With cancer-bearing mice as the subjects of our study, we studied allogeneic inhibitory activity of lymphocytes which constitutes the center of the immunological surveillance system believed to be protecting mammalians from cancer, and obtained the following results. At first, methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MC-sarcoma) was isografted to C(3)H mice subcutaneously on the back between scapulae. Then the regional axillary lymph nodes were taken out and lymph node cells were isolated from these nodes. These lymph node cells were mixed with JTC-11 cells derived from Ehrlich cancer cells in the ratio of 40:1, and the mixed cells were cultured for 240 or 48 hours. During this culture the increase in the number proliferating JTC-11 cells, counted every week, was taken as the allogeneic inhibitory activity of the regional lymph node cells. As a result it has been found that in the early stage of one to two weeks after tumor transplantation there can be observed an allogeneic inhibitory activity as strong as that of normal mouse lymph node cells, but by the third or fourth week such an allogeneic inhibitory activity of the regional axillary lymph node cells has been completely lost. In other words, it seems that in the case of progres sive cancer the allogeneic inhibitory activity decreases along with time.


INTRODUCTION The need for new antibiotic compounds to overcome the resistance of pathogenic bacteria on existing antibiotics is increasing at this time. Various types of pathogenic bacteria resistance against antibiotics increase a serious threat to the healing of infectious diseases, especially in patients who are undergoing immunity treatment. Research on the discovery of new drugs from marine organisms are currently being developed, such as from a soft coral1, sponge2, gorgonnion3, actinomycetes4 and other marine organisms since it was introduced for the first times in 1960 with conference entitled ''Biochemistry and Pharmacology Derived from Marine Organisms'' organized by the New York Academy of Sciences.


Slab material transfer processes in continental arcs can be challenging to decipher because magmas are often characterized by significant contributions from continental material. In this study, we identified a Prototethyan continental arc (419–418 Ma) that is now located in the Dazhonghe area of the southeast Tibetan Plateau, which, based on Sr-Nd-Hf-O-Si isotope relationships, implies no detectable continental material contributions. The Dazhonghe arc rocks display much lower δ30Si values than modern arc rocks and average mantle; this is best explained by subduction of sponge-rich marine sediments, which are thought to have been the dominant marine organisms during the Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic. Our mixing calculations reveal that only bulk mixing among sponge-rich sediments, altered oceanic crust (AOC), and the depleted mantle would be capable of accounting for all the Sr-Nd-Hf-O-Si isotope compositions. This finding implies that the Dazhonghe arc magmas were generated by melting of a mélange that formed at the slab-mantle interface. The Dazhonghe continental arc is the first for which mélange melting has been confirmed.


A novel blue-emitting phosphor LiCaPO4:Eu2+ for LEDs was prepared by high temperature solid-state reaction and its luminescent properties were investigated.The emission spectrum shows a single intense band centered at 470 nm,which corresponds to the 4f65d1→4f7 transition of Eu2+.Comparing with LiSrPO4:Eu2+ and NaBaPO4:Eu2+,the emission spectrum shows a red shift obviously.It is caused by the decrease of cationic radii which change the degree of Eu2+ energy splitting and affect the electron cloud expansion.The excitation spectrum is a broad band extending in 250~440 nm,which matches the emission of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) well.The effect of doped Eu2+ content on the emission intensity of LiCaPO4:Eu2+ was also investigated.Different Eu2+ contents have little effort on the emission spectrum,but the emission intensity shows a great different.The emission intensity is enhanced with the increase of the Eu2+ content,and the optimal doping content is 5%.Concentration quenching occurs when the Eu2+ content is beyond 5%,as a result of multipole-multipole interaction.The LiCaPO4:Eu2+ phosphor is a potential blue-emitting phosphor for white-emitting LEDs.


The mechanisms underlying maternal tolerance of the semi‐allogeneic fetus are not completely understood. The maternal immune system's response to the male antigen, H‐Y is an example of the conflicting evidence that both supports and refutes the idea that the immune system in pregnant females is fundamentally different from that in non‐pregnant females. Although multiple pregnancies may inactivate H‐Y specific T cells, the immune system of the pregnant female can also generate a cytotoxic response to this antigen. To help understand this apparent conflict, we immunized female mice against H‐Y with male spleen cells before pregnancy and examined the subsequent anti H‐Y response during mid‐pregnancy. The pregnant mice studied were able to mount cytotoxic immune responses to H‐Y that were equivalent to those generated in their non‐pregnant counterparts. Moreover the experience of pregnancy did not impair the ability to maintain immunologic memory to H‐Y. The data support the idea that pregnancy does not violate general rules of antigen specific immunity, even if the antigen is expressed on the fetus.


Background: PsbP and PsbQ are extrinsic subunits of photosystem II (PSII). Results: Using chemical cross-linking, multiple interactions of PsbP and PsbQ with PSII intrinsic subunits, as well as a light-harvesting protein, were detected. Conclusion: Binding of PsbP and PsbQ affects the quaternary structure of the PSII supercomplex. Significance: Our data provide new insights into the organization of PSII extrinsic subunits in higher plants. The extrinsic subunits of membrane-bound photosystem II (PSII) maintain an essential role in optimizing the water-splitting reaction of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), even though they have undergone drastic change during the evolution of oxyphototrophs from symbiotic cyanobacteria to chloroplasts. Two specific extrinsic proteins, PsbP and PsbQ, bind to the lumenal surface of PSII in green plants and maintain OEC conformation and stabilize overall enzymatic function; however, their precise location has not been fully resolved. In this study, PSII-enriched membranes, isolated from spinach, were subjected to chemical cross-linking combined with release-reconstitution experiments. We observed direct interactions between PsbP and PsbE, as well as with PsbR. Intriguingly, PsbP and PsbQ were further linked to the CP26 and CP43 light-harvesting proteins. In addition, two cross-linked sites, between PsbP and PsbR, and that of PsbP and CP26, were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. These data were used to estimate the binding topology and location of PsbP, and the putative positioning of PsbQ and PsbR on the lumenal surface of the PSII. Our model gives new insights into the organization of PSII extrinsic subunits in higher plants and their function in stabilizing the OEC of the PSII supercomplex.


Abstract : The paper investigates an integral representation, involving the Green's function of a boundary-value problem, for the derivation of sampling expansions. The representation is generalized to include non-self-adjoint boundary conditions, and resulting physical interpretation is emphasized. Two cases are considered in detail. The first order differential operator is treated with non-self-adjoint boundary conditions. The representation for this case yields periodically nonuniform and derivative sampling expansions, with corresponding system interpretations. The second order differential operator is further investigated. The general expression for the interpolating function is derived. Examples resulting in nonuniform sampling expansions are given. Further examples are discussed to illustrate the validity of the method for singular problems as well. (Author)


Airborne sub-micrometer particles (PM1) have been documented to exert adverse impacts on human health, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. The Greater Athens Area (GAA), characterized by topographic and meteorological conditions which frequently obstruct the effective dispersion of ambient pollutants, hosts approximately 40% of Greece's population. It can be considered an "ambient laboratory" for studying PM1 pollution events, given the intensity and diversity of submicron aerosol sources and processing. Fine aerosol chemical composition is continuously monitored at the National Observatory of Athens Air Monitoring Station in Thissio, an urban background site in Central Athens. Furthermore, two intensive monthly campaigns were held at a central site in Piraeus, where Greece's busiest passenger port is located, during both winter (December 2018–January 2019) and summer (June–July 2019) periods. Organic aerosol (OA), sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride were measured using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), while black carbon (BC and source-specific components) was measured using a multi-wavelength aethalometer (AE-33). The variability of concentrations at different temporal scales was examined, revealing differences for primary aerosol components, depending on site type and location, and related to local sources and transport processes. Biomass burning for domestic heating was found to be a key factor during wintertime, leading to uniform OA and BC levels at both sites, while the local sources in Piraeus (traffic, port activity) lead to substantially increased levels during the summer. Secondary sources were found to affect both sites in a relatively homogeneous manner.


Abstract Hydroxyanthraquinones, model compounds for anthracycline antibiotics, are reduced by Fe(II)-ADP and Fe(II)-phosphate complexes to produce semiquinone radicals. In case the corresponding hydroquinone is stable, two electron reduction is caused by the Fe(II)-phosphate complex, rather strong reducing agent.


-1 min -1 ). Fat-free mass, body surface area and stature are also used as denominators. However, issues related to the validity of estimates of fat free mass and body surface area need to be considered if these variables are used as denominators. For example, 54% and 52% of the variance in anaerobic mean and peak power obtained with the Wingate test (WAnT) was predicted by biological maturation, body mass and leg length in Portuguese adolescent basketball players aged 14-16 years. Biological maturation was expressed as the ratio of skeletal age (SA) to chronological age (CA) (1). The WAnT performance is often reported in Watt per unit of body mass or per unit of thigh volume. Ratio standards, isometry and elastic similarity Simple ratio standards (mL kg -1 min -1 ; W kg -1 ; W L -1 ) have been strongly criticised (2,3). Expressing functions relative to anthropometric dimensions is meant to control for inter-individual variability in body size and is based on the assumption of geometric similarity. The ratios rely on the assumption that variables expressed as the ratio are linearly related, but the assumption can be erroneous. Although ratio standards are commonly used to control for the effects of body size on performance, other methods provide plausible alternatives. Relationships among length, surface area and volume have implications for metabolism and thermoregulation. All linear anthropometric dimensions of the body, such as stature, segment lengths, and breadths have the dimension d. All areas including body surface area and muscle cross-sectional areas have the dimension d 2 . Total body volume given by air displacement plethysmography and other volumes (lung, heart, lower limb) have the dimension d 3


This thesis addresses non-fatal injuries leading to disability following motor vehicle collisions, based on data from insurance files, police reports and crash recordings of real-life rear impacts where the change of velocity and the crash pulse were measured. The main focus is on minor (AIS 1) neck injuries, also called whiplash injuries. The purpose is to describe the distribution of disabilities among occupants over time and to study the importance of different injury severity assessment levels on the priority ranking of the disability pattern. Another purpose is to study the characteristics and associated risk factors of rear impacts causing short- and long-term consequences to the neck (AIS 1) regarding crash severity and risk of injury in the struck car, in different car models. It was found that during the last two decades there has been a change in the distribution of disabilities. Two body regions dominated the change. Injuries to the lower extremities have decreased since the 1970s and AIS 1 neck injuries have increased. Furthermore, depending on level of disability, different types of injuries were predominant. Concerning risk factors for AIS 1 neck injuries in rear impacts there were differences regarding crash severity parameters for long- and short-term consequences. The principal conclusion is that AIS 1 neck injuries have increased both in proportion and in number and are the dominating injury among non-fatal injuries leading to disability. This should preferably be evaluated with on-board measurement techniques in real-life collisions. It is recommended that the prevention of neck injuries in rear impacts should be directed toward the seat characteristics of the car. Priorities for intervention should be based on fatalities and injuries causing long-term consequences. (A)


Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used as genetic markers to identify the chromosomal location of Rsv, a gene conferring resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV). An F 2 population was constructed from a cross between soybean line PI 96983 as the resistant parent and cultivar Lee 68 as the susceptible parent. Twenty-five RFLP and three SSR loci, polymorphic between the parental lines, were analyzed in 107 F 2 individuals. Genotypes of Rsv were determined by inoculating F 2.3 progeny RACT with the G1 strain of SMV. Data also were collected for an additional soybean gene (w1/W1), which controls anthocyanin pigmentation in hypocotyls and flowers [...]


Abstract Since January 2006 and the introduction of choice at the point of referral, marketing is increasingly recognised as an essential tool for survival in the new market for NHS patients and their choice of service provider. In March 2008, the Department of Health published a code of practice for the promotion of NHS funded services. In April 2008, 'Free Choice' was rolled out, giving increased freedom of choice to patients. Most senior managers in the NHS acknowledge the increasing need for an understanding of marketing and how it can benefit their organisation. This is illustrated by the proliferation of marketing conferences and meetings available, such as the recent NHS Marketing Forum 2008 held by the Health Service Journal in October 2008, supported by the NHS and the Chartered Institute of Marketing, among others.


In this paper, some new approximations to the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution via the He's homotopy perturbation method are proposed. There are several methods which provide an approximation of the integral in the formula for the cumulative distribution function by different numerical methods. For the same purpose, we first establish a differential equation of the second order that the cumulative distribution function satisfied subjected with the certain initial conditions. Then we apply the Homotopy Perturbation Method to solve the Cauchy problem for the governing equation. As well known, the result of solving an equation by this method and the convergence rate greatly depend on the choice of homotopy applied. Therefore, we consider two cases in this work. In one case, we construct the homotopy from the idea of simplicity. In the next case, we just follow the procedure of the general approach proposed early. As a result, we obtain several approximations which can be are easily calculated and are better than some other approximations. Numerical comparison shows that our approximations are very accurate.


Aim The antihyperglycemia effect of vandate in a certain dosage and the concurrent change of relevant hormones were observed. Methods Gavage method was employed to introduce sodium orthovanadate (20 mg·kg-1·d-1, 2 wks) into Wistar rats with or without diabetes, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glucose-induced insulin secretion curve (GIISC), body weight and serum levels of glucagon and corticosterone were detected.Results This dosage of vanadate did not exert significantly influence on OGTT and serum levels of glucagon and corticosterone, but inhibited maximal insulin secretion and body weight gain in normal rats. In diabetic rats, by contrast, OGTT was improved significantly and the elevated glucagon and corticosterone were reduced markedly or normalized by vanadate, but body weight and GIISC did not change significantly. Conclusion Vandate in such dosage lowers glycemia effectively, ameliorates the disorder of glucose homeostasis and glucotropic hormones, but has obvious side-effect on body weight.


The present invention relates to a method for controlling the input and output of a sound and an electronic device thereof. Provided are the method for controlling the input and output of a sound and the electronic device thereof, capable of changing an input or output path of a sound according to the intention of a user without a behavior to change the input and output path of the electronic device (for example, pushing a button and separating a connected device) when the user listens to music or calls if a connection device to input or output the sound is connected to the electronic device.


The apparent zerogap fermions in α-(BEDT-TTF) 2 I 3 are recently proposed to obey the tilted Weyl equation which is very unusual. The Hall conductivity, the conductivity and the orbital susceptibility are investigated theoretically for electrons described by this tilted Weyl equation. It is found that these quantities are enhanced due to tilting but keeping the same dependence on chemical potential as in the absence of tilting. Based on these results and expected temperature dependence of the chemical potential in α-(BEDT-TTF) 2 I 3 , it is found that there will be the strong enhancement of the Hall coefficient toward low temperatures. Moreover, it is proposed that the sharp but continuous reversal of the sign of the Hall coefficient is possible at low temperatures if the extremely small amount of electron doping, about 1 ppm, exists. These results may explain very anomalous features of Hall coefficient observed in α-(BEDT-TTF) 2 I 3 and can be an unambiguous indication of the existence of the zerogap fer...


ABSTRACT This paper examines the theoretical framework of the economic socialization of children and youth, and characterizes the dynamics of the process of socialization within the family, and as it applies to the consumer behavior of the young people. The meaning, conditions, and types of economic and consumer socialization, as well as the diversity of its determinants are examined. INTRODUCTION Economics and economic issues and concepts are destined to appear in people's everyday life regardless of their education, socioeconomic or cultural background. Whether through personal experience, through external sources such as peers or news media, or by formal education, people confront both the economic terms and their practical aspects on a variety of issues relevant to their socioeconomic performance and existence. These terms may include employment, earning, spending, saving, and investing on a microeconomic level; and inflation, taxes, government spending, deficits, and economic growth on a macroeconomic level. Walstad (1996) indicates that by thinking about, and practicing on a variety of economic issues, people develop economic opinions and attitudes. He states that the effective process of making sense of the economic world and its complex and wide-ranging economic issues starts at an early age and continues throughout the years of formal schooling (and) indeed over a lifetime (where) economic opinions and attitudes continue to form and change" (p.162). Socialization is generally defined as a process through which individuals learn to interact in society. It concerns learning social roles and acquiring the knowledge and skills related to them (Furnham, 1996, p.11). It is also defined as the process to acquire knowledge, skills, and value dispositions that enable individuals to participate as more or less effective members of groups and society (Brim, 1966; Danes, 1994; McNeal, 1987; Moschis, 1981). In terms of the notion of social control, socialization becomes the process of learning expected behavior patterns from those who have been more socialized such as parents, teachers, peers, or the mass media. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This process of socialization, as it is described above, is dynamic, systematic, and vigorous. It progresses with age and maturity of the subject. According to the Piagetian Cognitive-developmental Model, each individual child passes through a quasi-universal set of qualitatively different stages of socioeconomic understanding, moving from simple-concrete to complex- abstract notions of their physical and social world (Dittmar, 1996, p.77). As Roland-Levy (1999) indicates, Piaget proposes a transactional process which links children's cognitive stages to their experience of the world, emphasizing the primacy of children=s action in their development and maturation. Another dominant theory in this field is the Environmentalistic Learning Theory, which focuses on children's behavior as a direct reflection to their environment. This theory can suitably complement Piaget's Cognitive Model for it offers an explanation of the inter-individual variations in the learning of children at the same age while Piaget's stresses the intra-individual differences as children grow up (Youniss, 1978). From an interpersonal perspective, the communication behavior of children can be based on their social and family relations using co-orientational variables in line with Newcomb's (1953) ABX paradigm (Moschis, 1991). According to this paradigm, two persons A and B are co-oriented to an object of communication, X. Moschis (1991) believes that this paradigm has been particularly useful for it is applicable to groups and to the actual interpersonal relations among people and their cognitions and perceptions. Assuming that family communication patterns can be instrumental in guiding the family members as they encounter situations outside the immediate family context, McLeod and O'Keefe (1972) applied Newcomb's paradigm to parent-child communication structures and patterns and came up with a new typology (Figure 1). …


We report the first demonstration of a multilevel cell (MLC) resistance device using a self-aligned WOx film prepared by plasma oxidation. The 2-bit/cell operation is achieved by applying a series of 1.5 V programming pulses. The device shows high thermal stability and good data retention. The resistance change can be attributed to variable-range hopping and Ohmic transport mechanisms. This device has the potential for future low-voltage, 3-dimensional nonvolatile memory with multiple bits per layer. In addition, no additional mask is needed to form the self-aligned device.


An aerodynamic design method for low-speed airfoils is developed which couples RANS(Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) code and Response Surface Methodology(RSM) to find an airfoil geometry with improved aerodynamic performance at single or multiple design-objectives while maintaining other aerodynamic and geometric constraints.The design cases shows that reduced model without second-order cross items with more design variables can obtain better design results than full quadratic polynomials model,and multi-objective design improves the off-design performance in single-objective design.


Design of microsystems in a circuit simulation environment requires an equivalent circuit representation that not only accommodates mixed signals from very different energy domains but also their strong coupling, which in many cases can turn out to be highly nonlinear. Here, the most important step for expedient yet accurate system-level simulations lies in the description of underlying coupling elements and associated variables in terms of compact equivalent circuits. In this paper, we present a technique to describe coupling behavior using dependent passive elements which is very effective in synthesis of simple and compact equivalent circuits for simulation of electromechanical and electrothermal microsystems. A detailed description of the circuit synthesis procedure is given along with three SPICE simulation examples comprising an electrothermal resistor, electrostatically actuated parallel plate capacitor and torsional micromirror. In the last two examples, we examine device operation from the viewpoint of constant voltage and constant charge operation modes, and their effect on electrostatic pull-in.


Detailed analysis of samples from 34 porphyry copper, porphyry molybdenum, and copper skarn deposits indicates that the generally rare 3R polytype of molybdenite is common in these deposits and its occurrence is related to rhenium abundance and minslalization stage. Both rhenium content and 3R abundance increase with time during the primary stages of mineralization, as the molybdenite deposition changes from veinlets associated with K-silicate alteration to veinlets with no associated alteration. Late hydrolytic alteration, associated with pyrite-quartz veins in porphyry systems and hydrous silicate-calcite-sul-fide deposition in associated skarns, results in reworking of earlier-deposited molybdenite, leaching of rhenium, and recrystallization of the metastable 3R polytype to the stable 2H, polytypi. Supergene alteration also results in rhenilm ls46hing, but kinslis barriers impede recrystallization to the 2H' polytype. A model is suggested to a@ount for this behavior, based on di.fferent solubilities of rhenium and molybdenu-n as a function of K*,/Na* and pH changes in the hydrothermal solutions.


This study examines the importance which consumers place on various salesperson attributes in the retail purchase of durable goods. From an original list of 25 salesperson characteristics, exploratory factor analysis was used to identify seven underlying dimensions, and trustworthiness was found to be of greatest importance. Because past research had suggested that dependability was a critical buyer concern, the extent to which retail salespeople were considered dependable in providing a number of specific selling services was also examined as an additional part of the present study. This analysis generally showed that while consumers place great importance on sales rep dependability, they do not have high levels of confidence in the current retail sales force providing it.


ABSTRACT. Filter paper blood samples collected neonatally from infants with congenital hypothyroidism were analysed retrospectively for TSH (n= 41) and thyroxine (n= 16). The patients were detected by clinical signs and symptoms and treatment was started during the first two years of life. Similar blood samples from control infants were analysed for comparison. All CH patients would have been detected neonatally if screening had been based on TSH analyses with a cut‐off limit corresponding to 50 mU of TSH/I of plasma. A screening programme involving analyses of thyroxine would require considerably higher recall frequency to yield 100% sensitivity. These results support a nationwide CH screening program based on TSH analyses of PKU filter paper blood samples using 50 mU/I of plasma as the cut‐off limit.


Rotating stall, the phenomenon of unevenly distributing stall cells rotating in the runner, is one of the most unfavorable flow patterns in the pump-turbine. It occurs at off-design operating conditions and always induces intensive pressure pulsations and hydraulic vibrations, and may cause structural failures of the pump-turbine. Therefore, the characteristics of the rotating stall should be investigated thoroughly at all possible operating conditions. In this study, the rotating stall phenomenon in a model pump-turbine during the runaway transient scenario was simulated by the three-dimensional numerical model. The entire process of the formation of the rotating stall in this scenario was analyzed by the spatial distributions of channel discharges in the runner and their time-varying features. The results show that the rotating stall evolves dynamically and demonstrates irregular local variations. The runner channel discharges can recognize the rotating stall effectively and describe their characteristics semi-quantitatively. This study presents some understandings about the rotating stall in transient scenarios and may contribute to the reveal of the reasons for the hydraulic instabilities of pump-turbines during these scenarios.


ner, the creation of a technical vocabulary for art criticism (adapted from the professional manuals written by Classical artists), the collecting and copying of Greek works of art, and the removal of art production from the democratic classical poleis to the Hellenistic centres of power and patronage. In undergoing aestheticization, Classical Greek artworks were disembedded from the 'pragmatic' social and religious contexts explicated by Tanner in the preceding chapters, and given an entirely different range of associations. Artists and viewers became increasingly conscious of the referential qualities of iconographic models, and increasingly adept at playing around with them. The most palpable social function of Classical art in its new Hellenistic or Roman context was the construction of personal status and power relations, as Tanner illustrates vividly using extracts from Philostratus, Lucian and Petronius. One does occasionally feel, when reading this book, that the differences between the Classical and Hellenistic worlds are slightly overdrawn — this is perhaps due to the imbalance of the chapters, three of which focus on Classical Greece (and mainly Athens), leaving only one chapter in which to cover the (vast) territory of the Hellenistic and Roman worlds. There is, for instance, some distortion in the treatment of the ancient viewers of art. Two kinds of viewer populate Tanner's book: the first is the eloquent, intellectual, upper-class male, who manipulates an increasingly technical vocabulary to compose sophisticated literary responses to the statues and paintings that he contemplates. The second type of viewer is the anonymous 'everyman', who responds primarily to the corporeality of the naturalistic statue, to its physiology, physiognomy and gestures. Tanner explains convincingly why and how the first ('intellectual') type of viewer could exist only in the social climate of the Hellenistic world of Chapter 5 — but why should the second ('embodied') type be restricted to the Classical Greece of Chapters 2, 3 and 4? Surely we can presume that naturalistic statues in later periods provoked similarly instinctive, empathetic responses from their mixed audiences? While the categorical exclusion of anonymous and illiterate viewers from the later period does serve to throw the new viewing practices into relief, it might have been more interesting to include and think about the other sorts of people who lived and looked alongside the educated, erudite members of the elite. As it stands, the only 'deviant' viewers in Chapter 5 appear in texts that poke fun at them (e.g. Petronius' Trimalchio, pp. 249–50, and Encolpius, pp. 258–61). There are many ideas in this book which students of Classical art could and should be introduced to. However, Tanner doesn't always provide the reader with all the information needed to understand these ideas. For example, Dionysus of Halicarnassus makes an entrance on p. 209 without his dates or any mention of his cultural background at a point when these details really do matter — neither does this writer appear in the book's index. It would also have been very helpful if the structure and goals of the book had been explained at greater length in Chapter 1 and reviewed again in a conclusion: instead, the epilogue introduces a selection of new material and ideas. Of course, the fact that a book is difficult and invites careful reading hardly counts as a criticism. But one still wonders whether Tanner's ideas might have been signposted and expressed more clearly, without compromising on the complexities of argument and depth of insight which make this one of the most important and exciting new publications in the field of classical art history.


Construction projects of facilities to mine and refine the oil sands deposits in Alberta, Canada experienced cost overruns, and to lesser extend schedule delays. These cost overruns were the result of a mismanagement of risks that occur due to the size and complexity of the project. COAA (2006), McTague and Jergeas (2002), and the Albertan Government (2004) identified under average labour productivity rates as one of the major causes for low performance. The recommendation based on those findings was to implement a detailed execution planning strategy at the
workface. The Construction Owners Association of Alberta (COAA) composed of owner companies in the oil and gas industry, engineering firms, and construction firms, initiated a steering committee to develop a model that enables companies to implement and execute such a planning strategy. This research intends to validate that the implementation of a detailed execution planning strategy lead to higher project performance.


.A. ~~~~~~~~~~~eventually to discard the samples without analysisafter the patienthas recovered. In some, however, the samples will be vital to establish the diagnosis,determine treatment, and occasionally,for medicolegal purposes. In selected cases the samples may also be used to investigate the toxicity or non-toxicityof the poison for the benefit of future patients.All toooften, sample collection isoverlooked orsamples inadvertently disposed ofwiththeresult that the casecanneverbefully evaluated. Theadmitting doctor should seethat this does nothappen.


An urgent task in creating and using composite materials is the assessment and prediction of their performance properties and reliability. Currently, when studying the reliability of the materials, there is little experimental data, mathematical descriptions, and models for both probabilistic and deterministic methods to assess reliability. Based on the obtained experimental data, this article discusses the development of a methodology for predicting reliability. The article also proposes a statistical model for assessing reliability by the criterion of the structural strength of products made of polymer composite materials. The characteristics of the reliability changes in the materials when in operation are presented. The calculation allowed obtaining graphs showing the dispersion and statistical variability of the characteristics of polypropylene-based polymeric materials at the design, production, and operation stages of the product life cycle. The computational experimental results for determining the influence of the shape of inclusions and mass on the mechanical properties of a polymer composite material aimed at improving the strength characteristics of the products are presented. Based on a computational experiment in the MSC Digimat MF nonlinear solver, equations are provided to demonstrate the regression dependence of the strength of a part made of a polymer composite material on technological factors.


Microbial fuel cell (MFC) with a modified anode is one of the new methods to increase MFC efficiency. This study synthesized an anode modified with cobalt manganese oxide (MnCo2O4@CF) on carbon felt (CF) by easy hydrothermal method and binder-free. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured with and without diclofenac (DCF). According to SEM results, MnCo2O4 was uniformly dispersed on the anode electrode surface. Moreover, the maximum power density in COD (1000 mg/L), 48 h. condition without DCF (726 mA/m2) was 165 ± 0.012 mW/m2 and with DCF concentration of 20 mg/L, it was 308 ± 0.013 mW/m2 (992 mA/m2). In addition, in the presence of 10 mg/L DCF concentration, the maximum COD removal efficiency was 82% ± 1.93 at 48 h. COD removal efficiency without DCF was 94.67% ± 0.02 at 72 h. After 72 h, the maximum removal efficiency of COD and DCF in the carbon anode was 41% ± 1.15 and 9.5% ± 0.23, respectively. Moreover, the maximum DCF removal efficiency using a MnCo2O4 anode was 56% ± 0.55, at 48 h; the initial COD concentration was 500 mg/L, and the DCF concentration was 20 mg/L. This research showed that coating the anode with MnCo2O4 could lead to the increased growth of microorganisms on the surface of the anode, decreased load transfer resistance, increased power density, and more removal of COD and DCF. As a result, the performance of fuel cells with modified anode and removal of DCF increased compared to anode with CF-MFC. Thus, the performance of fuel cells with modified anode and removal of DCF increased compared to anode with CF-MFC.


The real economy is the root of the economy of a country.The real economy of our country faces a potential risk of hollowing,which arises from the following factors: rise of cost,heavy tax,low demand,excess producing capacity,restricted investment,financing problems,inadequate innovation,low comparative benefits,and so forth.To better develop the real economy,we must create a more favorable environment,including financial and taxation support,financial support,suppression of speculation,abolishment of monopoly,acceleration of innovation system building,and so on.


The study of strategic emerging industries is a hot issues and difficult problems to be solved in current theory and industries.In this paper,an example based on Hunan strategic emerging industries,the internal mechanism of the development of strategic emerging industries is studied from the new perspective of the enterprise network embedded and strategic positioning.In a certain extent,the study not only promoted the development of the management theory,but also proposed workable countermeasures and suggestions for the healthy development of China's strategic emerging industries,especially for the healthy development of strategic emerging industries in Hunan Province.


Eye gaze provides indicative information about the status and the behavior of a person and can be very assistive in human-computer interaction. Eye-gaze analysis is very helpful in a variety of applications in order to understand the interest of the users, their behavior or even to unveil distractions. However, the accurate eye-gaze estimation is a very challenging process. In this paper, we present an eye gaze estimation work that relies on convolutional neural networks which imitate the LeNet's architecture. They analyze eye gaze and provide a 2D vector that concerns the coordinates of the specific pixel inside the 2D screen's space, in which the user is looking at. Also, a system capable of working under various real-world conditions such as light, angle and distance differentiations was designed and developed. An evaluation study was performed and the results are quite promising pointing out that the system is scalable and accurate in estimating the eye gaze of the users.


Iron-doped porous silica was prepared using poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as the template and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silicon precursor. In the novel routine, iron doping and porous material fabrication could be finished in one step. The influence of doping amount of iron on the samples was studied. The low temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, SEM, FTIR and XRD methods were employed to analyze the surface area, pore structure and surface groups of the as-made samples. The BET surface area and pore volume of the best sample is higher than 700 m(2).g(-1) and 1 mL.g(-1), respectively. The catalytic performance of the samples upon phenol-decomposition by H(2)O(2) in solution was investigated. The results show that the as-made sample could catalyze the phenol-decomposition reaction by H(2)O(2) in wide pH range (3 similar to 8). The reason might lay in the fact that iron species is stabilized in the framework of porous silica, thus preventing them from hydrolyzing under high pH values.


Previous research indicates that the interrelated aspects of low self esteem and debilitating anxiety play a significant part in drug abuse. As a means of primary prevention this paper suggests the use of relaxation training to develop self esteem and reduce drug abuse. The aims of this paper are to provide an overview of relaxation training and electromyography and focus this approach on the needs of early adolescents as they may relate to the provision of a constructive alternative to drug abuse.


The beginning of rainy season in Dali and mean monthly sea-surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean from June 1961 to May 2008 on 286 grid points by 5×5 and SSTA from NCEP/NCAR were used.We used correlation analysis to search the relationship between SST of Pacific Ocean and the beginning of Rainy season in Dali.It shows that they have a close relationship.SST of Pacific Ocean in the spring and last autumn have a strong effect on the beginning of rainy season in Dali.When an El Nino event occurs before rainy season begin,the beginning of rainy season in Dali will be later.On the contrary,when a La Nina event occurs before rainy season begin,the beginning of rainy season in Dali will be earlier.Especially,we find that anomalous SST of Nino3 has a very strong effect on the beginning of rainy season in Dali.When SST in May of Nino3 is higher than usual,the beginning of rainy season in Dali will be later.Otherwise,SST in May of Nino3 is lower than usual,the beginning of rainy season in Dali will be earlier.So the abnormality of SST in Nino3 can be seemed as a strong signal and factor to forecast the beginning of rainy season in Dali.


Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a member of the IL-6 family with several, well-documented modes of biological action, namely and most notably, stimulatory and maturational actions on megakaryocytopoiesis within hematopoietic tissues and related thrombocytopoiesis, along with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects on both gastrointestinal (GI) crypts and hematopoietic progenitors [1]. IL-11 belongs to the gp130 family of cytokines and besides IL-6, IL-11 is the only member of this family which acts on a homodimer of the ubiquitously expressed gp130 co-receptor. Responsiveness of cells is, therefore, determined by the presence of the IL-11 receptor (the IL6 receptor in the case of IL-6). It might be possible that certain cells are not responsive to IL-11 due to the lack of the IL-11 receptor expression. In such a case, the use of a 'Hyper-IL-11' (soluble IL-11 receptor-α fused with IL-11 without any artificial linker to avoid induction of antibody production) might be not only possible but perhaps appropriate [2]. IL-11 is a drug currently in clinical use (Neumega/ Oprelvekin, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. Philadelphia, PA, USA) for preventing thrombocytopenia induced by chemotherapy. Its biologics licensing application was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) on 25 November 1997. Recombinant human IL-11ʹs (rhuIL-11) therapeutic efficacy for the above mentioned indications has been thoroughly investigated [3,4]. However, recombinant human IL-11 has been generally overlooked and underappreciated as a potential radiation medical countermeasure (MCM) for the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) and radiation injuries in general [5,6,7]. The active ingredient in Neumega, Oprelvekin, is produced in Escherichia coli by recombinant technology. This is a non-glycosylated protein of 177 amino acids with approximately 19,000 Da molecular weight. This polypeptide differs from the 178 amino acid native IL-11 molecule only in lacking the proline residue at the amino-terminus. This structural change has not demonstrated any measurable differences in bioactivity [8]. The major hematopoietic property of Neumega is stimulation of thrombopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis. This agent has demonstrated thrombopoietic efficacy in animal models of compromised hematopoiesis, including myelosuppressed mice and nonhuman primates (NHP). Neumega improved platelet recoveries and platelet nadirs compared to untreated controls. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that megakaryocytes developed with the treatment of Neumega are structurally normal. Furthermore, platelets produced in response to Neumega treatment were functionally and morphologically normal and had a normal life span [8]. In preclinical studies of radiation injuries, it has been shown that the administration of IL-11 significantly improves both structure and function of GI and hematopoietic tissues in animals exposed to acute lethal doses of radiation. Specifically, IL-11 treatment fosters GI crypt survival and also reduces mucosal injury after total-body irradiation (TBI) [9], while IL-11 in combination with granulocyte colonystimulating factor (G-CSF) enhances recovery of blood granulocytes and select myeloid compartments of the bone marrow of acutely irradiated, pancytopenic mice [10]. These early studies employed primarily a preclinical murine model of acute radiation injury as well as more chronic radiation injuries demonstrating that the combination treatment regimen of IL-11 and G-CSF was clearly superior to either recombinant treatment. This appeared to be the case not only in terms of hastening recovery of hematopoietic tissues but also in improving overall blood profiles. The prominent features of the recombinant IL-11, specifically in terms of radioprotective efficacy and related toxicology, are provided below as well as in Table 1.


The long term goal of this project is aid the conservation of the critically endangered freshwater sawfish Pristis microdon in Indonesia and throughout its range. Our specific aims are to: (1) determine the taxonomic status of Indonesian P. microdon; (2) estimate the genetic diversity within populations of P. microdon in Indonesia and compare this with genetic diversity within Australian populations of the species; and (3) estimate the genetic differentiation among populations of P. microdon in different areas of Indonesia and among populations of P. microdon in Indonesia and Australia. To achieve these aims we will measure the genetic diversity within and among Indonesian populations of P. microdon, using mtDNA and nuclear microsatellite markers amplified from dried rostra, to avoid the need for sampling living tissue from these endangered fishes. To date, not much can be reported, as the planned lab works in the proposal, the activities done were collecting samples (due to the species is belong to the endangered species the samples are very-very rare, so far we just got at the end of the year 2 samples), extracting DNA and optimizing PCR for amplification of DNA and also optimizing conditiona for microsatellite analysis. Two article published, one in an international journal and one article in a proceeding of national seminar; as well as on in ppt presentation presented in an International seminar.


The Fraunhofer "Smart Ocean Technologies" (SOT) research team extends its range of services towards underwater technology by developing new internal infrastructure. To test sensor technology and materials, empirical underwater data is required to evaluate new technology within realistic conditions. Various external factors like swell, wind, and the underwater environment itself complicate stable framework conditions during the measurements. For this purpose, a test platform called MiniLab was developed which can be extended by modules with respect to common interfaces. It serves as a base frame for internal as well as external projects. The MiniLab consists of an underwater unit and an on-ground unit. Both are connected via a hybrid underwater cable. In addition to the environmental conditions, camera live streams can be transmitted. The MiniLab service platform is currently being used in the Warnow River and in the Digital Ocean Lab (DOL) in the Baltic Sea. However, it is available for observations in other waters (Fraunhofer, 2021a).


Abstract : Chronoamperometry at ultramicroelectrodes is a powerful and convenient technique for the determination of apparent diffusion coefficients and concentrations of electroactive cations ion-exchanged into Nafion and Dow perfluorosulfonate films. This technique offers tremendous advantages over the conventional electrochemical methods which employ film coated macro sized electrodes. These advantages stem from the elimination of iR distortion at the ultramicroelectrode and from the ability to determine both the concentration and apparent diffusion coefficient of the electroactive cation from a single experiment. Further improvements over the conventional approach were achieved by eliminating coupled diffusion and migration contributions to the measured current response. Under these conditions, charge is transported via ionic diffusion rather than through electron hopping. Furthermore, the apparent diffusion coefficients decrease with increasing concentration of the electroactive cation in the film.


Montironi R, Scarpelli M, Mazzucchelli R, Cheng L & Lopez‐Beltran A
(2012) Histopathology 60, 41–58
The spectrum of morphology in non‐neoplastic prostate including cancer mimics


ccording to requirement of measuring the movement of the micro component in the MicroElectroMechanical System, an optical measurement method based on optical fiber Michelson interferometry is described. The effects of different movement of the micro component on output signal are discussed. Some primary experimental results are also given in the paper. 


Charmed meson decays into a pseudoscalar meson P and a tensor meson T are studied. The charm to tensor meson transition form factors are evaluated in the Isgur-Scora-Grinstein-Wise (ISGW) quark model. It is shown that the Cabibbo-allowed decay $D_s^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$ is dominated by the W-annihilation contribution and has the largest branching ratio in $D\to TP$ decays. We argue that the Cabibbo-suppressed mode $D^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$ should be suppressed by one order of magnitude relative to $D_s^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$. When the finite width effect of the tensor resonances is taken into account, the decay rate of $D\to TP$ is generally enhanced by a factor of $2\sim 3$. Except for $D_s^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$, the predicted branching ratios of $D\to TP$ decays are in general too small by one to two orders of magnitude compared to experiment. However, it is very unlikely that the $D\to T$ transition form factors can be enhanced by a factor of $3\sim 5$ within the ISGW quark model to account for the discrepancy between theory and experiment. As many of the current data are still preliminary and lack sufficient statistic significance, more accurate measurements are needed to pin down the issue.


Mixed methods research (MMR) has been adopted in a variety of disciplines, including health science, social studies, psychology, early childhood, and business. More recently, higher education researchers adopted this methodology, but with limited evaluation on the quality of published mixed methods research. To enhance researchers' understanding of using MMR, we developed a 4-dimension codebook and reviewed 14 recently published mixed methods research articles that were published in 3 top journals in higher education. We found that researchers used 3 effective strategies to approach integration: (a) using a mixed methods research question to guide the mixed methods (MM) design, (b) using effective mixed methods sampling strategies to collect different types of data for the purpose of integration, and (c) using mixing techniques to interpret results for optimal maximum integration. Apart from the 3 effective integration strategies, a few insufficiencies have been singled out: (a) infrequent use of MM terminologies in the article title, (b) limited familiarity with MM data mixing strategies, and (c) non-optimal reporting of MM results. At the end, we synthesized the useful integration strategies and developed a checklist for higher education researchers to design high-quality mixed methods research studies.


This is an image (fig 1) of furuncular cutaneous myiasis, a skin infestation by the larvae (maggots) of certain fly species. The patient was a 38 year old woman who presented with …


After the concepts of "society," "culture," and the "embeddedness of religion" have been reviewed from the standpoint of the social sciences, religion's place in antiquity is considered in relationship to the Judean temple, ecclesia and synagogue, and the controverted terms "Jew" and "Christian." The meaning of religion, and the role it plays in human affairs, is argued to be fundamentally dependent upon its location in society or culture


The Catalan Sign Language (LSC) is the natural language of the deaf and hard of hearing people in Catalonia. One of the main reasons of the Deaf Community's marginalization in our society is due to a lack of recognition. In order to improve more knowledge about Catalan Sign Language, I did a brief lexical study about diachronic variation in LSC, which studies the difference of signs and the factors thet influence its use throughout the discourse of two deaf people of different ages. This work shows the lexical richness of LSC vocabulary and the existence of a clear evolution in this language. This evolution responds to the users' needs as with other languages, no matter if they are oral or signed. This leads us to my second goal: to prove that it is an alive and natural language and to show the importance of it to raise awareness in society and reach the equality between deaf and hearing people.


The saccharification of laccase-pretreated sawdust was optimized using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). OFAT studies of saccharification of the pretreated sawdust showed that the sawdust was best saccharified at the following conditions: cellulase concentration of 30 IU/g of sawdust, substrate concentration of 5.0% w/v, 50 °C, saccharification time of 36 h, and pH 5 where high yield of sugar obtained. Based on our previous pretreatment process of sawdust the optimized condition of pretreatment was achieved at sawdust size 1 mm, substrate concentration 5% (w/v), laccase enzyme concentration 20 IU/g, temperature 35°C, pH 5, and time 10 h at an agitation rate of 150 rpm. Since the condition of pretreatment and saccharification almost the same, and saccharification at 37 degrees gives good sugar, the integration of the two processes was investigated. The integration can be carried out without losses in the achieved sugar concentrations and yields. By this combination, the time required for these two steps could be shortened and saved. This integration may it combined with fermentation as one step, if fermentation conditions of same substrate were optimized.


We present a conceptual model for simulating the temporal adjustments in the banks of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). Basic conservation equations for mass, friction, and sediment transport capacity and the Exner equation were adopted to simulate the hydrodynamics underlying fluvial processes. The relationship between changing rates in bankfull width and depth, derived from quasiuniversal hydraulic geometries, was used as a closure for the hydrodynamic equations. On inputting the daily flow discharge and sediment load, the conceptual model successfully simulated the 30-year adjustments in the bankfull geometries of typical reaches of the LYR. The square of the correlating coefficient reached 0.74 for Huayuankou Station in the multiple-thread reach and exceeded 0.90 for Lijin Station in the meandering reach. This proposed model allows multiple dependent variables and the input of daily hydrological data for long-term simulations. This links the hydrodynamic and geomorphic processes in a fluvial river and has potential applicability to fluvial rivers undergoing significant adjustments.


Abstract Prolonged icterus is an important and common problem in neonatology and accurate determination of the different bilirubin species, including differentiation between delta-bilirubin and mono- and di-conjugated bilirubin, is useful for diagnostic purposes. However, most bilirubin measurements routinely performed in the clinical laboratory are hampered by the lack of separation of the four bilirubin fractions (unconjugated bilirubin, mono-conjugated bilirubin, di-conjugated bilirubin, and delta-bilirubin). Herein, we propose a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method, independent of commercially available standards or reliable molar absorption coefficients, for the determination of bilirubin fractions in blood samples from icteric patients. The method is a robust and reliable candidate for a semi-automatized setup for measuring the various bilirubin fractions in a specialized laboratory handling samples from clinics with expertise in biliary disease.


Robots have moved from reachable environments of laboratories and factories into the hazardous or remote environments in order to reduce the time, cost and risk involved in enabling humans to endure these conditions. The fault in a manipulator can be defined as any event in the system that degrades the performance of the manipulator, and as a result the manipulator becomes unable to perform its assigned task properly. A manipulator is fault tolerant if once one of the subsystems fails, the reduced manipulator still is capable of accomplishing its mission objective. In the proposed research, the failure recovery for force/moment (wrench) and velocity (twist) capabilities of parallel manipulators is investigated. A failure recovery methodology based on partitioning the mobile platform task space into the major and secondary subtasks, [1], is presented in order to accomplish the major subtask while optimizing the secondary goals.


In a grating-based tunable filter, an input beam that includes multiple wavelengths is directed into an input fiber of a circulator. The beam is collimated and then is reflected by a rotationally actuated mirror. The beam is then magnified and propagates onto and through a transmission diffraction grating which causes the different wavelengths of the transmitted beam to deflect into different angles. The wavelengths propagate onto and are reflected by a mirror and only a small portion of the wavelength spectrum of the transmitted beam will be reflected back along the incoming path and then propagated to the output fiber


The superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x phase is deposited on polycrystalline silver substrates by halide CVD in the temperature interval 760-820 degrees C. Metal iodides and oxygen are used as precursor materials. The films grow with a pronounced [001] orie


With the development of converged all-IP networks, new network services—supporting, among others, image, audio, and video—with high diversity emerge, which brings huge pressure and fierce competition to service providers because of increasing choices for users. Assessing end user's quality of experience (QoE) has become one of the main issues to meet high user requirements and satisfaction under any circumstances, which means receiving any service, anytime, anywhere, on any device, by any media and networking technology, across any operator domain. In this paper, we provide an overview of the field of QoE assessment approaches including three aspects: subjective assessment, objective assessment, and hybrid assessment. The discussion includes the definition, influence factors, and quantification approaches for QoE. Then, these three assessment methodologies are surveyed and compared across a number of factors. This paper also introduces challenges and opportunities in the area of QoE assessment.


Mango is the fifth fruit in the world in regards to production volume. Although this has increased strongly in the past 15 years, yields are still low and irregular. The most frequent hypothesis found in the literature to explain this is that the availability of carbohydrate can limit the formation of reproductive organs and growth and that high carbon mobilization during flowering can limit sugar availability for fruit growth. Furthermore, a long fruit growth period could reduce the formation of flowering twigs. A one-year experiment was carried out at CIRAD research station in Reunion Island with the objective to reduce energy loss during flowering to optimize, at tree level, source/sink relationships during fruit growth. As compared to control trees (with no removal of inflorescence) and trees where the distal half of each inflorescence was removed, removing 50% of the inflorescences increased fruit set and maintained yield and fruit size.


This work presents an analytical technique to describe the orientation behavior of short fibers in arbitrary two-dimensional homogeneous flows. It is shown that the fiber orientation, specified by a unit vector, can be analytically calculated at any instant using any initial orientation and flow kinematics. The rotation of a fiber with the bulk fluid deformation is expressed in terms of orientation vector components by utilizing an equivalent strain tensor calculated from the fluid kinematics. This technique is then used to evaluate the orientation behavior of a large number of fibers starting from different initial orientations, representing an orientation state. The orientation distribution function is generated statistically by considering the frequency distribution curve of the orientation of the large number of fibers. It is shown that using a combination of analytical solutions and statistical methods provides a convenient description of fiber orientation behavior. The accuracy of the generated orientation distribution function is found to be dependent on the number of fibers used in the analytical solution. The statistical orientation distribution function is compared with the exact solutions for certain homogeneous flows and found to be in close agreement.


Context: Frozen shoulder is a common condition which is seen in 2%–5% of the general population. It is a self-limiting condition which affects the range of motion of the patients in a capsular pattern. Aims: Although Pune Shoulder Rehabilitation Programme (PSRP) is being used for treating this condition still no study has been documented to find its efficacy as compared to conventional physiotherapy methods. Settings and Design: This was a quasi-experimental study and the study was done at Smt. Kashibai Navale General Hospital and Physiotherapy Outpatient Department, Pune. Institutional ethical clearance was taken on 7/8/2018 ref no. SKNCOPT/IEC/16/2018 before the commencement of this study. Subjects and Methods: Based on the study's inclusion criteria, 32 subjects were selected. The PSRP exercises were taught to each subject and given 10 repetitions with a hold of 10 s. For at least 45 min, each patient was treated. Patient's shoulder range of motion and visual analog scale were taken at the pretreatment, 2nd week, 4th week, and 6th week, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using Primer software with a level of significance P < 0.05. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare the outcome measures within the group. Results: The findings showed that over the 6th-week protocol, statistically significant improvements were found in pain and shoulder range of motion. Conclusion: PSRP exercise protocol is effective in increasing the range of motion and decreasing the pain in the shoulder caused by frozen shoulder.


Core and valence band spectra were obtained from a commercial PbO. The XPS data were collected with a VSW HA150 spectrometer equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα x-ray source and a multichannel detector. This report includes the Pb 4f, Pb 5d, Pb 4d, O 1s, C 1s, and valence band photoemission peaks. The XPS analysis showed the presence of small amounts of adventitious carbon, carbonate, adsorbed water, and significant amounts of hydroxide on the surface of the sample. When collected with achromic radiation the valence band region of PbO is overlapped by the Mg Kα3/4 satellites associated with the relatively intense Pb 5d and O 2s peaks. The use of monochromatic x-radiation allowed one to collect a high resolution valence band spectrum without the interference of these satellite features. This is of particular interest in the study of lead oxides because their XPS valence band spectra present features that can be used successfully to distinguish the different oxide forms.


This research program is an exploratory investigation on the concept of proactive safety behaviours within the context of work driving. A measure for proactive safety was developed and could be used as a complementary behaviour-based safety performance measure within the work driving context. The research program also provided a model on how organisations can engage their work drivers and management to be more proactive in managing risks while driving for work.


The blind separation of time-frequency overlapped multi-signals in single channel is essential for both military and commercial communication applications.A blind separation method based on multi-resolution analysis is proposed.The method could estimate the number of components,calculates the symbol rates and carrier frequencies,and also recognizes the modulation types.It requires no prior information,and has even more adaptability and robustness.Computer simulations have verified its validity and prospect in engineering applications.


In this study we have fabricated a hydrogen detection device based on semiconductor type with the advantages of smaller in size, higher sensitivity and capable to operate under room temperature. We have also demonstrated an improvement by applying back propagation neuron network to the system in order to minimize the amount of data transmission without influencing data quality. In the practical situation that monitoring the designate sites requires multiple sensing and wireless data transmission. Such function requires massive data transmission volume and would normally result higher power consumption and data lost in transmission. This study has developed a self-made hydrogen detection device and applied neuron network to assist the real time detection system deducing transmission volume. The empirical result has successfully reduced 97.4% of the transmitted data without sacrificing the original data quality. Which suggested an effective methodology to reduce data transmission volume requirement and conserve detection device power usage.


The devastating COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in the closure of all schools for nearly a year, violated articles 43(1)f, 53(1)b, and 55(a) of Kenya's 2010 constitution on the right to education. The Government of Kenya deprived UNDP-SGDs (2015) of goals on quality education and UNICEF (2018); Every Child Learns when enforcing the social distance policy, a direction of World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) preventive measures. Before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF (2018) cautioned that any attempt to inhibit child learning's welfare, such as play, would harm growth and development in early childhood. Modern educationalists have asserted that play with art plays a role in cognitive and social learning as an extension of recreation and elaboration of their conflicts. The paper aims to reconfigure rights to education on play with paintings and clay modelling among children affected by the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The researcher has focused on descriptive desktop research design art bases research activities such as playing with painting and clay modelling; it has examined the literature on psychoanalysis tools to create a discussion on the paper. The paper acknowledged the mission of WHO (2020), UNDP-SDGs (2015), UNICEF (2018), and Article 53(1)d of the Kenyan 2010 Constitution on Good Health for All Children. It has merited play with painting and clay modelling as a profound tool to re-configure rights to education among children affected by the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the paper suggested a campaign workshop or seminars for play with painting and clay modelling to champion the right to education among children in schools


Traumatic urinary bladder injuries in the recent times are considered to be of great importance in veterinary medicine, as they can lead to significant morbidity and subsequent mortality when diagnosed late or left untreated. However, the true incidence rates, absolute treatment recommendations and prognoses of lower urinary tract traumas are not available in literatures as the majority of specific information regarding lower urinary tract injuries in small animals exist as isolated case reports or small case series. Urologists may only encounter traumatic bladder injuries in their practice, because of the current modernization and human activities leading to increase in occurrence of the injuries. This paper reviews mainly the literatures and reports on the causes, clinical signs, diagnosis and management of traumatic urinary bladder injuries (blunt, penetrating and iatrogenic bladder traumas) to assist clinicians in this specialty. History, presenting clinical signs and laboratory evaluations are the diagnostic tools of bladder injuries and in predicting prognosis when treated. Despite presentation with nonspecific signs, haematuria and abdominal tenderness are the most common clinical signs of bladder rupture in animals. Early diagnosis and repair of bladder rupture offers good prognosis. Management of these conditions may require either solely medical or surgical intervention, while others will require a combined management intervention.

 Key words: Injuries, review, small animals, traumatic, urinary bladder.


The first enantioselective sp-sp3 cross-coupling reaction between alkynyl organometals and racemic benzyl bromides is reported. The coupling is performed at room temperature by using NiBr2diglyme and (S)-(iPr)-Pybox as the catalytic system and trialkynylindium reagents as nucleophiles. The reaction is stereoconvergent, both enantiomers of the racemic benzyl bromide are converted into one enantiomer of the product, and stereospecific. The reaction takes place efficiently in good yields and with high atom economy, as the triorganoindium reagents transfer the three organic groups attached to indium (only 40 mol % of R3In is used).


A honeycomb structure and a method of producing the same are provided to use foaming material particles with a diameter in the range of 5mum to 50mum, and paste containing 0.5 wt% to 10 wt% particles. A honeycomb structure(100) includes a ceramic block(140) having an outer peripheral surface and a coating layer(120) installed at the outer peripheral surface of the ceramic block. A plurality of honeycomb units(130) are bonded to each other by stacking an adhesive layer(110) between the honeycomb units. The honeycomb unit includes a plurality of cells and a cell separator dividing the cells. Each cell is sealed with a sealing member. An exhaust gas is taken in the one cell.


In view of that people need to spend a lot of time in studying garbage classification knowledge, garbage classification system based on cloud development had been designed, and the system includes functions such as text search, photo identification, common sense of garbage classification and green news, which will help people improve the cognition of garbage classification, and promote work development of garbage classification.


The paper presents substantiation of the rational use of combine harvesters'nominal throughput when threshing grain crops with the yield ranging from 0.8 to 5.0 t/ha and over. The main factors that determine nominal throughput of combine harvesters and their operational indicators are identified. The structure andcontents of thetechnological passport of combine harvesters are substantiated, and the algorithm of effective determination of their key operational indicators, based on the passport, are developed. These indicators depend on harvesting technology, grain crop yield, the share of non-grain part in the threshed grain bulk, the coverage of swath headers and direct-cut headers, and the operating speed of combine harvesters. The definition of the term "technological passport of the combine harvester" is given. Maximum and minimum allowable grain crop yield is established for the rational load of combine harvesters threshing at the standard operating speed of7.5 km/hrecommended by the Ministry of Agriculture of theRussian Federation. The existing methods make it possible to determine the operational efficiency of high-performance machinery by operational costs. However, they do not take into account the shortage of human resources when determining production cost of the threshed grain. As a result of the research conducted, the algorithm and techniques of determination of actual grain cost when harvesting grain crops by direct combining and swath harvesting methods are developed taking into account the need in combines of an i-class and combine operators. Production cost of grain threshed on the area of1000 hectarescalculated by the techniques developed, allows to define the minimum estimated and actual grain cost for an i-class combine harvester by direct combining and swath harvesting methods.


Some issues have become more relevant in recent years than the surge in social media usage across the world. Social media can be an effective mechanism for businesses to enhance profits and increase market share based on network capabilities, image transformation and personal extensibilities in the market. Despite this plausible prominence however, the impact of social media usage on business performance remains less understood in empirical terms. It is against this background that we seek to examine the significance of social media usage on profitability of SMEs in uMhlathuze Municipality. This study investigated the effect of social media usage on profitability of SMEs in uMhlathuze Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa using primary data and to achieve this objective, a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire administered. Furthermore, a common approach in earlier studies treats profitability as a continuous variable in a linear regression framework. The findings reveal a positive and significant association between social media usage and profitability using an ordered logit model. Notwithstanding this encouraging result, not all of the SMEs use social media for selling and advertising. of profitability. This study sought to investigate the effect of social media usage on profitability of SMEs in uMhlathuze Municipality. The findings reveal a positive and significant association between social media usage and profitability using an ordered logit model. Notwithstanding this encouraging result, not all of the SMEs use social media for selling and advertising. Therefore, based on our results, businesses that have not yet adopted social media as a method of advertising might need to consider adopting social media platforms as we find it to increases the chances of earning higher profits.


The invention relates to a heat transfer medium protective device, comprising a radiator and a cover body. The radiator comprises a base and a plurality of radiating fins located on one surface of the base; the other opposite surface of the base is sunken inwards to form a groove; the groove comprises a top wall and at least one side wall formed by surrounding the top wall; the top wall is provided with a heat transfer medium; the cover body corresponds to the groove and is covered on the base. The inside of the groove is provided with the heat transfer medium, and is matched with the cover body to close the heat transfer medium in the groove to avoid pollution.


The neighbors case,reported in Law Today,is a real case which is deriving from the daily life.The author analyzes the real case theoretically and two points are stressed,one is how to find a granting-a-favor relation exists;the other is what the legal basis of the liability of a favor-granter in such relation is.


This research concerned with the problems of teaching Arabic to students in Turkish universities, and gives a new vision for teaching (reading comprehen-sion) (spelling and construction) (Grammar) (listening and speaking) in the Arabic language. It is also the result of work in the teaching of the Arabic lan-guage for students of the Faculty of Theology at one of the universities in Tur-key. This study is very important because it gives solutions to many of the prob-lems of teaching the Arabic language in Turkey. The results were that I reached important, I've logged observations, I concluded that the best way to teach language skills to students, I explained the method of teaching the Arabic lan-guage depending on the approach to integration, I also mentioned examples of the use of technology in teaching Arabic to foreigners. I talked about the im-portance of psychological motives in teaching Arabic language, and parental relationship between teacher and student in language lessons conversation, and I found that that speaking and writing are the most important skills that a student should know in the Arabic language.


The aim of this paper is to look at the representation of the storm in selected television versions of Shakespeare's The Tempest. Special attention will be paid to Polish TV productions in the context of other film and telegenic renderings of the play. Of course, the specific nature of the tragicomedy and the position of the sea storm and shipwreck in particular will be a starting point for the discussion of how television aesthetics shapes the representation of storms on the small screen. The following questions will be posited: whether the teleplay draws more on the filmic codes or theatre-oriented ones; what the place of television genres is and how they inform the framing of storms; how the genres relate to the nature of the storms in Shakespeare's (Last) plays. Consequently, one needs to address the unnatural, supernatural and oneiric nature of Shakespeare's Last Plays as well as the status of Prospero's art that make the storm a magic phenomenon, yet one which - in the eyes of Miranda as well as the characters aboard the ship - appears a most realistic, indeed tangibly real element. This leads to the problem of realism in the triad of stage-television-film which will need to be addressed, too: how the producers managed to render this double nature of the reception of the storm by the characters in the play.


This paper is devoted to investigations of discontinuous metal films on semicondcutor surface by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Technology of local electrochemical deposition of noble metal nanoparticles on semiconductor substrate is elaborated. It allows to obtain as well isolated Au particles with the 2-50 nm diameter as some chain structures perhaps of fractal type. According to the TEM and AFM data the gold clusters have the form of a truncated spheres surrounded by uncovered microrelief areas of semiconductor. Comparison of these two methods allows to study the morphology of metal coating, and the shape of metal islands, and their sizes. The microrelief of substrate surface, inevitable at used technology of the gold preparation, has been identified. In order to study the effect of both gold island and surface roughness on the optical properties of structures, we performed the reflectance spectra of polarized light measurements at several angles of incidence. Optical reflectance spectra are interpreted by the modified Maxwell-Garnett theory taking into account the pair multipole interaction between the nanoparticles or by the symmetrical Bruggeman's approximation.


The stock of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis in the Yoshino River consists of three types, the amphidromous hatchery form, landlocked form derived from Lake Biwa and the native amphidromous form. The number of the native amphidromous form was estimated by analyzing the frequency distribution of the rank line scale number of the upper lateral line. Each frequency distribution of the three types was normally distributed and each average was significantly different from the other types. By fitting the normal distributions to the frequency distribution of the rank line scale number of the caught samples in which the fish from three types were mixed, the ratio of the native amphidromous form was calculated. The Marqualdt method was used for fitting the normal distributions. The number of the native amphidromous form was calculated from the ratio and the number of released hatchery form and landlocked form. The estimated number of the native amphidromous form from year 1998 to 2002 was 3,938,000, 17,147,000, 16,934,000, 24,630,000, and 32,628,000, respectively. The method adopted here is considered to be effective for the stock abundance estimation in big rivers such as the Yoshino River.


A study is made of the requirements of a mutual inductance system suitable for precise temperature measurements using about one gram of cerium magnesium nitrate. The mutual inductance is measured by a commercial version of the electronic bridge originally proposed by Pillinger, Jastram, and Daunt [Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 159 (1958)]. A discussion of the effects of spurious magnetic materials, of nearby paramagnetic salts, and of the vacuum jacket is given. The linearity and stability of the electronic bridge, as well as the effects of external circuitry, are also discussed. Results are given for the properties of two coil sets with cerium magnesium nitrate thermometers used to test the stability of the bridge and the validity of expressions for mutual inductance obtained in the text. It may be concluded that if solid air can be kept away from the coils, the long term instabilities for a 1‐g thermometer lead to errors of about 0.004°K−1 in 1/T. A comparison between ballistic and 17‐cps bridge measurements dow...


The consistency problem in replicated distributed database systems is complicated by the requirement to ensure mutual consistency across the nodes. Traditionally, it is solved by the semi-distributed approach in which all computations of a transaction are carried out at the site of its origination. In this paper, the impact of resource and data contention on the performance of Semi-distributed Algorithm (SDA) has been studied and is compared with Fully-distributed Algorithm (FDA) under different degree of communication overheads with the objective of obtaining some practical guidelines for the design of such systems. Centralized Static Two Phase Locking (CS2PL) is the concurrency control protocol adopted in both models to ensure the serializability of transactions. Results indicate that for both algorithms, data contention rather than resource contention is the dominant factor in affecting the system performance especially when granularity of database is fine. The study also suggests that SDA is more suitable for systems with low communication overheads whereas FDA performs better for systems with high resource contention in communication links and small transaction sizes. FDA has the additional advantage of greater tolerance towards unreliable networks.


Cybersecurity is of global importance. Nearly all association suffer from an active cyber-attack. However, there is a lack of making cyber policy violator more resilient for analysts in proportionately analyzing security incidents. Now the question: Is there any proper technique of implementations for assisting automated decision to the analyst using a comparison study feature selection method? The authors take multi-criteria decision-making methods for comparison. Here the authors use CICDDoS2019 datasets consisting of Windows benign and the most vanguard for shared bouts. Hill-climbing algorithm may be incorporated to select best features. The time-based pragmatic data can be extracted from the mainsheet for classification as distributed cyber-policy violator or legitimate benign using decision tree (DT) with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) (DT-AHP), support vector machine (SVM) with technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (SVM-TOPSIS) and mixed model of k-nearest neighbor (KNN AHP-TOPSIS) algorithms.


In this paper, we offer a perspective that differs from that endorsed by Lance (2008). Although we agree with some of Lance's assertions, particularly with regard to the effectiveness of well-trained assessors and the inappropriateness of the multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) approach for establishing construct validity of assessment center (AC) ratings, we disagree that the evidence he provides supports the conclusion that ACs lack validity to measure intended constructs. In contrast, we posit that the evidence clearly confirms that the AC method does in fact possess validity to assess and develop job-related performance dimensions. We bolster this proposition with four main arguments, which we articulate below.


Using the weighted density approximation for the exchange-correlation energy, the band-structure and bulk structural properties of the prototypical semiconductors Si and Ge have been systematically studied. The weighted density approximation is based on an improved description of the exchange-correlation hole that explicitly accounts for the inhomogeneous charge density found in real materials. We find that the approximation as proposed is inadequate for the case of semiconductors where charge inhomogeneity is intimately connected to a gap in the excitation spectrum with consequent qualitative changes in screening. We use a simple extension of the weighted density approximation which takes account of semiconductor screening. With this functional, we find substantial improvement in the calculated minimum gap over the results of the usual local-density approximation as compared to experiment. However, the direct gaps are not significantly improved. Calculated structural properties are, moreover, found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. By way of contrast, the weighted density approximation implemented with metallic screening gives a smaller change in the band structure and more importantly, substantially poorer calculated structural properties. A discussion of the qualitative differences between the weighted density approximation and the usual local-density approximation for covalently bonded semiconductors is presented.


A novel scheme of mesh editing based on wavelet analysis is proposed.Our approach has the merits of a number of techniques,such as FFD,LOD,DGP and wavelet analysis.With simplified models from original meshes used as geometric proxies,editing tasks can be completed with fewer operations.Detailed local information can be derived elegantly,while using shape variables as geometric signals on which wavelet analysis is conducted.This provides a convenient method to divisional signal processing.Its crucial novelty lies in the proposal of mesh editing based on consistent parameterization,which allows for modification of the topological structure of the proxy model.We also propose a new adaptive approach for better sampling of the geometric signals of the original model.As an extension of our spectrum editing scheme,we applied an editing principle to mesh editing,based on spherical wavelets with satisfactory results.


The statistical tables processing is an important applied fields of database technique. According to characteristics of statistical tables, this paper presents a simple method of automatically creating database structure. The key of this method is designs of genarator.


One hundred fourteen male primary school teachers in a state education system in Australia contributed data on psychological forces relevant to displays of warmth and directiveness in the classroom. Role conflicts and conflicts between teachers' needs and role expectations attributed to socially powerful role definers were found to be common. Hypotheses concerning the outcomes of these conflicts for "self-oriented" and "other-oriented" teachers were supported when predictions of warmth and directiveness of anticipated behavior were made for individual teachers.


Emissions from the FeO orange bands have been observed in the laboratory for many decades. The transition has been identified as D(5Δi)–X(5Δi) where the subscript identifies the five Ω spin components. While the ground-state molecular constants are well-known, information on the upper state is less precise, and this is primarily due to significant energy level perturbations. Using the available constants, a preliminary spectral simulation model of the orange bands has been developed with a wavelength accuracy of approximately 1/3 nm. Using data from the OSIRIS spectrograph on board the Odin spacecraft, these FeO orange bands have been identified as a component of the night airglow spectrum emanating from the upper mesosphere. The spectral simulation model is combined with the OSIRIS observations to determine the vibrational development of the FeO emissions in the airglow. The model is also applied to published laboratory observations of the orange bands, conducted at much higher pressure than for the airg...


Problems related to the design, construction and operation of typical retaining structures, presented in the form of monolithic and precast and reinforced concrete, are studied under the climatic conditions of the Irkutsk region. A comparative analysis with gabion basket structures is provided and the advantages of us-ing gabions are revealed. The costs of materials that make up the cost of gabion structures under real con-struction conditions were studied in detail and constructive technological solutions were proposed for the construction of these supporting structures. The natural stone laying technology in partial volume of con-tainers, i.e. its use on the face, visually visible surfaces of mounted boxes, was chosen as a reserve for reducing the cost of gabion structures. It is established that the main visually unseen volume of gabions can be filled with other materials: crushed stone of various fractions, gravel, cobblestones, concrete scrap. Moreover, the use of the specified aggregate containing small fractions requires an additional measure that does not represent a significant increase in material and labour costs – laying in the process of filling the boxes of the vertical dividing wall of geotextiles along the boundary between "face stone" and "other filling". According to the preliminary technical and economic study of the proposed options of filling gabions, the possibility of a cumulative reduction in the estimated cost of the construction of gabion structures amount-ed to about 20% of basic design, i.e. prices in 2019 could result in savings of 1500 rubles per 1 m3 of fin-ished products including all expenses – earthworks, transportation costs and landscaping – carried out at the end of the primary cycle of the work.


Achievable secrecy rate regions for the general 3-receiver broadcast channel with one common and one confidential message sets are established. We consider two setups: (i) when the confidential message is to be sent to two of the receivers and the third receiver is an eavesdropper; and (ii) when the confidential message is to be sent to one of the receivers and the other two receivers are eavesdroppers. We show that our secrecy rate regions are optimum for some special cases.


How can a faithful Christian avoid stagnating in their spiritual development? Moving Toward Spiritual Maturity: Psychological, Contemplative, and Moral Challenges in Christian Living explores effective ways in which Christian discipleship can grow in spiritual maturity. This thoughtful, integrative roadmap explains the journey through three interrelated perspectives, or 'windows, ' psychotherapeutic psychology, prayer and contemplation, and moral theology. The author uses numerous examples from everyday life to make the reflections interesting and practical. Unlike other books on Christian spirituality, this book is more challenging and sophisticated in its depth of thought.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the trends in temperature and rainfall over the period 1967–2016 (50 years) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and estimate the effect of these climatic changes on major crop production.Design/methodology/approachTo set up an empirical association between crop yields and climatic variables, the study uses a fixed effect regression framework. This approach makes it possible to capture the effects of time-invariant indicators and farmers' independent adaptation strategies in reaction to year-to-year variations in precipitation and temperature.FindingsThe study observes a significant increase in average temperature by 1.9 degrees Celsius in the last 50 years and the greatest increase is noted in the summer. However, there is no significant change in rainfall. The results indicate that a one-degree Celsius increase in temperature reduces crop yields by 7–25%. The results also indicate that rainfall has a positive effect on all the crops. But, rainfall could not offset much of the adverse effects of temperature.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research can focus on the analysis of the climate change impact assessment for different regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and develop a place-based policy.Originality/valueThe recent initiative to phase out crop production makes the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia entirely rely on imports. This may have little or no impact presently. However, in the future, it is possible that any global shocks on agriculture due to climate change or geopolitical instability will make the situation worse off. It will threaten both food and nutrition security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is important to study these in the present context to prepare a road map for future food, water and nutrition security.


In this paper a detailed mathematical and physical model is presented in order to calculate the bioimpedance of both a healthy artery and an artery affected by atherosclerosis. This model allows us to compare the reaction of a healthy artery with that of a defective one by changing the values of resistance.


AIM
To study the effects of hypoxia on the vasoconstrictive response and the angiotensin II (Ang II) content and its receptor.

METHODS
Hypoxia was induced in isolated aorta of guinea pig by gassing N2. The vasoconstrictive response of aorta to Ang II was recorded. Ang II content and its receptor were measured by radioimmuoassay.

RESULTS
Ang 3-3000 nmol L-1 increased the contractile response of aorta. Hypoxia amplified the vasoconstrictive effect of Ang II. The concentration of Ang II were 44 +/- 24 and 50 +/- 17 pg/g wet wt (n = 10), respectively in non-hypoxic and hypoxic aortae. The receptor density in non-hypoxic aorta was 17 +/- 3 fmol mg-1, and that in hypoxia was 33 +/- 5 fmol mg-1 (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
The enhancement of the vasoconstrictive action of Ang II by hypoxia is due to the increase in the angiotensin receptor density, but not associated with the changes in the Ang II content in hypoxic aorta of guinea pig.


Crystal structures and defects of the phases existing in Ba/sub 3/Y/sub 2/Cu/sub 5/O/sub 15-chi/ have been investigated with SAED, CBED and HREM. Sample A was furnace cooled and is a high T/sub c/ superconductor whereas sample B is air cooled and not superconducting at 77.35{Kappa}. Both samples contain predominantly the so-called superconducting phase with the space group Pmmm (a = 0.386, b = 0.389 and c = 1.16 nm) and a minor phase, called phase-II with the space group Pbam (a = 1.23, b = 0.740 and c = 0.571 nm). In sample B, the other three minor phases are: phase-III:L orthorhombic, a = 0.892, b = 0.639 and c = 0.535 nm; phase-IV:BBC, a = 1.82 nm and phase-V: hexagonal, a = b = 0.526, c = 0.635 nm. The positions of the Ba, Y and Cu atoms can clearly be seen in the structural image viewed along the (100) direction of the superconducting phase. The contrast increment of the bright spots on the basal plane was perhaps related to the oxygen vacancies. Lattice distortion, (010) and 03-bar1 domain boundaries in the superconducting phase, microdomains and twins in phase-III have been observed. High resolution electron micrographs of both phase-more » II and phase-IV were also presented. The amount of the superconducting phase and defects in the crystal structure may affect the superconductivity of the Ba/sub 3/Y/sub 2/Cu/sub 5/O/sub 15-chi/ oxide significantly, the former being beneficial and the latter harmful.« less


To meet predicted huge demands of MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems), wafer size had to be changed from smaller diameter 100–150 mm to 200mm for mass production. To establish 200mm MEMS process, there were many technical challenges caused by differences between LSI and MEMS even though the equipments and processes were fairly similar except for some unique processes. This paper describes suggestions of the technical issues and resolutions found during development of our new 200mm MEMS mass production line focused on following three uniqueness. 1. The difficulties MEMS' unique thicker films process using common tools and equipments with LSI line. 2. MEMS' unique backside process and the cavity formation. 3. MEMS' unique sacrificial oxide etching process to release movable portion.