We examined movements and survival of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) broods in a highly acidified area on the Canadian Precambrian Shield near Sudbury, Ontario, during 1989 and 1990. When data from the 2 years were combined, a total of 16 females had led their broods from nesting to rearing lakes, while only 4 had raised their broods on the nesting lake. Initial brood-rearing lakes contained a greater biomass of invertebrate prey and were closer to neighbouring lakes than corresponding nesting lakes. Eight broods undertook 17 secondary movements between rearing lakes. These movements were not related to differences between lakes in prey biomass or distance to neighbouring lakes. Daily survival rates of age-class I and age-class II ducklings did not differ between years. When data from the 2 years were combined, it was found that duckling survival was not related to brood movements or prey biomass. Duckling survival was higher on clustered lakes than on isolated lakes. The availability of alternate ...


Disjunctive kriging (DK) is a nonlinear geostatistical model that provides unbiased estimates of the conditional probability (CP) that the true value of the property of interest does not exceed a defined threshold. It has important implications in aiding management decisions by providing growers with a quantitative input that can be used for evaluating the variability of the crop productivity at different zones in fields. The objectives of this study are (1) to identify the yield potential percentage (YP%) for several crops at different zones in fields under multiple soil salinity thresholds; (2) to evaluate the YP% of whole fields for several crops under multiple soil salinity thresholds; and (3) to provide guidelines to help growers decide which crops to grow. To achieve these objectives, the DK technique was applied to data from a project conducted in the southeastern part of the Arkansas River Basin in Colorado to generate CP maps. Two data sets of soil salinity (316 and 136 points) that were collecte...


Article describing the career of Robert Bunsen and the history of spectroscopy and its use in mineral analysis. The discovery of cesium and rubidium using spectroscopy on mineral water is included. In addition, the authors offer tourist information regarding locations pertinent to Bunsen and certain mineral water springs.


Exclusive processes provide a window into the bound state structure of hadrons in QCD as well as the fundamental processes which control hadron dynamics at the amplitude level. The natural calculus for describing bound state structure of relativistic composite systems needed for describing exclusive amplitudes is the light-cone Fock expansion which encodes the multi-quark, gluonic, and color correlations of a hadron in terms of frame-independent wavefunctions. In hard exclusive processes in which hadrons receive a large momentum transfer, perturbative QCD leads to factorization theorems which separate the physics of bound state structure from that of the relevant quark and gluonic hard-scattering reactions which underlie these reactions. At leading twist, the bound state physics is encoded in terms of universal ''distribution amplitudes,'' the fundamental theoretical quantities which describe the valence quark substructure of hadrons as well as nuclei. The combination of discretized light-cone quantization and transverse lattice methods are now providing nonperturbative predictions for the pion distribution amplitude. A basic feature of the gauge theory formalism is ''color transparency,'' the absence of initial and final state interactions of rapidly-moving compact color-singlet states. Other applications of the factorization formalism are briefly discussed, including semileptonic B decays, deeply virtual Compton scattering, and dynamicalmore » higher twist effects in inclusive reactions. A new type of jet production reaction, ''self-resolving diffractive interactions'' provide empirical constraints on the light-cone wavefunctions of hadrons in terms of their quark and gluon degrees of freedom as well as the composition of nuclei in terms of their nucleon and mesonic degrees of freedom.« less


A liver scan performed for suspected Budd-Chiari syndrome revealed diffusely decreased uptake of the radiocolloid in the liver, except for a region in the liver correspondlng to the caudate lobe. Enhanced CT scan clarified the changes in the liver anatomy and the presence of a hypertrophied caudate lobe. On Doppler examination, there was no flow in the major hepatic veins, and the flow in the portal vein was away from the liver. This case demonstrates the complementary role of the three modalities in the noninvasive evaluation of suspected Budd-Chiari syndrome


Background: Many studies have linked the prevalence of violence and conflicts to the increasing number of neonatal mortality rate (NMR). This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between conflict and neonatal mortality in Baghdad, Iraq. Objective: Throw a light on the impact of conflicts on neonatal mortality in Iraq. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in two hospitals in Baghdad that were chosen randomly. All deceased newborns in neonatal intensive care units from January 2012 to December 2016 in the mentioned hospitals were included in this study. Results: The admissions were increased during the period of the study by 1.3 times. There was a decrease in admission by 0.9 in 2016 than 2015. There was an increase in NMR during the period of the study by 1.4 times, from 60/1000 in 2012 to 85/1000 in 2016. Conclusions: There has been an observed increase in neonatal mortality in Iraq due to the impact of conflicts that have led to deterioration in the neonatal health status.


Autocorrelation plays significant role in both time series and cross sectional data. More often than none it rendered the inference of parameter estimates invalid and those other statistics that use the parameters. This study investigates the asymptotic behaviour of generalised least squares with Autocorrelated errors cum Marcov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. Bias and Mean Squares Error criteria were used to evaluate finite properties of the estimator. The following sample sizes: 25, 50,100, and 250 were constructed and used. Thus 11,000 simulations with varying level of Autocorrelated error were carried out. This is subjected to the level of convergence. Bias and Minimum Mean Squares Error criteria revealed improving performance asymptotically regardless of the level of Autocorrelated error. The study observed that asymptotic consistency and efficiency were obtained at large sample which obey the law of large number and point to the fact that variance of error terms tend towards zero and distribution tends to normal when law of large number is applied. The study therefore recommended that large samples should be obtain to make the inferences stable


Crystal form is a copper phthalocyanine is type alpha, provides a method for producing copper phthalocyanine pigment and copper phthalocyanine microparticles containing an excellent copper phthalocyanine properties than e-type copper phthalocyanine under specific conditions. A is a copper phthalocyanine crystal type is type alpha, and the wavelength at which the transmittance of the transmission spectrum becomes the maximum in the 380 to 780 nm (.lambda.max) is a copper phthalocyanine pigment comprising copper phthalocyanine is less than 478nm . .The 31


We present a detailed investigation of the temperature and frequency dependence of the anomalous EPR transitions first observed in Mn12-acetate by Hill et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2453 (1998)]. The most dominant of these transitions manifest themselves as an extra series of EPR absorption peaks for spectra obtained with the DC field applied within the hard magnetic plane of a single crystal sample. Recent studies by Amigo et al. [Phys. Rev. B 65, 172403 (2002)] have attributed these extra peaks to a strain induced transverse quadratic anisotropy which gives rise to distinct Mn12-acetate species, each having a distinct EPR spectrum; on the basis of these measurements, it has been suggested that this transverse anisotropy is responsible for the tunneling in Mn12-acetate. Our temperature and frequency dependent measurements demonstrate unambiguously that these anomalous EPR absorptions vanish as the temperature tends to zero, thereby indicating that they correspond to transitions from an excited state of the molecule. We argue that this low lying excited state corresponds to an S = 9 multiplet having very similar zero-field crystal parameters to the S = 10 state, and lying only about 10-15 k_B above the S = 10 (M_S = +/-9) ground state. These findings also compare favorably with available neutron scattering data.


Four drivers have stimulated recent research into the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals. (1) The prospect of using gaseous CO2, a gas previously considered a useless waste product, as an economical and abundant source of carbon. (2) The urgent need for effective energy storage technology. (3) The versatility of electrochemical methods. (4) Concern about the rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Within this thriving research field, one area that has received significant attention and provides the focus of this review is the electrocarboxylation of organic compounds. Electrocarboxylation occurs when a reactive radical anion generated electrochemically from an organic substrate (or CO2) reacts with CO2 (or an organic substrate) to form a carboxylate. However, the high reactivity of the electrogenerated reactant means many factors can influence the reaction pathway, particularly the nature of the solvent and electrode. Special attention is given in this review to the use of ionic liquids in electrocarboxylation because these neoteric solvents provide promising alternatives to organic molecular solvents. Finally, some perspectives on potential industrial application of ionic liquids in electrocarboxylation are provided.


This article aims to summarize the most current evidence-based practices regarding blood component utility in the care of sick neonates. The indications for transfusion, the transfusion thresholds, and the adverse effects are dealt with in detail. The judicial utilization of blood components is the need of the hour. The right component, right dose, right recipient, right aseptic precautions and constant monitoring of transfusion is very important. Consent for transfuson is another essential step before transfusion.


The strength of the Australia - Japan bilateral relationship cannot be taken for granted, says Masaaki Miyashita. Amid the forces of globalisation, new areas of trade, investment and cultural co-operation should be explored.


This essay argues that public discourse surrounding the Trayvon Martin case is symptomatic of an abandonment of a once vibrant rhetorical tradition of Black self-defense. This tradition imagined violence as a potential source of agency for Black Americans and other marginalized populations, and recognized the capacity of White supremacy to exercise violence on racialized bodies and communities. Instead, activists in both camps of the Martin case, as well as media outlets covering it, embraced the enthymemes of a "war on crime" discourse that codes Black violence as intrinsically at odds with the aims of civil society. By turning to mainstream and activist media coverage in the aftermath of the shooting, I describe how competing discourses on Martin's death shared an investment in false alternatives regarding race and violence. Audiences were asked to choose between Martin the angelic child victim and Martin the violent "thug," a dichotomy that stifled deliberation regarding the complex role of violence in antiracist traditions.


The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is encoded by the obesity(OB) gene.In the past decade,studies have shown that leptin plays important roles in the regulation of carbohydrate,lipid and energy metabolism,homeostasis,sexual maturation and the functions of immune system by acting through both the central and periphery system.In obesity or diabetes,the dysregulation of leptin functions contributes to the development and progression of obesity-related diabetes as indicated by the crosstalk between leptin resistance and insulin resistance.In this review,recent studies regarding the regulatory effects of leptin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism will be discussed.


We study the conductivity and magnetoresistance of the α‴ phase solid solution of (Cd1−xZnx)3As2 (x = 0.45). Single crystals of (Cd1−xZnx)3As2 are obtained by the modified Bridgman method. The space group and tetragonal lattice parameters of single crystals are found to be I41/amd and a = b = 8.56(5) A, c = 24.16(6) A. The temperature dependence of the conductivity and magnetoresistance is studied in the temperature range of 1.6–320 K and in the presence of a transverse magnetic field from 0 to 10 T. Mixed conductivity is analyzed using Hall resistivity data and standard quantitative mobility spectrum analysis. The concentration and mobility of holes are determined at different temperatures. The presence of two types of holes with different mobilities is demonstrated in the temperature range of 1.6–19 K, while with increasing temperature, just one type of charge carrier is observed in the mobility spectrum.


Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: semiconductors technology; microprocessor technology; power supply; rectifying supply; power distribution system; fault detection and DC systems.


This study proposes a multi-objective binary differential evolution algorithm to reconfigure the system and restore the loads within the stand-alone microgrid. The approach aims to attain a restoration path having maximum power flow with the minimum number of interrupted loads and switching operations. To execute the discrete optimisation strategy, the power network has been reframed as a capacitated graph, where the edges are capacitated by the loading capacity of the feeder. The strategy implements the maximum power flow theorem, which has been enhanced using the centrality index. The major operational constraints of the microgrid have been strictly followed to maintain system stability. The proposed restoration algorithm is examined on an islanded 13-bus microgrid system with the two test scenarios of irregular power generation, and the fault instance is isolating a healthy section of a microgrid. Moreover, the efficacy of the proposed approach has been further examined on a 39-bus system, and the results are compared with the other optimisation strategies implemented for restoration.


This chapter explores pedagogical and logistical issues arising from the extension, using an audience response system (ARS), of an existing module based on traditional 1-hour lectures, over a period of 4 years. The principal issues involve the limited time for equipment setup; the significant time taken to present each ARS question, and hence, the need to maximise the learning gain from each question asked; the importance of considering the pedagogical rationale for using the ARS; the complexity of remediation and the acknowledgement that not all student misunderstandings highlighted by the ARS can be addressed effectively within the lecture. The chapter offers suggestions on the following aspects of ARS use: the setting up in theatres, and distribution to students of ARS equipment; a range of pedagogical rationales underpinning question design; guidelines on session format and question structure; remediation issues both within and outside the lecture context. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB12190 INFORMATION SCIENCE PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Audience Response Systems in Higher Education: Applications and Cases edited by David A. Banks © 2006, Idea Group Inc.


From inside the Space Shuttle to the labs of major high-tech corporations and universities, aerospace specialists can be found hard at work. Despite the Challenger tragedy in January of 1986 and the resulting setbacks in the U.S. Space Program, corporate recruiters, government agencies and major aerospace societies are predicting a promising future for those aspiring to aerospace careers.


In this study, the possibility of compact modeling in single-electron circuit simulation has been investigated. It is found that each Coulomb island in single-electron circuits can be treated independently when the interconnections between single-electron transistors are large enough and a quantitative criterion for this condition is given. It is also demonstrated that, in those situations, SPICE macromodeling of single-electron transistors can be used for efficient circuit simulation. The developed macromodel produces simulation results with reasonable accuracy and with orders of magnitude less CPU time than usual Monte Carlo simulations.


Based on the experiment of a 30m-span prestressed concrete thin-wall box-beams,the reason for the longitudinal cracks of the floor appearing along the prestressed steel during the tensioning period is analysed.For the thin-wall box-beams prestressed components,the disadvantaged influences resulted from both Poisson effect and opposite acting force due to the deformation of beams are considered while the needed longitudinal prestressed force is acquired.And the analysis model from the engineering design's viewpoint is established.The suggested formula of the concrete protective layer thickness under the prestressed steel is proposed.


The classical differential geometry curve theory and Lyapunov stability theory are combined to create a new robust geometric approach to the missile guidance problem. The term related to the curvature command (acceleration) and velocity relative heading angle of the target is regarded as disturbance and a robust control term is then added to overcome the effect of such disturbance. The proposed guidance algorithm is also extended to the case when the velocity of the missile is varying. The algorithm needs no accurate information on the curvature command and velocity relative heading angle of the target. Simulation results have shown that the proposed guidance algorithm has strong robustness to maneuver the target.


The development of Tibetan Buddhism was closely linked to the traditional Shamanistic factors that had existed before Buddhism. The unique development of living Buddha and samsara thought is a form of pure Buddhism, but Tantric Buddhism in Tibet such as holy words, incantation, hand position, and in...


The Anadarko basin covers an area from the E.-central portion of the Texas panhandle across SW Oklahoma, and its several prospective formations cover ca 12,000 miles in the deep part of the basin. During drilling or workover, the slightest miscalculation or what would normally be an unimportant mechanical failure somewhere else in the oil field could create problems. The industry is drilling to greater depths - at times, record-breaking depths - and at higher pressure than ever before. Last year, 11,637 wells were drilled in Oklahoma. Of the 999 wells drilled to 15,000 ft or more last year, 19.5% were drilled in the Anadarko, a 56% increase over 1980. Well control problems can occur during the drilling, workover, or production stages, and often are underestimated.


Thermosetting resins are network forming polymers with highly crosslinked structure. In this review article, thermoset of epoxy, unsaturated polyester resin, phenolic, melamine, and polyurethane resin have been conversed. Thermosets usually have outstanding tensile strength, impact strength, and glass transition temperature (T g ). Epoxy is the most widely explored class of thermosetting resins. Owing to high stiffness and strength, chemical resistance, good dielectric behavior, corrosion resistance, low shrinkage during curing, and good thermal features, epoxy form the most important class of thermosetting resins for several engineering applications. Here, essential features of imperative thermosetting resins have been discussed such as mechanical, thermal, and non-flammability. At the end, employment of thermosetting resins in technical applications like sporting goods, adhesives, printed circuit board, and aerospace have been included.


The chemical injury caused to the pulp by the penetration of the whitening gel is already known, but another possible cause may be the heat generated by the irradiation of the whitening gel with light sources to accelerate the whitening reaction. Objective: To evaluate in vitro the temperature increasing in the pulp chamber during in-office bleaching with different gel concentrations and light sources. Material and methods: A maxillary human central incisor was used in the 6 groups evaluated. The specimen was sectioned 3 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. The root canal and pulp chamber were cleaned and widened with a diamond bur to receive the sensor of a thermocouple thermometer. The following hydrogen peroxide gel concentrations were evaluated: 35%, 25%, 15%, and 10%; and the following light sources were applied: blue hybrid LED/laser and violet hybrid LED/laser. The specimen bleaching was repeated 6 times per group. As a control, the temperature was measured with the application of light, without applying any gel. Results were evaluated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5%). Results: Significant differences between groups were observed (p < 0.05). The blue LED without the gel induced the smallest heat (37.5 ± 0.2) and the blue LED with 15% gel caused the highest heat (38.2 ± 0.3). The combination of violet LED with the 10% gel caused no significant increase in temperature compared to the control in which light was used without gel (p> 0.05). Conclusion: No increase in pulp chamber temperature was higher than 2°C.


In this paper, a new boosting-based deep neural networks algorithm is designed for improving the performance of model-free reinforcement learning structures. Based on theoretical proof and performance analysis, it is going to demonstrate that the new approach gives a faster convergence speed and a better return compared to existing deep neural network based RL approaches, like deep $Q$ network (DQN)[30], [13] and etc. A complete and detailed exploration of the new algorithm will be given in the paper as well. Also, simulation studies are conducted and compared with several other RL algorithms on the RL benchmark experiment tasks as given in [22]. The results demonstrate a great performance improvement on $Q$ learning by using our new boosting-based deep neural networks algorithm.


Hydrodynamic shape optimization based on CFD calculations can dramatically improve the design of marine devices (i.e. propellers, rudders and appendages) by simultaneously considering opposite objectives and by modeling phenomena that well-established and still widely adopted design approaches (i.e. lifting line and lifting surface) cannot accurately deal with. Cavitation on propellers, for instance and among the others, is one of the most dangerous phenomena. It causes vibration, erosion and it is a source of radiated noise, consequently resulting incompatible with modern propeller design, continuously aimed for higher efficiency, comfort and environmentally safe operations. An accurate selection, firstly, of the most appropriate blade sections is, consequently, of crucial importance at least to limit the side effects of cavitation. In the present work, therefore, a numerical framework for the design by optimization of marine hydrofoils under cavitating conditions is proposed. By combining a parametric description of the hydrofoil shape, the NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm and appropriate flow solvers, new hydrofoil shapes are derived. Objectives of the design are blade sections with enlarged cavitation buckets to increase the cavitation inception speed and to reduce the cavity volume (under the constraint of unchanged delivered lift) with respect to widely accepted NACA66 profiles. Boundary element methods and RANSE solvers (a proprietary Hess & Smith implementation and the open-source RANSE solver OpenFOAM) are applied in succession in order to verify the influence of the inviscid/viscous nature of the flow on the final optimal hydrofoil shape and of the additional maximum lift/drag ratio objective required in the case of viscous calculations.


entific Culture must surely be seen as Big History, the sort of history that, like Jonathan Israel's volumes on the Enlightenment, aims to create a historiographical monument that will inevitably serve as something that others will strive to tear down. Generally, when that happens, even successful destruction leaves something permanent behind: the shaping of questions, whether as positive affirmations or as negative impressions in the sand, will have made a difference, and will have subtly redirected the way in which people think of certain issues or historical periods. The five volumes that Stephen Gaukroger has planned for this work look to be on schedule, and likely to be completed, and in that sense differ from Charles Darwin's "big species book," the weighty work he was in the middle of writing when Wallace's letter of 1858 redirected him to producing its "abstract," The Origin of Species—whereupon the previous attempt to force everyone's belief by sheer scale of argumentation and evidence soon fell by the wayside. Whether Gaukroger ever produces his own Origin of Species (I rather hope he does), the ongoing publication of his "big species book" indicates that the density of his material and the arguments that he builds with it are not calculated to overwhelm his reader but instead to persuade through an accessible narrative style that attempts to chase down various topical hares while maintaining an intelligible argumentative structure. Gaukroger's species are various modes of natural inquiry, often "natural philosophy" in the first two volumes, and this is certainly a big book already. While he doesn't exactly propose to account for the origin of these species, Gaukroger does mean to explain how particular modes of science developed historically as methodological and theoretical fellow travelers with distinct cultural practices or gible matter, infused with appetite and desire. The example Bacon gives of the method he proposes in the Novum Organum (1620) is the "form" of heat. Heat, he argues, is a kind of motion. While this has suggested the modern, kinetic, molecular theory of heat to many modern readers, Bacon's own intentions are quite different: what he means by motion here is not local motion, as we understand it now, but such things as "a desire of mutual contact," or "a desire of resuming [a body's] natural dimensions or tension," or "a desire of congregating towards masses of a kindred nature" (Novum Organum, book I, aphorism 66). Read with this very animistic conception of motion in mind, Bacon's account of heat looks quite different from modern scientific conceptions of the world. Parts of Descartes' works on nature look more scientific in the modern sense. I'm thinking here of his law of refraction, for example, or his account of the rainbow. Both of these involve careful mathematical reasoning and, especially in the case of the account of the rainbow, careful measurement and experiment. But even so, much of his physics is based only loosely on experience; it is more directly grounded in intuitively grasped first principles, such as the identification of body and extension or the grounding of the world in the moment-by-moment sustenance by God. In part II of Descartes' Principia philosophiae (1644) he offers a series of laws of nature, including a law of collision. There is no indication that he ever made any attempt to test the laws against experience. His rules of collision, for example, are notoriously problematic. In part III of the Principia he presents an account of planetary motion in terms of his vortex theory, according to which the planets are carried around the sun in a swirl of ether. Even though considerable astronomical information was available, there is no evidence that Descartes ever attempted to integrate it into his model or test his model of planetary motion against experience in any but the crudest way. Outside of a very few examples, there is very


We present a theoretical study of H+2 ionization under strong femtosecond pulses by using a method designed to extract correlated 2D photoelectron and proton kinetic energy spectra. There appear two different ionization mechanisms in which electrons and nuclei do not share the energy in the same way. Electrons produced in multiphoton ionization share part of their energy with the nuclei, leading to energy-conservation fringes in the 2D spectra. In contrast, tunneling electrons lead to fringes whose position does not depend on the proton kinetic energy. This suggests that the correlation between electron and nuclear dynamics in strong field ionization is more complex than expected.


In this paper, the switching flow-graph models are developed to study the nonlinear behavior of DC-DC switching converters. Based on the concept of virtual switches and virtual switching functions, switching flow-graph (SFG) model are created easily without complex mathematics. The SFG modeling technique is helpful for undergraduate students or beginners to understand how the switching converters operate on different switching states. The students can also learn how to develop a model to observe the cause-effect relationship between the converter's variables. In this research, the basic Ćuk converter is used as an example to reveal the dynamic behavior of the DC-DC switching converters operated in DCM or CCM. The students can further enhance their concept of circuit design by developing the SFG model in software to simulate various conditions.


. This paper reports theoretical performance analysis of the hydrate-based refrigeration system. The hydrate-based refrigerator transfers thermal energy through the cycle of following processes: adiabatic compression of guest compounds and water, hydrate formation, adiabatic expansion of hydrates, hydrate dissociation. The theoretical analyses and COP calculations were performed in the each of the following hydrate-forming systems: HFC-32+cyclopentane(CP) +water, Kr+CP+water, and HFC-41+CP+water system. Practical utility of hydrate-based refrigerator is discussed based on the comparison with the Carnot cycle.


The paper describes a method that uses evolving LSTM recurrent neural networks to generate melodic music through a discriminative model. The approach enclosed has achieved an accuracy level of over 90%, thus enabling our model to understand & generate music as per the input parameters. The input expected from the user is minimal and can be provided by a layman. The experiments presented here demonstrate how LSTM can successfully learn a form of training music data and compose a novel (and pleasing) melody based on that style of training. LSTM can play melodies with good timing and appropriate structure if the parameters have been set appropriately. The RNN Model presented in this paper leverages the benefits of LSTM networks and demonstrates how this feat can be achieved.


Abstract Raw, pasteurized, and sterilized skimmilk samples from the same lot were analyzed for ionized calcium content by a resin method and by a liquid ion-exchange method. The resin IR 120 was used in the cation exchange method of Christianson et al. (6), while an Orio calcium activity electrode was used for the liquid ion-exchange method. The three milk types were analyzed after four days storage at 4 C. An analysis of variance of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the results obtained for the raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milk by the two methods. Thus, it was concluded that the calcium activity electrode provides an accurate method for determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in skimmilk. The calcium electrode method has the advantage of speed, ease of analysis, and repeatability. The results also indicated that sterilization at 150 C for 5 sec had little or no effect on the concentration of ionized calcium, whereas pasteurization at 65 C for 30 min caused a significant decrease. The decrease in ionized calcium caused by pasteurization still was pronounced after four days of storage at 4 C.


Over the past 30 years,every single move of Shenzhen has played the role of a "barometer" in the societal and economic development,and is even elevated as a symbol of political values.Seen from the perspective of the evaluation of the overall governmental achievements,Shenzhen,30 years old already,is in the front rank in terms of its societal and economic development,yet it remains a specimen which can not be copied.Currently,the marginal effect of the privileged policies once enjoyed and its geopolitical advantages have come to nothing;its societal and economic problems are akin or similar to other parts of the whole country;part of the contradictions in the city are even sharper.The driving power and orientation of its future development will derive from the reform of governmental management,and therefore,a democracy-oriented reform and innovation of its political institution is a path which can not be bypassed.


IKI NO KOZO (The Structure of IKI), authored by Shuzo Kuki in 1930, has been an influential piece of work on Japanese culture with its emphasis on IKI as an aesthetical cultural entity. The present paper attempts to reformulate the structure of IKI depicted by Kuki in terms of a group theory in mathematics. By deriving various implications from a group‐theoretic model of IKI, I want to show the significance of mathematical approaches to culture.


This paper describes the simulation modeling of bulk petroleum supply chains through an object-oriented simulation library. The paper focuses on the conceptual modeling that is useful for resource and transportation capacity analysis during contingency and war gaming analysis. In addition, the modeling provides the capability to understand how surges in demand will affect inventory service. The methods, insights, and capabilities developed within this research facilitate the analysis of bulk petroleum military supply chains and also permit the analysis of the resilience of commercial bulk petroleum supply chains under conditions of disruption.


ABSTRACT Background: Two stress-related disorders have been proposed for inclusion in the revised ICD-11: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a bespoke measure of PTSD and CPTSD and has been widely used in English-speaking countries. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to develop a Chinese version of the ITQ and assess its content, construct, and concurrent validity. Methods: Six mental health practitioners and experts rated the Chinese translated and back-translated items to assess content validity. A sample of 423 Chinese young adults completed the ITQ, the WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Among them, 31 participants also completed the English and Chinese versions of the ITQ administered in random order at retest. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested using data from participants who reported at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE; N = 314). Results: The Chinese ITQ received excellent ratings on relevance and appropriateness. Test–retest reliability and semantic equivalence across English and Chinese versions were acceptable. The correlated first-order six-factor model and a second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) both provided an acceptable model fit. The six ITQ symptoms clusters were all significantly correlated with anxiety, depression, and the number of ACEs. Conclusions: The Chinese ITQ generates scores with acceptable psychometric properties and provides evidence for including PTSD and CPTSD as separate diagnoses in ICD-11. HIGHLIGHTS • This study provides the first Chinese translation and validation of the ITQ with a Chinese young adult sample in Hong Kong.• The latent structure of the Chinese ITQ was best supported by a six-correlated first-factor model; a two-factor second-order model was also acceptable.• Each of the six PTSD/CPTSD symptom clusters correlated significantly positively with two criterion variables – anxiety and depression.• Cumulative exposure to adverse childhood experiences was significantly associated with PTSD/CPTSD symptoms.


Abstract : Twenty tables of mathematical functions required in the theoretical calculations of steady, plane, unbounded flow about vented hydrofoils are given. The tables are in four groups. For the special case of infinite cavity length and zero cavity number, Tables 1 through 4 allow the calculation of CD, CL, AND CM for a wide class of profiles whose contour slope distributions can be ex pressed as polynomials in chord wise position. Tables 5 through 9 are the ones used in the planimeter integrations described in Part 1 to obtain the key smooth-entry parameters for various cavity lengths and exhaust positions. Tables 10 through 14 are aux-3y functions required in the calculations. Tables 15 through 20 are the flat plate solution parameters with which the angle of attack is adjusted for an arbitrary profile.


suming. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and the handling of a simplified and less expensive wrap. Methods: With institutional approval and informed consent 40 consecutive patients undergoing elective OPCABG were randomly assigned to either the original (group A) or the modified wrap (group B). Active warming was started after induction of anaesthesia (setting the Allon system to 36.9°C body core temperature [BCT]). BCT was recorded every 30 min during surgery, maximal intraoperative BCT decrease/increase was calculated and reddening of the skin was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) at the end of the procedure. After the clinical evaluation 15 staff members involved in the handling of the Allon system were interviewed; answers were recorded using a Likert scale. Statistical analysis was done using student's t-test. P 0.05 was considered significant; data are presented as mean SD. Results: 20 patients ASA III in each group (age: 68 10 years, body mass index 28 5) were studied. Duration of OPCABG was comparable (A: 257 59 min, B: 269 53 min; p 0.89). There was no significant difference of BCT at the beginning and end of the intervention (BCTstart: A 36.2 0.4°C, B 36.1 0.2°C; p 0.43 and BCTend: A 36.7 0.4°C; B 36.8 0.3°C; p 0.17. Intra-operative BCT changes were significantly different for A compared to B (BCT decrease/increase: A 0.7 0.4/ 1.2 0.3°C, B 0.4 0.3/ 1.0 0.3°C; p 0.005). Skin changes were comparable for both groups (VAS: A 6 1, B 6 1; p 0.78). An improved positioning and a reduced time requirement for B compared to A was found by the interviewed staff in 73% and 80% respectively (p 0.005). Conclusion: In this series of patients undergoing OPCABG, modification of the Allon wrap showed improved intraoperative thermoregulatory capacity and simplified handling. References: 1 Anesthesiology 2003: A-608. 2 Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 1509–10.


The CFA franc, a monetary system in force in 15 African countries since the end of World War II and that lasts through colonial independences, is facing growing opposition. This is, in part, justified : the CFA franc mainly profits to the rentier elite. Reform is on the agenda : it must have to do with the symbols but above all with the mechanisms allowing to improve financing of the economies and contributing to reduce inequalities and poverty factors.


The purpose of the article is devoted to the problem of researching the level of formation of communicative and organisational skills in the professional training of future foreign language teachers by tools of modern information technology (IT). Based on the analysis of the problem of professional training of foreign language teachers by means of modern IT, the state of development of methods for identifying communicative and organisational abilities of future foreign language teachers and features of the process of their training for foreign language communication activity by instruments of modern IT was clarified. According to the results of the analysis of the problem, it was noted that the majority of students who communicate in a foreign language have psychological difficulties and have communicative and organisational barriers due to their psychological characteristics. The selection of methodological tools for the study of professional training of future foreign language teachers by instruments of modern IT followed the described criteria and indicators of the formation of communicative and organisational skills.
Keywords: Communication and organisational skills, means of modern IT, standardised methods, individual psychological features


Thesis written by a student in the UNT Honors College discussing the history and nature of media coverage, including Operation Desert Storm and the Civil Rights Movement. Special attention is paid to the role of television in journalism.


Faced with the current severe employment situation, the independent undertaking for graduates is an available method of relieving employment pressure. However, compared with foreign countries, with a shorter period of history, there is lack of perfect system and scientific mechanism, and deficiency of good social atmosphere in China. Herein, according to completely analyzing the existing problems in China and the promotion measures in foreign countries, the promotion suggestions and strategies for Chinese graduates to start their own undertaking are proposed.


Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphane reacts with trimethylgermaniumchloride and trimethyltinchloride with redistribution of the trimethylelement-IVb groups. All 10 possible compounds are detected by 31P NMR.


A M/sub 0/O/sub 3/ crystal was reduced in hydrogen at 300/sup 0/C for 2 hours and the resultant nonstoichiometric compound was examined with a 100 V electron microscope. (AIP)


TEs is a great discovery of super-times in the history of natural science,but it had undergone a long tortuous process for nearly 40 years.Following the development of the molecular genetics,TEs research has made considerable headway in the universality and application for TEs.These give us a great deal of useful revelation in science.


We agree with the comments[1] of the reader that all the criteria for the serotonergic syndrome were not fulfilled. In the clinical context,[2] however, patient fulfilled the autonomic hyperreactivity criteria by being tachycardic, tachypnoeic and diaphoretic. The first temperature recording was in the Intensive Care Unit almost an hour later, and hence hyperthermia was lacking. The altered mental status was characterised by the extreme agitation, and neuromuscular features were manifested as hyperactivity. Clonus was already present as a feature of patient's presenting illness and did not have significance in the diagnosis.


Moving target detection and tracking simulation platform of two-dimensional translational and three axis turntable are used to target the screen drag and three-dimensional angle attitude simulation of the control problem in essence belongs to the electric servo control. In terms of the design of the servo control, motion control platform including hardware design, the control law design of the control system and software design. Detailed describes the motion platform of mathematical modeling, control circuit and the control law design, through simulation and experiment verify the validity of the motion platform control system.


ABSTRACT Share of renewable energy targets and global pollutant emissions are driving the increased utilization of CO2 neutral biomass. Effect of operating conditions like solid circulation rate, Ca/S molar ratio, and fluidizing velocity on emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO for burning different blends of wheat straw and Salt Range coal under fast fluidized bed conditions in a pilot scale test facility are reported in this study. Effect of bed temperature, excess air ratio, and secondary to primary air ratio on the emissions has already been published in the journal Combustion Science and Technology. In this study emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO were found to decrease with the increased wheat straw ratio and solid circulation rate. SO2 and NOx emissions were observed to decrease with the decrease in fluidizing gas velocity while tradeoff relationship was found between the NOx and CO emissions with the increase in Ca/S molar ratio.


Users can perform simple searches from the top search bar (e.g., ID, name, sequence, ligand) or build complex combinations of search parameters using Advanced Search. Information from DrugBank is integrated with PDB data to facilitate searches for drugs and drug targets. Other classification systems are used to organize PDB structures in hierarchical trees for browsing and searching (e.g., mpstruc, Gene Ontology, Enzyme Classification).


Papaya (Carica papaya) has been used in our laboratory with a range of technologies for ex situ conservation of germplasm. It represents a good model species, as it has been the subject of major research efforts in tissue culture and biotechnology. We have investigated seed storage behaviour via desiccation curves based on accurate water activity measurements and a range of storage environments from liquid nitrogen to 15°C/15% RH. Treatments have been optimised to break dormancy and to ensure germination after seed storage. Twenty years of accumulated experience in papaya cell and tissue culture has facilitated our investigation of cryopreservation protocols, including vitrification based techniques, encapsulation and slow freezing, on a range of in vitro tissues from shoot tips to somatic embryos. This research has led to the development of optimum protocols for ex situ conservation of papaya germplasm, both as seed and vegetative tissue which have application to other tropical fruit species. Plants that were recovered post-cryopreservation have been screened for changes in genomic DNA and DNA methylation using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting (RAF) and Amplified DNA Methylation Polymorphism (AMP) techniques, and are being evaluated in field plantings. Similarly, work on embryo culture techniques in our lab have contributed to the success of intergeneric breeding programs. Efficient molecular markers have been employed to assess genetic diversity within and between papaya genotypes and related Vasconcella species.


Though reported capture fisheries are dominated by marine production, inland fish and fisheries make substantial contributions to meeting the challenges faced by individuals, society, and the envir...


At present, an increasing consumer attention on higher quality and better information about production or transformation methods and fish characteristics is observed. Fresh fish has a high consideration for consumers due to its quality. The best quality attribute of fresh fish is freshness itself, measured in three ways: aspect and smell in purchasing, market place and origin identification. However world fish trade globalization has supposed the loss of markets for fresh fish captured by traditional methods in favour of other fish products. Therefore, new efforts on fresh fish commercialization force all the agents involved in fishery and administration to agree on suitable actions in order to transmit consumers the differences of fresh fish. The main factor is product identification in all the commercialization chain. The aspects of Fresh Fish Commercialization Standardized System to be determined are: species to be captured, fish capture methods, handling and conservation aboard, wholesale in harbour and product presentation to consumers.


To the Editor: In recent years, the frequency of breast cancer increased significantly in China with change in the life style. Although the rates of metastasis and mortality in breast cancer patients have decreased as a result of early diagnosis and implementation of systematic adjuvant therapy, it is still not possible to accurately predict the risk of metastasis development in individual patients. The rates of relapse and metastasis are relatively high in our country. The risk of metastasis development is known to increase with the presence of lymph node metastasis, a larger-size primary tumor and loss of histologic differentiation (grade), which is the established breast cancer prognostic marker (1). However, approximately in one third of women, the breast tumors that have not spread to lymph nodes develop distant metastases, and about in one third of the patients where breast tumors have spread to lymph nodes remain free of distant metastases 10 years after local therapy (2,3). Actually, the traditional prognostic markers are able to confidently identify the group of approximately 30% of patients, who are most likely to have either a very favorable or a very poor outcome. New prognostic markers are needed. In the last decade, the knowledge of biomarkers and their clinical uses in breast cancer have been evolving greatly. Biomarkers can be grouped into tissue or biological fluid (blood) markers (4). Among the tissue markers, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), HER-2 ⁄ neu, p53, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appear to be important prognostic ⁄ predictive factors. ER and PgR play an important role in breast cancer response and resistance to hormone therapy (4). HER-2 ⁄ neu, a member of the erbB family of receptors is involved in breast cancer cell proliferation and malignant growth (5). Wild-type p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. It regulates cell cycle and induces apoptosis. p53 gene mutation represents an early event in breast carcinogenesis and may predict increased risk of progression to invasive and more aggressive breast cancers (6). VEGF has been reported to be an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for relapse and survival (7–11). However, the data from different reports are not consistent regarding the prognostic potential of these five markers (4). Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. The cancer phenotype is defined by a complex interplay between environmental factors and genetic background. Ethnicity ⁄ race is found to be an independent predictor of survival from breast carcinoma (12), indicating the importance of genetic background in tumor formation and development. Although racial difference in cancer development has drawn an attention (12–15), the potential application of ER, PgR, HER2 ⁄ neu, p53, and VEGF for Chinese women with breast cancer has not been well-studied. The aim of this study was to assess the association of ER, PgR, HER-2 ⁄ neu, p53, and VEGF with known prognostic factors as well as their prognostic information in Chinese women with invasive breast cancer. The subjects of this study were 203 female breast carcinoma patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery at the Department of Breast Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of WuXi City from June, 2003 to March, 2006. The tumors were all monolateral and determined by pathologic examination. Of those, there were 169 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, 17 invasive lobular carcinoma, 6 medullary carcinoma, 3 adenocarcinoma, 6 mucinous adenocarcinoma, and 2 apocrine carcinoma cases. All patients were given no preoperative treatments, and the mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 53 year (range, 6– 76 years). Patients in the cohort were followed from June, 2003 to December, 2005. The invasive ductal carcinomas were graded into three categories as Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Yujie Sun, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China, or e-mail: yujiesun @njmu.edu.cn or email@example.com.


In recent years there have been high profile currency interventions by the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and the Bank of Japan (BoJ). In this note, we review these interventions, with a focus on the profitability of currency intervention, along with the relationship between profitability and the degree of exchange rate stabilisation. We also highlight the ways in which these interesting international episodes are of only limited direct relevance to thinking about current New Zealand exchange rate issues.


This paper describes progress made under a research project which aims to quantify the relationship between pavement surface wear and heavy vehicle tyre forces. The tyre forces applied to various pavement surface types by new configurations and loadings of freight vehicles are often not known. The paper discusses how this need was addressed by commissioning new equipment that can apply tyre forces and slips to a pavement surface at full scale, representing any single or dual tyre from any steer, drive or trailer wheel from any heavy vehicle combination. A new technique used to measure and quantify pavement surface wear is also described which provides an improved understanding of the failure modes present and how these are linked to tyre contact patch forces.


Article history: Received 14 December 2018 Received in revised form 15 February 2019 Accepted 25 February 2019 Available online 01 March 2019


This paper discusses the development of mathematical models for the calculation of surface roughness of focused ion beam (FIB) sputtered microfeatures. The effective beam shape was characterized first and then the beam function was developed. Material function was developed from the inherent material properties. These two functions were then combined mathematically to develop the surface roughness models. The models were verified by sputtering single crystal silicon using 50 keV Ga ion FIB. The models were applied to fabricate microcavities which were successfully used for the replication of three dimensional (3D) polymer microcomponents.


* Ospemifene (Osphena) is a new drug for postmenopausal women who suffer from painful intercourse (dyspareunia).

* The drug has estrogen agonist effects in the endometrium that increase the risks of endometriosis and endometrial cancer; estrogen antagonist effects elsewhere in the body increase the risk of thrombotic stroke and deep vein thrombosis.


Deep Neural Network (DNN) has been very successful. Especially, unsupervised DNN can extract the features of complicated dataset without any prior knowledge. However, theoretical understanding of how it extracts the features and what it extracts as the features is not clear. We investigate these questions from the theoretical physics point of view by using the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) and the Autoencoder (AE) trained by spin configurations of the Ising model. In order to explore the features RBM and AE extract, we train them by spin configurations of the 2-dimensional Ising model and construct a flow of its parameters (in particular temperature) generated by the trained RBM and AE. This flow is motivated by the renormalization group flow of statistical model. It is thought that this flow emphasizes the "relevant" features the unsupervised networks learn, and eliminate "irrelevant" information from the dataset. We show that the RBM trained by spin configurations at various temperatures generates a flow on which the temperature approaches the critical temperature Tc ≃ 2.27 if the number of visible units is less than hidden units. Unlike the RBM case, the temperature of the fixed points of AE trained sufficiently is lower than the critical temperature if AE is sufficiently trained (5000 epochs). On the other hand, if the learning epochs are 1000, the fixed point temperature monotonically increase with the number of hidden units. We also analyze the weight matrices by singular value decomposition in order to read out the information RBM and AE learn.


This paper focuses on the dynamics of a class of nonlinear, reversible, random $p-Laplace Selkov delay lattice systems defined by local lipschitz noise-driven $\mathbb{Z}^d$. We first establish the global fitness of the system using the local Lipschitz delayed diffusion term. Under certain conditions, we demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the mean stochastic dynamical system in relation to the stochastic equation in the product Hilbert space $L^2(\Omega, \mathcal{F}_\tau; \ell^2\times\ell^2)$ $\times$ $L^2\big(\Omega, \mathcal{F}_\tau; L^2((-\rho, 0), \ell^2\times\ell^2)\big)$. The average stochastic dynamical system theory proposed by Wang (J.Equ., 31:2177-2204, 2019) is used to deal with the difficulties caused by nonlinear noise. Even if the discrete $p$-Laplace is replaced by the usual discrete Laplace, the results of this paper are new.


The photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Orange 16, a textile azo dye, has been investigated in aqueous heterogeneous solutions containing titanium dioxide TiO2 as photocatalyst. The disappearance of the organic molecule follows approximately a pseudo-first kinetic order according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. CO2, NO3 −, NH4 + and SO4 2− ions have been identified as mineralization products. Various commercial photocatalysts were compared with respect to their decolorization efficiency, as well as the production of CO2. The effect of pH and H2O2 on the reaction rate was ascertained.


We use holographic QCD to study Pomeron- and Reggeon-mediated central production in Regge regime hadronic scattering. We focus specifically on $\eta$ production in proton-proton collisions. While previous work studied the Pomeron-mediated process, the mesonic Regge trajectories ("Reggeons") we now incorporate contribute significantly at experimentally probed energies. We use the five-point open string amplitude (in flat space) to construct approximate propagators for the Reggeon states, and the five-point closed string amplitude for the Pomeron. Using these "holographic" Reggeons and Pomerons, and low-energy couplings derived in the Sakai-Sugimoto model, we compute the differential and total cross sections at $\sqrt{s}$ =29.1 GeV. Our calculation of the total cross section is $\sigma =236 \ \mathrm{nb}$, while the experimentally measured value is $\sigma = 3859 \ \mathrm{nb}$. The discrepancy between our result and the measured value may indicate that our model systematically underestimates the values of the relevant coupling constants.


Spontaneous biological acidification has long been a part of the German brewing tradition, and was historically used to optimize the pH of brewhouse mashes. By facilitating the growth of native barley flora, the production of lactic, acetic and succinic acids sours the mash, functioning in a similar way to the addition of food-grade acids, which are prohibited under the Reinheitsgebot of 1516. Traditionally, sour mashes have been performed at the 'optimum' temperature of 49 °C. Quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used for the investigation and quantitation of organic acids produced by acidified mashes over a range of temperatures. All target metabolites demonstrated an inverse relationship with temperature, although lactic acid reached a relative maximum at 49 °C, which is in agreement with the customary sour mash temperature. Therefore, it would seem that the optimization of a sour mash is dependent not on absolute acid concentration, which would give the greatest pH regulation potential, but on the relative acid concentration, an important factor influencing the final flavour profile of a beer. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling


Recently BLE beacon has been widely used as a method for measuring the indoor location in the IoT Technique. But it requires a filtering technique for the measurement of the correct position. It is used the most fixed beacon. It is not accurate that calculates the position information through the identification of the beacon signal. Therefore, filtering is important. So it takes a lot of time, position measurement and filtering. Thus, we is to measure the exact position at the indoor using a mobile beacon. The measured beacon signal is composed of an ontology for reuse in the same pattern. RSSI is measured the receiver is the distance of the beacon. And this value configure the location ontology to be normalized by the relationship analysis between the values. The ontology is a method for calculating the position information of the moving beacon. It can detect fast and accurate indoor position information and provide the service.


On Identity and Taxonomical Position of Acupalpus pallipes DEJEAN, 1829 and Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK, 1904 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The study of the holotype of Acupalpus pallipes DEJEAN, 1829, confirmed its synonymy with Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK, 1904. Because the name pallipes DEJEAN, 1829, represents a secondary junior homonym of pallipes STEPHENS, 1828 (actually a junior synonym of Bradycellus verbasci DUFT., 1812), the valid name of the taxon is ganglbaueri APFELBECK.

Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK is redescribed, figured and firstly recorded for Albania. The species is rather isolated among the Palaearctic Bradycellus. Its taxonomic position is therefore discussed. Bradycellus ganglbaueri is provisionally placed into Bradycellus subgenus Bradycellus (including Tetraplatypus).


Marx' metabolism theory contains three meanings which are the natural world metabolism,man and natural metabolism and social metabolism,on this basis,Marx creatively put forward the universal metabolism rift theory.From a historical perspective,the root cause of metabolism rift is the predatory mode of production of human.In contemporary,"rift" is still expanding and transfer.It shows a series of new features which seriously endanger the survival of mankind.We should strive to change the production and develop the circular economy for the realization of human self-salvation.Circular economy is a new paradigm which can eliminate rift.


This paper focuses on the power depletion due to stimulated Raman scattering in a WDM link when bursty IP traffic is directly loaded. The actual power penalty due to stimulated Raman scattering is shown to be dependent on IP traffic load. The statistics of the power depletion due to stimulated Raman scattering under various traffic loading conditions are obtained and compared with the stimulated Raman scattering effect under the worst‐case assumption. This provides useful information for the network designers to adjust the power of input light accordingly so that significant improvement in the performance of IP over WDM can be achieved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 247–249, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11028


proof of concept for a treatment for children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The approach involves using an antisense oligonucleotide — a short string of nucleotides that can bond to messenger RNA and block the process of gene expression — to jump-start production of the dystrophin protein. DMD is caused by a deletion or duplication of one or more exons or mutations in the DMD gene that encodes dystrophin, which is essential for normal muscle function.


Acquisition of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum-Minimum Shift Keying (DSSS-MSK) signal in low signal to noise (SNR) and high dynamic environment will impact the overall performance of the receiving system seriously. The proposed all-digital IF receiver has a serial structure, transforming the DSSS-MSK signal into approximating DSSSBPSK signal using the matched filter. The matched filter is designed according to the known frequency response based on convex optimization. Then, the signals are regrouped by spreading code period. Finally, combining Doppler frequency shift compensation with the parallel code acquisition algorithm based on FFT, the PN code phase difference and Doppler frequency shift are captured simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has 7dB and 8dB SNR improvement than delay correlation method and ML-FFT method respectively. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has quick acquisition rate, wide acquisition range, high acquisition accuracy, low complexity and is suitable for low SNR environment.


During a single Arecibo observation in 1981 of the Crab pulsar, a profile at 4.7 GHz was recorded which appeared to contain additional components and an interpulse (IP) shifted to earlier phase. The experiment was continued at the VLA, taking advantage of its phased array mode to form a synthesized beam, which resolves out the bright Crab Nebula background. Observations were conducted between February 9 and May 27, 1994, at 0.33, 1.4, 4.9, and 8.4 GHz. Additional radio profiles presented here were recorded at Arecibo (0.43, 0.6, and 4.7GHz) and Effelsberg (2.7GHz) by Hankins & Fowler (unpublished). In Figure 1 we have plotted a summary of normalized profiles from several radio frequencies and infrared. The VLA profiles are time aligned, while the rest are aligned to the main pulse (MP). A new component (labeled LFC) appears 36° ahead of the MP between 0.6 and 4.9 GHz, not coincident with the position of the precursor, and with a spectral index similar to that of the MP. The MP disappears at 8.4 GHz, probably due to spectral effects. The IP appears to undergo a transition in phase and flux, disappearing at 2.7 GHz and reappearing 10° earlier at 4.7 GHz with a radically different spectral index. Two high radio frequency components (labeled HFC1 and HFC2) appear at 4.9 and 8.4 GHz, and possibly at the noise level at 1.4 GHz. They have flatter spectral indices than the MP and IP and their centroid phase changes with respect to the MP – moving to later phase with increasing frequency. The infrared profile exhibits a "bump", or third component near the same phase as HFC1 and HFC2.


Carotid artery occlusion is rarely associated with injury of the head and neck. Difficulty may be encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. We describe our experience with a patient with a mandibular fracture caused by a work-related accident in whom emergency surgery was performed. Subsequently, carotid artery occlusion was confirmed on the discovery of a cerebral infarction.


Numerous studies have demonstrated the severe risks obesity poses for cardiovascular health, including hypertension and coronary artery disease. Previous studies demonstrate that chronic infusion of Angiotensin II (AngII) to hyperlipidemic LDL receptor −/− mice fed a Western diet consistently (80% incidence) promotes the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). In contrast, infusion of AngII to normolipidemic C57BL/6 mice results in a low incidence (10%) of AAA formation. We sought to determine if diet‐induced obesity will increase the incidence and/or severity of AngII‐induced AAAs. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal laboratory diet (Normal; 5% kcal as fat) or a high fat diet (HF; 60% kcal as fat) for 15 weeks. Subsequently, osmotic mini pumps were implanted subcutaneously to deliver AngII at a constant rate (1,000ng/kg/min) for 28 days. Body weight and blood pressure were monitored throughout the study. HF‐fed mice exhibited an increase in body weight compared to Normal‐fed mice (Normal: 33.9 ± 0.8 vs. HF: 38.9 ± 1.4 g; P<0.05) with an increase in adipose mass (adiposity index of Normal: 4.4 ± 0.3 vs. HF: 6.8 ± 0.4 %; P<0.05). AngII‐induced elevations in blood pressure were similar between groups. Total cholesterol concentrations in sera were not significantly different in mice that did or did not exhibit AAAs. The incidence of AAA formation was increased in HF‐fed mice compared to Normal (Normal: 22.2 vs. HF 76.5%; P>0.05), with a significant increase in adiposity index in mice that exhibited AAAs. Interestingly, periaortic vascular adiposity differed between HF‐ and Normal‐fed mice, as did the composition of perivascular adipose tissue in the thoracic versus abdominal aorta. This study suggests a role for obesity to promote AAA formation. USDA 2005 38420 15825


The research outlines the issue of specific regional service distribution in small countries' outbound tourism market, as ancillary non-aviation services on the global market of air-passenger transport services (as illustrated by the Latvian market data). The article provides the statistics of passenger flows at Riga airport, which allows evaluating the number of foreign airline passengers arriving in Latvia, considering them as potential consumers of ancillary services in the regional spheres of tourism, leisure, education, etc. The material puts forward the idea of regional service aggregation in the framework of the Next Distribution Capability model introduced by the International Air Transport Association, in cooperation with airline carriers, Global Distribution Systems and international travel associations. The regional aggregator's potential profit was also assessed; and a number of recommendations about its setup and functional structure, as a business company, were offered. PEST-analysis was conducted demonstrating how various factors influence the effectiveness indices for market launches of air-passenger transport services. The paper also emphasizes the expediency of engaging state administration and local government bodies in carrying out a project aimed at creating an aggregator for global distribution of regional services to enhance Latvia's upmarket image and its promotion abroad.


Angiogenesis is a multistep process controlled by a number of stimulating and inhibiting factors. Aberrant angiogenesis is involved in cancer progression. The best-known elements responsible for regulation of angiogenesis are vascular endothelial growth factor, their membrane-bound receptors, and circulating, soluble receptors. The major objective of the present review is twofold: firstly, it seeks to explore knowledge about angiogenesis in Hodgkin's lymphoma, and secondly it indicates the necessity and relevance of carrying out further research dedicated to this process. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a proliferative disease of the lymphatic system. The process of angiogenesis in Hodgkin's lymphoma has not been studied thoroughly. There is a significant role of paracrine interactions of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells with reactive cells of the immune system, which makes studying the mechanisms of development of Hodgkin's lymphoma more difficult. It has been proven that several angiogenesis-stimulating proteins are expressed in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells both in vitro and in tumour tissue. Moreover, some of these proteins are produced by the reactive cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and hepatic growth factor serum concentrations are elevated in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. The role of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma has not been thoroughly explained. Similarly, there are no satisfying data on the modulation of the angiogenic potential of the blood caused by vascular endothelial growth factor soluble receptors in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Processes controlling angiogenesis in Hodgkin's lymphoma merit more comprehensive investigation.


The relevance of the Early Childhood Education stage in children's scholastic development is undoubtable; however, in the daily routine of the students some innovation is demanded. Therefore, within the present work we have strengthened the association between play and work in the classroom. Reading and methodology by corners are two educational references of this period. For all this, the main objective of this work has been to develop an innovative proposal encouraging reading, while designing an innovative methodology focused on the corners. The methodology for corners is one of the star strategies of Early Childhood Education, for this reason, and combining both aspects (corners and encouragement of reading), our didactic proposal is based on the design of a super corner on reading encouragement where we go through different traditional stories along with playful activities to create interest and reading curiosity in the students. The innovative element lies in the creation of a mega-corner, divided in turn into four sub-corners, in which the contents of the developed didactic approach have been carried out.


Bidirectional 140 Mbit/s OQPSK-signal transmission with remotely generated microwaves applying optical heterodyning is reported. Two microwave carriers in the 18-20 GHz band are generated: one modulated by the downlink data, the other unmodulated and used as the local oscillator signal for the uplink mixer in the base station.


Recent attempts to isolate the active agent of the Rous chicken sarcoma have resulted in conflicting views as to the nature of the causative agent. Jobling and Sproul 1 - 2 have reported that repeated injections of a lipid fraction obtained from fresh or dried tumor tissue, together with nonspecific protein, produce sarcomas which appear in the more responsive birds within 3 to 4 months after the third injection. Fraenkel and Mawson, 3 on the other hand, were unable to obtain tumors by injecting acetone extracts of fresh or dried tumor tissue but were successful with the residue. In 1936 we attempted to isolate lipid fractions from a very active preparation of Rous chicken tumor No. 1 with pentane and chloroform as solvents. With neither were we successful in producing tumors in young birds. The residue of the pentane extract, however, invariably produced tumors after a single injection in spite of 4 extractions of the powder with 100 volumes of solvent (see Table I). The residue from the chloroform extract was inactive, possibly due to denaturing the protein. The whole powder, used as a control, was very active; birds had to be sacrificed 12 days after injection. We then believed that the active fraction was not to be found among the lipids; that it was water soluble and very likely protein in nature. In view of the recent report of Jobling and Sproul, 2 we repeated our experiments with a portion of the powder previously used. It was kept at about 5°C. for 11 months in a sealed but not evacuated tube. Pentane was used for extraction in one series of experiments; a mixture of equal volumes of chloroform and pentane in another. In each case 0.5 gm. powder was extracted 4 times with 100 volumes of solvent, taking measures that would tend to avoid denaturing the protein.


Through the linear change and the change of the independent variables of the unknown function,the second order linear differential equation with two kinds of variable coefficients can be converted into the known equation from which the product is accessible,so as to obtain the accessible product pattern of the second order linear differential equation with two kinds of variable coefficients.


The article discusses and explores the concept of a single payment architecture (SPA) or payments hub, which provides a centralized payment factory capability for a wholesale financial institution using state-of-the-art technology and a service oriented architecture. The wide role that HCL serves in integration projects across multiple industries is highlighted.


Assessment and mapping of groundwater is an important quantity because the physical and chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and domestic usages. Present work deals with the assessment of physico-chemical parameters of ground water samples at Industrial, Residential and Near MSW site of Bhilai city during 2010-2011. Ground water samples ere tested for physico-chemical parameters following the standard methods and procedures . Statistical studies have been carried out by calculating correlation coefficients between different pairs of parameters and t- test applied for checking significance. The observed values of various physico-chemical parameters of water samples were compared with standard values recommended by WHO for drinking and the extent of deterioration. Agricultural runoff, sewage and industrial effluents are the probably sources for the variation of water quality in the study region. The results revealed that the Groundwater was not suitable for drinking purpose in some area due to the influence of swage, saltwater intrusion, industrial and high urban concentration.


Most recent homogenisation theories for nonlinear behaviour combine a linearisation procedure with an appropriate linear scale transition scheme. While the definition of improved linearisation formulations is currently the subject of active research, the used linear models are often standard ones, namely the classical self-consistent (SC) scheme when polycrystals are considered. We investigate here the potential influence of the phase distribution in the case of a two-phase polycrystal with hard and soft grains. Various linear models are combined with Suquet-Ponte Castaneda's variational formulation for anisotropic media, including two-scale transition models, and are compared with SC predictions. Phase distribution effects are significant only when the contrast of critical resolved shear stresses is above about 3.


Background: After recent completion of the sequence of the human genome a wide quest for gene function is one of the current scientific priorities. One approach to assess the gene function in vivo is to create a mouse deficient for the gene of interest. In order to introduce genetic modification within the genome, and in the same step to produce the mutant mouse, the gene trap method was applied. Material and Method: The gene trap comprises of random integration of a DNA vector containing promoterless lacZ and neoR fused genes. After selection of ES cells, mutant animals were produced and genes of interest selected according to the expression pattern in the embryos. Results: Three mouse lines were selected in order to find genes important for embryo development. The genes were identified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) in both 5' and 3' direction. Two of the genes were already known genes Noll and STAM2. The obtained sequence of the third gene was novel, and the gene was named kosenic. The active transcripts of the promoterless genes were expressed during embryo development. Conclusion: Three mutated mouse lines with integration in the three genes represent a tool to analyze expression and function of the modified genes.


This chapter takes, as its point of departure, the historical detail of the famous 1913 split between Lewis and the Omega Workshops, used here as a lens for considering the professionalisation of the arts in early twentieth-century England. Drawing upon the sociology of the professions in the early twentieth century, the chapter explores the terms 'professional' and 'amateur' underwent a major shift at this time, with the role of the professional – artist or otherwise – becoming reoriented around notions of expertise, specialisation, and public service. This 'professional turn' involved simultaneous adaptation and resistance to increasingly powerful market forces. Lewis's work in response to Bloomsbury is examined in this light. Blast is explored, in this context, for its proto-professional discourse; while The Caliph's Designis read as a significant professionalist manifeso, delineating a body of esoteric specialist knowledge as well as a professional mythology for the practising artist. Lewis aggressively defined a (public-spirited, transparent, dogmatic) Vorticism as against the (domestic, private, conciliatory and liberal) amateurism of the Omega Workshops, positioning himself as a 'pioneer' professional, of a type that have historically, in different ways, laid the groundwork for the reorganisation of their professional fields.


Silicon has long been established as an ideal material for passive integrated optical circuitry due to its high refractive index, with corresponding strong optical confinement ability, and its low-cost CMOS-compatible manufacturability. However, the inversion symmetry of the silicon crystal lattice has been an obstacle for a simple realization of electro-optic modulators, and its indirect band gap has prevented the realization of efficient silicon light emitting diodes and lasers. Still, significant progress has been made in the past few years. 1 Electro-optic modulators based on the free carrier plasma effect have been tested up to 40 Gbit/s, 2 and hybrid evanescent silicon lasers have been realized both in the form of distributed feed-back lasers 3 and micro-disk lasers. 4 For enhancing the impact of silicon photonics in future ultrafast and energy-efficient all-optical signal processing, e.g. in high-bit-rate optical communication circuits and networks, it is vital that the nonlinear optical effects of silicon are being strongly enhanced. 5 This can among others be achieved in photonic-crystal slow-light waveguides 6 and in nano-engineered photonic-wires 7 (Fig. 1). In this talk I shall present some recent advances in this direction. The efficient coupling of light between optical fibers and the planar silicon devices and circuits is of crucial importance. Both end-coupling 8 (Fig. 1) and grating-coupling 9 solutions will be discussed along with polarization issues 10 . A new scheme for a hybrid III-V/silicon laser will also be discussed briefly. 11


Serving as an intermediary between donors and a wide variety of regional causes they support, the foundation provides philanthropy and civic leadership to address community challenges. Since Hurricane Katrina devastated the region in August 2005, the foundation has become a recognized expert in philanthropic response to disasters, lauded for the strategic principles underlying deployment of its standing Disaster Response and Restoration Fund and broader disaster response framework (Greater New Orleans Foundation, 2022b). [...]the city and its surrounding region have endured 16 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) disaster declarations, including three hurricanes during the record-breaking 2020 season in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic (FEMA, 2021a;National Oceanic Key Points * Disasters create opportunities for philanthropy to rebuild equitably by prioritizing the most vulnerable community members in disaster response and addressing existing disparities and structural inequities in the recovery phase. According to Easterling, these foundations acting as community leaders go beyond traditional grantmaking to convene diverse stakeholders and catalyze cross-sector solutions to community challenges. [...]during the BP oil spill, the Greater New Orleans Foundation pressed Congress to amend provisions for citizen engagement and permanent set-aside funds for unforeseen issues to the RESTORE Act1 providing federal relief (Barry et al., 2012). [...]community foundations might take advantage of brief opportunities created by disasters to address otherwise entrenched deficits and disparities facing their communities, introducing largescale social innovations which might in turn enhance community resilience (Westley, 2013).


We demonstrate that the answer to the question posed in the title is "yes" and "no": "no" if the set of permissible operations is restricted to {+,−,×,/,mod,<}; "yes" if we are also allowed a gcd-oracle as a permissible operation. It has been shown (see [Sto76, MST91]) that no strongly polynomial algorithm exists for the problem of finding the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two arbitrary integers, a and b. This result precludes the possibility of finding the set of solutions to a system of linear diophantine equations in strongly polynomial time. We show, however, that given an oracle that finds the gcd of two integers a and b and integer multipliers (x0, y0) satisfying ax0 +by0 = gcd(a, b), a system of linear diophantine equations can be solved in strongly polynomial time.


Introduction What Is Counselling by Telephone? Skills and Attitudes Needed When Counselling by Telephone Training, Supervision and Quality Control Theoretical Orientations The Counsellor-Client Relationship Telephone Group Work Technology and Counselling by Telephone Counselling by Other Media


We examined the relation of two acculturation stressors, exclusion from ordinary privileges and overt discrimination, to two indicators of psychological well-being (i.e., psychiatric symptoms and satisfaction with life) among a diverse sample of immigrant women living in Ireland (N = 174). We grouped our sample into "visible" immigrant women of color and "nonvisible" White immigrant women. As expected, visible immigrant women reported more experiences of overt discrimination and fewer experiences of ordinary privileges than did nonvisible immigrant women. The associations of belonging to a visible immigrant group with both psychiatric symptoms and satisfaction with life were each mediated through ordinary privileges and overt discrimination. The magnitude of the two indirect effects was equal for psychiatric symptoms, but for satisfaction with life, the indirect effect through ordinary privileges was stronger. After accounting for ordinary privileges and overt discrimination, the average score for satisfaction with life was higher for visible immigrant women than for nonvisible immigrant women. These findings suggest that visible immigrant women experience exclusion from ordinary privileges to a greater extent than nonvisible immigrant women and that this type of exclusion is at least as detrimental to psychological health as more overt forms of discrimination. Our findings demonstrate the importance of attending to discrimination of both visible and nonvisible immigrants and highlight the importance of ordinary privileges to immigrants' well-being in their countries of destination. We discuss implications for future research and social policy.


We explore the geometric interpretation of the twisted index of 3d N = 4 gauge theories on S1 × Σ where Σ is a closed Riemann surface. We focus on a rich class of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories that have isolated vacua under generic mass and FI parameter deformations. We show that the path integral localises to a moduli space of solutions to generalised vortex equations on Σ, which can be understood algebraically as quasi-maps to the Higgs branch. We show that the twisted index reproduces the virtual Euler characteristic of the moduli spaces of twisted quasi-maps and demonstrate that this agrees with the contour integral representation introduced in previous work. Finally, we investigate 3d N = 4 mirror symmetry in this context, which implies an equality of enumerative invariants associated to mirror pairs of Higgs branches under the exchange of equivariant and degree counting parameters.


Impulsive versus steady jet impingement of spherical glass bead particles on metal surfaces was studied using a gas gun facility and a commercial sand blasting apparatus. Crushed glass particles were also used in the sand blasting apparatus as well as glass beads. Comparisons of the different types of erosion patterns were made. Scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis were used to characterize erosion patterns. The nature of the wear can be divided into cutting and deformation, each with its own characteristic features. Surface chemistry analysis indicates the possibility of complex chemical and/or mechanical interactions between erodants and target materials.


The purpose of this study is inrestigate to joint angle of lower limbs, angular relocity time required, projecting angular, projecting velocity and correlation of factors during kick in soccer. High speed camera producing 200 frames per second was employed for taking picture of the instep kick, 6 skilled and 6 unskilled subjects were selected and photograph analysis was used in the study, The conclusions of the studies were as follows : 1. Variation of joint angle for lower limbs. (a) There is a significant difference for the hip joint angle between the skilled and the unskilled subject at the time of ball impact and followthrough. (b) The minimum value of knee joint angle is shown at the moment of supporting leg landing. (c) The skilled subjects generate more power by reducing the knee joint angle in order to kick the ball longer. (d) There is a significant difference between the skilled and the unskilled for angle of angle joint for the precise kicking is important to fix and to the angle joint. 2. Variation of angular velocity. (a) There is a significant difference between two groups for angular velocity of hip joint for the skilled and the skilled. (b) There is a significant difference between two groups for the angular velocity of the knee joint. The maxium values of angular velocity for knee joint are shown by all subjects at the time of ball impact. (c) In comparison with other joint, the angular velocity of angle joint is minimum features for the skilled and the unskilled the maximum angular velocity is shown by all subjected at the moment of ball impact. 3. Required time of three stages. (a) There is a significant difference bet between skilled and unskilled. (b) The reduction of time for kicking causes to increase the force, and to increase the projecting velocity and to result in sending the ball longer. 4. Projecting angle and projecting velocity of ball. (a) There is a significant difference for the projecting velocity between skilled and unskilled. (b) The difference between two groups for projecting angle and velocity result from the generation of more momentum by the location of supporting, fixed joint. leg swing, precise impart, and the transfer of angular velocity. 5. There is correlation joint angle for lower limbs and kick factors with except of body heigh and 100m, distance of kick and velocity of ball. 6. Though there is not significant projecting angle of ball, distance of kick and angular velocity is significant.


The aim of any invasive procedure is the complete eradication and elimination of the infection and associated necrotic tissue followed by repair and regeneration of the affected tissue. In order to achieve this goal various biological products have been introduced, among which are present the platelet concentrates. Platelet concentrates with their higher concentration of platelets has been used in the field of medicine since the 1990s in the form of the first-generation concentrates-Platelet Rich Plasma, and the second generation concentrated -Platelet Rich Fibrin. Choukroun's Platelet Rich Fibrin is one such material, which is used by itself and also as an adjunct with grafts. It has been successful as it delivers high doses of growth factors and has anti-inflammatory properties. They have been shown to be of great promise in the field of dentistry, ranging from implantology; Sinuses lift procedures, treating of endodontic and periodontal lesions to regeneration of necrotic pulp. This novel technique has the potential to revolutionize the treatment mode in dentistry and help with reducing patient morbidity. We will be further looking into the specification and implications of this material in this review.


The hydroxyl radical is considered as the most chemically reactive oxygen species (thus extremely short-lived), and therefore, primarily responsible for the cytotoxic effects of oxygen in aerobic organisms. It oxidatively attacks non-specifically biomolecules at diffusion- reaction rates, such as carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids located few nanometers from its site of generation. Despite its great biological importance there is lack of a simple and reliable in vivo method for its quantitation. Terephthalic acid appears to be more effective compared to the other aromatic reagents that have been used for this purpose. Indicatively, terephthalic acid is a non-fluorescent molecule that reacts with the hydroxyl radical with a rate constant close to the diffusion rate, and yields only one product, 2-hydroxyterephthalate, which is highly fluorescent. The aim of this project was the development of a reliable method for the in vivo quantitation of hydroxyl radical in organisms (cells, tissues, organs) with the use of terephthalic acid.


Hot pressed rapeseed meal was used as raw material,and the rapeseed protein was obtained by alkaline solution extraction and ultrasonic-assisted alkaline solution extraction.In addition,the properties of the protein obtained by the two methods were compared.The results showed that the extraction effect of ultrasonic wave was better with short time and high extraction rate,and the water holding capacity,nitrogen soluble index,foaming properties and emulsifying properties of rapeseed protein were greatly improved by ultrasonic wave,and the foaming properties was better even in acidic conditions.The research showed that the ultrasonic-assisted method had many merits in extracting rapeseed protein.


Modern? Postmodern? Zygmunt Bauman's Diagnosis of Our Times.
An essay on a series of eight works written since 1987 by the Polish-British sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. It is noted that sociologists perhaps have not always appreciated the value of Bauman's unorthodox approach, ie, his view that the incongruities of life are best shown in analysis moving between perspectives without forcing a synthesis. He demonstrates little respect for the boundaries of academic disciplines. His basic thesis is that the social order of modernity has been broken up by a postmodern pluralization of authority. His primary interest is the effect of this breakup on the chances for developing a personal morality. His conclusions show that the centralized mechanisms and predominant constructs of modernity effectively neutralized individual moral responsibility when it was most needed. He has assessed the possibility for moral growth under postmodernism both positively and negatively. Under the consumerist paradigm, freedom of choice can lose sense and meaning. The relevance of modern sociology to these issues is stressed. Adapted from the source document.


Objective: This study aimed to identify the barriers to women's Pap smear testing and related risk factors. Methods: In this descriptive and cross ‐ sectional study, 294 women were included by stratified random sampling. The General Information Questionnaire, The Self-Efficacy Scale, The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer, and the Pap Smear Test were used. Results: About half of the women (47.6%) had a Pap smear test in their lifetime.Residing in a village/non-provincial district (OR = 0.412), not having a Pap smear test because family members/friends did not have one (OR = 7.752), having high Barriers subscale scores (OR = 1.053), and having lower self-efficacy levels (OR = 0.951) were found to be risk factors for having a Pap smear test.In addition, not knowing the symptoms of cervical cancer, believing that the cervical cancer is a non-treatable condition, expecting to experience vaginal infection,not being able to get permission from her husband, and considering the test as embarrassing were found among the barriers ( p < 0.005). Conclusions: A well designed health education program focusing on cervical cancer and the benefits of screening would increase awareness, especially among women with a high educational attainment status.Public health nurses should provide health educations considering the local cultural environment. To improve access to health services, mobile health services need to be developed, and in hospitals, routine Pap smear test health educations should be conducted and guidance should be provided.


This commentary navigates the oeuvre of Ariés' writings on childhood, family, private life and death, with a focus on interrogating 'who is a child?' Departing from the intellectual history prevalent at the time, Ariés deployed the psychogenic approach to study the cultural history of childhood and family. He examines the quotidian experience of aesthetics and other documents of culture to reveal 'what was thought about' viz. the mentalities' of childhood and family spanning a vast canvas from the eleventh to the nineteenth centuries. Ariés provocatively proposes that childhood is a modern construct, highlighting that children were not always seen as precious, dependent and in need of adult protection. The magnitude of his intellectual adventure continues to be debated, particularly in childhood studies. The commentary includes an analysis of Ariés' methods and insights about childhood that unsettle the narrow prisms that refract how we see, understand and educate children.


A 65-year-old man came with pain in the right gluteal region which he had for the past five years. This pain was of a burning type with high intermittent fever. His medical reports suggested Hepatosplenomegaly and chronic active inflammation of the liver. A malaria attack 50 years ago which repeated itself ten years later had affected him profoundly. After a symptom-free period, now it was again disturbing his whole system for the last five years. After China officinalis, he had a strong aggravation followed by good improvement, which reminds us of the discovery and principles of homeopathy, which as we know started with Hahnemann's description of China.