This paper contains a summary of the arguments used to show how to achieve capacity of the AWGN channel with Voronoi constellations of LDA lattices under lattice decoding. No dithering is required in the tranmission scheme and capacity is achievable with LDA lattices whose parity-check matrices have constant row and column degrees. Although most of the technical details of the proof cannot be treated here, the reader is introduced to the fundamentals and novelties of the authors' approach to the problem. The random capacity-achieving LDA ensemble is presented and the definition of D-goodness of a bipartite graph is given. As an example of the power of this tool for investigating LDA lattices, a lemma about their minimum Hamming distance is provided.


The long-term accumulation of pipecolic acid, as well as its disappearance following exogenous administration was studied in brain and other organs of the mouse. Mice were pulse-injected intraperitoneally or intravenously with 1 ixCi[3H] D,L-pipecolic acid (6.9 nmol/mouse = 2.9 tzg/kg). The total radioactivity retained in tissues was measured in brain, liver, and kidney, as well as in plasma during the period I min to 24 hr. TLC separation of DNP-derivatives was performed. Three features of the pattern of retention of pipecolic acid are most salient; first the rapid accumulation in brain, second the rapid secretion of this compound in the urine, and third the long-lasting steady levels of radioactivity maintained in brain. Sixty minutes after i.v. injection, the brain/plasma ratio is approximately 0.2 and approaches unity only at 5 hr. Following intraperitoneal injection the percent recovered as pipecolic acid in brain is 78% at 30 min and 71% at 120 min, suggesting a slow metabolic activity. Liver shows a different trend than brain with a slower accumulation and a faster disappearance. Kidney shows a pattern similar to plasma with a rapid secretion of radioactivity into urine which correlates welt with the exponential decrease in plasma and urine. The administration of probenecid significantly increases radioactivity due to pipecolic acid in brain, liver, and urine. Formation of a-aminoadipic acid, a known metabolite of pipecolic acid, can be demonstrated in kidney 30 min after intraperitoneal injection. The present data together with results obtained previously with intracarotid injections suggest that pipecolic acid is taken up in the mouse brain from the circulation. Most of the


Crystals of the title Compound were prepared by slow evaporation of a water Solution of the two components. The space group is P2i/c with the lattice dimensions: a = 6.243(1), b = 11.154(3), c = 7.862 k,ß = 107.48(2)° and Z = 2. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods, using Single crystal difTractometer data and reflned by a least squares method to a final R value 0.027 for 2083 independent reflexions (AAgATa). H atom positions located by diflerence-Fourier syntheses have been refined. The Te—O and Cl—O mean distances are respectively 1.912 and 3.146 Ä. The hydrogen bond scheme connects the Te(OH)6 groups and Cl atoms in a three-dimensional way.


Shennongjia is located in the eastern part of Dabashan foreland arc-shaped structural belt.With the Yangri fault as a boundary,this region can be divided into the northern and southern parts.The northern part is characterized by W-E trending basement-involved detachment and cover folding,with the Palaeozoic cover closely folded.The southern part,named Shennongjia basement uplift,has different deformation features in the periphery,with deformation weak in northern margin but strong in the eastern one.As to this uplift,there are skirtlike fold structures in its western and southern margins,and the southern ones were characterized by fold hinge with large plunge angle.From the field analysis of fault kinematics and paleo-tectonic stress inversion from slip vectors,we can see that the region was mainly controlled by S-N compression stress field,but the stress field of the eastern margin was changed into NW-SE because of the compression from Shennongjia and Huangling uplift.Regional structural analysis and comparison showed that the eastern part of Dabashan foreland structural belt experienced Indosian primary formation stage and Yanshan final formation stage, and the Shennongjia basement uplift played a role of restriction in the formation of Dabashan foreland arc-shaped structural belt.The research on the deformation of Shennongjia has great significance to understanding the formation and evolution of the Dabashan foreland arc-shaped structural belt.


Indonesia's legal system which applies to offenders focuses on punishment as the penalty. Kajahatan perpetrators will be punished so that security and order within the community can be restored sehigga impressed penalty is revenge on the perpetrators of crime victims. But the punishment will never improve the state of society, because it does not deter criminals from committing a similar crime or even a more heinous, also ignoring the losses suffered by victims. The researchers' goal here, to put the idea of diversion is the transfer of criminal cases outside the criminal justice process. This type of research is the description of the analysis is to do research that will be devoted to seek or find the data needed to answer the problem. The results of this study are known to retributive punishment does not guarantee reduced crime. It is based on the data presented Writer, convictions resulted in the over-capacity prison. By applying a misdemeanor diversion in the task of law enforcement to be reduced, budget handling criminal offenses can be diverted to handling criminal offense heavier and their diversion agreement then the victim is much more attention.


Abstract Students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit non-compliance that presents a significant management problem for classroom teachers. Student behavior management training programs suggest that reducing repetitions of commands improves student compliance. To examine this claim, 86 teachers of ADHD students between the ages of 5 and 10 were randomized into treatment and control groups. Barkley's procedure for reducing repetitions was administered in the treatment group. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that children in the treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in non-compliance (p> 0.002), while children in the control group did not. These results suggest that Barkley's technique is effective and should be recommended to teachers of ADHD children.


In this paper, we consider the evacuation problem in a network which consists of a directed graph with capacities and transit times on its arcs. This problem can be solved by the algorithm of Hoppe and Tardos [8] in polynomial time. However their running time is highorder polynomial, and hence is not practical in general. Thus, it is necessary to devise a faster algorithm for a tractable and practically useful subclass of this problem. In this paper, we consider a network with a sink s such that (i) for each vertex v 6= s the sum of the transit times of arcs on any path from v to s takes the same value, and (ii) for each vertex v 6= s the minimum v-s cut is determined by the arcs incident to s whose tails are reachable from v. This class of networks is a generalization of grid networks studied in the paper [11]. We propose an efficient algorithm for this network problem.


A motion target shadow detection method in a monitoring video. The method comprises: in a three-primary-colour colour ratio space of a motion foreground/video background in a monitoring video, establishing a 3D Gaussian probability model of a shadow and initializing a model parameter (S1); detecting a motion foreground region and updating the video background of a current frame image in the monitoring video, and mapping each pixel in the motion foreground region to the three-primary-colour colour ratio space of the motion foreground/video background (S2); judging each pixel in the motion foreground region obtained in step (S2) using the established 3D Gaussian probability model of the shadow, and detecting and differentiating a shadow pixel and a motion target pixel (S3); obtaining data of all shadow pixel points using detection in step (S3) and updating the parameter of the 3D Gaussian probability model of the shadow (S4); and returning to step (S2) to perform motion region shadow detection on a new frame of video image (S5). The method better solves the problems of difficulties in setting parameters in shadow detection technology for a motion target, the failure to self-adapt a scene lighting change and a large volume of computation in existing monitoring video.


The ATLAS trigger system includes a Level-1 (L1) trigger based on custom electronics and firmware, and a high-level software trigger running on off-the-shelf hardware. The L1 trigger system uses information from the forward detectors, the calorimeters and the muon trigger detectors. Once information from all muon trigger sectors has been received, trigger candidate multiplicities are calculated by the Muon-to-Central-Trigger-Processor Interface (MUCTPI). Muon multiplicity information is sent to the Central-Trigger-Processor (CTP) and trigger objects are sent to the L1 Topological Trigger Processor (L1Topo). The CTP combines the information received from the MUCTPI with the trigger information from the forward detectors, the calorimeters and the L1Topo, and takes the L1 trigger decision. As part of the ATLAS L1 trigger system upgrade for Run-3 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) a new MUCTPI has been designed and commissioned. We discuss the commissioning and operation of the new MUCTPI used in ATLAS from the beginning of Run-3. In particular, we describe the integration tests which have been carried out for the commissioning and operation of the new MUCTPI.


Current healthcare systems often fail to recognise and address the healthcare needs of First Nations People, resulting in unacceptable gaps in health outcomes. Biomedical frameworks used to examine chronic conditions, like chronic kidney disease (CKD), focus on ill health rather than on the strengths First Nations People use to be resilient and sovereign. Healthcare systems, staff and researchers need to collaborate with First Nations People to understand and value lived experiences to best address health and wellbeing needs. This research was carried out within Aboriginal Kidney care together: improving outcomes now (AKction). Using decolonised methods and a participatory action approach, research yarning and thematic analysis were collaboratively conducted to map the health journey of an Aboriginal woman with lived experience of kidney disease. The woman utilised a range of strengthening factors to maintain resilience during her kidney health journey, including Ngolun/connections (to land, language, culture, spirit and ancestors; family;


Although there has been considerable research activity in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma since advanced stages of the disease became curable with combination chemotherapy in the 1960s, the mos...


ABSTRACT The success of Hitler's National Socialism was the success of a religious faith, the 'false' belief that National Socialism was the fulfillment of Christianity. This article wants to show how the long development of political theology of the Middle Ages to the 'Germanism' of the 19th and twentieth century has made this intended misunderstanding possible. The religious aspect of National Socialism will become clear. In the past this aspect was discussed very controversial (no religion, substitute of religion, pseudoreligion, political or 'real' religion) because no distinction was made between the following questions: What did Hitler want that people believe? How did the historico-cultural background influence the development of National Socialism? How did the people perceive Hitler and his movement? What did Hitler personally believe? Hitler's voelkish apocalypse derived from a centuries-old tradition of apocalyptic interpretation of current events. The ideology of the German Reich as kingdom of God and the secularization and Germanization of salvation history by German Idealism had long prepared the German people to regard themselves as the new Chosen People and Hitler as the German messiah. But Hitler himself wanted to create a national doctrine of Germanism modeled on Judaism as he understood it. Hitler's Nationalsocialism could become a 'real' religious faith because of its connection to deeply rooted traditions.


An earthquake on 23 October 2004 inflicted heavy damage on the Mid‐Niigata district. The earthquake isolated Yamakoshi village; consequently, all the village residents were forced to evacuate to temporary shelters in neighboring Nagaoka city for 2 months. Two types of temporary shelters were used: gymnasiums, and buildings with large separated rooms similar to community centers. A questionnaire survey and interviews (N=95) were conducted to elucidate problems of the living environment at the temporary shelters. This study analyzed acoustic environmental problems there. Noise‐related problems were noted by 40 respondents (46.5%): they were the fifth most frequently cited environmental problems. Several serious complaints, e.g., general annoyance at the shelters and footsteps of refugees at night, were only indicated by respondents who had evacuated to the gymnasiums. However, some problems, e.g., the clamor of children, including crying babies and voices of other refugees, were indicated by respondents irrespective of the type of the shelters to which they had been evacuated. Therefore, buildings like community centers were more desirable for temporary shelters, at least from the perspective of noise problems.


The beta market has been widely observed by researchers. Because of beta very important to be excuse for investment criteria decision. Furthermore, relevance concept of beta is still feasible, but the result of beta estimed still mixed (some are rejected and supported). This cause not from theoretical problems, but from methodological problems concerning errors in the method of estimating beta. In the sequal, this study intend to knows about the relationship of systematic risk (beta) within securities of banking versus manufacturing in Indonesian Stock Exchange. The data used is both of Jakarta Stock Index (JKSE) rate and return stock wich has been meausered (raw return and excess return) from banking and manufacturing with some criteria. It is used the big third firms have been based on asset into three observation periods (2010-2013). For measurement beta (CAPM) with single factor models, and then linked beta to return stock testing is done using OLS method and perform test for equality. The results showed that beta correction which considers to positive sigfinicance relationship within return stock banking and manufacturing. Furthermore, beta is difference between stock banking and manufacturing either no lead lag times or any lead lag times. The beta has been all correction positive, although not significane in lead lag 1 times.


The kinetics of the pyrolysis of cellulose and its derivatives (2,2-dichloropropionate and acetate) in nitrogen and air were studied by dynamic thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 600°C. From the resulting data various thermodynamic parameters could be obtained following the methods of Freeman and Carroll, Broido, and Dave and Chopra. The values of ΔE* for cellulose and its derivatives were found to be in the range 120 to 260 kJ · mol−1. However, the values of the free energy of activation for the degradation of cellulose and its derivatives are almost the same, i. e. 187 to 199 kJ · mol−1, indicating that the basic steps for the thermal degradation of cellulose and its derivatives are the same. Based on Scotney's work on the thermal degradation of cellulose triacetate, a mechanism for the thermal degradation of cellulose 2,2-dichloropropionate is proposed. The IR spectra of the pyrolysis residues of cellulose dichloropropionate indicate that dehydration takes place and a compound containing carbonyl groups is formed.


Background : IPE was the process by which a group of students from the health-related
occupations with different backgrounds learn together to interact each other and share the
knowledge that they have. This was important for improving collaboration in health care
provider and improve patient well-being. In practice, this process may affected with many
kind of factors. One of that factors is Adversity Quotient (AQ). AQ is the ability that
people have to turn the obstacle that they have into the opportunity.
Objective : This study aimed to determine the correlation between Adversity Quotient
(AQ) and readiness of Interprofessional Education (IPE) in clinical student of Faculy of
Medicine Gadjah Mada University (FM GMU).
Methods : This was descriptive analytic correlational study with quantitative approach
and applied cross sectional design. The subjects were 76 medical student and nursing
student in clinical stage. The subjects were choosen by quota sampling method.
Quantitative data were obtained through ARP (Adversity Response Profile) questionnaire
for AQ level and RIPLS (Readiness Interprofessional of Learning Scale) questionnaire
for readiness level.
Result : The result of the study showed that the majority of FM GMU clinical student (46
or 60,5%) had high level of AQ (climbers transition). The readiness of IPE mostly
belonged in high level (64 or 84,21%). There was no correlation between AQ level and
readiness of IPE with p value 0,208 (p>0,05).
Conclution : Both of FM GMU clinical student AQ and readiness level, majority were on
high level. There showed no difference AQ and readiness level between FM GMU
medical and nursing clinical student. There was no correlation between AQ level and
readiness of IPE in FM GMU clinical student.


One can almost imagine the collective sigh. The authors of so many studies, a goodly number of them well conceived and executed, have examined discussions and conclusions reached by physicians and patients about the use of life-sustaining treatments. Yet, as Layson et al. conclude, there is a great deal we do not know. I suppose we should ask whether such studies, given current assumptions and approaches, will ever answer many critical questions. My own experience as chair of a hospital ethics committee for seven years, and as a physician for 17, leaves me skeptical. One reason for my doubts is the ongoing tendency to frame such discussions as isolated in some way from the complex set of interactions known as the physician-patient relationship. Studies that examine the consistency of responses between physician and patient typically lack the capacity, as Layson et al. note, to discern the reasons for disagreement. Yet I am acutely aware that my own discussions with and perceptions of patients on this subject evolve over time, with many factors influencing my conclusions. Consider Mr. J, a gentleman whom I first encountered after the diagnosis of inoperable lung cancer had already been made, as a result of an emergency room visit for a nagging cough. Mr. J. was not in the habit of visiting physicians--he had not had any contact with his primary care office for years. I asked about advance directives during our first visit, gently, and only after addressing the immediate medical issues. He was totally unfamiliar with the concept, and, while not disturbed by the question, was not interested in discussing it further at that time. His wife of 40 years, who had been present at the visit, called me later. She noted that her husband had never been much of a conversationalist, was disinclined to discuss emotional matters, but, in her judgement, would not want to prolong a life devoted to increasing dependence on medical intervention and decreasing independent function. When it came to that, she said, she did not believe he would want any further care beyond comfort measures. I have no idea what an investigator would have concluded had he asked Mr. J and me, at that time, our respective opinions about the appropriateness of life-sustaining treatments in his case, or whether I would have been criticized for discussing the matter in more depth with his spouse--my only source of information at that point. Articles from The Journal of Clinical Ethics are copyrighted, and may not be reproduced, sold, or exploited for any commercial purpose without the express written consent of The Journal of Clinical Ethics.


Induced capacitive voltage and current in high voltage GIS substation is one of the most significant phenomena that may have made some problems in this substation operation. At this study the various equipment of 420 KV Karoon4 substations such as powerhouses, input and output lines, bus-bar and bus-duct have simulated by applying EMTP-RV software. Then with the different condition of single-phase and three-phase faults on the lines in critical conditions, capacitive induction voltage and current by parallel capacitor with circuit breaker is surveyed. The results show the value of this induced current and voltage and that this critical conditions the breakers and dis-connector switches must be able to interrupt this value of current.


Summary. In wild bird populations nestlings are commonly infested by ectoparasites. The effects that ectoparasites exert on host fitness usually become evident after the complete elimination of parasites or a substantial reduction in their abundance. Among the most common elimination methods in ecological studies, the use of chemical insecticides is traditionally preferred. However, the application of several doses is usually needed because the efficiency of insecticides decreases over time. This results in increasing toxicity effects and disturbance of both parents and nestlings. In the present study, we tested the efficacy of Inesfly, a new insecticidal paint. Inesfly acts by releasing active water-soluble compounds progressively over a period, therefore having a longer-lasting effect than other insecticides. By applying this insecticidal paint inside nest-boxes used by blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus during the breeding season, we investigated its effect on the abundance of blackfly (Simuliidae), biting midge (Culicidae), flea (Ceratophyllidae), mite (Dermanyssidae) and blowfly (Calliphoridae) larvae. The insecticide significantly reduced the abundance of Protocalliphora azurea blowflies, while other parasites remained unaffected. Our results show that Inesfly was ineffective against ectoparasites infesting blue tit nest-boxes, blowflies excepted, at least at the dose applied. Finally, no negative effects on nestlings were reported following the use of this insecticide.


Under the background of the double pressure abroad and the profound changes of domestic factor structure, as the core elements of the industrialization process, the upgrading of the manufacturing industry dominates the process of transformation and upgrading of China's overall industrial structure to a large extent. Based on Dagum gini coefficient, we study the temporal-spatial disparity and the distribution evolution of the Upgrading of Manufacturing Industry in china from 1999 to 2014. The results show that: The overall disparity present a decreasing trend of the Upgrading of Manufacturing Industry in china. East and west region perform "inverse u-shaped" type development trend, and fluctuation trend in middle. Intensity of transvariation is the dominant factor of spatial disparity and the gap within the region is a secondary factor. It is conducive to narrow regional disparity of manufacturing upgrading and achieve industrial restructuring and upgrading objectives. Keywords—Upgrading of Manufacturing Industry; Dagum gini coefficient


Abstract The following is a discussion of the article entitled "The Corrosion Behavior of Nickel 270 in Phosphate-Containing Solutions." by I. A. Maier. published in Corrosion, Vol. 40. No. 10. p. 528 (1984) October.


The magnetic properties and clustering behaviors of the transition-metal (TM)-doped ZnO have been studied by first-principles calculations. We demonstrate the relationship between the types of TM (Co, Fe, Ni, and Cu) pairs and the energetic most stable configurations in ZnO:TM. Further calculations show that Co pairs have no tendency to form clusters, showing paramagnetic (PM) state in ZnO:Co samples in an equilibrium state and without excessive defects, as evidenced by various experiments, while ferromagnetic (FM) state is possible for the samples prepared under non-equilibrium conditions. Finally, systematical studies of a series of TM elements reveal different types of TM pairs in terms of clustering behaviors determined by spin-polarized and non-spin-polarized contributions: Co pairs and Fe pairs have no tendency to form clusters, showing PM and FM states, respectively, while Ni pairs and Cu pairs have a clustering tendency and show intrinsic FM ordering.


Household surveys have been used by many groups of Brazilian researchers in order to know more about the living conditions of the rural population. The information on agricultural households can also be obtained from the 2006 Agricultural Census, especially in relation to family income and the economic, social and environmental characteristics, for example, of the rural establishment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the limits of the data in relation to gaining further information about the agricultural household by starting a discussion about the application of this concept, which is different in each case. To explore it, three kinds of household estimates were prepared: total number of agricultural households; farming income, and off-farm income. In relation to the last indicator, its chief importance is associated with the increase in pluri-activity and the recent income transfer programs applied by the government. It is expected that household surveys are more able to collect off-farm income data while the Census data has better estimates for farming income. With regard to the set of household surveys data available for this type of study, it is customary to use the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in Brazil, although the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) 2002-2003 has also been used herein. Lastly, there is a section that discusses the pros and cons of the possible choices and the need for greater conceptual and methodological development of the treatment of mixed-income segments such as the agricultural household.


Freshly harvested pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cvar. Tatashe' and Rodo') seeds were packaged in laminated aluminium foil, polythene and paper envelopes at a moisture content of 9.2% and 9.3% for Tatashe' and 'Rodo' respectively and stored for 24 weeks at 30°C and at about 90% relative humidity. Seeds were drawn at intervals for germinability and seedling development tests. There was an initial improvement in total and rate of germination as storage progressed. This was later followed by a decline in the three containers. Measurements were best in aluminium foil packets and worst in polythene towards the end of storage. Serious fungal growth was observed on seeds packaged in polythene. Marked improvements were observed in seedling growth with storage in all containers up to certain ages beyond which a decline set in. The improvement in seed germination and seedling development from some aged seeds is taken to be an indication of the need for after-ripening of pepper seed.


The invention relates to a method for the isolation of nucleic acids from nucleic acid-containing sample, characterized in that free or released by lysis of nucleic acids - in the presence of organic substances and at least one part of a lysis buffer - are bound to a solid phase with a rough surface, then washed and eluted. When the rough surface is preferably a non-smooth plastic or rubber surface. The invention is also a test kit, and a corresponding device for isolating nucleic acids.


The adhesive for metallic luster retro-reflective fabrics (reflective fabrics) was studied. The high performance polyurethane adhesive was synthesized by selecting polyester (ether) diol, small molecule diol, modified resin, curing agent, etc. The metallic luster retro-reflective fabrics with excellent performance were prepared by coating with said adhesive, and their specifications are equal to those of the foreign products.


It is with great pleasure that I welcome you on behalf of the International Water Management Institute and on my own behalf to this International Expert Consultation on Wastewater Irrigation on "Consumer health risk assessment, on-farm and off-farm options for health risk mitigation, and wastewater governance in low-income countries". This expert consultation is organized by IWMI, IDRC and WHO and supported by IDRC and the Google Foundation.


Results of crossed-beam measurements of cross sections differential in ejected electron energy and angle for ionization of atomic hydrogen by 20--114-keV protons are reported. Secondary electrons were measured over an energy range of 1.5--300 eV and an angular range of 15[degree]--165[degree]. Atomic-hydrogen targets were produced in a radio-frequency discharge source with a dissociation fraction of about 74%. Ratios of cross sections for H targets to those for H[sub 2] targets were obtained from measurements on the mixed target. From these ratios, the measured dissociation fractions, and the absolute cross sections measured for H[sub 2] targets, the cross sections for H targets were determined. These measurements are compared with the results of the first-order Born approximation, the continuum-distorted-wave eikonal-initial-state approximation, and the classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) methods. Good overall agreement is found with the CTMC results, except for slow, backward electron emission. The addition of the classically suppressed dipole transitions from the Born approximation to the CTMC results yields a good estimate of the ejected electron spectrum.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with actively replicating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly radiosensitive and exhibit adverse reactions even at low irradiation doses. One of the major underlying causes are high intra- and extracellular levels of a virus-encoded peptide termed viral protein R (Vpr). As Vpr efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in astrocytes, we examined whether its active subunit (Vpr52-96) may be utilized as drug in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four glioblastoma-derived cell lines with and without lentivirus-mediated MGMT-overexpression (U251, U87MG, U251-MGMT, U87-MGMT) were exposed to Vpr52-96, 100 µM of temozolomide (TMZ), conventional photon irradiation (2-6 Gy) or to combinations of the three. Acute toxicities and LD50 were examined using the MTT proliferation assay. Apoptosis was detected using a luminescent reaction measuring caspase-3 and -7 activities (Caspase Glo®). Clonogenic survival (survival fraction, SF) was determined using the colony-forming assay. RESULTS: Treatment of U251 cells with 1, 10 and 20 µM of medium-dissolved Vpr52-96 yielded cell viability rates of 82.4 ± 3.2%, 32.6 ± 9.1% and 10.5 ± 4.8% respectively, corresponding to a LD50 of 4.0 ± 1.1 µM. For U87MG, the corresponding viability rates were 89.3 ± 4.4%, 61.2 ± 12.4% and 43.6 ± 17.8%, resulting in an LD50 of 15.7 ± 7.5 µM. Combined treatment (Vpr + RT and/or TMZ) showed additive, but not synergistic effects in MTT assays. Vpr induced apoptosis in all cell lines within 6-12 hours in a dose-dependent fashion. Clonogenic assays also revealed an additive effect but no sensitization towards irradiation. Vpr alone efficiently inhibited clonogenic survival (SF at 10 µM Vpr: 0.24 ± 0.06 for U251 and 0.35 ± 0.09 for U87MG). In contrast to TMZ, it acts independently from the MGMT expression status (SF of U251-MGMT at 10 µM Vpr: 0.2 vs. 0.9 at 100 µM TMZ; SF of U87-MGMT at 10 µM Vpr: 0.3 vs. 0.7 at 100 µM TMZ). SUMMARY: Vpr52-96 exhibits all traits of a chemotherapeutic drug that may be employed for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. The protein acts additively to current standard therapies and shows undiminished antiproliferative activity in MGMT-overexpressing cells.


Thirty groundnut genotypes (18 of Virginia bunch, 5 Spanish bunch and 7 Virginia runner group) were screened for their relative response to Caryedon serratus using no choice test under laboratory condition (32 to 350 C). The results showed that the number of eggs laid by C. serratus ranged from 19.3 to 115.0 and adult emergence varied from 11.0 to 63.7 beetles. Per cent damage to the kernels was highest in 'GG-20 (80.7%) and lowest in T-28 (7.6 %)'. First three principle components (PC) accounted for approximately 84% observed variation in the data. Breakdown of cumulative variance revealed the contribution of PC 1 and PC 2 and PC 3 were 46, 21 and 17%, respectively towards cumulative variance. The vertex genotypes were GG-20, AK-303, AK-265, T-28, ALR-1 and ALR-3 of these genotypes, only one genotype, T-28 exhibited less egg counts, adults emergence and % damage while the rest recorded higher values for these traits. Association studies also revealed that genotypes with large seed size may be more susceptible to bruchid infestation.


The flexible and semi-structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is used in various application domains as well as the database field. The proposed XML harmonization system attempts to re-utilize existing markup languages by extracting and integrating them. This idea is analogous to the join operation in the database domain. When new structures are created, new document types are defined. Structures of XML instances can be viewed from various viewpoints, e.g. the relational database or the object-oriented database. In this work, we propose a new way to achieve harmonization, i.e., by defining axioms on atomic elements of the selected data structure. The advantage of using axioms is that it can be extended to other data structures easily. Measurements of harmonization are discussed, and harmonization examples are given to illustrate the axiom-based design principle.


SUMMARY

We report palaeomagnetic data and a composite magnetic polarity sequence for Middle and Upper Triassic rocks assigned to the Anton Chico Member of the Moenkopi Formation and Chinle Group, respectively, exposed along the eastern flank of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and in the Tucumcari Basin of eastern and northeastern New Mexico. Thermal demagnetization isolates a well-defined, dual polarity, characteristic magnetization, carried in most cases by haematite and interpreted as an early acquired chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). Characteristic magnetizations from 74 palaeomagnetic sites (one site = one bed) are used to define a magnetic polarity sequence, which we correlate with previously published Triassic data obtained from both marine and non-marine rocks. Preliminary correlation suggests that the resolution of magnetostratigraphic data derived from continental strata is not necessarily of lesser quality than that from marine rocks. On the basis of the magnetostratigraphic data, a profound unconformity is believed to separate lower-middle Norian and upper Norian-Rhaetian strata of the Chinle Group. Palaeomagnetic poles derived from selected sites in steeply dipping (> 85°) strata for the Middle Triassic (Anisian, ∼240 Ma: 50°N 121°E; N= 8), late Carman-early Norian (∼225 Ma: 53°N 104°E; N= 16), and late Norian-Rhaetian (∼208 Ma: 59°N 77°E; N= 8) are in relatively good agreement with previously published data for the Moenkopi Formation and Chinle Group and related strata in southwest North America. None the less, comparison with palaeomagnetic poles obtained from gently dipping or flat-lying Triassic strata from this study (Anisian, 46°N 112°E; N= 13; late Carnian, 54°N 87°E; N=12) and previously published Triassic poles in southwest North America suggest that a modest 'apparent rotation' not greater than about 5° affects declinations from steeply dipping rocks. The distribution of palaeomagnetic poles indicates ∼25° (angular distance) of apparent polar wander between about 240 and 208 Ma.


Metal amidinates are common compounds with many applications, and are of particular value as precursors for the chemical deposition of thin metal films on solid surfaces. In order to better understand those processes, the surface chemistry of copper(I)–N,N′-dimethylacetamidinate on Cu(110) single-crystal surfaces has been studied using first-principles quantum-mechanics calculations. Most metal amidinates exist as dimers (or tetramers) in the gas phase. Here, it was found that the initial steps of the adsorption and dissociation of those dimers on metal surfaces depend on their surface coverage. At low coverages, it was found that the copper(I)–N,N′-dimethylacetamidinate dimer initially binds to the Cu surface by occupying two bridge sites, with the four N atoms on top of adjacent surface Cu atoms. This configuration is, however, not stable, so the adsorbed dimer undergoes dissociation soon after via the shedding of one of the ligands; in this more stable configuration, both Cu atoms from the inorganic pr...


Recently, we have described the effects produced by trypsin upon the mammalian smooth muscles (guinea-pig intestine, guinea-pig uterus, rabbit, cat and dog intestines, virgin uterus of the rat and mouse intestines (1–3)), as well as the circulatory effects produced in rabbits, cats and dogs by trypsin injected intravenously (2, 4). In experiments of perfusion of guinea-pig lungs we have demonstrated the ability of trypsin to liberate histamine from the tissues, and suggested that this may offer a basis for understanding the pharmacological effects of trypsin (4). The constancy of the phenomenon of "desensitization" observed on repeated additions of the same small dose of trypsin strongly suggested that the action of trypsin was an indirect one, probably through the intermediary of a tissular active substance—histamine—set free under the action of the ferment.


The purpose of this study is to consider the applicability of Japan's regional comprehensive care system to the operation of local care meetings within the community integrated care system promoted in Korea. To this end, we analyzed the operating case of the regional care meeting in Japan and presented the relevant implications for Korea. As a result, the significance of the research is that our country also needs to operate a regional care meeting in which multi-functional multi-agency participates in consideration of regional characteristics, as in the case of Japan, and it is necessary to establish an organic linkage and cooperation system between the multi-functional functions of the regional care meeting, to propose a way to revitalize the operation of the regional care meeting in Korea through the establishment of a system that can identify local tasks and link them to local tasks through the accumulation of individual case data.


A greenhouse provides shelter and protects plants from harsh environment and external interferences. It allows plants to grow under an optimum condition which maximizes the growth potential of the plants. The existing systems only allow for the monitoring of climate variables such as temperature or humidity and often overlook many other important factors such as CO2, light, soil moisture, soil temperature etc. Neglecting these climate factors leads to inaccurate observation of the overall greenhouse climate condition. To make up for this weakness, the prototype designed for this particular research will allow better monitoring of the climate condition in a greenhouse by integrating several sensor elements such as CO2, temperature, humidity, light, soil moisture and soil temperature into the system. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of a range of popular sensors on the market. The paper also discusses their operating principles as well as addresses their advantages and disadvantages. Experiments were carried to test the accuracy of the sensors and the results indicate that the sensors used in this project are relatively accurate and have good stability.


As Victoria confronts an overwhelming wave of growth in demand for housing for older people over the next decade, all cohorts will need to be examined to ensure that older Victorian are well housed and supported. Simply to consider those most in need or homeless will ignore the 'crowding out' that will be caused by the more well off being unable to secure the appropriate housing and support they seek. Finding solutions for these groups at scale may also bring players to the table that are unable to contribute to housing those with the least financial resources.


Three new lanostane-type triterpenoids, inonotsulides A, B, and C (1–3, resp.) were isolated from the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) (Japanese name: Kabanoanatake; Russian name: Chaga). Their structures were determined to be (20R,24S)-3β,25-dihydroxylanost-8-en-20,24-olide (1), (20R,24R)-3β,25-dihydroxylanost-8-en-20,24-olide (2), and (20R,24S)-3β,25-dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11)-dien-20,24-olide (3) on the basis of chemical transformation, NMR spectroscopy including 1D and 2D (1H,1H-COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC), EI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray analysis.


We report the investigation of temperature-dependent magnetic properties and photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4−Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) synthesized by hydrothermal process. Room-temperature magnetic hysteresis (M-H) loops result enhanced saturation magnetization of 90 emu/g and coercivity (HC) of 530 Oe for CoFe2O4−Fe3O4 MNCs. With decreasing temperature to 20 K, HC increases from 500 Oe to 6800 Oe, and the M-H loops exhibit exchange coupling feature between CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4. Low- and high-temperature-dependent magnetization measurements confirm that the blocking temperature lies above 300 K and the presence of two magnetic phase transitions corresponding to CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the MNCs has been examined on the reduction of methyl orange (MO), a colored compound used in dyeing and printing textiles. The observed results suggest that the CoFe2O4−Fe3O4 MNCs act as an excellent photocatalyst on the degradation of organic contaminants and degrade 93% of MO in 5 hours of UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of MNCs is attributed to remarkably high band gap energy and small particle size. Also, the MNCs with a reproducible photocatalytic activity are well separable from water media by applying external magnetic field and acts as a promising catalyst for the remediation of textile wastewater.


Polypropylene is a linear saturated hydrocarbon polymer. In this article, the impact of a typical fire retardant mixtu re of A mmoniu m Polyphosphate(APP) and Pentaerythritol(PER) on the fire retardant characteristics of polypropylene(PP) has been studied. The various impact of the fire retardant mixtures (APP-PER) was studied at different proportions of 3:1 and 4:1 on the PP. To observe the effect of the composition of mixtures of both (3:1 & 4:1) on PP was studied in the d ifferent mixing co mpositions (15%, 30% & 40%). In this experiment, the flame retardant(FR) was operated by intumescence method. The effect of various flame retardants on PP were studied by preparing a ternary mixtu res of PP-APP-PER on Brabender mixture at 180°C for 10 min at a speed of 80rp m. The mixture was hot pressed at 180°C under10MPa pressure for 12 min to prepare sheets of suitable thickness for analysis. The p repared sheets were subjected to the laboratory test such as, Limiting Oxygen Index(LOI) and Thermogravimetric Analysis(TGA) to find out the burning behavior and changed in the weight of a specimen respectively. The flammability test was carried out to study the flame retardancy behavior of the specimen. The degradation of PP is in fluenced with the increase content of phosphorous in the APP-PER mixture. LOI test indicates an imp rovement in flame retardancy of PP due to presence of high phosphorous content in 4:1 mixture.


Präven-Abstract Esophageal carcinoma as well as gastric cancer are one of the ten most frequent causes of death, mainly men older 50 years are concerned. Although squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus has been more commonly diagnosed over the past 30 years, there is increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) in Western industrialized countries. In contrast there is a linear reduction of the incidence of gastric cancer. During the same time the location of gastric


Edge deep learning accelerators are optimised hardware to enable efficient inference on the edge. The models deployed on these accelerators are often proprietary and thus sensitive for commercial and privacy reasons. In this paper, we demonstrate practical vulnerability of deployed deep learning models to timing side-channel attacks. By measuring the execution time of the inference, the adversary can determine and reconstruct the model from a known family of well known deep learning model and then use available techniques to recover remaining hyperparameters. The vulnerability is validated on Intel Compute Stick 2 for VGG and ResNet family of models. Moreover, the presented attack is quite devastating as it can be performed in a cross-device setting, where adversary profiles constructed on a legally own device can be used to exploit the victim device with a single query and still can achieve near perfect success rate.


Solar heat or surplus heat can be stored in large steel tanks or even better in unlined rock caverns. If the loading and unloading is done with a heat exchanger it is important that the stratification in the store can be maintained. The risk of destabilization of the interface between hot and cold water due to Helmholz-Kelvin instability of interfacial waves is discussed. The discussion indicates that the risk is negligible.


Modeling strategies are subject to debate for virtually all statistical procedures. Witness the sharp disagreements over stepwise regression, the interpretation of clusters in cluster analysis, or the identification of outliers and influential points. The largely objective basis of statistical algorithms does not remove the need for human judgment in their implementation. So it is not surprising that the use of structural equation models is subject to disputes over the best way to formulate and test models. Though I must admit considerable scepticism about whether it is possible to have a single generic strategy that would prove optimal over all substantive areas and types of structural equation models, articles and discussions such as those of Hayduk and Glaser (2000) and Mulaik (1998) are very helpful in that they bring out the merits and limits of the alternative procedures. The options that are the focus of their discussions are (a) the one-step procedure and (b) the four-step approach. In a sense, we could see the one-step procedure as there at the birth of contemporary structural equation models. One of the attractive features of structural equation models was the ability to simultaneously model the latent variable and the measurement models in one step.1 Defenders of this original practice include Hayduk (1987, 1996) and Fornell and Yi (1992). More recently, Mulaik (1998) has advocated a four-step method that is the subject of the Hayduk and Glaser (2000) article. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING, 7(1), 74–81 Copyright © 2000, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.


Saving water is one of the crucial needs because of the large number of users. It obviously can be seen from availability of clean water in Ambon, especially in the Kebun Cengkeh area, Sirimau District. The fact actually shown from the consumption of clean water from the water tank. This problem frequently occurred in Pinang Putih Puncak, Hative Kecil Village area, the Al-Anshor mosque. The use of manual faucets causes waster wastage. Furthermore, it can spread the virus sticking to the water faucet and it will transfer to another faucet. As a result, it is necessary to install automatic water faucets to prevent the spread of the corona virus and water saving. The method was needs analysis, designing tools, making tools, testing tools, handing over tools to partners and conducting demonstration or socialization of the use of tools. The results have proven, first, the use of this automatic ablution device was very positive and can be used easily.


To study the diastolic function of the right ventricle, 70 patients aged 6 29 years with were examined; Study Group consisted of 47 patients with WPW syndrome or phenomenon, Control Group consisted of 23 subjects with paroxysmal atrio-ventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia.


✓ Consecutive studies of brain energetics undertaken at Duke University during a period of 5 years are described. Various forms of stress such as hypoxia, hyperbaric oxygenation, and selected drugs were used to depict quantitative adverse effects upon the brain's basic energy system, and protectant measures evaluated including hypothermia and appropriate substrates. A systematic survey of substrate protectants was carried out in laboratory animals, and the theory and practice of preserving brain energy levels explored. A foundation for clinical application has been established.


Five subjects are approached in this article. The first discusses the holistic approach, which enriches the prevalent Cartesianism, through the balance among two opposed, yet complementary, principles: the self-affirmative and the integrative doctrines. The second refers to the kind of University we want, there is, a  gestaltian  organization, opposed to a factory of professionals – An University that teaches and prepares individuals for life, not for the economical system. The third subject is related to the kind of Life we wish for. The alternatives here are - to act as agents of social (and personal) transformation - or to be a crop of clones to the service of the dominant economical system. The fourth focuses the kind of society we want, in this case we also have two different paths before us: to deepen the current one, merely centered on material wealth, or to create a new path, where wealth is constituted by grand universal principles (dignity, justice, solidarity, well-being etc), which will be the great objectives of human Life. The fifth and last subject refers to a specific proposal to deepen the central subject: the meaning of the human life, and refers to training and preparing individuals to be leaders in Life.


In this work we model the expected emission from the molecular line C 17 O(J=3!2) in protoplanetary disks, modifying dieren t physical parameters to obtain distinctive observational signatures. Our aim is to determine the kind of observations that will allow us to extract information about the physical parameters of disks. With this purpose we perform a statistical analysis of principal components and a multiple linear correlation on our set of results from the models. We also present prospects for future molecular line observations of protoplanetary disks using SMA and ALMA.


Abstract,
      This research aims to determine the cost, margin, profit share and rubber trading system in the District Salam Babaris, Tapin district. The research was conducted from June to August 2016 in the District Salam Babaris Tapin district.
      Sampling is done by: (1) simple random method for farmers and (2) the snowball method for merchants. Analysis of the data using the formula and share margin trading system.
       The result showed that margin, share and profits derived rubber business administration institutions in the District Salam Babaris, Tapin District there are differences based trading system channel path. Recommended channels untu shorten trading system that is too long in the hope of obtaining a high share, smaller business administration costs and gain greater business administration.


Liu, X.H., Li, Y., Yao, Y.Z. & Ren, D., April 2016. A hairy-bodied tettigarctid (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) from the latest Middle Jurassic of northeast China. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518 Extant tettigarctids are also known as hairy cicadas because they are covered by long and abundant hairs. This character had not been reported in fossil species of Tettigarctidae because previous examples were poorly preserved or lacked long hairs. Hirtaprosbole erromera gen. et sp. nov. (Tettigarctidae) with a hairy body, from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China, is described here. This new species provides evidence that tettigarctids with long dense hairs had appeared by the latest Middle Jurassic and lived at high altitudes. Xiao-hui Liu [firstname.lastname@example.com], Yi Li [firstname.lastname@example.com], Yun-zhi Yao*[Corresponding author: email@example.com] and Dong Ren [firstname.lastname@example.com], College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuanbeilu 105 Haidian District, Beijing, PR China 100048.


The performance of a target recognition method based on template matching depends on the quality of the template database to a large extent.This paper introduces a method of sestablishing an addible template database of range profiles based on the minimum entropy rule.The new method guarantees the quality of the template base from two sides:the signal-to-noise ratio,and the completeness of the database.The new database is easy to update and maintain.Experimental result grounded on a few groups of real data demonstrates that we can get a stable and reliable recognition with the new method.


Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different approaches for the relaxation incision in palatoplasty.Methods Totally 132patients with cleft palate were enrolled in our study,who underwent palatoplasty.They were divided into 3groups.The bilateral relaxation incisions were filled by iodoform gauze,absorbable hemostatic gauze or nothing.After the surgery,the diet,temperature,wound healing and bleeding,postoperative cleft and the perforation of patients were analyzed respectively.Results There were no significant difference among the three groups in postoperative fever ratio(P 0.05)on the frist day;Significant differences were detected in postoperative fever ratio on the 3rd,5th,7th day betweent the iodoform gauze group and other two groups(P0.05);There were no significant difference among the three groups in primary postoperative hemorrhage(P0.05);Statistically significant of secondary postoperative hemorrhage occurred in iodoform gauze group as compared to other groups(P 0.05);There were more patients with nausea and vomiting in iodoform gauze group than other two groups(P 0.05);However,there were no significant difference in perforation among the three groups(P 0.05).There was no patient with infection and postoperative cleft.Conclusion Nothing or filled relaxation incision with absorbable hemostatic gauze are more helpful for wound healing and postoperative recovery in palatoplasty.


Manuscript submitted 2016-12-22, revised 2017-02-24 and 2017-03-23, initially accepted for publication 2017-03-24, published in December 2017. Abstract. In this paper, a new type of interior composite-rotor bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motors (BPMSMs) with two layer permanent magnets (PMs) is proposed. In order to reduce the torque ripple of this kind of motors, the sizes of PMs are optimized. Moreover, the magnetic field analysis of the interior composite-rotor BPMSM with two layer PMs is carried out by the finite element method (FEM). The corresponding static electronic magnetic characteristics at no load, including magnetic field, PM flux linkage and inductance, are studied in detail. In addition, electromagnetic torque characteristics and suspension force characteristics are also investigated thoroughly. The results of the analysis and simulation lay a significant foundation for further research on the interior composite-rotor BPMSMs with two layer PMs.


Here we describe the state of the art of genetically modified plants intended for food use. First, an introduction to the different methods of plant transformation as well as the molecular requirements for the stable introduction and expression of the gene(s) of interest is given. Then, we present an overview on the transgenic plants already on the market or approved for placing on the market worldwide. Finally, examples of new transgenic plants in different stages of development are presented. These comprise of well-established traits like herbicide or insect resistance, being transferred to additional crop species as well as new approaches to enhance the nutritional quality of food crops or to produce pharmaceuticals in transgenic plants.

Keywords:

B.t. Toxins;
Herbicide Resistance;
Hypersensitive Reaction;
Marker Gene;
Transgenic or Genetically Modified Organism


The uses of medicinal plants in traditional healthcare practices and its importance in providing clues to new areas of research and in biodiversity conservation is now well recognized. This study aimed to look into the diversity of plant resources that are used by Raji people for curing various ailments. Questionnaire surveys, participatory observations and field visits were elicit information on the uses of various plants. It was found that 48 plant species were used by local people for curing various diseases, which are categorized under 14 broad classes.

 Key words: Plant population, Raji, disease, ethno-medicines, medicinal plants


Abstract A strategic management case written by the author in hypermedia format is illustrated. The case combines text, graphic images, and an embedded expert system to describe a major U.S. resort center. It also employs multiple decision roles for students. Over half the students who analyzed the case preferred a mix of paper and hypermedia formats for cases, with about an even split between those who preferred one format over the other. Among four case features, students ranked highest the ability to play multiple decision roles and rapid access to case information. Of seven functional features, students used the ability to print text the most and the ability to export text the least. Future revisions of the case are discussed.


This articles adopts a differentiated methodology for evaluating sectoral funds, and its aim is to analyze the functioning and the impacts of CT-Info in what regards to its focus: to support projects in Brazilian information technology firms. To accomplish this goal, the research tried to answer three fundamental questions: what is the profile of the firms supported by CT-Info? How was the dynamics of utilization of the resources? What was the motivation for firms to use or not to use the instrument? In one hand, results point to a capture of the instrument by the Academy. On the other hand, for the few supported firms, despite bureaucratic difficulties, the obtained results were very important.


Terahertz (THz) communications have been envisioned as a promising enabler to provide ultra-high data transmission for sixth generation (6G) wireless networks. To tackle the blockage vulnerability brought by severe attenuation and poor diffraction of THz waves, a nanoscale reconfigurable intelligent surface (NRIS) is developed to smartly manipulate the propagation directions of incident THz waves. In this paper, the electric properties of the graphene are investigated by revealing the relationship between conductivity and applied voltages, and then an efficient hardware structure of electrically-controlled NRIS is designed based on Fabry-Perot resonance model. Particularly, the phase response of NRIS can be programmed up to 306.82 degrees. To analyze the hardware performance, we jointly design the passive and active beamforming for NRIS aided THz communication system. Particularly, an adaptive gradient descent (A-GD) algorithm is developed to optimize the phase shift matrix of NRIS by dynamically updating the step size during the iterative process. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our designed hardware architecture as well as the developed algorithm.


The Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn and Cr from the hair of diabetes mellitus patients were determined with single sweep oscilloscopic polarography.The samples were digested with nitric acid-per-chloric acid and dissolved in hydrochloric acid.Statistical analysis and assessment on the results were carried out.


The close loop system of frequency conversion adjusting speed is based on non-speed feedback equipment or pulse coder. For avoiding the math models of three-phase AC electromotor and frequency inverter, adopt the simple similarity of ascending curve method to ensure the math models of every loop. The engineering design method is applied to elect adjuster expediently, thus the system will fill the static and dynamic capability indexes.


Air pollution may be responsible for more than a third of childhood asthma cases in the UK city of Bradford and a quarter may be due to traffic pollution alone, a study has found.1

An international group of researchers used a newly developed method that knits together four assessment models—traffic, emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and health impact—to assess the effect of exposure to nitrogen oxides on the development of childhood asthma.

These models allowed the team to chart …


Thermal measurement and modeling of multi-die packages with vertical (stacked) and lateral arrangement became a hot topic recently in different fields like RAM chip packaging or LEDs and LED assemblies. In our present study, we present results for a more complex structure: an opto-coupler device with four chips in a combined lateral and vertical arrangement. The paper gives an overview of measurement and modeling techniques and results for stacked and multichip module (MCM) structures. It describes actual measurement results along with our structure function-based methodology which helps validating the detailed model of the package being studied. For stack-die packages, we suggest an extension of the DELPHI model topology. Also, we show how one can derive junction-to-pin thermal resistances with a technique using structure functions.


The purposes of this paper include (a) a review of the literature on the so-called "African dummy;" (b) an explication of the system GMM method of estimation, by which Hoeffler (2002) shows the "Africa dummy" to be an artifact of the application of inappropriate estimation techniques; and (c) an effort to employ this technique to measure the impact of political variables - measures of stability, regime type, and violence - on economic growth in Africa.


This experiment was performed in the phytotron of the Hokkaido National Agricultural Station to clarify the interrelationships between the distribution of air temperature or wind velocity and the characteristics of soybean plants grown in the natural light room.Seventy two pots, each of which has two plants standing in an east-west direction, were arranged on the twelve trolleys in unf ormity.Horizontal distribution of air temperature in the foliage zone of 70 cm height revealed that there was a thermal difference of 1.5°C between the wall side and the south side with a steady decline in temperature as the distance from the wall was farther. The wind velocity at a height of 70 cm ranged from 20 to 30 cm/sec at the most of measuring points, and it was found that there was negative correlation between wind velocity and stem elongation. Futhermore, it was shown that the distribution pattern of these two environmental factors under plant growing condition in 70 cm height was almost similar to those under an empty condition.The stem length and the fresh weight of soybean plants increased as the plants were grown farther from the wall. Within the pot-trolleys, the average stem length of the inner row is steadily higher than those of the outer. A similar tendency was also observed in the fresh weight measured 57 days after planting. The number of days to flowering from sowing was delayed at the south side as compared with those of the plants at the wall side.From these facts mentioned above, it is clear that increased stem length, fresh weight and delayed flowering time were due to low temperature and high wind velocity. Decreased stem length at the wall side resulted from the elevated temperature near the wall causing by the flux of sensible heat and by the reflection of light from the wall.The coefficient of variation of the stem length was 8.1 per cent and was smaller than that of field grown plants and was greater than that of the plants grown in the glass house having no equipment for thermal controlling, as shown in Table 2. It is desirable to use any adequate methods in order to reduce coefficent variation, in the case of more accurate experiments required in the glass rooms of the phytotron.


Chapter 7 considers Demosthenes' use of court procedures and the role played by arbitration, first by describing the early stage of a dispute. In particular, it examines pre-litigation arbitration, more often known as 'private arbitration', and how it could occur at any stage in a dispute, even after formal charges had been filed. It then discusses the steps taken to initiate litigation when efforts to settle a dispute privately failed, such as choosing the kind of offence (for example, assault, theft, or impiety) and the procedure. The chapter goes on to explain private and public procedures, or dikê and graphê, respectively, and the distinction between them. Finally, it looks at the remaining steps in initiating litigation, namely: filing the charge, the preliminary hearing, public arbitration, the trial, presentation of evidence and witnesses, and the jury's rendering of the verdict.


In mathematics teaching,we should follow the expanding mode of thinking of "exceeding conventional rules, striving for variation", grasp the "fluent, flexible, creative" characteristics of expanding thinking, choose the expanding point correctly, select mathematics problems carefully, foster the students' abilities of expanding thinking by way of solving mathematics problems.


Information-based modeling technology is supported by advanced information technology solutions in the building industry. The integration of its methodology into construction and design processes is already going on. However, many areas still have development possibilities; for instance, building surveys belong to these fields. Countless survey tools and methodologies endeavor to support and ease the work of professionals in design and construction, yet there is a need for comprehensive collaboration. This could be promoted by creating a direct link between survey tools and architectural design software.
 This article demonstrates a tool under development that intends to provide a solution to this issue.


"This letter concerns two manuscripts published in Human Reproduction: 'Restoration of ovarian function after allografting of ovarian cortex between genetically non-identical sisters' and 'Livebirth after allografting of ovarian cortex between genetically non-identical sisters'. We wish to draw to the attention of the journal's readership, two points that have recently come to light [...]"


1 Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Rathinamangalam, Chennai – 600127, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Rathinamangalam, Chennai – 600127, India 3 Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Rathinamangalam, Chennai – 600127, India 4 Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Rathinamangalam, Chennai – 600127, India *Corresponding Author Dr Bharani Raj Kumar Associate Professor of Surgery, Tagore Medical College and Hospital Email: email@example.com ABSTRACT Multinodular goiter (MNG) is a clinicopathological entity characterized by an increased volume of the thyroid gland with formation of nodules. In general, MNG has been considered to be at low risk for malignancy as compared to a solitary nodule thyroid. There is a worldwide increase in the incidence of thyroid carcinoma. The prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Surgery at the Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India from January 2016 to December 2016. Selected patients were offered surgery (total thyroidectomy) as the treatment. After the surgery, all the thyroid specimens were sent for a histopathological evaluation. In the present study, we have 25% incidence of carcinoma, for the cases operated for MNG with no etiological relation to any risk factor. Hence it is imperative for MNG cases to undergo follow up for diagnosis of malignancy.


gerate" the strength of his findings, while "Pammett's . . . analysis probably lead[s] to an underestimation of the importance of socio-economic correlates for turnout" (158). If there is a flaw in this book, it is that the whole is not much greater than the sum of the parts. The three studies included in the volume are very much separate works and, as a result, they often overlap in their discussion and presentation. All three, for example, include a table of voter turnout in previous Canadian elections. In addition, many of the recommendations made by Professor Pammett at the end of his piece are repeated in Professor Black's more detailed "wish list." These and other redundancies could have been eliminated with no real loss of content. Despite these shortcomings, this is still a valuable book. It represents the state of the art in analysis of Canadian voter turnout. It includes ideas, analyses and interpretations not always available elsewhere, and available nowhere else in such comprehensive form. And finally, it contains a number of insightful and timely recommendations that one hopes will be taken seriously by Canadian policy-makers.


The objective of this work was to promote meaningful learning and the integration of basic-clinical contents by applying an innovating teaching strategy in a group of students of the subject Histology and Embryology. Different activities were proposed, where students should identify the usefulness and approach of the contents of Oral Histology and Embryology in the literature sources referred to clinical specialties. The following topics were selected: stages of tooth development, dentin-pulp complex and protective periodontium (spain tr.) that included gingiva, junctional epithelium and Nashmyth´s membrane. Each topic was developed following specific instructions, and text books on clinical specialties or journal articles had to be consulted. Students were able to identify differences and similarities in the terminology used to approach the same contents in the different bibliographic resources. They could observe more images of histological sections and more detailed diagrams in the book about basic clinics. They recognized the usefulness of the histological knowledge in research and they also valued the need of basic knowledge for clinical application. This teaching strategy enabled students to know the usefulness of the knowledge of Oral Histology and Embryology in an inter-related context, considering the way in which these contents will be recovered in the higher courses.


Background. To evaluate the relationship between stillbirth in singleton pregnancy (≥28 weeks gestation) and maternal weight (weight gain) from 24 completed weeks.


A Middle to Upper Bispathodus costatus Zone conodont fauna is described from the top of the Phyllite-Quartzite Group in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The colour of the conodonts is in agreement with the very-low-grade regional metamorphism in the pumpellyite facies.


ABSTRACT
Although recent studies described platelet reactivity (PR) changes in days following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), precise time course and duration of these changes have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate PR pattern during and after TAVI in multiple time points. Study included 40 consecutive patients undergoing TAVI. All patients underwent the procedure on dual antiplatelet therapy. PR was measured in seven time points: before induction of anaesthesia (T1), after heparin administration (T2), 10 minutes after initial valve implantation (T3), at the end of procedure (T4), and on 3rd, 6th and 30th postoperative day (T 5-7). PR was measured using impedance aggregometer using three different platelet aggregation agonists (arachidonic acid in ASPItest, adenosine diphosphate in ADPtest and thrombin receptor activating peptide 6 in TRAPtest). All patients underwent successful TAVI procedure. Mean PR on T1 was 22.9±23.0 U for ASPItest, 40.5±23.7 U for ADPtest and 91.7±32.5 U for TRAPtest. There was no significant difference in PR on T2. On T3, significant reduction of PR in all three tests was observed (ASPI 10.4±11.6 U (p=0.001), ADP 24.2±14.1 U (p<0.001) and TRAP 69.3±26.6 U (p<0.001)). PR nadir for all tests was reached on T5, with subsequent PR incline. PR values in all tests returned to baseline levels on T7. Our results show that successful TAVI procedure induces transient decrease in PR regardless of the platelet activation pathway.


The Low Frequency Instrument on board the Planck satellite is coupled to the Planck 1.5 meter off-axis dual reflector telescope by an array of 27 corrugated feed horns operating at 30, 44, 70, and 100 GHz. We briefly present here a detailed study of the optical interface devoted to optimize the angular resolution (10 arcmin at 100 GHz as a goal) and at the same time to minimize all the systematics coming from the sidelobes of the radiation pattern. Through optical simulations, we provide shapes, locations on the sky, angular resolutions, and polarization properties of each beam. (On behalf of LFI Collaboration)


The purpose of this note is to give an account of a well-known folklore result: the Hodge structure on the second cohomology of a compact hyperk\"ahler manifold uniquely determines Hodge structures on all higher cohomology groups. We discuss the precise statement and its proof, which are somewhat difficult to locate in the literature.


WE were much intrigued by D. C. D. Pocock's 'The novelist's image of the North' in Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. N.S. 4, 62-76. In this fascinating article Pocock somehow managed to reduce an encyclopedia of reading to an almost mind-bending array of brief literary references. The overall effect was reminiscent of a burst of staccato machine-gun fire. A fragment from one novelist was followed by another in rapid and unrelenting succession, leaving the reader looking for some rest and relaxation and for further discussion and greater overall perspective than was actually provided. Having made this minor criticism, let us say at once how much we enjoyed the article. Pocock did not claim to have made a 'definitive statement on the topic', but the amount of literature covered was formidable none the less. Our own knowledge of the relevant material is puny by comparison, and our comments should therefore be construed not as criticism, but rather as reaction and amplification based on personal experience and images as much as on those of the novelists. It is a simple matter to react, but quite another to do the initial spadework by which a reaction may be provoked. The article struck a responsive chord right away, for the accompanying illustration on the cover of N.S. 4 No. i featured the bottle ovens of the nineteenth-century Potteries scene, an allusion to the milieu of Arnold Bennett. This was an excellent way to introduce the theme of the location of the literary North as a 'region of the mind' for which boundaries, if boundary is at all an appropriate word, are undefinable. Bennett, in the view of many 'Northerners', is a 'fringe' Northern novelist both in spatial terms (Stoke-on-Trent is an isolated industrial area somewhere between the Midlands and the North) and in terms of his literature, which often deviates from the earnest and hard-working North of the novelists in the direction of the smartness and sophistication of the South. The North under review in Pocock's article was stated (p. 63) to be 'at root . . part of coalfield Britain, flanked by the Pennines, and characterized by its nineteenth-century development of heavy and basic industries'. Almost by definition, though, the Pennines themselves must be at the heart of this region, rather than merely flanking it as the above statement implies. It might be argued that the moors and the agricultural dales are a separate region, as they are presented in the recent stories of James Herriot, the veterinary surgeon.' But the Pennines are in fact the vital link between the several distinctly separate subregions of the industrial North: the cotton district centred in east Lancashire, which dispersed its spin-off industries over the Lancashire Plain as far as Merseyside, its woollen counterpart in the West Riding, the coal, iron and steel area of the Don Valley in south Yorkshire, and the isolated Northumberland and 383


The prevention of cardiovascular disease is among our highest priorities in managing patients with diabetes. The concerns that arose from the association between rosiglitazone use and the incidence of myocardial infarction have led drug regulatory authorities to mandate evidence of cardiovascular safety before a new antihyperglycemic agent can be approved. For the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, the availability and analysis of these data have, to date, not only shown apparent safety but have also raised the tantalizing possibility of cardiovascular protection. There are, however, numerous caveats to such analyses and their interpretation. Foremost, the trials are primarily designed to determine the glucoselowering properties of these agents and not their effects on cardiovascular outcomes, which are instead captured as adverse events. In addition, most of these studies are of short duration, have relatively few patients and mostly do not focus on subjects with pre-existing heart disease or at high risk of developing it. These limitations notwithstanding, some interesting findings are evident. A series of meta-analyses examining the cardiovascular effects of DPP-4 inhibitors have been conducted over recent years. A very recent one of these included all published and unpublished studies in humans, examining a total of 70 trials with 41 959 patients and a mean follow-up of 44.1 weeks. Consistent with previous, smaller studies, this meta-analysis reported Mantel– Haenszel odds ratios of 0.71 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.59, 0.86), 0.64 (95% CI 0.44, 0.94) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.41, 0.88) for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), myocardial infarction and mortality, respectively. Of note, the effect appeared consistent among individual drugs within the DPP-4 inhibitor class. In addition, the analysis estimated the effects that may be attributable to risk factor modification by examining data on HbA1c, blood pressure and lipids, when available. Here, the authors concluded that the reduction in myocardial infarction was greater than may be predicted on the basis of changes in conventional risk factors, leading them to suggest a role for other mechanisms. For endocrinologists, familiar with the incretin effect, it is tempting to speculate that the modest increases in glucagon-like peptide-1 may account for the observed cardiovascular effects of DPP-4 inhibitors. However, as described below, other studies (mostly in the cardiac literature) suggest that other mechanisms may be operating, focusing instead on the role of stromal cellderived factor (SDF)-1a. This chemokine is constitutively expressed by the bone marrow, where it assists in the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic and vascular progenitors. However, its expression may also be induced by hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent mechanisms in peripheral tissues in response to ischemia. For example, following myocardial infarction, SDF-1a expression in the heart is markedly increased. This upregulation attenuates injury and assists in cardiac repair by protecting cardiac myocytes from apoptosis and enhancing angiogenesis by both bone marrowderived and local endothelial-based mechanisms (Fig. 1). Given the newfound importance of the microvasculature in the setting of ischemic heart disease, the potential role of SDF-1a as a therapeutic agent has recently been explored. In a study of mice with experimental myocardial infarction, intracardiac injection of recombinant SDF-1a led to improved cardiac function and reduced scar formation compared with controls. Similar benefits have also been reported using a proteaseresistant SDF-1a, with evidence of enhanced progenitor cell recruitment, increased capillary density, and improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Indeed, based on the positive findings of such reports, Juventas, a biotechnology company, has developed a non-viral DNA plasmid that expresses SDF-1a to be used for the treatment of ischemic disorders. Their lead product, JVS-100, will be used in STOP-HF, a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of JVS-100 administered to adults with ischemic heart failure that is currently recruiting participants (see http//clinicaltrials.gov [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01643590], accessed 14 March 2013). Because SDF-1a is rapidly inactivated by DPP-4mediated cleavage, inhibition of this enzyme presents an alternative strategy of augmenting local SDF-1a bioactivity. Consistent with this notion, Zaruba et al. have shown that DPP-4 inhibition reduces cardiac infarct size in mice, an effect that is enhanced by the coadministration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) bs_bs_banner


This study has the objective to determine the relationship between self-acceptance with social adjustment to the freshmen at the Islamic University of Sultan Agung Semarang. This research was conducted on 230 freshmen by using cluster random sampling method. The method used in this research is quantitative method. Data collection was performed by 2 scale, the scale of social adjustment amounted to 20 aitem and scale numbered 42-item self-acceptance. Differences in the scale of social adjustment ranged from 0.341-0.646 with reliability estimation of 0.841. Different self-acceptance scale ranges from 0.321-0.596 with reliability estimate of 0.906. Hypothesis in this research using product-moment correlation analysis technique. The result of hypothesis test shows that there is a very significant positive relationship between self-acceptance with social adjustment obtained rxy = 0,652 with significance level p = 0,000 (p <0,01). Self-acceptance provides effective contribution of 42.5% can be seen from the coefficient of determination (r2) of 0,425 and the rest influenced by other variables outside the research. The hypothesis in this study is proven and accepted..

Keywords: Social Adjustment, Self Acceptance


This paper deals with the modal control of a planar structure using distributed-parameter sensors designed with a view to extracting a particular vibration mode. First, this paper overviews the modal control based upon distributed-parameter sensors and actuators. It is found that the utilization of either distributed-parameter sensors or distributed-parameter actuators leads to the elimination of spillover destabilization of a feedback control system. In addition, the distributed-parameter sensors have the advantage of achieving the modal control of a targeted mode of the structure; however, a mere usage of the distributed-parameter actuators results in uncontrollability of the targeted mode. Finally, with one-dimensional PVDF film sensors attached to the planar structure, an experiment is conducted, demonstrating the capability of the distributed-parameter sensors for suppressing the mode of interest without causing any effect on the remaining modes of the structure.


Ekofisk Field exhibits a classic case of gas in the overborden destroying the image obtained from surface seismic by delaying and distorting the propagation of wavefronts. This is a very long standing problem: the field was developed with rigs set up on the northern and southern ritus, around the apparently collapsed centre. The first production well drilled into the middle came in fifteen hundred feet high to prognosis, showing the full site of the field and the effects of the gas. 30 years later about 60% of the crestal area bas been successfully imaged by undershooting the gas with 3D borehole profiles. The complete image, however, will be obtained only when a more complete onderstanding of the velocity structure of the gas has been achieved.


MoS2 is a common inorganic wearable filler.In order to improve the surface consistence between the MoS2 and the polymeric compound,also,to prohibit the agglomeration of MoS2 powder,the power is often modified through some organic reagents.MoS2 powder were modified by MA.The modified powder's dispersity increased in nonpolar solvent,its suspending liquid's turbidity increased from 215 to 234 NTU,activation data became to 0.8,oil Absorption reduced to 0.31 mL/g,and the penetration time obviously extended.The result shown that the lipophilicity of modified MoS2 increased.Also,by the synthesis with FT-IR,XRD and investigation of modification principle,it was found that the MoS2 particles' surface were covered by MA.


The values of the masses of the particles involved in the decay of $T^+_{cc}\to D^{*+}D^0\to\pi^+D^0D^0$ suggest that due to the final state interactions in the transition vertex $T^+_{cc}\to D^{*+}D^0 $ there may be triangle logarithmic singularities. We discuss their possible role and show that the tree approximation for calculating the decay widths $T^+_{cc}\to(D^{*+}D^0+D^{*0}D^+)\to\pi^+D^0D^0$, $\pi^0D^0 D^+$, $\gamma D^0D^+$ is quite sufficient at the current level of measurement accuracy.


Cables are widely used to bear loads, tether objects or transmit data over a distance. Vibration in cables can cause excessive wear, acoustic radiation and for sensing arrays, measurement error. Although a variety of control methods have been proposed, metamaterials potentially offer a high level of performance within limited weight constraints. This paper investigates the design of an elastic metamaterial (EMM) consisting of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) resonators modelled as mass-spring-dampers, evenly distributed along a one-dimensional string model. A systematic tuning approach for distributed tuned-vibration-absorbers (TVAs), is shown in simulations to significantly reduce the energy of the cable around the resonance frequencies. However, the effectiveness of this configuration is dependent on TVA position with respect to the cable mode shapes and so is not robust to changes in length of the cable. An EMM is designed using a systematic tuning approach and compared to an EMM optimised using a gradient descent approach. The EMM is shown to achieve a similar level of absorption to the TVAs but is more robust to location on the cable.


Th e objectives this study is to test effect of taxes and l ocal fee upon local revenue. This study us ing secondary data form taxes, local fee and local revenue obtain ing from the office of management financial and wealth assets in the North Aceh , 1990-2007. The results researh found that taxes and l ocal fee significant effect to local revenue. However, the research also found that partial only tax significant effect on the local revenue. These results indicate that the local government of North Aceh had not done a good collection of l ocal fee . So, North Aceh government is expected to forward more vigorously to seek new sources of user charges to raise local revenue.


Perception of epilepsy stigma in fundamental school teachers. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that brings psychological and academic implications...


Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson is a medicinally important tree species. Various parts of this plant have been employed in indigenous medicines. Several studies have proved that the phytocomponents present in a medicinal plant are widely responsible for the therapeutic potential of the plant. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical profiling and Gas chromatography- Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) analysis was carried out on the methanolic extract of callus of Naringi crenulata for identification of phytocompounds in the callus. The preliminary phytochemical profiling of callus showed the presence of bioactive components like terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, sugars, alkaloids, phenols, tannin and coumarin. GC- MS analysis of callus showed the presence of bioactive phytocompounds like methyl phenylacetate, estragole, Benzene,1-methoxy-4-1-propenyl, 1,3,4,5Tetrahydroxycyclohexanecaboxylic acid, 1,3 Dicyclohexylpropane, Methyl1,4-methylpentadecanoate, Methyl cis-9-octadecenoate, 6-Methoxylfuro (2,3-h) chromen-2-one, Stearic acid, 4-t-Butoxy-3-hydroxy- butyric acid, Squalene, Vitamin E and Stigmasterol, all of which possessed a wide range of proven therapeutic uses. The highest peak area (%) of 16.31 was obtained by 1,3,4,5Tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid (Retention time 17.709) and the lowest peak area (%) of 0.20 was obtained by Tetradecane (Retention time 14.809).The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of N. crenulata for various ailments by traditional practitioners. Isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may pave the way to find a novel drug. This report is the first of its kind to analyze the chemical components of methanolic extract of callus of Naringi crenulata.


To determine the effect of row spacing, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on silage yield and its dependents components on corn (Zea mays L.cv.Sc704), an experiment was done as split-split plot in randomized complete block design based with four replications. Row spacing was chosen as main plots including: 65cm, 75cm and 85cm, three levels of N (250, 350 and 450 kg ha-1) in sub plots and three levels potassium (100, 150 and 200Kg/ha) in sub-sub plots were laid out. The results indicated that row spacing, were affected on plant dry weight, dry ear weight, dry leaf and dry stem weight. While the silage yield, ear yield, leaf yield, plant dry weight and dry ear weight, were affected by nitrogen and showed significant difference. Potassium had significant difference on plant dry weight, dry leaf and dry stem weight. The most silage yield (42/23t/ha) and dry plant weight (13.88 t/ha)obtained from 65cm row spacing that dry plant weight had significant difference with other row spacing. Amount of 450kg/ha nitrogen was caused the most silage yield (41/6t/ha) and plant dry weight (13.36 t/ha) that had not significant difference with usage of 350kg/ha nitrogen. The most silage yield (40/75t/ha) obtained from 200kg/ha potassium that had not significant difference with other potassium usage levels. The most plant dry weight (13.36) obtained from 150kg/ha potassium that had not significant difference with 200 kg/ha potassium usage levels


Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate practice patterns for treatment of patients with pharyngitis with regard to testing for group A beta hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection, frequency of antibiotic use, and appropriate choice of antibiotics.


The work of virtual teams is increasingly important to today's organizations, work that is accomplished predominantly via computer-mediated communication. The authors investigate the moderating role of experience with instant messaging on the team interpersonal processes (cohesion and openness) to team effectiveness relationship in virtual teams. Data were obtained from 365 virtual team members using survey methodology and analyzed using hierarchical moderated regression and multilevel analyses. They found that team cohesion has a main effect on team effectiveness. Team openness has a main effect and is moderated by experience with instant messaging, i.e., strengthens the relationship. Understanding the role of team interpersonal processes and the role of the communication media will allow managers to more effectively build virtual teams and provide effective training and support. Using the theoretical lens of channel expansion theory the authors expand theoretical, empirical and practical knowledge of this area. DOI: 10.4018/joeuc.2013040101 2 Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 25(2), 1-18, April-June 2013 Copyright © 2013, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. instant messaging (IM). As a result, the nature of team interaction and the relationship between teamwork and outcomes is evolving (Kirkman, Rosen, Tesluk, & Gibson, 2004). However, little is known about the effect of experience with CMC in enabling or hindering the impact of team processes on performance outcomes. The performance outcome we examined is team effectiveness, defined here as perceptions that the team worked effectively together in accomplishing a collaborative task. The goal of this research is to examine the moderating role of experience with CMC (i.e., instant messaging) on the relationship between team interpersonal processes (i.e., cohesion, openness) and team effectiveness in virtual teams. Our research examines the development of team interpersonal processes, or processes that involve relationships among team members (Martins, Gilson, & Maynard, 2004), and the subsequent impact on outcomes in virtual teams. The relationship between team processes and outcomes can be described by the shared mental models theory that suggests the degree to which team members share a common knowledge framework will allow team members to adapt their behavior to better complete a task (Cannon-Bowers & Salas, 2001). While this interpersonal-outcome relationship has received a great deal of attention in the literature, most empirical studies deal with face-to-face relationships not virtual teams (Martins et al., 2004). Furthermore, by their nature virtual teams may struggle more than face-to-face teams with forming cohesive bonds and sharing information openly (Alge, Wiethoff, & Klein, 2003; Warkentin, Sayeed, & Hightower, 1997); however, the possible impact of user experiences on teamwork has not been examined. Thus, we are interested to see if virtual teams can utilize these interpersonal processes (i.e., cohesion and openness) in such a way that they contribute to the effectiveness of the team and whether user experience can moderate those relationships. Thus, one contribution of the current study is that we answer the call for research on the team interpersonal processes that impact outcomes in virtual teams (Martins et al., 2004), as well as the generalizability of face-to-face communication constructs on the performance of such teams (Fjermestad, 2004; Kim, 2006). Some research has investigated cohesion in virtual teams (e.g., Cramton, 2001; Gonzalez, Burke, Santuzzi, & Bradley, 2003; Knight, Pearson, & Hunsinger, 2008; Straus, 1997; Wakefield, Leidner, & Garrison, 2008; Yoo & Alavi, 2001). For example, cohesion influences social presence and task participation in established groups (Yoo & Alavi, 2001), but the cohesion-performance link is weaker for teams using leaner communication media (Knight et al., 2008). While cohesiveness may improve team effectiveness by building collective team knowledge, team effectiveness also hinges on the extent to which team members are open and willing to share knowledge (Driskell, Radtke, & Salas, 2003). To our knowledge, team member openness, or the degree to which teammates openly share and receive information, has seldom been examined in a virtual context. We propose that both cohesion and openness will be related to team effectiveness for virtual teams. A second purpose of this study was to investigate the possible impact of "channel expansion" on the participants' ability to use interpersonal team processes to develop team knowledge and subsequently accomplish teamwork. Channel expansion theory suggests that experience of several forms contributes to an individual's ability to communicate richly using a given medium (Carlson & Zmud, 1999). We are focusing exclusively on experience with the medium and its moderating role in the interpersonal processes-outcome relationship of virtual teams. In addition to the role of communication in virtual teams, technology experience has been specifically identified as a key construct to examine in collaboration technologies (Jones & Kochtanek, 2004). More specifically, the CMC technology employed in this study was designed for this investigation and uses computer-based instant messaging ("IM" or "chat") as well as a task interface that includes a voting tool. Several different terms 16 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/article/virtual-teameffectiveness/76874?camid=4v1 This title is available in InfoSci-Journals, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Communications and Social Science, InfoSciSelect, InfoSci-Technology Adoption, Ethics, and Human Computer Interaction eJournal Collection, InfoSciManagement Science and Organizational Research eJournal Collection, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Computer Science, Security, and Information Technology, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Business, Administration, and Management, InfoSci-Social Sciences Knowledge Solutions – Journals, InfoSci-Computer Science and IT Knowledge Solutions – Journals, InfoSci-Business Knowledge Solutions – Journals. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=2


In order to fully analyze endurance design elements for the warships,combined with instances of warships design and use,the conception of warships endurance is analyzed. From aspects of food and fresh water,influential factors,design method and design parameters choice of endurance are explained. The research development of endurance in future is prospected.In order to provide fresh food and healthy water to the persons in warships,and to improve the level of endurance of warships,it's important to researched on the technologies of high availability food reserve,keeping food long time fresh and deep disposal of sea water.