cite}{}{Beveridge-Nelson(1981)} and \QCITE{cite}{}{Diebold-Nerlove(1990)}. This reformulation for the AR$(p)$ model has the advantage to express directly the multiple unit root hypothesis. Statistical properties (power and size control) of proposed tests and asymptotic tests are compared by Monte Carlo experience. Robustness (towards normality) for proposed tests are also studied. Poposed approaches are applied to the U.S. velocity model


Purpose – Literature on board interlocks agrees that these inter‐organizational ties are effective channels to exchange information and share knowledge. However, studies that consider the nature and the amount of knowledge that firms exchange are still relatively absent. Filling this gap, this paper aims to identify four types of mechanisms that can be recognised as drivers of interlocks' creation. The first two types deal more strictly with the nature of the knowledge that directors sitting on the board of other firms possess. The other two respond to the willingness of firms to increase their exposure to different sources of knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – Through a statistical analysis the authors study the relationship between the presence of board interlocks and the type of knowledge embedded in these inter‐organizational ties. To test the hypotheses the authors conduct a longitudinal analysis of the whole population of Italian listed firms covering the period from 1998 to 2006.Findings – It ...


Software specifications often involve data structures with huge numbers of value, and consequently they cannot be checked using standard state exploration or model-checking techniques. Data structures can be expressed with binary relations, and operations over such structures can be expressed as formulae involving relational variables. Checking properties such as preservation of an invariant thus reduces to determining the validity of a formula or, equivalently, finding a model (of the formula's negation). A new method for finding relational models is presented. It exploits the permutation invariance of models—if two interpretations are isomorphic, then neither is a model, or both are—by partitioning the space into equivalence classes of symmetrical interpretations. Representatives of these classes are constructed incrementally by using the symmetry of the partial interpretation to limit the enumeration of new relation values. The notion of symmetry depends on the type structure of the formula; by picking the weakest typing, larger equivalence classes (and thus fewer representatives) are obtained. A more refined notion of symmetry that exploits the meaning of the relational operators is also described. The method typically leads to exponential reductions; in combination with other, simpler, reductions it makes automatic analysis of relational specifications possible for the first time.


Biomass consists of about 30% xylan, a polysaccharide composed of pentoses. Hexoses are more easily converted to biofuels and bioproducts, and therefore it is advantageous to develop plants with a higher ratio of C6 to C5 sugars in their cell walls. Another major component of biomass is lignin, which is an aromatic polymer that is responsible for biomass recalcitrance and is difficult to convert to fuels or bioproducts. Therefore, it is a goal to decrease the amount of lignin in biofuel feedstocks. However, both xylan and lignin are important components in plants and must be retained in vessels. We have developed strategies to reduce xylan content by at least 30% and lignin content by at least 50% in plant stems without any apparent effect on plant growth and development.  The methods are based on dominant genes that can be easily translated to different plant species. Plants modified in this way were further modified to increase the accumulation of pectic galactan by overexpressing a galactan synthase, a UDP-galactose epimerase and a UDP-galactose transporter. The resulting plants are indistinguishable from the wild type under normal growth conditions. Changing the cell walls of plants may lead to altered environmental resilience and we have therefore tested the drought tolerance of some of the engineered plants. Surprisingly, many of the plants show increased drought tolerance.


DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2018.6.2.49 Abstract: Neo-natal sepsis is a blood infection that occurs in infants younger than 90 days old. It occurs in 1 to 8 per 1000 live birth with highest incidence occurring among infants of very low birth weight. Neo-natal sepsis is commonly associated with acute renal failure. This study aimed to determine the effect of early – onset neonatal sepsis on renal functions. This study targeted 100 Neonates affected with early onset neonatal sepsis admitted to Omdurman Pediatrics Hospital during the period of (January to July 2017). Included neonates were those affected with neonatal sepsis only and aged (1-7 days) while those affected with other diseases and aged more than 7 days, were excluded. Intravenous Blood samples were collected from all neonates affected with neonatal sepsis attending Omdurman Pediatrics' Hospital during the period of study. Plasma was prepared for determination of renal function tests (Urea, Creatinine, Na+ and K+ and Ca++). Questionnaires were filled with mothers of affected children, to obtain information about the type and place of delivery. The findings of this study, revealed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the level of Urea, Creatinine and Sodium, while there was no change in the level of Potassium and Calcium of affected neonates, with respect to their age, site and type of delivery, as compared to the normal reference value of the study parameters. Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between neonatal sepsis and the levels of Urea, Creatinine and Sodium.


Objective: To associate risk factors of the preoperative period of potentially contaminated surgeries performed in a teaching hospital in the southern region of Brazil with the occurrence of surgical site infection in the postoperative period in the hospital and at home. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from February to June 2015 with 90 participants by means of individual data collection and observation, from the preoperative period, immediate postoperative period and up to seven days after discharge. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for data analysis. Categorical variables were analyzed descriptively by simple frequency and percentages, and numerical variables by position and dispersion measurements. Results: The surgical site infection in the postoperative period in the hospital occurred in 10% of participants, and in the postoperative period at home in 46.7%. Risk factors: gender, age, underlying diseases, medications, alcoholism and smoking habits were significant for the development of these infections. Conclusion: Checking the health history and performing follow-up of surgical patients during the preoperative period and surgical recovery to reduce surgical site infection are recommended. Descritores Segurança do paciente; Enfermagem perioperatória; Enfermagem cirúrgica; Infecção da ferida operatória; Infecção hospitalar


An important class of nonparametric signal processing methods entails forming a set of predictors from an overcomplete set of basis functions associated with a fast transform (e.g., wavelet packets). In these methods, the number of basis functions can far exceed the number of sample values in the signal, leading to an ill-posed prediction problem. The "basis pursuit" denoising method of Chen, Donoho, and Saunders regularizes the prediction problem by adding an 11 penalty term on the coefficients for the basis functions. Use of an l1 penalty instead of 12 has significant benefits, including higher resolution of signals close in time/frequency and a more parsimonious representation. The 11 penalty, however, poses a challenging optimization problem that was solved by Chen, Donoho and Saunders using a novel application of interior-point algorithms (IP). This article investigates an alternative optimization approach based on block coordinate relaxation (BCR) for sets of basis functions that are the finite union of sets of orthonormal basis functions (e.g., wavelet packets). We show that the BCR algorithm is globally convergent, and empirically, the BCR algorithm is faster than the IP algorithm for a variety of signal denoising problems.


The civilisation is unique attainment, created on earth by ‹intellect› inventions, altering the natural trends, by anthropic improvements. The changes are the result of ‹knowledge formation›, with fallouts of culture and ethics by-products on the collectives. This discussion presents a ‹relational› account, in which the ‹mind›, by interpersonal inventions, creates multilevel ‹closed societies›. The ‹relational› picture identifies the key functions of communication (language), trade (market) and authority (government) and describes example layouts, when the overriding tracks are result of total a priori, or of contingent a posteriori constructions. The analyses bring to figure out the privileges of the ‹sovereignty›, notably, face too the extant ‹ecology› requirements. The discussion provides insights into how intellect shapes civilisation, subject to constraints, when dealing with the material world. The ‹relational› hypothesis is efficient way to describe the robot-age developments, with unified accounts of the ‹artificial life/intellect› tools. The present discussion limits to give hints on the validation of the ‹political setups›, by timely adapted ‹knowledge› inventions.


Static adsorption of Sb (III) on a porous biomorph-genetic composite of Fe2O3/Fe3O4/C (PBGC-Fe/C-B) was studied. The results showed that the kinetic curve of Sb (III) adsorption by PBGC-Fe/C-B had same change trend under initial concentration of 5, 10 and 50 mg/L. The fitting and regression analysis of four kinds of kinetic model indicated that, the adsorption kinetics of Sb (III) by the PBGC-Fe/C-B well follow the pseudo-second-order model (R2>0.9999). At different reaction temperature (25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C), the adsorption capacity of Sb (III) by PBGC-Fe/C-B both increased with increasing the solution equilibrium concentration. While it showed a declined tendency with temperature increased. The Langmuir isotherm model (R2>0.98) and the Freundlich isotherm model (R2>0.95) had both better fitted with the equilibrium data.


Summary Introduction: Chlamydia pneumoniae it is a bacteria with a contact prevalence in but of the world populationis 80% and associated with cardiovascular disease (ECV) and atherosclerosis. In Mexico they are scarce the studies and not conclusive in the demonstration of this association. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to iden- tify the frequency from the exhibition to Ch. pneumoniae in patient with ECV, as well as to establish the influence of the gender and the age in the expression of this relationship. Material and methods: 30 individuals of both sexes were studied with acute and chronic ECV, assigned to two groups. The group I, integrated by 12 patients with antecedents of stable ECV and the group II, formed by 18 patients with presence acute ECV, with serum determinations of antibod- ies levels of IgG and IgA vs Ch. pneumoniae. Results: The general serumpositivity was of 40%; nine of the 18 patients of the group II (50%) and three of the 12 patients of the group I (25%) they presented positivity (bigger at 1:16). The probability of presenting the exhibition to Ch. pneumoniae was bigger in the group with acute disease and in a proportion 2 times superior (25% vs 50%; p< 0.05), Palabras clave: Aterosclerosis, enfermedad arterial coronaria, Chlamydia pneumoniae.


ALTHOUGH THE TRADITIONAL Chinese approach to astrology is unique, it will not be misleading to begin by classifying its components with respect to the distinction Otto Neugebauer successfully applied to Western astrologynamely that between judicial astrology and genethliacal astrology.1 Within the following discussion the term " portent astrology" will be used in place of " judicial astrology" in order to avoid confusion with the familiar distinction between judicial and natural astrology.2 While in the West "genethliacal astrology " is synonymous with " horoscopic astrology," it will be shown that the Chinese art of fate calculation is not properly called "astrology "; Chinese horoscopes as such are founded on ideas imported from the West. Chinese court astrology consists purely in the accumulation of portents in the form of celestial, meteorological, and seismological phenomena supernovae, planetary conjunctions, comets, hailstorms, earthquakes and their empirical correlation with events in human society which are relevant to the success of the Imperial rule. Here is a typical interpretation from the Shih chiA,3 (Records of the Grand Astrologer-Historian; c. 90 B.C.): "When Mercury appears in company with Venus to the east, and when they are both red and shoot forth rays, then foreign kingdoms will be vanquished and the soldiers of China will be victorious." 4 The Chinese term t'ien-wen B is now used simply to mean " astronomy," but this is a decided shift in denotation; in classical writings it is ordinarily used in the sense of " portent astrology." The major part of the " T'ien-wen chih" (Treatise on t'ien-wen) generally included in the Standard Histories is devoted to observational records of celestial and other natural anomalies and their correlation with political events. As a result, the Histories preserve


An in-depth study about the people who support animal causes, including what they do, what they like, and who they are


The invention relates to a variable frequency oil engine-based direct current (DC) power generation system which comprises a storage battery and a DC bus, wherein the storage battery is connected with the DC bus; the system also comprises a variable frequency oil engine, a medium frequency DC permanent magnet generator, a load detector and an oil engine variable frequency controller, wherein the variable frequency oil engine is connected with the medium frequency DC permanent magnet generator in a mechanical way; a DC output end of the medium frequency DC permanent magnet generator is connected with the DC bus; an input end of the load detector is connected with the DC bus; an output end of the load detector is connected with an input end of the oil engine variable frequency controller; and an output end of the oil engine variable frequency controller is connected with a control end of the variable frequency oil engine. The system can adjust the output voltage of the generator by adjusting the rotating speed of the variable frequency oil engine, and finally achieves the aim of adjusting the charge current and the load current of the storage battery. The oil engine works in a variable frequency state, rotates at high speed when having heavy load, and runs at low speed when having light load, thus greatly improving the system efficiency, improving the fuel consumption rate of the system, reducing the whole emission and achieving the aim of protecting the environment and saving energy.


Making decisions related to health care issues is a demanding task. These decisions are influenced by many combined factors related to the patient, their relatives, and the professional as an individual and as a team member, beyond other factors considering the team as a whole. When these decisions are concerned to palliative and end-of-life care, ethical dilemmas or problems may occur (e.g: decisions related to place of care and death, decisions regarding therapeutic interventions for symptom control, decisions about withholding and/or withdrawing treatments, decisions considering truth disclosure and communication, decisions considering patients' autonomy and self-determination, decisions related to the justice and resource distribution). Beside these problems, even though palliative care principles reject any interventions in order to postpone or hasten death, issues such as medical futility, euthanasia and physician assisted suicide need to be reflected and discussed.


This project aims to carry out a bibliographic survey regarding the characteristics and context of the programming language in the use of Simply Linked Chains Lists. The concept of C language programming, the programming structure in the use of Circular Lists and an example of C language code in the use of Chained List is addressed. The article also discusses the context of memory allocation, limit, pointer, a synthesis in the use of Dynamic Lists and applications that use this resource, such as electronic games.


Poisson random network was widely used in research on wireless communication and network recently. We utilized Poisson random network to construct the model for visible light communication. Detailed derivation of approximately analytical expression for SINR of visible light communication was given. The correctness and effectiveness of our approach was verified via numerical simulation. Our result will be beneficial to calculation of some critical quantities of visible light communication system, such as channel capacity, interrupt probability and coverage, etc.


We devised a probabilistic model to compute the number of used wavelengths in every link of a transparent optical network. Based on this model, a novel approach for impairments-aware RWA algorithm is proposed and evaluated.


This paper develops job shop production scheduling using Non Delay algorithm through forward and backward-forward algorithm to minimize total earliness and tardiness costs. Backward approach has some disadvantages, such as, if the job is scheduled in backward, there is a possibility that the infeasible situation occurs, in which the job is scheduled at t<0. This paper used hypothetic data generated randomly. This job shop scheduling algorithm development was validated using LINDO software to check the effectiveness heuristic method, compared with the optimation method. The validation proves that the result of backward-forward scheduling method is better than the result of forward scheduling method.


southwest Asia and concludes that (1) Neanderthals reached the southwest Asia region around 70,00065,000 years ago, (2) there does not appear to be "a direct correlation between environmental change and shifts in core reduction strategies" (p. 179), and (3) that hunting is likely to have developed in this time period. The last paper, by Randall K. White, contrasts the "thousands of years of symbolic silence" (p. 225) of the Neanderthals with the sudden and abrupt appearance of bodily ornamentation and its technology in the form of early Aurignacian and Chatelperronian beads. These relate, he suggests, to ideational systems, hence to the whole complex of behavioral and cultural changes that were taking place during this time period. Overall, the papers provide a useful discussion of the position of archaic hominids/Neanderthals as precursors to Homo sapiens sapiens, yet still leave as enigmatic the western European Neanderthals with their abrupt demise/replacement/absorption over a few thousand years. Conceptually, though the larger picture of evolutionary trends that predate the Neanderthals is recognized, the argument is sometimes erroneously framed as needing to account for why Neanderthals have certain features, such as prognathism, not found in Homo sapiens sapiens rather than why traits that have persisted for hundreds of thousands, if not millions of years, should now disappear. This criticism aside, the papers in this volume will be of interest to anyone wanting to know the current status of the Neanderthal controversy and the new directions that arguments are taking.


IgA levels are considered as one of the most important determinant of immunity in children and undernutrition may result in deviated IgA levels due to repetitive infection resulting in acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoea. Hence, the study was undertaken to determine serum IgA levels of 80 undernourished and 30 nourished children using Immunoturbidimetric assay and correlate with their nutritional and morbidity status. Due to the known variability of immunoglobulin levels, subjects were divided into three groups based on their age range i.e. 5-7; 7-10 and 10-12 years. Results indicated that mean IgA levels of undernourished children were 110.89±37.78 mg/dl 131.81±43.43 mg/dl and 168.00±64.75 mg/dl for age group 5-7; 7-10 and 10-12 years respectively. Mean diarrhoeal episodes were reported to be 0.53±1.20; 0.82±1.14 and 1.17±1.26 and mean episodes of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in past one month were 2.21±1.89; 1.43±1.47 and 1.83±1.19 for above mentioned age range. The mean serum IgA level of undernourished children between 5-10 years and 7-10 years were higher than the healthy children, although this difference was not statistically significant. A significant positive correlation was seen between undernutrition status and serum IgA levels of 10-12 years of school children.


Abstract : The mission statement of the AFRL is to create rocket propulsion technologies for the warfighter to control and exploit space and air.


Based on the theoretical origin of excess tax burden,this paper analyzes Harberger's excess burden measurement,which is based on Marshall's cardinal utility theory,and derives the amount of tax distortion costs respectively under different demand price elasticity and supply price elasticity from the perspective of specific duty and ad valorem duty. Given the non- availability of the demand price elasticity and supply price elasticity of different goods of different classification,this paper adopts Barro 's( 1979) tax smoothing method to approximately measure the tax distortion cost,and compares the tax distortion cost under effective tax rate. The conclusions are:From 1994 to 2013,the excess tax burden of China is in exponentially increase. Tax smoothing is based on certain assumptions and is suitable for analyzing the static relationships among various economic variables; The "Broader Tax Collection Basis and Lower Tax Rates"direction for China's tax system reform has been further verified from the perspective of Pareto efficiency.


The gene Ag‐Aper1 encodes a peritrophic matrix (PM) protein from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Ag‐Aper1 gene expression and protein localization in the mosquito midgut were studied during the course of a blood meal. Ag‐Aper1 mRNA abundance does not change appreciably during the course of blood ingestion and digestion. Prior to a blood meal, the protein is stored in secretory vesicles of midgut epithelial cells. Moreover, Ag‐Aper1 colocalizes to the same secretory vesicles as trypsin, indicating that these proteins use a common secretory pathway. Blood feeding triggers the secretion of vesicle contents into the midgut lumen, after which Ag‐Aper1 is incorporated into the PM. Newly synthesized Ag‐Aper1 protein was again detected within the midgut epithelial cells at 60 h after blood ingestion.


The natural conditions of Huangshan Scenic Spot were superior.The vertical distribution of forest vegetation was clear.There were 134 families,655 genera,1483 species of seed plants,including 31 species of the state key conservation plants.The diversity of seed plants was threatened because of the development of travel.The conservation of the seed plant should be strengthen.


In advanced, modern societies every subject has a role in improving road traffic by implementing the aims from the traffic policy. Road traffic safety is one of the key priorities for effective traffic management. Road traffic safety is manageable. In modern societies the Government is the accountable body for road traffic safety. Today, the Republic of Serbia still does not have a National road traffic safety strategy. The enforcement of the new Law on road safety will change the previous role of municipalities regarding traffic safety management. The municipalities form the core cell for road safety management in a country. Local executive bodies determine the policy for the implementation of the local strategy for road safety. The assemblies of local self-governments bring the strategy for traffic safety improvement in the local. In accordance with the national regulations and national strategy they bring their own act regulating respective specific characteristics of their territory in order to provide safety to all the citizens in traffic. This paper gives the institutional frame for road safety management in Serbia at national and local level.


This paper discusses a new multi-seeder dynamic testing technology that makes it possible to
accurately and reliably measure seed space intervals using image processing and analysis
techniques. We also discuss the development of a universal test-bed designed to test the
performance of precision seeders and grain drills along with the simultaneous capture of seed
distributions from the three seeding monomers. A dynamic test of a precision seeder at step-less
speed (0.5m/s-3m/s)was developed, then a new image processing and analysis technique used to
examine the precision of the seeders and the accuracy of the procedure. Based on the independent
capture of three primary channels in the images, it was possible to simultaneously capture real time
images from three-seeder seeding. Finally, the series of images were joined together using an new
image matching technique (based on markers on the test bed belt), with an error in seed interval of
±2 mm. Application of this new technique with existing software has the potential to replace
conventional measurement methods and promises expanded use in the future.


Halide perovskites are very attractive for solution-processed visible and near-IR sensing applications due to their intrinsic advantages such as excellent photosensitivity, bandgap tunability, broadband sensitivity, high charge transport capability, and solution-processability. Unlike Pb-based perovskites, which cannot be tuned to below 1.48 eV, Pb-Sn mixed halide perovskites exhibit low bandgaps of 1.2-1.3 eV. Due to the low bandgap, these Pb-Sn mixed halide perovskite can absorb light till 1000nm making them a viable alternative to Silicon as the visible and near-IR broadband photodetectors. However, the low-bandgap nature of Pb-Sn mixed perovskites also causes large levels of electron and hole injection from anode and cathode, thus leading to high dark current. To mitigate the issue of charge injection, therefore, it is important to have an electron blocking layer (EBL) and a hole blocking layer (HBL) inserted between the electrodes and the Pb-Sn mixed perovskite photodetectors.


Understanding the nature of transit travel demand is at the heart of transportation policy making and the success of transit systems. Unfortunately, most existing studies focus narrowly on a single or a few transit systems or metropolitan areas to analyze the determinants of transit travel demand. It is, therefore, difficult to generalize their findings over a broader geographic scale. This paper examines and explores the determinants of transit travel demand by bus generalizable to the entire U.S. by investigating internal and external factors at the U.S. metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level for 2010. The authors collected and used data for all 358 MSAs nationwide. Internal factors are those that the transit managers and operators have some control over (e.g., transit supply, transit coverage), whereas external factors are those that they do not have control over (e.g., population density, vehicles per household). Several variables came directly from the U.S. Census Bureau and National Transit Database, whereas the authors constructed others using data from these two sources. The paper employs a log-log regression model to address the issues of non-normality, non-linearity, and heteroscedasticity. Findings suggest that internal factors tend to be significant predictors of travel demand by bus mode compared with external ones. As such, transit authorities have the ability to attract ridership by adjusting the influential internal factors under their control.


Ik statement of the basic problem, of the lower-middle-class thesis, / \ provides an appropriate beginning. The lower-middle class, it JL. JL. 1S claimed, is subject to a unique set of strains which lead its members to support demagogues, social movements, or political parties that promise alleviation and, usually, a restoration of some prior more favorable social position. The claim is clearly causal in character; something about their condition induces the sense of strain and stimulates the subsequent reaction. To address that claim, the first requirement for the establishment of its validity is the demonstration of an association, the easiest option being the presentation of a simple two-variable table, of a cross-tabulation showing class and party choice. The prediction would be that the lowermiddle class, in contrast to the other classes, would give pronounced support for such restorationist efforts. A cross-tabulation of that sort could provide a clear confirmation. Or it could show only modest supporting differences, or no differences, or an entirely unexpected pattern. That cross-tabulation, moreover, would show only the single behavior, that is, voting. It would say nothing about the underlying motives. The latter question would require a separate line of investigation, one that, especially for historical studies of mass behavior, proves extremely difficult. In my book, Who Voted for Hitler? (44-46) I provided some hypothetical figures, ones I feel reflect the sense of the literature in which this thesis had been argued. The figures had to be hypothetical—because the subject had never been seriously researched, particularly in urban settings. Two principal lessons were drawn from those figures. First, given reasonable estimates as to the size of the various classes, a 60 percent lower-middle-class vote for the NSDAP would mean exactly the same number of votes as a 25 percent vote from the working class. Thus the thesis itself might be sustained, but an adequate understanding


We show that the condition that determines the value of the Z boson mass in the MSSM in terms of weak scale parameters allows one to define a quantity $Delta_EW$ that depends essentially on just the particle spectrum, and serves as a bound on the naturalness measure for any underlying model that leads to the same spectrum. A low value of $Delta_ EW$ is a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for naturalness. We compare $\Delta_EW$ with measures of finetuning in the literature, and argue that a low magnitude of the mu parameter is more basic to naturalness considerations than light stops (in that we can find models with low $Delta_EW$ and stops in the 1-2 TeV range). Turning to the phenomenology of low $\mu$ models, we point out a novel SS di-boson signature that allows for a SUSY greater reach at the high luminosity LHC than the canonical missing $E_T$ search for gluinos, if gaugino mass unification is assumed. Confirmatory signals may be present in other multi-lepton channels. After a brief mention of the prospects for detection of neutralino dark matter, we conclude by emphasizing that ILC600 will conclusively explore natural SUSY models with no worse than 3% fine-tuning. Xerxes Tata, Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa


Three hundred forty-six patients with post- surgical non-small cell Stage I bronchogenic carcinoma were followed from 5.0 to 10.8 years (median, 7.0 years). Recurrent cancer developed in 135 patients (39%). Seventy- five recurrences were nonregional metastases (55.6%); 35 (25.9%), a subsequent primary lung cancer; and 25 (18.5%), local recurrence only. The rate of recurrent lung cancer decreased from 15.0 patients per 100 patient-years the first postoperative year to 2.3 the seventh and subsequent years. The rate of recurrence varied among the three differ- ent types of recurrent cancer. Five years after pulmonary resection, 70.0% of patients with T1 NO neoplasms had no evidence of recurrence compared with 58.2% of patients with T2 NO tumors (p = 0.012) and only 31.8% of pa- tients with T1 N1 neoplasms (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in overall rate of recurrence among the various cell types. Currently, 174 patients are alive. Lung cancer survival (Kaplan-Meier) was 69.1% at 5 years and 61.9% at 9 years. At 2 years following detection of subsequent lung cancer, 51.8% of patients with subse- quent primary lung cancer had survived lung cancer com- pared with 23.4% for those with local recurrence and only 8.9% for those with nonregional metastases. Pulmonary resection remains the most effective treat- ment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. When only lung cancer deaths are considered, 5-year survival for patients with postsurgical Stage I lung cancer ap- proaches 70% (l). Although patients with Stage I disease are presumed to have no distant metastases (MO) and no lymph node metastases beyond the resected specimen (NO, Nl), a discouraging number of these patients have recurrent lung cancer within 5 years. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence, pattern, and type of lung cancer recurrence in patients surviving resection for Stage I non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. All patients studied received pulmonary resection alone as the initial treatment for lung cancer. All staging was done by the TNM classification system of the American


The article is devoted to acts of corporations as the main factor in the lapse of the right of participation in corporations. In recent years corporate relations in general were the object of scrutiny. The main discussion was expanded in the field of explanations of their nature and place in the system of civil law. The priority was the concept of special and not contractual nature of corporate relations. The result of developed dispute was large-scale changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation on legal entities. The changes affected not only the Civil code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the CC), but the Federal law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FL "On limited liability companies", the Federal law dated 26.12.1995 No. 208-FL "On joint stock companies". The lapse of the right of participation is associated primarily with the disappearance of one of the parties of the membership relationship. It is either a liquidation of the corporation, the output of member of the corporation, or conclusion of disposing civil transactions. Liquidation is considered as a corporate procedure, resulting in the termination of a legal entity. Liquidation is considered as a corporate procedure, resulting in the lapse of a legal entity. The output of member of the economic society is carried out on the basis of his act. Thus, such an act would be in itself a ground for lapse of the participation rights as since its implementation the legal status of the participant is lapsed. Participation right is lapsed by one partner and begins with another. For a business entity any effect does not occur, because the identity of a particular participant does not matter, there are no changrs in the structure of the corporation. Only the subject is changing in the membership relationship. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p169


There are more than 100 chili cultivars registered in Ministry of Agriculture in Indonesia. Most of the cultivars are hybrid line. The open polinated line cultivars are very rare. The cultivars from open polinated lines are potential as parental in crop science, but the resistance to pathogen are limited. Obtectove of this researc is to determinated the Indonesian Chili resistance response to Fusarium oxysporum infection. The pathogenic fungi causes fusarium wilt in chili plantation. The F. Oxysporum infection was done by root-dip method and the plant response was analysed based on the Disease Severity Index (DSI). The result showed hinghest resistance to Fusarium oxysporum infection was in Branang cultivar with DSI = 5.7 %, so the cultivar was determined as resistant. Whereas, the lowest resistance was in Lembang-1 cultivar with DSI = 34,4 %, therefore the cultivar was determined as high sensitive.


The printer detector chiefly possess : Low paper detection utensil ( PE's detector ), paper bail place detector and sending the paper accent staff place detector. These three kinds of detectors' examination elements shall transform the signal needing to be fathomed into voltage signal and then output, and utilizes convertor and signal transfer to succeed the signal conversion transmitting voltage that has the drive capability with treatment of signal and so on again. The printer detector plays the significant action in the regular work of printer.


Following our earlier work studying the formation of the Neptunian Trojan population during the planet's migration, we present results examining the eventual fate of the Trojan clouds produced in that work. A large number of Trojans were followed under the gravitational influence of the giant planets for a period of at least 1Gyr. We find that the stability of Neptunian Trojans seems to be strongly correlated to their initial post-migration orbital elements, with those objects that survive as Trojans for billions of years, displaying negligible orbital evolution. The great majority of these survivors began the integrations with small eccentricities (e 20°. Dynamical integrations of the presently observed Trojans show that five out of the seven are dynamically stable on time-scales comparable to the age of the Solar system, while 2001 QR322 exhibits significant dynamical instability on time-scales of less than 1 Gyr. The seventh Trojan object, 2008 LC18, was only recently discovered and has such large orbital uncertainties that only future studies will be able to determine its stability.


The influence range and degree of the mined-out areas are calculated,based on the status quo survey of ground collapses.The probability integral method is used to calculate the ground movement and deformation values and then draw out the ground collapse and settlement isoline map.This provides the basis for the local government to take control measures and make related decisions.


Abstract We present new photometric and astrometric data available for S Ori 70 and 73, the two T-type planetary-mass member candidates in the σ Orionis cluster (~3 ± 2 Myr, d~360 pc). S Ori 70 (J ~ 19.9 mag) has a spectral type of T5.5 ± 1.0 measured from published near-infrared spectra, while no spectroscopic data are available for S Ori 73 (J ~ 21 mag). We estimate the spectral type of S Ori 73 by using J, H, and CH4off (λc=1.575 μm, Δλ=0.112 μm) photometry and comparing the H-CH4off index of S Ori 73 with the colors of field stars and brown dwarfs of spectral types in the range F to late T. The locations of S Ori 70 and 73 in the J-H vs H-CH4off color-color diagram are consistent with spectral types T8 ± 1 and T4 ± 1, respectively. Proper motion measurements of the two sources are larger than the motion of the central σ Ori star, making their cluster membership somehow uncertain.


The demand for rice production in Asia is expected to increase by 70% in the next 30 years, which makes evident the need for a balanced productivity and effective food security management at a national and continental level. Consequently, the timely and accurate mapping of paddy rice extent and its productivity assessment is of utmost significance. In turn, this requires continuous area monitoring and large scale mapping, at the parcel level, through the processing of big satellite data of high spatial resolution. This work designs and implements a paddy rice mapping pipeline in South Korea that is based on a time-series of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for the year of 2018. There are two challenges that we address; the first one is the ability of our model to manage big satellite data and scale for a nationwide application. The second one is the algorithm's capacity to cope with scarce labeled data to train supervised machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we implement an approach that combines unsupervised and supervised learning. First, we generate pseudo-labels for rice classification from a single site (Seosan-Dangjin) by using a dynamic k-means clustering approach. The pseudo-labels are then used to train a Random Forest (RF) classifier that is fine-tuned to generalize in two other sites (Haenam and Cheorwon). The optimized model was then tested against 40 labeled plots, evenly distributed across the country. The paddy rice mapping pipeline is scalable as it has been deployed in a High Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) environment using distributed implementations for both k-means and RF classifiers. When tested across the country, our model provided an overall accuracy of 96.69% and a kappa coefficient 0.87. Even more, the accurate paddy rice area mapping was returned early in the year (late July), which is key for timely decision-making. Finally, the performance of the generalized paddy rice classification model, when applied in the sites of Haenam and Cheorwon, was compared to the performance of two equivalent models that were trained with locally sampled labels. The results were comparable and highlighted the success of the model's generalization and its applicability to other regions.


The history of Chinese educational thoughts is still regarded as the history of educational elites' thoughts.There exist differences and interaction among the thoughts of educational elites,government and the mass which constitute the real history of Chinese educational thoughts,namely the history of general Chinese educational thoughts.According to the history of general Chinese educational thoughts,the range,object,train and methods of educational thoughts research should be adjusted.We must regard those materials wich reflect common people's educational thoughts as important as ancient literature,and review those classics with new eyes,boldly introduce the methods of folklore,culturology,anthropology and phenomenology etc.to break through the limitations of scholastic research.


SUMMARY The gross cone production of Monterey pine in the south-east of South Australia in 1959 has agreed with an estimate made in spring 1968, hut the net production has been considerably less. The losses are attributable to summer drought.


This paper presents the interesting properties of a certain patterned matrix that plays an significant role in the multi-way balanced designs. The necessary and sufficient condition on the existence of the inverse of the patterned matrix and its determinant are described. In special cases of the pattermed matrix, explicit formulas for its inverse, determinant and the characteristic equation are obtained.


Background and Objectives: Among different age groups, children are more vulnerable and very likely to be subjected to irreparable damaged due to exposing to painful and stressful hospital environment. Since the children are lying for long periods in beds they have high visual contact with the ceiling, and thus on their underside environment. The aim of this study was to describe the importance of using artistic illustrations on hospital ceilings for benefits of children admitted in hospitals in Tehran Subjects and Methods: According to its object and purpose, this study is of documentary and applied researches method, and uses analytical-Descriptive methodology, which is collected and analyzed using library resources, field observations and interviews, as follows: 1. Data collection 2. Data categorization 3. Data Interpretation. 4. Data analysis. 5. Conclusion Result: The children hospitalization ward's space details are very important and with no aesthetics fore sights the hospital may convert into a stressful place for children. Therefore, relying on imagination as a common psychological characteristic among children, images can be designed for this places having some obvious features such as: simplicity, childish and inspired by nature. Conclusion: Ceiling illustration of children's hospital, considering some specific criteria such as: mood difference of sick child with others, finding their needs and common personality characteristics and etc. can reduce anxiety and thus would improve their mental state. ►Please cite this paper as: Falahi F. The Effect Illustrating the Children's Hospital Ceiling on Improving Their Mental Situation.


Scientific problem and relevance. The novelty and active introduction of digital technologies make psychological studies of the Internet impact on users of different age groups relevant. The study covers adult and senior age groups, whose psychological formation finished during the pre-digital era. Aim. The paper aims to reveal the specifics of a categorical structure of adult web-users' consciousness regarding social perception. Methods. The results of an empirical research carried out in the tradition of the cognitive approach are as follows. The study involved 600 respondents. All the respondents were representatives of the intellectual labor and are from 35 to 60 years. Using an open-ended questionnaire, the respondents were divided into two contrasting groups: "the reading subjects" and "the active Internet users" (n=100 each). Modeling of the categorical structure of the respondents' consciousness was carried out through the factor analysis. As the incentive material, the assessments of the features of a "good" and "bad" person were used. The leading criterion of the complexity of consciousness is the quantity of the categories that form the concept. Main results. The main conclusions are that the reading subjects have a more complex cognitive structure in the categorization of a personality. There are two parameters that indicate this complexity: the quantity of the categories that form the concept, and the quantity of the categories with a bipolar internal organization (p=0.05). Sphere of application. The data can state the rationale of online activity restrictions of adult Internet users. Conclusion. A simplification of a categorical structure in social cognition among the active Internet users can be a kind of deformation because of Internet impact.


Birefringent optical element comprises polymerized and / or crosslinked mixtures of liquid crystal compounds and photoisomerisable compound (301). Birefringence of this element, by manipulating the order parameter and polarization anisotropy of the mixture can be determined with high accuracy. To this end, during manufacture, by irradiation, to convert the photoisomerisable compound cis from trans. Preferably, photoisomerisable compounds are cinnamate compound. After irradiation, the polymerization and / or crosslinking the mixture irradiated. Irradiation, portions having different birefringence values in a mixture (301) As (302R, 302G, 302B) are defined, preferably made through a gray scale mask (305). The method comprises a portion having for example for producing a retarder layer or compensation foil on the inside of a liquid crystal cell of a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, in particular related to primary colors of the color LCD device, different retardation, patterned it is suitable for producing retarder that is.


Abstract Asphaltene precipitation and subsequent deposition are challenging problems that hinder the continuous production of crude oil in many fields worldwide. In the present work, advanced technologies were implemented to effectively assess the effect of asphaltene characteristics on its stability in different Kuwaiti oils. Physical and chemical properties of stock tank oils (STO) have been measured. The extracted asphaltenes from the different STOs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques. The results showed that asphaltene with the lowest H/C ratios, the greatest aromaticity, and the highest degree of condensation exhibited a higher tendency to precipitate due to extreme variations in thermodynamic factors. The onset of asphaltene precipitation for crude oil was determined by the indirect method using three different n-alkane solvents. The onset of asphaltene precipitation was found to be around 40, 50, and 60 vol% of n-pentane, n-heptane, and n-octane, correspondingly. Thus, indicating that low molecular weights alkanes have a higher tendency to precipitate a wider range of soluble asphaltene in the crude. Moreover, asphaltene that was characterized to be the least stable showed the lowest asphaltene onset point detected by the indirect method.


In the distribution system, the load is always changing. As the penetration of low-carbon technology is getting higher, the load landscape becomes more complex. In this case, the importance of distribution system monitoring is growing in order to increase the stability and reliability of the whole power system. It is expensive for meter installation and maintenance at all distribution nodes as the distribution system generally has large scale. It is expected to find an approach to supplement or even substitute the measurements. A generic load model has been proposed to solve the problem. This model can be considered as input of adaptive state estimation. The feasibility has been discussed in the paper. A preliminary mathematical model has been developed from the real world data. This model proves the level of load uncertainty can be aggregated of 2 different components.


Henrik Ibsen's poems are of thick narrative flavor with feelings embodied in and expressed through narration.In terms of characterization,with keen insight and rich imagination,Ibsen elaborately created a number of vivid characters which falls into three types,thus enhancing the readability of the poetry and laying a solid foundation for his characterization skill in his later plays.In the respect of the discursive pattern,he skillfully employed direct talk and abandoned the role of the narrator;hence characters can convey thoughts and show their personalities through free expression,which strengthened the readability and liveliness of the poetry.In terms of narrative structure,he adopted the method of comparison and contrast by juxtaposing two similar or even totally different kinds of situation in a poem,Just through narration the poet's thoughts,feelings and judgment of value are fully expressed.As regards the plot,Ibsen arranged the plot in a dramatic way.By employing unexpected incidents,the original order of the story is usually disrupted,and thus leads to constant breakthrough of the reader's anticipation horizon.


Introduction. The article deals with pragmatic syncretism and syncretic aspects  of hedges – words and phrases  used to mitigate claims, that is make them vaguer, more tentative  and more uncertain. Hedges are looked upon as a type of discourse markers which are focused on the writer-reader interaction  and the writer's self-presentation.Methodology and sources. The research is based  on the speech  genre of the official thesis review known for its especially mitigated language, which may be determined  by publicity of thesis  defences at a viva voce in Russia, positive evaluation of thesis  made at a predefence stage and potential personal relations of the degree seeker, their supervisor and the reviewer. The corpus  of 64  reviews (about  90 000  words) written by Russian scholars  was analyzed including reviews in linguistics, literature studies, history, physics, chemistry and medicine.Results and discussion. The author introduces  the notion of pragmatic syncretism  which involves the  merging  or  assimilation  of  several  pragmatic  functions  performed   by one linguistic unit while realizing several illocutionary tasks. The research allowed to single out two varieties  of hedges:  1) single purpose  hedges  aimed only at mitigation of claims and 2) general purpose hedges aimed at mitigation of claims together with some other interactive task. Among these  additional tasks are the following: authorization  (self-mentions), performative, evaluative in relation both to the proposition or to the words used by the author. According to the quantitative analysis, syncretic hedges  make up 52 % of all hedges  used in the  reviews.  The author  provides  the  pragmatically  oriented  analysis  of syncretic  hedges realizing strategies of indetermination, subjectivisation  and depersonalization. Strategies  of subjectivisation  and depersonalization are registered  as most frequent.Conclusion.  It is emphasized  that hedges  are predisposed  to syncretic usage  due to their inherent  modal meanings which are realized integrally and which are, therefore, difficult to specify. The ontological ground of this tendency  is associated with the symbiotic nature  of human  thinking where  rational  and  sensuous  baselines   are  naturally  and  productively reconciled.


Water-base polishing fluids for titanium alloy utilizing a new lapping tape composed of a thin backing coated with fine SiC abrasive grains were developed. The polishing technique was applied to the principle of superfinishing and polishing fluids used Emulsion-type. Changing their components, the polishing performance like surface roughness, its time dependence, tangential polishing force and SEM observation were evaluated for the titanium alloy which is extremely difficult to machine. It was found that the introduction of the fatty acid, especially the sulferized fatty acid into the above polishing fluids was highly improved the polishing performance of the titanium alloy.


A cell in a complex organism must balance differentiation, proliferation, and specialized functions with readiness to thwart pathogens and uncontrolled growth. The intricacy of balancing cell fates is exemplified by the interplay of signals from Ras versus interferon pathways.

The small Ras GTPases are eminent oncogenes and master regulators of countless cellular processes that promote cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Interferon-β (IFN-β) is a cytokine produced during virus infection or cell damage and a potent stimulant of antiviral and antitumor responses. Ras- vs. IFN- signaling establish opposing fates for a cell: growth promotion versus cessation. Intriguingly, overactive H-Ras signaling can reduce IFN-β expression and response to IFN-β which is exploited by some oncolytic viruses that specifically replicate in tumor over healthy cells. For example, reovirus is a normally harmless virus that inherently replicates in IFN signaling-deficient tumor cells and offers a candidate oncotherapy.

It is unclear why H-Ras and IFN pathways interlink, but perhaps Ras signaling inadvertently activates IFNs, which must then be subdued. A more tangible question is how H-Ras pathways muzzle IFN-β. Cells are equipped with proteins that detect foreign pathogen- or damage- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). These sensors activate a cascade of signaling molecules that lead to phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN-regulatory factors (IRFs). Expression of IFN-β is regulated by IRFs, along with other transcription factors (ATF2/c-jun and NFκB) shared with pathways such as Ras. Secreted IFN-β leads to autocrine and paracrine activation of STAT and IRF transcription factors that drive expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and establish a state non-conducive to virus replication.

Previous studies implicated the MEK/ERK pathway downstream of Ras in suppressing expression of IFNs and ISGs, thereby promoting susceptibility to oncolytic reovirus.7 H-Ras transformation was associated with increased levels of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9.3 Komatsu et al4 discovered that MEK/ERK signaling downregulates IRF1 and subsequent expression of ISGs, and that introduction of IRF1 re-established IFN expression in cancer cells. These findings support a link between Ras/MEK/ERK and transcription factors necessary for IFN-β and ISG expression.

Ahn et al.1 introduce a new prominent but unexpected player to the Ras-IFN-reovirus connection (Fig. 1). As an unbiased approach to discover changes associated with Ras transformation, the authors biotinylated cell-surface proteins of immortalized mouse fibroblasts in the presence or absence of constitutively active H-RasG12V. Nogo-B was a striking contender; H-Ras transformation corresponded with a dramatic loss of full length Nogo-B and accumulation of an N-terminally cleaved Nogo-B product.

RNAi-mediated silencing of the Nogo gene significantly increased reovirus-induced IFN-β and ISG expression in non- and especially Ras-transformed cells. Conversely, over-expression of Nogo-B reduced ISG expression. Similar trends were observed when poly(I:C) was used as an IFN stimulant. These findings suggest a causal relationship between Nogo-B and inhibition of IFN signaling. Truncated Nogo-B appears to exert higher IFN-inhibitory function; a possibility that should be confirmed by comparing activities of exogenously-introduced full-length vs. truncated Nogo-B.

Previous studies found that Nogo-B is subject to phosphorylation by ERKs and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), and can undergo caspase-7 mediated cleavage.6 In the context of restricting IFN and ISG expression, Ahn et al found a distinct Nogo-B cleavage product that is generated independently of MEK and caspase. The contribution of cdks and Nogo-B phosphorylation remains to be tested.

Though aptly named for its new role, Nogo-B is not an intuitive player in IFN signaling. Nogo-A, Nogo-B, and Nogo-C are 3 integral membrane protein isoforms generated from the reticulon 4 gene. The best studied isoform Nogo-A is involved in neurite outgrowth inhibition. Roles for Nogo proteins outside of the CNS are poorly understood.5

The Nogo-B isoform resides at the plasma membrane and intracellularly in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells.2 Is Nogo-B affecting IFN directly, for example by modulating assembly of IFN signaling molecules? Or does it function indirectly, driving other pathways that converge on IFN? How does removal of the acidic and proline-rich N-terminus of Nogo-B promote IFN inhibition, and does it relate to altered association with Nogo-B receptors? How do signaling pathways downstream of H-Ras promote Nogo-B cleavage, do other isoforms of Ras have similar effects, and what extent of Ras activity is sufficient? Are there additional effects of Nogo-B cleavage on transformation? Do Nogo-B levels reflect efficiency of virus replication in vitro and in vivo, and in what cell contexts? The current study supports further consideration of Nogo-B in shaping cell fates outside of the nervous system.

Figure 1.

Ahn et al. identify Nogo-B as a novel modulator of interferon signaling. Activated Ras caused pronounced proteasome-dependent Nogo-B cleavage (ER-bound Nogo-B is depicted in this schematic that is likely also applicable to plasma membrane-bound ...


This study discusses the origin, and liturgical function, of a popular accessory of the Christmas celebrations, that is, the Bethlehem nativity scene. The events of the life of Jesus attracted much attention in the early period of Christianity, as a result of which the Holy Land was visited by flocks of pilgrims. Descriptions of the sentiments aroused by a pilgrimage to Bethlehem may be found in sources as early as the letters of Saint Jerome. Fragments of the Bethlehem manger were kept in the Santa Maria Maggiore Cathedral in Rome, so it is here that one of the first nativity scenes, a sculptural group by Arnolfo di Cambio, can be found (late 13th century). The work of Arnolfo was commissioned by the same Pope Nicholas IV who also sponsored the ornamentation of the Cathedral of San Rufino. One screen of the Giotto Assisi fresco cycle depicts Saint Francis' Miracle of Greccio, in which the Holy Mass is celebrated over the manger and the Child comes to life. The Bethlehem nativity scene was the subject of numerous paintings and sculptures during the Renaissance and the Baroque era. From the sacrificial procession of the faithful in the liturgy evolved the genre of sacral drama, from which in turn mystery plays were developed, leaving the premises of the church. Nativity scenes incorporating elements of mystery plays, such as the presence of the shepherds, were intended primarily to make the miracle of embodiment a palpable reality for the believers. The presence of the Holy Family, the three Magi and the shepherds made the nativity scene realistic, always with a touch of the day and age. A tabernacle cabinet carried by angels was erected in 1589 over the Chapel of the Nativity in the Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica; commissioned, again, by a Franciscan Pope, Sixtus V. Caravaggio's Adoration of the Shepherds altar paintings (the Museo Nazionale, Messina, and the San Lorenzo church, Palermo), represented a novel interpretation of the subject. In sculpture, Antonio Begarelli's terracotta groups (1526-1527, Modena Cathedral), which resemble paintings, preceded baroque art. The nativity scene, as a genre in sculpture, started to flourish again in Hungary in the 17th century, a symbolic representative of which was the medieval Adoration of the Shepherds sculptural group found by Jesuits in the Town Hall of Lőcse (today Levoča, in Slovakia), a work executed by the master Pál Lőcsei (today in the Basilica of Saint James, Levoča). Three Magi altars are to be found in the churches of Saint Michael in both Sopron and Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, in Romania), which presumably must have had their medieval antecedents. While the Adoration of the Three Magi sculptural group is a work of an immigrant Bavarian sculptor, Georg Schweitzer, in Sopron, it was Franz Anton Maulbertsch who painted a Three Magi altar screen in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). Maulbertsch also developed the theme of the Three Magi and the Adoration of the Shepherds in two separate fresco scenes in the parish church of Sümeg, deliberately associating with the great tradition leading to the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem, via the Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica in Rome.


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