The article concerns the problems of limited inquiry, which prevent timely investigation. The author offers possible solutions for the current problems.


The macrography and hardness test are conducted for the failure bearing,the fracture analysis and metallographic check of the first broken part are carried out,and the energy spectrum analysis of the collected metal chips is done.It is found that the bearing failure has no relationship with material properties;the bearing endures a non-normal force during work.The theoretical analysis is performed to the aero-engine assembly geometric tolerance K11 and K12 which might influence normal operation of the bearing.The results show that bearing deflection after the aero-engine assembly should be the main reason of bearing failure.


The calibration of the hydrological reduction coefficient is examined for a small catchment. The objective is to determine the hydrological reduction coefficient, which is used for describing how much of the precipitation which falls on impervious areas, that actually ends up in the sewer. The reduction coefficient is found on basis of a combination of a urban drainage model (MOUSE) and a set of simple switches located in a combined sewer overflow (CSO) structure. By calibrating the model with only the duration of the CSO, it was possible to calculate a hydrological reduction coefficient close to what can be found with intensive insewer measurement of rain and runoff. The results also clearly indicate that there is a large variation in hydrological reduction coefficient between different rain events.


The mortality of coma complicating acute hepatic necrosis remains high at about 80% and recently exchange transfusion has shown some promising results. This line of treatment is based on the assumption that improvement depends on the removal of non-dialysable toxic substances from the circulation although some authors have suggested that the benefit might be due to the addition of deficient factors such as antibody (Morris, Gocke & Sardi, 1967). In fact the first successful treatment of hepatic coma by exchange transfusion was more than 10 years ago (Lee & Tink, 1958) but there has been a resurgence in interest in this therapy following the complete recovery of six patients out of eleven treated by Trey, Burns & Saunders (1966). Other workers have failed to achieve such good results (Jones et al., 1967) but the relative simplicity of the method and the high mortality of coma in acute necrosis would seem to indicate its use in patients not responding to conventional measures of protein restriction and gut sterilization. The majority of reports indicate that exchange of at least one blood-volume must be carried out for appreciable clinical improvement to occur and this must be repeated on subsequent days. Whenever possible fresh citrated blood should be used but exchange transfusion may be complicated by coagulation defects due to both the hepatitis and the actual blood exchange itself (Samson et al., 1967). The same authors have discussed the importance of hypoglycaemia which may also extend the hazards of exchange transfusion in hepatic necrosis. We have had the opportunity of treating five patients with exchange transfusion (Table 1). Three of these patients had coma complicating acute hepatic necrosis and two had very severe portosystemic encephalopathy complicating cirrhosis. In retrospect the volumes of blood exchanged may have been too small and the procedure performed too late. The technical difficulties of obtaining fresh matched blood may be avoided by plasma-exchange which has been exploited by Sabin & Merritt (1968). They removed the patient's plasma and returned the patient's packed red cells and fresh frozen donor plasma. Encouraging results were obtained in these patients with cirrhosis and refractory coma. Further methods of treatment are at present being examined but, as yet, it is too early to assess their effectiveness. Burnell et al. (1967) have performed cross circulation exchanges with some success, but with this method there are ethical difficulties in the choice of suitable partners and practical problems with donor reactions. Extra-corporeal circulation of patients' blood through an isolated perfused cadaveric liver (Sen et al., 1966) and heterologous perfusion using pig's liver (Eisman, Liem & Raffucci, 1965) may produce some neurological improvement, but such measures require extensive facilities and have not been used in this country.


Ceramic material with high hardness and light quality is wildly used to protect the light armored vehicles against the threat of small-bore armor-piercing projectile.However,the ability for anti-striking many times of ceramic armour needs to be stronger.During the amour-piericing process,the hardness and intensity of ceramic under confinement condition are increased effectively by the dwell phenomene,then the ability for anti-striking many times of ceramic armour is improved.In this text the definition,microcosmic mechanism,influencing factors of the dwell phenomena and the trends and hotpoint of research are introduced.Finally,the research direction to be focused on numerical simulation and the questions needing to be solved are pointed out.


The first Golf was the successor to the legendary Beetle and set new standards in its class thanks to its technical and economical superiority. Since 1974, six million vehicles have been produced all over the world. The success of the Golf is not only accounted for by the concept of an active car with a transverse engine, short back, safe running gear and a versatile passenger compartment. It is rather the case of constant further development and extension of the model series in the form of the GTI and Diesel engines, including turbocharged Diesel engines, which has reinforced the market position and secured success.


In this paper, individual emission patterns of a Si field emitter array have been studied. Energy distribution of electrons emitted from a single-tip Si field emitter have been measured using a parallel-plane electron energy analyzer.


Expressing your view on social media has become part of our daily life and one of the most used media is the YouTube comment section, where the user can critics any video published by the creator. With the incessant augmentation in the users of YouTube, the quantity of spam comment has also rose meteorically. In this paper, we propose and developed a comment spam filter, it was achieved by using a supervised learning approach which was trained on our self-generated dataset. In addition to this, literature review of different method used by researcher to identify the spam content is also presented. Furthermore, paper illustrates the description and evaluation of accuracy, precision, and recall of different Machine Learning Technique performance such as Linear classifier, Random forest classifier, AdaBoost classifier, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, and SVM.


This piece of study aims at finding factors responsible for poor pronunciation in Pakistan. Unfortunately in Pakistan, it is not the way as should be because of various reasons which affect pronunciation to a great level such as; unawareness of sounds of kids at primary level by teachers which later leads them to poor pronunciation and also at tertiary level which is of course a major factor resulting into unsatisfactory speaking. Whether phonology is taught or not but sounds introduction must be made necessary at any level. It is also seen that ignoring input from natives and not exposing to media result in coarse pronunciation where speakers cannot satisfy their needs of communication. It is aptly understood that input and authentic listening of speaking is the primary need of correct pronunciation, however, learning English as a second language on the ground of L1's sounds also deforms pronunciation to some extent


In the knowledge-based economic age,the knowledge-based enterprise is the economic entity with knowledge capital as the guiding factors of production,which brings a new subject matter to the management of the knowledge-based enterprise.Accounting as an important component part of management activities is also faced with various challenges.The focus of the management objectives in the knowledge-based enterprise must be shifted,from the industrial enterprises with financial capital as the core management in the industrial economic era to the knowledge-based enterprises with knowledge capital as the core management in the era of knowledge economy.The shift of the core management in the knowledge-based enterprises will definitely result in the shift of financial accounting reflecting the financial capital in the industrial economic era to the knowledge accounting reflecting the knowledge capital in the era of knowledge economy,so as to adapt to the requirement of the shift of the core management of the knowledge-based enterprises.


This paper describes an approach to control the vibration of flexible structures based on the power flow concept. The μ-synthesis is used to design the controller that optimizes the power flow and retains the robustness for the unmodeled dynamics. The power flow control is based on SEA (Statistical Energy Analysis), and it is able to augment the vibration damping by controlling the power flow that flows into the plant from the outside. The plant model for controller synthesis is found using the identification method called transfer function curve fitting. For identified model, the controller that achieves both performance and robustness is designed using μ-synthesis. Designed controller is evaluated by numerical analysis and experiments. As the results, it is shown that the proposed approach can design the controller with good performance and robustness.


Let G be a nontrivial connected graph on which is defined a coloring c : E(G) → {1, 2, · · · , k}, k ∈ N of the edges of G, where adjacent edges may be colored the same. A path in G is called a rainbow path if no two edges of it are colored the same. G is rainbow connected if G contains a rainbow u − v path for every two vertices u and v in it. The minimum k for which there exists such a k-edge coloring is called the rainbow connection number of G, denoted by rc(G). In this paper we find the rainbow connection number of flower snark graph and their criticalness with respect to rainbow coloring. AMS Subject Classification: 05C15


In this demo we present DiRec, a plug-in that allows Collaborative Filtering (CF) Recommender systems to diversify the recommendations that they present to users. DiRec estimates items diversity by comparing the rankings that different users gave to the items, thereby enabling diversification even in common scenarios where no semantic information on the items is available. Items are clustered based on a novel notion of priority-medoids that provides a natural balance between the need to present highly ranked items vs. highly diverse ones. We demonstrate the operation of DiRec in the context of a movie recommendation system. We show the advantage of recommendation diversification and its feasibility even in the absence of semantic information.


Puberty has different factors affecting its onset e.g. race, nutrition, hormonal stimulation. The aim of this research is to investigate the racial differences in onset of puberty among Saudi and non-Saudi young females living in the same environment. This cross-sectional study includes 568 healthy young females aged between 6-14 years living in Jeddah. In the present study, 60.7% of females were Saudis and 38.2% were non-Saudis. There were no significant differences found between each of the age of breasts development (p=0.187), age of first appearance of pubic hair (p=0.308), and the age of menarche (p=0.651) among Saudi and non-Saudi young females living in Jeddah. There were no significant differences between pubertal developmental age among Saudi and non-Saudi young females living in Jeddah.


The invention relates to a composite alloy inert anode for aluminum electrolysis. The composition of the matrix of the composite alloy inert anode for aluminum electrolysis is (x)A(y)B, wherein X is the content of A in percentage by weight, y is the content of B in percentage by weight, X is 40-100%, and y is 0-60%; A consists of one or multiple elements of Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Al, Mn, W, Cr, Ti, Sn and Zn; and B consists of one or multiple elements of Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Au, Pt, Sb, Mg, Ir, Bi, Pb, Si, N, C and rare-earth. A compact protective film is coated on the matrix, and is an oxide film and or a permeator. The composite alloy inert anode is adopted in the process of electrolysis, thus solving the problems of poor conductivity and thermal shock stability of ceramic anodes; the composite alloy inert anode has better corrosion resistance as compared with a single alloy anode; and in addition, the composite alloy inert anode is especially suitable for being applied in a low-temperature aluminum electrolysis system and can also be applied in the field of fusion-electrolysis metallurgy of rare earth, Mg and the like.


The bridge surfacing is the final key process of road pavement,so quality is particularly important. However,the structure will be damaged in varying degrees ,for the poor design,improper construction and other reasons. This paper,according to many years of experience,discusses the investigation,cause analysis and corresponding preventive measures of common diseases in bridge deck,with some reference value.


Abstract Volcanic ash soil, which is widely distributed in Japan, contains a large amount of well-structured soil aggregates. By using these aggregates as carrier materials, we prepared (brady)rhizobial inoculants for red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max). Autoclaved soil aggregates were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIATS99R or Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110R, incubated for 15 or 21 d at 30°C, slowly air-dried at 20°C to prepare the aggregate-based inoculants, and stored at various temperatures. The populations of CIATS99R and USDA110R in the aggregate-based inoculants were maintained during several months of storage at 20°C. When the aggregate-based inoculants were mixed with soil, CIATS99R and USDA110R cells showed a remarkably improved survival in soils compared with those mixed with soil without carrier material. The effect of the aggregate-based inoculants on the growth of red kidney bean and soybean was examined in pot experiments. By placing a small amount of the inoculant just beneath the seeds at the time of sowing, plant growth was significantly enhanced compared with the use of traditional peat-based inoculant. In addition, nodule formation on the upper part of soybean roots and nodule occupancy by the inoculated strain were remarkably enhanced by the aggregate-based inoculant. It is suggested that soil aggregates might be suitable carrier materials for preparing cheap and effective (brady)rhizobial inoculants.


This dissertation presents new constructions and security definitions related to three areas: authentication, cascadable and commutative crytpography, and private set operations. Existing works relevant to each of these areas fall into one of two categories: efficient solutions lacking formal proofs of security or provably-secure, but highly inefficient solutions. This work will bridge this gap by presenting new constructions and definitions that are both practical and provably-secure.
The first contribution in the area of efficient authentication is a provably-secure authentication protocol named HB+. The HB+ protocol is efficient enough to be implemented on extremely low-cost devices, or even by a patient human with a coin to flip. The security of HB+ is based on the hardness of a long-standing learning problem that is closely related to coding theory. HB+ is the first authentication protocol that is both practical for low-cost devices, like radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, and provably secure against active adversaries.
The second contribution of this work is a new framework for defining and proving the security of cascadable crypt osystems, specifically commutative cryptosystems. This new framework addresses a gap in existing security definitions that fail to handle cryptosystems where ciphertexts produced by cascadable encryption and decryption operations may contain some message-independent history. Several cryptosystems, including a new, practical commutative cryptosystem, are proven secure under this new framework.
Finally, a new and efficient private disjointness testing construction named HW is offered. Unlike previous constructions, HW is secure in the face of malicious parties, but without the need for random oracles or expensive zero-knowledge protocols. HW is as efficient as previous constructions and may be implemented using standard software libraries. The security of HW is based on a novel use of subgroup assumptions. These assumptions may prove useful in solving many other private set operation problems. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)


The most spectacular final phase of an evolved star, is the supernova explosion. It has been suggested by observations that such an event might not be spherically symmetric. This asphericity could be explained by the formation of jets of accelerated particles by the explosion, which could interact with the stellar matter and give rise to a possible nucleosynthesis. Such a nucleosynthesis is studied. The final abundance pattern is shown to depend on the values of the model parameters adopted, especially the energy spectrum of the accelerated particles.


The modest growth of the British machine-tool industry between the World Wars is here traced to competitive weaknesses in production methods and marketing arrangements.


The purpose of this study is to report on the industry's perspectives and opinions on cross-platform mobile development, with an emphasis on the popularity, adoption, and arising issues related to the use of technical development frameworks and tools. We designed and conducted an online survey questionnaire, for which 101 participants were recruited from various developer-oriented online forums and websites. A total of five questions are reported in this study, of which two employed a Likert scale instrument, while three were based on multiple choice. In terms of technical frameworks, we find that PhoneGap, the Ionic Framework, and React Native were the most popular in use, both in hobby projects and in professional settings. The participants report an awareness of trade-offs when embracing cross-platform technologies and consider penalties in performance and user experience to be expected. This is also in line with what is reported in academic research. We find patterns in the reported perceived issues which match both older and newer research, thus rendering the findings a point of departure for further endevours.


Minimax strategy of mechatronic converters efficiency improving relative to error decrease with velocity increase at the same time provides common dataware level rise. The analysis of usage possibilities of different type position transducers (PT) gives the advantages of resolvers. The subsequent processing of their output signals is performed by "Resolver-to-Digit" Converter (RDC) which provides displacement digital equivalent and digital or analog signals specifying its velocity and acceleration. With appearance new electronic component, including microcontroller, for increasing of accuracy of the measurements of the corner of the tumbling resolver possible to use such methods, which earlier realize was not on. Given article contains the offers about the most further development of the technical decisions for RDC of the corner. Replaceable elementary substracting section, traditionally used in all, without exception, schemes of the automatic regulation, on more "intellectual" statistical section, possible avoid the influence signals in sidebar to feedback on accuracy of the transformation.


To solve the problems of low precision, slow convergence speed and difficult data fusion of standard particle filtering algorithm, a new hybrid intelligent optimization algorithm applicable for data fusion is presented in this paper and will conduce to finding the ideal solution domain by making use of the global convergence of artificial fish swarm and enhancement of fusion precision by guiding particles to move toward the Gaussian area through particle swarm algorithm. Simulation shows that this algorithm can effectively break away from the local optimum, explore the idea particle optimal value and enhance the convergence speed and fusion precision.


Four tests were conducted to determine thermal properties of concrete core material from the Purex Building at Hanford, Washington, and from concrete cast at the Portland Cement Association. Specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity were measured as functions of temperature from 79 to 1175F.


'Everything under one roof' used to be a popular department store slogan. With this book, it is more a case of 'everything (about rehab) between two covers'.


Polymethyl acrylate was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give polyacrylic hydrazide. Analysis showed that 84.5% of methyl ester groups in the polymer molecule was converted into acid hydrazide groups. The polyacrylic hydrazide was found to be soluble in water and hydrochloric acid solution, and to indicate the behavior of cationic polyelectrolyte in the solution.Application of polyacrylic hydrazide to paper making was studied, and it was found that the hydrochloric acid solution of the polymer can be utilized as an excellent, size-fixing and strengthing agent of paper.It is interesting that the remarkable effect was found on the sizing of ordinary paper as well as that used calcium carbonate as a filler. By the fixing action of polyacrylic hydrazide, sizing effect of petroleum resin on paper was improved, and especially the sizing effect estimated by ink-floating method was markedly elevated.The best effect was obtained just when polyacrylic hydrazide was first dissolved in 0.1N hydrochloric acid, added 0.3% of it to pulp in beater, giving further addition of size followed by filler. The size-fixing effect was more than scores times of that of melamine-formaldehyde resin.Strengthing effect of polyacrylic hydrazide on paper was also found to be several times of that of alpha starch.Synthesis of polyacrylic hydrazide is comparatively ease, and degree of polymerization and hydrazide group content of the polymer can be controlled. Much application of polyacrylic hydrazide to paper making is expected in future.


OBJECTIVE To discuss the clinical characteristics of inpatients nosocomial infection,and provides the theory basis to draw up the nosocomial infection regulatory measures.METHODS A retrospective investigation was performed to all inpatient nosocomial infection during Jul 2008 Jun 2010.RESULTS Of 20 931 cases of inpatients,632 case-times were occurred to nosocomial infection in total with the case-time infection rate of 3.0% and the nosocomial infection cases were 3.0%,the nosocomial infection rate was higher in ICU,cardio-thoracic surgery and neurology,the differences of nosocomial infection rates among the departments had statistical significance(P0.01);the lower respiratory tract was the main infected site,accounting for 43.7%;the most common pathogens causing nosocomial infection were Escherichia coli which accounted for 26.0%,while Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 19.4%;the nosocomial infection rates were increased significantly in 60 and 12 patients,and the differences of incidence rates of nosocomial infection among different age groups had statistical significance(P0.01).CONCLUSIONS It should strengthen the monitoring to nosocomial infection in key departments,key sites and key crowd,so that the nosocomial infection can be effectively reduced.


In order to study the effect of the TiO2 particle crystalline composition (with different proportions of rutile and anatase crystals) on the dielectric properties of the composite, titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles and TiO2/poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐TrFE)] composites were synthesized by a reflux method and the solution route, respectively. The results indicated that the optimum TiO2 particle crystalline composition is anatase content of 37% and rutile content of 63% for dielectric‐constant modifier applications. Furthermore, a dielectric constant of 25.7 with dielectric loss of 0.17 at 100 Hz at room temperature were obtained in the composite with 40 wt% TiO2 particles. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


......................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. IV INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 WHY IS SLEEP NECESSARY? .....................................................................................1 WHAT CAUSES SLEEPINESS? ....................................................................................2 WHAT IS SLEEP DEPRIVATION? ...............................................................................3 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND WHY DO THEY OCCUR? ..........................................................................................................................4 SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND NEUROLIGICAL DISORDERS ......................................8 PARKINSON'S DISEASE ..............................................................................................9 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE ..............................................................................................9 DEMENTIA ...................................................................................................................11 PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCELAR PALSY ...............................................................14 EPILEPSY .....................................................................................................................14 SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ........................................16 ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION ...................................................................................16 BIPOLAR DISORDER ..................................................................................................18 SCHIZOPHRENIA ........................................................................................................19 POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER .................................................................20 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................21 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................25


like ordinary clothing, providing help in various situations according to the designed application. With miniaturisation, consumer electronics manufacturers and chipmakers are managing to squeeze digital music A dvances in textile technology, computer engineering and materials science are promoting a new breed of functional fabrics resulting in some truly smart and clever clothing. Clothing is being developed for protection from chemical, biological and nuclear threats. Besides, with the development of polymers having exotic qualities in terms of their mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties, scientists are ready to design electronic clothing that is capable of heating, cooling and illuminating the body. Fashion designers are adding wires, circuits and optical fibres to traditional textiles, creating garments that glow in the dark or keep the wearer warm. Meanwhile, electronics engineers are sewing conductive threads and sensors into body suits that can map users' whereabouts and respond to environmental stimuli. Researchers agree that the development of genuinely interactive electronic textiles is technically possible, and that challenges in scaling up the handmade garments will eventually be overcome. Ideas include the development of jacket-sleeve keypads for controlling cellphones, pagers or MP3 players, and sportswear with integral fabric sensors and display panels to monitor heart rate and blood pressure during a gym workout or morning run. Clothing fitted with textile global positioning system technology could be suitable for locating skiers or mountaineers in bad weather or even for keeping a watch on children. These smart clothes will be worn  Dr S.S. VErMA players, Internet-surfing devices, mobile phones and related devices into smaller and smaller packages. Some of the wearable designs remain concept prototypes on display only at cyber-fashion shows; others are already, or will soon be, on sale. There is a jacket available that can be plugged into an iPod and used to navigate song Smart Electronic Clothing Clothing will no longer be just a fashion statement. By integrating multiple electronic devices, it will make lives of the wearers much more comfortable GPS KnowWhereJacket


This paper presents a method to find the weighting coefficients of a linear array to synthesize a plane-wave in a 20 geometry. This permits to make antenna measurements at any distance and with a reduced number of probes. The weighting coefficients are found using the modal expression of a plane-wave and the addition theorem for Bessel functions. Another application of this technique can be use to obtain coherent images.


This 440-page volume from Springer, which is published as a supplement to Acta Neurochirurgica , consists of the proceedings of the ICP13 congress held in San Francisco in 2007. Both Springer and the authors should be congratulated for the outstanding presentation and readability of the book, which


SUMMARY We prepared thermoresponsive polymeric nanospheres, those consisted of hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic corona layers on their surfaces. Corona layers are composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) chains with a narrow polydispersity index which prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Nanosphere diameter was regulated by PNIPAAm macromonomer chain length and/or amount in feed. Thermoresponsive behavior was investigated that aggregation and dispersion of nanospheres was observed at above and below PNIPAAm LCST by optical microscope. Minimal interaction with biomolecules was observed on nanosphere surface. INTRODUCTION In the clinical examination, antibodyimmobilized latex has been widely applied for diagnosis through antigen-antibody reaction. However, latex nanospheres have some disadvantages; in particular, the nonspecific adsorption of proteins or other analyte molecules on their surface is a serious problem. This was also the problem in drug carrier design. To improve these problems, surface design of nanosphere was most important to regulate protein adsorption by surface structure. 1 Therefore, we focused on core-corona type nanospheres having biologically inert surfaces. To realize the nanosphere with above mentioned characteristics, we used macromonomer method 2 to synthesize core-corona type polymeric nanospheres, based on free radical copolymerization of hydrophobic monomers and hydrophilic macromonomers in polar organic solvents. For preparation of welldefined nanosphere, PNIPAAm with controlled chain lengths as functional corona layers were grafted on nanosphere surface. In this study, PNIPAAm macromonomers with controlled chain length were prepared through ATRP, and then macromonomer was copolymerized with styrene to form core-corona type nanospheres. 3 Effect of chain length and amount of PNIPAAm macromonomer effect on nanosphere diameter and/or characteristics are investigated. In addition, nanosphere surface structure was designed for regulation of protein adsorption. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Nanospheres were prepared according to our previous report. 3 Monodisperese PNIPAAm was prepared by ATRP using N(chloromethyl)phthalimide as an ATRP initiator. Molecular weight of prepared PNIPAAm was measured by 1 H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) as an eluent. Phthalimide end group of PNIPAAm was transformed to primary amino group using hydrazine followed by reacting with acryloyl chloride to form PNIPAAm macromonomers. To prepare nanospheres, styrene and PNIPAAm macromonomer were copolymerized in selective solvent. Thermoresponsive behavior of in aqueous dispersion of the obtained nanospheres (1 wt%) was observed over the temperature range from 20 °C to 40 °C by optical microscope. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to determine the diameters of the prepared nanospheres. In addition, interaction of nanosphere and red blood cells (RBCs) or protein was discussed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION First of all, we synthesized PNIPAAm macromonomers with controlled chain lengths. PNIPAAm macromonomer characterized molecular weight and/or introduction amount of terminal group by 1 H-NMR. Terminal group of PNIPAAm was transformed to vinyl group as PNIPAAm macromonomer. Nanospheres were prepared by free radical copolymerization of PNIPAAm macromonomer and styrene. We regulated nanospheres diameter by PNIPAAm macromonomer chain length. Diameter of nanosphere was decreased with molecular weight of PNIPAAm increasing. A mean diameter was controllable from 200 to 900 nm by regulation of macromonomer chain length. Then, nanospheres were prepared with feed styrene:PNIPAAm ratio from 100:0.5 (mol/mol) to 100:3 (mol/mol). Therefore, PNIPAAm macromonomer have important role as a dispersant during polymerization of styrene. We successfully regulated diameter of nanosphere using PNIPAAm macromonomer with controlled chain length. We investigated aggregation of the nanospheres in aqueous media by effect of salt concentration and temperature (Figure 1). Aggregation of the nanospheres was obvious above the LCST, aggregating at 35 °C, where the grafted PNIPAAm became dehydrated. Therefore, prepared thermoresponsive nanosphere was started aggregation around 32 °C due to grafted PNIPAAm on their surface. As a result, the aggregation of nanosphere was occurred by salting-out effect and decreasing LCST. Thus, aggregation of nanosphere was appeared by interparticle hydrophobic interaction due to at above PNIPAAm LCST. However, RBCs were not hemolyzed upon contacting to nanospheres even at 37 °C, although general RBCs were hemolyzed by hydrophobic surfaces. 4 In addition, regardless of temperature, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was not adsorbed onto nanosphere surface in DPBS. Thus, the present nanosphere may interact with only target protein in the blood. We will present that regulated to protein adsorption using thermoresponsive nanosphere having other surface structure with controlled chain lengths. CONCLUSION In conclusions, we successfully prepared well-defined core-corona type nanosphere with regulated diameter which changed dispersion stability in response to temperature. In particular, nanosphere size was regulated by PNIPAAm macromonomer chain length and/or amount. Obtained nanosphere was aggregated at above the PNIPAAm LCST due to PNIPAAm brushes grafted on the nanosphere surface. Also, regardless of temperature, prepared nanosphere surface was regulated nonspecific interaction with biomolecules. Thus, these nanospheres would be utilized to bioimaging or diagnosis in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Figure 1. Illustration and microscopy images of the thermoresponsive behavior of in aqueous dispersion of the nanosphere at 0, 50, and 100 mmol -1 NaCl concentrations. The nanosphere concentration is 1 wt % in an aqueous droplet, and the exposure time is 1000 s −1 . All scale bars are 200 μm. Preparation conditions of nanospheres: St/PNIPAAm = 100:1 (molar ratio) and PNIPAAm Mn = 9800. REFERENCES 1) H. Kawaguchi, H. Amagasa, T. Hagiya, N. Kimura, Y. Ohtsuka, Colloids and Surfaces, 1985, 13, 295-311. 2) M. Akashi, I. Kirikihira, N. Miyauchi, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1985,132, 81-89. 3) T. Matsuyama, H. Shiga, T. Asoh, A. Kikuchi, Langmuir 2013, 29, 1577015777. 4) T. Waku, M. Matsumoto, M. Matsusaki, M. Akashi, Chem. Commun., 2010,


Showed the main problems of the innovation process in grain production on the basis of SWOT-analysis, identified the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and arisen threats, strategic directions of innovative development of the industry. Results of the SWOT-analysis allowed to define the country direction of the innovation process in the grain sector: improvement of regional innovation policies of (adoption of amendments and additions to the regional legislation, as well as the development of draft legal acts aimed at the development and regulations of innovative activity in the grain farms), inducing of managing subjects to development and development of innovations (concessional lending of research and development, creating the institutional conditions for the development of venture capital financing), the accelerated development of breeding and seed growing, engaging of padding financial resources in an advancement of science: structural change of budgetary appropriations (investments), in particular increase in the proportion of funds allocated for the implementation of innovative projects; purposeful shaping of the market for the production of innovative enterprises by placing them on the state order, the development of technology parks units involvement and support of highly qualified personnel, activation of the innovation, the promotion organization about scientific achievements: co-operation of higher education and research institutions with innovation agencies, investors, information and advisory services, etc. In the strategic directions is recommended to pay attention to the regional authorities in the development and implementation of measures for the development of the innovation process in the grain sector.


We report the results of electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements on single crystals of the spin 1 quasi-one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet Ni(C5H14N2)2N3(PF6) in the high-field phase. We observed ESR transitions from the ground state with a q=π component above the critical field Hc. The experimental results are analyzed using the energy level scheme that is widely accepted for the spin 1 one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet below Hc.


The discussed materials originate from burials No. 2 and 5 of mound 1 of the Nezlobnensky-6 burial mound, investigated in 2006 by the expedition of the NASLEDIE (Stavropol). The documentation stored in the archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as diary entries and field photography of the author were used in the publication. Results. The funeral rite of the burials and gravegoods are described in detail and analyzed in the main part of the publication. The finds were dated, their place among the archaeological cultures of the peoples who inhabited the Central Pre-Caucasus in the Early Iron Age was determined. A circle of analogies is given among synchronous archaeological sites, both in the central Pre-Caucasus and in adjacent territories. Conclusion. Burial 2 dates from the III-I centuries BC and is associated with the culture of the pre-Caucasian Sarmatians, presumably the Sirak tribal union. This type of graves was identified by archaeologists in the middle of the XX century and since then their number has been steadily increasing. Burial 5 is also dated to Sarmatian period, but earlier than burial 2. It belongs to the IV century BC and is a rather rare form of burial, a collective military grave. It is likely that all the people buried there died at the same time, as a result of a military conflict.


The paper examines the drivers of rural poverty and their evolution in Bangladesh over the last two decades. It uses four rounds of a nationally representative rural longitudinal survey from 1988 and 2008. Using the standard Probit approach, the analysis identifies the factors most likely to distinguish, first, the households that managed to escape poverty from the chronic poor, and second, the households that fell into poverty relative to the never poor households to understand the characteristics likely to explain the causes of descent. The results indicate that different factors are associated with the ascent and descent of households, and they also vary over time periods. Labor endowment, land ownership, education, shocks, and non-farm work play nuanced roles in helping movers escape poverty or protecting the vulnerable from falling. For example, in the 2000s, the results show a heightened role for non-farm sources of income, helping households with better labor endowment escape poverty. Education, on the other hand, is associated with protecting the non-poor from falling over the same period. Improved connectivity is found to reduces vulnerability while migration and land ownership are associated with helping the movers as well as protecting the vulnerable. Acknowledgement : The authors are grateful to Dr. Mahabub Hossain for making the longitudinal survey data avaiable for this analysis. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work


The objective of this research was to develop improved design guidance for interchange loop ramps. Despite their long use, there is little research on the design, safety, and operational characteristics of loop ramps. An observational field study was conducted to investigate the relationship between speed and lane position of vehicles and design elements of the ramp proper, and differences in performance between single-lane and multi-lane loop ramps. An assessment was also undertaken to determine how well crash prediction methods in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) represent the safety performance of two ramp types with distinctly different geometrics: loop and diamond ramps. Based on the research results, recommendations regarding the design of the loop ramp proper, applicable at service interchanges are as follows: (a) for a given radius and design speed, recommended lane and shoulder widths for loop ramps are provided that are expected to induce speeds at or below the ramp design speed, result in similar levels of safety, and encourage drivers to stay within their intended travel lane; (b) regarding multi-lane loop ramps, outside lane widths of 12 ft for entrance ramps and 14 ft for exit ramps are sufficient to accommodate traffic comprised primarily of passenger vehicles, but if the outside lane is expected to accommodate moderate to high volumes of trucks, the outside lane width should be increased; and (c) when implementing the HSM ramp crash prediction methodology, calibration factors should be calculated separately for diamond and loop ramps.


Global warming is a phenomenon of rising average temperatures
of the earth's surface that began to develop around the twentieth
century.


To reduce maintenance requirements, JNR is using heavier rails in turnouts and has designs based on concrete slabs and on wooden ties in ballastless trackbeds. Movable point frogs are used in high speed lines.


The study has highlighted the farmers' perception towards e-National Agriculture Market Systems adopted by Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) market in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. The study reported the awareness level of farmers towards various e-services rendered under e-NAM by APMC. It was also attempted to state the insight of farmers' perception towards implementation of e-NAM by APMC. The common problems faced by farmers were also investigated with e-NAM seeking farmers' suggestions to improve these services. It was highlighted that APMC market should work on providing the complete information regarding the function of e-NAM services in providing the transparency in the accounts and also making the modes of payment easy so that each farmer could work in APMC market.


We identify and characterize an inhibitory budding signal that acts dominantly to block the budding of otherwise budding-competent proteins, both viral and nonviral, and impairs the budding of several classic, budding-deficient HIV mutants. These findings expand our understanding of EMV biogenesis and resolve a number of previously paradoxical observations regarding the budding of HIV.


Adsorption is the process by which a substance attaches to a surface. A Water Distribution System (WDS) presents surfaces, such as the pipe wall, to which dissolved contaminants may adsorb. This will affect the fate and transport of contaminants that have been accidentally or intentionally introduced into the system. This thesis investigates models for contaminant transport in a WDS that account for adsorption to the pipe wall. A literature review is conducted to determine the characteristics of the pipe wall and what adsorption modeling approaches may be used. Two of these approaches are applied in the context of WDS modeling. A kinetic adsorption model based on the Langmuir isotherm is presented and applied to a WDS. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the dimensionless form of the model in a single pipe. An arsenic intrusion event is simulated in a model WDS, and an exposure analysis is used to study the effect of adsorption on the fate and transport of the contaminant. The single pipe and network scale studies indicate that the adsorption model predicts significantly different results from a nonreactive tracer model. Adsorption model results are found to be sensitive to the local equilibrium assumption. A kinetic adsorption model known as the Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model (HSDM) is presented and derived for the geometry of a pipe wall. A numerical solution procedure using the finite difference technique is described. Cases of stagnant and turbulent flow are considered. Illustrative results are presented for a single pipe which show the capabilities of the HSDM. A comparison between the Langmuir kinetic model and the HSDM is made. For a given equilibrium time and corresponding parameter sets, the HSDM predicts more adsorption sooner than the Langmuir kinetic model.


A new version of the regime of electron trapping is investigated for various types of mm-wave electron masers with a weakly/moderately relativistic electron beams. The use of this regime can simultaneously provide high efficiency and very weak sensitivity to the spread in electron velocity. In addition, there is also a possibility to achieve a broadband frequency tuning in amplifier schemes.


[PDF]  [Full Text]  [Abstract] , March 13, 2006; 25 (1): 96-104. Physiol. Genomics Yuichiro Nishida, Mayumi Yoshioka and Jonny St-Amand homeostasis Regulation of hypothalamic gene expression by glucocorticoid: implications for energy [PDF]  [Full Text]  [Abstract] , May , 2006; 55 (5): 1205-1213. Diabetes Jansson Michael Horn, Bo Ahrén, Sven Enerback, Claes Ohlsson, Ville Wallenius and John-Olov Maria C. García, Ingrid Wernstedt, Anna Berndtsson, Maria Enge, Michal Bell, Olof Hultgren, Mature-Onset Obesity in Interleukin-1 Receptor I Knockout Mice [PDF]  [Full Text]  [Abstract] , July , 2010; 299 (1): E47-E53. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Michael W. Schwartz Shinsuke Oh-I, Joshua P. Thaler, Kayoko Ogimoto, Brent E. Wisse, Gregory J. Morton and weight gain during high-fat feeding Central administration of interleukin-4 exacerbates hypothalamic inflammation and [PDF]  [Full Text]  [Abstract] , February , 2011; 300 (2): E392-E401. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab and Brent E. Wisse Gregory J. Morton, Karl J. Kaiyala, Jonathan D. Fisher, Kayoko Ogimoto, Michael W. Schwartz wheel running in mice Identification of a physiological role for leptin in the regulation of ambulatory activity and


1. Under democratic political controls where the faiths and approvals of majorities of adult citizens must be enlisted before momentous forward steps can be taken in any field of public affairs, progress is usually achieved through a succession of drives. These drives may originate with only one person, they may have to be nourished for years by minority groups of exceptionally interested or altruistic persons; but only when they have won popular acquiescence do enduring public policies result.


Both environmental and genetic factors have roles in the development of some diseases. Complex diseases, such as Crohn's disease or Type II diabetes, are caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes. Patients who have been diagnosed with such diseases cannot easily be treated. However, many diseases can be avoided if people at high risk change their living style, one example being their diet. But how can we tell their susceptibility to diseases before symptoms are found and help them make informed decisions about their health? With the development of DNA microarray technique, it is possible to access the human genetic information related to specific diseases. This paper uses a combinatorial method to analyze the genetic data for Crohn's disease and search disease-associated factors for given case/control samples. An optimum random forest based method has been applied to publicly available genotype data on Crohn's disease for association study and achieved a promising result.


Over the years, vehicles have become very complex systems involving multiple domains of engineering. This is mainly due to the advent of electronics and its use in the automotive industry. Electron ...


Studies of receptor binding can be performed under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro studies of tissue homogenates represent the classic approach by which quantitative measurement of the number of binding sites and their affinity for a particular ligand are performed. These measurements must be carried out under strict equilibrium conditions which, of course, can easily be achieved in vitro. Use of tissue slices rather than tissue homogenates for in vitro analysis can improve anatomical localization and can, if desired, be conducted with the same quantitative precision. Interpretations of these in vitro studies usually make the tacit assumption that such data reflect the in vivo condition despite rather obvious differences. In vivo studies strive to more accurately evaluate true in vivo receptor function. Following intravenous administration of a radioligand, tissue samples from experimental animals or positron emission tomographic (PET) images from human subjects are analyzed. In contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo studies occur under nonequilibrium conditions. These are brought about by factors that affect the concentration of free radioligand in a region of interest, including nonspecific binding of the tracer in blood and brain, bloodbrain-barrier permeability, and blood flow, as well as in vivo metabolism of the tracer that can cause various radiolabeled metabolites to appear in both blood and tissue. As a result, quantitative estimates of the number of receptors and their affinity cannot be achieved from a single measurement in time. Rather, multiple measurements are needed to delineate the time course of radioactivity resulting from the radioligand in both the region of interest and the blood after correction for the presence of labeled metabolites. These data must then be analyzed with an appropriate mathematical model relating brain and blood radioactivity measurements to measurements of receptor physiology. Inferences drawn from qualitative in vivo measurements based on single-tissue autoradiograms or PET images must be viewed with extreme caution despite their intuitive visual appeal. Unfortunately, this sort of inference is the rule rather than the exception. In this issue of the Annals, Bennett and Wooten El] provide an important insight into the difficulty in interpreting in vivo and in vitro receptor binding studies. They used three different techniques (in vitro homogenates, in vitro tissue slices, and in vivo tissue samples) to measure binding of tritium-labeled spiperone (a dopamine receptor ligand with very high affinity for the D2 dopamine receptor) in the striatum of rats with unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathways. Animals with such lesions have previously been shown to exhibit behavior consistent with the presence of "supersensitive" dopamine receptors. This experimental model is analogous in many ways to Parkinson's disease. In vitro receptor binding studies on striatal membrane preparations from such animals, as well as striatal nuclei from brains of subjects with Parkinson's disease, have demonstrated increased binding consistent with the presence of an increased number of receptors or receptors with an increased affinity for the ligand, or both. One would anticipate similar results from in vivo binding studies. The data of Bennett and Wooten, however, demonstrate a disparity between in vivo and in vitro measurements. Their in vitro results with homogenates of striatal membrane preparation showed significant changes in both affinity and receptor concentrations on the side of the lesion, consistent with previous investigations. However, both in vitro tissue slices and striatal tissue samples obtained following the in vivo administration of the radioligand revealed absolutely no changes. How are we to interpret such discrepant findings? The task is not easy. One interpretation, that of Bennett and Wooten, is that the in vitro behavior of receptors in tissue homogenates simply does not accurately reflect in vivo behavior. Clearly, in vitro homogenation of tissue drastically disrupts normal anatomy and may account for the fact that many more apparent receptors are labeled and that radioligand dissociates much more rapidly than in vivo. However, in vitro autoradiography also failed to demonstrate any apparent change. It is, therefore, difficult to argue that the difference can be explained simply on the basis of a difference between in vivo and in vitro behavior of the radioligand. Likewise, it is difficult to argue that compounding variables in the in vivo experiments, such as experimentally induced variability in the delivery and removal of radioligand from the tissues or the presence of radiolabeled metabolites, obscure the changes. How then could the changes have been missed by in vitro autoradiography as well as by in vivo tissue sampling? There is an alternate explanation. Neither in vitro autoradiography nor in vivo tissue sampling were used in a truly quantitative fashion. A single time point was examined in the in vivo experiment, and only relative


ABSTRACT The Khalistan movement was an armed secessionist struggle carried out by the Sikhs of Punjab, northern India, which spanned the period between 1981 and 1993. In parallel with other such insurgencies around the world, it is evident that the Khalistan movement had a strong ideological underpinning which not only helped to fuel its rise, but also helped to sustain it throughout its tenure. In this regard, the reference point for ideological justification was very much the past experiences and episodes of the Sikh community, or, to be precise, their 'historical memory' of these. This article focuses its attention on identifying, describing and interrogating the strength of the ideological justifications that were extracted from Sikh historical memory in support of Khalistan.


Summary The journal Systematic Zoology is studied in order to see what effect factionalism in the taxonomic community had on the refereeing process. Publication patterns in the journal were largely independent of changes in editorship. Although the taxonomic community was subdivided into feuding factions during the period under study, little bias along these lines was discernible in the refereeing process when studied statistically. Several explanations are suggested for the wide-spread impression at the time that bias was pervasive.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of a subculture of consumption organized toward a nostalgic brand on a social media platform. More specifically, the authors examine the role of these nostalgic feelings in the development of a community identity and the benefits they promote in the creation and perpetuation of this group.Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a netnographic study to examine the case of Caloi 10 on Facebook. The data collection was carried out by following interactions among members of this community for seven months. Besides this, field observations and interviews were also considered in the analysis.Findings Four categories emerged from the analysis: Identity and nostalgia, the subculture's ethos, consumption habits and hierarchical social structure. Nostalgia was shown to have a collective dimension, connecting the group around the brand, and positively affecting the ties between members and members and the brand.Practical implications On-line brand communities can be promoted to strengthen connections between consumers and a brand, and between consumers with each other. For that, it is important to understand the characteristics and specificities of these groups.Originality/value Few studies have dealt with the characteristics of brand communities in social media, as well as the role of nostalgia in these groups. This research fills these gaps, exploring aspects related to consumption as a way of transmitting symbolic meanings and expressing nostalgic feelings in on-line brand communities.


In this paper, we study the optimal VIX-linked target benefit (TB) pension design. By applying the dynamic programming approach, we show the optimal risk-sharing structure for the benefit payment exhibits a linear form that consists of three components: (1) a model-robust performance adjustment, (2) a counter-cyclical volatility adjustment that depends on the VIX index, and (3) a TB level that is partially indexed to the cost-of-living adjustment. Differences between our results and the previous literature are highlighted via both theoretical derivations and numerical illustrations.


In this paper we introduce the use of the neologism "Robotology" as the study of the impact of robotics on human reality. We offer an example of a first case study for future Robotologists analysing the meta-phenomena related with a humanoid robot performing a Maori Kapa Haka.


Nowadays, along with the rapid development of automotive, there is also increasing number of cars. One of the automotive manufacturers that is growing rapidly is
Honda. The rapid growth of Honda sales will result in the increasing needs of Honda autoparts. Therefore, this research was conducted to do a feasibility study on establishing Honda autoparts importer named Jaya Serdang Motor. In this research, business feasibility study of Jaya Serdang Motor must be analyzed in six aspects, which are market aspect, marketing aspect, technical aspect, management aspect, legal aspect, and financial aspect. Based on the result obtained from the financial aspect, it can be determined whether the business is feasible or not to set up. The assessment of financial aspect used four methods namely Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP), and Profitability Index (PI). The result obtained by Net Present Value (NPV)is Rp. 1.109.783.008,- which is greater than the requirement 0. In addition, the value obtained by Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 19,74% which is greater than the value of MARRf 12,79%. Furthermore, the result obtained by Payback Period (PP) is 3 years which is less than 6 years. Finally, the value of Provitability Index (PI) resulting from the
calculation is 1,31 which is greater than 1. Based on the of the six aspects of the feasibility study and the result of a reliable investment method, then this business is feasible to run and profitable.


Abstract. The second International Congress on Afro-Eurasian Research was held in Malaga, Spain between 17 and 20 April 2017. Theme of the Congress this year was "Interaction of Social, Cultural, Economic and Political Values in Afro-Eurasian Countries". As a "Social Sciences and Education Sciences" congress, the II International Congress on Afro-Eurasian Research welcomed various studies and multidisciplinary participants from several countries. Keywords. Afro-Eurasian research, International relations, Middle East, Sectarianism, Balance of power. JEL. A10.


Memristive stateful logic enables energy‐ and cost‐efficient in‐memory computing, which is desirable for edge computing in the coming Internet of Things  (IoT) era. Researchers have recently developed various stateful logic gates and have shown viable computing applications based on ideal memristive characteristics. However, few studies have demonstrated a system‐level in‐memory computing operation that can address the practical issues affecting device realization. Herein, a practically viable stateful logic device based on a 1‐transistor−1‐memristor (1T1M) array structure is proposed, considering the inherently stochastic memristor characteristics. Details on how to select the viable stateful logic gates in a given memristor are shown, and as an example of logic cascading, they are implemented in a device to operate a multibit carry look‐ahead adder. Then, an in‐memory computing layout that can perform all of the computing functions—data storing, transferring, and executing—inside the memory, addressing data traffic issues, is suggested. Finally, a software/hardware mixed stateful logic emulator that can virtually mimic array‐level in‐memory computing hardware based on cell‐level memristive characteristics is demonstrated.


Summary: Purpose: We recently described that, by repeated testing of the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT), it is possible to select responders and nonresponders from large populations of amygdala‐kindled Wistar rats. Whereas responders show marked and reproducible increases of focal seizure threshold (afterdischarge threshold; ADT) on repeated testing of PHT, 75 mg/kg i.p., nonresponders do not show any significant ADT increase after this dose, thus allowing use of these subgroups in the search for mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in temporal lobe epilepsy. In this study, we examined whether PHT responders and nonresponders can also be selected from large groups of kindled rats of the Sprague‐Dawley strain.


Computer networks are information technology as spatial systems. They are referred to by Daniel Bell (1973) as the 'transforming resource' or key process innovations of the postindustrial society. These types of network systems, which are built with merging computer and telecommunications technologies, have been overlooked in geographical research. At the same time, computer network applications such as teleworking, teieshopping, telebanking and so on are widely anticipated to transform urban and regional systems (Goddard et al., 1985; Daniels, 1985). For the most part, the geography of telecommunications has remained a relatively underdeveloped and outdated area of research (Abler and Falk, 1980). According to Meier (1985,111), for example:


In previous work, we have proposed a cone-shaped shifting medium shell that can shift the enclosed region forward to a given position. The shifting shell is a metamaterial device proposed according to transformation optics. It can be applied in a wireless power transfer system by covering the coils to move them closer in magnetic field and enhance the mutual inductance between the coils. However, the shifting shell is kind of bulky to enclose the whole coil. In this paper, we propose another application of the shifting medium — to enclose the cross-section of the coil with the shifting layer. In this way, the coil is not only shifted but also expanded so that the magnetic coupling could be enhanced to a larger extent. Moreover, the shifting layer is more compact than shifting shell.


We can say that the establishment of Brazilian literary history as a discipline takes place in the period situated between 1805 and 1888. The former date corresponds to the publication of the fourth volume of the work Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des 13, entitled Geschichte der Portugiesischen Poesie und Beredsamkeit , by Friedrich Bouterwek, in which the presence of Brazil—then still a Portuguese colony—is restricted to the mention of two writers born in the country, Antonio Jose da Silva and Claudio Manuel da Costa. The latter date corresponds to the publication of


Continuous features and characteristics in the native culture is one of the categories that has roots in the history of Iranian architecture and has instigated the components of Iranian architecture to bestow a developmental course in line with the growth and changes of Iranian culture during various centuries. There are various approaches to recognizing and analyzing the physical space of indigenous homes. One of these approaches is the typological approach. The research sample in this article is selected from the traditional houses of Ardabil. In Ardabil, the pattern used in house making is the same in terms of form and space, each with unique features. These patterns, derived from the lifestyle and social personality of individuals and the relationship between structure and architecture, have unique forms and characteristics that require analysis. The research method in this research is analytical and descriptive. In the descriptive section, qualitatively, by conducting studies and analyzing related basic theories and recognizing physical and spatial elements, indigenous houses deal with the correlation of components. The data of this research have been extracted through field observation and logical analysis. Due to the fact that no specific classification has been done in this regard, in this paper, by studying the typological background and species classification, a framework for the architectural classification of Ardabil houses has been obtained.


Profiles of specialization in education and profession are currently heavily influenced by the development of industry 4.0. The era of disruption is marked by massive changes due to innovations that change business systems and arrangements to newer levels. In various studies, there will be many professions that are extinct but there will also be many new professions that will be born. This study aims to conduct a literature review of profiles of specialization in education and profession that are relevant to industry 4.0 trends which will then be developed in a measurement through an artificial intelligence-based website. The research method used is a bibliometric approach through scientific studies of various library sources using VOSViewer with cartographic overlay techniques and density visualization maps, to represent sequences and their relationships. While the method used to develop website profiles of specialization in education and profession based on artificial intelligence is to use the waterfall method. The results of the literature review found 10 words with a high level of bibliometric correlation as the basis for developing artificial intelligence-based websites.


Objective To observe the effect of ozone injection of disci intervertebralis on the treatment of discogenic low back pain.Methods 52 cases of discogenic low back pain were treated by ozone injection of inner margin of little joint and posterolateral approach under perspective.The therapeutic effects were evaluated according to MacNab evaluation criterion of backleg pain.Results All patients was successful in paracentesis,and excellence 29 cases,effect 15,total effective rate 84.6%.Conclusion Ozone injection of disci intervertebralis has definite effect on the treatment of discogenic low back pain.


Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Psychological manifestations such as depression, anxiety and stress are common in patients with MS. Social support is involved in the well-being of patients with MS. This study aimed to assess the relation between perceived social support with depression, anxiety and stress in patients with MS. Methods: This descriptive correlation study was conducted on 240 patients with MS who refereed to MS center of Isfahan/Iran. Three questionnaires: the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21); social support, and demographic questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed with SPSS20 using descriptive and analytical statistics (Independent T test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation). Results: In the current study, the mean perceived social support was 27.35±9.06. The mean depression, anxiety, and stress were 14.96±5.42, 13.92±5.88, and 15.39±4.82, respectively. In addition, there was inverse correlation between social support with depression, and anxiety (P<0.01). Moreover, no significant relation was seen between social support with stress (p=0.21). Social support was a significant negative predictor that accounted for 11.8% of the variance in depression (R2=.118, P<.001) and 3.4% of the variance in anxiety (R2=.034, P=.002). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, social support of patients with MS can be as one of the effective suggestions for decreasing depression, and anxiety.


Pollutants discharged from irrational energy consumption pose a serious threat to urban ecological security. The Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone is an important part of China's coastal economy. With the rapid development of the economy in this area, the atmospheric environmental pollution problem, caused by energy consumption, has become increasingly serious. Therefore, the study of the environmental impact assessment of air pollution in the Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone has reference value to prevent ecological risks. This paper constructed a regional-scale environmental impact assessment model that includes pollution sources, pollution stress, and evaluation results, and evaluated the environmental impact of SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 from three perspectives: regional integration, different energy consumption sectors, and different cities. The results showed that the regional environmental impact level of the research area was high, and the main pollutants transformed from SO2 to NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 from 2008 to 2016. According to the results of different sectors, the transportation sector contributes the most to NO2 and remains unchanged, and the industrial sector contributes the most to SO2, PM10, and PM2.5. Combined with the research results of different cities, cities concentrated in the coastal areas contribute more pollution than other cities do.


Geomaterials with typical low unit weight and high porosity are significantly prone to liquefaction as a result of dynamic – seismic load. Investigation of geomaterials that are prone to liquefaction due to seismic load can use certain SPT and CPT penetration tests. The method of investigating liquefaction caused by seismic activity was developed based on numerous penetration tests of sandy or silty–sandy soils and was elaborated in detail at the Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soil, NCEER, Salk Lake City, USA, 1996. In the present paper, the results of penetration CPT test conducted at the ash impoundment in Zemianske Kostoľany are analyzed using methodology NCEER.


In this work, we introduce the star shape preferences in the context of Economics Theory, based in the notion of star shape sets, introduced by Valentin in 1964. We develop our study from a condition introduced by Arrow and Debreu in their pioneer general equilibrium model of 1954. We prove that the closure of the strict preferred sets of a function satisfying this condition are star shaped. Moreover, when it has either convex effective domain or no maximizers, we show that the closure of its preferred and strict preferred sets are convex. Furthermore, we prove that this family of functions preserve some properties of concave functions and contains the whole family of pseudo-concave and semi-strictly quasi-concave functions that appear in the literature. Also, we prove that this family of functions induce star shape preferences.


A method is developed defining the oxygen chemical potential on the surface of oxide on the metal phase during a gaseous reduction reaction. The method couples the gas reaction with a solid-state defect reaction. It is shown that, during this gas-solid reaction, the surface oxygen chemical potential, ..mu../SUB s/, is between that of the gas phase, ..mu../SUB g/, and that of the metal/metal oxide equilibrium, ..mu../SUB e/. If the adsorption-desorption step is slow, ..mu../SUB/s is close to ..mu../SUB e/; if the adsorption-desorption step is fast, ..mu../SUB s/ is close to ..mu../SUB g/.


We analyze five years of PLANET photometry of microlensing events toward the Galactic bulge to search for the short-duration deviations from single lens light curves that are indicative of the presence of planetary companions to the primary microlenses. Using strict event selection criteria, we construct a well defined sample of 43 intensively monitored events. We search for planetary perturbations in these events over a densely sampled region of parameter space spanning two decades in mass ratio and projected separation, but find no viable planetary candidates. By combining the detection efficiencies of the events, we find that, at 95% confidence, less than 25% of our primary lenses have companions with mass ratio q = 10 and separations in the lensing zone, [0.6 − 1.6]θE, where θE is the Einstein ring radius. Using a model of the mass, velocity and spatial distribution of bulge lenses, we infer that the majority of our lenses are likely M dwarfs in the Galactic bulge. We conclude that < 33% of M-dwarfs in the Galactic bulge have companions with mass mp = MJup between 1.5 and 4 AU, and < 45% have companions with mp = 3MJup between 1 and 7 AU, the first significant limits on planetary companions to M-dwarfs. We consider the effects of the finite size of the source stars and changing our detection criterion, but find that these do not alter our conclusions substantially. Subject headings: gravitational lensing, planetary systems Univ. of Canterbury, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD. 21218 U.S.A. Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, INSU CNRS, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O. Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540 Hubble Fellow Univ. of Tasmania, Physics Dept., G.P.O. 252C, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Perth Observatory, Walnut Road, Bickley, Perth 6076, Australia Astronomical Institute "Anton Pannekoek", University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands


The limiting oxygen concentration of an explosible dust/air mixture is an important parameter for hazard evaluation if a technological equipement is to be protected by inertisation. The determination of this quantity by experiment however is fairly time-consuming and expensive. In this paper a simple computational method allowing the estimation of the limiting oxygen concentration is introduced. A comparison with corresponding experiments shows sufficient accuracy, and the computational values are always lower than the experimental ones for more than 20 explosible dusts of several kinds.


In this thesis we study topics related to area-stationary surfaces in contact sub- Riemannian manifolds.
In Chapter 1 we prove an existence result for isoperimetric regions in contact sub- Riemannian manifolds such that the quotient by the group of contact isometries, the diffeomorphisms that preserve the contact structure and the sub-Riemannian metric, is compact. This is the analogous result to of Morgan's Riemannian one.
In Chapter 2, we prove a necessary condition for C^2 stable minimal surfaces with empty singular set in a large class of pseudo-hermitian manifolds, that includes the uni-modular Lie groups. The condition we found involves the Webster scalar curvature W and the pseudo-hermitian torsion of the manifold, that are pseudo- hermitian invariants.
This characterization is obtained by the study of a stability operator, which is constructed from the second variation formula of the sub-Riemannian area. We construct another stability operator that takes account the singular set. With these two tools, we give a classification of complete stable surfaces in the group of the rigid motions of the Euclidean plane RT.
The main purpose of Chapter 3 is to generalize variation formulas for the sub- Riemannian area in contact sub-Riemannian manifolds of arbitrary dimensions.


The neem tree has long been recognized for its unique properties both against insects and in improving human health. It is grown in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world for shade, reforestation and for the production of row material for natural insecticides and medicines. Azadirachtin, a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid from the neem seeds, is the main component responsible for the toxic effects in insects. Six international conferences on neem and a vast scientific literature report both the antifeedant and physiological effects of neem. This article reviews the behavioral and physiological properties of azadirachtin, including effects on insect reproduction, direct and "secondary" antifeedancy, and the physiological effects measured as growth reduction, increased mortality and abnormal and delayed moults. These effects are here categorized in two ways: direct effects on cells and tissues and indirect effects exerted via the endocrine system. It also describes the work carried out to date to identify the mode of action of azadirachtin at the cellular level. The differential effects between animal phyla and over non-target organisms are discussed and point to its potential success as a safe insecticide.


We investigated the presence of high quality factor resonances due to Coupled Resonator Induced Transparency in complex sequences of coupled resonators devices, and proposed a new concept of wavelength router based on this effect.


RELIGIOUS PEACEBUILDING INTERVENTIONS IN SUDAN: A COMPARISON OF INTRARELIGIOUS AND INTERRELIGIOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION INITIATIVES Jonathan R. Morton, M.S. George Mason University, 2008 Thesis Director: Dr. Andrea Bartoli This thesis presents a comparative analysis of two different cases of religious peacebuilding in Sudan prior to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. The paper integrates concepts and theories of conflict analysis and resolution with a review of the work of two facilitators. Douglas Johnston used faith-based diplomacy to develop working relationships among top Muslim and Christian religious leaders and scholars, leading to formation of the Sudan Inter-Religious Council. William Lowrey cooperated with the New Sudan Council of Churches to engage at the grassroots level with chiefs of the Dinka and Nuer tribes in the People to People process. The thesis investigates the approaches they share and examines how they each creatively adapted intervention methodologies to fit different contexts. The comparison demonstrates the capacity of religion to play a positive role in a variety of conflict situations, promoting sustainable societal relationships through nonviolent conflict resolution.


An animal model for study of the anticonvulsant properties of the ketogenic diet is described. A high fat diet (70% lipid) based on raw pork sausage and casein is ingested and tolerated moderately well by mice. Pups weaned onto the diet at age 16 days exhibited significant resistance to maximal electroshock and hydration threshold electroshock, as well as some protection against the tonic extensor phase of bicuculline-induced seizures, when challenged 10 days later at age 26 days. At this time the animals revealed a mean total blood ketone body concentration of 2.56 mM (controls, 0.30 mM). No protection against threshold electroshock or pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions was observed. Protection against maximal electroshock, as well as ketonemia, disappeared within 3.5 hours of initiation of standard sustenance. Pups fed the high fat diet (or starved) for only one day at age 25 days did not exhibit increased resistance to experimental convulsions and were not as ketonemic as animals which had ingested the diet for 10 days. Similar negative results were obtained when adult mice were fed the ketogenic diet for 10 days. Results are discussed in terms of utilization of ketone bodies for cerebral energy metabolism.


Initially, it was an well established fact, that fluoride is a children's friend and creator of beautiful smiles, but lateron, this creator became destructor. Several anthropogenic activities like steel, aluminum, ceramics and phosphate fertilizer production are the major source of fluoride emission. The excess concentration of fluoride not only affects materials and morphology of the living beings but also can disrupt their anatomy and physiology, and even reduced their fertility. As it has the tendency to get accumulate and magnify its concentration, at each successive trophic level, when passed through the food chain in an ecosystem. Therefore, efforts are needed to protect environment from fluoride toxicity, by supporting more research on the subject, conducting public awareness programmes and promoting systematic policies by governments.


In the past artificial analysis of experimental data,those rich measured data were not utilized enough and effectively because of relatively unadvanced and simple analysis means in two aspects: 1) some physical knowledges which can be discovered from the data were not found adequately;2) some physical rules were misapprehensively judged out due to the influence of a few inaccurate data.To solve those problems,a pattern of experiment data mining is presented in this paper by combining artificial neural networks theory with π theorem.It was applied to natural analysis of greyhound's wake field,and results indicate that the pattern can not only solve the above problems but also reduce the need of physical model experiment to group test number,and gain an unlinear formula which has harmonious dimension and uniform format.The pattern will improve the level of physical model experiment in KDD(Knowledge Discovery from Database).


This article, as the research object with the flow field in the fuel tank which is swirling by symmetry axis, adopting VOF discrete phase model and donor-acceptor method to analyze and simulate it. The speed variation of the flow field in the tank is studied and simulated. The factors that influence the flow field and the rule of the variation are obtained. Meanwhile, the reliability of the simulation and feasibility of the VOF model are assured according to the compare of the simulation values and actual values which provide theoretic reference to optimize the fuel tank.


Westinghouse Electric Sweden AB has for the production of Optima 3, decided to replace the existing welding equipment with a new laser-welding process, to weld the spacer that keeps the fuel rods in place at the fuel box. The author wrote this master thesis for the department of Mechanical construction, MKON within the Faculty of Engineering of Lunds University. The goal was to examine Westinghouse`s existing weld fixture to determine its strengths and weaknesses, but also to investigate other possible principles of construction for a new weld fixture, then construct and test the principles of the new weld fixture. Focus will be put on creating a fixture that can produce spacers with good dimensions. To make sure the work does not take to much time, no consideration has taken of automatizing the production. To map out the existing weld fixture different measurements, interviews and examinations where made. With help from this preliminary investigation, companyneeds and goalspecifications could be formulated and work as a base for the upcoming construction work. The choosen principle construction was a weld fixture that could be turned around to make it possible to weld both sides of the spacer without loose it. The result of the work ended up in a new weld fixture that used other construction principles then the existing one. Spacers were produced in the new fixture and compared to earlier produced spacers. The final recommendation was to replace the existing fixture only if the company wanted to avoid the follow-up work with the spacer. (Less)


The application of OMRON PLC CQM1H-CPU51with HEIDENHAIN sealed linear encoder ensures powerfully the performance of the high-speed precise hydraulic press,advances the machining velocity and machining precision,decreases failure rate,and increases production efficiency.


Collection of the laws, decrees, regulations and agreements of the governing board of the depository bank, including details of: the law creating the bank and the decree regulating the execution of the previous law; the directors of the bank, its powers and their privileges; the laws concerning interest on current accounts and mortgages; the law authorizing the directors to discount promissory notes with a single signature under warranty of merchandise deposited in customs or public funds; the bank's agreements on discounts of bills; the bank's internal regulations, and successive interest rates collected and paid by the bank between 1 April 1854 and 1 November 1858


The primary purpose of this paper is to give a complete classification of all finite simple groups with quasi-dihedral Sylow 2-subgroups. We shall prove that any such group must be isomorphic to one of the groups L3(q) with q= — \ (mod 4), U3(q) with q=\ (mod 4), or Mu. We shall also carry out a major portion of the corresponding classification of simple groups with Sylow 2-subgroups isomorphic to the wreath product of Z2n and Z2, n g: 2.


Ab‐initio studies were conducted on quantitative aspects of π‐nonbonded, σ–σ*, n–σ*, and throughbond interactions in R1CH2(CH2)N–1 CH2 R2, where R1 and R2 are H and/or nonbonding AO, n, and N = 2, 3, and 4. Geometrical preferences were found to depend both on π‐nonbonding and bond–antibonding interactions, the latter being more important. Level orderings and energy splittings involved in the through‐bond interactions of diradicals can be qualitatively predicted by examining the signs of the overlap between the n orbitals and a common vicinal σ* bond orbital, using simple orbital patterns and paying special attention to the "backside" tails of bond orbitals.


2,2-Dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dioxepane 1 (or 1,3-dioxepene 2) were prepared from 1,4-butane (or 1,4-butene) diol and dibutyltin dimethoxide. They were polycondensed at 80°C in n-heptane with adipoyl-, suberoyl, sabacoyl chloride and with decane-1,10-dicarbonyl chloride. In the case of suberoyl chloride and 2,2-dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dioxepane reaction time, temperature and stoichiometry were varied to optimize both the molecular weight and the fraction of cyclic polyesters. With a slight excess of the dicarboxylic acid chlorides, only macrocyclic polyesters were obtained in all cases. The resulting cyclic polyesters were characterized by viscosity measurements, by 1 H and 13 C NMR and by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.


One of the most distinguished and controversial thinkers in today's Iran,Abdol Karim Soroush has been the butt of both sides of the Iranian divide. Conservatives accuse him of 'extremism' in his attacks on the clergy and in his challenge to traditional interpretations of Islam as well as the main pillar of the post-revolutionary government, the Velayat-e-Faqih. Reformers, particularly those 'liberals' who would prefer to see the replacement of the present system of government by a wholly secular system, accuse him of not going far enough in this direction and so reinforcing the hold of the clerics. Though he has argued the separation of Church and State if either is to prosper, he remains a committed Muslim who sees the necessity of reform in a society where religion still plays so large a part in the life of the majority of the population. Those familiar with the arguments of the Protestant Reformation will find what Soroush says on the necessity of reform and the end of religious 'tyranny',for instance, unremarkable. For the authorities in Iran, however, it is another matter (Index 4/1996, 'God is not dead'). Between 1996 and 1999, Soroush was effectively prevented from teaching at the university — his classes were violently disrupted by members of the extremist Ansar-e Hezbollah; he and his family received death threats from the same source; his passport was withdrawn, most journals closed their pages to him and he was unable to work at the university, finally losing his job in 1998. Today, he is working at the Middle East Center in Harvard, Massachusetts. JVH


We propose a method for the characterization of one- and two-dimensional diffraction gratings by means of the measurement of diffraction efficiencies. The method is based on the comparison of measured and calculated efficiencies. For the numerical calculation we use the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis RCWA and an optimization algorithm to determine the grating shape that fits best to the measured data. We analyzed in which cases the method is able to determine the grating shape without ambiguity and which measurement parameters should be used. By systematically analyzing a given inverse problem, we try to derive the theoretical limits of the method.


The diffusion of magnesium into lithium niobate single crystal under different diffusion conditions has been studied by x-ray diffraction, glancing-incidence x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to determine the diffusion mechanism and evaluate the crystallinity of the diffused layer. It is found that the magnesium diffused layer exhibits the crystal structure of an unknown compound from the Mg–Li–Nb–O ternary system and MgNb_2O_6. The MgNb_2O_6 is in the surface layer of the magnesium diffused layer, while the unknown compound is in the subsurface layer beneath the MgNb_2O_6. It is proposed that this unknown compound and MgNb_2O_6 which form during a solid state reaction between a thin layer of MgO and a lithium niobate crystal in a Li_2O-rich atmosphere are the real sources for Mg ion indiffusion into lithium niobate crystal. The changes in Curie temperature with diffusion parameters are noted. Reasons of lattice distortion and mechanisms of Mg ion indiffusion are discussed and analyzed.


From a modified F.F.G. (1) thermodynamic cycle, equations have been developed from which the molar and partial molar excess thermodynamic properties of j-component molten salt solutions may be predicted from binary data.The theory is applicable to reactive molten salt systems and particularly to charge asymmetric fused salt solutions with common anions.It is shown that for a system having j + 1 components, such as , any molar or partial molar property of mixing for MXq, may be calculated from available data on corresponding j-binary systems, such as MXq–AX, MXq–BX, and .The equations are of the general form,The latter is applicable only when the multicomponent and the binary solutions have the same MXq content and same temperature.The theoretical expressions have been found to predict quite well available data on ternary and quarternary systems. New composition parameters for expressing the compositions in quarternary and quinary systems have been established. Key words: molten salt solutions, multicompon...


This paper will present two different approaches to supervised learning in artificial neural networks. The back propagation algorithm and Genetic algorithms. We will also give a brief introduction to multi layered perceptrons, neural networks. The main part focuses on how, why and when back propagation and genetic algorithms should be used and a brief introduction as to how they both work. the article will end with a summary, conclusion and some points for discussion on the subject.


Building a new socialist countryside is a major historic task set at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth. With the social function the rural library will play an important role in bringing up new farmers and promoting new countryside construction. Meanwhile the issue of the strategy task will also promote rural library cause.


We propose a sophisticated synthesis methodology for SoC (System-on-Chip) architectures from the system level specification based on reusable high-level IPs named as Virtual Cores (VCores), in this paper. This synthesis methodology generates an initial architecture that consists of a CPU, buses, IPs, peripherals, I/Os and an RTOS (Real Time Operating System), as well as making tradeoffs to the architecture, between hardware and software on assigned software VCores and hardware Vcores. The results of an architecture level design experiment, using the proposed methodology, shows that the partial automation of the architecture synthesis process, allied with design reuse, accelerates the architecture design, therefore, reducing the time required to design an architecture of SoC.


Abstract In this article, we examine the level of time management skills found among undergraduate business students. A procedure is described that assesses how well such students allocate their available out-of-class study time to the various courses taken in a semester. In addition, we examine several variables to determine their impact on time-budgeting effectiveness.


Firms are constantly improving their activities in order to become more competitive. With the diffusion of international competition and easier access to global markets, effective logistic and inventory management strategies become essential to all players. In this sense, there is a clear tradeoff between inventory costs and service level. A common strategy to address this issue is to locate distribution centers (DC) near key markets. However, the decision to build new DCs must be supported by clear and convincing analysis. In this context, this paper reports the use of cost-volume-profit analysis to assess the viability of establishing a new DC by a real company that manufactures radiopharmaceutical products. The researchers collected and analysed detailed financial information from the company and compared the current scenario with potential future scenarios using the cost-volume-profit technique. Next, expected firm profitability is compared for two scenarios: with and without the new DC.


while cooperatives originated as an idea imported from the South, their development in Canada's north has a taken on a uniquely northern design and approach with strong ties to the indigenous communities that they serve. MacPherson concludes with many questions about the future role that cooperatives will play as either the defenders of indigenous traditions or agents of change. In contrast, Lionais and Hardy seek to explain the notable absence of cooperatives in the Yukon. They conclude that over time the Yukon has lacked the infrastructure necessary to support cooperatives. Chapter 9 (Natcher et al.) is the first piece in the final section of the book dedicated to an alternative conception of the social economy derived from the values, norms and culture of Northern indigenous communities. Using Hunter Support Programs as a focal point, Natcher et al. effectively breakdown the artificial boundary constructed between economy and culture to expose the value of institutions that understand and foster a holistic conception of social economy. Chapter 10 (Boutet et al.) takes on a very different, but equally fascinating, effort to capture the complex and fluid relationship between industrial mining activities and indigenous subsistence economies in Canada's north. While they acknowledge the role that mining has played in breaking down traditional economies and cultures, they also demonstrate that mining activities in the north are often designed to accommodate and even depend on subsistence economies. Bennett and Lemelin (chapter 11) take on the very different task of introducing environmental issues into the social economy discourse. They argue that with the shift from a discourse of conservation to sustainable development, a more complete conception aligned with indigenous worldviews would be 'ecosocial economy'. In this context, they argue that environmental non-governmental organisations could provide an important link between the classic third sector social economy and the social economies of northern indigenous communities. The final contribution to this section of the book is perhaps the most ambitious and inspiring. Simmons et al. (chapter 12) outline an ambitious research agenda of articulating a unified concept of indigenous social economy intended to guide policies that address the needs and aspirations of indigenous communities. This chapter stands out in the collection for its effort to challenge the academic and functionalist exercises of analysing the social economy of Canada's north and instead take on the task of articulating how the world can learn from and be enhanced by a northern conception of social economy. Although Southcott (chapter 13) does an impressive job of drawing out critical observations from the collection, the book does not convince me that the concept of the social economy, as classically defined, adds value beyond the more commonly used 'third sector'. This collection will clearly be of interest to scholars interested in the third sector of Canada's north. With this in mind, the greatest contribution of the book is its introduction of a northern-inspired alternative. Moreover, the overall impact of the book could have been multiplied by a direct effort to study the marriages and tensions that exist between the two lines of discourse and the types of organisations being analysed. What is the relationship between the social economy groups as classically defined and the indigenous communities of the north? What unique experiences might the rest of the world learn from the social economies of the north?. (Jennifer Spence, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 2J9, Canada (email@example.com)).