Relaxor ferroelectrics have neither long range ferroelectric order nor structural transformation down to the lowest temperatures, and display isotropic optical properties like quadratic electro-optic effect. However, if an anisotropy is forced through an external agent, like electric field or uniaxial strain, a ferroelectric and structural long range order can be induced in these materials. Here, we show that epitaxial strain in relaxor ferroelectric thin films can be employed to induce a linear electro-optic effect, opening the path to new strain-controlled electro-optic materials. Epitaxial thin films with Pb1-3x/2LaxZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (x = 0.22) composition grown by pulsed laser deposition on (001) SrRuO3/SrTiO3 single crystal heterostructures become tetragonal below the susceptibility peak, which occurs at a temperature 140 K higher as compared to bulk. These films show piezoelectric properties and almost linear electro-optic behaviour.


Selling a product with lightening fast speed is always a fascination for marketer but does it really happen? Not always- Ram and Shyam went to buy a new Air Conditioner; Ram bought it on the same day but Shyam took purchase time of 7 days. This shows that buying cycle varies from individual to individual; some are very short and some are very long, because not every consumer is the same. This is obviously interesting and from here comes the topic for our research:


In order to realize aerodynamic shape optimization for dynamic unsteady flows,a complete design system was proposed based on unsteady Euler equation and adjoint method for the aerodynamic shape optimization design.With this method,the aerodynamic shape of airfoil NACA0012 was optimized to reduce its time averaged drag in the operating condition of pitching oscillating,transonic flows(Ma=0.8)and some restrict environment.The optimization results were simulated.The simulation results show that this system is reliable and reasonable.


MARK, a kinase family related to PAR‐1 involved in establishing cell polarity, phosphorylates microtubule‐associated proteins (tau/MAP2/MAP4) at KXGS motifs, causes detachment from microtubules, and their disassembly. The sites are prominent in tau from Alzheimer's disease brains. We studied the activation of MARK and identified the upstream kinase, MARKK, a member of the Ste20 kinase family. It phosphorylates MARK within the activation loop (T208 in MARK2). A fraction of MARK in brain tissue is doubly phosphorylated (at T208/S212), reminiscent of the activation of MAP kinase; however, the phosphorylation of the second site in MARK (S212) is inhibitory. In cells the activity of MARKK enhances microtubule dynamics through the activation of MARK and leads to phosphorylation and detachment of tau or equivalent MAPs from microtubules. Overexpression of MARK eventually leads to microtubule breakdown and cell death, but in neuronal cells the primary effect is to allow the development of neurites during differentiation.


Total energy and electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory are performed in order to determine the atomic structure and electronic properties of clean and hydrogen‐adsorbed Al0.5In0.5P(001) surfaces. It is found that most of the stable surfaces obey the electron‐counting rule and are characterized by surface atom dimerization. The dimer‐related surface states are predicted to occur in the vicinity of the bulk band edges. For a very narrow range of preparation conditions, ab initio thermodynamics predicts metal atomic wires formed by surface cations. A surface covered with a monolayer of buckled phosphorus dimers, where half of the phosphorus atoms are hydrogen saturated, is found to be stable for metal–organic vapor‐phase epitaxy growth conditions. The occurrence of this structure is confirmed by low‐energy electron diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data measured on epitaxially grown Al0.52In0.48P(001) epilayers lattice matched to GaAs.


Carsharing is a mobility concept that addresses the world's growing interest in sustainability. It reduces CO2 emissions, traffic congestion, and noise in cities. Including electric and hybrid vehicles in the carsharing fleet supports these aspects even more. For a station-based carsharing organization (CSO), the distribution and availability of vehicles play a crucial role to satisfy the customers' needs as well as to obtain profits. We developed a tactical optimization model to determine the size and composition of a heterogeneous carsharing fleet while considering different emission limits with time-depended demand profiles. Different propulsion modes and vehicle classes represent the heterogeneity of the fleet. Using the application example of the city of San Francisco, results are presented, discussed, and analyzed. Our benchmarks for two different demand scenarios reveal the strong influence of a preset maximum level of CO2 emissions on fleet composition and monthly net profit. The optimization model allows CSOs to provide a sustainable and profitable mobility concept; city planners are supported to evaluate influences of CO2 emission thresholds on CSOs. The model thereby represents a Green IS approach, as it contributes to supporting a society's path towards a low emission and noise-reduced environment in urban areas where carsharing is feasible.


Nuclear magnetic relaxation of the protons of NH + 4 in dilute solution (0.5 mole %) in KBr is measured between 2 and 259 K. The approach to equilibrium at 4.2 K is slow, the time constant being 1....


The project begins with the need of the Vibration laboratory from Pontificia Bolivariana University from Bucaramanga to control the vibration sensor calibration process. The laboratory has specialized equipment and the objective is to achieve an integration through an application in LabView. The goal of a calibration process is to compare the voltage value from two vibration sensors: one sensor who will be calibrated and the second that works as a pattern. One of the biggest difficulties in the calibration of vibration sensors, is the dynamic variation from the system, each sensor implies a change in the plant due its differents weights. Therefore it was implemented a robust control, capable to control the system despite the dynamic variations from the plant. Initially different dynamic models were identified for the plant, the most critical uncertainties were discussed and finally a robust control was designed in Matlab and implemented and tuned in LabView for the desired results.


Fivefold intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME (9,3x10 5 M, kg-1, d-1) for 5 days (from 2 to 6 days of postnatal life) stimulated DNA-synthetic activity of bronchial smooth myocytes on background of activation of free radical oxidation in lungs of neonate white rats. Atrial natriuretic peptide (injected in analogical regime, in 30 minutes after injection of L-NAME) in doses 3,2x10 8 M, kg' 1, d' 1, abolished effects of L-NAME. Dalargin (injected in analogical regime) in doses 1,4х10' 7 M, kg 1, d'\ weakened effects of L-NAME.


Redundancy is believed to play a key role in robustness and evolvability of biological systems. This paper investigates the influence of redundancy on the evolutionary performance of a gene regulatory network governing a cellular growth process. Extensive simulation results suggest that, for the developmental model studied in this work, maintaining sufficient redundancy helps to improve the ability of the evolutionary algorithm to achieve better performance. To examine the change of redundancy during the evolutionary process and its relationship to evolutionary performance, we propose a quantitative definition for measuring different aspects of redundancy, namely, structural redundancy, functional redundancy and functional proximity. Our results show that evolution attempts to increase the functional redundancy after pruning of redundant genes if the evolution is under a larger selection pressure. It is also interesting to notice that an increase in functional proximity enhances the evolutionary performance.


Hesitant fuzzy subgroup defined on a group G generalizes the idea of fuzzy subgroups. It mainly focuses on the multiplicity of values encountered when dealing with hesitant fuzzy sets. In this paper we introduce the notions of a homomorphism and isomorphism between two hesitant fuzzy subgroups and study their effects on hesitant fuzzy subgroups. Some results regarding the homomorphisms between some quotient subgroups are also discussed.


Attempts to ring-close the nitrogen atom of 8-amino-p-menth-1-ene and of N-substituted 8-amino-p-menth-1-enes onto the C1 - C2 double-bond carbons has led to a range of bicyclo[2.2.2] and bicyclo[3.2.1] products, together with the novel bicyclo[4.3.1]-1,3-oxazepine 9.


Second of a two‐part article. Looks in detail at evaluating the effects of training and understanding its objectives, and at specifying IT management training programmes – together with four criteria for their likely success.


firstname.lastname@example.com. In this paper we study solution of the photon equation (the MasslessDuffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation (mDKP)) in anisotropic expanding the Bianchi-I typespacetime using the Fourier analyze method. The harmonic oscillator behavior of thesolutions is found. It is shown that Maxwell equations are equivalent to the photonequation.Keywords: mDKP Equation; Anisotropic Spacetime; General Relativity.


Nowadays, organizational success is considered a goal connected with the human capital improvement process. h erefore, in socioeconomic contexts characterized by complexity and l exibility, subjects within organisations are viewed as factors answerable for the organizational development. Consequently, both the educational process and the long life learning process are considered as the most promising factors to improve organizational innovation and changes. Educational practices, focused on learning processes, are not only a technical training suitable for the organization but processes oriented to the development and transformation of individual's reference frames, feelings, skills and disposition to social and situated


A child's emotional and behavioral reactions are strongly determined by his interactions with his parents. This case report aims to highlight the impact of physical abuse and neglect by the mother on the behavioral and emotional reactions of a child, conceptualizing the case, and planning intervention in the case of a 9-year-old male child referred to Child Guidance Clinic of IHBAS for the purpose of Behavioral Management. Evaluation of the case revealed history of physical abuse and neglect by his mother which contributed to his negative attitude towards a mother figure as well as his behavioral and emotional difficulties. The case report focuses on the use of a therapeutic intervention named Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and parents counseling. Intervention with the child focused upon various areas such as unresolved negative emotions, negative attitude towards the mother figure, low self-esteem including improving the quality of interaction with parents and significant others. Parent Child Interaction Therapy is a relatively new therapeutic medium that has been a recent development in the field of psychotherapy and has proven to be effective in the treatment and management of childhood disorders. The current report also focuses on the child' experience of parental neglect and abuse. These experiences have also been dealt with in a sensitive manner with the client through Parent child interaction therapy. The new development is a promising therapeutic approach in treating and managing cases of behavioral as well as emotional problems, especially rooted in disturbed family dynamics and abusive interpersonal patterns in childhood.


A review is given of the nonlinear optical properties of 20 uniaxial crystals: KDP, DKDP, ADP, CDA, DCDA, RDA, RDP, LiIO3, LiNbO3, Ag3AsS3, Ag3SbS3, AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, ZnGeP2, CdGeAs2, GaSe, CdSe, HgS, Se, Te. Typical applications of these crystals are indicated.


In this laboratory only Bayer's pre-war Protargol has proved satisfactory for Bodian's (1936) method for staining paraffin sections of the nervous system. In view of the difficulty of obtaining this substance an alternative method was sought, making use of colloidal silver solutions. It was considered essential that the solutions used should be easily prepared, cheap, as standard as possible and uniformly effective in the hands of technicians and research workers alike. owing to the formation of colloidal silver, should be made up shortly before use and discarded after impregnation.


The vast majority of research on drug dealers focuses on men, while most studies on women in the drug economy focus on subordinated drug users. We know very little about attributes or skills required for successful drug dealing may apply primarily to male dealers, while allegedly female attributes regarded by men as handicapping women may be irrelevant or even valuable resources. This in-depth, observational study of successful women drug dealers in Melbourne indicates that skills and orientations associated with familial relations play a key part in the most sensitive aspects of such business. Conversely, ruthlessness and violence are comparatively peripheral, even though the women demonstrated that these were well within their repertoires of action.


Fused 3,6-disubstituted triazolothiadiazoles were synthesized in good yield from a rapid and convenient oxidative cyclization of N-heteroaryl-substituted hydrazones promoted by chloramine-T trihydrate at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and antitubercular activities. All the compounds 5a-i and 6a-i showed good antitubercular activity. However, only compounds 5a-i showed good antioxidant activity.


Biogas plants treating more than one type of substrate, so called co-digestion plants, are relatively new facilities. Mainly they were established in the early nineties and in Sweden these digesters produce approximately 28% of the total amount of biogas produced today. Faultily incoming material and the food waste used as substrate at the plants set high demands on the equipment used at the plants and many problems occur. The purpose of this thesis was to identify technical and process related problems at two co-digestion plants and one pretreatment plant by performing interviews with staff at the plants. Investigation of alternative techniques and equipment to abate the identified problems were performed by a literature study and contacts with distributors of biogas plant equipment. Finally, a cost-estimation was made at a specific plant in order to investigate the economic aspects of a replacement of old equipment.The result of the problem identification showed that the pretreatment units of the plants caused most of the problems. A common issue at the three plants was the problem to separate unwanted material from the food waste. Plastics and other unwanted material aren't separated to a full extent and thereby cause problems downstream. Furthermore a large amount of food waste aimed for digestion, are separated together with the reject fraction and goes to incineration instead. Analysis of the incoming substrate and reject showed that by separation with a screw press more than 40% of the substrates theoretical methane yield were lost in the reject fraction. However, separation with a bio-separator or with a combination of sedimentation/flotation, a grid and a strain press showed a smaller loss of methane in the reject. Additional problems identified included extensive wear and tear at the equipment, unused equipment and problems caused by the fact that the equipment was not originally constructed for biogas plants.The literature study and contact with distributors of biogas plant equipment revealed alternative techniques and equipment to remediate the identified problems. The warm-up of substrate before separation and the replacement of plastic bags for paper bags for the collection of food waste are two potential solutions. There are several different equipments available, in order to separate unwanted material, which could potentially replace the ineffective equipment at the plants. Whether these would result in better separation and reduced loss of food waste via the reject is hard to tell before tests have been made at prevalent substrate and operation conditions. The result of the cost-estimation showed that the largest operating and maintenance costs for the old equipment were the labor cost and the cost for wear and tear. An investment in new equipment is very capital-intensive because of the large purchasing and installation cost. On the other hand, a new equipment could potentially result in a release in working hours compared to a continuous operation of the old equipment. These extra hours could instead be used to maintain the new equipment and prevent break downs. A better follow-up at the plants regarding the amount of reject and the number of occasions of unwanted stop is a first step towards gaining knowledge on the major problems in order to be able to improve the process. Current used separation techniques at the plants are not working as expected and an optimization or replacement of these should be evaluated.


We demonstrated extraordinary THz transmission through ring apertures on a metal film. Transmission of 60% was obtained with an aperture-to-area ratio of only 1.4%. We show that the high transmission can be suppressed by over 18 dB with a thin layer of free carriers in the silicon substrate underneath the metal film. This result suggests that CMOS-compatible terahertz switch can be built by controlling the carrier density near the aperture.


mechanical properties of corn kernels. Improper drying may result in material losses and in a decline in quality due to pressure, collisions, and other factors during subsequent storage and transport operations. A literature survey revealed that at time of writing the characteristics of dried corn kernels have not been systematically and fully studied. In this paper, an orthogonal rotation combination test scheme was designed. Using a multiparameter controllable thin layer drying test bench, corn was dried under different conditions (temperature 30-60°C, relative humidity 30-60%, air velocity 0.46-0.94 m s, initial moisture content of corn of 20-30% w.b., tempering ratio 0-3). Then, a texture analyser was used to measure the mechanical properties (rupture force, rupture energy, modulus of elasticity and brittleness) of the dried corn kernels. Relationship models were established for the rupture force, rupture energy, modulus of elasticity and brittleness and drying conditions of corn kernels. An increase in the drying temperature from 30 to 60°C increased the rupture energy, elastic modulus, and brittleness of the corn kernels by 19.11, 11.76, and 4.02%, respectively; an increase in the drying relative humidity from 30 to 60% increased the rupture force, energy, modulus of elasticity and brittleness by 15.07, 13.74, 20.73, and 3.31%, respectively. K e y w o r d s: thin layer drying, corn kernel, mechanical property, model


This article examines the personality and policies of Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, the controversial Secretary of State of Pope Pius IX. Commencing with the polemical picture of the Cardinal that has persisted to the present, an attempt is made to objectively assess the career and character of the most important Minister of Pius IX and his role during the course of the Counter-Risorgimento.


graphic output of the A2RGUS system is a map of the area surrounding the site where hazardous materials have been accidentally released into the atmosphere. The map shows major transportation arteries overlaid with a "plume" of the released materials. The plume's varying concentrations are color coded on the display. Vords resides on a microprocessor integrated into a remote meteorological monitoring station. It validates and averages the wind direction and speed as well as other necessary meteorological data before transmitting these data every few minutes to the host computer via radio telemetry or hardwired lines. Microprocessors at on-site chemical effluent sensors and area ambient monitors can also transmit data periodically to the computer. The Emerge package, which resides on the host computer, processes the data from Vords using two models to determine plume transport and diffusion through the atmosphere. The first of these models mathematically describes wind flow in the area surrounding a site and can be customized to account for meteorological, terrain, and release conditions specific to a plant or site. On the basis of these data, a second model provides the actual calculation of plume transport and diffusion. A third model in the Emerge package calculates the chemical release rate every few minutes. The DI-3000 graphics software, an integrated CORE-based system of 160 For-tran IV user-callable subroutines, orients the data from Emerge toward a virtual graphics device, one that represents the combined capabilities of terminals, plotters , film recorders, storage tubes, raster scan displays, and calligraphic displays. A device-independent protocol then routes the virtual device commands to a device manager tailored to drive the actual output device. The output from Emerge is presented to the operator as a variety of graphic and tabular displays permitting rapid and accurate interpretation. The graphic displays include maps of areas around the site, showing major transportation arteries overlaid with color-coded concentrations of the released materials. Tabular displays include detailed data for individual locations, such as current concentrations and projections for times when specified concentrations will be reached. A2RGUS is entirely menu driven and is designed to help operators avoid command and interpretation errors. The operator moves the cursor to the appropriate location on the screen before striking a single key to call up graphics, tables, information on available displays, additional appropriate commands, or instructions for interactively modifying displays. During an emergency, an operator can maintain a record of events by performing screen dumps …


The present invention discloses a method for accessing files, and to solve the low efficiency problem of multi-resource-input / output controller to access a file in the prior art. The method is: the system input / output controller sends a read or write a file to the file system file requests; file system determines the address to be read file is stored in the memory or to be written, the file storage address allocation, and returns the memory address to the input / output controller; input / output controller transmits the file to the memory controller to read or write file request, and providing the memory address; memory controller reads data from the memory by the memory address sent directly to the output controller, input controller or send data directly to the memory controller, the memory controller according to the memory address to write data into the memory.


Summary Perinatal mortality among hospital deliveries in Lucknow city in 1976–77 is compared with the results of earlier studies. The effect of biological and socioeconomic factors is considered. High risk cases, for which special care should be provided, are noted.


Medical prostheses constitute an indispensable component of modern health care. Like other approaches of medical intervention, the insertion of medical prostheses can be associated with serious complications. The ongoing advances in the mechanical properties of medical prostheses have not necessarily resulted in lower rates of prosthesis-related infection. Infection remains the most common serious complication of medical prostheses. For instance, vascular catheters account for most cases of nosocomial bloodstream infection [1], and catheterrelated urinary tract infection is the most frequent nosocomial infection [2]. Two decades ago, infections associated with medical prostheses accounted for about half of all nosocomial infections [2]. Today, with their increasing use, medical prostheses are expected to cause a larger portion of cases of nosocomial infections, particularly in the subpopulations of immunocompromised, chronically ill, and elderly subjects. Infections associated with medical prostheses result in major morbidity and can be life-threatening. For instance, the mortality associated with prosthetic valve endocarditis ranges from 30% to 80% in patients with early-onset infection and from 20% to 40% in patients with late-onset endocarditis [3]. Often, infections associated with medical prostheses are very expensive to manage, and their cure requires removal of the infected prosthesis. For example, findings from the Dutch Trauma Trial indicated a mean cost of $22,000 (in 1991 dollars) to treat a patient who developed a deep wound infection after internal fixation of a closed fracture [4].


In this paper, a novel non-isolated LLC resonant converter is proposed. This converter can achieve most merits of isolated LLC resonant converter, like zero voltage switching and very low turn off loss for all MOSFETs. By non-isolated technique, the turns of transformer can be largely reduced. Meanwhile, the current through secondary windings is also reduced. Thus, the transformer loss is decreased. An 1MHz prototype is built to verify the proposed converter.


While the satellite data and meteorological measurement are more easily available, there is a lack of comprehensive framework that provides an estimated air temperature map with ease of use to the end-users. This study focus on the developing of a comprehensive web based framework for estimating air temperature map from MODIS LST evaluated relationship with in-situ data collected over a distributed sensor network of ground sites. The development is based on various open standards of OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Web Service specifications such as Web Processing Service (WPS), Sensor Observation Service (SOS), Web Mapping Service (WMS) and Web Coverage Service (WCS). The availability of high temporal measured air temperature by sensor network provides as a superior ground based data source for estimating air temperature from satellite observation. The MODIS LST dataset as a data source from WMS server was evaluated relationship with near surface air temperature of Live E! Project sensor network weather station from SOS server to calculate air temperature map with on-demand processing capability of developed WPS server requesting satellite data source from WCS server. The developed OGC specification compliance system, that supports interoperability, scalability and robust platform, shows its powerful potential for standard data sharing and on-demand processing interfaces on satellite image and sensor observation data.


Intergranular glass phases can have a significant influence on the fracture resistance (R-curve behavior) of silicon nitride ceramics and appears to be related to the debonding of the p-Si3N4/oxynitride-glass interfaces. Applying the results from P-Si3N4-whisker/oxynitride-glass model systems, self-reinforced silicon nitrides with different sintering additive ratios were investigated. Silicon nitrides sintered with a lower A1203:Y203 additive ratio exhibited higher steady-state fracture toughness together with a steeply-rising R-curve. Analytical electron microscopy studies suggested that the different fracture behavior is related to the A1 content in the SiAlON growth band on the elongated grains, which could result in differences in interfacial bonding structures between the grains and the intergranular glass.


Some common algorithms for regular grammatical inference with different regular grammars have been tested in order to clarify how they can consider those languages. The methods of so-called successor, canonical derivative, k-tails, tail-clustering, and skeleton have been examined experimentally. The two last-mentioned methods were shown to be the best and the most general when inferring regular grammars that were close to minimal initial grammars used to generate input strings for the inference process. It was noticed that the quality of the inferred grammars depends to a considerable extent on the properties of input strings. >


In this work, a novel acetylcholinesterase biosensor, namely, gold nanocages/graphene oxide–chitosan nanocomposite modified screen-printed carbon electrode was prepared for chlorpyrifos detection.


This draft presents several use cases in which WiSUN technology can be
applied, including Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Intelligent
Street Lights. The draft can stand alone as an independent draft, but
also represents a potential contribution to the "WiSUN overview"
section of [I-D.ietf-lpwan-overview].


In this article, the author centring on the view of what is right and what will pay makes a systematic investigation of the pre-Qin Confucian school's ideology about the view of what is right and what will pay in terms of its connotation and course of logical development. Their arguments on the view show that Confucianists made their theoretical contributions, but they also had shortcomings which were innate in nature and unlikely to overcame. It is of enlightening signicance to transformation of value and reconstruction of value system in the course of shift in type of the Chinese society to objectively evaluate the pre-Qin Confucian school's view of what is right and what will pay and draw on what is useful from traditional resources.


Detection of biomarker genes play a crucial role in disease detection and treatment. Bioinformatics offers a variety of approaches for identification of biomarker genes which play key roles in complex diseases. These computational approaches enhance the insight derived from experiments and reduce the efforts of biologists and experimentalists. This is essentially achieved through prioritizing a set of genes with certain attributes. In this thesis, we show that understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying stem cells helps to identify cancer biomarkers. We got inspired by the regulatory mechanisms of the pluripotency network in mouse embryonic stem cells and formulated the problem where a set of master regulatory genes in regulatory networks is identified with two combinatorial optimization problems namely as minimum dominating set and minimum connected dominating set in weakly and strongly connected components. Then we applied the developed methods to regulatory cancer networks to identify disease-associated genes and anti-cancer drug targets in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (chapter 3). As not all the nodes in the solutions are critical, we developed a prioritization method to rank a set of candidate genes which are related to a certain disease based on systematic analysis of the genes that are differentially expressed in tumor and normal conditions (chapter 5). Moreover, we demonstrated that the topological features in regulatory networks surrounding differentially expressed genes are highly consistent in terms of using the output of several analysis tools (chapter 6). We compared two randomization strategies for TF-miRNA co-regulatory networks to infer significant network motifs underlying cellular identity. We showed that the edge-type conserving method surpasses the nonconserving method in terms of biological relevance and centrality overlap (chapter 7). We presented several web servers and software packages that are publicly available at no cost. The Cytoscape plugin of minimum connected dominating set identifies a set of key regulatory genes in a user provided regulatory network based on a heuristic approach. The ILP formulations of minimum dominating set and minimum connected dominating set return the optimal solutions for the aforementioned problems. Our source code is publicly available (chapter 3). The web servers TFmiR and TFmiR2 construct disease-, tissue-, process-specific networks for the sets of deregulated genes and miRNAs provided by a user. They highlight topological hotspots and offer detection of threeand four-node FFL motifs as a separate web service for both organisms mouse and human (chapter 4,8).


The vapor phase photolysis of benzoic acid has been investigated in a flow system at temperatures ranging from 110° to 305°C, pressures from approximately 0.06 to 1.73 torr, and at various incident light intensities. The main identified products are carbon dioxide and benzene, and the minor identified products are carbon monoxide together with much smaller amounts of hydrogen. -- At 150° and 205° the rate of formation of carbon dioxide is directly proportional to the light intensity absorbed. For a constant incident light intensity, the rate of carbon dioxide formation was found to be independent of the benzoic acid concentration at pressures from 0.29 to 1.73 torr. The rate of formation of carbon dioxide increases with temperature and the activation energy is 3.5 ± 0.4 kcal mole⁻¹. -- A mechanism for carbon dioxide formation is suggested in which reaction occurs from a vibrationally excited ground state molecule, C₆H₅COOH', originating from the initially formed singlet state, C₆H₅COOH*, by internal conversion. The phenyl radical so formed initiates a free radical chain reaction. -- C₆H₅COOH + h v → C₆H₅COOH* -- C₆H₅COOH* → C₆H₅COOH' -- C₆H₅COOH' + M → C₆H₅COOH + M -- C₆H₅COOH' → C₆H₅ + COOH -> C₆H₅ + C₆H₅COOH → C₆H₅ + C₆H₆COO -- C₆H₅COO → C₆H₅ + CO₂ -- C₆H₅ + Wall → X


The issue of producing, nurturing and effectively utilising leaders in pharmacy was addressed in a workshop during the 2015 SAAHIP Conference held at the Champagne Sports Resort in March 2015. The objectives set for the workshop were to:
reflect on the culture of leadership within the pharmaceutical sector;
reflect on efforts made to build a pipeline of leaders for the sector;
identify the role played by partnerships in the pharmaceutical sector to develop future leaders; and
identify challenges and how they can be addressed.


This paper describes the evolution of power management systems in the telecommunication network operated by Telkom SA (South Africa) from a basic alarmed system to a full monitoring and control system. Several different options were considered in the process and the final decision taken allows a gradual transition, using existing network monitoring systems, through an intermediate phase to a fully developed network.


Under the condition of acute NaNO2 poisoning, the changes of myocardial GSH-Px activity of rats fed a diet composed of grains grown in the endemic region of Keshan disease and the same diet with supplementation of vitamin E or selenium were investigated. By gavage of toxic doses of NaNO2, the myocardial GSH-Px was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05). Vitamin E or selenium supplementation protected the enzyme activity from reducing. It is suggested that the simultaneous action of an increase in selenium and vitamin E intake and a decrease in nitrite intake might greatly prevent the occurrence of Keshan disease.


Aim: To determine the frequency of distribution of various oral lesions biopsied in children 12 years and below in a tertiary health-care center in south Kerala. Materials and Methods: The archives of department of oral pathology and microbiology were retrospectively analyzed. Biopsy records of all oral lesions from pediatric patients, aged 0-12 years, in the files of the Department of oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, from 1995 to 2015. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the computer software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM SPSS Software version 16. Results: Fifteen thousand five hundred and forty-one biopsy specimens were received, of which 540 (3.47%) were from the pediatric population. Prevalence was observed between females (52.4%) and males (47.6%). Mandible was the most commonly affected site for intraosseous lesions, followed by lower lip or soft tissue lesions. The most common conditions diagnosed individually were mucocele (17.4%), dentigerous cyst (12%), and radicular cyst (11.5%). Regarding the diagnostic categories, the largest number of cases was from inflammatory followed by cystic and odontogenic tumor category. Conclusions: This study showed similar as well as contradictory results compared to other studies, probably due to geographical and ethnic variations which are yet to be corroborated.


Currently geospatial information (GI) technology can be characterized by two important developments: ( I ) it goes beyond the application stages towards more conceptual and theoretical developments, dealing with more profound issues around geographic information science. and (2) it continues to be application or service oriented i n serving our modern society, hence location-based services (LBS) arisen out of convergence of GI technology, the Internet, mobile wireless telecommunication and positioning technologies. The convergence of GIS and various technologies has been existing since the widespread availability of the Inteinct, and it is reflected in a series of GIS tErmS such as Internet GIs, web GIS, wireless GIS, and mobile GIs. Nowadays it appears that all the "GIS" come to a pot with a more fashionable term LBS.


As they gain expertise in problem solving, people increasingly rely on patterns and spatially-oriented reasoning. This paper describes the integration of an associative visual pattern classifier and the automated acquisition of new, spatially-oriented reasoning agents that simulate such behavior. They are incorporated into a game-learning program whose architecture robustly combines agents with conflicting perspectives. When tested on three games, the visual pattern classifier learns meaningful patterns, and the pattern-based, spatially-oriented agents generalized from these patterns are generally correct. The trustworthiness and relevance of these agents are confirmed with an algorithm that measures the accuracy of the contribution of each agent to the decision-making process . Much of the knowledge encapsulated by the correct new agents was previously inexpressible in the program's representation and in some cases is not readily deducible from the rules.


As electronic designs are getting to a higher density and current level, demands for integration of power/signal and thermal analysis is growing. A 3D electrical/thermal co-simulation algorithm is presented in the paper. This approach provides very detailed solutions with high accuracy and efficiency.


Many studies indicate a crucial role of vitamin B12 in hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperglicemia. In this study, through dietary restriction, we developed rat models of vitamin B12 deficiencies to elucidate the impact on hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperglycemia. We investigated whether there is a correlation between plasma Vitamin B12 with homocysteine and the presence of hyperglycemia in male rats. Adult male mice were divided into 3 groups (a) Control diet for 16 weeks (b) vitamin B12-restricted diet with pectin as dietary fiber for 8 weeks (K1) (c) vitamin B12-restricted diet with pectin as dietary fiber for 16 weeks (K2). After 8 weeks of feeding, plasma concentrations of vitamin B12, homocysteine, and glucose were assessed. Blood samples for vitamin B12, homocysteine and glucose were obtained after overnight fasting. After 16 weeks of continued feeding on their respective diets, plasma concentrations of vitamin B12, homocysteine, and glucose were assessed. Plasma vitamin B12 levels were lower in K2 compared to both the control and K1 groups. On the other hand, the deficient B12 group had significantly higher levels of homocysteine and glucose than control on 8 and 16 weeks. In this study, we concluded that hyperglycemia was associated with lower serum vitamin B12 concentration and serum homocysteine in the development of vitamin B12 deficient rat model.Many studies indicate a crucial role of vitamin B12 in hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperglicemia. In this study, through dietary restriction, we developed rat models of vitamin B12 deficiencies to elucidate the impact on hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperglycemia. We investigated whether there is a correlation between plasma Vitamin B12 with homocysteine and the presence of hyperglycemia in male rats. Adult male mice were divided into 3 groups (a) Control diet for 16 weeks (b) vitamin B12-restricted diet with pectin as dietary fiber for 8 weeks (K1) (c) vitamin B12-restricted diet with pectin as dietary fiber for 16 weeks (K2). After 8 weeks of feeding, plasma concentrations of vitamin B12, homocysteine, and glucose were assessed. Blood samples for vitamin B12, homocysteine and glucose were obtained after overnight fasting. After 16 weeks of continued feeding on their respective diets, plasma concentrations of vitamin B12, homocysteine, and glucose were assessed. Plasma vitamin B12 levels were lower in K2 compar...


The dissolving of lignin component and extractive substance from the wood, most of them happen in extraction oxidation stage. Pulp suspension that in the beginning have low brightness, with the addition of the oxygen it can increase the brightness become higher. Therefore, in this stage the lignin component and extractive substance will have maximal solubility. In the other hand, the oxygen can used for derivation of the kappa number so it will decrease the quantity of the lignin in the pulp. In this stage, if the brightness didn't suitable with the standard the using of the oxygen will be needed to make the oxidation process become faster and with the addition of the peroxide we can get the pulp with brightness 89-90 % in the final products.


We compute a formula including operator-product expansion power corrections to describe the running of a QCD coupling nonperturbatively defined through the ghost and gluon dressing functions. This turns out to be rather accurate. We propose the 'plateau' procedure to compute {lambda}{sub MS} from the lattice computation of the running coupling constant. We show a good agreement between the different methods which have been used to estimate {lambda}{sub MS}{sup N{sub f}}{sup =0}. We argue that {lambda}{sub MS} or the strong coupling constant computed with different lattice spacings may be used to estimate the lattice spacing ratio.


Moebius syndrome is rare and complex disorder which due to clinical expression poses a great challenge for pediatric anesthesiologist. The most significant problem for anesthesia, due to craniofacial malformations, is difficulties to provide a safe airway. The need for anesthesia is imposed sometime in the age of the newborn and later in childhood because of necessary diagnostic and surgical procedures. We present the case of a two-month old infant with Moebius syndrome, potential anesthetic implications, as well as the safe application of the caudal block as an anesthetics technique for operations of Achilles tendons and correction of congenital deformities of both feet.


Berentsen, Camera, and Waller (henceforth BCW) have written a nice piece that illustrates the effects of monetary policy when the distribution of money balances is non-degenerate across the population at the time of a policy action. The model is very helpful in addressing the issues at hand, and I felt that the article is, in general, quite instructive. Perhaps the closest relative of this article is Lucas (1980). Of course, that is quite appropriate, as Lucas's article was a key contribution to the first "Models of Monetary Economies" conference. Lucas constructed an environment in which there are heterogeneous infinite-lived agents. In each period, each one of these agents receives a fixed endowment and is subjected to an idiosyncratic preference shock. There is no aggregate risk. The only asset is money and all contingent claims markets are assumed to be shut down. Thus, money is held for insurance purposes (as in a Bewley-type model), and it is also assumed to be held by each agent to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint. In his analysis, Lucas goes some way toward characterizing a steady-state distribution of money balances across agents. With hindsight, some of Lucas's comments in his article are intriguing, as he appears to anticipate why later developments in dynamic contracting theory (Green, 1987; Atkeson and Lucas, 1992) would be useful for a model like this. Although heterogeneous-agent models of money such as Lucas (1980) or Bewley (1980) are amenable to numerical solution methods, typically they are analytically difficult. Search models of money typically encounter the same type of difficulty. If money is divisible, then tracking individuals' money balances over time is difficult in monetary search models. However, some recent approaches, such as those in Shi (1997) and Lagos and Wright (2005), make analytical methods relatively straightforward in search models of money. Shi's approach is to use a representative-household construct, as in Lucas (1990). Lagos and Wright put a


With the urgency of environmental protection, wind power and photovoltaic (PV) projects are continued to be implemented, and the proportion of renewable energy in the power grid will be higher and higher. Therefore, wind power and PV also began to participate in the regional power grid frequency regulation (FR) and have gradually replaced the role of thermal power units in the power grid. To study the characteristics of renewable energy in frequency modulation, an automatic generation control (AGC) model of wind power and photovoltaic participating in the power grid FR is established. At the same time, an equilibrium optimization is proposed to allocate the total power in real-time so as to improve the FR performance by quickly obtaining the optimal power distribution scheme. The simulation results of the proposed model show that the proposed method is feasible. At the same time, the proposed method is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), which proves the superiority of the proposed method.


On the basis of the conventional matrix converter(CMC) and the multilevel inverter,considering the topology configuration and principle of the new proposed novel multilevel matrix converter(MMC),the paper introduces the method and process of space vector modulation,which can be realized three-level to control this kind of converter for the first time.And the simulation results are given by MATLAB/ Simulink,which validate the feasibility of the method and verify the advantage of the multilevel matrix converter.These are useful for researching the multilevel matrix converter.


Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are carcinogenic molecules generated from the reaction of creatin(in)e and amino acids at high cooking temperatures in meat. Previous research has shown that replacing creatine with arginine leads to new, uncharacterized HCA molecules. This research entails implementing and optimizing the preparative HPLC analysis of extracts from multiple burnings of arginine with phenylalanine. Isolated fractions from the prep-HPLC analysis were further analyzed using the Ames test to identify mutagenic compounds. Prep-HPLC provides quality control to the burning process along with isolation of larger quantities of materials for further characterization and molecular structure identification.


With the continuous development of Internet and information technology in China, for enterprises, the marketing plan and marketing focus of enterprises should be changed and optimized according to the direction of the development of the current era. Therefore, more and more enterprises in the current era have carried out e-commerce strategy to carry out product marketing and obtain greater economic benefits. Therefore, enterprises must deeply analyze the key factors of the implementation of e-commerce strategy, so as to continuously improve the good development of e-commerce and promote the successful transformation of enterprises in the current era.t. 1. Overview of Key Success Factors In the current era, in order to win a place in the fierce market competition, and adjust the strategic development goal according to the current development direction, more and more enterprises see the advantages of e-commerce, constantly expand the scope of enterprise marketing and development to develop e-commerce platform, but there are still many constraints in the process of e-commerce development, which requires relevant managers to strengthen the understanding and understanding of e-commerce enterprises, and promote the good development of enterprises. On the whole, the strategy of e-commerce is mainly to transform the traditional business activities of enterprises effectively, so that the business activities of enterprises gradually develop towards the direction of information and intelligence. In order to ensure the successful transformation of e-commerce, managers need to analyze the key success factors deeply.[1]The key success factors are that the relevant staff should combine the current development situation of the enterprise and the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market, objectively integrate the development opportunities and development challenges faced by the enterprise, and make a comprehensive analysis and summary of the development advantages and disadvantages of the enterprise in the current market competition, so as to obtain the key success factors for the implementation of the enterprise's e-commerce strategy. After the initial identification of the key success factors, it is also necessary for the relevant staff to make clear, through the process of discussion and analysis, whether the identified key factors are in line with the current strategic development objectives of the enterprise, so as to continuously improve the development level and quality of the enterprise. so as to ensure the orderly conduct of enterprise e-commerce strategy. Figure 1 E-commerce marketing profile 2020 5th International Conference on Economics Development, Business & Management (EDBM 2020) Copyright © (2020) Francis Academic Press, UK DOI: 10.25236/edbm.2020.184 939 2. Key Success Factors in the Implementation of Enterprise E-Commerce Strategy Table 1 Key success factors for enterprises Category Productive capacity Production scale Product design capability Low-cost production New Product Development Capacity Patent technology Marketing capacity Market positioning Competition strategy Precision advertising Product layout Logistics construction Management capacity Strategic planning Category planning Quality of personnel Process system Performance appraisal 2.1. Basic Level Among the key factors in the implementation of enterprise e-commerce strategy, the basic part is very important, which is helpful to ensure the orderly progress of enterprise e-commerce strategy. First of all, according to the development of the current Internet era, according to the current strategic development goals of enterprises and the development characteristics of enterprises to build enterprise websites, the main group facing consumers, Help consumers to fully understand the current development of enterprises and product characteristics[2]In the course of follow-up work, it is necessary for the relevant staff to continuously optimize the function and layout of the website to improve the customer's consumption experience as a whole. The relevant staff need to use this enterprise website as the facade of enterprise e-commerce, and the managers of the relevant enterprises need to assign professional personnel to carry out good maintenance of the enterprise website, and analyze the relevant data in depth. By recording and analyzing these data, we can understand the influence of the enterprise in the current market, as well as the consumer psychology and consumption concept, and constantly improve the enterprise's e-marketing program. At the same time, in the process of carrying out the strategy of e-commerce, enterprises should not only do a good job of network construction, but also strengthen the management of logistics, build a very efficient and smooth logistics system, give full play to the advantages of e-commerce, use virtual space to carry out fast transactions, and constantly improve consumer satisfaction. 2.2. Product Development With the continuous development of e-commerce in China, in order to realize the strategic transformation of e-commerce, enterprises need to innovate and improve the traditional product sales model and product characteristics. First of all, the relevant staff need to position the product accurately, and the relevant staff need to improve the attractiveness of the product according to the performance of the current product and the needs of consumers.[3]For example, in the process of product development and improvement, the relevant staff need to consider the function, quality and price of the product in a comprehensive way. The relevant staff should not only consider the range acceptable to the user, but also consider the quality of the product in a comprehensive way, so as to provide consumers with more cost-effective products, mobilize consumers' consumption desire, at the same time, make full use of e-commerce platform and Internet technology to expand brand influence, do a good job of customer experience, actively absorb the customer's requirements and suggestions for the product, so as to establish a good image for enterprises. With the continuous development of the Internet in China, brand has become the current intangible assets of enterprises, so enterprises should strengthen the research and development of products and innovation to meet the needs of consumers in the process of carrying out e-commerce strategy. 2.3. Customer Relations In the process of implementing e-commerce strategy, enterprises should realize that the customer group is expanding compared with traditional marketing, so in order to improve the trust of customers as a whole, the staff of related enterprises should maintain a good relationship with customers. For customers, one-to-one marketing model should be realized, and service level and


In this paper we developed and implemented COMP algorithm. An algorithm that provides an approach to compare ontologies versions. COMP performs all tasks automatically and the intervention of the user is not required. The objective is to underline the interest of having a tool for the analysis of the differences between versions of ontology of the same domain. We present a tool named CVO based on COMP algorithm that helps handling and comparing ontologies in OWL. The domain of study relates to the medical field of the breast cancer disease.


This paper discusses the feasibility of an integral communications system to include images for medical applications, for both intra-hospital communications and networking to remote locations and systems. Emphasis is placed on image communications because they will become an important component of telecommunications traffic in the 1980's if the proper facilities are provided. Terminals distributed throughout a hospital and in remote locations could access the databases of images and medical reports. Radiologists could prepare the medical diagnosis reports much faster, shortly after the radiograph was taken, by examining the radiographs on a suitable soft-copy display and dictating the report, ultimately using automated voice recognition systems. To lower the cost of the system the expensive hardware could be shared by means of communications, so that their utilization is maximized. Several configurations are proposed in this paper and their relative cost/performance compared. System evolution is also considered.


Abstract We provide a connection between Brownian motion and a classical Newton mechanical system in dimension d ≥ 3 {d\geq 3} . This paper is an extension of [S. Liang, A mechanical model of Brownian motion for one massive particle including slow light particles, J. Stat. Phys. 170 2018, 2, 286–350]. Precisely, we consider a system of one massive particle interacting with an ideal gas, evolved according to non-random Newton mechanical principles, via interaction potentials, without any assumption requiring that the initial energies of the environmental particles should be restricted to be "high enough". We prove that, as in the high-dimensional case, the position/velocity process of the massive particle converges to a diffusion process when the mass of the environmental particles converges to 0, while the density and the velocities of them go to infinity.


Fiber based supercapacitors are promising energy storage devices for flexible electronics because of their integration of lightweight, high flexibility and tiny volume. Here, a facile yet effective method is developed to synthesize two types of functionalized carbonaceous fibers, i.e., carbon fiber@reduced graphene oxide@manganese dioxide (CF@RGO@MnO2) and CF@thick RGO (CF@TRGO), by dip coating and subsequent electrochemical strategies. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device using CF@RGO@MnO2 as the positive electrode and CF@TRGO as the negative electrode can be operated with a high voltage region of 1.6 V and exhibits a high volumetric energy density of 1.23 mW h cm−3. Additionally, our device has an excellent long-term cycling stability with more than 91% retention after 10 000 cycles. To demonstrate potential applications of our prepared fiber based all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors, we successfully use them to power a flexible integrated copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) photodetector and a light-emitting diode.


An active β-amylase was purified from germinated rice seeds by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, acid treatment, chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and gel filiations on Sephadex G-75. The purified enzyme was homogeneous in disc electrophoretic analysis.The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 53,000 by thin-layer gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point was found to be pH 5.0 by disc electrofocusing.The optimum pH was found to be in the pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. The Km value for soluble starch was 3 mg/ml. The enzyme was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents or heavy metal ions.The active β-amylase was oxidatively dimerized by treatment with 0.3 m ferricyanide in 3 m urea. The dimerized enzyme was thought to be one of inert β-amylases in ungerminated rice seeds.


Building a Fluorescent Hotspot When two gold nanoparticles come close together, their overlapping plasmonic fields can create a region that acts as a nanoantenna that can enhance the fluorescent emission of a molecule. Acuna et al. (p. 506) used a surface-anchored DNA origami structure to assemble one or two gold nanoparticles next to a dye trapped within the structure. A > 100-fold enhancement in fluorescent emission was observed when the dye molecules were located in a 23-nm gap between two 100-nm gold nanoparticles. A DNA origami structure enhances the emission of a dye molecule by directing the proximate binding of gold nanoparticles. We introduce self-assembled nanoantennas to enhance the fluorescence intensity in a plasmonic hotspot of zeptoliter volume. The nanoantennas are prepared by attaching one or two gold nanoparticles (NPs) to DNA origami structures, which also incorporated docking sites for a single fluorescent dye next to one NP or in the gap between two NPs. We measured the dependence of the fluorescence enhancement on NP size and number and compare it to numerical simulations. A maximum of 117-fold fluorescence enhancement was obtained for a dye molecule positioned in the 23-nanometer gap between 100-nanometer gold NPs. Direct visualization of the binding and unbinding of short DNA strands, as well as the conformational dynamics of a DNA Holliday junction in the hotspot of the nanoantenna, show the compatibility with single-molecule assays.


Host-parasite specificity between zoospores of race 0 or race 1 of Phytophthora infestans and tuber tissues of Rishiri (R1) or Irish Cobbler (r) potatoes was examined in vitro. Proteinaceous substances in the 20, 000×g supernatant from potato tissue homogenate bound to substances in the 10, 000×g precipitate from homogenates of both race 0 and rece 1 zoospores. The binding reaction was less with Irish Cobbler than with Rishiri. The substances in host tissue which bound to substances from zoospores were found primarily in the 100, 000×g precipitate of the 20, 000×g supernatant. The binding reactions were inhibited by substances in the germination fluid or in the supernatant of homogenates of compatible zoospores. The significance of these in vitro interactions is discussed in relation to host-parasite specificity.


During the last two decades the attempt to implement Sharia' law in Malaysia has always being put under fire, no thanks to the unsuccessful assimilation it had had integrating into the existing Malaysian law. The fact that Malaysia practiced a dual legislative system doesn't mean that equality is on the table as by virtue of the Malaysian Federal Constitution, regulation of Sharia' law is pretty much practical only in a limited range of areas inter alia betrothal, marriage, adoption, and at the center of this paper's discussion; the creation and punishment of Sharia'-prescribed offences. The Federation has witnessed mild-to-hot prosecution of Sharia' offenders being put to rest on the typical ground of unconstitutionality and this failure of Sharia' law enforcement is unsurprisingly bewildering to the 'layman' citizens, and just another tropical day to fellow scholars and lawmakers. This paper examines the comparative Sharia' precepts over the practice of beauty pageantry, of both men and women, and describes further Islam's stance on its prospect as a profession. It will then present the concept of Ta'zir and Siyasa, justifying logical rationale of the administrative action recently undertook by the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (commonly known as JAKIM) in enforcing the ban on beauty pageant contest, and discuss the common constitutional restraints plaguing Sharia' law enforcement in the Federation to at least inject reasonable insights to fellow readers pertaining to the much-discussed practice which has created quite a furore lately. The findings suggest the whole strife did not just play around the contest of who's being constitutionally-compliant and who's don't, and uprooting the Federal Constitution is not going to be a bed of roses for lawmakers. The prospect of having a working Sharia' law side by side with the existing law is already being made possible as reflected within the Islamic Banking and Finance industry by having a centralised Sharia' Advisory Board at federal level. Albeit being in a different industry, it is a project worth to be looking at. Alternatively, a little twist to the disputed beauty contest could provide a better solution.


The present note makes no claim of originality; it is a "conspectus" of some ofthe classical theory of characteristics for 1st order PDEs, as expounded geomet-rically by Lie and elaborated by Klein. These authors use extensively a syntheticgeometric language, but ultimately describe notions rigourously only by presentingthem in analytic terms. Our approach describes the notions (like "united position"("vereinigte Lage") and "characteristic") rigourously in pure synthetic coordinatefree terms, and introduces coordinates only at a later point, when it comes to prov-ing some of the relations between the notions introduced.So we are not claiming that describing the notions synthetically is an effectivetool for proving; usually, coordinates are better suited for this. The virtue of thesynthetic descriptions are, as also appears from the work of Monge, Lie, Klein,..., that it gives a geometric language to speak about geometric entities, and inparticular, make them coordinate free from the outset.The particular version of synthetic language that we use is that of SyntheticDifferential Geometry, as in [2], say, and notably as in [4], where the main syn-thetic relation is the first and second order neighbour relat ion, as first considered inFrench algebraic geometry in the 1950s. We denote these relations by the symbol∼


In a Web application framework suitable for a code-centric development approach, maintaining the faultlessness of the security features is an issue because the security features are dispersed throughout the code during the implementation. In this paper, we propose a method and develop a static verification tool for Web applications that checks the completeness of the security features implementation. The tool generates a navigation model from an application code while retaining the security properties and then checks the consistency of the security properties on the model since access control is relevant to the application behavior. We applied the proposed tool to various Ruby on Rails Web application source codes and then tested their authentication and authorization features. Results showed that the tool is an effective aid in the implementation of security features in code-centric and iterative Web application development.


Most general population web surveys are based on online panels maintained by commercial survey agencies. However, survey agencies differ in their panel selection and management strategies. Little is known if these different strategies cause differences in survey estimates. This paper presents the results of a systematic study designed to analyze the differences in web survey results between agencies. Six different survey agencies were commissioned with the same web survey using an identical standardized questionnaire covering factual health items. Five surveys were fielded at the same time. A calibration approach was used to control the effect of demographics on the outcome. Overall, the results show differences between probability and non-probability surveys in health estimates, which were reduced but not eliminated by weighting. Furthermore, the differences between non-probability surveys before and after weighting are larger than expected between random samples from the same population.


The invention discloses a preparation method of nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) microspheres. In the invention, urea is used as a nitrogen source, hydrochloric acid is used as a protecting agent of butyl titanate (TBT), and a solvent heat method (ethanol and water mixing liquid is used as a solvent) is adopted for synthesizing the N-doped TiO2 microspheres. According to the method, TiO2 microspheres with good appearance can be prepared, and in addition, nitrogen elements in the urea is utilized for nitrogen doping, so the visible light absorption of the TiO2 microspheres is obviously improved. The method simultaneously realizes the microsphere preparation and the N doping, the preparation process is simple, the cost is low, and in addition, the application range is wide. The preparation method can be used in the fields of catalysis, dye solar cells, and the like.


This article intends to describe and justify the need and importance of Blended teaching and learning in education. Due to the initiation of Technology 4.0, Education 4.0, industry 4.0, etc., the 2K generation are enjoying many opportunities and obstacles. Psychologically, Technology 4.0 forced the 2k generation to be engaged in the digital world, learn in digital, maintain digital relationships, earn online, spend the online, virtual tour, etc. E-learning may boost the cognitive domain but digital life is gradually reducing social competency. On the other hand, conventional learning gives more importance to the affective dominion which will be very helpful in the real-world situation. Keeping the above conceptual framework as background this article describes the need and importance of Blended teaching and learning in the contemporary educational system.


By using a new type of six-pulse and AC-AC frequency converter system, the frequency converter system on 5/2 frequency and full voltage has been carried out a pilot study,and a better output waveform is obtained,Even harmonic content is further reduced.


This paper focuses on in-process measurements during requirements definition where measurements of processes and products are relatively difficult. However, development processes in Japan based on the enterprise architecture method provide standardized formats for such upstream processes and products, allowing in-process measurements. Based on previous work and on this examination of in-process measurements of requirements definition with the enterprise architecture method and previous results of empirical studies of in-process measurements and empirically validates of later development processes, this paper proposes a new measurement model, the "full in-process process and product (I-PAP) measurement model," which includes the complete software development process from requirements to maintenance. Standardization of the requirements definition phase using the enterprise architecture method in Japan allows in-process measurement across the complete development lifecycle. Combining this with collaborative filtering and a project benchmark database will support project evaluation, estimation, and prediction.


Approximations are obtained to the function and its derivative over the range (0, [infinity]), having absolute errors less than 0.000 012 and involving just six coefficients.


A probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) is well known as one of the mathematical models of gene regulatory networks. In a Boolean network, expression of a gene is approximated by a binary value, and its time evolution is expressed by Boolean functions. In a PBN, a Boolean function is probabilistically chosen from candidates of Boolean functions. One of the authors has proposed a method to construct a PBN from imperfect information. However, there is a weakness that the number of candidates of Boolean functions may be redundant. In this paper, this construction method is improved to efficiently utilize given information. To derive Boolean functions and those selection probabilities, the linear programming problem is solved. Here, we introduce the objective function to reduce the number of candidates. The proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example.


This short and easy to read book is a welcome addition to the growing series of 'Classmate' publications. The first three chapters focus on physical development as a whole, the influence of perceptual and sensory-motor development and motor skill development. These build to offer the reader a wide ranging view of growing children and their abilities. I particularly liked the chapter on perceptual and sensory development. This is simply written but clearly explains the complex layers of many areas of development converging to affect a physical outcome such as catching a ball. I am sure that greater awareness of the complexity of such tasks will help practitioners in their teaching. I was also pleased to see it made clear that the term 'motor skill' covers not just movement but also stillness. As all early years teachers are aware, for some children, being still is a major challenge. There are numerous reasons for this, but lack of muscle control and stability certainly can be an important and often ignored factors.


Orthodontics as a specialty deals with various skeletal and dental malrelations. But, the extent to which the case can be treated with a pure orthodontic approach with the use of fixed appliances was limited. With the advent of temporary anchorage devices, our horizons have broadened and these "WONDER SCREWS" have allowed us to tackle more complicated cases while avoiding surgeries. The skeletal anchorage system has revolutionized the way we address different malocclusions. This case report is aimed at showcasing the successful management of the spaces required to improve the esthetics and function of an adult male through the simultaneous retraction and intrusion of the whole anterior segment. 2 The treatment objectives were achieved through the retraction of the maxillary anteriors using TADs as anchorage and intrusion using the TADs.


Abstract This paper reports experimental fi ndings on the spectral emission of natural ulexite (NaCaB 5 O6(OH)6•5H 2 O) in the range of 250-600 nm. By means of laser induced fl uorescence (LIF), two different groups of components appearing in the UV-blue (350-400 nm) and blue-green (500-550nm) spectral region could be distinguished. A more detailed study performed by thermoluminescence (TL) showed a very complex emission from the borate for both natural TL (NTL) and beta radiation induced TL (ITL). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray fl uorescence (XRF) spectroscopy were employed to determine the microstructure and chemical composition of this borate. Keywords : Ulexite, thermoluminescence, laser induced fl uorescence, emission spectra Resume Ce travail present resultes experimentale sur la emission spectral d'une ulexite naturel entre 250 et 600 nm. La fl uorescence induite par laser permet d'observer deux groups de component a different region spectral, l'une UV-bleu (350-400 nm) et l'autre bleu-vert (500-550 nm). Une etude approfondie par TL montre tres complexes emission a partir des borates pour la TL naturelle (NTL) et la TL artifi cielle (ITL) induite par irradiation beta. Le microscope electronique a balayage (SEM) et la fl uorescence par rayons X (XRF) on ete utilisee pour la determination micro-structurel et la composition chimique du borate.


COPYRIGHT © 2022 Toni and Eleuteri. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Prion and prion-like proteins in neurodegenerative diseases


We reformulate time evolution of systems in mixed states in terms of the classical observables of correlators using the Weyl correspondence rule. The resulting equation of motion for the Wigner functional of the density matrix is found to be of the Liouville type. To illustrate the methods developed, we explicitly consider a scalar theory with quartic self-interaction and derive the short time behaviour with the non-interacting thermal density matrix as initial condition. In the scalar case, the complete correlator hierarchy is studied and restrictions are derived for spatially homogeneous initial conditions and systems with unbroken symmetry.


Semi-supervised learning is based on the cluster and manifold assumption. However, it is difficult to verify if the assumptions hold with a limited number of data samples.We present a homothetic transformation-based method that maps the input data to a more compact form in such a way that the two assumptions are strengthened. Using the benchmark data, we have empirically shown this transform guarantees high performance of the semi-supervised learning.


Clipping and filtering (CAF) technique is known as a simple and effective approach that reduces the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals at the cost of increasing in-band distortion. Clipping noise cancelation (CNC) can compensate for the performance degradation due to the in-band distortion caused by CAF, especially when the number of subcarriers is large, but its achievable symbol error rate (SER) performance is in general worse than that of the unclipped OFDM systems. In this letter, we propose an additional compensation scheme based on the maximum likelihood (ML) metric. We reveal that the proposed approach can even outperform the unclipped OFDM systems, only with moderate increase of complexity from the conventional CNC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that significant gain resulting from the diversity effect can be achieved in the case of frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels.


Bacteria exist in nature in a planktonic single-cell state or in a sessile multicellular state, the biofilm. In the latter state, the bacterial community optimizes the cell-environment and cell to cell communication strategies. Biofilms are widely diffuse in many industrial, environmental and clinical settings and are less sensitive to treatments with antimicrobial agents compared to planktonic cells. Biofilms formed by bacterial pathogens, such as, those formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunocompromised patients, have a high impact on public health. The switch between the planktonic and the biofilm lifestyle is strictly regulated by the second messenger 3', 5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). The intracellular levels of this molecule are controlled by two classes of enzymes: diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). In this review, we report the structural and functional data available to date on these enzymes and we summarize the possible medical, environmental and industrial biotechnological applications involving bacterial c-di-GMP metabolism.


Abstract: The effect of dietary bark charcoal containing vinegar liquid (BCV) on the growth performance, carcass and visceral organs, intestinal histology, fecal ammonia nitrogen, and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a total of 350 one-day-old unsexed Ross 308 broilers raised under a high environmental temperature (heat stress) from 0 to 42 d of age. They were divided into 0% (control group), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% dietary BCV groups. Compared with the control group, the body weight gain (BWG) of the 1% dietary BCV group at 21–42 d of age and the feed efficiency of the 2% dietary BCV group at 0–42 d of age increased (P < 0.05). The carcasses of the 1% and 3% dietary BCV groups significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The digestibility of dry matter and gross energy of the 4% dietary BCV group improved at 21 d (P < 0.05). The duodenum of the 3% and 4% dietary BCV groups was significantly heavier than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). This result suggests that BCV can shorten the time to shipping date for broilers to before 42 d of age and can contribute to the development of poultry production in tropical regions.


This study is a qualitative research using a case study approach by in-depth interviews to the project manager of Public Good Department. This study aims to investigating and analyzing a phenomenon of corruption in government's projects by applying the role theory. The study further analyzes how positions in a social structure and normative expectations influence corruptive behaviors of bureaucrat. The result of this study showed that corruptions happen caused by the subject's position in the social structure, and influenced by the normative expectations of the reference group. This reference group has strong power that force individuals to behave and act according to their groups' normative expectations.


Although there are three time amendments of Patent Law in China since 1985, empirical studies on impact over such changes have not been fully conducted. This study analyzes the differences of patenting movement before and after the patent reforms in China, and investigates the impact of Chinese patent reform in 2000 on local innovation activities with research window covering 30 provinces during 1993-2007. Major finding include that the patent reform in China not only stimulates directly local patent output, but also improves indirectly the innovation by strengthening the positive impact of innovation input on patent output and reducing the negative impact of foreign direct investment on patent output. The regions of more R&D intensive and technology accumulative advantage benefit more from the improvement of patent protection, which further implies that patent reform can raise R&D efficiency over those innovation intensive regions in China. On the other hand, less innovation intensive regions may need more focused policy assistant to encourage local innovation performance.


Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic led educational systems worldwide to transpose activities planned for face-to-face education to mediated contexts - through what is known as Emergency Remote Teaching and Learning (ERTL). This posed unprecedented challenges to schools, teachers, families, and students. In this context, it was relevant to describe and understand how parents perceived this process, including what challenges to themselves and their children they faced and what advantages they acknowledged in the process. The present study focuses on Portuguese parents' views on this process. Methods Data were gathered in April and May 2020 through an online questionnaire answered by 184 parents of preschool, basic, and secondary education students (ages 3–18). The present paper presents data from open questions analyzed by deductive and inductive content analysis using MaxQDA. Results and discussion Results evidence three overarching themes: equity, parental labor, and the meaning of school. Parents reveal substantial difficulties juggling the role of proxy educator and parent and point to inequalities - including those concerning very young children, children with disabilities or learning difficulties, students enrolled in professional education, families with insufficient access to technologies, and parents working from home. The school is portrayed as a crucial environment for development, a designated space for learning and caretaking, but also a relational and emotional context. Despite this scenario, parents acknowledge ERTL as having positive aspects and as the possible outlet to keep education going even in extreme situations.


The authors report a quantitative comparison of area evaluation metrics for CMOS transistor placement, along with a novel analysis technique to determine their absolute merit. The transistor placer TOPOLOGIZER was used to generate test case placements. The resolution of transistor placement algorithms based on metrics (e.g. simulated annealing, branch and bound) are limited to the resolution of the metric. The best metric studied was only able to correctly identify, with 90% accuracy, the better of two placements whose layout areas differed by more than 30%.<<ETX>>


AbstractThe behavior of a conventional steel single-plate (shear tab) connection is highly dependent on the type of loading to which it is subjected. Although these connections have been studied primarily under shear loading, reflecting their common usage in gravity framing, their behavior under combined loading scenarios is more complex. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a component-based mechanical shear tab connection model that accounts for the interactions of shear, axial load, and moment. The component-based methodology allows for the division of the connection into its constituent parts and for modeling of the force-deformation relationship of each part separately. Thus, the connection response to a broad array of load combinations can be obtained on the basis of the geometric and material properties of the connection. The model is validated against experimental results from a variety of loading regimes, and the sensitivity of the model performance to the connection and model p...


This paper studies the effect of bulk control on the input third order intercept point (IIP3) of a CMOS Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) at RF frequencies. The circuit reveals an optimum bulk biasing at which a maximum IIP3 is achieved under low power consumption. The cascode LNA, here reported, operates at 2.4 GHz and is implemented in a 0.13μm CMOS process. Supplied under 1.1V, it achieves nominal 13.86 dB gain and 3.23 dB noise figure (NF) for a 3mA current consumption. Tuning the bulk to source voltage to −0.55 V the IIP3 exhibits a maximum 6.63 dBm for a 1.1 mW overall power consumption. Whereas the gain and NF reach 8.2 dB and 4.8 dB respectively.


This paper studied the research status quo of main methods used in the theory of genetic algorithms such as coding strategies,genetic operators,parameters identification,convergence,deception problems at home and abroad,and discussed the research progress of genetic algorithm at home and abroad and the new application fields as well.Finally,it put forward the future research direction and research hotspot of the algorithm by analyzing papers in recent years.


A transcriptional enhancer has been mapped to a region 5.5 kilobases 3' of the C(2 gene in the human T-cell receptor (TCR) 1-chain locus. Transient transfections allowed localization of enhancer activity to a 480-base-pair HincII-XbaI restriction enzyme fragment. The TCR enhancer was active on both the minimal simian virus 40 promoter and a TCR P variable gene promoter in both TCR al"+ and TCR y/y; T cells. It displayed significantly less activity in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia ceUs and no activity in HeLa fibroblasts. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the enhancer contains a consensus immunoglobulin cE2 motif, as well as an AP-1-binding site and a cyclic AMP response element. DNase I footprint analyses using Jurkat T-cell nuclear extracts allowed the identification of five nuclear protein-binding sites, T(31 to T135, within the enhancer element. Deletion and in vitro mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the TP2- TP3- and T14-binding sites are each required for full transcriptional enhancer activity. In contrast, deletion of the TIll- and T(35-binding sites had essentially no effect on enhancer function. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that TCR a/l" and TCR ly/18 T cells expressed T(32-, T(33-, and TP4-binding activities. In contrast, non-T-cell lines, in which the enhancer was inactive, each lacked expression of at least one of these binding activities. TCR a and P gene expression may be a common set of T-cell the TP2 of element-binding element of murine element and the Ta2 TCR a-enhancer element common T-cell nuclear protein. Taken these suggest that gene by the of multiple T cell with a transcriptional enhancer element of the gene that in the of gene


This paper proposes an estimation method to identify the electrical model parameters of photovoltaic (PV) modules and makes a comparison with other methods already popular in the technical literature. Based on the full single-diode model, the mathematical description of the I-V characteristic of modules is generally represented by a coupled nonlinear equation with five unknown parameters, which is difficult to solve by an analytical approach. The aim of the proposed method is to find the five unknown parameters that guarantee the minimum absolute error between the P-V curves generated by the electrical model and the P-V curves provided by the manufacturers' datasheets for different external conditions such as temperature and irradiance. The first advantage of the proposed method is that the parameters are estimated using the P-V curves instead of I-V curves, since most of the applications that use the electrical model want to accurately estimate the extracted power. The second advantage is that the value ranges of each unknown parameter respect their physical meaning. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposition, a comparison among methods is carried out using both types of P-V and I-V curves: those obtained by manufacturers' datasheets and those extracted experimentally in the laboratory.


DISCUSSION ABOUT THE integration of faith and learning has become a common theme among Christian colleges and universities. Although it has fostered a robust academic dialogue, I contend the language of "integration of faith and learning" needs to be discarded. My conclusion, however, stems not from recent critiques of the integration model. Instead, I am more concerned with the habits of thinking that the language fosters than with the overall integration model (which I will largely defend). I will suggest and defend an alternative language that captures the important theological mission of Christian scholars and retains and expands a basic integration paradigm, while also directly addressing some recent critiques.


A few articles report the separation of Eu/Gd pair using solvent extraction, emphasizing the importance of this study. Therefore, the present study has the aim of evaluating the separation of Gd and Eu by solvent extraction, using organophosphorous extractants, with a pyrazolone as the chelating agent. Gd and Eu chloride solutions were prepared from a Gd and Eu carbonate provided by Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB). Different variables were evaluated, such as extractant nature, molar ratio of pyrazolone and pH variation. The quantitative chemical analyses of the rare earth elements were conducted by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP). The results show the effect of the mixtures and the working pH values on extraction percentages and synergistic coefficient values. The study of the synergistic effect indicates possible alterations that may occur in the extraction mechanism, favoring the extraction of the lighter element, Europium.


This large and ambitious study reinterprets the evolution of British and German Romanticism as a progress through three successive 'moods.' By this term Pfau here means emotion "read in its embodied manifestation as the 'voice' of a historical moment, rather than that of a given individual." In constructing this reading, he draws on a multifaceted philosophical tradition influenced most strongly by Heidegger and Kant, but also by such wide-ranging figures as Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, and Adorno, among others. The result is a new understanding of the basis of the Romantic poet's voice (picking up on the German etymological link between Stimmung, 'mood,' and Stimme, 'voice') as a holistic cultural condition not localizable as either content or form, textual or psychic. This is a work for scholars and advanced students, one that is likely to stimulate considerable reaction and make a significant and enduring contribution to Romantic studies.


This study analyses the cointegration and the causal relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions, using aggregate and disaggregate measures of energy consumption for Algeria, Egypt and South Africa over the period 1971-2015. Based on the ARDL, our results show that aggregate energy consumption and economic growth have positive and significant impacts on carbon dioxide (CO2) both in the long and short run in those countries. At the disaggregated level, the main energy-related drives of carbon emissions are oil, electricity and coal consumption in Algeria, Egypt and South Africa, respectively. In addition, the implementation of the Toda-Yamamoto test for causality reveals the existence of several types of relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth and energy consumption.


Introduction. In the last 30 years, the incidence of non-melanocytic skin tumors (NMRTs) has increased alarmingly. The most common subtype of TCNM is basal cell carcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Material and method. This retrospective study was performed on a group of 140 patients. Patients diagnosed with C44 nonmelanocytic malignancy according to ICD-10 were included in the study. Results. Of the 140 patients, 118 (84%) received the presumptive diagnosis of CBC and 17 (12%) the diagnosis of CSC. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of CBC in 76% of cases and that of CSC in 58% of cases. Regarding the number of lesions, cases with a single lesion predominate (94%). In terms of clinical form, the most common type of basal cell carcinoma in the study group was 75% nodular carcinoma. Conclusions. There is a need for more studies for the application of prevention and proper management from the family doctor to the specialist.


Glutamatergic synapses and their subsynaptic elements play crucial roles in mediating neuronal communication. Any disruption to the normal functioning of these elements and/or their interactions has implications in neurological disorders. ❧ It is technically difficult to access synaptic space and explore subsynaptic parameters influence on the overall synaptic and higher-order functions through usual experimental methodologies. Computational models complement experimental findings and provide a means for better understanding of such complex systems by providing the framework to look at various dimensions of synaptic functions by simultaneous manipulation of subsynaptic parameters. EONS (Elementary Objects of the Nervous System) is a highly configurable synaptic modeling platform featuring subsynaptic elements and interactions between them. We developed a multi-scale framework, which combines the features of this unified glutamatergic synapse model (EONS) into hippocampal neuron models (within the NEURON simulation environment) within a parallel computing environment. This multi-scale architecture creates a link between molecular level processes and higher order neuronal spiking activity thereby creating a unique powerful tool with direct application to drug design and discovery. ❧ Two main topics were addressed through computer simulations, glutamate diffusion and uptake on synaptic function and neuronal spiking: A) We explored the functional consequences that arise as a result of subsynaptic localization of ionotropic receptors. There is evidence that AMPARs, NMDARs and mGluR exist at different locations within the postsynaptic membrane. These receptors have different kinetics. Given that glutamate released from the pre-synaptic vesicles diffuses across the synaptic cleft, a reasonable hypothesis is that receptors located across the post-synaptic membrane encounter varying levels of glutamate and respond differently. Within this highly configurable synapse model, we varied the location of ionotropic receptors, extracellular environmental factors such as Mg²⁺, astrocytic glutamate uptake. Our simulations using single pulse and paired pulse protocols simulations suggests that it is the interplay between spatial location of AMPAR, density and conductance of these channels and the pre-synaptic pattern of activity combined that influence synaptic potency. B) We explored the influence of astrocytic glutamate uptake on synaptic transmission and neuronal spiking. This was tested with the multi-scale modeling framework developed. Astrocytic glutamate transporter models were added to the synaptic environment to simulate glutamate uptake. The reduced levels of glutamate activated receptors differently and influenced the amplitude and decay time course of EPSCs, which directly had an effect on the neuronal spiking ability. ❧ Overall this model will subsequently help us decipher how targeting molecular elements at the synaptic level can modify network function and could provide a unique method to design therapeutic approaches to alleviate and reverse pathological conditions.


Geopolitical readings of films have so far largely focused on the latter's ideological function. Yet, as is argued here, such a narrow view of film is not entirely justified. Thus, it is the declared aim of the paper to challenge this still prevalent position. In proposing a critical understanding of film, an analysis of three West German 'border narratives' demonstrates how these can be usefully understood in terms of a 'critical geopolitics'. Their representations of West German national identity show a people deeply affected by the geopolitical changes that occurred after the Second World War. More precisely, as the Berlin Wall became the national symbol for West Germany, filmic portrayals of men and women close to the German-German border take centre stage in these productions. As we encounter their stories we watch them divided between the desire for 'home' and the reality of 'homelessness'.


This paper is the second statistical study of tornadoes in the United States. The first paper (see Charles W. Brown, A study of the time-, areal-, and type-distribution of tornadoes in the United States, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 14th Annual Meeting, pp. 100–106, 1933) covered only the last 15 years from 1917 to 1931.

The present contribution is based upon a study of all the data, which may vary in completeness in the various states and years with the personnel, contained in the publications of the Weather Bureau for 52 years from 1880 to 1931. The previous study, though for a shorter period, included 2017 tornadoes (54.1 per cent) of the total number, 3911, whereas the present study includes for the earlier 37-year period but 1894 tornadoes. Earlier graphs have been revised and the later data have been added thereto. In addition, new studies for the entire time have been made of the hourly occurrence, the frequency, and the damage possibilities of different areas, and all the tornadic tracks of the half-century have been plotted on one map (Fig. 1, which is copyrighted). These latter studies are already serving as a basis in part for revision of tornado-insurance rates. Further theoretical and statistical studies are in progress.


The invention relates to the field of electric communication and particularly relates to a Beidou satellite communication system based electric communication system and method. The electric communication system comprises a plurality of remote control stations, a plurality of central stations, a data processing terminal and an electric distribution network system. Two ends of the data processing terminal are connected with the remote control stations and the central stations respectively, and the central stations are connected with the power distribution network system. The data processing terminal comprises an internet access RU-45 communication module, a Beidou satellite communication module and a protocol conversion module. The internet access RU-45 communication module and the Beidou satellite communication module are connected with the protocol conversion module respectively. The power distribution network system comprises power distribution sub-stations and a power distribution main station. The central stations are connected with the power distribution sub-stations, and the power distribution sub-stations are connected with the power distribution main station through the Beidou satellite. The system and the method have the advantages that power communication is performed by the aid of the Beidou satellite, so that the dependency on outdoor power communication facilities is reduced, and the communication stability is improved.