Abstract The Krylov–Safonov theorem says that solutions to non-divergence uniformly elliptic equations with rough coefficients are Hölder continuous. The proof combines a basic measure estimate with delicate localization and covering arguments. Here we give a "global" proof based on convex analysis that avoids the localization and covering arguments. As an application of the technique we prove a estimate where ε decays with the ellipticity ratio of the coefficients at a rate that improves previous results, and is optimal in two dimensions.


There is provided a method of measuring the relative local position error of one of the portions of an imagewise exposed object, in particular a lithography mask or a wafer, each exposed portion having a plurality of measuring marks, wherein a) is imaged an area of the object that is greater than the one section enlarged and detected as an image, b) be determined on the basis of the detected image position errors of the reference marks contained in the detected image, c) corrected position errors are derived by subtracting from the determined positional errors of the measuring marks position error components which are due to the magnified image and detection, are extracted, d) is derived on the basis of the corrected position errors of the reference marks of the relative local position error of the one portion.


Abstract The yellowish color of High Yield Pulp (HYP) gives some psychological obstacles and limits its application in some paper grades. Dyes are widely used in the papermaking process to shade the yellowish color of the paper products. We proposed to add dyes into the HYP manufacturing process to minimize the yellowish hue. In this work, we substituted the dye-added HYP (dyes added in the HYP manufacturing process) for hardwood kraft pulp in the production of fine paper grades, and compared the results from those by adding dyes into the papermaking wet end. A higher dye effectiveness was obtained when we used the dye-added HYP. Also, the dye-added HYP gave more effective performance of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) fillers and Optical Brightening Agents (OBA) in terms of CIE whiteness and b*. In addition, the dye-added HYP showed less negative effect on brightness and better compatibility with other dyes. The underlying mechanism for the above experimental observation was proposed.


This is the first article that introduces us to the Belgian private foundation that was introduced by the Act of 2 May 2002. Particular attention is given to a detailed discussion of the legal, accounting, and tax rules applicable to Belgian private foundations and a description of their practical use. Particularly important issues are the disinterested purpose test as well as the special use of a private foundation as a certification office, which acts as a separator between legal and economic ownership to assets.


Reaction over car parking policy in the last decade has given rise to increased congestion, worse access and reduced ability to regulate traffic growth. The decision to park illegally is investigated. Very little is known about the elements in a drivers' perception of the risk involved. Ineffective enforcement leads to increased violation. Various alternative approaches have been tried, and experiments have shown that a concentrated effort to apprehend illegal parkers in a small area reduces parked hours by 39 per cent. Changing the nature of the penalty, such as the use of wheel clamps, showed no reduction in the number of offences but a 40 per cent reduction in the time spent illegally parked. This reduced density of illegal parking produced a reduction in journey time of around 7 per cent. Improved procedures for dealing with fixed penalties and with those who refuse to pay could substantially reduce the cost of court and police action. Further improvements could be achieved by redesigning much of the street parking areas and providing more meter parking. There is evidence that many of the illegal parkers are unaware of the location of off-street parking space. Motorists could be made more aware by linking information on parking availability to traffic signals. This is a shortened version of a paper given by the author at a British Parking Association seminar, held in London, 1985. (TRRL)


The paper investigates a new client-dependent normalisation to improve biometric authentication systems. There exist many client-dependent score normalisation techniques, such as Z-Norm, D-Norm and T-Norm, that are applied to speaker authentication. Such normalisation is intended to adjust the variation across different client models. We propose "F-ratio" normalisation, or F-Norm, applied to face and speaker authentication systems. This normalisation requires only that as few as two client-dependent accesses are available (the more the better). Different from previous normalisation techniques, F-Norm considers the client and impostor distributions simultaneously. We show that F-ratio is a natural choice because it is directly associated to equal error rate. It has the effect of centering the client and impostor distributions such that a global threshold can be easily found. Another difference is that F-Norm actually "interpolates" between client-independent and client-dependent information by introducing a mixture parameter. This parameter can be optimised to maximise the class dispersion (the degree of separability between client and impostor distributions) while the aforementioned normalisation techniques cannot. The results of 13 unimodal experiments carried out on the XM2VTS multimodal database show that such normalisation is advantageous over Z-Norm, client-dependent threshold normalisation or no normalisation.


The adoption of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the steady development of international environmental law in the twentieth century shaped the marine environment as an object of legal protection. However, the exponential growth of substantive obligations to protect the marine environment, conserve marine biodiversity, and prevent marine pollution, has been largely ineffective due to lack of enforcement. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) deployed for marine environmental protection are seen, in scholarship and policy, as a means to close the enforcement gap, thereby revolutionizing the field by significantly increasing states' maritime awareness. In contrast, our tentative analysis shows that while UAVs can translate complex environmental concerns into data readily available for analysis and action, such datafication of marine environments comes with high risks. More specifically, datafication enables multiple uses of gathered data, including for surveillance, military, and commercial purposes. These concerns tend to fall outside current debates on the international regulation of the use of UAVs in marine environments. In our essay, we explore whether international law recognizes the possibilities and risks involved in deploying UAVs into the marine environment. We draw on doctrinal and posthuman feminist legal approaches to analyze how UAVs interact with the wider context of "marine ecosystem bodies" in terms of international law, as well as how those terms may need to be reconfigured to accommodate the complexity of the many actors, agents, and materials of marine ecosystems.


A 76-year-old white woman presented with a history of emphysema, congestive heart failure, and rheumatoid arthritis. She had previously been treated with steroid inhalers for her lung disease and with nonsteroidal agents for her arthritis. She had no history of systemic immunosuppressive therapy, except for a single dose of methotrexate that she had taken the week before presentation. She developed symptoms of bilateral eyelid redness and weeping the evening before admission and experienced general malaise with shaking chills and vomiting throughout the night. On waking the next morning, her eyelids were swollen and appeared bruised. She sought evaluation at her local hospital's emergency department. Her eyelids progressively worsened, developing more pronounced discoloration and a bullous appearance. She was transferred to our medical center for further evaluation. On arrival to the emergency department, she was in a state of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Because she was hypotensive and in respiratory distress, pressure and ventilatory support were administered. She was admitted to the intensive care unit, and the plastic surgery admitting team consulted both dermatology and ophthalmology. On examination, she had bilateral, well-demarcated, blue-black necrotic plaques surrounding her eyes on both upper and lower eyelids (Figure 1). She had large, serosanguineous, fluid-filled bullae at the border of these plaques (Figure 2). The results of the rest of the cutaneous examination were normal, except for warmth of the right knee at the site of a well-healed surgical scar. Laboratory test results at admission were significant for a white blood cell count of 1.5 10/μL, with a left shift of 22% band cells and 52% segmented cells; a hemoglobin level of 10.0 g/dL; a hematocrit of 31%; and a platelet count of 60 10/ μL. A computed tomographic scan of the head showed pansinusitis with left preorbital and left subcutaneous facial swelling. Biopsy specimens from the right upper eyelid showed necrosis of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue with acute inflammation, vascular thrombosis, hemorrhage, bacteria, and cellular debris (Figure 3). Tissue and blood cultures were positive for group A -hemolytic streptococci. Because of the clinical presentation, bacterial culture results, and histopathologic findings in this case, the patient was diagnosed as having necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Her primary team decided on medical therapy rather than more aggressive surgical debridement because she was considered to be a high-risk surgical candidate and because the necrotic areas appeared to be clinically stable. She was empirically started on a regimen of ceftriaxone sodium (Rocephin), vancomycin hydrochloride, and metronizadole, and her therapy was subsequently changed to penicillin G and clindamycin hydrochloride. The only surgical intervention for her NF was bedside debridement of the periorbital necrotic tissue, which was performed by an oculoplastic surgeon. Her NF appeared to have stabilized, yet her hospitalization was complicated by other factors. During her hospital course, she had acute renal failure that required dialysis, atrial fibrillation, Pseudomas aeruginosa pneumonia, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract caused by a duodenal ulcer, and septic arthritis of the right knee, of unknown etiology, which required repeated aspiration. After a month of hospitalization, she continued to require ventilatory support and therapeutic interventions to evaluate and treat her compounding illnesses. Her family decided to withdraw support and she died soon afterward. Postmortem examination revealed that her death was the result of a complicated pattern of local and systemic infection. The primary cause of death was listed as gram-negative septicemia due to bronchopneumonia.


Coating technology has been more widely used in cutting tools,performance coatings can significantly improve the tool surface properties to improve its high-temperature hardness,heat insulation performance,thermal stability,impact toughness,and thus a substantial increasing was in tool cutting speed and life.In this paper,the cutting experiments widely used tool coating process for PVD(Physical Vapor Deposition) coating,drilling,processing SKD61 mold steel on difficult materials,and made a comparative analysis and sound judgment based on experimental results respectively in cutting forces,surface quality,chip deformation mechanism,and different coating cutting tools.


Soil compaction of agricultural land is an important form of physical land degradation. The continuous use of implements for years together develops a hard pan underneath which hinders the movement of water and inhibits growth and yield of crops. Hard pan prevent roots of many upland crops from penetrating into the deeper soil layer. Hence to break the soil compaction and hard pan deep tillage plays a vital role. To sustain the crop production soil compaction should be broken down. In deep tillage operation main factor is the soil type. Deep tillage will be beneficial if soil compaction is diagnosed. Deep tillage breaks the hard pan and helps in sinking down of the rainwater in the lower layer of soil from where it is not easily lost by evaporation and aids to deeper rooting, which helps in better exploitation of stored soil moisture and applied nutrients from the profile.


This study is an evaluation of intertrochanteric osteotomy in cases of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (I.O.F.H.) in patients too young to be suitable for prosthetic replacement. The variety of material, the length of follow-up, and the detailed evaluation on a points system, are sufficient for valid comparison with more recently introduced methods of treatment.


Rosenberg who is the former chief editor of the Isis believes that the study of the science history needs a comprehensive study. In this paper, the author puts forward that this kind of study is not only combining Internal History and External History but also Science and Humanities, Cognitive and value as well, points out that the System Generativism gives necessary scientific concept and methodology to the study.


The display of third dimension graphics is the most crucial part in scene simulation, and alpha mapping plays an important role in the synthesization of third dimension graphics. Alpha mapping is a texture mapping technique with alpha channel for simulating transparent effects caused by patterned irregularities on otherwise locally smooth surfaces. In this paper, the current mathematic theory of alpha channel and alpha estimation in image matting, which were used in alpha mapping, was introduced. Based on the object-oriented graphics rendering engine (OGRE), alpha mapping was applied in the scene simulation system of launch vehicle, and achieved excellent result both in rendering time and quality. It is shown that the great improvement of real-time performance could be obtained based on the third dimension of the diversified objects and scene


The article employs a bottom-up approach inspired by historical institutionalism to examine the implementation of EU cohesion policy in Greece. Its objective is to identify the main characteristics of the Greek response to the multiple and mutating challenges of adopting novel policy goals, maximizing the effectiveness of a cluster of policies permeating sectoral lines and enhancing participation in policy-making. Contrary to expectations, it is found that EU influence does not manifest itself principally in the field of territorial relations, where the evolution of the Greek model has been dictated essentially by domestic forces, but in the domain of policy objectives, policy style and practices. In fact, the main policy tendencies exposed (centralism, technocratic policy-making and the proliferation of semi-autonomous structures operating 'outside' mainstream public administration) reflect a pattern of accommodation emphasizing managerial efficiency at the expense of participation.


Introduction: A descriptive survey was done on assessment of the program management factors, services and level of performance of Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child Health and Adolescent Plus Program (RMNCH+A) at selected block primary health centers and rural hospitals in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. The conceptual framework was based on the Chen' Program Theory for program evaluation. Methods: The sample under the study consisted of eleven block primary health centers and rural hospitals of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. A validated and reliable tool was used to collect data, e.g., the background data and data on the program management factor in terms of adequacy of human resources and their training status was collected by an interview schedule through interviewing health service providers, data on the program management factor in terms of infrastructural facilities, equipment, drugs, record maintenance and services of RMNCH+A Program was collected by observation checklist through observation by the investigator, and data on performance of services and referrals by block primary health centers and rural hospitals was collected by means of record analysis by Record Analysis Proforma. Results: The result showed that most of the community health centers are block primary health centers (64%). There are shortfalls in human resources like general duty medical officers (24.68%), obstetricians and pediatricians (90.90%), surgeons (100%), staff nurses (29.13%), laboratory technicians (42.86%), pharmacists AYUSH (47.82%), drivers (66.67%), GDA (51.25%). Lowest training of medical officers is found in CEmOC, F-IMNCI, LSAS (2.70%) and of nurses in RBSK (2.58%). Major non-availability of infrastructural facilities is separate ANC ward (45.45%), observation room and eclampsia room (100%), laboratory facility (63.63%), NRC (100%), etc. Non-availability of IEC displays found like SBA protocol on APH (18.18%); adult resuscitation kit (90.90%), pulse oximetry (81.81%), wall suction machine (100%), etc. were not available. Inj. Insulin (100%), Tab. Mifepristone (36.36%), Tab. Nevirapine (72.72%), Inj. Gentamycin (27.27%) drugs were not available. E mOC (90.90%), CAC service (36.36%), SNSU (63.63%) were not provided by the  selected facilities. 81.81% of the facilities had referral transport and 18.18% facilities did not have any referral transport. There was significant difference between the number of medical officers and number of OPD attendance ('t'=6.07; df (9), p<0.05), The number of trained medical officers on RTI/STI and number of RTI/STI case management of adolescent ('t'=2.45; df (9), p<0.05), the number of trained doctors on NSV and the number of NSV cases. ('t'=2.27; df (9), p<0.05), the number of SBA-trained nurses and the number of institutional delivery cases ('t'=2.35; df (9), p<0.05). There is highly positive correlation among number of nurses, number of medical officers and postnatal checkup score of the facilities, which is statistically significant ('r'=0.732; df (9), p<0.05).


The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the performance in two clinical tests for the endurance of deep neck flexors [Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT) and Chin Tuck Neck Flexion Test (CTNFT)] and the motivation of participants to continue and complete physical activities. Twenty-one healthy volunteers participated (men/women 13/8, age 21.1±1.37 years). Participants were asked to complete the Assessment Scale for Completion of Usual Physical Activities (ASCUPA), the Short Scale of Physical Activity Motives (SSPAM), a visual analog scale for the recording of their motivation to complete a physical activity (VAS motivation) and then they performed the CCFT and CTNFT. The CCFT did not present any significant correlation with either VAS motivation or ASCUPA. The CTNFT was not significantly associated with VAS motivation, but it was significantly correlated with ASCUPA (rs=0.58, p<0.01). Furthermore, the CTNFT was significantly correlated with the total number of motives for physical a...


Many statisticians are reluctant to deal with problems involving causal considerations because we lack the mathematical notation for distinguishing causal influence from statistica.l association. To address this problem, a notation is proposed that ad-mits two conditioning operators: ordinary Bayes conditionin1, P(ylX = o), and causal conditioning, P(ylset(X = r)), that is, conditioning P(y) on holding X constant (at r) by external intervention. This distinction, which will be supported by three rules of inference, will permit us to derive probability expressions for the combined efiect of observations and interventions. The resulting calculus yields simple solutions to a number of interesting problems in causal inference and should allow rank-and-file researchers to tackle practical problems that are generally considered too hard, or impossible. Examples a,re: Starting with nonparametric specification of structural equations, the paper estab-Iishes the semantics necessary for a theory of interventions, presents the three rules of inference, demonstrates the use of the resulting calculus on a number of examples, and establishes an operational definition of structural equations.


A self-aligned spacer processing method was successfully developed and integrated to Motorola's pHEMT process flow to make a field plate pHEMT device. This process method ensures registration requirement of less than 0.4 μm between field plate and gate is met. The fabricated field plate pHEMT device exhibited improved gate-drain breakdown voltage compared to the non field plate device, 47 V versus 39 V. In addition, preliminary RF data on a 12.6 mm field plate connected to the source device at 3.5 GHz showed 39.8 dBm output power with 11.8 dB associated power gain and 57.2% power added efficiency when biased at 16 V.


Objectives: To verify the Stroop effect, the influence of education, IQ and age in a sample of elderly subjects of the population. Methods: We included 61 healthy elderly aged 60 to 85 years, from Sao Paulo State and education between 2 and 18 years. The sample was stratified for age group and also for years of education ( 2 to 8 years and 9 to 18 years).Results: The analysis revealed an overall performance inferior compared to the normative reference sample Canadian. The performance was better when stratified for education, although mantaining an inferior pattern. The standart desviations are more amples to the studied sample and a smaller interference effect was found. There are significatives correlations between the variables education and IQ with the performance, however without significance between age and performance. Conclusion: The results suggest the influence of education/IQ on the performance, but not to the age. There is variability of performance demanding more researches with larger samples of the Brazilian population.


Electron-positron pair production rate created from vacuum in the presence of an elliptically polarized laser field is investigated. By applying the technique of two level transition amplitude, a routine for obtaining pair production rate is presented, and approximate analytical expressions are given both for the low frequency strong field regime and the high frequency weak field regime. We found that for an elliptically polarized field, the electron-positron pair production rate decrease when the elliptic eccentricity increase in the high frequency weak field regime, however, in the low frequency strong field regime, there is almost the same electron-positron pair production rate as in the constant electric field case.


Abstract
Purpose
A small number of studies have suggested that parental divorce may manifest during adulthood as low-level emotional distress characterized by painful feelings such as sadness or self-blame. In light of the paucity of existing research on distress, the current study was designed to assess the presence of distress among a sample of young adults with divorced parents and to ascertain whether painful feelings accurately describe the primary ongoing consequences of parental divorce.

Methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews with a sample of university students were conducted to investigate the concept of distress after parental divorce. Interview guides were designed to elicit responses about ways that parental divorce continues to influence the lives of young adults.

Findings
The study identified a set of ongoing stressors that do not overlap substantially with previous measures of post-divorce distress and that are often rooted in logistical difficulties. Three specific sources of distress are discussed: family coordination difficulties, struggles balancing the politics of parental expectations about time with their children, and perceptions of family fragmentation. These sources of distress frequently originate in the physical separation of parents' households. Interviewees reported spending extra time and energy arranging family visits. Their choices about visiting parents frequently led to both feelings of guilt about the allocation of family time and a reduced sense of family cohesion. Ongoing logistical difficulties were much more commonly cited by young adults than painful feelings.

Originality/value
This qualitative investigation of distress suggests a significant re-orientation toward our understanding of the consequences of parental divorce is needed.


Key words: Stokes problem, a posteriori error estimation, mesh adaptation, streamfunction, incompressibility condition.Abstract. In this paper we investigate computational properties of a new (functionaltype) a posteriori error estimates. We consider different methods of solving the Stokesproblem using conform, partly conform and nonconform approximations. For the firsttwo cases an error estimates was derived in [1]. There were derived two forms of errormajorant. First one is applicable to divergence-free approximations. The second one isvalid for any H


Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) combine electronics with micro-size mechanical devices in the process of designing various types of microscopic machinery, especially those involved in conceiving and building modern sensors. Since their initial development in the 1980s, MEMS has revolutionized numerous branches of science and industry. Indeed, MEMS-based devices are now essential components of modern designs in a variety of areas, such as in commercial systems, the biomedical industry, space exploration, telecommunications, and other fields of applications. As it is often the case in science and technology, the quest for optimizing the attributes of MEMS devices according to their various uses, led to the development of mathematical models that try to capture the importance and the impact of the multitude of parameters involved in their design and production. This thesis is concerned with one of the simplest mathematical models for an idealized electrostatic MEMS, which was recently developed and popularized in a relatively recent monograph by J. Pelesko and D. Bernstein. These models turned out to be an incredibly rich source of interesting mathematical phenomena. The subject of this thesis is the mathematical analysis combined with numerical simulations of a nonlinear parabolic problem ut = ∆u − λf(x) (1+u)2 on a bounded domain of RN with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This equation models the dynamic deflection of a simple idealized electrostatic MEMS device, which consists of a thin dielectric elastic membrane with boundary supported at 0 above a rigid ground plate located at −1. When a voltage –represented here by λ– is applied, the membrane deflects towards the ground plate and a snap-through (touchdown) may occur when it exceeds a certain critical value λ∗ (pull-in voltage). This creates a so-called pull-in instability which greatly affects the design of many devices. In order to achieve better MEMS design, the elastic membrane is fabricated with a spatially varying dielectric permittivity profile f(x). The first part of this thesis is focussed on the pull-in voltage λ∗ and the quantitative and qualitative description of the steady states of the equation. Applying analytical and numerical techniques, the existence of λ∗ is established together with rigorous bounds. We show the existence of at least one steady state when λ < λ∗ (and when λ = λ∗ in dimension N < 8), while none is possible for λ > λ∗. More refined properties of steady states –such as regularity, stability, uniqueness, multiplicity, energy estimates and comparison results– are shown to depend on the dimension of the ambient space and on the permittivity profile. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the dynamic aspect of the parabolic equation. We prove that the membrane globally converges to its unique maximal negative steady-state when λ ≤ λ∗, with a possibility of touchdown at infinite time when λ = λ∗ and N ≥ 8. On the other hand, if λ > λ∗ the membrane must touchdown at finite time T , which cannot take place at the location where the permittivity profile f(x) vanishes. Both larger pullin distance and larger pull-in voltage can be achieved by properly tailoring the permittivity


Abstract With ultra-high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) suppressing the in-cylinder soot and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) formation as well as with the exhaust oxidation catalyst removing the engine-out total unburned hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, clean diesel combustion in terms of low regulated emissions (NO x , particulate matter, THC, and CO) can be established in an operating range up to 50 per cent load. However, unregulated emissions such as aldehydes, aromatics, and 1,3-butadiene, which are seen as a severe threat to human health, are concerned when operating the engine with ultra-high EGR. In this study, the THC emissions from a diesel engine operated with ultra-high EGR low-temperature combustion were speciated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Some unregulated toxic emissions including aldehydes, aromatics, 1,3-butadiene, and some low molecular hydrocarbons dramatically increase in the ultra-high EGR low-temperature combustion regime. The exhaust oxidation catalyst is effective to remove aldehydes and some unsaturated hydrocarbons, but aromatics and methane generated from the ultra-high EGR operation are hardly reduced, particularly at higher loads.


Abstract The deep-sea genus Storthyngura (family Munnopsididae) is revised. Three new genera ( Rectisura, Sursumura and Vanhoeffenella ) and four new species ( Rectisura richardsoniae , Sursumura aberrata , Vanhoeffenella georgei , and V. moskalevi ) are described from deep-sea basins and trenches of the South Atlantic Ocean. Thirty-three previously described species are placed in new combinations with one of the new genera. Diagnoses are presented for the subfamily Storthyngurinae Kussakin (2003), the genus Storthyngura VanhIffen, and all new taxa. The accompanying Electronic Supplement offers a key to the six genera in the subfamily, and keys to species in Storthyngura and the three new genera.


We present a new way of looking at the very long-term evolution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in which the disk of material surrounding the putative black hole powering the GRB jet modulates the mass flow, and hence the efficacy of the process that extracts rotational energy from the black hole and inner accretion disk. The pre-Swift paradigm of achromatic, shallow-to-steep "breaks" in the long-term GRB light curves has not been borne out by detailed Swift data amassed in the past several years. We argue that, given the initial existence of a fall-back disk near the progenitor, an unavoidable consequence will be the formation of an "external disk" whose outer edge continually moves to larger radii due to angular momentum transport and lack of a confining torque. The mass reservoir at large radii moves outward with time and gives a natural power-law decay to the GRB light curves. In this model, the different canonical power-law decay segments in the GRB identified by Zhang et al. and Nousek et al. represent different physical states of the accretion disk. We identify a physical disk state with each power-law segment.


Make the corn as the material to study simulated acid rain on corn leaves a number of physiological indicators and their impact on soil microorganisms.The results showed that the intensity of acied rain and the corn seedling growth received has suppressed,corn seedlings chlorophyll and a / b negatively correlated with the permeability of cell membranes,the SOD acti-vity of acid rain,but with the increase in the strength of performance for the first increase after decrease.At the same time,acid rain caused by maize rhizosphere soil micro-organisms to reduce the total.After the deal with acid rain,the leaves of plants and membrane permeability changes in the chlorophyll content of more than arise in the peak at about 72 h,only to deal with the acidity changes in the rate differences.


We have calculated the first hyperpolarizabilities of four squaric acid homologue molecules: 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (OSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1, 2-dithione (SSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-diselenone (SeSSQ) and 3,4-dithiohydroxy- 3-cyclobutene-1,2-ditellurone (TeSSQ). The correlation effect was investigated at the second-order Mφller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation and density functional theory (DFT) levels. The frequency disper- sion and solvent effect were considered to compare the theoretical values with the experimental observations. Based on all of these studies, it is worthy to point out that the heavy atom effect dis- covered for furan homologues is an influence on the first hyperpolarizabilities of squaric acid homologues.


Marketing Modernisms is a book with a mission. Historians now primarily remember Sir Charles Reilly (1874–1948), the long-term incumbent of Liverpool University's Roscoe Chair of Architecture, as a significant architectural educator and trenchant commentator on architectural affairs. He is also regularly mentioned in histories of architectural modernism through being part of the team that redesigned the Peter Jones store in London's Sloane Square (1936). Peter Richmond, however, believes that Reilly's contribution exceeded this specific commission; indeed that he exercised an important influence on the early British Modern Movement. To substantiate that point, the author presents original data gleaned from primary documentation held in Liverpool archives. These highlight the web of connections, especially with former students and associates, through which Reilly's influence was mediated rather than his direct leadership. The key to that influence was what the author uncomfortably terms Reilly's "marketing of modernisms"—his "ability to negotiate and promote a complex range of stylistic theories and cultural developments, locally, nationally and internationally" (p. xvii). That style of language perhaps anticipates engagement with the 'new history' and its focus on the metanarratives that shaped the historiography of the Modern Movement, but any such expectations are misleading. Rather, Marketing Modernisms is a conventional architectural historical monograph that covers Reilly's life and times in general and not just those aspects relevant to the declared central theme. It opens by introducing the city of Liverpool at the turn of the 20th century, followed by an account of Reilly's career up to his appointment to the Roscoe Chair in 1904. Richmond identifies those who influenced Reilly, those with whom he formed lasting relationships, his training, first professional appointments and early projects. Once at Liverpool, he worked to shift the School's orientation from Arts and Crafts to American-inspired monumental classicism and to institute Beaux-Arts training methodology. His goals were essentially pragmatic. The adoption of the Beaux-Arts model was part of a strategy designed to promote Liverpool as a leading school of architecture. His attachment to classicism was pragmatic rather than moral; an outlook would later allow him to adjust "to accommodate Modernist theories without seeming to renege on his original principles" (p. 53). Ensuing chapters cover Reilly's occasional work as a practising architect, his initiatives at Liverpool University, his involvement in the city's arts and cultural scene, and his writings. Throughout the book, we find evidence of Reilly's abiding interest in town planning. During his early years at Liverpool University, he helped secure the


The sinking of the Israeli destroyer Eilat by Styx missiles from a naval platform during the 1967 hostilities between Israel and the United Arab Republic demonstrated that missile technology was sufficiently developed for this weapon to be effectively deployed. The appearance of the missile in naval armament has raised old questions of international law in a new form, and it seems appropriate that they should be discussed as an aspect of the search for a system of legal controls to limit the use of the sea for strategic and political purposes. The aim of this paper is to examine the question of protection of the innocent from injury both inside and outside the target area, and in times of war and local, limited hostilities.


The biological activity of some metal complexes, especially the metal porphyrins, is discussed. The physical properties of metal porphyrins is reviewed. Since previous theoretical investigations of these compounds are rather incomplete in several respects, a modified semiempirical method of treating metal complexes has been developed. In particular, this modification includes the dependence of the parameter Wμ upon the surroundings. Parameter values appropriate to carbon and nitrogen are given. Some results, obtained in application to comparatively simple compounds, especially copper dimethylglyoxime, are reported.


Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI-QKD) allows remote parties to share information-theoretical secure keys while defending all the side-channel attacks on measurement devices. However, the secure transmission distance and the secret key rate are quite limited due to the high untrusted equivalent excess noise in the Gaussian modulation. More particularly, extremely high-efficiency homodyne detections are required for even non-zero secure transmission distances, which directly restrict its practical realization. Here, we propose a CV-MDI-QKD protocol by encoding the key information into matched discrete phases of two groups of coherent states, which decreases the required detection efficiency for ideally asymmetric cases, and makes it possible to practically achieve secure key distribution with current low-efficiency homodyne detections. Besides, a proof-of-principle experiment with a locally generated oscillator is implemented, which, for the first time, demonstrates the realizability of CV-MDI-QKD using all fiber-based devices. The discrete-modulated phase-matching method provides an alternative direction of an applicable quantum key distribution with practical security.


This project entitled 'The Evaluation of Production Line Performance by Using Arena Software". This project mainly applies the simulation software ARENA to stimulate the post-process production line at company Ansell (M) Sdn. Bhd. There are six workstations involved in the production line such as pre-dryer, washer, ex-washer dryer, carousel chlorinator, siliconator and final dryer. There are some
significant problems faced in the production line such as bottleneck at some workstations and low productivity and efficiency. In addition, the cycle time for each process of the production line are obtained from data given by the company management. Stopwatch Time Study has been used in order to identify the load time, unloading time and transportation time at the production process. The real production system has been simulated using Arena simulation software to investigate the efficiency and productivity so that the performance of the processes can be analyzed. Using this Arena simulation software, the input and output of product can be observed clearly. Verification and validation are done to the Arena model to determine whether the simulation model is an accurate and reasonable representation of the actual system under study and finally the result of Arena simulation can be analyzed. After the results are stimulated and analyze, the waiting time which is the bottleneck had been identified. Then, the suggestions are made to improve the efficiency and utilization of its production line by using the possible method such as cause and effect diagram. Then, the problems are solved by using the visual stream mapping (VSM) technique. The improvement will be implemented to the production line. Finally, the new simulation model is made to stimulate an effective and reliable model by taking Arena simulation software towards recognition of the improvement actions in production line. From the objectives, the expected results are find out the bottleneck in production line, to propose an improvement suggestions and to compare result before and after the implementation of improvement by develop an effective and reliable model by using Arena software. This study is very useful for the industry because the industry needs to improve the efficiency and utilization of its production lines.


Globally, anthropogenic land conversion has resulted in reduced natural land available for free-roaming wildlife, and a shift in species composition. Certain mesocarnivores exhibit an ability to adapt and expand distribution ranges under differing anthropogenic pressures. Our study addressed the socio-ecological attitudes and general perspectives towards mammalian mesocarnivores across a land-use gradient (rural–urban) from the uMgungundlovu to eThekwini municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We determined threats, conflicts and attitudes towards mammalian mesocarnivores using an online questionnaire survey. The public held a range of opinions on mesocarnivores. Participants from both land-use types generally regarded mesocarnivores as non-threatening and vital for the environment. However, not all mesocarnivores were regarded with equal benevolence. Black-backed jackals, Canis mesomelas, were consistently singled out as a problematic species by rural inhabitants and this intensified reactions when a confrontation occurred. Smaller and more behaviourally flexible mesocarnivores (mongoose spp. and Cape genets, Genetta tigrina) were the most observed species in both land-use types, indicating potential population increases. Vehicle collision was the leading cause of mesocarnivore fatalities. Overall, perceived impacts and threats of mesocarnivores differed across the land-use gradients. Our study illustrates the importance of citizen science and community engagement across a land-use gradient in wildlife conservation efforts.


For SARS-CoV-2-induced pneumonia, "Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (trial version 3)" released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on January 22, 2020, first proposed the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment plan, which was gradually updated to the seventh edition. Patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 often developed dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after onset, requiring respiratory support and circulation support. Through literature research, it was found that Chinese materia medica (CMM) with tonifying qi and activating blood effect could effectively improve hypoxemia of pneumonia-related diseases. This article summarizes the mechanism and clinical application of tonifying qi and activating blood CMM in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia-associated hypoxemia, and provides a reference for clinical treatment of COVID-19.


Alth ough the sex-determining gene DMY has been identified on the Y ch romosome in the medaka ( Oryzias latipes) , this gene is absent in most O ryzias species, suggesting that closely related species have different sex-determining genes. H ere, we investigated the sex-determination mechanism in O . dancena, which does n ot possess the DMY gene. Since heteromorp hic sex ch romosomes have not been reported in this species, a progeny test of sex-reversed in dividuals produced by hormone treatment was per formed . Sex-reversed males yielded all-female progeny, in dicating that O . dancena has an X X / X Y sex-determinatio n system . To u ncover the cryptic sex ch romosomes, sex-lin ked D N A markers were screened using expressed sequence tags ( ESTs) established in O . latipes. L in kage analysis of isolated sex-lin ked ESTs showed a co nserved synteny between the sex chromosomes in O . dancena an d an autosome in O . latipes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization ( F IS H ) analysis of these markers co n fi rmed that sex chromosomes of these species are n ot h omologous. T hese fi n dings strongly suggest an in depen dent origin of sex ch romosomes in O . dancena an d O . latipes. F urther analysis of the sex-determining region in O . dancena should provide crucial insights into the evolutio n of sex-determinatio n mechanisms in vertebrates. A L M O ST all vertebrates have different sexes, males an d females. D espite such u niversal occurrence, sex can be determined by a variety of different mechanisms. A mong th e major vertebrate grou ps, highly divergent gen etic an d enviro n men tal factors control sex determi natio n . T hese inclu de male heterogamety ( X X / X Y system typified by mam mals) an d female heterogamety ( Z Z / Z W system in birds an d snakes) , as well as environ men tal sex determinatio n systems (such as a tem perature-depen de nt sex determinatio n in alligators) . I n mam mals, th e sex-determi ning gene, SRY / Sry has been iden tified o n the Y ch romosome ( G ubba y et al. 1990; Si n c l a i r et al. 1990) . H owever, n o equivalent genes have been fou n d in n o n mam malian vertebrates, u nti l recently. I n the medaka, Oryzias latipes, which has an X X / X Y sex determinatio n system , DMY was identified as the Y-specifi c sex-determining gene ( M a t su d a et al. 2002; M a t su d a 2005) . T his gen e encodes a p utative transcriptio n factor co ntai ning a D M domain , which was originally described as a D N A-bin ding motif fou n d in two proteins, DS X in Drosophila melanogaster an d M A B-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans (Ra ymo n d et al. 1998) . Vertebrates have several D M domai n-containing genes an d one of these, DMR T1 ( D M-related transcription factor 1) has been im plicated in male sexual develop men t in mam mals, birds, reptiles, an d fishes (Ra ymo n d et al. 1999; Smi t h et al. 1999; D e G r a n d i et al. 2000; G u a n et al. 2000; Ke t t l e w e l l et al. 2000; M a r c h a n d et al. 2000) . T he c D N A sequences of the medaka DMY an d DMR T1 showed a high similarity ( 80% ) an d DMY appears to have arisen through a gene d uplication event of an autosomal DMR T1 gene ( M a t su d a et al. 2002; N a n d a et al. 2002) . I n co ntrast to the widespread distribution of Sry in mam mals, the DMY gene has not been detected , even in closely related species. Although one sister species of O . latipes has the DMY gene on a homologous Y chromosome ( M a t su d a et al. 2003) , the gen e has not been fou n d in other O ryzias species ( K o n d o et al. 2003) . Fishes in the gen us O ryzias have been divided into three monop hyletic species groups, the latipes, javanicus, an d celebensis groups ( T a ke h a n a et al. 2005) an d a recent p hylogen etic analysis of DMY an d DMR T1 genes from O ryzias species suggested that duplication of the DMR T1 gene (gen erating the DMY gene) appears to have occurred within the latipes group lineage ( K o n d o et al. 2004) . T hese fi n dings suggested that O ryzias fishes in other species groups ( javanicus and celebensis groups) must have different sex-determining genes. Accordingly, comparisons between closely related medaka fishes with 1 T hese authors contributed equally to this work. Corresponding author: Department of E nvironmental Science, Faculty of Science, Niigata U niversity, 8050 Ikarashi-2, N iigata, 950-2181, Japan. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com G en etics 175: 1335–1340 ( March 2007) differen t sex-determi natio n mechan isms sh ould be important in u n derstan ding h ow these diverse developmental mechan isms evolve. I n this study, as a fi rst step to identify a sex-determining gene in other fish species, we investigated the sex-determination system an d sex chromosomes in O . dancena, a member of the javanicus grou p ( T a ke h a n a et al. 2005) . Because a previous cytogen etic study has not reported heteromorp hic sex ch romosomes in th is species (as O . melastigma) ( U w a et al. 1983) , a genetic analysis of sex-reversed in divid uals was per formed to demonstrate whether this species has an X X / X Y system of sex determinatio n . Moreover, we took advantage of genomic tools established in O . latipes to isolate sexlin ked D N A markers, map the sex-determining locus, an d identify th e sex ch romosomes. M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S F ish: All fish used in this study were sup plied from a subcenter ( N iigata U niversity) of the N atio nal BioResource Project ( medaka) in Japan . Wild stocks of O . dancena were originally collected at C hidambaram ( C B ) , I n dia, in 1981 an d at Ph uket (PK ) , T hailan d , in 1988 (for details, see T a ke h a n a et al. 2005) . Fish were maintained in aquaria u n der an artificial p hotoperiod of 14 hr light:10 h r dark at 27 6 2 . Sex steroid treatments f or sex reversal and progeny testing: T he sex-reversal experiment was per formed as previously described by H ama g u c h i et al. (2004) . Brie fly, fertilized eggs of O . dancena ( C B ) were incubated in water containing estradiol17b ( E2; Sigma, St. L ouis) at 0.01, 0.04, an d 0.2 mg / ml or methyltestosterone ( M T; Sigma) at 0.001, 0.005, an d 0.025 mg / ml. H atched fry were transferred to normal tap water an d fed on a com mercial pet-food diet u ntil sexual maturatio n . Sex of the treated fish was ju dged from seco n dary sex characteristics an d treated fish were subsequently mated with normal fish . Sexing of F1 progeny from the mating was carried out by histological cross-sections of fry go nads, sam pled at 20 days after hatching. G enetic crosses: By crossing a C B female an d ( C B female 3 PK male) an F1 male, 45 backcross progeny were obtained for gen otyping. Phen otypic sex was determined by secon dary sex characteristics of adult fish an d recon firmed by visual examination of the go nads. We fi xed ad ult fish in 100% ethan ol an d isolated their gen omic D N A from some m uscle tissue using the PI-50 isolatio n system ( K urabo) . Isolation o f sex-linked D N A markers and linkage analysis: We searched for sex-lin ked markers using expressed sequence tag ( EST ) markers mapped to each of the O . latipes chromosomes [lin kage grou p ( L G ) ] ( N a r use et al. 2004) . ESTs were am plified using previously p ublished primers designed for O . latipes (su pplemental Table 1 at http: // www.genetics.org / sup plemental / ) . PC R gen otyping for two loci, BJ014360 an d BJ732639, was per formed using primers that we designed o n the basis of the EST sequences ( http: // mbase.bioweb.ne.jp / dclust / medaka_top .html) an d the draft gen ome sequence ( http: // dolp hin .lab.nig.ac.jp / medaka / ) of O . latipes. PC R amplification of each EST marker was per formed in a total volu me of 10 ml for 3 min at 95 followed by 35 cycles of 10 sec at 95 , 30 sec at 55 –60 , 60 sec at 72 , with a fi nal elo ngatio n step of 3 min at 72 . Restrictio n fragment length polymorp hisms (RF LPs) in PC R-am plified fragments of the parents ( C B female an d PK male) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrop h oresis. For those markers showing a polymorp hic patter n between the parents, F1 an d backcross progeny were genotyped an d assessed as to whether such polymorp hisms segregated with p henotypic sex. U sing these isolated sexlin ked ESTs, a sex-lin kage map of O . dancena was constructed . F luorescence in situ hybridization analysis with f osmid and B A C clones: A fosmid gen ome library of O . dancena was co nstructed from an F1 male between C B an d PK using the C opy C o ntrol Fosmid L ibrary Production kit ( E picentre, Madiso n , WI ) . Fosmid clo nes containing sex-lin ked ESTs were screened by colo ny hybridizatio n . A fosmid clo ne O d38_01 (containing BJ014360) was used as a probe. A bacterial artificial ch romosome ( B A C ) genomic library, constructed from the H d-rR strain of O . latipes ( M a t su d a et al. 2001) , was also screened an d three clones, M d0173J11 (containing SL1) , M d0172B19 (containing DMR T1) , an d M d0172I07 (co ntaining O Ld17.11a ) , were isolated . T hese B A C clones were located , respectively, o n the sex ch romosomes ( L G 1) an d on autosomes ( L G 9 an d L G 10) in O . latipes. Metaphase cells from cultured caudal fi ns were prepared by standard cytogenetic methods ( U w a and O j ima 1981; Ma t su d a et al. 1998) . Fluorescence in situ hybridizatio n ( F IS H ) was performed as described ( M a t su d a an d C h apma n 1995) . Probe D N As of the genomic clones were labeled separately by nick translatio n using biotin-16d U T P (Roche, I n dianapolis) or digoxigenin-11-d U T P (Roche) . For two-color hybridizatio n , equal amou nts of labeled probes an d a 500-fold amou nt of autoclaved gen omic D N A of O . latipes were mixed with hybridization solutio n an d prean nealed for 30 min at 37 . After overnight hybridizatio n , probes were detected with avidin–F I T C (Roche) an d rh odamine-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibodies (Roche) . Slides were cou


The analysis about the execution of budget can find out the problems existing in the course of execution, and further more we can study these problems and find methods to solve them. At the same time, this work plays fully the functions of macro-control and supervision of finance and raises its working ability. Therefore, it is very important for promoting the development of social economy and maintaining social steady.


The pattern of reporting the January 11, 2006 incident of the kidnapping of four expatriate oil workers from the EA Oil Field in Delta State provides a window into the nature of media coverage of the escalating crisis in the Niger Delta region. This study shows that conflict reporting in the Nigerian press is 'episodic', featuring such conflict behaviours as the bombing of drilling platforms and oil pipelines, killing and maiming of oil workers and state security operatives, and kidnapping and hostage taking, which are the focus of this study. Framing of these conflict behaviours is influenced by ethno-political factors, foreign policy implications, and the height of drama of the situation. Drawing data from three national daily newspapers – The Punch, the Daily Champion and the New Nigerian – this work shows that the reporting by The Punch and the Daily Champion indicated 'support framing' of the Niger Delta, while the New Nigerian showed 'distance framing'. The press, however, needs to reverse the practice of 'describing' conflict situations through straight news stories and to focus on more analysis-based features and editorials that 'prescribe' solutions.


The main components of slag-raking machine is operating arm,its working efficiency is the most important parameters for slag-raking machine.On the motion trajectory of operating arm,dynamic modeling for operating arm was did by new-euler approachan and dynamic modeling was calculated in matlab.The parameters of speed and force for dipper teeth could be obtained,and the driving parameters of hydraulic cylinder could be obtained too.The performance of dynamic for operating arm was evaluated on the theory of generalized inetia tensor ellipsoid.The conclusion was used to design structure and control motion.


An investigation was made in Helanshan mountain on the natural condition of distribution area and distribution situation of tetraena mongolica which was one of the state class Ⅰspecially protected plants. A preliminary exploration was made on natural and artificial factors which have brought about the aging and endangerment of tetraena mongolion population. Some measures was put forward for the protection of the plant.


With the calculations it should be shown that by means of a simple mathematical approximation at least an orderof-magnitude estimation of the prevailing radiation field in the region of the irradiation facility can be achieved. If the approximation character of the calculation statement is considered, then a satisfactory order-of-magnitude agreement can be established between calculated and measured values. Of course, for the plan of radiation protection structure according to the described principle of location and function, adjacent buildings must be considered. (tr-auth)


We used a thrombelastograph (TEG®) assay with tissue factor and kaolin (TEG® TF/K) to measure activated clotting time (ACT) in 31 patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. For comparison, ACTs were also determined by a Hemochron Jr. Signature® and a Hepcon® HMS. The TEG® TF/K correlated with both the Hepcon (r2 = 0.789) and Hemochron (r2 = 0.743) ACTs. The average ACT after heparin was 319 ± 119 s (mean ± SD) for the TEG® TF/K compared with 624 ± 118 s for the Hepcon instrument. To evaluate the effects of hemodilution on TEG® TF/K and Hemochron assays, ACT assays were performed on blood diluted to 50% and titrated with heparin from 0 to 6 U/mL. Both instruments showed significant (P < 0.01) changes in the ACT-versus-heparin slope, but the 0 heparin intercept for the TEG® TF/K ACTs was not significantly changed (P = 0.292), in contrast to that for the Hemochron device (P = 0.041). Both instruments also indicated the same 1.3:1 ratio of protamine to heparin for optimum heparin neutralization, with increasing ACTs at ratios >2.6:1. The TEG® TF/K ACT assay rapidly monitors heparin anticoagulation, in addition to the capabilities of this instrument to monitor platelet function, clotting factors, and fibrinolysis.


Network connectivity is a critical metric for the planning, design, and evaluation of ad hoc networks. In this paper, the connectivity properties of a linear vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) with high speed mobile nodes and dynamic node populations are investigated. The nodes are assumed to be arriving at the network following a Poisson distribution, and the speed of each node is modeled as a wide sense stationary ergodic random process. Based on these assumptions, a new mobility model is developed to represent the steady state node distributions in terms of random node locations and random node populations. The mobility model accurately captures the statistical properties of a mobile network with rapidly changing network topologies and network densities. Exact closed-form connectivity probability expressions are developed with the assistance of the volume of an n-dimensional hypercube intersected by an n-dimensional hyperplane. The impacts of key network parameters, such as node arrival rate, random node speed, and node transmission range, are incorporated in the analytical expressions. The results can be used to determine the transmission power that can ensure network connectivity while minimizing interference in a VANET.


SWEDISH RESEARCHA tidy sum of money gift-wrapped for stem cell research has sparked recriminations and soul-searching in Sweden, a country at the vanguard of the hot young field. Several prominent scientists have charged that a new 75 million Swedish kronor ($8.1 million) stem cell fund has subverted the country's rigorous peer-review process by awarding large amounts of money to teams with sparse track records that have jumped on the stem cell bandwagon.


This paper describes a low-cost musical instruction system written entirely in APL. This system has facilities to enter, store, edit, and perform simple music compositions. The only special device required to implement the system is an inexpensive "music box" to provide musical (sound) output. Typical instructional uses of the system are shown.


For the European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR), developed in a French-German co-operation, delayed flooding of the voided core has been investigated for the loss-of-offsite power scenario at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZKA) at the Institute of Reactor Safety (IRS). In this scenario it is assumed that after 3.8 h the electric power can be reestablished to feed water into the reactor pressure vessel. Parameters of the investigation are time of water injection according to the peak core temperature between 1300K and 2300K and the number of available emergency core cooling systems. As state of the art tool, the severe fuel damage code SCDAP/RELAP5 mod 3.1 Rel. F (S/R5) was used. It includes improvements with respect to heat transfer modeling in the transition boiling regime, developed and validated at FZKA/IRS. In all cases, core degradation could be stopped, however, cladding failure with subsequent melt relocation and debris formation was calculated for initiation temperatures above 1900K and low reflood rates. From the calculations a typical value of the axial temperature profile in the core prior to reflood is depicted as 500-700 K/m. Heat-up rates during formation of oxidation profiles are less than 1 K/s at 1500 K. Reflood velocity in the upper third of the core varies between 0.5 and 1.0 cm/s. For steam cool-down the steam flow rate has an initial spike of more than 5 g/(s.rod) and a sustained value in the cool-down phase of 2-3 g/(s.rod) of saturated steam up to global cooldown to saturation temperature. The calculated maximum hydrogen production rates rank between 3 kg/s and 16 kg/s depending on scenario and reflood initiation temperature.


Intravascular thrombosis is a frequent neurosurgical finding in glioblastoma (GBM) and microscopic studies have demonstrated intravascular thrombosis in a large percentage of GBM resection specimens. Vaso‐occlusion due to thrombosis may initiate or promote necrosis and hypoxia‐induced GBM progression. We investigated whether intravascular thrombosis was more frequent or prominent in GBM than other CNS malignancies. Histological sections were examined from 228 neoplasms, including 102 GBMs, 46 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs), 31 primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) and 49 metastatic carcinomas. H&E stained sections were evaluated for the presence of necrosis, vascular proliferation and degree of intravascular thrombosis. Intravascular thrombosis was present in 81% of GBMs, 11% of AAs, 10% of metastatic carcinomas and 6% of PCNSLs. Among those tumors with thrombosis, GBMs had significantly more involved vessels (mean, 16.2±2.0) than AAs (3.0±0.9; p<0.05), but had similar numbers of involved vessels as PCNSLs (15.0±5.1) and metastatic carcinomas (16.4±8.9). Nearly all (97%) GBMs with intravascular thrombosis showed both necrosis and vascular proliferation. In conclusion intravascular thrombosis is more frequent in GBM than other CNS malignancies. The greater prominence of thrombosis in GBM than AA may indicate a role in tumor progression and have diagnostic implications. The utility of intravascular thrombosis as a prognostic marker in AA has yet to be determined.


In 2020, China pledged to achieve carbon emission peaking before 2030 and carbon emission neutrality before 2060. Renewable heat is a key solution for decarbonizing the heating sector, which is responsible for more than 40% of global CO2 emissions. Policy interventions are necessary for scaling up renewable heat deployment due to both economic and non-economic barriers faced, while the instrument selection should be taken into account carefully. Thus, a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was built to evaluate and compare the effects with different renewable heat policy shocks. The scenario analysis method is applied to compare two types of policies relative to baseline scenarios, subsidy, and energy tax. The findings indicate that: first, both subsidy and energy tax have positive effects on CO2 emission reductions while economic factors should also be accounted for. Secondly, the selection of subsidy and energy tax should seek a balance between economic factors and environmental factors as they may also affect economic growth or sectoral output to some degree. The energy tax rate should be moderate to avoid high economic impact. Thirdly, energy tax levying in the medium-long term has a beneficial impact on GHG emissions, while the instruments should be adopted with a careful rate chosen to avoid unnecessary tax burden on sectors that impede the orderly transition of relevant industries. Fourthly, it's reasonable to set a relatively high subsidy rate in the initial stage and gradually reduce the intensity of the renewable heating subsidy rate. For the energy tax rate, it is necessary to connect with the carbon trading market to set a relatively reasonable rate-setting mechanism to meet the dynamic needs of different stages.


In China's 30 years of urbanization design,the lack of planning of the migrant rural workers' living space,the lack of system design for their public service and social security,the lack of social management and service to make them live decently and with dignity in the cities.The empirical study gives priority to relevant survey report and focus on public and social background of the conflict between citizens and rural migrant workers,and explores the causes of conflict.From the perspective of cultural sociology to explain this kind of social contradictions and the cultural roots,reflect on the deep-rooted influence of "dual society system",reflect on the erroneous zones of China's urbanization process,reflect on the lack of human thought in the construction of people's livelihood in China.


The goal of the project is to provide an environment for facilitating the development of parallel applications over SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface, IEEE Std.1596) networks. To achieve this milestone we believe it is important to write applications that run independently of any particular underlying architecture. This is what we call architecture virtualisation.


The theme of this volume, studies in macro-micro influences on children, in their pathways to adulthood is aimed at examining the points of intersect between individual and family level reactions to the socioeconomic forces buffeting all industrialised societies.


Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affect almost any organ system. Patient with SLE is at risk of osteoporosis. Biphosphonate is one of osteoporosis treatments. However, esophageal stricture (ES) caused by continuous esophageal inflammation as a result of long-term use Biphosphonate can occur. Intralesion Triamcinolone Injection (ITI) becomes one of ES therapy by inhibiting inflammatory response to injury and decrease subsequent collagen formation. ITI inhibits transcription of matrix protein genes, including fibronectin and procollagen. It also reduces the synthesis of  α2-macroglobulin, an inhibitor of collagenase activity. A 43 year old woman was diagnosed with SLE. She was treated with Risedronic Acid (bisphosphonate class) 35 mg once a week. After 8 months, she started complaining difficulty to swallow. Symptom was getting worse 6 months later. One-third distal ES with inflammation process was found with endoscopy. ITI 150 mg was given in inflammation area. She was scheduled to follow up after 7 days for re-endoscopy.  Endoscopy showed that inflammation process had been improved. Six months later, she had again complained difficulty to swallow and we found that she still consumed Risedonic Acid. ITI 150 mg was given because inflammation and ES was found with endoscopy.  After 7 days, endoscopy showed that there was no ES and inflammation process had been improved. She was advised to stop Risedronic Acid consumption.


Our capacity to shape and direct our future behaviour is of fundamental importance in the development, pursuit, and maintenance of independence and autonomy from early childhood to late adulthood. A cognitive ability required for those functions is prospective memory (PM), which is the ability to form and remember to prospectively perform the intended action [1, 2]. Researchers have extensively focused on PM impairment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) [3]. However, there has been limited research into the assessment and treatment of PM impairment in TBI patients. Reliable and valid tests with normative data are necessary for health professionals working with people with PM impairments. This chapter reviews the principal findings on PM impairment in TBI patients, and the main procedures used to assess and rehabilitate PM.


The surface of steel sheets used in the metal-forming process discussed in this article was textured by a laser-ablation technique. Differently shaped craters are formed in a patterned structure on the steel surface by controlling the pulsed-laser power density, pulse-repetition rate, and pulse duration. Lasertex sheets formed by this process have unique friction characteristics because of the uniform surface roughness and valley-biased topography. The friction of lasertex sheets was studied using a metal-forming bench test rig. Influencing factors, including surface roughness and sliding velocity, were studied under lubricated conditions. The friction of lasertex sheets was compared with that of shot-blasted sheets. The results showed that the coefficient of friction of the lasertex sheet under dry friction decreases with an increase in surface roughness and changes little with varying sliding velocity. With lubrication, the coefficient of friction of the lasertex sheet rises with an increase in surface roughness and decreases with an increase in sliding velocity. Lasertex sheets were found to have lower friction coefficients than shot-blasted sheets over the rage of surface roughness and sliding velocity investigated.


Although studies have demonstrated that zinc can bind to sperm nuclear proteins, specifically protamine 2, it has not been shown that the metal is sufficiently abundant inside the sperm nucleus to interact stoichiometrically with these proteins. In this study proton‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) has been used to measure the amount of sulfur and zinc within the nuclei of individual sperm cells to infer the stoichiometry of zinc binding to protamine 2 in six species of mammal: bull, chinchilla, stallion, hamster, human, and mouse (protamine 2 comprises from 0% (bull) to 67% (mouse) of the protamine present in the sperm of these animals). Using the sulfur mass and electrophoretic data on the relative proportion of protamine 1 and protamine 2 in the sperm chromatin of these species, the protamine 1, protamine 2, and total protamine contents within each species sperm nuclei have been determined. The PIXE measurements reveal that the zinc content of the sperm nucleus varies proportionately with the protamine 2 content of sperm chromatin. PIXE analyses of hamster protamines extracted under conditions that appear to at least partially preserve zinc binding also confirm that the majority of the metal is bound to protamine. In five of the species examined, sufficient zinc is present for each protamine 2 molecule to bind one zinc. The results obtained for chinchilla sperm, conversely, indicate the chinchilla protamine 2 molecule may interact differently with zinc. Chinchilla sperm only contain enough zinc for one atom to be bound to two protamine 2 molecules. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 56:512–519, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Indium arsenide Schottky-Barrier diodes in gallium antimonide substrate mix submillimeter waves, producing much lower frequency output. Integrated diode array has relatively-high signal-to-noise ratio and wide frequency band. Operates at moderate cryogenic temperatures (100 K).


A RECENT ARTICLE by Harold H. Davis' established that The Line a of Liberalitie, published by Nicholas Haward in 1569 (STC 12939), has as its source the first three books of Seneca's De beneficiis. It is thus the earliest known English rendering of that work. However, in Renaissance terms "translation" may mean almost anything from exact and faithful rendering of the original to heavy indebtedness to earlier translations combined with capricious paraphrase, abounding in addition and omission. It is the purpose of this study to show that The Line of Liberalitie belongs mainly in the latter category, since it turns out to draw copiously on an earlier French translation and indirectly on a still earlier Italian translation of Seneca. Moreover, since Haward is far from consistent in his borrowing, it seems natural to add a brief account of the way in which his independent style asserts itself. Standard works of reference have dealt with Haward's book unsuspectingly, as if it were an independent effort. Here, for example, is the verdict of The British Bibliographer: 2


The phase‐field approach is a promising technique for the realistic simulation of brittle fracture processes, both in quasi‐static and transient analysis. Considering fast loading, experimental evidence indicates a strong relationship between the rate of strain and the material's resistance against fracture, which can be considered by a dynamic increase factor for the strength of the material. The paper at hand presents a novel approach within the framework of phase‐field models for brittle fracture. A rate‐dependent fracture toughness is formulated as a function of the rate of crack driving strain components, which results in higher strength for faster loading. Beside the increased amount of energy necessary to evolve a crack at a high strain rate loading situation, the model incorporates quasi‐viscous stress‐type quantities that are not directly related to the formation of the crack and exist only in the phase‐field transition zone between broken and sound material. The governing strong form equations for a transient simulation are derived and the relevant information for an implementation of the model into a finite element code is outlined in detail. The performance of the model is demonstrated for static and dynamic benchmark simulations and for a comparison to experimental findings.


Effects of pH on the activities of five digestive enzymes(pepsin,tryptase,amylase,cellulase and lipase)in stomach,intestine and hepatopancreas of Panulirus stimpsoni were studied by means of enzyme analyses.The results showed that the activities of all digestive enzymes in Panulirus stimpsoni increased first and then decreased with pH increasing in the designed pH ranges.The optimum pH in stomach,intestine and hepatopancreas were all 2.2 for pepsin,8.8-9.2,8.4 and 8.8 respectively for tryptase,7.0,7.0 and 7.4 respectively for amylase,4.2,4.2-4.6 and 5.4 respectively for cellulase,and 7.2-7.6,7.2 and 6.8-7.2 respectively for lipase.The results indicate that pepsin and cellulase are conducive to acidic conditions,tryptase is conducive to alkaline conditions and amylase and lipase are conducive to neutral conditions.The physiological pH in stomach,intestine and hepatopancreas of Panulirus stimpsoni measured in our experiment were 5.33,6.93 and 6.60 respectively.This result indicates that pH in the digestive organs of Panulirus stimpsoni is weakly acidic.The activities of digestive enzymes in Panulirus stimpsoni have organic specificity.Under optimum pH,the activity of pepsin in different organs was in the order of stomachintestinehepatopancreas,the activities of tryptase,cellulose and lipase were hepatopancreasintestinestomach,while the activity of amylase was intestinehepatopancreasstomach.


Corn belongs to the most important feed and industrial grains in the world being utilized for bioethanol production. Ukraine does not produce biofuels and does not pursue an active renewable energy policy. However, due to significant share of exports, corn prices in Ukraine can be shaped under the influence of biofuel policies pursued by developed countries, as well as under the influence of world energy markets. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to investigate the mechanisms linking Ukrainian export corn prices with Brent oil prices, as well as to quantitatively assess the nature of this relationship. We were especially interested in possible time-varying relationship between the prices. The price analysis was carried out on the basis of monthly data for the period 2001-2020 with the use of rolling correlation technique and rolling causality tests. The results of this research indicate on time-varying co-movements of Ukrainian corn and Brent crude oil prices. The strongest positive correlations and significant bidirectional causality were observed in 2007-2011. However, in most of sub-periods there were no significant relationships between these prices. Among factors strengthening the price linkages are the low corn-oil price ratios, dynamic increase of corn utilized for ethanol production and depletion of the world corn stocks. The conducted analysis confirmed that changes in biofuel demand in other countries can affect Ukrainian corn market due to horizontal integration of grain markets worldwide. Biofuel policy reforms in the EU aiming at decreasing mandatory blending of conventional biofuels in favor of advanced biofuels can lead to decrease in demand for corn in Ukraine after 2021, leading, in turn, to further weakening of linkage between corn and crude oil prices.


Abstract : The advantages inherent in anaerobic submerged filter system coupled with the amenability of this process in its application to leachate stabilization suggests that it is worthy of consideration as a basis for full scale leachate treatment facilities. The AnSBF is well suited to handling the large organic loads that often characterize leachates, particularly leachates that are discharged from young landfills. More than 96% COD and BOD can be removed from a high-strength acidic leachate waste-water, according to the present study, if the organic loading is controlled not in excess of 75.2 lb COD/1000 cu ft -day or 56.4. Metal removal efficiency is high when the influent concentrations of Fe(III) and Zn(II) are less than 115.3 mg/1 and 10.4 mg/1, respectively. In addition to the efficient treatment of soluble COD, BOD, and heavy metals, the anaerobic filter requires no effluent recycle or sludge return.


The Turner syndrome, phenotypically characterized with the presence of 45 XO in the genotypes of women patients and it may also include gonadal dysgenesis, short, webbed neck, wide and low hair line.
The patients who suffer from Turner syndrom are not mentally retarded. But their appearance related to this deformity prevents them from taking place in society. For this reason the repair of this deformity is very important.
In order to repair the webbed neck deformity, different surgical methods have been used such as; Z plasties, tissue expansion, excision from the posterior region, the use of the lateral cervical advancement flap.
In our case study; with the use of five flap plasty, relapsed webbed neck deformity have been repaired. The normal neck contour was achieved, reasonable hair line was obtained and incision line corrected to the postero-lateral area.
Keywords: Turner syndrome, five flap plasty, webbed neck.


According to the United States National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, craniofacial anomalies are the most common birth defects. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental causes lead to craniofacial anomalies which can range from cleft lip and palate to major defects in the development of the skull, face, brain, eyes, ears, and nose. Oral and maxillofacial surgeries are performed on individuals with craniofacial defects, but success of surgery is dependent on nature of the defect. Some defects are too complex which need multiple surgeries, but still not be completely cured by traditional methods. In this direction, 3 dimensional or 3D bioprinting has emerged as a promising modern technology that can significantly benefit the field. A personalized medicine approach to address craniofacial defects is provided by 3D-printing technologies which integrate doctors, engineers and researchers to work for a common goal [1]. Hence, this mini review of literature on 3D bioprinting discusses the technology in the context of craniofacial, and hence oral and maxillofacial therapeutics. In the field of oral and maxillofacial therapeutics, researchers and surgeons are aiming to develop a 3D scaffold by direct 3D printing technology to fabricate complicated tissue grafts. They need to possess all the necessary biological properties and environment for cell division and tissue regeneration. Hence, the current and future challenges of 3D bioprinting will be to achieve the above criteria is a cost-effective and timely manner. Check for updates significantly convenient, greatly improves their outcome, and enhances the quality of life of patients [5]. The Process of 3D Bioprinting The process of 3D bioprinting can be categorized into pre-bioprinting, bioprinting, and post-bioprinting [6-8]. At the very beginning, suitable cells for synthesizing the bioink are isolated and cultured to obtain a large amount of viable starting material. In the pre-bioprinting step, imaging is performed on the tissue that will be bioprinted. The imaging is done by technology like Computed tomography (CT) or cone beam CT in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format and magnetic resonance [6,8,9]. Standard Triangle Language (STL) format is used to provide the image as input to the bioprinter [6,8,9]. Hence, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of the target tissue is obtained [6]. Introduction 3D bioprinting has addressed the problems associated with traditional surgeries and therapy. The emergence of 3D printing technology occurred in the 1990's when synthetic inks were used to generate fabricating scaffolds, leading up to the invention of bioprinting in the 21st century [2]. Bioprinting employs bioinks which are composed of biocompatible substances made of cells or matrices derived from natural sources which have applications in tissue engineering [3,4]. The technology evolved from additive manufacturing where biomaterials are used to develop scaffolds which precisely fit into the dimensions of a craniofacial defect (Figure 1). There are several advantages of 3D bioprinting in oral and maxillofacial surgery since traditional methods like bone grafting are not always convenient. This is because several different kinds of bones and cartilages, derived from various progenitor stem cells, are complexly organized to form the craniofacial skeleton. In this direction, 3D bioprinting has immensely improved the field of craniofacial surgeries because it allows for the selection of specific kinds of cells to bio print the target tissue. Another very important advantage of 3D bioprinting is that success of the craniofacial surgery is no longer solely dependent on the surgeon. Further, 3D printing adopts a personalized therapeutic approach by recapitulating the physical and aesthetic properties of the patient's target tissue in the prostheses, which was labor-intensive earlier [1]. Hence, 3D bioprinting makes the process of oral and maxillofacial surgeries Citation: Sen R (2020) Recreating the Face A Mini-Review of Current Studies on 3D Bioprinting in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Archives Oral Maxillofac Surg 3(1):86-89 Sen. Archives Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020, 3(1):86-89 Open Access | Page 87 | for 3D bioprinting where biomaterial is laid in patterned layers to achieve the ultimate conformation [11]. A recent review of 3D bioprinting in maxillofacial surgery reported 297 publications from 35 countries where 2889 patient outcomes were improved using 3D bioprinting [12]. These publications show that highest number of clinical indications occur for dental implantations and reconstruction of the mandible [12]. Overall, 3D bioprinting leads to improved surgery in terms of precision and reduced time, but high costs and production time remain as disadvantages [12]. Further applications of 3D bioprinting in craniofacial surgeries include trauma surgery, orthognathic surgery, facial prosthetics, Temporo Mandibular Joint (TMJ) and complex facial reconstruction [13-18]. 3D bioprinting shows several benefits in the above areas. In trauma surgery, 3D printed titanium mesh cures postoperative enophthalmos or diplopia caused by inefficient orbital wall reconstruction. 3D bioprinting solves issues caused by blowout fractures of orbital floor and walls [16]. 3D bioprinting helps in precision diagnosis during orthognathic surgeries. 3D bioprinting has several advantages over traditional prosthesis. A common problem in TMJ reconstruction is called autorotation which is an instability of condyle and fossa of TMJ that affects proper placement of maxilla. Personalized orthognathic surgical guide (POSG) system helps solved this problem using 3D bioprinting [19]. Advantages of 3D bioprinting in complex facial reconstruction include accurate plate adaptation, precise harvest of bones, low bone-plate distance and blood loss, and reduced time of surgery and anesthesia [13,20]. The implications of 3D bioprinting are extensively discussed by Dr. Devid Zille in his article. Dr. Zille leads the Patient-Specific Implant initiative for Osteomed, which is among the world's largest small-bone implant manufacturers for Maxillofacial, Neuro, and Extremities surgery. The bioprinting process performs a layer after layer printing of the tissue image that is acquired in the previous step, using the bioink made of cells, nutrients, and matrix loaded onto the printer cartridge [6]. The bioprinted cell-based entity is called pre-tissue which is moved into an incubator for maturation [10]. Following maturation, cells are apportioned onto the biocompatible scaffold in a layer after layer manner in succession leading to the development of 3D biological constructs that resemble tissues [6]. Post-bioprinting contributes to the process of developing and maintaining the mechanical stability and functionality of the 3D construct [8]. Cells in the bioprinted entity need mechanical and chemical signals for remodeling and development of tissues for proper sustainability of the construct. In this direction, bioreactors provide the ideal environment and simulations that are necessary for the tissue to survive, mature and vascularize [6,7]. 3D Bioprinting in Oral, Maxillofacial, and Facial Reconstructive Surgery In oral, maxillofacial, and facial reconstructive surgery, the technology of 3D bioprinting encompasses certain criteria like developing prototypes of facial anatomy, improving contour symmetry of the face after surgery, bioprinting pre-contoured grafts, developing superior quality prostheses for patients having scars, asymmetry, and malformations [11]. Another area to apply 3D bioprinting technology in surgery is the development of advanced simulation models for medical students [11]. Using imaging techniques like CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), anatomical scans are prepared and saved in standard format like DICOM. Next, CAD software is used to generate virtual 3-dimensional prototypes with STL Figure 1: Schematic outline of 3D Bioprinting. The damaged tissue is imaged by CAD, followed by bioprinting of the image using bioink that are derived of cells and other factors. Next, the bioprinted tissue is surgically placed in the patient as a therapy for repair, reconstruction, regeneration, or protheses. Citation: Sen R (2020) Recreating the Face A Mini-Review of Current Studies on 3D Bioprinting in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Archives Oral Maxillofac Surg 3(1):86-89 Sen. Archives Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020, 3(1):86-89 Open Access | Page 88 | Conclusion Although promising and successful so far, the process of 3D bioprinting still require considerable development to be applied on a large scale to patients. Further research is required to expand its applications to a wider range of therapeutics. Nonetheless, 3D bioprinting has shown success in reconstructive, repair, and protheses related to oral and maxillofacial surgery. Advances in stem cell research, superior engineering, and computational techniques will further advance this elegant technology. At the regulatory level, care needs to be taken to ensure proper administration, affordability, accessibility, and health insurance amenability for this technology.


The text discusses the current process of flexibility of the rights of the work in Brazil, starting from the last proposals of reformulation of the Consolidation of the Laws of the Work (CLT), dated of end of the year of 2001. For so much, it uses Arnaldo Sussekind's interview. Jurist linked to the formulation of that legislation, he is, today, the only remaining member of the commission, which, in 1943, elaborated CLT. His position, opposed to the flexibilization, stresses the importance of OIT as a forum for the defense of the conception of the labor legislation, alerting for the fact that the international experience doesn't attest advantages for the workers' group.


In this paper we describe a technology supported learning activity that was developed, implemented and evaluated in a postgraduate, online unit of study offered by the University of New England in 2011. A learner analysis and an analysis of the learning outcomes of the unit informed the development of this activity. The online activity was created within a Wiki and students completed it in the first few weeks of the teaching period. This design was intended to build social presence by encouraging ongoing interaction and engagement in the unit. A constructivist approach was utilised to facilitate this authentic activity in line with theories for learning futures. The activity provided scaffolding for subsequent assessment tasks in the unit. Students" outcomes and their feedback on the activity suggested it was successful in achieving the intended goals.


Through this article, the authors express their different experiences in the field of educational management in processes of youth and adult education, developed through in literacy programs and popular education. Based on the criteria and guidelines which offer guidance aimed at improving the performance and quality of educational processes for youth and adults. The approaches and the work are based on the principles of reflective education, criticism, liberation, decolonization, and community, where all educational sectors and roles have the option and opportunity to participate and deliberate on public policies that affect their future and development of their peoples.


Abstract : This report describes preliminary results from the BANGEX 5 field exercise which occurred at the China Lake Test Range JCIF facility 3 - 5 June, 2008. The goal of this research is to improve our forces ability to detect improvised explosive devices (IEDs) from aircraft. Considerable progress has been made toward this goal as a result of this exercise. A variety of sacrifice environmental measurements were performed to characterize the conditions associated with IEDs and the accompanying changes to the local soil conditions. These were complimented by operational aircraft imaging measurements (movies) of various simulated IED and non-IED targets. These measurements will be used to improve the physics used in IED detection numerical models. Although analysis of these data are just beginning, the authors and collaborators have already verified that IED locations can be detected from high-flying aircraft sensors by the thermal and visible signatures of disturbed soil and other changes in the local environment. The measurements described here will form the basis of the follow-up studies that will be presented in future reports and in the thesis of Capt. Bieger.


Well-based technologies for seismic subsurface monitoring increasingly utilize fiber-optic cables installed in boreholes as distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems. A DAS cable allows measuring linear strain of the fiber and can serve as an array of densely spaced seismic receivers. The strain amplitudes recorded by the DAS cable depend on the near-well formation properties (the softer the medium, the larger the strain). Thus, these properties can be estimated by measuring relative variations of the amplitudes of seismic waves propagating along the well. An advantage of such an approach to subsurface characterization and monitoring is that no active seismic source is required. Passive sources such as earthquakes can be utilized. A synthetic data example demonstrates viability of the approach for monitoring of small-scale CO2 injection into an aquifer. Two field DAS data examples based on signal recordings from several distant earthquakes show that the relevant properties of the near-well formation can be estimated with an accuracy of approximately 5%.


Transformers are playing an increasingly significant role in electricity energy conversion, transmission, and distribution, which link energy resources such as conventional, renewable and sustainable energy, from generation to consumption. Reliable and precise diagnosis and prediction of operating conditions of power transformers have become continuously important. Until now, several methods for transformer fault diagnosis and operating condition prediction have been applied to various theoretical investigations and actual applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing works from two perspectives, namely, transformer fault diagnosis and operating condition prediction. The overview of transformer fault diagnosis consists of dissolved gas analysis, acoustic signal processing, and image recognition. On the other hand, the previous studies related to operating condition prediction of the transformer are critically examined and explored according to whether considering the association rules of state parameters. Finally, conclusions and future trends are presented.


The recipes of polyurea spray elastomer based on non-terminated amine polyether were studied. The influence of contents of PPG soft segment and rigid segment, chain extender, etc. on performance of the elastomer is investigated. The water-proof and permeating-proof polyurethane materials suitable for concrete bridge and water treatment pool as well as interior lines of mechanical equipment were prepared.


The religious legislation of the Emperor Justinian was published during a period of ideological strictness. Nevertheless we find in his work not only a large quantity of traditional legislation with evident pagan precedents but also new laws which gather together the spirit and way of thinking of the new times. These laws will be the expression of all the thinking of this new period based on the dominating criterium provided by the Christian cosmology.


Disclosed is a preparation method for nicotinamide, comprising the following steps: adding 3-cyanopyridine into water to prepare a solution; mixing 3-cyanopyridine and sodium hydroxide according to a molar ratio of 25 to 30:1 and standing the mixture for reaction at a temperature of 70 to 75 DEG C so as to obtain a crude nicotinamide solution containing nicotinic acid and sodium nicotinate; allowing the crude nicotinamide solution to enter into a polar water end container of an electrically driven membrane separation device and pure water to enter into a raw water end container; offering a direct electric field so as to enable anion and cation in the solution to move along a certain direction; detecting conductivity of the solution in a light chamber at intervals; evaporating to dry the solution in the light chamber when the conductivity is 33 to 41 uS/cm so as to obtain a white nicotinamide finished product. According to the invention, the perm-selectivity of an electrically driven membrane under the action of a direct electric field is utilized, conductivity of the solution in the polar water end container is gradually reduced to obtain the nicotinamide solution in the polar water end container, and the nicotinamide solution is condensed and dried; therefore, the finished product of nicotinamide which meets the standard of United States Pharmacopeia is finally obtained.


Introduction:The low pass rate of candidates from the Republic of Indonesia taking the Japanese National Nurse Examination is a matter of national concern. We analyzed their answers to examination questions, and extracted weak points. Methods:We asked Indonesian examinees to reproduce their own answers to 50 compulsory questions in the 100th national examination(2011). They were also requested to extract difficult words, and evaluate the effectiveness of Japanese and English ruby. Results:Data from 42 examinees were analyzed. The only significant difference between two groups of examinees with and without sufficient scores was the years of their stay in Japan. There was no significant difference associated with the occupational or educational history. Japanese and English were judged as meaningless by both high-and middle-scoring groups. A total of 92 difficult words were extracted, and 80% of them were everyday language rather than medical terms. The rate of correctly answered questions with the extracted, difficult words in the text body or appropriate answers was significantly lower. Conclusions:Difficult common words clearly had a negative impact on candidates' score in the national examination, suggesting that daily active communication in Japanese would promote their progress toward passing the examination.


A novel synthesis of 3-substituted rhodanine and thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives starting from aliphatic primary amines, carbon disulfide, and methyl 2-bromoacetate is described. The reaction proceeds successfully both in water and under solvent-free conditions, but 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (rhodanine) derivatives were obtained under solvent free-conditions, and thiazolidine-2,4-dions were formed when water was used as the solvent.