Cells must finely tune their metabolic pathways to face variations of nutrient fluxes. This dynamic maintenance of homeostasis is a fundamental requisite constraining all cellular processes. The serine/threonine kinase LKB1 is a hub of a molecular network monitoring the cellular energy charge via the phosphorylation and activation of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) [1]. In conditions of metabolic stress that increases the AMP/ATP ratio, AMPK is activated and switches off anabolic pathways (protein, cholesterol and lipid synthesis) while switching on catabolic pathways (glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation) to replenish the intracellular pool of ATP [1]. The central role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway is attested by the fact that LKB1 is a tumor suppressor gene whose mutational inactivation is associated with a cancer-inherited condition and several sporadic malignancies [1].

The LKB1 locus encodes two isoforms, the ubiquitous full-length form of the protein (LKB1L) [1] and a splice variant that differs in its C-terminal part (LKB1S) and is mostly expressed in male haploid germ cells [2]. Each of these two proteins binds separately to the pseudokinase STRAD and to the scaffolding molecule MO25 to form a heterotrimer that allosterically stimulates LKB1 enzymatic activity [1]. One lingering question is whether AMPK is constitutively phosphorylated by LKB1 or whether this process is regulated in response to microenvironmental cues. Several posttranslational modifications of LKB1 are proposed to affect its ability to activate AMPK [1, 3-6], but other mechanisms may be at play and this topic is the current subject of investigation.

We recently reported the identification of a third isoform of LKB1 produced upon alternative splicing in exon 1 that eliminates the start codon and favors the use of an in-frame translation initiation site situated downstream in exon 3 [7]. The resulting isoform, called ΔN-LKB1, is a truncated protein that is deleted of the nuclear localization signal and the N-terminal lobe of the catalytic domain. Accordingly, the location of ΔN-LKB1 is restricted to the cytoplasm and this isoform is devoid of enzymatic activity. Furthermore, ΔN-LKB1 is neither able to bind to STRAD nor to MO25. ΔN-LKB1 is mostly expressed in heart and skeletal muscles, and since these tissues are characterized by their high oxidative capacity, this observation prompted us to explore the putative metabolic functions of ΔN-LKB1. Surprisingly, ΔN-LKB1 potentiates LKB1-induced activation of AMPK and this effect is dependent of the catalytic activity of LKB1. Consistently, expression of ΔN-LKB1 in the liver of fasted mice enhances AMPK phosphorylation, stimulates fatty acids oxidation and inhibits triglyceride synthesis. Hence the question is how ΔN-LKB1 stimulates AMPK functioning. We established that ΔN-LKB1 binds with a higher affinity than LKB1 to the catalytic subunit of AMPK (the holoenzyme is made of three chains, the α catalytic subunit and two regulatory subunits, β and γ). Furthermore, ΔN-LKB1 interacts specifically with the autoinhibitory domain (AID) of AMPK whereas the binding of LKB1 to AMPK is not significantly impaired by the removal of the AID. This motif is a short amino acid stretch of the α chain polypeptide that interferes with the fixation of substrates in the catalytic pocket and whose inhibitory function is relieved upon binding of AMP to the AMPK γ subunit. Thus, ΔN-LKB1 may induce a conformational change of AMPK that destabilizes the AID and favors LKB1-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK that eventually triggers its activation.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of human LKB1 isoforms

While further exploring ΔN-LKB1 properties, we found that this isoform is endowed with an intrinsic transforming ability as revealed by classical clonogenic and anchorage-independent cell growth assays [7]. Moreover, the silencing of ΔN-LKB1 in a lung cancer cell line carrying a homozygous mutation of LKB1 that disrupts expression of LKB1L but preserves expression of ΔN-LKB1 markedly reduces the viability of these tumor cells and impairs their growth when grafted to nude mice [7].

What might be the physiological functions of ΔN-LKB1? Interestingly, AMPK is known to maintain the level of NADPH through the phosphorylation and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC1 and ACC2), two major rate-controlling enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway [8]. NADPH has a key role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuing deleterious oxidative stress. Since high levels of ROS are produced during intense muscle exercise, ΔN-LKB1 may limit the increase of ROS in this tissue by reducing ACCs activity via the enhancement of AMPK activity. Furthermore, AMPK is known to support the survival of malignant cells and to inhibit anoikis, an apoptotic process induced by the detachment of cells from the extracellular matrix, via the increase of the NADPH/NADP ratio [8]. Therefore, ectopic expression of ΔN-LKB1 in tumor cells together with LKB1 or another AMPK kinase when LKB1 is mutationally inactivated may preserve the redox balance through AMPK activation, thereby fostering cancer development in certain contexts. Accordingly, AMPK can both suppress and promote neoplastic outgrowth depending on the stage of the tumor [1]. Collectively, these findings sustain the idea that the activation of AMPK by LKB1 can be modulated through the expression of ΔN-LKB1, and further provide unexpected evidence that LKB1 codes for isoforms with seemingly antagonistic roles, either oncosuppressive or pro-oncogenic.


In this paper a new algorithm namely fuzzy stepping stone method is proposed for finding a fuzzy optimal solution for a fuzzy transportation problem where the transportation cost, supply and demand are trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The initial solution of for the fuzzy transportation problem we used the fuzzy Vogel's Approximation method and determining the optimality of obtained solution fuzzy stepping stone method is used. The solution procedure is illustrated with numerical example. It can be seen that the proposed algorithm gives a better fuzzy optimal solution to the given fuzzy transportation problem.


A new synthetic method for the preparation of cyclic malonic acid monoesters in aqueous media was developed based on the combination of a metathesis reaction and subsequent biocatalytic hydrolysis with a pig liver esterase in a one-pot synthesis. Both reaction steps proceed smoothly under optimized conditions in aqueous media requiring only a low amount of the metal catalyst for the metathesis reaction. Notably, the applied biocatalyst turned out to be highly compatible with the metal catalyst showing no significant influence on the enzyme activity.


— An aquatic hydrobiid cavesnail from Andes Mountains of Colombia and Ecuador is described (Andesipyrgus sketi, new genus, new species). The genus is placed in the Cochliopinae based on females having a sperm tube separated from the glandular gonoduct. Diagnostic features of Andesipyrgus include a minute, near-pupiform shell with thickened aperture; unpigmented animal (except for eyespots); reduced ctenidium; female genitalia featuring complex histology of glandular gonoduct, oviduct coiled onto right side of albumen gland, and absence of seminal receptacle; and male with simple, slender penis. Andesipyrgus does not closely resemble other cochliopinids having a simple penis, and appears remotely related to other South American


Provided is a canning and copying prevention method based on gray scale image light watermarking. Grading processing is performed on image gray scales, light watermarking is expanded from a binary domain to a gray scale domain, a gray scale image light watermarking algorithm is brought forward, a watermarking area can be presented in a certain form, and detailed elaboration is performed on a basic lattice generation rule, a single-layer watermarking embedding method, a multilayer watermarking superposing method and a weight watermarking contrast evaluation method of the gray scale image light watermarking. On such a basis, through combination with a fuzzy effect of edge diffusion generated in a scanning and copying process, a layer of canning and copying prevention watermarking is constructed, the layer of watermarking is superposed with other gray scale image light watermarking, and a document picture is embedded so as to achieve a canning and copying prevention effect of a printed document.


The background and developments in Dutch forensic psychiatry since the Second World War, particularly in the field of assessment prior to trial, are described. In particular the work of the Pieter Baan Centre, a national unit providing reports to the courts on the dangerous criminal, is used to provide an insight into a system which has implications for developments in UK forensic psychiatry services.


This paper looks at the models used in the studies of energy conversion systems performances. These models are defined in respect of whether or not internal or/and external irreversibility is present. There are four types: the reversible (Carnot), the endoreversible, the exoreversible and the irreversible. This collection presents the characteristics of each model and its possible applications. Particular attention is paid to the endoreversible model which, linked to the system's hierarchical decomposition method, may well yield very satisfactory results in conceptual and operational studies with easy computation. The irreversible model is always an approached model since not all irreversibility can be modeled in the same formulation; this has forced researchers to provide empirical relationships for this type of model. This collection, along with the examples covered, will be a basis for researchers in which they can have grouped ideas on models for investigating the performance of energy and environmental systems.


Using a narrow annular passage between a tapered outer cylinder and a tapered axisymmetric body, we analyzed the moment of the fluid-dynamic forces acting on the body, which vibrates harmonically in the rotational mode.The moments were divided into those of inertia, damping, and stiffness.The following conclusions were obtained by study of these coefficients.When the pivot is situated downstream of the passage inlet, intense dynamic instability due to negative damping and static instability due to negative stiffness occur when the passage is divergent.If the pivot is situated at the passage inlet, the instability does not occur.When the angles of the wall surfaces of the axisymmetric body and outer cylinder to the body axis are varied respectively, the boundary of negative damping is approximately given by the straight line.It was found that negative damping is caused by the effect of steady flow.


Thank you very much for reading free commerce the ultimate guide to e business on a budget. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their chosen books like this free commerce the ultimate guide to e business on a budget, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop.


Abstract C. N. Warren makes six criticisms of a paper by Owen (Owen 1964), each of which can easily be rejected. The six comments, accompanied briefly by the grounds for their rebuttal, are: 1) that "Early horizon" cannot be used to label the period, when in reality "Early horizon" is as appropriate as any other term, and more so than many that are in use; 2) that a negligent comment is directed at a paper by W. J. Wallace, which though unimportant, is temperate and accurate in the estimation of the author; 3) that a reference to a paper by Warren and True is groundless and misleading when it indeed is pertinent and direct; 4) that an analogy used is weak, although the argument does not proceed by analogy; 5) that suggestions regarding the utility of radiocarbon are optimistic when in fact insight in the use of radiocarbon dates can provide information on duration of habitation on any site; 6) that comparisons between the probable settlement pattern of Early horizon California coastal populations and some of the Fuegian Canoe Indians are inappropriate, an opinion which indicates that Warren's knowledge of the basis of the comparison is faulty. It is suggested that despite Warren's criticism, the Glen Annie Canyon site report and the associated paper may stand unamended and lead to a better understanding of the settlement patterns of early Southern California coastal populations during the so-called Milling Stone horizon.


The recombinant expression vectorpET43. lb-AFP, which contains full encoding region of a carrot 36 kD antifreeze protein (AFP) gene was constructed. The recombinant was transformed into expression host carrying T7 RNA polymerase gene (DE3 lysogen) and induced by 1 mmol. L-1 IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside) to express 110 kD polypeptide of AFP fusion protein.The analysis of product solubility revealed that pET43. 1b-AFP was predominately soluble, and the expressed amount reached the maximum after the IPTG treatment for 3 h.


To study the community structure and species diversity of diatom in downstream of Jialing River, 8 diatom samples were collected according to normal methods, in October, 2006, February, May, and December, 2007, respec-tively. Diatom species numbers, cell density, diversity index, evenness index and diatom quotient were studied as well as water quality was analysed according to diversity index and diatom quotient. The results showed that: (1) 89 taxa, which belonged to 2 class, 11 family and 22 genera, were observed (including variety and form). Pennatae diatom species richness were higher than that of centriate diatom; The cell densities of diatom was in the range of 0.57×104—4.51×104 ind/L with the mean value of 2.31×104ind/L; The diversity index was in the range of 0.72—3.12 with the mean value of 2.20; The evenness index was in the range of 0.15—0.52 with the mean value of 0.36; The diatom quotient was in the range of 0.66—9.48 with the mean value of 3.24. Compared with Daning River, Han River, Yangtze River, and so on, diatom community structure in downstream of Jialing River took on higher species richness and diversity and lower cell density. (2) The diatom community structure took on noticeable seasonal and horizontal distribution distinction. To seasonal change, Spring (Feb., 2008) and Autumn (May, 2008) had higher species richness, cell densities, diversity indices than those in Summer (Aug., 2008). To horizontal distribution change, from upstream to downstream, the diatom species richness and diversity indices declined gradually, however, cell densities and diatom quotient increased gradu-ally. (3) The water quality in downstream of Jialing River belonged to β-mesosaprobic Zone totally. The water quality of the sampling sites in upstream city was better than those in downstream city. The water quality of YM, SX, WTX and JK was better, which belonged to β-mesosaprobic Zone or Oligosaprobid Zone; Those of HC, MBT, CQK and CTM belonged to α-mesosaprobic Zone or Polysaprobic Zone.


This thesis is about analysing the viability of using gait as a biometric in recognition of an individual where the individual is assumed to have siblings with face similarity, particularly twins. The motivation arises due to the fact that such siblings are sharing genetic similarities and therefore may have similar facial features. In a recognition system that works from a distance via video, difficulties may arise in recognising siblings only by face biometric due to their facial similarities. Gait is another potential human biometric to adopt and thus far, no research has been found on the gait of siblings. Therefore this thesis aims to find out whether these siblings share the same gait traits.


Writing a dissertation/thesis is a complicated process. This book serves to help novice researchers to complete this task, ranging from the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, result and discussion, to summary and recommendations. The format, language, tone, and style will be discussed. Examples are given so that the researchers can follow suit. A practical and systematic guide to completing a dissertation/ thesis.


In order to optimize all available resources (geographically spread) and minimize the processing time for experiments in high energy and nuclear physics, it is necessary to face the question of efficient data transfers and placements in computer networks. In this paper we present the extension of our on-going work for automated planning of data transfers along with multi-source multi-destination criteria.


Objective
The aim of this study is to analyze superficial temporal artery plus jugular bulb oxyhemoglobin saturation (SjO2) monitoring during thoracic aortic procedure with regard to neurologic outcomes.

Methods
We performed a prospective study of patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery. Between Sep. 2014 and Oct. 2017, 96 patients undergoing thoracic aortic procedure were recruited and divided into two group by random number table method: study group and control group. Circulatory maintenance included deep hypothermia circulatory arrest (DHCA) and selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) method during operation. Superficial temporal artery and SjO2 of patients in study group were monitored. Whereas, only SjO2 was monitored based on clinical experience of patients in control group. In order to evaluate the incidences of postoperative neurological dysfunction, the cerebral perfusion rate and blood flow rate during the surgery of patients in study group and control group were compared.

Results
The flow rate of SCP in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The recovery time, extubation time and intensive care unit(ICU) residence time of the patients in the study group were significantly shorter than the time values in the control group. In addition, the incidences of permanent neurological dysfunction (PND) and transient neurological dysfunction (TND) in the study group were significantly lower than the incidences in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusions
The application of monitoring superficial temporal artery plus SjO2 can benefit to cerebral perfusion and decrease the neurological injury.

Key words:
Superficial temporal artery; Jugular vein; Oxyen saturation; Deep hypothermia circulatory arrest; Cerebral protection; Thoracic aorta surgery


The paper presents a sensor for measuring the dielectric constant of solids and liquids, based on Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line (CRLH-TL) structure. For the proposed sensor, the operating principle and the fabrication technology are described in detail. The sensor utilizes a novel CRLH unit cell approach which separate coaxial line Right-Handed (RH) and substrate based Left-Handed (LH) components. For sensing applications, CRLH structures can exhibit high sensitivity and at the same time have the advantage of scalability in frequency and size and have the ability of conformal adaptation to the sensing task [1]. For proof of concept, a coaxial transmittance type sensor is realized and tested in a dedicated measurement setup with different grains and seeds.


BackgroundRevision surgery for failed metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hip resurfacing (HR) has been a challenge. Previous studies have reported high failure and complication rates, including dislocation, infection, aseptic loosening and lower patient satisfaction. Options for revision depend on the integrity and stability of the femoral and acetabular components. When both components fail, full revision is required; however, when the acetabular component remains well fixed and oriented, only the isolated femoral component revision can be performed. Dual mobility components can be utilized to match the size to the inner diameter of the metal cup. With the dual mobility implant, the morbidity and complications associated with cup revision are avoided while maintaining a natural femoral head size and potentially increasing range of motion and stability postoperatively compared to standard THA.PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate short- to mid-term results of revision THA after fa...


In recent years, due to technological developments, the use of Closed-Circuit Television monitoring has been widely used not only in public areas but also in confined and/or private spaces for improved personal safety and security. The increased data acquisition has naturally resulted in the critical need for multimedia analysis for semantic object and event detection. Addressing this research problem, in this paper we present an novel architecture for extracting and indexing semantic objects with Scale Invariant Feature Transform features. The proposed approach exploits the developments of motion tracking and video indexing algorithms. The proposed framework is an ongoing development with the objective to enable the semantic retrieval of objects. The preliminary performance analysis of the proposed approach has been evaluated on a set of surveillance videos.


Abstract Scarcity of food scientists in developing countries is a global and emerging critical problem requiring efforts to address global food security. The perception and awareness of Food Science and Technology (FST) amongst the majority of high school learners (HSL) in Limpopo province was low at about 25 percent. The present study covered 1,539 high schools in all the five districts of Limpopo. A structured questionnaire was used to capture information from the HSL. The results show that there are significant differences in the awareness and knowledge of FST among the districts. Awareness in Sekhukhune district is 46 percent, while that in the other districts ranges from 18 percent to 25 percent. If developing continents, like Africa, are to overcome food insecurity, deliberate efforts need to be made to ascertain that FST, as a discipline, receives the proper image and boost in enrolment.


LEARNING NON-IMPEDING NOISY-AND TREE MODEL BASED BAYESIAN NETWORKS FROM DATA Qian Wang Advisor: University of Guelph, 2020 Dr. Yang Xiang Bayesian Networks (BNs) are a widely utilized formalism for representing knowledge in intelligent agents on partially observable and stochastic application environments. When conditional probability tables are used in BNs to quantify strength of dependency between each variable and its parents, the space complexity is exponential on the number m of parents per variable. The time complexity of inference is also lower-bounded exponentially by m. The non-impeding noisy-AND Tree (NAT) model-based BNs can significantly improve both space and time complexity above, rendering both complexity measures linear on m, for a wide range of sparse BN structures. This research studies learning NAT model-based BNs from data by applying the Minimum Description Length principle and heuristic search. It advances BN structure learning with local models by focusing on inequality constraints. Practitioners can make tractable inferences using such BNs learned from data, especially when data admits high treewidth and low-density structures.


Using WAW-2000 a multifunction servo-controlled testing machine,uniaxial quasi-static compression experiments for the steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC) were conducted with three strain rates.The volume fraction(V_f)of SFRC ranged from 0% to 3%,and the matrix was C50 concrete.The whole stress-strain curves of matrix and SFRC were obtained,and the results showed that with the increase of V_f,the compressive strength increased slowly,while the toughness increase quickly.With the increase of the strain rate,the strength of SFRC increased,but the toughness decreased,and the more the Vf,the less decreasing of the toughness.The results also showed that the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of SFRC were not sensitive material parameters,and with the increase of V_f,the former raised slightly and the latter decreased a little,respectively.A well suited numerical expression of the compressive stress-strain curve applicable to SFRC was put forward.


The aim of this paper is to study a training program as part of the recruits' socialization process, emphasizing the organizational rites, and the socialization strategies in the organizational culture of a military corporation. The analysis limits itself to a particular training course, and details the subjective aspects of the process experienced by the recruits initiating in the military culture. Initiation in the military culture is somewhat of a cultural shock marked by several organizational rituals, which begins with the strong ritual of the applicants' selection. It is through these socializing rituais that the recruits lcarn the rules, the values, and the behaviors that are adequate to the military culture. Introjecting and strengthening these values inevitably requires getting rid of the civilian ones. In this process, it occurs the loss of part of the recruit's civilian identity, and it begins the construction of the military one. Brief, the soldiers formation course, as part of the process of socialization in the military culture,  has its pedagogical role, and implies several ritualized stratcgics, resembling, at least in terms of structure, a passage rite. From the symholic point of view, this process represents for the corporation and its members he civilian's death and the military's birth.


Owing to their stimulus-responsive colorimetric property, polydiacetylenes (PDAs) have been extensively investigated in the context of sensor applications. Incorporation of PDAs in matrix polymers can be utilized to add additional advantageous features into these sensors, like processability, mechanical flexibility, and mass production capability. In the current investigation, a new type of hydrochromic PDA sensor, which consists of a polydiacetylene-polyethylene oxide (PDA-PEO) composite film, was developed. The results of the study demonstrate that the hydrochromic film, which displays a blue-to-red color transition upon hydration, can be used to map human sweat secreting pores. The hygroscopic PEO component of the system enables local sweat to penetrate into the sensor film. The highly π-conjugated, imidazolium group containing PDA in the system functions as the hydrochromic material, which undergoes a blue-to-red transition and a corresponding fluorescence turn-on in response to contact with a nanoliter of sweat. In response to deposition of a fingerprint, water arising from individual sweat secreting pores promotes a change that leads to formation of a discrete fluorescence microdot pattern. The most important feature of the new sensor film is mechanical flexibility that gives it with the ability to be utilized to map sweat pores located on highly curved skin surfaces, such as those found on palms, soles, backs, and faces. Accordingly, this attribute offers critical advantages in cosmetics and biomedical applications because it enables recognition of active and inactive sweat pores on curved skin surfaces where rigid or paper-type sweat pore sensors are ineffective. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44419.


The influence of grain size and time on the solid metal manganese nitriding was studied by means of vacuum resistance furnace and X ray diffraction technique.The less the grain sizes of powdered metal manganese,the faster the nitriding speed.Except for a little of oxide MnO developed,the metal manganese can thoroughly be nitrided into Mn 4N and some Mn 2N with the nitriding time lasted.Based on the regular solution model and the previous reports,an evalution of the Gibbs energy of formation of ζ phase (when the stoichiometric components as Mn 4N) was expressed as follows:ΔG 0 Mn 4N =-110850(±3000)+64.714(±2.2) T(J/mol).


The best extracting technologic of flavonoids from the seed and peels dregs of hippophae Sea buckthorn was studied. The factors and levels impacting the extraction of flavonoids were determined by the single factor experiments, and the best extraction technologic of flavonoids was obtained by using the orthogonal test as followed: alcohol concentration 50%, temperature 80 ℃, time 2 h, solid-to-liquid ratio1∶40.


We propose a new conceptual approach for direct detonation initiation in the gaseous mixtures seeded with micro particles via the radiative heating from the external energy source. The basic mechanisms of energy absorption, ignition and detonation formation are analyzed numerically on the example of hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Obtained data is very promising and allows us to formulate conditions for the source power to ignite detonation in certain system geometry.


This paper is the continuation of the author's paper entitled the same name. We rst introduce the notion of multiply commutative ideals in BCK-algebras, and investigate a number of their properties similar to n-fold commutative ideals. And then we clarify the essential attribute and some other properties of normal ideals (which were called n-fold weak commutative ideals) in BCK-algebras. Finally, we discuss various relations among multiply implicative ideals, multiply commutative ideals and normal ideals. 0. Introduction and preliminaries In [6] we introduced and studied the following four kinds of ideals in BCK-algebras: n-fold positive implicative ideals, n-fold commutative and n-fold weak commutative ideals, and multiply implicative ideals. This paper continues our discussion of [6]. Based on [3], we in section 1 introduce the notion of multiply commutative ideals in BCK-algebras, which is a generalization of the notion of n-fold commutative ideals, and investigate a number of their properties similar to n-fold commutative ideals. In section 2, we discuss certain further properties of n-fold weak commutative ideals in BCK-algebras, and we will nd that the normality of a BCK-algebra can be characterized by the n-fold weak commutativity of its zero ideal. From this reason, an n-fold weak commutative ideal will be renamed as a normal ideal in this paper. In section 3, we will consider various relationships among multiply implicative ideals, multiply commutative ideals and normal ideals. Throughout this paper we will freely use the symbols and terminologies of [8] or [7]. And we will denote X for a BCK-algebra, N for the set f1; 2; 3; : : : g of all natural numbers, x y for ( ((x y) y) ) y in which y occurs n times, Ra for fx 2 X j x a = xg, n(x; y) for a natural number relative to x and y. As preliminaries, we enumerate some notions and results concerned as follows. De nition 0.1. Let X be a BCK-algebra. Then (1) X is called n-fold commutative if there is a xed n 2 N such that for any x; y 2 X, x y = x (y (y x)) (see [10]); (2) X is called multiply commutative if for any x; y 2 X, there is n = n(x; y) 2 N such that x y = x (y (y x)) (see [3]); (3) X is called multiply implicative if for any x; y 2 X, there is n = n(x; y) 2 N such that x (y x) = x (see [5]); (4) X is called multiply positive implicative if for any x; y 2 X, there is n = n(x; y) 2 N such that x y = x y (see [2]); (5) X is called normal if for any a 2 X, the set Ra is an ideal of X (see [4]); 2000 Mathematics Subject Classi cation. 06F35.


Many people amass useful information and articles, saving them as notes or bookmarks in chapters and websites. While this information is easily available in theory, in practice it can be difficult to find what is needed—or even remember what has been stored. A different approach to keeping and managing data can help manage tasks, avoid procrastination and develop ideas and knowledge


ABSTRACT The NEET concept has become widely used internationally since its emergence in the UK almost two decades ago. This article reviews the adoption of the concept in two extreme contexts in terms of NEET rates, youth opportunities and youth welfare: the Nordic countries and South Africa. The article discusses the situations of NEET young people in the two contexts, and how the concept is used in the wealthy and relatively homogenous Nordic welfare states and in relatively poorer and racially divided South Africa. While the concept has been problematised in different ways in Nordic youth research, it has been more readily accepted by South African researchers. We argue that, in both contexts, the NEET concept can be taken as an invitation to look beyond individual life situations and biographies, and to focus on how structural forces such as the political economy shape young people's lives. The NEET concept provides a way of discussing changing opportunity structures and how global social forces such as globalisation and neoliberalisation shape young people's lives in different contexts. The NEET concept is useful in comparative youth research.


The sensitivity and selectivity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) / carbon black composite films have been found to vary depending upon the hydroxylation percentage ("-OH") of the polymer. These chemiresistors made from PVA films whose polymer backbone is 88% hydroxylated (PVA88) have a high sensitivity to water, while chemiresistors made from PVA75 have a higher sensitivity to methanol. The minor differences in polymer composition result in films with different Hildebrand volubility parameters. The relative responses of several different PVA-based chemiresistors to solvents with different volubility parameters are presented. In addition, polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) films with PVA88 are used in an array to distinguish the responses to methanol-water mixtures.


In the near future two new satellite missions, the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) will be providing for the first time global mapping of surface soil moisture based on radiometric measurements at L-band. For operational applications involving microwave radiometry, soil moisture is generally estimated by inverting a simple model of soil microwave emission.


Anelastic properties of the earth cause frequency dependent energy attenuation and phase distortion in seismic wave propagation. These unwanted effects are preferred to be corrected in a prestack depth migration. Based on the dispersion relation under a linear attenuation assumption, we derive a visco-acoustic wave equation in the time domain and apply it in a prestack reverse time migration to compensate for the anelastic effects in the seismic data. The equation is defined by a pseudo-differential operator, and the energy increases with frequencies when back propagating the seismic data in migration. Using a regularization process, we show that our method provides stable and amplitude balanced reverse time migration images.


Spectral interferometric measurements are presented that show how wave propagation affects the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of an ultrashort pulse in the focal region and results in variations that are different from the Gouy phase shift. Wavelength-dependent properties of the input beam are investigated and are seen to influence how the CEP is altered. The measured CEP changes show characteristics similar to the variations predicted by theory.


Information technology (IT) can make a difference in a developing country only if it is designed in close collaboration with its users. The experiences from an ethnocomputing-based IT education initiative at Tumaini University, located in the rural area of Southern Tanzania, indicates promising opportunities for engaging children and students as creative co-designers and users for diversifying, novel information technologies. The local context with its needs was taken into account when using robotics (I-Blocks) and culture-based learning materials and implementing students' village outreach projects in local schools and hospitals. The CATI model suggests the steps Contextualize, Apply, Transfer, and Import for sustainable, inductive IT design. Together with the concept of ethnocomputing, the CATI model proved useful for building and starting a new needs-based, contextualized IT undergraduate program at Tumaini University in Tanzania in 2007.


The challenges and rewards of using team formulation and the potential dilemmas in achieving true service user involvement are explored in this article. Key themes are illustrated with data from a qualitative study of twelve staff members working within a secure setting in South Wales.


This study aims to investigate the influence of employee silence (ES) on work engagement (WE). Moreover, Organizational justice (OJ) is observed as mediator between (E) silence and (W)engagement. The contextual frame of this study refers to faculty members of public sector universities in Sindh. Following (Baron & Kenny, 1986) mediating effects of OJ is observed. The outcomes of the study seen as significant and negative relationship between ES and WE. Furthermore, OJ fully mediates the relationship between ES and WE. Study is noteworthy and imperative because it has attempted to explore a rarely explored area in research. Management can use results to decrease employee silence and increase work engagement level in public sector universities specifically and in other public sector organizations generally ensuing in prosperity of employees, public sector and economy.


The invention discloses an outdoor foldable heating pan. The outdoor foldable heating pan comprises a pan body, wherein the pan body comprises a foldable pan wall and a pan bottom connected with the pan wall. The outdoor foldable heating pan is characterized in that the pan bottom is provided with a heat conducting layer, a heat insulating layer, a heating layer and a power supply, the power supply is connected with the heating layer, the heating layer is arranged between the heat conducting layer and the heat insulating layer, the pan wall is made of a food-grade composite material which comprises both a heating conducting layer and a heat insulating layer, the heat conducting layer of the food-grade composite material is connected with the heat conducting layer of the pan bottom, and the heat insulating layer of the food-grade composite material is connected with the heat insulating layer of the pan bottom. The outdoor foldable heating pan is further characterized in that the heating layer comprises a heater strip or a nano heating coating, the heater strip or the nano heating coating is arranged between the heat conducting layer and the heat insulating layer of the pan bottom, the heat conducting layer is made of a material with favorable heat conducting performance, and the material comprises a stainless steel material, an aluminium alloy material and a ceramics material. The outdoor foldable heating pan is simple in structure, convenient to use and very suitable for travelers and outdoor people.


This presentation will describe the issues associated with assuring a high probability that no Mars sample material will be inadvertently released into the Earth's biosphere prior to certification that there is no hazard posed. The presentation will also discuss the steps that had been planned to provide sample containment assurance for the now defunct 03/05 Mars Sample Return Project and ongoing technology development work in related areas.


There have been sociological changes in the family structure and gender roles, in personal and affective relationships between parents and children, there is greater concern for the protection of dependent persons or incapacitated descendants. There are also changes of an economic nature, from the configuration of assets and the basis for their transferability to certain family members, to the protection of family businesses. All these changes should motivate profound succession reforms, unless we want to be passive witnesses of the obsolescence of inheritance law. It is proposed as a starting point to rethink the foundation of the forced heirship from the intergenerational solidarity.


As the concern for the environment is increasing and the regulations around harmful emissions are becoming more strict, novel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) concepts are becoming an absolute necessity in order to keep high thermal efficiencies while reducing the pollutant emissions. Moving towards more radical engine designs based on novel thermodynamic cycles comes also with the lack of knowledge and understanding of the physical phenomena involved in the combustion process. As experimental activities have time and cost implication, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is becoming a promising tool for virtual design of future energy systems. In this paper we demonstrate the role CFD can play in future engine design, using as a basis the Split Cycle engine, a novel ICE concept based on separating the compression and the combustion stages. A prototype, under development by Ricardo Innovation, offers a potential breakthrough reducing both CO2 emissions and the fuel consumption. The CFD analysis presented here focuses on the injection strategy of such engine, as it differs from conventional Diesel engines and potentially holds the key of the performances of this device.


: In this short paper, new properties of transition matrix were introduced. Eigen values for small order transition matrices are calculated in flexible method. For benefit of these properties applications of these properties were studied in the solution of Markov's chain via steady state vector, , and information theory via channel entropy. The implemented test examples were promised for usages.


Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with differences in learning and motivation that can influence executive function, including behavioral flexibility and decision making. 16p11.2 hemideletion is a chromosomal copy number variant that is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. 16p11.2 hemideletion in mice has been previously found to produce male-biased changes in reward learning, but the link between this and altered flexible decision making is poorly understood. We challenged 16p11.2 hemideletion mice with two reward-guided decision making tasks assessing flexible decision making under cost, delay and probability discounting. Both tasks elicited long-term changes in flexible decision making that separated 16p11.2 hemideletion males from wildtype males. In delay discounting,16p11.2 hemideletion males had a stronger, less flexible preference for the large reward at long delays, and this effect was reduced as wildtype males adjusted their preference to match that of the hemideletion males. In probability discounting, 16p11.2 hemideletion males initially had a similar preference for seeking improbable large rewards as did wildtype males, but over time began to prefer certainty to a greater extent than did wildtype males. Female mice discounted similarly for delayed or risky rewards regardless of the presence of the copy number variant. We have previously seen that male 16p11.2 hemideletion mice commit fewer nonreinforced responses than male wildtype mice in an operant setting, which we replicate here in delay discounting, while the introduction of risky rewards eliminates genotype differences in nonreinforced responses. Overall these data suggest that 16p11.2 hemideletion in males leads to differential processing of costs of delay versus inconsistency, with greater aversion to uncertainty than delays, and greater behavioral control by cues that consistently predict an outcome.


The basic design and performance characteristics of a 127° electrostatic analyzer are derived from an exact solution of the potential within a bounded two-dimensional cylindrical sector. The results are compared with those found from radial field theory, to show that transmission is nonsymmetric in both energy and incident angle about the 'tuning' and 'normal' values respectively. Except for normally incident particles the usual radial-field calibration equation cannot be relied upon unless the analyzer design is altered to minimize end aberrations. Modified beam entry conditions are given to optimize the performance of the analyzer.


Summary

The zoom image amplifier developed in 1969, has an effective viewing field variable from 5 inches to 11 inches continuously.

Various attempts were made to apply this equipment to clinical use and satisfactory results were obtained in telefluoroscopy, 70 mm. fluorography and cinefluorography.

The features of the zoom image amplifier are as follows.

1
The optimum field size for the diagnosis can be selected.

2
Zooming increases resolution.

3
Fine lesions are enlarged and easy to follow.

4
Since the eye is more sensitive to moving objects than static ones, zooming in makes detail easier to detect.

In this paper, a technical explanation and clinical application of the zoom image amplifier were given.


The article outlines the historieal stages the problem of food safety, the notional device of the process under study, the main conceptual approaches, the evolution of the applicable methods of estimation. A special focus is given to safety of products as an important element in solving of the problem of food safety in the country and the region in particular. A detailed analysis to situations for revealing faulty products in the Chuvash Republic, is allowed to reveal specified reasons for the existing negative situation, and give recommendations for improving the quality of comsumed food.


A superfield calculation of the one-loop counterterms in the Wess--Zumino model on the background of nonminimal {ital N}=1 supergravity is performed, and the question of the multiplicative renormalizability of the given theory is considered.


The wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) dry electrode acquisition system has shown great application prospects in mental state monitoring, the brain–computer interface (BCI), and other fields due to advantages such as being small in volume, light weight, and a ready-to-use facility. This study demonstrates a novel EEG cap with concise structure, easy adjustment size, as well as independently adjustable electrodes. The cap can be rapidly worn and adjusted in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The dry electrodes on it can be adjusted independently to fit the scalp as quickly as possible. The accuracy of the BCI test employing this device is higher than when employing a headband. The proposed EEG cap makes adjustment easier and the contact impedance of the dry electrodes more uniform.


ABSTRACT Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is an advanced precise finishing method that achieves micro-level to nano-level surface roughness. In industries, MAF is highly recommended where zero or negligible post-process surface defects are an obligatory requirement. In the same context, process optimisation is essential for making it commercially viable. This study presents an artificial neural network and genetic algorithm (ANN-GA), a robust modelling and optimisation tool (applicable to any sort of data set orthogonal array design or non-orthogonal array design) that is applied to scrutinise and improve the performance of the magnetic abrasive finishing of stainless steel SS302. In addition, the results from ANN-GA modelling and optimisation have been compared with conclusions drawn from conventionally used Taguchi-ANOVA analysis. An L27 non-orthogonal array design has been opted for as per machining set-up restriction. Abrasive size, voltage, machining gap, and rotational speed were the design variables considered in the present research work. It was found that the parametric design used in this study provides a straightforward, methodical, and proficient method of modelling and optimisation of change of surface roughness or finishing behaviour during the MAF process. Modelling and optimisation done with ANN-GA show a maximum value of (ΔR a)max equal to 0.256 µm, which is 7% better than the result obtained from Taguchi-ANOVA analysis.


Objective: To investigate the expression of E2F3,C-myc and Bcl-2 protein in bladder transitional cell carcinoma(BTCC) tissue and normal bladder epithelial tissue,and disscuss the correlation among the expression of E2F3,C-myc,Bcl-2 protein and the relationship of these three factors and the biological behaviors of BTCC.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of E2F3 and relative factors(C-myc and Bcl-2) in BTCC and normal bladder mucosa.E2F3 mRNA was investigated using RT-PCR analysis in fresh bladder tumor tissues and normal bladder mucosa.Results: The expression rate of E2F3 was higher than normal bladder mucosa(P0.05),which was strongly correlatated with pathological grade and clinical stage(P0.01).The positive expression of E2F3 mRNA in BTCC was 100% and in normal bladder mucosa was 0%.There was significant difference in the rates of the expression rate of C-myc and Bcl-2 in BTCC and normal bladder mucosa(P0.01).The expression of C-myc in BTCC was strongly correlated with pathological grade and clinical stage(P0.01).The expression of Bcl-2 in BTCC was only correlated with pathological grade(P0.01).Conclusion: Results indicates that E2F3 is a diagnostic and prognostic index of BTCC,and it provides theory basis about the gene target therapy in BTCC.There is a close relationship between E2F3 and C-myc or Bcl-2 expression in BTCC tissue.So the cooperation of the three factors may participate in the carcinogenesis and progress of BTCC.


Abstract This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of acid and alkaline material chemistry by using Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) of students of Class XI IPA 2 SMA Negeri 5 Makassar. This study is a classroom action research conducted in three cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, execution, observation and reflection. The population of this study amounted to 36 students. The focus of this research is student learning outcomes. The learning result data is obtained from the results evaluation test which is carried out at the end of the cycle. About the evaluation test each learning outcomes are equipped with five alternative answers. The result of data analysis showed that the average of student learning outcomes after the application of IBL in cycle I was 71.53 with 72.22% classical completeness, then rose to 78.79 with 83.33% classical completeness in cycle II, and increased to 83.97 with classical completeness 91.67% in cycle III. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the application of IBL learning model can improve student learning outcomes of acidic and alkaline materials. Kata Kunci : Classroom action research, IBL, Learning outcomes Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan hasil belajar kimia materi asam dan basa dengan menggunakan pembelajaran Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) siswa Kelas XI IPA 2 SMA Negeri 5 Makassar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam tiga siklus. Tiap siklus  terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 36 orang siswa. Fokus penelitian ini adalah hasil belajar siswa. Data hasil belajar diperoleh dari tes  evaluasi hasil yang dilaksanakan pada akhir siklus. Soal tes evaluasi hasil belajar masing-masing dilengkapi dengan lima alternatif jawaban. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata hasil belajar siswa setelah penerapan pembelajaran IBL pada siklus I adalah 71,53  dengan ketuntasan klasikal 72,22% ,  kemudian naik menjadi 78,79  dengan ketuntasan klasikal 83,33% pada siklus II, dan meningkat menjadi 83,97 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 91,67% pada siklus III. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran IBL dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa materi asam dan basa.  Kata Kunci : Penelitian tindakan kelas, IBL, Hasil belajar


BACKGROUND: Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is an inflammatory disease of the breast, which can mimic breast cancer in clinical and radiological findings. We conducted the present study in order to determine the diagnostic and other important aspects of this disease. METHODS: In this study, we reviewed the records of 38 patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis in order to describe the clinical, imaging, laboratory, pathologic, and treatment aspects of this disease. RESULTS: All of the patients' ages were in the range of 22-62 years (mean age: 42 years). All of them had children, history of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) usage, antibiotic therapy and mammoplasty. In physical examination, dimpling, edema, inflammation, ulcer, abscess, and firm mass were detected. Size of masses was in the range of 2 × 2 to 8 × 6 cm and their location, in most cases, was in the superior lateral quadrant or central region. In Ultrasonography, a hypoechoic fibroglandular mass and collection, and in pathologic findings, granulomatous reaction was reported. These patients were treated by antibiotics, corticosteroids, and surgery. CONCLUSIONS: GLM is a chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast which can mimic breast cancer. A history of child bearing, lactation, and OCP drug usage have suspicious roles in the formation of GLM. The most common clinical sign in these patients is a painful mass in the breast. We uncovered that clinical and radiological findings are not specific and sufficient for diagnosis of GLM. Therefore, for better diagnosis of this disease, usage of core, incisional, or excisional biopsy are recommended.


A systematic periodic DFT study of CH3OH oxidation on Pt(111) that involved the effect of solvation and sublayer Ru has been performed. Both the thermochemistry and the kinetics of all of the elementary reaction steps are addressed, and the reversible potentials of various elementary reaction steps during key intermediates CHO and CO formations are predicted; thus a detailed potential energy surface showing the interconversions of the various intermediates is presented. The effect of solvation and sublayer Ru on CH3OH oxidation mechanisms is revealed. Simultaneously, the origin of solvent effect on CH3OH oxidation mechanisms is also illustrated systematically through geometry configurations and electronic structure analysis, which can partially explain some experimental observations in UHV and electrochemical interfaces, especially the difference between the initial CH3OH oxidation pathways and the adsorbed residues that poisoned the pure Pt surface and impeded the performance of DMFCs. The present study ...


Combined potassium permanganate and activated carbon technology was used to remove COD and ammonia nitrogen from micropolluted canal water.The research indicates that when the dosage of polyferric sulfate,potassium permanganate and activated carbon is 20 mg/L,1.0 mg/L and 15 mg/L,respectively,the content of COD and ammonia nitrogen in canal water can be decreased from 113.6 mg/L to 9.66 mg/L and from 2.55 mg/L to 0.49 mg/L respectively,while the removal rates attain 91.5% and 80.8%.The treated water quality meets the classⅡ water source quality standard.


Background: The aim of this work was to investigate whether Follistatin like 1 (FSTL1) exerted an effect on acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by sepsis, and to explore the molecular mechanism.Methods: A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model was established and adenoviral solution was administrated to newborn rats to achieve FSTL1 knockdown. Colorimetric assays measured concentrations of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and ELISA assays were performed to examine TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in serum and kidney tissues. Kidney histological analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) and total p65 (p65) were determined by western blotting.Results: FSTL1 was significantly up-regulated in kidneys following CLP, but subsequent FSTL1 inhibition alleviated AKI. FSTL1 knockdown following CLP inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and inactivated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, FSTL1 overexpression activated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway following CLP, but TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 abolished this effect. Conclusions: FSTL1 aggravates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.


In this paper we present a new dynamic methodology to compute the value of the numerical coefficient present in numbers of subgrid models, by mean of a multilevel approach. It is based on the assumption of a power law for the spectral density of kinetic energy in the range of the highest resolved wave numbers. It is shown that this assumption also allows us to define an equivalent law for the subgrid dissipation, and to obtain a reliable estimation for it through the introduction of a three-level flow decomposition. The model coefficient is then simply tuned dynamically during the simulation to ensure the proper amount of subgrid dissipation. This new dynamic procedure has been assessed here in inviscid homogeneous isotropic turbulence and plane channel flow simulations (with skin-friction Reynolds numbers up to 2000).


Abstract As an important part of traffic safety analysis, crash prediction models using road geometric alignments and traffic data (CPM-GAs) have been regarded as the most classic way and can be used in stages of road safety evaluation and road operating and management. To improve the predictive performance of tradition CPM-GAs and avoid the overfitting problem of machine learning algorithms, a framework of CPM-GA based on ensemble learning theory and a new ensemble rule for connecting traditional models and machine learning models were proposed in this study. Results of the ensemble learning CPM-GA show that (1) classification and regression tree (CART) is recommended for important variable selection procedure before applying support vector machine (SVM), (2) machine learning models outperformed traditional models significantly in aspects of model fitting and prediction accuracy but are unstable in the sensitivity tests, (3) the new proposed ensemble method of traditional model and machine learning model can effectively improve the accuracy of traditional CPM-GAs by 10%–16% and reduce the variance of machine learning CPM-GAs by 12%–36% simultaneously. Finally, the ensemble method presented in this article may shed light on more research of crash prediction models based on ensemble learning theory.


We study the equilibrium structure and dynamics of unconcatenated, unknotted polymer rings in the melt. In agreement with earlier studies we find that rings in the melt are more compact than linear chains. In addition, we show that the ''correlation hole'' in the equilibrium correlation functions is deeper and wider for rings than for linear chains. This suggests that there is less interpenetration in the melt of rings compared to the melt of linear chains. We also find that rings diffuse faster than linear chains. For smaller rings this result agrees with the earlier work of Mu ̈ller, Wittmer, and Cates @Phys. Rev. E53, 5063~1996!#. The main result of this study is that faster ring diffusion persists up to ring size at least ten times greater than the entanglement crossover of linear chains. Furthermore, we show that, for all ring sizes studied, the dependence of the single-chain relaxation time on ring size is weaker than for linear chains. Finally, we find that both faster diffusion and faster relaxation can be rationalized by the smaller size of rings: The dependence of self-diffusion coefficient and relaxation time on radius of gyration of rings and linear chains is remarkably similar. © 1998 American Institute of Physics. @S0021-9606 ~98!50738-6#


The gearbox shell is a key component of class A of high-speed trains. In engineering applications, the fatigue life prediction of the gearbox shell is a critical issue to be addressed. It is not feasible to obtain fatigue life results for the gearbox shell experimentally because of its long design life, lack of actual failure data, complex structure, high test cost, and material dispersion. Therefore, the cross-scale method was introduced to accurately predict the fatigue life of the gearbox shell. In this study, the entire gearbox shell is divided into two scales of "material structure." Firstly, the S-N curve is plotted within the material layer, based on the data from the rotating bending fatigue test. Secondly, the finite element model of the gearbox shell is established within the structural layer via the simulation platform. The characteristics and random vibration of the established model are analyzed and presented. Additionally, the first ten-order frequency of modal analysis and power spectral density responses of the gearbox are obtained. The fatigue life of the gearbox shell and the safe running distance of the train are calculated by using the three-interval method and the linear cumulative damage rule, respectively, by combining the fatigue analysis from the material layer with the simulation analysis from the structure layer. Finally, to illustrate the application of the proposed method, a group of small-scale test examples is provided. The proposed method can be used in fatigue life prediction more effectively than the single finite element simulation method.


Targeted to a series of problems,e.g.,numerous data brought by the transmission of multimedia information;different requirements on picture quality from different consumers,we study the still image scalable coding,improve the base layer coding strategy and propose a classified FGS(Fine Granularity Scalable) image coding based on the histogram scanning.This method classifies the gray levels base on the probability that the pixels appear and then code the value of the pixels with different precision based on the classes they belonged.The different requests of the consumers will be satisfied through the interactive operation.


In this paper, the conceptual design and a preliminary study of LUT Heat Experimental Reactor (LUTHER) for a 2-MWth power are presented. LUTHER is a light-water modular pressure-channel reactor designed to operate at low temperature and pressure and low core power density. The LUTHER core utilizes low enriched uranium (LEU) to produce scalable low-temperature outputs for low-temperature applications, targeting specifically the district heating demand in Finland. This work is contributing to decarbonizing in the heating and cooling sector. The main principle in the development of LUTHER is to simplify core design and safety systems, which along with using commercially available reactor components will lead to lower fabrication costs and enhanced safety. LUTHER also features a unique fuel assembly design with movable individual fuel assembly for reactivity control and burnup compensation. 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) fuel assemblies and reactor cores are modeled with the Serpent Monte Carlo reactor physics code developed by the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd. Various possibilities of reactor design parameters and safety configurations are explored and assessed. Preliminary results show an optimal basic core design, a good neutronic performance, and feasibility of controlling reactivity by moving fuel assemblies.


Objective To investigate the effect of virtual simulation teaching method in the comprehensive experimental teaching.Methods In experimental teaching of nursing,simulation medical records were compiled,plans were implemented,experiment guidance materials were preliminarily formed and teaching effect was evaluated.Results The application of virtual simulation teaching in nursing comprehensive experiments reflected the comprehensiveness of teaching content,and the comprehensiveness of knowledge,ability and capacity.It could train students" creative ability,exploring spirit,enhance the sense of professional and humane care consciousness,train the communication skills and strain capacity,make active teaching atmosphere,improve the quality of teaching.Conclusions This teaching method can make students achieve mastery through a comprehensive multi-disciplinary knowledge,improve the ability of solving practical problems,help nurses to develop the comprehensive professional quality.

Key words:
Virtual simulation;  General nursing experiment;  Situational teaching;  Nursing


Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) constitutes approximately 15% of pediatric and 3% of adult non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. Most pediatric cases harbor the reciprocal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35), involving the alk gene. Cytogenetic studies of ALCL have mostly been published as case‐reports. The aim of this study was to determine the cytogenetic profiles of a series of pediatric ALCL and to compare them with pediatric and adult ALCL from the literature.


This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization technique for scheduling the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) in electrical distribution systems (DSs). A multi-objective advanced grey wolf optimization algorithm (MOAGWO) is developed to find the Pareto optimal solutions that minimize the DS's operational costs, energy losses costs, voltage violations, and the energy not supplied to EV users using several scenarios. A 449-node system with 63% penetration of EVs is used to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The quality of the non-dominated optimal solutions found by MOAGWO are validated via a comparison analysis with other well-known methods such as the multi-objective grey wolf optimizer (MOGWO) and the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, based on domination rate, spacing index, hypervolume index, and computational cost measurements. The Pareto solutions indicate that the smart charging coordination found by MOAGWO makes the techno-economic operation of the DS possible while satisfying energy-based goals of the EV users.


Background. Mortality rates connected with cancer are increasing nowadays due to demographic changes in the worldwide population and the increasing number of health risks leading to cancer. Primary cancer prevention is based on avoiding exposure to identified cancer risk factors. therefore, awareness of basic health hazards is necessary. Objectives. the purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of the role of vaccinations, physical activity, second-hand smoke exposure and other factors in cancer prevention in Polish outpatients. Material and methods. this was a survey involving Polish primary care patients. the study was based on an original questionnaire designed for this purpose and was distributed among primary care patients in either hardcopy (among primary care patients in the urban settings of the city of lodz) or over the internet. Results. 612 respondents took part in the study. among the respondents, 28.4% claimed that vaccinations do not play any role in cancer prevention. Physical activity may prevent cancer according to 58.6% of the surveyed population. tobacco smoking is a well-known cancer risk factor, which was admitted to by 97.2% of the respondents. second-hand smoke exposure in the workplace was reported by 18.3% of the respondents, more often by those with secondary education than with a university degree. second-hand smoke exposure was strongly connected with the age of the respondents. Conclusions. there is little knowledge about vaccines and physical activity as cancer prevention methods. tobacco smoking is a well-known cancer risk factor. second-hand smoke exposure remains a serious problem in Poland despite a total ban on smoking in the workplace and public places.

https://www.termedia.pl/Journal/-95/pdf-39669-10?filename=06 FM&PCR 1 20 - Kurczewska-Michalak - 650 - The knowlege.pdf


 This article defines the concept of technology localization and points out the important role of technology in mid-west development. It stresses the importance of technology localization in mid-west development and proposes some ways of promoting technology localization development in mid-west.


For determining kinematical landmarks of the human knee joint, anatomical conventions and reference frame conventions are used by most of research teams. Considering the irregular shapes of the femur and the tibia, the anatomical coordinate systems can be positioned with 1-2 mm and 2-4 degree position deflections. However, most of the anatomical landmarks do not appear as a dot, rather as a small surface. For this reason, the optical positioning of anatomical landmarks can only be achieved by additional 1-2 mm position deflection. It has already been proven by other authors that the application of reference frames with different positions and orientations cause significant differences in the obtained kinematics (specific anatomical landmarks and angles) of human knee joint. The goal of this research is to determine the relationship between certain anatomical landmarks and reference frames having different positions and orientations. The investigations were carried out on cadaver knees by means of actual measurements and numerical processing.


The utility model relates to a return bend adds clamping apparatus, including chuck and clamping device, clamping device includes left and right jack catch, goes up grip block and fixed block, left and right jack catch symmetry sets up to on the water flat groove that mobilizable setting was seted up on the chuck, go up the vertical inslot that the mobilizable setting of grip block was seted up on the chuck, but and go up grip block fixed position on the chuck, water flat groove and vertical groove cross with the chuck central point on, the fixed block passes through the locking bolt to be fixed on last grip block, return bend adds clamping apparatus's the last grip block and the position of left and right jack catch are all adjustable, and be applicable in the return bend of fixed different diameters, different degrees of curvature, with need not to change anchor clamps man -hour, has improved production efficiency.


The local-density approximation to the delta-hole model is investigated. Features learned from work on the momentum-space approach to the pion-nucleus optical potential are incorporated into the model. In the limit of no delta-nucleus interaction, we are able to examine the reliability of the approximations of the model by comparing it to a model-exact momentum-space calculation. The model provides a numerically efficient approach to studying delta dynamics in the nucleus.


*Acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride copolymer (AN-VC copolymer)/silica/Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) nanocomposites were prepared via solotion blending in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution was then extracted and dried to prepare the nanocomposite film. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation showed the silica was dispersed well in copolymer matrix after UV-light treatment; also, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated the layered Na-MMT was exfoliated in copolymer chains. It was found that the AN-VC copolymer/silica/Na-MMT nanocomposites exhibited increased thermal stability.


An individual's proof of identity on the basis of gait has initiated inquisitiveness in the realm of computer vision owing to its extraordinary differentiation proficiency even at a remote distance. Biometric systems are vital as they offer trustworthy and effective ways to verify humans. Human gait or an individual's style of walking is a valuable biometric trait, which has lately invited inordinate consideration in applications like video surveillance. Gait recognition intends to tackle the problem of distantly identifying humans by recognizing them based on the manner they walk. This study aims to propose and develop a system of gait recognition for identifying humans using artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this study, a publicly available CASIA gait database was used, and gait recognition algorithm was applied to identify humans. Classification was done via ANNs. MATLAB was used to implement this research work. It was observed that the developed system was able to appropriately identify humans through gait recognition. When four databases were considered, the recognized ID was from database 2, which means that out of four databases, human gait was correctly recognized in ID 2 with a total time of 28.6713 seconds. The results of this work prove to be quite promising, which implies that if the count of databases is increased, then the developed system is able to correctly extract features and appropriately identify humans within a stipulated time.


Connecting with the construction practice, this paper introduces the application of AUTOCAD in the measuring and setting out of the circular curve road and the data management, and analyzes the advantages of the application of AUTOCAD in engineering measurement.


This manuscript reports the results of pilot study of DiAlert, randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of preventive intervention for first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients, of which protocol had already been published elsewhere. I fully agree that the DiAlert involves timely, important issues in public health genomics area. However, I wonder this article has outstanding importance itself.


We report measurements on what an eavesdropper "sees" when tapping into a wavelength/time O-CDMA system in which 16 of 32 codes are "lit". Severe multi-access interference (MAI) provides some data confidentiality.


Abstract Astrophysical sources of microwave radiation with extremely high spectral brightness are interpreted as masers. But by itself, the information about high brightness of radiation does not make it possible to establish whether the radiation is thermal or maser. This can be determined only on the basis of the analysis of high-order correlation functions. A possible measurement procedure for the second-order autocorrelation function (the bunching parameter) for these sources is proposed.


Nursing has long been associated with the word 'tradition'. Ever since Florence Nightingale and the early religious carers, nursing has been seen as a noble profession with a long and worthy tradition of caring. Pearce (1950) described nursing as a science, an art and a vocation. She went on to point out that: 'The vocational aspect is of greatest importance because it begins with the high qualities and ideals of service the student brings to nursing and, rightly guided and well practised, these develop a love of nursing without which no-one can be a good nurse.'


Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in high-risk patients could significantly reduce lung cancer mortality. However, the high rate of false positive findings in endemic areas with histoplasmosis may represent a significant barrier for its implementation.


[Objective] To investigate the status of desires to quit smoking among male smokers, and explore the influencing of smoking custom on smoking quit among males in factories of Kunming. [Methods] By cross-sectional study, male voluntary smokers in some factories of Kunming were selected to investigate their smoking behaviors. [Results] The effect of smoking behaviors and temptation had different effect on the desires to quit smoking. Negative emotive factors, including feelings of frustration, depression, and anger showed significant different effect on smoking temptation among male who had desires to quit smoking (P﹤0.05). But there was not significant effect of different entertainment environment on smoking temptation among males who had not desires to quit smoking. [Conclusion] Self-emotion have great effect on the desires to quit smoking among smokers.


Introduction:
 There is a growing shortage of platelets, the principal blood cells responsible for clot formation and blood vessel repair at sites of active bleeding. Platelet BioGenesis (PBG) is developing a commercial-scale, donor-free platelet (PLT+) production process using a cGMP-grade human induced pluripotent stem cell line (hiPSC) to address this issue. The PLT+ activity is being characterized extensively through multiple approaches that measure hemostatic function both in vitro and in vivo, with the ultimate goal of determining a clinical dose in humans. Alongside tests such as the current gold standard thrombin generation assay (TGA), we have developed an in-house microfluidic model to measure the ability of PLT+ to adhere to extracellular proteins under flow. The assay captures the surface receptor dynamics, as well as the ability of PLT+ to initiate coagulation.
 Materials and Methods:
 The thrombin generation assays are performed according to manufacturer's instructions. For the in-house microfluidic assay (MFA), fibrillar collagen, fibrinogen, or von Willebrand Factor is patterned in a commercial microfluidic device (Ibidi Slide VI 0.1). PLT+ (DNA-, calcein +, CD61+, CD42a+ cells from our bioreactor) are concentrated in normal pooled plasma, platelet additive solution, or platelet wash buffer to a normalized concentration of 1e8/mL, and are labeled with the mitochondrial dye DiOC6. Calcium chloride (7.5 mM) is added and the solution is perfused with a syringe pump at 50 1/s over the bioactive surface for 10 min. Images are captured every 10 seconds and quantified with ImageJ. After perfusion, the samples are fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and can be stained for further characterization.
 Results and Discussion:
 PLTs+ are functionally non-inferior to human donor (blood) platelets and appear more active than Day 4/5 stored apheresis unit platelets. The TGA of PLT+ shows a more rapid generation of thrombin but similar total potential to donor platelets (Figure A). In the microfluidic assay, PLT+ (green DiOC6, red PAC1, figure B) adhere readily to the collagen surface under low shear flow, but do not adhere to non-functionalized surfaces, indicating GPVI functionality. As measured by surface coverage, the PLT+ resuspended in PAS adhere faster to the surface than either freshly washed donor platelets or apheresis platelets (p=0.01). When the PLT+ are preincubated in normal pooled plasma prior to perfusion, we observe fibrin formation and the aggregates show clot retraction, which supports the TGA results. Adhesion to surface bound fibrinogen and VWF is also comparable to donor platelets (GP IIb/IIa and GPIb function,). Combined, the TGA and MFA data reflect results of traditional more resource intensive assays, suggesting their viability as a rapid and flexible platform to study platelet function and function as release assays for in vitro generated PLTs+
 Conclusion:
 Current work demonstrates that PLT+ are functional and a future alternative to donor derived platelet units. The MFA is a valuable tool for the characterization of this new therapeutic because of its specific control of surface protein-receptor interactions, shear forces, and flexibility to look at multiple markers. Alongside the TGA, the MFA will be a release assay for the PLT+.
 Figure

 Lehmann: Platelet Biogenesis: Employment. Burton:Platelet Biogenesis: Employment. Szemethy:Platelet Biogenesis: Employment. Valdez:Platelet BioGenesis: Employment. Thon:Platelet BioGenesis: Employment.


The objective of this study was the effect of leverage microbiolization forage radish seed with Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus subtilis by physiological conditioning techniques, suspension of biological structures and film coating. The microbiolization suspension of biological structures was carried out with commercial products Rhizoliptus® and Agrotrich plus®. Fluid restriction was held in PDA medium + mannitol (0.7 MPa), when was the first seed radicle protrusion in the other were removed and dried in a laboratory environment for 48 h. The film coating was performed with the addition of the polymer Color Seed® (300 mL kg-1) treatment of the syrup containing Trichoderma spp. or product Rhizoliptus®. We used a treatment covering the seeds primed with organisms, or their association. The microbiolization with Trichoderma spp. by physiological conditioning controls pathogens infecting the seeds. Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus subtilis promote the growth and development of seedlings of forage radish, and the coating of the seeds primed in the presence of organisms which provides greater shoot growth of seedlings in the field.


Based on ANSYS system,a structural analysis of symmetrically laminated orthotropic shallow shells,which is made up of multiple layers of different materials and meshed by linear layered structural shell elements,is represented.The effects of shells parameters on the frequencies are studied detailedly.Based on the geometrical characteristics of symmetrically laminated orthotropic shallow shells,an optimal design for shells parameters about a symmetrically laminated orthotropic shallow shell by using both the sub-problem approximation optimal method and the first-order approximation optimal method is performed,which get the maximal 1st set frequency.Calculation results of a practical example show that the design method is audio-visual and rational,which are the foundation of the further dynamical analysis.


As the reflection of group consciousness and time spirit under specified historical condition,social thought is the way that people express their thoughts and demands.This paper analyzes the development status of social thought of Chinese youth in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century,expounds the relation between social thought and the growth of youth to give full play to the positive effect of social thought.


Evidence obtained at whole animal, organ‐system, and cellular and molecular levels suggests that afferent volume feedback is critical for the establishment of adequate ventilation at birth. As a result of the irreversible nature of the vagal ablation studies performed to date, it was difficult to quantify the roles of afferent volume input, arousal and changes in blood gas tensions on neonatal respiratory control. During reversible perineural vagal block, profound apnoeas and hypoxaemia and hypercarbia were observed, necessitating the termination of perineural blockade. Respiratory depression and apnoeas were independent of sleep state. We demonstrate that profound apnoeas and life‐threatening respiratory failure in vagally denervated animals do not result from a lack of arousal or hypoxaemia. A change in sleep state and concomitant respiratory depression result from a lack of afferent volume feedback, which appears to be critical for the maintenance of normal breathing patterns and adequate gas exchange during the early postnatal period.


Abstract This interview with network theorist Emily Erikson took place in March 2017 when she visited Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan, for a lecture on the English East India Company. She talks about the advantages of network theory, the challenges of Twitter research and the reasons for the success of the English East India Company, which—according to Erikson—cannot be successfully explained by using a European cultures versus South Asian cultures framework. It also touches upon the critique of corporations in general and the possible links between globalisation and the rise of populism in the United States. Emily Erikson teaches sociology at Yale University and works on social networks and the development of institutions of capitalism and democracy. Her award-winning book Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company (Princeton University Press, 2014) shows how an informal social network linking autonomous employees fostered the company's long-term success, shedding light on the processes underpinning the emergence of early multinational firms and the structure of early modern global trade. Her forthcoming book New Knowledge: The Rise of Economics and Development of the Public Sphere identifies the causes stimulating the development of pre-classical economic thought in the seventeenth century. Erikson serves on the council for economic sociology of the American Sociological Association and on the executive council of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics. In addition, she serves on the editorial boards of Social Science History, Relational Sociology Series (Palgrave MacMillan), and is a founding member of the advisory board for the Journal of Historical Network Research.


H.C. Wells' The Time MachineIn the Wells novel, the time traveller reaches the year AD 802,701. Humanity has evolved into two separate species: the Eloi and the Morlocks. The Eloi are the spoiled upper class, living in luxury on the earth's surface, while the other race, the Morlocks, lead an underground existence, tending machinery and providing food, clothing and infrastructure for the Eloi, who have undergone significant physical and mental deterioration. Having solved all problems which required strength and intelligence, the Eloi now live life in a world of play, leisure and contentment with the Morlocks tending to their every need. However, the Morlocks' purpose is rather sinister, as they are really rearing the Eloi to be attacked and slaughtered for food.What's the connection between an H.G. Wells novel, Doctor Who and Continuous Data Protection and Recovery (CPR)?The answer is time travel - the Wells novel being, of course, The Time Machine, first published in 1895.Where CPR differentiates itself from Doctor Who is that it delivers a Brave New World (or is that a different analogy?) without disruptive attacks, like those by the Daleks or Cybermen. The synergy with Wells' novel is particularly appropriate, as the time traveller can bypass all the bad times and journey into a beautiful world where all are happy and contented.With CPR this has become a minor revolution, which is gradually gaining momentum. The main characters are system administrators and information technologists who are defending their data from attacks and losses. Instead of dealing with the realms of science fiction, CPR is addressing a real world issue with a new innovation that lets users manage the "Time Dimension" of data and build on the benefits of virtualisation, optimising the use of space (sounds SciFi, but in this case we are talking about disk space and storage capacity utilisation).A new dimension in flexibilityVirtualisation has crept in across the IT World and has added a new dimension in flexibility to the management of resources - flexibility to go back in time and recover and restore systems and applications to previously "good states". New continuous data protection and recovery solutions bring different aspects of the storage virtualisation world together with Time Travel to deliver a new solution for the benefit of all.In today's IT environment, there many dangers lurking on the horizon, raising such questions as, for example:* How often do I schedule a backup or a snapshot?* Will I be able to recover a previously held position if disruption occurs? …


The article analyzes the issues of civic values in the context of public administration. Civic values are an important foundation that gives a positive impetus to management and is one of the elements of public administration and their role in building Ukrainian statehood. The main civic values are solidarity, dignity, tolerance, and social trust.
The article focuses on the introduction of values as an element of public governance in democratic countries, the unification of human potential and its entry into the main orbit of political life of the state to realize the interests of social groups and stakeholders.
Thus, the formation of civic values in the context of public administration will be the formation as a result of a constant dialogue between government and citizens, without a doubt, it is a complex process. However, its constant initiation by the two sides will stimulate the gradual formation of public opinion on the basic mechanisms, forms and methods of achieving political culture, trust, social solidarity and integration into society.
It is concluded that civic values as an element of public administration acquire particularly stable trends that regulate public administration policy in most countries.
The Revolution of Dignity provided a new opportunity for the development of new values in the history of civil society in Ukraine, demonstrated the influence of the public on socio-political processes, and became an impetus for the renewal and reformatting of power. Such socio-political processes require the creation of full-fledged, not declarative public institutions, able to obtain information in the initial stages of public administration decisions, to offer alternative ways to solve problems, to monitor the implementation of decisions.
An important emphasis on the path of transformation is the readiness of citizens for self-organization, for the manifestation of civic activity at the local level. A significant challenge of post-Sovietism is paternalism – the belief of citizens in the omnipotence of the state; confidence that the state should solve all their problems. As a result, such civic passivity allows the authorities to play on the voter's paternalistic tendencies (politicians find it easier to «bribe» citizens with their promises).
One of the elements of public administration in the context of globalization processes in countries with democratic principles is the value, or system of values, the introduction of which accelerated the interaction between government and society and deepened the process of satisfying all stakeholders, created new challenges to social development. The introduction of values as an element of public administration in democracies has resulted in the pooling of human potential and its entry into the main orbit of the political life of the state to realize the relevant interests of stakeholders.


For epidemiological studies on the possible association between mobile phone use and brain diseases, representative phone models had been numerically implemented based on the speciflc absorption rate (SAR) distributions and spatial peak 1-g SAR values from the SAR test reports of mobile phones released in Korea. The numerical phone models were intended to produce the mean SAR distribution for each corresponding phone type. However, measured SAR levels of commercial phones at the maximum power are in wide range even though they are the same type of model. This paper proposes a method to utilize SAR information of a speciflc commercial phone which is described in the corresponding SAR test report for SAR estimation in the human head exposed the numerical phone models.


The article is devoted to investigation of coordination compounds of palladium (II) with 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing amino groups. We syntesized 4 ligands and 4 new coordination compounds. An interesting after removing of BOC-protection, NH 2 -group is still uncoordinated. In 1 H NMR spectra of complexes was a significant shift of the ortho-pyridine proton in a low-field area, which prove proposed structure. This may be due to its closeness to the lone electron pair of the nitrogen cycle of the second triazole ligand.


The recent consensus within physical education research that moderate physical activity should be (re)integrated into the routines of daily living has shifted the focus away from a traditional sports and exercise bias. This has come about largely as a result of new medical evidence and an understanding that the greatest public health benefit is to be achieved through increasing activity levels among those most sedentary. This change could strengthen recent efforts within the transport sector, which now includes a National Cycling Strategy, to promote cycling and a forthcoming walking strategy as environmentally sustainable modes of transport. This paper charts recent developments in the public health and physical activity sectors to illustrate how health and transport concerns are leading to a convergence of public policy goals. However, key to this are new ways of thinking and working, requiring broad intersectoral alliances.


Author(s): Economidou-Kogetsidis, Maria; Soteriadou, Louiza; Taxitari, Loukia | Abstract: Using a short pedagogical intervention, a pretest-posttest design and baseline data (L1 English), the present study examined the effects of explicit instruction on the use of internal and external modification in requests among Greek Cypriot EFL learners. The findings revealed a complex picture with mixed results. Even though external modification showed some positive effects after the intervention, the study revealed no gains in relation to the overall use of internal modification as the learners' overall use of lexical/phrasal mitigators deviated even more from NS usage after the pedagogical treatment. We argue that, in relation to the learners' pragmalinguistic performance, the results seem to confirm the fact that surrounding factors such as the duration, quantity and quality of the pedagogical intervention play a complex role in accounting for such mixed findings. Results further showed that the way learners perceived social reality was not affected by the instructional treatment. Our findings suggest that learners' sociopragmatic development may not be as easily amenable to teaching as pragmalinguistic development. The development of L2 sociopragmatic awareness seems to need both longer explicit pedagogical instruction and rich exposure to the target language environment.


Cassava processing is low income in the countries in Africa, has usually done manually and other manual operations. The design and fabrication of a cassava processing units for producing to improve Gari was developed as it is stone-free from cassava root for any market oriented production. The procedure included the design, construction and testing to estimate the products of cassava processing. The plant was made up the washing, grating, dewatering, sieving and frying units. Samples of 20 kg, 25 kg and 30 kg of peeled cassava roots were fed into the washing unit and afterwards grating, dewatering, sieving and frying that resulted to obtain 11.5 kg, 14.4 kg and 17.3 kg of stone-free Gari as final products, respectively. The grater and sieve efficiencies were estimated as 95 % and 93 %, respectively.


) is chaotic in some sense,how about the other? This question attracted a lot of attention, see, e.g.,[1,7,10] and references therein, and many partial answers were obtained.One of the most popular definition of chaos is Devaney chaos introducedin [4] (see Section 2). The aim of this paper is to obtain some equivalentconditions of Devaney chaos on the hyperspace. The main result is thefollowing:Theorem 1.1 (Main result). Let (X;T) be a dynamical system with X beinginfinite. Then the following conditions are equivalent:


Received: June 14, 2017 Revised: July 29, 2017 Accepted: August 29, 2017 Abstract: Background: The built environment contributes up to 47% of the UK's CO2 emissions. Typically, building materials have an energy intensive life cycle. The UK construction industry generated 100 million tonnes of total waste in 2012. Only half of this was diverted from landfill. Facing this scenario, a mainstream transition towards biological materials in the building sector is encouraged to reduce embodied energy and carbon and to divert construction waste from landfill.


Early epidemiological studies of native Greenland Eskimos by Dyerberg and Bang suggested that dietary ingestion of marine lipids rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA)such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) mayhave anti-atherogenic action and therefore reduce the incidence of ischemic heart disease. Since Japan is a country where a relatively large amount of fish meat rich in EPAis consumed as the main source of protein, we performed epidemiological and clinical investigations related to n-3 PUFAespecially EPAin Japan. The average daily intake of fish meat in residents of a fishing village was 260 g which was equivalent to 2.6 g of EPA, while that of residents of the farming village was 90 g or 0.9 g of EPA. A higher EPAcontent in the plasma and lower platelet aggregability was observed in the residents of the fishing village compared to those of the farming village. The corrected mortality rate from ischemic heart diseases in residents of the fishing area was significantly lower than that of the farming area. It is feasible that the relatively low incidence of ischemic heart diseases in the fishing area can be in part explained by the relatively high intake of n-3 PUFA(EPA and DHA) in fish meat. The effect of dietary supplementation of highly purified EPA(1.8-2.7 g/day) on platelets, red blood cells and serum lipids in patients with cardiovascular thrombotic disorders was also studied. EPA supplementation reduced platelet aggregability with a concomitant decrease in thromboxane formation, platelet adhesiveness and whole blood viscosity, and a prolongation of bleeding time. Increased red cell deformability and decreased serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration were also found with EPA treatment. Regarding the mechanismof the hypolipidemic action of EPA, inhibition of the synthesis of cholesterol, apoprotein B and triglyceride and enhanced excretion of cholesterol into bile acids were considered as possible factors. Recently it was reported by several investigators that dietary supplementation of fish oil concentrate reduces atherosclerotic lesions in an experimental animal model on atherogenic diet, indicating a protective effect of EPAon the progression of atheromatous changes in arterial wall. Interestingly, we observed that EPAsuppressed proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells and also foam cell formation. In addition, the production of various eicosanoids including LTB4, cytokines and growth factors in macrophages and smooth muscle cells, which are thought to play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis, has been reported to be decreased by EPA. The anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic action of n-3 PUFAare quite unique in that n-3 PUFA,incorporated into cells of various organs such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and blood cells, alters the functions of these cells and thereby protects the progression of atherosclerosis and the development of thrombus formation.