Photosynthesis is regulated in response to dynamic environmental conditions to satisfy plant metabolic demand but also to avoid over-excitation of the electron transport chain generating harmful reactive oxygen species. Photosynthetic organisms evolved several mechanisms to modulate light harvesting and electron transport efficiency to respond to conditions changing at different timescales, going from fast sun flecks to slow seasonal variations. These regulatory mechanisms changed during evolution of photosynthetic organisms, also adapting to various ecological niches. The investigation of plant biodiversity is valuable to uncover conserved traits and plasticity of photosynthetic regulation. In this work a set of plants belonging to different genera of angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes was investigated by monitoring their photosynthetic parameters in different seasons, looking for common trends and differences. In all plants analysed photosynthetic electron transport rate was found to be modulated by growth light intensity, ensuring a balance between available energy and photochemical capacity. Growth light also influenced the threshold where heat dissipation of excitation energy, also called Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ), was activated. On the contrary NPQ amplitude did not correlate with light intensity experienced by the plants but was a species-specific feature. NPQ zeaxanthin-dependent component, qZ, was found to be the most variable between different plants, modulating the intensity of the response but also the kinetic properties of its activation and relaxation. The slower NPQ component, qI, was instead found to be uncorrelated with photoinhibition eventually suffered by plants.


It has become fashionable to construct "null" models based on random processes for compar ison with observed biological patterns. Only pat terns that are significantly different from the null model are taken to indicate the operation of nonrandom biological processes. Examples include the shapes of phylogenetic cladograms (Raup et al. 1973; Gould et al. 1977) , the relative abun dances of species (May 1975) , properties of for est succession (Horn 1975) , and overall com munity structure (e.g., Caswell 1976; Conner and Simberloff 1979) . Contrary to being nihil istic in outlook, this approach can be quite useful for demonstrating exactly how biological and random processes might interact to produce a given pattern. Gould et al. (1977) have explic itly proposed a criterion of subtraction" for as sessing the random and nonrandom components of observed patterns. For such approaches to be valid, however, several criteria must be satisfied. First, the model should be appropriate in the sense that it pre sents a plausible mechanism and does so accu rately. For example, Stanley et al. (1981) reeval uated the models of "random" clades introduced by Raup et al. (1973) and concluded that the original models were not scaled properly (i.e., at the species level) to detect departures from equal probabilities of speciation and extinction. Sec ond, the sample size and statistical tests used to compare the model to observed patterns must be appropriate and sensitive enough to detect real departures from the null hypothesis reliably. Otherwise, it is too easy to construct models that fail to differ from observed patterns (Feinsinger et al. 1981). Finally, even reasonable agreement between a model and an observed pattern can only demonstrate a model's plausibility, since other models might be equally capable of matching that pattern. Resolution of which model is most appropriate usually requires crit ical experiments to disprove alternative models. Here I critically evaluate a set of branching models developed by Niklas (1982) to judge observed patterns of branching in early land plants. His overall goal in constructing these models was to assess "the stochastic and developmentally deterministic features of plant archi tecture" (p. 205) by means of computer simu lations. These models were said to produce important insights into evolutionary change by generating predictions that are "reflected in the history of plant evolution" (Niklas, quoted in Lewin 1983) . Before accepting such general con clusions, it seems reasonable to scrutinize the assumptions and implementation of his ap proach. We can first ask whether the models accu rately represent a process of natural branching. The attribute Niklas used to describe branches within a plant and compare branching patterns is a certain type of branch order. In his "cana lized" models, a branch began with some max imum order number (N) which then bifurcated to produce a pair of daughter branches at each step, one of order (N — 1) and a side branch of this or lower order. The order of the side branch was determined either deterministically (termed "regular" branching) or according to probabilities derived from one of three proba bility distributions. This process continued until all the branches became first order (i.e., termi nal). Such a model implicitly assumes that a branch's potential for further branching is set when it is generated. Niklas did not discuss this assumption or provide a rationale for his partic ular approach. It does not reflect any known developmental pattern in early land plants. In these canalized models, branching was usu ally assumed to start with a trunk of order 10 that bifurcates 9 times. The probabilities of pro ducing a side branch of order N — 1, N — 2, etc., were derived (in that order) from a geo metric, Poisson, or binomial distribution. Al though Niklas suggested which kinds of natural


This article examines interactions between internal and external drivers of alliance formation. We argue that firms' use of alliances as a mechanism to adapt to market uncertainties is contingent o...


Since the agricultural enterprises occupy a special position in national economy and human's life, the problem of agricultural corporation responsibility arouses lots of public's attention. This article makes a survey about 225 agricultural enterprises.It presents a statistic of its attitude towards social responsibility, its judgment towards the importance of social responsibility,and its ways,motivation and level toward accepting social responsibility.The result shows that it is due to the external motivation that the agricultural enterprises volunteer to take social responsibility rather than an imposed behavior,and they fulfill it in a high level. However, the result of survey does not tally with our perception for the existing diversity between the behavior and result, and the diverse reasons remain to do the further research.


on tasting pea-soup. I have requested him to describe in writing the nature of these sensations, and he gives me tne following account of them:? " The feelings experienced on tasting pea-soup are exactly those of a severe cold. My head gets heavy, I sneeze frequently, and partially lose my voice. These sensations continue for about half an hour, or sometimes longer, when they disappear as suddenly as they came on."


ABSTRACT Social media platforms allow people to exert some control over their news feeds, even though not everyone utilizes the relevant features. This article conceptualizes consumptive news feed curation on social media as a special type of proactive personalization in news consumption. Survey data were analyzed to examine the extent and correlates of the practice in six East Asian societies. The findings indicated that East Asian news consumers do not frequently engage in consumptive news feed curation on social media. Engagement in relevant practices was consistently related to age, interest in the news, news participation, and news avoidance. Overall, the findings suggest that consumptive news feed curation is employed primarily by young people to navigate the sea of information of uneven quality.


This is the third part of a four-part document describing KARLA, an object-oriented class library of data structures and algorithms. It is addressed at advanced users and developers of KARLA. Advanced users can configure KARLA classes by using generic implementation classes (bridges). Developers can derive new abstractions from old ones or develop an abstraction from scratch. Both are described in this document.


This study aims to examine and understand the influence of psychological capital on employee turnover intention through the mediating role of organizational commitment and work-life balance on Generation Z and millennial employees in Bandung, West Java. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data obtained from the employees of the companies and the company data. This study uses the census method as a sampling technique, with a number of samples of 100 respondents. The data is collected by distributing questionnaires and carrying out observations in the company. The data is further processed using Structural Equation Modeling with the Partial Least Square method. The results of this study indicate that psychological capital has a significant influence on employee turnover intention, organizational commitment, and work-life balance. Furthermore, organizational commitment and work-life balance are found to have a direct negative influence on turnover intention. Both of these variables also act as mediators in the relationship between psychological capital and turnover intention.


Based on the discussion of the current situation of the Yangtze River Delta regional tourism cooperation,some problems such as lacking an overall tourism planning,uneven development within the region,lacking interest compensation mechanism on tourism cooperation are analyzed.And then several strategies have been proposed,including the integration of various tourism elements and stakeholders,the construction of stakeholder competing models,the intensifying of regional cooperation among the government,the playing of coordinating roles among intermediary organizations,the improving and innovation of collaborative mechanisms and models on market,products,and management for the tourism enterprises with a view to promote further achievements to the Yangtze River Delta regional tourism cooperation.


the aim of the study is to reveal the underlying factors from variable data collected on the results of the web-based ideas management systems related to management and tangible results in companies. The purpose of the factor analysis process is to collect the information contained in a large number of changes in such a way as to obtain latent factors with minimal data loss. Authors have conducted global survey for enterprises that apply these systems (n500). The 8 variables that fit together reveal the latent factor "tangible" or tangible results and the remaining 6 variables that together reveal the latent factor "managerial" or the management results.


A high-resolution coupled ice-ocean model, forced with 1983–1997 European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts data, is used to explore recent Arctic change. In response to changes in atmospheric circulation, stronger cyclonic circulation is present in Arctic sea ice and upper ocean in the late 1980s and early 1990s as compared to the early 1980s, manifested as the weakening of the Beaufort Gyre and the shifting of the Transpolar Drift Stream. Corroborating previous studies, ice divergence in the central Arctic Ocean is highly correlated with surface atmospheric vorticity in summer, suggesting that summer atmospheric circulation is more important than winter for inducing interannual variability of the central Arctic ice divergence and growth rate. The weakening of the summer atmospheric cyclonic circulation from the earlier period to the later period over the Canadian Basin leads to decreased ice divergence there, which then has significant impact on the ice growth rate by reducing ice formation in fall and winter. For the 15 year period, variability in the spatial distribution of ice concentration and thickness is largely determined by the ice dynamics, which is dominated by the atmospheric circulation, except over the Greenland and Labrador Seas, where the ice thermodynamics plays a more important role. The model simulation supports the recent observations of increased presence of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean. The spatial pattern of warming and salinization of the Arctic Atlantic layer follows the pathways of the strengthened boundary currents along the continental slopes and over the ridges, thereby slowly spreading more Atlantic Water downstream from the eastern Arctic into the western Arctic. The integrations with and without surface temperature restoring indicate that the restoring leads to a warmer ocean surface temperature. However, the restoring has little impact on its interannual variability for the 15 year period.


The green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a cost-effective and environmentally benign technique for therapeutic applications. Nanomedicine utilizes biocompatible nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic potential for various biomedical applications. Different biological methods are gaining recognition over the physical and chemical methods of synthesis for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their multiple applications. The present study describes the synthesis of AgNPs using the fruit extract of Simarouba amara (S. amara)followed by characterization of AgNPs was done using different methods, which include; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) wherein it shows absorption peak at 410 nm confirming the AgNPs, from dynamic light scattering (DLS) the average particle size is 80nm with crystalline structure confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and zeta potential analysis shows the positive polarity of the particle favoring the drug targeting. The powder X-ray diffraction study (PXRD) revealed crystalline nature with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were also tested for antioxidant therein the particles could scavenge the stable free radical 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of about 80% to that of positive control butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and antimicrobial studies indicated its microbicidal efficacy against both Gram positive and negative clinical pathogens. It could be concluded that Simarouba amara fruit extract can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant and antimicrobial AgNPs for commercial application.


A study of Power Line as communication medium for broadband or narrowband application is performed in the perspective of space time coding. Simulation study to send modulated data on two phases of power line and receive signal between two phases and analyze is performed. Middleton class-A noise is used to model the noise on power line. BCH coding is used for error correction. Recovery of data, when at least one path of the channel is with medium attenuation, when simultaneously the other path of the channel goes worse is verified. The results are found to be in accordance with the principle of space time coding scheme and provide the possibility of utilizing power line as effective means of communication.


The legalization of morality means that some moral standards appear in form of laws in order to acquire the help of the country's force, and its limitation has its rationality, diversity and fluctuation.


This paper made the 30 year's academic review of journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Natural Science Edition), summarized its academic characteristics, and provided a method for playing the advantage of national universities, prominenting its characteristics, promoting development in a scientific way.


The second book, 'La communication dans les organisations industrielles. Contributions 1'6tude de la presse d'entreprise et essai de bibliographie', was published with the help of the 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique'. The main part of this book is a very extensive bibliography of what is published in the industrial press of the Western world. The author has confined himself to contributions written in French, English, German and Italian with a few additions from Denmark and Spain. This bibliography consists of 1471 publications taken from 133 periodicals and a number of books and theses. In the first part he mainly deals with definitions and, for example, accepts the


The wind power sector is growing rapidly in Portugal and the National objectives for energy include a significant increase of wind power during the next years. The large penetration of wind power in Portugal will influence significantly the energy system cost, but it seems also essential to materialize the international energetic and environmental commitments. This paper focuses on the impact of large scale wind scenarios on the power system operation. CO2 abatement potential is estimated along with the effects on the operating costs of thermal power plants. Simulations for different wind scenarios were run for 2016, assuming the possibility of exports. According to the results, it seems that about 20% of wind power penetration may be achieved in Portugal with minor losses of efficiency of the global system.


Since 2001, there have been significant declines in property crime in Australia. Indeed, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Recorded Crime-Victims data, between 2001 and 2009 motor vehicle theft declined by 57 percent, burglary declined by 49 percent and other theft fell by 32 percent. Due to a change in definitions and counting rules, data after 2009 cannot be compared with earlier years. Flowever, the trends observed up to 2009 continued between 2010 and 2013, with further reductions of three percent in motor vehicle theft, six percent in burglary. Other theft represented an exeption, rising by four percent between 2010 and 2013. Weatherburn and Holmes (2013) showed that between 2001 and 2009, all states/territories observed reductions in motor vehicle theft, burglary and other theft, while six states/territories also observed a reduction in robbery. Clancey and Lulham (2014) estimated that the reduction in property crime between 2000-01 and 2012-13 in New South Wales alone represented a saving to the community of $5.15b over the entire period. This property crime drop has not been confined to Australia. Similar declines have been observed in New Zealand (Mayhew 2012), Canada (Ouimet 2002), the United States (Zimring 2007) and much of Western Europe (Aebi & Unde 2010). Indeed, van Dijk and Tseloni (2012) have highlighted the extent to which this crime drop has been an international phenomenon.Internationally, a range of explanations have been suggested for the decline in crime, although these typically include explanations for changes in violence as well as property crime. As noted by Farrell and colleagues (2010), only some of these theories have been (at best partially) tested. These include demographic changes (Blumstein 2000), increases in immigration (Wadsworth 2010), increased abortion (Donohue & Levitt 2001), increases in the prison population (Langan & Farrington 1998), changes to policing strategies (Zimring 2012), increases in police numbers (Levitt 2004), changes to gun laws (Duggan 2001), changes to drug markets (Levitt 2004) and reductions in childhood exposure to airborne lead pollution (Wolpaw Reyes 2007).In an Australian context, relatively little attention has been paid to explaining the property crime drop. However, in examining the relationship between the heroin shortage in New South Wales in 2000-01 and the reduction in property crime, Moffatt, Weatherburn and Donnelly (2005) identified a number of factors that may have contributed to the crime drop. Reduction in burglary and robbery were associated with a reduction in heroin consumption, an increase in re-registrations for drug treatment and improvements in economic conditions. In addition, the reduction in burglary (but not robbery) was associated with higher levels of imprisonment for that offence. Wan and colleagues (2012) found that reductions in property crime were associated with increases in arrests and imprisonment, and with reductions in heroin use. However, the strongest effect on reducing property crime was associated with increases in income.Improvements in security have also been suggested as a possible explanation for the reduction in property crime in Australia (Clancey & Lulham 2014; Weatherburn & Holmes 2013). Indeed, where motor vehicle theft is concerned, the start of the reduction coincides with the introduction of mandatory installation of electronic immobilisers on new vehicles from 2001 onwards, which has been considered an effective form of security (Brown 2013; Farrell et al. 2011 ; Kriven & Ziersch 2007).Other explanations within the Australian context (which have not been tested) include changes to policing practices (Clancey & Lulham 2014; Weatherburn & Holmes 2013), changes in the number of people in the age group most likely to commit crime (16-24 years; Weatherburn & Holmes 2013) and the role of 'debut crimes' (Clancey & Lulham 2014)-the notion that preventing involvement in crimes such as motor vehicle theft and burglary will prevent young people from becoming involved in crime in a more frequent or serious way (Farrell et al. …


The present study shows the continued usefulness of the C scale, using two independent samples (n = 286, n = 276). Following item analysis a shortened 30-item scale is proposed as an alternative to Wilson's own (1975) revision. Evidence is given that this shortened alternative has high internal reliability, improved relationships with other relevant tests, strong underlying unidimensionality, elegant factorial structure and value in the interpretation of other concepts.


Taking cadastral survey as study object,this paper described the characteristics of a modern cadastral survey,combined with the actual work and the successful experience of Anlu Cadastral Survey Project in Hubei,made rational analysis of the cadastral survey work in all directions,proposed a perfect viable work implementation plan of modern cadastral survey,has solved the practical contradictions in work,dicussed on how to improve work efficiency.


Investigation is carried out of the problem of the existence of stationary quantum states of a system consisting of point nucleons which interact with a field of neutral and charged mesons. Various types of interaction operators between the nucleon alid the meson-field are considered. With the motion of the nucleons treated non-relativistically, the absence of stationary states is proved for the case when the interaction is of a pseudo-vector charactsr. The proof involves none of the approximations employed, for example, in the weak or strong coupling method.


Background and purpose:  Although physical problems after stroke have been well studied, there is little information on one of the crucial aspects of the quality of life of those patients, namely sexual functioning and satisfaction. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of stroke on sexual functioning in a stable cohort of Turkish stroke patients with mild or no disability and to assess the relationship between post‐stroke sexuality and a number of socio‐demographic, clinical and laboratory variables.


Experiment on gas-forming property of preparation parameter and processing parameter with soluble glass slag lightweight concrete by using aluminite powder as air-entrained admixture is investigated,relationship of water-material ratio and air-entraied admixture on state performance such as gas-forming stability and expansion rate of soluble glass slag lightweight concrete are included.Results show that the water-material ratio has an obvious effect on stability of slurry when compared to aluminite powder adding amount,the optimal water-material ration range and maximum expansion rate are 0.23~0.25 and 105% respectively.Lightweight concrete that has a 559~105 kg/m3 apparent dry density is per- pared in laroratory conditions.Aluminite powder adding amount mainly influence apparent dry density of concrete,it decreases obviously at early stage of aluminite powder adding,concrete apparent dry density will change smoothly when it surpasses specific critical value.Critical value is 0.285% under this laroratory conditions.


REFERENCES 1. Taher AT, Weatherall DJ, Cappellini MD. Thalassemia. Lancet. 2018; 391(10116):155-167. 2. Cappellini MD, Porter JB, Viprakasit V, Taher AT. A paradigm shift on beta-thalassemia treatment: how will we manage this old disease with new therapies? Blood Rev. 2018;32(4):300-311. 3. Abetz L, Baladi JF, Jones P, Rofail D. The impact of iron overload and its treatment on quality of life: results from a literature review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006;4:73. 4. Bou-Fakhredin R, Bazarbachi AH, Chaya B, Sleiman J, Cappellini MD, Taher AT. Iron overload and chelation therapy in non-transfusion dependent thalassemia. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12):2778. 5. Sobota A, Yamashita R, Xu Y, et al. Quality of life in thalassemia: a comparison of SF-36 results from the thalassemia longitudinal cohort to reported literature and the US norms. Am J Hematol. 2011;86(1):92-95. 6. Amid A, Leroux R, Merelles-Pulcini M, et al. Factors impacting quality of life in thalassemia patients; results from the intercontinental collaborative study. Blood. 2016;128:3633.


Objective:To compare the efficacy of humeral fracture by conservative treatment and surgical treatment.Methods:39 cases of patients with humeral fracture treated by different methods,of which 17 cases of conservative treat ment of closed reduction,open reduction and internal fixation surgery of 22 cases.Results:The surgical treatment group,the recovery of fracture alignment was better than that of conservative treatment group,there was a significant difference in two groups (P0.05).The excellent rate of surgical group was 87.36% (19/22),the conservative treatment group was 88.24% (15/17),there was no significant difference in two groups (P0.05).Conclusion:NeerⅡ type of humeral fractures is treated conservatively as possible,NeerⅢ,Ⅳ-type treated by anatomical plate have good effect.


FORMAVENA CONTRUCTORES Y SERVICIOS GENERALES SAC is a family
business founded 13 years ago in Trujillo; nowadays it has been affected by the crisis
of construction sector in Peru so it needs a process of defining its strategy of
direction and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy with
the basis of an analysis of the internal and external environments. The thesis had
defined the vision, mission, values and strategic objectives based on the Balanced
Score Card then realized an environmental analysis of the actual opportunities and
threats and an internal analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses. Also this
research had formulate strategies through the analysis of many matrix like "SWOT
Matrix", "PEYEA Matrix", "Internal-External Matrix", "Grand Strategy Matrix",
"Decision Matrix" and "Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix" being the main of
them "Control and reduce the productive costs", "Market Penetration" and
"Development of the Services"
Finally established the Balanced ScoreCard with the strategic objectives and the
indicators to ensure the continuous monitoring.


The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to gain a fuller understanding of factors that foster community cohesion and contribute to the residents' social and economic well-being; and, second, to move beyond previous research that used larger spatial units such as states, counties, or aggregates of counties and to focus instead on American small towns (population 2,500-20,000). The data on small towns are drawn from public-use files and from confidential microdata from various economic censuses. From these sources we construct measures of locally oriented firms, selfemployment, business establishments that serve as gathering places, and associations. The local capitalism and civic engagement variables generally perform as hypothesized; in some cases they are related quite strongly to civic welfare outcomes such as income levels, poverty rates, and nonmigration rates. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of working with placelevel data and suggest some strategies for subsequent work on small towns and other incorporated places. * This material is based on work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement 98-35401-6555. The research in this paper was conducted while the authors were Census Bureau research associates at the Center for Economic Studies. Results and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect agreement by the Bureau of the Census. This paper has been screened to ensure that no confidential data are revealed. An earlier version was presented at the 1999 annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, held in Chicago. Thanks to Troy Blanchard and the anonymous reviewers for helpful commentary. Direct correspondence to the first author at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798; email@example.com


Most of the steel structures in India are made of conventional steel sections (such as angle, channel and beam sections). However, new hollow steel sections (such as square and rectangular hollow sections) are gaining popularity in recent steel constructions due to a number of advantages such as its higher strength to weight ratio, better fire resistance properties, higher radius of gyration, lesser surface area, etc. This type of hollow sections can save cost up to 30 to 50% over the conventional steel sections (Tata Steel brochure, 2012). But unlike the conventional steel sections these hollow sections do not have standard connection details available in design code or in published literature. To overcome this problem the objective of the present study was identified to develop a suitable and economic connection detail between two square hollow sections which should be capable of transmitting forces smoothly and easy to be fabricated. To achieve the above objective, a square hollow beam to square hollow column connection was selected and modelled in commercial finite element software ABAQUS. This model was analysed for nonlinear static (pushover) analysis considering a number of connection details. Following four alternative scheme of connection details were selected for this study: (i) using end-plate, (ii) using angle section, (iii) using channel sections, and (iv) using collar plates. The base model (rectangular hollow beam welded to one face of the rectangular hollow column) is also studied for reference. The performance of the selected connection details are compared and the best performing connection details is recommended for rectangular hollow beam-to- rectangular hollow column joints. The result shows that the load carrying capacity of the joint and the maximum deformation capacity is highly sensitive to the type of connection used. Also, the location of formation of plastic hinges in the structure depends highly on the type of connection used


This research project presents results of labour turnover in state corporations in Kenya. This study was carried out to establish factors influencing labour turnover and pattern of labour turnover in Kenya Wildlife Service. Self administered questionnaires on a "drop" and "pick" basis were used to collect primary data that was used to establish the factors influencing turnover. The data was run through computer Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) that produced frequency tables and percentages output. Secondary' data from KWS database was used to determine pattern of labour turnover. The results indicate that the most influential factor contributing to labour turnover is low pay. Other factors include lack of employee relations, lack of recognition . lack of career prospects, discrimination/favoritism/tribalism, pursuit of further education, frustrations. Findings also indicate that male employees are more likely to leave work than female, young employees are more likely to leave work than old employees, most educated employees are more likely to leave work than less educated, the less experienced are more likely to leave work than the experienced and the non-married employees are more likely to leave work than the married employees. Furthermore, the results indicate that turnover rate at KWS has been decreasing over years despite all the influential factors mentioned earlier.


We study mean-field systems whose free-energy landscape is dominated by marginally stable states. We review and develop various techniques to describe such states, elucidating their physical meaning and the interrelation between them. In particular, we give a physical interpretation of the two-group replica symmetry-breaking scheme and confirm it by establishing the relation to the cavity method and to the counting of solutions of the Thouless-Anderson-Palmer equations. We show how these methods all incorporate the presence of a soft mode in the free-energy landscape and interpret the occurring order-parameter functions in terms of correlations between the soft mode and the local magnetizations. The general formalism is applied to the prototypical case of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick-model, where we reexamine the physical properties of marginal states under a new perspective.


The Virtual Reference Station (VRS) concept is one method that is being
employed around the world to overcome some of the limitations with
conventional Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. There has been an
increasing amount of research into the accuracy of VRS RTK GPS measurements,
and the Department of Natural Resources and Water has identified the need to
investigate the use of VRS in a dynamic environment.
This project has compared the accuracy, precision and latency of conventional
RTK and VRS RTK GPS measurements taken in a dynamic environment. This
gives an insight into the suitability of the VRS RTK GPS system to real time
dynamic applications.
The testing regime used for this project involved attaching RTK GPS equipment
to a trolley and positioning reference marks (a series of stakes with barcodes
attached) adjacent to a pathway. As the trolley passes these reference marks, a
barcode reader on the trolley will scan the barcodes and will initiate a GPS
measurement for both conventional RTK and VRS RTK methods. These
measurements are compared to the true locations of the reference marks to
determine the accuracy, precision and latency.
The results show that the VRS RTK method may be suitable for real time
dynamic applications such as machine guidance. However this testing has
resembled only slow speed dynamic applications in the range of 1-5 km/h. Further
testing would be required for faster speeds.


The increase in air pollution levels in recent decades around the world has caused a negative impact on human health. A recent investigation by the World Health Organization indicates that nine out of ten people on the planet breathe air containing high levels of pollutants and seven million people die each year from this cause. This problem is present in several cities in South America due to dangerous levels of particulate matter present in the air, particularly in the winter period, making it a public health problem. Santiago in Chile and Lima in Peru are among the ten cities with the highest levels of air pollution in South America. The location, climate, and anthropogenic conditions of these cities generate critical episodes of air pollution, especially in the coldest months. In this context, we developed a semiparametric model to predict particulate matter levels as a function of meteorological variables. For this, we discuss estimation and diagnostic procedures using a Student's t-based partially varying coefficient model. Parameter estimation is performed through the penalized maximum likelihood method using smoothing splines. To obtain the parameter estimates, we present a weighted back-fitting algorithm implemented in R-project and Matlab software. In addition, we developed local influence techniques that allowed us to evaluate the potential influence of certain observations in the model using four different perturbation schemes. Finally, we applied the developed model to real data on air pollution and meteorological variables in Santiago and Lima.


study, it was aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the patients referred to the secondary level state hospital neurophysiology laboratory by different branches, and to evaluate the compatibility between clinical prediagnoses and electromyographic (EMG) diagnoses. Material and Methods: The results of the EMGs performed by the same physician in the Aydın State Hospital Neurophysiology Laboratory during the 18-month period between 01.03.2014-30.09.2015 were reviewed retrospectively. The agreement between the prediagnosis of the referring clinic and the EMG result information was analyzed. Results: 1620 (64.1%) of the patients with a mean age of 48.5±15 (5-90) years were female. Neurology 1574 (62.3%), physical therapy and rehabilitation (PTR) 534 (21.1%), orthopedics 184 (7.3%), neurosurgery 155 (6.1%) and other branches 81 (3.2%) requested EMG from the neurophysiology laboratory. The prediagnoses of the patients who underwent EMG were; 1027 (40.6%) carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 130 (5.1%) cubital tunnel syndrome (CUTS), 452 (17.8%) polyneuropathy (PNP), 467 (18.4%) upper extremity radiculopathy (RDP), 198 (7.8%) lower extremity RDP. When the prediagnosis-EMG diagnosis agreement is examined: in CTS 55.6% rate, moderate agreement; in CUTS 65.4% rate, strong agreement; in PNP 38.5% rate, moderate agreement; in upper extremity RDP 87.1% rate, strong agreement; in lower extremity RDP 81.3% rate, strong agreement were found. 25% of all EMG results were normal. Normal results were found in 27.5% in neurology, 21.7% in PTR, 20.1% in orthopedics, and 11.6% in neurosurgery. In addition, normal results were determined in 27.7% in CTS, 16.2% in CUTS, 48% in PNP, 6% in upper extremity RDP, and 10.6% in lower extremity RDP. PNP was the most common prediagnosis (48%) with a normal result, and it was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to our study; The percentage of normally completed EMG was found to be high, and both clinical findings and department-based prediagnosis-EMG diagnosis agreement were low. When evaluated together with the literature data, we concluded that most EMG examinations are unnecessary.


Calibration and initialization of point feature-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) systems are prone to performance degradation in challenging environments where rapid motion and texture-less areas are present. Inaccurate calibration and initialization results can introduce additional errors to backend optimization, thereby affecting the localization performance. Difficulty in convergence also limits the practical application of SLAM systems. The structure line segment features present more stability and compact spatial constraint, which can provide additional structural constraints for visual-inertial state estimation. Thus, in this article, we propose to incorporate the structure information of extracted line segment features and construct an enhanced online calibration and initialization framework for visual-inertial SLAM systems. The proposed method estimates initial velocity, gravity orientation, gyroscope bias, scale, extrinsic rotation, and the potential time delay between inertial measurement unit (IMU) and camera data sequence. A vertical structure direction-aided closed-form solution is proposed, achieving both higher initialization accuracy and less convergence time. The experimental results on the synthetic data sequences and real-world dataset prove that our method can achieve robust and accurate calibration and initialization with the introduction of structure information, which is superior to the state-of-the-art works in a high success rate of up to 85% and less convergence time of initialization to 0.5 s within 15 keyframes.


Illustrations Preface 1. Introduction 2. Two Charters 3. The Commodity and the Commons 4. Charters Lost and Found 5. The Charters in Blackface and Whiteface 6. 1776 and Runnamede 7. The Law of the Jungle 8. Magna Carta and the U.S. Supreme Court 9. Icon and Idol 10. This Land Was Made by You and Me 11. The Constitution of the Commons 12. Conclusion Appendix 1. Magna Carta 2. The Charter of the Forest Glossary Further Reading Index


Traditionally, Radio Frequency (RF) fingerprinting classification is performed by selecting an "unknown" signal from the pool, generating its RF fingerprint, and correlating the RF fingerprint with each profile RF fingerprint stored in the database. Most existing RF fingerprinting techniques have used high received SNR signals for generating the profile RF fingerprint of the transmitters and promising classification results has been reported in the literature. However, receiver SNR changes due to mobility of the transmitter/receiver and environment. Therefore, the RF fingerprints changes with the received SNR of the signals, which affect the classification results of the RF fingerprinting. This paper analyzes the effect of the receiver SNR on the overall RF fingerprinting classification. Three scenarios are considered, where profile RF fingerprint is generated by training the classifier with low, high and low/high SNR signals. These three scenarios correspond to the situation, when either transmitter or receiver is mobile and SNR changes from low to high or vice versa. The testing results show that accurate classification largely depends on the received SNR signal. Whereas high receiver SNR yields accurate results but high SNR is not typical in a wireless environment.


The portrayal of women in Ancient Greek drama seems at times opposed to the societal gender roles within Classical Athens. In the plays, women are strong and dynamic figures who enact change and upheaval in their world. Ancient dramas, like Agamemnon, Medea, Antigone, and Lysistrata, portrayed women with strong autonomy and minds which matched their male counterparts; whereas the women in Classical Athens found themselves in more limited circumstances. In analyzing the nature of these disparities, it seems that the constant factor is that the plays concern the violation of the household. The female characters respond in one of two ways: perpetuating the violation for the sake of vengeance or stepping into the masculine role to fill the need left by the men. TAKING ON THE MAN 4 Taking on The Man: Female Rebellion Against Gender Roles in Classical Greek Drama Strong female characters are a frequent presence in Ancient Greek plays. These women are dynamic figures who enact change and upheaval in their world. Women like Clytemnestra in Aeschylus' Agamemnon, and the eponymous characters of Euripides' Medea, Sophocles' Antigone, and Aristophanes' Lysistrata capture the empathy and emotions of those who read or watch the plays, but remain powerful characters in the minds of viewers, lasting in imagination and thought even now. However, these portrayals of women in drama seem at times opposed to the societal gender roles within Classical Athens. The ancient dramas portrayed women with strong autonomy and minds which matched their male counterparts; whereas the women in Classical Athens found themselves in more limited circumstances, confined to the household and mostly separated from the male population. A study of the disparities shows the constant factor in many of the plays which present women as strong figures is that they all concern the violation of the household (the women's domain), and, therefore, it is right that women should hold such an enormous sway in these stories. These women are either responding to a violation of their domain by first continuing in the destruction of the household and then violating the masculine roles for the sake of vengeance, or they are responding to the men's inability to fulfill their duties, and therefore step into the masculine role to fill the void. Representative of the first situation are Clytemnestra and Medea. Clytemnestra's child was sacrificed for Agamemnon's war and she retaliates by destroying Agamemnon's home. Medea's marriage was thrown aside through the oath-breaking of Jason and she takes revenge by strategically removing everything dear to him. Representative of the TAKING ON THE MAN 5 second category are Antigone and Lysistrata. Antigone must bury her brother against the laws of the state when her closest male kinsman refuses to perform the proper burial rites. Lysistrata seeks to save the home in her strike and actions against male warfare through applying her leadership over the home to the polis. These are women stepping into the male sphere either to avenge a prior violation of the female domain or to fill a gap left by the men. The first situation shows women driven to excess in their anger and betrayal, but the second reveals a laudable concern for the best working of society. The Role of Women in Classical Greece The women of classical Athens were relegated to a very specific role closely tied with their assigned domain. They were confined to the home or the oikos and were rarely, if ever, allowed to leave this space. Women were strictly segregated from any men that they were not related to after they were married, passing from their father or guardian's home to that of her future husband. The classical Athenians even went so far as to have the house itself segregated to make it even less feasible for women to interact with other men and therefore be tempted. There were distinct women's and men's quarters, often separated by the courtyard inside the home and excavations appear to show that women would have been able to go from their workroom to their sleeping area without ever having to leave the women's quarters. The men's quarters were often in the front of the house near the only entrance into the home allowing men to control who went in and out of the home (Blundell 139). The women had total control of the household, however, and maintained their domain with prudence and industriousness. The men's domain was outside the home and therefore, while the women were subordinate and submissive to the men, they were in TAKING ON THE MAN 6 control of the running of the household. A wife was considered to be an integral part to any home as it was she who managed the proper and efficient running of the household. She oversaw all of the slaves who worked in the house, the meals which were to be prepared, the cleaning of the home, the financial aspects of running a household, the rearing of children, and making sure that everything her husband provided for her was put to good use. While they lived a rather enclosed life, as respectable women did not leave their households except to visit female friends as it was seen as indecent, the women maintained control over their area (Carroll 171). It was the responsibility of the women to ensure that the oikos survived, and the polis as a whole was represented well. When a man, whose domain is the public sphere, infringed upon the women's responsibility for the household and the family, then the women struck back attempting to protect the most important aspect of their lives. Athenian women were placed under strict restrictions within society primarily due to the male fears regarding the nature of the female. Athens was an extremely maledominated culture which was frightened of the female nature and caused it to be suppressed. Men were considered naturally rational. Women on the other hand were considered to be emotional, passionate, and irrational. They were also supposed to have a stronger bond to nature and the old ways. This might be due to the fact that before the democratic times of Ancient Greece, women had a stronger social role and were not fully relegated to the household. In a stronger agricultural society, women had greater freedom, but with the advent of the democratic society and the designation of the public sphere as for the men, the women of Greece were further pushed back into the oikos and found themselves more secluded there (Pandora's Box). Respectable women were not to TAKING ON THE MAN 7 be mentioned in public conversation out of respect for the modesty required of women within the Athenian society and as they secluded themselves further into the home, they were unable to have a say in the politics of the day. Unsurprisingly, this was a requirement mainly for the rich women of the city, as the poorer female residents of Athens simply could not afford to stay secluded in the home as they had to make money outside of the domestic sphere that upper class women were resigned to (Martin 137). Clytemnestra, Medea, Antigone, and Lysistrata separate themselves from this social rule by refusing to remain in the shadows of the home, and instead step out into the public sphere. The plays chosen for this particular analysis all reflect the struggle of women whose domain and responsibilities have been violated or restricted by a male figure, specifically a male figure intimately related to them. The first of the plays to be represented is Aeschylus' Agamemnon whose eponymous character is not actually the most compelling of the characters within the play. Rather it is his wife, Clytemnestra, who acts as the protagonist of the piece as she carries out her murderous vengeance upon her husband for his violation of their home. Euripides' Medea shows the anger of a woman who has been betrayed by the man she sacrificed everything for and who has broken his vow to her and their family. Sophocles' Antigone reveals the plight of a woman who faces capital punishment for fulfilling her familial and religious duties in burying her brother. Finally, Aristophanes' Lysistrata considers what would happen should women use their control of the house to stop a war that has taken away their husbands, by withholding sex, procreation, and funds for warfare. These works of literature reveal different responses to the various injustices and violations these women TAKING ON THE MAN 8 suffered and show how men feared how a woman would react when her domain is attacked. Aeschylus' Agamemnon The first woman to consider is Clytemnestra, famous for her role in the Oresteia and as the wife of Agamemnon. Clytemnestra may be viewed as both the protagonist and the villain of the play as she seeks vengeance upon her husband for the murder of Iphigenia, their daughter. While her husband is away, she maintains a position of power among the men in her society that is greater than an historical understanding of Classical Athenian mores would suggest. She rejects the traditional role of the wife waiting for her husband's return, and instead, chooses to replace him with a consort while he is at Troy. While she is a brutal murderess as revealed at the end of the play, Clytemnestra is careful and clever, laying a trap for her husband in both word and deed. Through her machinations Clytemnestra rips apart the household in order to gain ultimate vengeance upon her husband who betrayed her by sacrificing their daughter for the war on Troy. The initial violation within Agamemnon deals with one of the most important aspects of the woman's role within Greek society: progeny. Agamemnon greatly desires to set off for war, a wholly male pursuit according to the understanding of the Athenians; however, he is faced with a lack of favorable wind. In order to receive favorable wind, he must sacrifice his own child, Iphigenia, to the gods, which he promptly does in his quest to begin war upon Troy. This all takes place many years before the actual events of Agamemnon;


Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) adds a new dimension, the spatial one, to be optimized in Cognitive Radio (CR) by offering service simultaneously to more than one user. In this paper, statistical optimization techniques are applied to assess the performance of the Quality of Experience (QoE) in CR systems, where each user has different demands. A Multiuser scenario is considered where the transmitter can accomplish either a random or an opportunistic scheduling approach. Closed form expressions are derived for different scenarios and obtained for three QoE indicators in the system. The performance of primary and secondary users in such scenarios are mathematically formulated and compared their results to computer simulations.


New directions contained in section 2(2) of the Canada National Parks Act 2000 and section 4 of Aotearoa New Zealand's Conservation Act 1987 pose a strong challenge to the 21 st century concept of the national park. Section 2(2) states: "For greater certainty, nothing in this Act shall be construed so as to abrogate from the protection provided for existing aboriginal or treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada by the recognition and affirmation of those rights in section 35 of the Constitution Act 1982". Section 35 reads: "The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed." In Aotearoa New Zealand, section 4 of the Conservation Act 1987 (the umbrella statute to the National Parks Act 1980) states: "This Act shall so be interpreted and administered as to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi". These sections demand respect for Indigenous peoples and their relationships with land encased in national parks. This challenge frames the primary questions explored in this study. They are: if there is a new commitment to recognising Indigenous peoples in law, what ought this to mean in the context of owning and managing national parks? Or, to situate the question more theoretically, and examine it through the lens of law and geography: if law made colonial space permissible, what are the implications if contemporary law recalibrates its orientation to space and belatedly recognises Indigenous place? Interwoven into exploring these core questions are


One kind of boiling washing machine, comprising a lid made of a refractory material, and two projecting portions extending downwardly inside and outside, and at a distance from a recess formed about its Zhou Bian, wherein the barrel wall is tightly secured to prevent deformation of the lid, comprising a water inlet device is directly connected to the tap, in an intermediate connector used to regulate the pressure of the washing water inflow, water is a bellows made of a flexible material.


INTRODUCTION: Minimal intervention approaches are now utilized to remineralize carious lesion and maintain a functional tooth. Remineralizing agents as silver diamine fluoride (SDF) was found to be able to arrest caries lesions by effectively remineralizing the demineralized tooth structure. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate and compare the remineralizing effect of 38% SDF and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish on dentin caries-like lesions of primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty sound primary teeth were selected. The enamel layer of each tooth on the labial surface was removed exposing the dentin, which was then covered with nail varnish exposing a 4x4 dentin window that underwent demineralization. Each tooth was sectioned through the window labiolingually into mesial and distal specimens. One half was treated with test material (test group), while the other was left untreated (control group). Specimens were assigned to 2 groups according to treatment agent; group I: 20 specimens were treated using 38% SDF, group II: 20 specimens were treated using 5% NaF. Evaluation was conducted using Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and Polarized light microscope. Independent t test was used to compare between groups while within group comparisons were done using Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by post hoc test with Bonferroni correction while paired t test was used to compare lesion depth within group. Significance level was set at P value 0.05 RESULTS: Both groups showed a statistically significant percentage increase in calcium (P=0.002) and calcium phosphate ratio (P<0.0001). This increase was in favor of SDF. Statistically significant percent reduction in lesion depth was found in the SDF group in comparison to the NaF group (83.18 (7.76) and 45.73 (12.76) respectively, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: 38% SDF solution and 5% NaF varnish showed remineralizing effect on artificial carious dentin. However, SDF demonstrated superior reineralizing potential than NaF in terms of mineral content as well as lesion depth.


By its nature a sediment or sedimentary rock represents expended energy. It is the product, to a large degree, of its physical environment. On the earth's surface the physical environment of the planet is dominated by the atmosphere and the hydrosphere both acting as intermediaries in the transfer of solar energy for the breakdown and dispersal of sedimentary materials. The moon by contrast very obviously lacks both an atmosphere and a hydrosphere. This means that solar energy, which is by far the most important energy source for the formation of terrestrial sediments, is almost completely ineffective in this role on the lunar surface. However, the absence of an atmosphere and hydrosphere on the moon leaves the planetary surface bared to the interplanetary environment and kinetic energy in the form of impacting meteoroids. It also leaves other processes such as volcanism, mass movement and electrostatic processes unimpeded on rhe lunar surface. In this chapter the various potential energy sources are evaluated in terms of their abilities to erode or transport detrital materials on the lunar surface. The significance of some energy sources, such as meteoroid flux, is obvious while others, such as the potential value of solar radiation, are much debated.


The paper presents a model for innovative networks formation, based on a consistent transformation of outsourcing into a strategic alliance, and then into an innovation network based on the strategy of innovation insourcing. Criteria for determining the innovation strategy are proposed to consider the level of organization competence and the risk of innovative rent's loss. The paper examines the methodology for grouping regions according to the level of innovation networks development. As a grouping, it is proposed to use the criteria for innovation-active enterprises share and the returns magnitude to innovation. Based on the regions typology, a set of strategies aimed at developing individual features of network interaction in the regions is proposed.


Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) has paid attention to the phenomenon of marketing strategy because of the power of online comments to behavioural consequences. The key challenge for scholars and practitioners is to explore why consumers would like to give positive reviews of products and service. However, little empirical research has been conducted on the effect of website design on eWOM intention. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of website design (aesthetic and usability) on eWOM intention, which is based on the adoption of the stimulus – organism – response model. To test the hypotheses, the study uses the Partial Least Squares (PLS) to test a total of 290 respondents collected from Taiwanese customers via an online survey. The outcomes show the impact of the website's design on the attitude toward it, which would lead to positive eWOM. The study also provides empirical evidence on the moderating role of online purchasing experience and the mediating effect of attitude toward a website on eWOM intention. Finally, the discussions also show implications and managerial insight for both scholars and marketers.


Turbulent friction and heat transfer behaviors of magnetic nanofluid (Fe3O4 dispersed in water) as a heat transfer fluid in three different cross sectional channels (circular, rectangular and square) was investigated numerically. The channels with hydraulic diameter of 0.014 m and 1.7 m length subjected a uniform heat flux (13500 w/m2) on all their walls has been presented in order to determine the effects of geometry change, nanoparticle concentration and flow rate on the convective heat transfer and friction factor of nanofluid with neglecting the effect of magnetic flow field. Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diameters of 36 nm dispersed in water with volume concentrations of 0–0.6 vol. % were employed as the test fluid. The investigation was carried out at steady state, turbulent forced convection with the range of Reynolds number varied from 5000 to 20000, three dimensional flow, and single phase approach. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model by using FLUENT software depending on finite volume method was conducted. In this study, the result exhibited that the Nusselt number of nanofluid for all geometries is higher than that of the base liquid and increased with increasing the Reynolds number and particle concentrations. But the circular pipe had the highest value of Nusselt number followed by rectangular and square tube. On the other hand, for the friction factor, the results revealed that the friction factor of nanofluids was higher than the base fluid and increases with increasing the volume concentrations and decreases with increasing of Reynolds number. In addition the friction factor of square channel is higher than others followed by rectangular and circular channel, respectively.


-Eastern cottonwood clones originating from 36 young natural stands along the Mississippi River from Memphis, Tennessee, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were evaluated in a nursery near Greenville, Mississippi for resi~tance to Melampsora rust. In general, the northern sources had more rust and were more variable in rust susceptibility than the southern sources. Eleven percent of the clones from the 6 northernmost sources and 0.5 percent of the clones from the 24 southernmost sources appeared to be highly resistant to rust. Clones with slightly less rust resistance wer.e about evenly distributed over the geographic range. Additional keywords: Populus deltoides, Melampsora medusae.


Given Canada's extended geography and regional economic diversity, individual provinces have differing exposures to particular international trade agreements. We demonstrate this by estimating the impacts of the Canada-Korea free trade agreement on the province of Ontario, using a dynamic general equilibrium model to generate Canada-level impacts, which are then decomposed on the basis of partial equilibrium model simulations on a trade dataset in which Ontario is represented as a separate international trading entity. We show that geography and sectoral specialization matter and that general equilibrium effects must be taken into account in partial equilibrium assessments of sectoral impacts of major trade agreements.


The prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance of the parasites Lobatostoma hanumanthai and L. kemostoma (Aspidogastrea) in 100 individuals of Trachinotus marginatus from the Rio Grande do Sul coast were used to investigate the existence of a relationship between the parasitological indexes (PI) and the ontogenetic diet variation of the host. Clusters analyses and the "K-means" algorithm were used and show that six host length classes dendrograms produce the same results as previously established for smaller length fish. Other limits are obtained for larger fish when Lobatostoma PI are used as criterion. The absence of Lobatostoma may be related to the fact that the pharyngeal teeth are not fully formed in the smallest fishes. Therefore the smallest fishes are inapt to the mollusks consumption. Variations in the PI of the two Lobatostoma species can also be connected to ontogenetic variations in the fish diet.


Received: 02, May, 2015 Final Accepted: 12, June, 2015 Published Online: 16, June, 2015 Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES)/Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading viral cause of disability in India. Our study was carried out to comprehend the prevalence of AES/JE cases in 2011-12 at Lakhimpur district of Assam and to find out their association with environmental factors (particularly rainfall). Among the suspected AES cases, 25.92% & 24.39% cases were found JE IgM positive in 2011 and 2012 respectively. A positive correlation was observed between AES/JE cases and monthly rainfall data. In 2012, upto some extent decreasing trend of JE cases were observed due to the vaccination campaign held on February, 2012 at Lakhimpur district.


: Serious water pollution due to climate change as the consequences of non-ecological wastewater treatment and unsustainable agricultural activities had emerged water scarcity problem. The utilization of oil palm biomass into cadmium adsorbent could play a role in killing two birds with one stone, which is to solve the oil palm biomass disposal issue and cadmium pollution issue. The adsorbent modifications discussed in this review focused on furnace heating and microwave heating as well as the combined methods with chemical activating agents. Among the modification methods, the output of chemical activation followed by microwave-induced irradiation of palm kernel shells (PKS) produced activated carbon with high specific surface area (854.42 m 2 /g) and high adsorption capacity, q max (227.27 mg/g). This review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of cadmium adsorption mechanisms and up-to-date progress of modification technologies for different types of oil palm biomass.


SUMMARY
Methods are described for the assay of nitrate reductase in frozen/thawed cells of Ankistrodesmus braunii and Chlamy domonas reinhardi. Because Ankistrodesmus nitrate reductase can use NADPH as an electron-donor and because the cells of Ankistrodesmus contain a high concentration of glucose-6-phosphate, it is suggested that, in frozen-thawed cells, nitrate reduction is coupled, through NADPH, to the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate. With Chla-mydomonas cells either exogenous NADH or reduced FMN can act as reductant. The permeability of Chlamy domonas cells can also be increased by glycerol treatment and this makes assay of nitrate reductase possible without freezing and thawing.


Different configurations of supports of functions on R k including bounded, unbounded, convex, and nonconvex domains are described through certain properties of their images under a linear operator T without passing to the complexification.


The reduction of Ag+ in aqueous solution by atomic hydrogen produced in an electrodeless high frequency discharge was studied. The apparent rate constant of the reduction of Ag+ by hydrogen atoms k= 5.105 litre·mole−1·sec−1. A reaction mechanism was derived which correlates the present results with those of Littman, Carr and Brady.


Introduction Lithuanias child road traffic injury rates are still among the highest in the European Region. The aim of study is to establish association of child road safety behaviour with prevention activities. Materials and Methods A survey of schoolchildren was conducted. Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were used. Results In the survey 403 boys and 531 girls, aged 10 to 19 years participated. 16.8% schoolchildren were injured in traffic accident, most of them once (71.3%). The survey revealed that childrens road safety behaviour is not always acceptable in accordance with road safety factors. In most cases the girls behave significantly more safely in road traffic compared with boys. The study results also showed the reason, why children do not use safety equipment, such as: reflectors and helmets. Almost half of respondents do not own the equipment. Some schoolchildren did not like their design, or did not believe that reflectors or helmets would help to enhance safety. The survey revealed that schoolchildren's behaviour in traffic was more acceptable of those who participated in preventive activities and received materials or safety equipment. The correlation coefficient demonstrates the medium positive correlation between road safety behaviour and prevention (r=0.424, p<0.001). Conclusions Girls road safety behaviour is more acceptable than that of boys. A medium correlation was obtained between schoolchildren's road safety behaviour and prevention. Road traffic injury prevention activities for children in Lithuania need to be enhanced.


There is now substantial agreement over the major subdivisions of the Poaceae (Tateoka, 1957a; Prat, 1960; Stebbins and Crampton, 1961; Hubbard, 1966; Clifford and Watson, 1977). However, the circumscriptions of these major groups are still being clarified, and many genera have yet to be satisfactorily assigned within the main framework. Evolution has not always resulted in tidy taxa, and it is to be expected that there will always be a residuum of interesting genera whose taxonomic relationships remain controversial. Nevertheless, some genera continue to occupy unsatisfactory positions in recent accounts, through shortage of data or because the criteria on which modem classifications of the Poaceae are founded have not yet been consistently applied. The Poaceae at one time comprised just two subfamilies, the Pooideae (Festucoideae) and Panicoideae (e.g. Bentham, 1881, 1883). The Pooideae subsequently proved decidedly heterogeneous and genera differing markedly from Poa and its close allies in a variety of non-morphological characters (Avdulov, 1931; Prat, 1960; Reeder, 1957; W. V. Brown, 1958; Metcalfe, 1960; Decker, 1964a; Tateoka, 1954, 1955) have been segregated into the new subfamilies Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Arundinoideae, "danthonioids," etc. However, depending on one's views on subfamily limits, there remain associated with Pooideae a number of genera which may belong elsewhere, and conversely a few genera may have been unjustifiably excluded. We have re-examined the circumscription of the Pooideae, as a necessary prelude to a study of intergeneric relationships in this circle of affinity; and we provide here a description of the subfamily with indications of the relative frequencies of different states of the characters employed. In addition to compiling published information, we have made detailed morphological and anatomical observations on some 230 species, representing. 156 genera of putative pooids. The data bank on Pooideae has been subjected to classifactory analyses, the results of which (along with the complete generic descriptions) will be published in due course. Here, we discuss individually those genera which require special comment in the context of Pooideae, and where necessary we provide full morphological and anatomical descriptions, incorporating original observations.


The capability of various high-level DFT and ab initio MO methods to predict molecular and energetic parameters has been critically tested for the OH radical reaction with benzene. G3 theory proved to be the most accurate in estimating reaction barriers and enthalpies. For the first time, the molecular structure, stabilization energy and nature of the bonding interactions of the [C6H6···OH] prereaction complex have been characterized. Accurate thermochemistry for major reaction channels was established by making combined use of experimental and theoretical parameters. A multistep kinetic model for the OH-addition channel was proposed, and the effects of T, P, and reaction time on the apparent rate constants were evaluated by weak collision master equation/RRKM analysis. Available experimental kinetic data for all relevant reactions are critically analyzed and correlated with modeled effective rate constants.


The feasibility of thermally processing fresh and frozen mullet was investigated. The average time to reach a 12D process at 121°C (15 psi) was 54 min. Various pre-can tripolyphosphate treatments were used to improve final product quality. Most changes in Hunter color difference values due to treatment or to storage period were insignificant. Pretreatment with sodium tripolyphosphate (0.07-0.19% P2O5) significantly improved texture (p<0.005) of the canned product as measured by an Instron Texture Analyzer equipped with Kramer Shear Cell. Sensory panel texture scores correlated well with Instron shear values. Panelists could distinguish between treatments and treatment levels.


In this paper, a novel online learning controller based on model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is presented to simplify the complexity of controlling a class of discrete nonlinear systems with a little prior knowledge, using approximate dynamic programming (ADP). Without the identifier and the assumption of a command generator model, the proposed approach employs a modified direct heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) to acquire two types of the bounded tracking errors, which are available to transform the system into a linear system with the uncertain bounded persistent disturbance. In addition, toggling between the learning and the sliding mode control (SMC) flexibly, an ADP-to-SMC strategy is developed to guarantee the better performance in MRAC. Finally, Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.


This paper proposes a procedure for analysing tourism productivity. The procedure is based on the Luenberger productivity indicator for estimating and decomposing productivity change into efficiency change and technological change. The authors expand the procedure and further decompose the process of technological change to study the sources of bias within it. Therefore, a clearer and more enlightening view emerges of the productivity of travel agencies. The Portuguese travel agency sector is used as an application. Some managerial implications are developed.


adequately tested the monophyly of Homo: three suggest that the genus is monophyletic, but the other three suggest that it is paraphyletic. Difficulties in obtaining accurate clado- grams are not exclusive to Homo. To build phylogenetic hypotheses, several distinct steps are necessary — the assignment of characters to hypodigms so as to define the traits of a given species; the choice of the species to be assigned to each genus; and the assignment of individual speci- mens to that species. This procedure often leads to insoluble problems. In the conclu- sions of the International Colloquium on Human Systematics held in Palma de Mallorca in February 2000, for example, point 9 asserts that: 'No consensual means of identifying biological species in the fossil record exists at the present time'. 6,7 If species cannot unambiguously be identified in the fossil record without extended discussions about taxa, then hypodigms are difficult to establish and, as a result, many nominal species are kept under suspicion. Fortunately, genera seem to be less controversial. Or perhaps not?


In the present, we are trying to find alternative energy to replace fossil fuels. Wind power is a good choice as alternative energy. Wind power produces the electricity without producing greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Wind power is converted to electricity by using wind turbines. The performance of wind turbine generator depends on the rotor blade shape. Generally, sectional performance in axial and tangential flow directions is used to design rotor blades. The designed sectional flow is different from actual one with span-wise flow. For this reason, this study would like to study sectional performance in three dimensional directions for the wind turbine rotor blades, designed by including span-wise flow effect in the future. A model wind turbine with 2.4 m diameter is tested in the large wind tunnel. The velocity filed, count number of local velocity, and standard deviation of velocity in three dimensions are discussed.


Practice education is an important teaching manner of connecting theory with practice as well as maior practical link of teaching plans.Grounding on the practice education reform in macromolecular material and engineering speciality of Anhui University of Science and Technology,some attempts and methods on proving practice education are brought forward.


Objectives: The cardiac hypertrophy develops heart failure, which is caused by mechanical stress due to hemodynamic overload and reactive oxygen species. The epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. We hypothesized that the EGCG might attenuate cardiac hypertrophy. Methods: Dahl salt-sensitive rats were randomized into three groups, high salt with high-dose EGCG group, high salt with low-dose EGCG group, and high salt without EGCG group. The high salt was given rats as food contained 8% NaCl and EGCG was dissolved in drinking water in EGCG groups. After four weeks, we assessed blood pressure, heart weight, left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac function. Masson-trichrome staining, and Sirius red staining were examined for evaluation of myocardium fibrosis. The size of cardiomyocytes in histological sections was measured. TBARS assay of myocardium was also performed. Results: High and low EGCG rats showed that the strong tendency of suppression for cardiac hypertrophy. The heart weight/body weight ratio in EGCG rats was lower than that in control. (4.02 ± 0.06 vs. 4.53 ± 0.08 vs. 6.14 ± 0.35, P < 0.01) The cardiac hypertrophy was ameliorated significantly in EGCG rats, despite blood pressure were not significantly different among three groups. The oxidative stress of heart muscle was reduced by EGCG treatment in TBARS assay. Conclusion: The administration of EGCG for four weeks attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and reduced subsequent cardiac remodeling. Intake of EGCG may contribute to prevent heart failure due to cardiac dysfunction.


Nowadays the impact of producer services' development on the efficiency of manufacturing industry is one of the hot topics of economic research.This paper empirically examines spatial correlation of the efficiency of manufacturing industry in Pearl River Delta by using Moran's index,Lmerr,Lmlag and so on,and applying spatial econometric models empirically examines spatial spillover effect of producer service industry on the efficiency of manufacturing industry.The empirical results show that significant spatial effects exist in efficiency of manufacturing industry,and that producer service industry can not only enhance the production efficiency of region manufacturing industry,but also enhance peripheral region's production efficiency of manufacturing industry by spillover effect.


Significant recent research advances have made it possible to design systems that can automatically determine with high accuracy the maliciousness of a target website. While highly useful, such systems are reactive by nature. In this paper, we take a complementary approach, and attempt to design, implement, and evaluate a novel classification system which predicts, whether a given, not yet compromised website will become malicious in the future. We adapt several techniques from data mining and machine learning which are particularly well-suited for this problem. A key aspect of our system is that the set of features it relies on is automatically extracted from the data it acquires; this allows us to be able to detect new attack trends relatively quickly. We evaluate our implementation on a corpus of 444,519 websites, containing a total of 4,916,203 webpages, and show that we manage to achieve good detection accuracy over a one-year horizon; that is, we generally manage to correctly predict that currently benign websites will become compromised within a year.


Objective
To investigate the differences and significance of blood levels of T helper 17(Th17) cell and interleukin17(IL-17) between peripheral and culprit vessels in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Methods
A total of 76 patients recruited in 2012 were divided into three groups according to the coronary angiography and clinical manifestations: acute coronary syndrome, stable angina and control groups.The blood samples were taken from cubital vein and culprit coronary artery after coronary angiography.The percentage of Th17s among CD4+ T cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis and the IL-17 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
There was no significant difference in the percentages of Th17 cells between peripheral blood and culprit artery blood[(3.18±0.29)%vs.(3.17±0.30)%, (P=0.919)]; but the perecentages of Th17 in peripheral blood were found to be significantly higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome(3.18±0.29)% than those with stable angina (1.32±0.31)% and those without coronary heart disease(1.28±0.33)% , (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the level of IL-17 between peripheral blood and culprit artery blood[(81.23±18.63)vs.(82.37±20.51)pg/mL, P=0.573]; but the level of IL-17 in peripheral blood was also significantly higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome than those with stable angina and those without coronary heart disease[(81.23±18.63)vs.(25.96±14.58)pg/mL or(23.75±13.64)pg/mL, P<0.01].

Conclution
There were no significant differences in percentage of Th17 cell among CD4+ T cells and levels of IL-17 in blood between peripheral and culprit vessels in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The percentage of Th17 among CD4+ T cells and the levels of IL-17 in blood increase in patients with acute coronary syndrome suggesting a potential role of Th17 and IL-17 in the development and instability of the atheroma.

Key words:
Acute coronary syndrome; Atherosclerosis; T helper 17 cell; Culprit vessel; Interleukin 17


Based on the notion of pivot-terms, re-dimensioned under the perspective of theme and discursive event (GUILHAUMOU et al, 1994), one detected, on the 05/7/1998 edition of the newspaper Folha de Sao Paulo, a discursive field (MAINGUENEAU, 1984) constituted from the terms drought/sack, involving 10 texts from different genres. The analysis delimits the produced meanings in each discursive event and the interlocutory effects that its insertion in the field produces, under the mode of reciprocal refutation (COURTINE, 1981). The conflictive discursive formations, which are manifested in the field, relate to the ideal of impartiality of today's journalism, but the field shaping, a result from the interpretative move of the newspaper, is in itself a producer of meanings.


The author claims that the As-If syndrome is characterized by a pervasive use of disavowal and that the manifestation of this in analysis is what Bion described as reversible perspective. He suggests that this is sustained by the As-If thinker's use of an inverted form of symmetrical logic.


Cisapride has had relatively little impact as a single agent in GORD. It is moderately effective in healing oesophagitis and maintaining remission, but only in mild oesophagitis. The reasons for this are partly that it has relatively weak prokinetic effects and partly that it does not address all components of gastro-oesophageal sphincter incompetence. Its main advantage in clinical practice is probably as an adjunct to acid suppression, particularly in patients unfit for anti-reflux surgery. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has been described as a motility disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Disturbances of lower oesophageal sphincter function, lower oesophageal body motility, oesophageal clearance and gastric emptying are well accepted. Cisapride improves most of these but its clinical benefits have been relatively modest. Some recent studies have indicated that the improvements achieved with cisapride may be less marked than originally thought. Furthermore, the agent has no effect on transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations, nor on other important factors influencing gastro-oesophageal junction competence, such as the external sphincter function of the diaphragmatic crus and mechanical influences such as lower oesophageal sphincter length exposed to intra-abdominal pressure changes. More potent, specific and predictable prokinetic agents would be welcome, but are unlikely to be effective as single agents across the range of GORD. There is certainly a need for such agents, including cisapride, as adjuncts to acid suppression in patients who fail to respond to the latter.


The invention discloses a CR-system-based method and device for transmitting system signaling. The method comprises the steps that a network side device determines a frequency protection zone of a working band of an authorization system; the network side device sends the system signaling to UE in a CR system on the frequency protection zone. According to the embodiment, under the condition that the signal of the authorization system is retransmitted, the system signaling is sent on the frequency protection zone so that the information of frequency variation of the CR system can be timely notified to all the UE under the condition that broadcast channel performance is fully guaranteed; meanwhile, signaling overheads are saved, the interference in the signal of the authorization system is reduced to the maximum degree, and therefore the user experience of the authorization system and the UE of the CR system are improved.


The so-called buffer time or buffer delay allows airlines to control for excessive delays by introducing extra time in their schedule in addition to what is technically required. . We study the differences between unregulated markets - where airlines are free to fix their buffer times strategically - and a situation where a social planner would control for time schedules, and in particular the buffer time. To do so, we use a calibrated model of a network of three cities - one of them being a hub - served by a single airline. Welfare losses that follow from delays are relatively small as compared to the potential benefits that would follow from a decrease in ticket prices. The model thus advocates that, at least for the connections that are considered, fares rather than delays should be the focus of institutions aiming at enhancing passengers' welfare. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)


Taking the library of Beihai College of BUAA as an example, this paper expounds the main contents, holding forms and great significance of carrying out the activity of campus reading week hold by the library, and puts forward some suggestions on doing well the campus reading week activity.


The phosphorus removal efficiency by lake-side constructed wetlands during dry and wet seasons was analyzed.The results show that the effect of sedimentation on total phosphorus removal is apparent at high influent concentrations,and the different hydraulic loads during dry and wet seasons have no influence on the treatment effect.In the subsurface flow constructed wetland,insoluble phosphorus is removed by adsorption and deposition during wet season.During dry season with low hydraulic load,the system is at an anaerobic condition due to insufficient water mobility,and phosphorus release from the media occurs.During wet season,the phosphorus removal efficiency by the surface flow constructed wetland is poorer than that by sedimentation and subsurface flow constructed wetland.The low hydraulic load during dry season has no evident influence on phosphorus removal efficiency.


Stimulation of students with Attention Deficit Disorder should involve the activation of cognitive, physical, and motor processes. The methodology that is proposed to achieve such attentional stimulation in Secondary Education classrooms revolves around hearing, moving, composing and improvising from film music. The use of this kind of music which students feel loser to involves an increase in the potential for the change and improvement of meaningful learning responses, due to the optimization of attention through musical activities which are more attractive and closer to the students.


Now is the age of neuromorphic computing that creates brain circuits. The analog and digital circuit theory changes because the values of the basic conductance elements can be made variable by learning. The computer structure changes to in-memory computing technology in cooperation with a von Neumann architecture. In this paper, we propose a gyrator neuron (GN) that enables analog computer operations by nodal equation. The GN is constructed based on memristor elements. The GN executes learning by back propagation processing and association by forward propagation processing.


As a famous American writer of Faulkner's representative work,the modernist novels of the sound and the fury showed the beauty through different images.The narrative structure of the novel was various,which has fully showed the writer's writing skills.This paper tried to interpret the novel's creative skills from the four points,that is the engulfing technique,the complementary technique,the macro metaphorical technique,and the modernist cartoon.


Bypass diode thermal test in the standard of IEC 61215:2005-《crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules - design qualification and type approval》and estimation of uncertainty were presented in this paper.


This paper derives some design formulas and charts for a high-field (12 Tesla) application using Nb43Ti25Ta alloy superconductor. This material is selected because of its large critical current (J c = 71,000 A/cm2) at 12 Tesla and 1.8K. Its ductility is beneficial to manufacturing processes and accommodating of the operating condition under stress. A coil packing factor of 70% and an insulation void fraction of 35% are assumed. These are nominal values which, after analysis, leave adequate turn-to-turn space for insulation bearing area, Helium II volume, and voltage standoff. The stabilizer is oxygen-free, high-purity copper in the full-hard condition, ρ = 7.17 × 10-8ohm.cm, wherein the magnetoresistivity at 12 Tesla accounts for 69% of the total. Basing a trial conductor on these assumptions will produce a design very close to optimum. Further refinement would be an iterative process whereby one checks the design against all constraints using the fundamental engineering formulas and makes parametric adjustments as necessary.


The Uganda National HIV viral load suppression prevalence of 59.6% is below the 95% target. The study conducted in in four health facilities of Jinja district, on 437 files of adult HIV clients with; missed appointments of more than two weeks, poor adherence to treatment of < 85%, and unsuppressed viral load of > 1000 viral copies per milliliter, between January and July 2019, was aimed at determining change packages to improve HIV care in the study health facilities. Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and the following tested changes using the Deming PDSA cycles were used; Intensified health education, and adherence counseling to all patients with poor adherence, pill counting to harmonize the pills supplied with the appointment date, follow up phone calls to patients who miss appointment, creation of a one stop centre for HIV care, and increased staffing of HIV clinic. Study results showed a 13.6% prevalence of the study HIV care poor outcomes at baseline assessment. 11.8%, 65.2%, and 46.5% of the study client files were due to poor adherence to treatment, two weeks missed appointments, and unsuppressed viral load respectively at baseline assessment and 4.7%, 25.1%, and 31.5% respectively at end line assessment. 80% of the studied clients were retention in care between baseline and end line assessments. In conclusion, there was a positive effect on the patient HIV care out comes.


The utility model relates to a quadric catalyzing and removing device for natural gas, liquefied gas and coal gas before burning under the condition of normal temperature and pressure. The innrt part of the utility model is divided into at least two cavity chambers by a separating segment, each cavity chamber is provided with a gas entering and expelling through opening, a filling opening and an opening cover which are provided with metal nets, and the positions of the entering and expelling through openings of all the cavity chambers are interlaced. The utility model can reduce the content of harmful substance in gas and has the advantages of simple results and convenient use.


A transgenic mouse model of autochthonous mammary carcinoma was chosen to study the impact of tumor progression on the immune system over an extended period. We found: i) that splenocyte numbers, particularly myeloid cells, increased concurrently with tumor burden; ii) the percentage of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells was similar to that in human breast cancer; iii) suppressed T cell proliferation and cytokine production and; iv) significantly elevated MCP-1 and TNF-α in the sera of tumor-bearing mice. The modified immune status in these tumor-bearing hosts is consistent with a "syndrome" that likely impacts the efficacy of cancer immunosurveillance and response to therapy.


Some educational authorities have taken the word 'needs' out of planning and assessment guidelines, at least in headings, focusing only on strengths and abilities. Clearly it is important for educators to plan and work with children's strengths and abilities. The question for me is whether it helps children to do this at the expense of their needs, or whether a combined approach offers the best outcomes for children. Of course leaving out needs from headings and goals does not necessarily mean that educators will not include them in planning. In the same way, including needs does not mean that educators will focus on them to the exclusion of strengths and abilities. However, I believe that what is in the discourse has an influence on what people do.


In order to provide a high-performance OGC-WPS( Open Geospatial Consortium,Web processing service) which supports high-concurrency of client requests,an extensible multi-process mode single WPS server is designed and implemented. On this basis,we build a scalable service cluster and implement an asynchronous processing mode based on thread pool and distributed cache.Experiments show that with this platform one can obtain good speed up and scalability in dealing with high concurrency tasks.


Objective To study memory function of the patients with transient ischemic attacks(TIAs)in internal carotid artery system(ICAs)and vertebra-basilar artery system(VBAs)when the clinical symptom relieved,and to explore the correlation of memory disability and carotid artery stenosis,course,frequency and time length.Methods 78 patients with TIAs on 7d to 14d after the final attack and 30 health volunteers(controlled group)were investigated to measure WAIS-RC.Results(1)The resemblance,digit symbol,picture arrangement and figure together of the both groups were descended significantly than the controlled group(P0.05).(2)There was significant difference between the ICAs and VBAs in picture padding,picture arrangement and figure together(P0.01).(3)In ICAS group,there were no significant correlation between course and all items of WAIS-RC(P0.05),while there was negative correlation between frequency and digit symbol(P0.05),and there were negative correlation between time length and knowledge,insight,digit symbol,picture arrangement,VIQ,PIQ and FIQ in WAIS-RC(P0.05).Conclusion(1)Some degree of short-time memory deficits did exist in both TIAs group,especially visual memory and short-term memory disorder in VBAs.(2)In ICAs group,frequency impairs learning,writing velocity,visual perception and vision scanning.Time length impairs knowledge retention,extent,comprehension,judgment,abstraction generalization and plot comprehension.So,time length maybe impaired intelligence.


Traffic to and from Kalmar port – Around the Second World War.Kalmar port and the city's business is the focus off this investigation. The study is founded on my analysis of Kalmar ports vessels re ...


This paper introduces the use of the increasing PID control method with MCS51 microcontrollor to control hydraulic testing machine. This method meets the requirement of constant loading speed, constant stress and constant strain.


The Mayor of Bucaramanga has a subprogram called Integral Center for Women based on Public Policy of Women and Gender Equality (Fernandez, 2011)in this town, which consists of six axes of which this research was based on Axis of Right the Generation of Income and Employment, where the impact of the courses offered by the Integral Center for Women in arts or trades when setting up a business or economic independence was assessed. The research project was conducted for six months and was aimed at a type of quantitative research - descriptive because it was based on facts and figures obtained through the development of a survey of 172 women trained in the CIM in 2013 and 2014. The results were analyzed and thus evaluate the courses offered by the Mayor of Bucaramanga through the CIM and it was concluded that a further boost entrepreneurship in these courses is necessary because many of the people surveyed are trained for this type of business, but they do not take the risk of venturing into creating a business because of the obstacles in their roads, plus they do not seek mechanisms to overcome these obstacles that would lead them to the creation of female-owned company in the city of Bucaramanga.


Disturbance of haemopoiesis is often found in' patients who drink large quantities of alcohol (ethanol). Anaemia is common in alcoholic cirrhosis, and many factors may be involved, such as gastrointestinal blood loss, deficiency of iron and folie acid, increased haemolysis, and depressed erythropoiesis (Jarrold and Vilter, 1949 ; Movitt, 1950 ; Jandl, 1955 ; Jandl and Lear, 1956 ; Krasnow et al., 1957 ; Zieve, 1958 ; Herbert et al., 1963 ; Kimber et al., 1965 ; Klipstein and Lindenbaum, 1965 ; Leevy et al., 1965). That alcohol may have a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow is suggested by the presence of vacuoles in the primitive erythroid and myeloid cells in alcoholic subjects (McCurdy et al., 1962). Furthermore, Sullivan and Herbert (1964) have shown that the administration of alcohol may depress the haematological response to physiological doses of folie acid in patients with folate-deficient megaloblastic anaemia.


Reaction of M(ppn)2 X2 (where M = Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and ppn = 1,3-diaminopropane) with formaldehyde and ethylenediamine in methanol results in the ready formation of a 16-membered macrocyclic complex. The complexes were characterized by elemental anlysis, IR, EPR, electronic spectral data, magnetic moments and conductance measurements. The Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(III) complexes are coordinated axially with both pendant groups of the hexadentate macrocycle. These pendant donors are attached to the macrocycle by a carbon chain. The electrical conductivities of the Cu(II) and Ni(II) chelates indicated them to be 1:2 electrolytes whilst those of Co(III) is a 1:3 electrolyte in DMSO. The EPR spectrum of the copper complex exhibited G at 3.66, which indicates a considerable exchange interaction in the complex. Spectroscopic evidence suggests that in all of the complexes the metal ion is in an octahedral environment.