Abstract Nest surveys are widely employed to assess thepopulation density of orang-utans (Pongo spp.) and eval-uate alternative management scenarios relevant to theprotection of these threatened great apes. However, thismethod is less accurate and prone to much greater errorthan is generally acknowledged. Here we highlight thelimitations of orang-utan nest surveys, discuss the risks ofignoringtheselimitations,andnoteconditionsunderwhichstandard nest survey methods are appropriate. Keywords Nest survey, orang-utan, Pongo, populationestimate. G reat ape conservationists widely acknowledge thataccurate population estimates are vitally importantto assess a species' vulnerability to extinction, to monitorpopulation status, and to inform decisions about how bestto allocate limited conservation funds (Ku¨hl et al., 2008).Nevertheless,earlyfiguresunderestimatedorang-utan(Pongospp.) population sizes by as much as three orders of mag-nitude (Schaller, 1961; MacKinnon, 1971). More recently, inrecognitionofthefactthattherarenessandcrypticnatureoforang-utans makes direct surveys generally infeasible andinaccurate, systematic counts along transects of the restingplatforms, or nests, that orang-utans build have been widelyused as proxies for population density (van Schaik et al.,1995; Buijet al., 2003; Ancrenaz et al., 2004b; Marshall et al.,2006). The results of these orang-utan nest surveys haveformed the basis of conservation assessments and manage-ment recommendations (Marshall et al., 2006; Wich et al.,2008).Despite the widespread use and apparent simplicity oforang-utan nestsurveys,seeminglyesoteric details inmeth-ods bedevil attempts to estimate orang-utan abundancereliably by counting nests along transects. In the conver-sion of nest density to orang-utan population densitynest decay rate is a crucial parameter, inversely propor-tionaltopopulationdensity(vanSchaiketal.,1995;Bucklandet al., 2001; Laing et al., 2003). Unfortunately, nest decayrates are highly variable at several spatial and temporalscales, with nests decaying in as few as 85 days or lasting forover 800 days (Ancrenaz et al., 2004a; Mathewson et al.,2008). Some of this variation may be explicable; simplebivariate comparisons suggest that orang-utan nests lastlonger in areas (on Sumatra) with low soil pH (Buij et al.,2003), at higher altitudes (Johnson et al., 2005), in peatswamps (Johnson et al., 2005), in trees with higher wooddensity (Mathewson et al., 2008), and perhaps during dryseasons (Mathewson et al., 2008). But a substantial pro-portion of variation in nest decay rates is not readily expli-cable(Mathewsonetal.,2008).Forexample,nestdecayratesat a site in East Kalimantan are inexplicably more thantwice as slow as at other sites in Borneo (Mathewson et al.,2008). Similarly, our preliminary analyses indicate thatnestsdecayveryrapidlyinAcaciaplantations,complicatingour attempts to understand the unusually high nest den-sities that we have observed in this seemingly marginalorang-utan habitat. Perhaps the large amount of observedvariationinnestdecayratesresultsfromdifferencesinnest-building behaviour among orang-utan populations or taxa,differences in the activity of decomposers, or some hereto-fore unidentified parameter. At present, we simply do notknow. Similar uncertainty plagues estimates of nest anddung decay rates used to estimate great ape and elephantpopulation densities in Africa (Nchanji & Plumptre, 2001;Walsh & White, 2005).Our lack of understanding of the factors underlyingvariation in nest decay rates is unsettling, and is not widelyacknowledged by our fellow orang-utan conservationpractitioners (Molyneaux, 2007; Mathewson et al., 2008).In 2007 alone we know of at least seven orang-utan surveysthat were conducted without determining local nest decayrates. It is understandable that survey teams are tempted touseshortcuts,asgatheringaccuratedataonsite-specificnestdecay rates takes a minimum of 6 months (Mathewsonet al., 2008). Frequently employed shortcuts are based onthe assumption that nest decay rates in a particular locationare stable over time or that it is appropriate to measure nestdecay at one location and extrapolate the estimate obtainedacross amuchlarger (andoften highlyheterogeneous)area.However, neither of these assumptions appears to be true,and succumbing to the temptation to use such shortcuts isunwise and potentially damaging to conservation efforts.At best, these practices will result in imprecise orang-utandensity estimates with wide confidence intervals, hamper-ing our ability to identify or monitor priority populations.At worst, ignoring uncertainty in nest decay rates mayresult in inaccurate estimates that are worse than useless,


FPGA implementation of a high-speed DCT architecture which is appropriate for digital image steganography. The architecture contain a digital clock manager (DCM) which is present inside modern field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) for generating the sub clocks with increasing or decreasing frequency from the system clock. The DCM is used for generating a sub clock having frequency 8 times that of system clock. This sub clocks are used to drive the Discrete cosine transform (DCT) block. The proposed architecture uses only 5 adders and 4 multipliers for implementing DCT which have a throughput of 8 pixels per clock. The proposed design is coded in Verilog HDL. Xilinx ISE 14.1 is used to simulate and synthesis the design on Spartan-3 FPGA. Keywords— Steganography; DCT; DCM; FPGA.


We previously developed a depth sampling system display designed using LED as its source of luminescence. The previously developed version was designed with 8 gradations per primary color. The authors have successfully developed it into a version with 256 gradations per primary color, capable of displaying a full color image.


(Jer 7 & 26) indicated an apparent dichotomy in the attitudes of the prophet and the people. For Jeremiah the Jerusalem Temple could be destroyed as easily as the sanctuary at Shiloh, since everything hinged on covenantal fidelity. For the people, however, the continued existence of the Temple was a datum of faith. Yahweh had sworn to preserve it and the Davidic dynasty in perpetuity. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that Jeremiah narrowly escaped with his life. It is this dichotomy or tension which Bright sets out to investigate. He raises this question: how do the prophets from Amos through Jeremiah understand the future of Israel before the cataclysm of 587? To answer this question Bright uses the term &dquo;eschatology&dquo; in a broad sense. It is &dquo;the anticipation of a definitive divine intervention through which God would first bring judgment on his people and then, in the farther future, would deliver and restore them,


The article deals with Shamanic folk costumes originating among the Sami populations of Siberia, analyzing their forms and functions as well as age and historical background.


As a new trend of research in the west modern psychology,positive psychology takes sides against the negative metaphor of human nature in prevailing psychology which lays particular stress on the research of pathology psychology.It emphasizes the positive sides of human nature and believes in developing human′s inherent positive potential so as to help people to live a healthy and happy life.Positive psychology is the healthy development of pathology psychology,which reflects the rational return of human nature and the spirit of the era.


Spasm of the near reflex is a rare clinical finding of unknown anatomical origin. We report the case of a 25-year-old female with recurrent spasms of the near reflex as a new type of paroxysmal phenomenon in multiple sclerosis. A possible pathomechanism considering a demyelinating lesion in the region of the medial longitudinal fasciculus is suggested.


Carbon nanostructured materials in general and carbon nanotubes in particular exhibit remarkable and unique properties that make them promising candidates for a wide range of applications. In the field of sensors, for example, carbon-based materials such as fullerene (C60) [1], three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon [2], and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [3] have been used as solid-contact ion-to-electron transducer for the fabrication of ion-selective electrodes. Our previous study showed that a film based on the conducting polymer poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with negatively charged multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibits higher redox capacitance than, for example, PEDOT doped with chloride ions [4]. This high redox capacitance, which is favorable for a solid contact material in all-solid-state ion-selective electrode, was attributed to the presence of carbon nanotubes in the conducting polymer film. In this work, all-solid-state potassium-selective electrodes (K-ISEs) based on MWCNTs as ion-to-electron transducer, are fabricated and characterized. The MWCNTs was either dissolved in the potassium ion-selective membrane (K-ISM) cocktail, or used as solid contact between the K-ISM and the electronic conductor. The performance of MWCNTs as ion-to-electron transducer is investigated and compared with that of the conjugated polymer poly (3-octyltiophene) (POT). Results from the potentiometric measurements revealed that the MWCNTsand POTbased electrodes show almost similar sensitivity to K. The MWCNTs-based electrodes, however, showed more reproducible response than the POT-based ones. Increasing the amount of MWCNTs or POT dissolved in the K-ISM cocktail improved the performance of the sensors. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements revealed that the overall impedance of electrodes based on POT is remarkably higher than that of the electrodes based on MWCNTs. The bulk resistance of the ISM was decreased as a result of doubling the amount of MWCNTs in the membrane.


This paper presents a method for selecting metal alloys as the electric contact materials for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) metal contact switches. This procedure consists of reviewing macro-switch lessons learned, utilizing equilibrium binary alloy phase diagrams, obtaining thin film material properties and, based on a suitable model, predicting contact resistance performance. After determining a candidate alloy material, MEMS switches were designed, fabricated and tested to validate the alloy selection methodology. Minimum average contact resistance values of 1.17 and 1.87 Ω were measured for micro-switches with gold (Au) and gold–platinum (Au–(6.3%)Pt) alloy electric contacts, respectively. In addition, 'hot-switched' life cycle test results of 1.02 × 108 and 2.70 × 108 cycles were collected for micro-switches with Au and Au–(6.3%)Pt contacts, respectively. These results indicate increased wear with a small increase in contact resistance for MEMS switches with metal alloy electric contacts.


Sir, We appreciate the comments from Franzen et al. (1) from Orebro, Sweden regarding our recently published article titled, Development of an unbiased method for the estimation of liver steatosis (2). The ability to better quantify hepatic steatosis in an objective manner with an H&E stained frozen section, if truly accurate, would clearly be an advance to the field of transplantation. The work described by Franzen et al. supports previous studies suggesting the current method of steatosis estimation by H&E is biased (2, 3). Without having read their manuscript, our concern would be that the fat droplets flushed out during the xylene washes of H&E staining may be misinterpreted as frozen section artifact. In addition, although this method works well on formalin fixed sections, we question this process in a frozen section setting with the artifacts from freezing and poor cutting suggesting it may be more difficult to apply in the acute setting of donor liver biopsy evaluation. Finally, this method is probably very accurate for macrosteatosis, but greatly underestimates microsteatosis, a problem common to all current automated methods. However, their method may be more user friendly to smaller institutions that do not have the capability to do Oil red O (ORO) staining. One possible area of future study, would be to combine both our ORO method with Franzen's method (1, 2). While both these methods objectively measure hepatic steatosis, a true gold standard for quantification of absolute fat content is still the holy grail for steatosis quantification. We wish to compliment the work performed by Franzen et al., and remind readers of the ultimate pitfalls of both of these methods.


A method for designing driving circuit of CMOS sensor by means of the Complex Programmable Logic Device(CPLD)is introduced.The structure,principle and performance of LUPA4000 produced by Cypress is described.In software,the idea of is scheduling design of driving circuit is given,in hardware,the method of periphery driving circuit is offered.The experiment shows that image sensor is stable and reliable.


The Explicit Phonetic Instruction-Centered (EPIC) Module is a compilation of topics and exercises in English pronunciation made and modified by the researchers where the explicit phonetic instruction is highlighted as the main approach to enhance the pronunciation skills of the respondents. The study is aimed at evaluating, validating, and determining the effectiveness of the EPIC Module and its actual delivery conducted to the Grade 10 students of Kauran National High School in the Philippines. A panel consisting of five teachers from different schools served as evaluators of the module to validate its content, relevance, acceptability and instructional quality. To determine how the module was delivered, another five English teachers observed and evaluated the researcher-teachers in the implementation of the module. The respondents of the study for both the experimental and control groups were chosen randomly. The researchers used mean in the validation of the module and in the performance of the researcher-teachers based on the delivery of the module. To identify whether there was or no significant difference on the respondents' performance and mean gain scores, t-test was used. The findings revealed that students in experimental group improved their pronunciation skills significantly due to the intervention of the EPIC Module and its excellent delivery. It was statistically verified that the use of EPIC Module apparently improves the English pronunciation skills of the respondents.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of clopidogrel on the pharmacokinetic of Fufang Danshen Dripping Pill (FDDP);

METHODS
20 SD rats were randomly divided into two group,which were intrinsically administrated FDDP(324 mg/kg) alone and combination of FDDP(324 mg/kg) and clopidogrel(30 mg/kg) respectively for 21 days. The ginsenoside Rg, from FDDP was determined by HPLC and its pharmacokinetic parameter were finally compared.

RESULTS
The value of Cmax and AUC0-∞ of ginsenoside Rg, were increased from 1.97 ± 0.44 mg/L and 8.44 ± 2.64 mg/L · h to 2.48 ± 0.63 mg/L and 14.38 ± 5.72 mg/L · h respectively.

CONCLUSION
Long term with clopidogrel has effect on the pharmacokinetic character of Rg, from FDDP, this research may provides theoretical support for the FDDP-clopidogrel combination treatment in clinical.


The paper deals with the numerical solution of periodic optimal design and control problems, such that the resulting optimal trajectories are open-loop stable. This means that under small perturbations the real process will asymptotically converge back to the periodic orbit without any feedback corrections. Open-loop stability is defined in terms of the spectral radius of the monodromy matrix which is a difficult non-standard optimization criterion. In particular we consider applications in one- and two-legged walking robots with point feet, which cannot stand still stably, but are shown to be able to walk or run in an open-loop stable way given the right configuration and control. This class of problems is characterized by discontinuous dynamics with impact, multiple motion phases and changing degrees of freedom. The numerical results which are obtained by a two-level optimization approach not only suggest that walking robots can be built without sophisticated feedback devices, but may also have an impact on understanding biomechanical motions and their stability.


The increasing datafication, in particular the availability of data and corresponding algorithms introduces new means to measure, capture, describe and represent social life in numbers. The education sector is one of the most noticeable domains affected by datafication, because it transforms not only the ways in which teaching and learning are organised but also the ways in which future generations (will) construct reality with and through data. The datafication of education comprises of the collection of data on all levels of educational systems (individual, classroom, school, region, state, international), potentially about all processes of teaching, learning and school management. This proliferation of data changes decision-making and opinion-forming processes of educational stakeholders such as education policy, school supervision, school authorities, teachers, students and parents. For example, data are used to improve school development, to hold schools and teachers accountable, to control access to schooling or to compare student achievements across countries. Such use cases raise expectations with respect to increased transparency, accountability, service orientation and civic participation but also associated fears with respect to surveillance and control, privacy issues, power relations, and (new) inequalities (e.g., Anagnostopoulos, Rutledge, and Jacobsen 2013; Eynon 2013; Selwyn 2015; Livingstone and Sefton-Green 2016; Lupton and Williamson 2017). Within the educational context, more and heterogeneous data are being generated – deliberately – for monitoring, surveillance or evaluation purposes, but also – automatically – through routine operations of a manifold of digital devices and systems (Selwyn 2015), producing 'digital traces' (Breiter and Hepp 2017). Schools, for example, are being transformed into 'data platforms' in which 'a wide range of data tracking, sensing and analytics technologies are being mobilised' (Williamson 2015a, 134). These digital educational data are distinct from pre-digital forms as they may be exhaustive in scope, highly detailed, and can be combined in a flexible manner and at different aggregation levels (Parks 2014). Such possibilities have always existed on a small scale, but new data infrastructures and algorithmic capabilities allow for analytics of an 'unprecedented complexity and scope' (Parks 2014, 356). However, the underlying algorithms and the ways in which data are produced by data providers, statisticians as well as the role of software companies and educational technology providers are hardly understood (Eynon 2013; Williamson 2015b). This special issue aims to shed light on the dynamics of datafication and related transformation of education. Contributions consider data practices that span across different countries, educational fields and governance levels from early childhood education (Bradbury, this issue), to schools (Ratner et al, this issue; Manolev et al, this issue), universities (Jones & McCoy, this issue), educational technology providers (Macgilchrist, this issue) to educational policy making and governance (Williamson & Piattoeva, this issue). In the following, we provide a brief overview over datafication in these different educational domains and subsequently reflect on the ambivalent consequences described in the contributions of this special issue.


The control of partially observed jump linear systems over jump communication channels is investigated when the Plant State Information (PSI) and the Channel State Information (CSI) are present at the transmitter and the receiver side of the communication channel. The PSI refers to the state of a Markov chain driving the plant dynamics, while the CSI is the state of a Markov chain driving the communication channel. Necessary conditions for observability and stabilizability in probability and r-th mean are derived by using information transmission theorem and Shannon's lower bound on the rate distortion. Based on the source-channel matching principle, a transmission technique is designed that achieves observability and stabilizability of the controlled jump system in mean-square sense.


We describe two retrieval models for probabilistic indexing. The binary independence indexing (BII) model is a generalized version of the Maron & Kuhns indexing model. In this model, the indexing weight of a descriptor in a document is an estimate of the probability of relevance of this document with respect to queries using this descriptor. The retrieval-with-probabilistic-indexing (RPI) model is suited to different kinds of probabilistic indexing. Therefore we assume that each indexing model has its own concept of 'correctness' to which the probabilities relate. The concept of correctness is not necessarily identical with the concept of relevance, it is only required to depend on relevance. In addition to the probabilistic indexing weights, the RPI model provides the possibility of relevance weighting of search terms. Both retrieval models are compared in experiments, showing equally good results.


Introduction was made on current situation of technical standard of drilling engineering both in China and abroad,disparities were pointed out and suggestions were put forward.


We present an alternative explanation of the positive relationship between total fertility rate (TFR) and female labor participation rate (FLPR) observed in recent cross section of OECD countries. We first use a simple model of consumer behavior where consumption good is indexed by quality, both consumption and child rearing require time and a physical good as inputs. The model predicts that while the relationship between number of children and consumption will always be negative, relationship with hours worked is ambiguous when there is positive relationship between wages and quality of goods. We verify implications of the model with Japanese cross sectional data from 8 different points in time (every five years from 1970 – 2005) in which a positive correlation between TFR and FLPR among prefectures (regions) have been observed since 1980. However, we found that FLPR has a significantly negative effect on TFR after dealing with unobservable heterogeneity, simultaneity or endogeneity problem and the measurement error problem by Fixed effect IV estimation. The results are consistent with the theoretical prediction as well as traditional economic models of the relation between TFR and FLPR. Furthermore, consumption variables are statistically significant and highquality consumptions have negative impact on TFR. ∗Center for Intergenerational Studies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8603, Japan, firstname.lastname@example.com †Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8901, Japan, firstname.lastname@example.com


Summary Bacterial plate counts of over 10,000 per milliliter have been obtained from samples of diluted bull semen containing sulfanilamide, penicillin, and streptomycin. These counts were obtained when penicillinase and para amino-benzoic acid were included in the plating medium to inactivate the penicillin and sulfanilamide. Comparison of per cent nonreturns from semen with low and with relatively high counts indicated that these bacteria were not related to fertility. Sulfanilamide had little or no effect on the bacterial content of semen containing penicillin and streptomycin. The inclusion of both of the antibiotics is desirable, however, since bacteria are usually present that are resistant to one but not to the other. The resistant bacteria are primarily diphtheroids and are inhibited but not killed by low concentrations of penicillin; however, they are not inhibited by relatively high concentrations of streptomycin.


optical, fiber optics, photonic subsystems, incoherent, photonics, lightwave components New optical polarization measurement techniques are touched upon. An accurate, real-time, fiber-based polarimeter is briefly described, along with its impact on measurement techniques. The capabilities of the polarimeter are dramatically augmented by the addition of a simple polarization synthesizer. The synthesizer allows stimulus-response measurement of devices and networks, allowing calculation of Jones matrices and complete characterization of linear, timeinvariant networks. This capability, along with automated operation and fiber connectors, can make polarization measurements comparable to microwave measurements in their levels of convenience, flexibility, speed and sophistication of analysis. New techniques are presented for measurement of polarization-dependent loss and polarization mode dispersion.


India is at a crossroads. It has the largest young workforce anywhere in the world, and is the fastest growing economy today. At the same time, the economy is not creating enough jobs, and therefore not fully harnessing its "demographic dividend†in preparation for the "Fourth Industrial Revolution†. To create more and better jobs , cert ain f u n d a m e n t a l r e a l i t i e s n e e d t o b e r e c o g n i s e d — t h e u n t a p p e d oppo rtun itie s in the serv ices sect or, the impe rati ves of poli cy and regu lato ry stab ilit y, and the welf are need s of a new work forc e. Afte r brie fly anal ysin g the supp ly-s ide cont ext (the char acte rist ics of the so- call ed "dem ogra phic divi dend †), this pape r outl ines a basi c stra tegi c road map for the dema nd side with a focu s on cons titu ents of the new econ omy (the indu stri es that will have to gene rate new empl oyme nt). It concludes with recommendations that can help bridge supply-side gaps, and demand-side imperatives.


i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii PERMISSION SHEET iii APPROVAL SHEET iv DECLARATION v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/NOTATION/GLOSSARY OF TERMS xii


Nitrite is a characteristic pollutant ion, which is ubiquitous within environmental and physiological systems, and occurs in water as an intermediate during the nitrogen cycle. Therefore, the detection and determination of its concentration at trace levels is extremely important in biological and environmental studies. A simple, sensitive and rapid kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite in different natural and wastewater samples is presented. The reaction is initiated by adding the known volumes of a nitrite ion solution of identified concentration to acid solutions of Cresyl violet perchlorate, which the color of indicator reagent changes to yellow with time. Then, the absorbance changes are monitored spectrophotometrically at λmax= 585 nm for the concentration range of 0.01-2 µg mL -1 and at λmax= 409 nm for the concentration range of 0.5-5 µg mL -1 of nitrite ion at 40 o C. The detection limit and quantification limit of the proposed kinetic method were 0.00627 and 0.0188 µg mL -1 respectively. The RSDs for the determination of 0.2 and 1.5 µg ml –1 of nitrite were 4.98% and 2.08% for five replicate measurements, respectively. The effect of possible interfering ions on the determination of nitrite is described. Many of cations and anions have no interfering effect but Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Cd 2+ , I - , N3 - , WO4 2- , S 2- , SO3 2- and S2O3 2- ions do interfere. The accuracy and validity of the proposed kinetic method was established by studying recovery of spiked nitrite ion and by parallel determination using a standard method based on diazo-coupling reaction. The method was successfully applied to the determination of nitrite in various natural and wastewater samples.


In addition to the examination of electric power from local renewables, this study has sought the answer to the question of what proportion of vehicles are fueled by environmentally friendly energy saving technologies in the vehicle fleets of Hungarian settlements. Further, the study attempts to shed light on the self-sufficiency of Hungarian settlements with respect to the electricity and transport segments. In our assessments, the performance of small-scale household power plants (SSHPPs) utilizing local renewable energy sources, and small-scale power plants with installed capacities under 0.5 MW, was taken into account, as were the proportions of vehicles operating with partly or completely clean energy sources in the vehicle fleets of the individual settlements. Finally, the composition of the vehicle fleet has been examined in the light of the quantities of renewable electricity generated in the individual settlements, in order to consider whether these settlements are capable of covering the energy needs of their vehicle stocks from local sources. In the light of the results, the changes generated by the incentives and investments introduced over the past ten years can be established and subsequently, the energy policy needs in the future can be assessed. Our study has incorporated energy geography and settlement geography aspects.


Language is a tool for interaction. As a basic skill of language, listening is of great importance. However, many students have always regarded it as a difficult problem. This article starts with the current situation where there is a low listening skill of college Japanese. Then, the contributing factors are analyzed and summarized, on how to improve students' listening comprehension, gives her own opinions.


In German-speaking parts of Europe, transdisciplinarity ("Transdiziplinarität") is understood as an integrated research approach, in which scientific and non-scientific partners jointly generate new knowledge (see Bergmann & Schramm, 2008). Starting points for transdisciplinary research are not only scientific, but also socially relevant issues. This approach is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the funding priority "Innovation groups for a sustainable land use" (Förderschwerpunkt: "Innovationsgruppen für eine nachhaltige Landnutzung"). One research project that has been implemented in this context is Regiobranding ("Regiobranding – Branding von Stadt-Land-Regionen durch Kulturlandschaftscharakteristika", FKZ 033L121AN). Regiobranding investigated how the joint analysis of official agencies' geodata and user-generated spatial content can make a meaningful contribution to the characterisation of landscapes. However, landscape characterisation was not an end in itself. Rather, one aim of this project was to identify possible characteristics of landscapes in Northern Germany in order to use them as unique selling propositions in building regional brands.


Nano iron oxide powders have been synthesized by solgel method at 7000C (3-12h), using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been employed to characterize the magnetite nanoparticles. The results reveal that the magnetite nanoparticles have a tunable diameter range of~ 20-42 nm. The particles don't make any agglomeration, and show us an excellent monodisperse property. The influences of the reaction time and filled value on the particle size of the products have been studied.


Fifth in a series, this progress report covers an 18-month period during which a gasification unit at Grand Forks, N. Dak., was operated nearly 2,900 hours to produce 30 million cubic feet of gas under various experimental conditions.


To prevent the deterioration of magnetic characteristics provides a method for producing a rare earth permanent magnet, and possibly rare earth permanent magnet. Pulverizing the magnet raw material with the magnetic powder, and produces a by mixing the pulverized magnet powder and the binder compound (12). Then, the fabricated green sheet 14 is molded to produce a compound (12) in a sheet form. Thereafter, it was a magnetic field orientation of the molded green sheet 14, and also carries out a green sheet 14, the number of preliminary firing process by holding time under a non-oxidizing atmosphere pressure at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure at 200 ℃ to 900 ℃. Subsequently, to prepare a permanent magnet (1) by sintering a green sheet (14) at the firing temperature.


Fig. 1 Length frequency distribution of M. viridis to those of caloric content. Lipid content (Fig. 2) varied from 9,88 to 14·47% in males, from 8'33 to 15'72% in females and from 10 to 16'36'% in indeterminate forms. In males, high levels of lipid were observed from May to August, corresponding with high caloric content and its decline was similar to that of calories. In females, changes in lipid and caloric content were similar in the 2nd part of the sampling period but from November to February the lipid values were increasing while energy values were decreasing. In indeterminates, the variations in the lipid and caloric contents were similar. Size frequency distribution of M. viridis indicates that the modes do not progress beyond 38,5 mm shell length, though the samples have specimens measuring up to 64·5 mm. Mussels are in great demand in Goa and the minimum marketable size is 60 mm·. Nevertheless, mussels even smaller than this size are exploited. In Velsao, it has been observed that the mussels above 35 mm are handpicked from the intertidal rocks and utilized as food, thus leaving the population with a fairly large proportion of specimens measuring less than 35 mm. The observed growth rate of 8 mm reported by ~ao M. 'v. M. WAFAR, SUMlTRA VIJAYARAGHAVAN & L. KRISHNAKUMARI


The implementation of an active transceiver patch antenna without duplexer is reported. The isolation of the transmitting-receiving ports is increased by almost 20 dB by using defected ground structure patterns obtaining more than 50 dB; besides, cross-polarisation levels are also decreased by more than 15 dB. On the other hand, the use of spur lines allows increasing the linearity of the transmitting path, obtaining a low-harmonic distortion class E power amplifier. In the receiving path, a high-linear low noise amplifier (LNA) is employed with a third-order input intercept point close to 20 dBm. Both amplifiers are built with heterounion bipolar transistor (HBT). To prove the idea, as an example, the operation frequencies and channel separation of the GSM1800 were taken into account for a practical design. The complete active antenna is developed with characteristic impedances different from 50 Ω to obtain optimal performance of the active blocks.


We present Cube-in, a kit designed to help beginners learn about fundamental concepts in physical computing. Through play and observation, Cube-in users can investigate digital and analog signals, inputs and outputs, and mapping between inputs and outputs before they work on electronics and construct circuits. By simplifying interaction methods, Cube-in provides an accessible entry point to key physical computing concepts.


The scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) were released and cultured in north China sea transplanted from Japan since 1980. Tetraploid veliger were carried out with four chemicals on this scallop in 1998-2000. Tetraploid were induced by inhibition of the polar body and first mitosis with cytoplalasin B (CB), colchicine, 6-DMAP and caffeine combined with CB, respectively. It indicated that the yield of tetraploidy not more than 25% induced by inhibiting the first mitosis with CB, colchicine and 6-DMAP, respectively, while it can be induced with higher percentage by blocking PB_(1) releasing with CB. The tetraploidy percentage of groups shock began at 15-22min after fertilization are h igher than that shock began at 42min, and the yield of tetraploidy also increased with the CB density and time lasting. The highest tetraploid percentage at veliger larvae stage is 56.5%, shocked with CB after 20-22 to 62-67 minutes after fertilization at 12deg C. Development speed of shocked group embryo was 48 hours later than control to veliger, there are a lot of trochophore in shocked groups after fertilization which chromosome are 21-28.


currently, the economic growth of some countries is a contribution by the vast development of the tourism sector, and one of the potential destinations is heritage motivation. More than fifty-three of previous study founds five elements that associated with Heritage Tourism Development, which are four elements influencing directly and one element is impact after development as an outcome. The study is focusing on stakeholders responsibility which led by government to do the development of heritage tourism. Barriers of policies and low attention to strategic plants and policies are an influencer to the obstacles because of less attention from the leader. Collaboration approach helped government to control the system in heritage tourism process. Keywords—stakeholders responsibility, government, heritage tourism development, strategic plan and policies, Collaboration approach


We examined association between the changes in blood oxidative stress level/activity and the changes in memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving Tualang honey (TH). The verbal learning and memory performances of thirty nine postmenopausal women were assessed using the Malay version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MVAVLT) and their oxidative stress levels/activities were determined using commercially available kits before and 16 weeks after TH supplementation. The plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were considerably increased but the 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) level was notably decreased after 16 weeks of TH supplementation. There were positive correlations between the changes in plasma GPx and the changes in trial A6 scores (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) and between the changes in plasma CAT and the changes in recognition score (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). TH supplementation for 16 weeks reduced blood oxidative stress but most of the changes in blood oxidative stress level/activity were not significantly correlated with the changes in memory performance.


A 2 × 2 factorial design experiment investigated effects of differential planes of grazing nutrition and of implantation of 30 mg hexoestrol in 3-year-old Aberdeen Angus steers. Hexocstrol-implanted and control animals were provided with abundant grazing for 87 days in the spring, followed by 68 days of sub-maintenance summer grazing ; ample feed was resumed in the autumn (HP-LP-HP). In contrast, other implanted and control steers had liberal grazing at all times (HP). Attainment of a constant Final Liveweight determined the time of slaughter of each animal. Control animals took significantly longer than implanted steers to attain the prescribed slaughter liveweight. HP steers were killed significantly earlier than HP-LP-HP animals, No interaction was evident. Increased growth rate under hormone treatment was most apparent immediately after implantation. Growth of cattle in the summer and autumn, under either HP or HP-LP-HP management, was not affected by hormone treatment. Dressing-out percentag...


In this paper, we present a general mathematical foundation of hormone-inspired control for the self-reconfigurable robotic system. Problem considered here is the lack of a mathematical description to analyze and explain the dynamic behavior of self-reconfigurable robots. In the global level, the idea of virtual disconnection is developed to abstract the low level module control away from the high level synchronization for both cyclic and acyclic robot configuration. In the module layer, the linear space model is developed to describe each module's internal state, input-output hormone transformation, and its action selection. As a combination of hormone and modern control theory, the approach in this paper gives more features, such as predictability and stability analysis etc, to hormone-inspired control, and makes it applicable to self-reconfigurable systems in general. Simulation and experimental results show the capacity of our method


A transparent coating for the bronze culture heritage protection were prepared using GPTS-MTMS hybrid modified by the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole(BAT) and other assistant agents.The composition of coatings was studied via XPS analysis.The results show that the coating is mainly composed of C,Si,O,N and Cu,their state doesn't change before and after the modification,the element Cu exists in the form of Cu~(2+),its concentration is enhanced remarkably in the modified hybrid coatings.


The American Academy of Pediatrics Web site states that the AAP is "an organization of 60,000 pediatricians committed to the optimal physical, mental, and social health and well-being for all infants, children, adolescents, and young adults."


Here, "tradition" is invoked to connect tenth-century conventions—though in the tenth century and beyond, men did write private letters and occasionally even journals in wabun (Japanese prose)—directly to those governing a woman born nine centuries later. The implication that Japanese could never have considered classical Chinese "their own language" is also debatable, and early modern male writers such as Shikitei Sanba, whom Futabatei Shimei cites as an infl uence in "Yo ga genbun itchi no yurai," consciously strove to represent vernacular speech in their writing. I could continue to list points that troubled me about this anthology, some nitpicky, some more signifi cant. In a sense, though, to do so would be beside the point. Yes, there are problems with the framing and structure of this anthology, and more errors and editorial oversights than one might wish. But it is still an extraordinarily stimulating, creative, and even inspiring collection of frequently brilliant translations. Hats off to Sumie Jones and Charles Shirō Inouye for having the energy, dedication, and perseverance to realize this immensely valuable project. I know I will be using translations from A Tokyo Anthology in classes for many years to come.


The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is the largest group of homologous proteins in the human genome. GPCRs are of prime physiological and medical importance as the actions of a wide range of hormones and drugs are mediated by these receptors. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor is a member of the GPCR family, and plays a central role in the reproductive system. GnRH analogues are used therapeutically in a number of human disorders. All GPCRs contain 7 largely a-helical transmembrane domains. An arginine residue located at the cytosolic boundary of the third transmembrane domain is conserved in all members of the rhodopsin-like subfamily of GPCRs, and is nearly always preceded by an acidic residue (DR motif). This arginine has been proposed to play.a critical role in receptor activation. In this thesis, the effects of mutating these residues (Asp 138 and Arg 139 respectively, in the mouse GnRH receptor) to neutral amide residues, on coupling of the mouse GnRH receptor, were examined. In addition, the relationship of coupling to internalization in these mutant receptors was explored. Mutation of Arg 139 to Gin (R139Q) resulted in an 8-fold decrease in affinity for GnRH, and a similar decrease in affinity for a GnRH antagonist. Interestingly, the R139Q GnRH receptor was overexpressed 6to 1 0-fold compared with wild type. In spite of this increased receptor number, the R139Q mutant showed a 150-fold decrease in potency of GnRH for stimulation of inositol phosphate production, as well as a decreased maximal response, indicating poor coupling to its effector system, with a calculated coupling efficiency of 6% relative to wild type. The modulation of agonist binding by temperature in this mutant receptor was investigated. Low temperature has been previously reported to induce a conformation with high agonist affinity in some GPCRs, resembling the activated state, and it was therefore of interest to determine whether this uncoupled mutant would display this transition. Despite its


Was trying to find a little easier to discriminate the difference between the meaning of the same type of learner control in Chinese teaching methods. It will be one of the causes is also seen from the point of view 'equivalent (同等)' or similar (類似) that the word is now used simply isomorphic. For this reason, can only be explained through the study of revealing meaningful categories such as words or synonyms are isomorphic with the structure of the current methods and examples of a given type. Therefore, to compare the cognitive processes of the '半空' in Chinese and Korean. The scope and concept of the Korean and Chinese discourse categories, targeting the、'半空' in the body. First look at the concept of a default category '半空',could be found in the fact that at the same time to express while the bottom is representative of the baseline in the space of half Korean, the Chinese top below the baseline differences. Second, look at the trend of movement in terms of the schematic, Korean, while the Han characters with movement scheme, found a distinct gender characteristics of the two languages in terms of the Chinese that have moved scheme 'directed from top to bottom' below upward may. Although there are different words to express the same room category, and again for the same room category does recognize different words are hard to make, but a clear interpretation, and the background has to be the cause of their respective synonyms are derived from background clearly We believe that the author is. Thus, as seen from the above analysis, to see if you can draw a rough schematic of this means that the contour through the categories, be drawn more clearly the similarities and differences compared with Korean and Chinese characters that appear in the teaching process of the Chinese synonyms Korean learners is determined to be able to.


The introduction towards the middle of the eighteenth century of the word etiquette to denote good behavior or propriety marks a moment in the history of the English language that has not received much attention. The Oxford English Dictionary records the first appearance of the word in a letter Lord Chesterfield wrote to his son on March 19, 1750. 'Without hesitation', Chesterfield admonished the young Philip Stanhope, 'kiss his [the Pope's] slipper or whatever else the etiquette of that court requires'. 'Etiquette', in this example, is associated with ceremony, and more precisely with 'the prescribed ceremonial of a court and the formalities required by usage in diplomatic intercourse'. The word rapidly expanded its scope and by 1768 it came to be applied not only to formal acts but to any 'conventional [rule] of personal behavior observed in the intercourse of polite society'. The O.E.D. quotes this time Laurence Sterne's Sentimental Journey although, as we shall see, credit for this new meaning should go, again, to Chesterfield. The word was supposed to have come from the French 'ticket', and it is not clear how it came to designate something related to politeness. The major French dictionaries record the earliest written use of 'etiquette' in a letter Madame de Maintenon wrote to Madame de Brinon in 1719 (Larousse 1973; Robert 1960). Used by Madame de Maintenon in the same sense as in Chesterfield's letter, it was not until 1778, however, that the word acquired its broader meaning in French. This last fact is not insignificant, for it shows that the term was first associated with polite behavior in England, not France, and that any attempt to understand its emergence, as I shall in this paper, should be grounded on a study of British, not French society. As we know from the work of Norbert Elias (1978; see also Mennell 1989), for the preceding two hundred years the word that people used to speak of politeness was 'civility', a word that itself had come to replace another, 'courtesy'. Given what Elias learned analysing the


The notions of knowledge and its management have been at the core of the information systems (IS) field almost since its inception. Knowledge has been viewed in several ways in the prior literature, including as a state of mind, an object, a process, access to information, and a capability. A commonly-used definition characterizes knowledge as a justified belief that increases an entity's capacity for effective action (Alavi and Leidner 2001, p. 109). Relatedly, knowledge management (KM) has been defined as a systemic process to acquire, organize, and communicate individual knowledge so that others may make use of it (Beck et al. 2014). Knowledge-management systems (KMSs) support these processes for creating, exchanging, and storing knowledge (Beck et al. 2014), and have been viewed as being either repository- based or network-based (Kankanhalli et al. 2005). In an attempt to provide a useful resource for scholars interested in KM, we take stock of the pertinent research published in MISQ. More specifically, the goal of this curation is to serve as a living document that will offer a starting point for future KM research. This curation highlights the 44 articles with a primary focus on KM (Table 1). The articles address theoretical and conceptual issues, provide methodological guidance, and use a wide range of quantitative and qualitative research methods. To define the scope of this curation, we excluded: (1) articles in which KM is used as part of another construct; (2) some early articles that were practice- oriented with limited scholarly orientation; and (3) articles that focus on knowledge (such as the knowledge requirements of IS professionals) but not on KM.


A modified method for measurement of the λ- parameter within irregular eutectic structure is presented. It requires to determine both λ min - parameter on longitudinal section of sample and λ max - parameter on transverse section. The estimation of the λ- parameter corresponds with theoretical definition of the λ - parameter, basing on the analysis of volume fraction balance of eutectic phases. The determination of the λ - parameter takes into account two characteristic structural parameters. λ min - corresponding to the criterion of minimum entropy production with defines the stationary eutectic growth and λ max - corresponding to the criterion of marginal stability which describes the maximum destabilization of the s/l interface of non-faceted eutectic phase.


We present a multiscale modeling approach to study oxygen diffusion in cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia. In this approach, we employ density functional theory methods to calculate activation energies for oxygen migration in different cation environments. These are used in a kinetic Monte Carlo framework to calculate long-time oxygen diffusivities. Simulation results show that the oxygen diffusivity attains a maximum value at around 0.1 mole fraction yttria. This variation in the oxygen diffusivity with yttria mole fraction and the calculated values for the diffusivity agree well with experiment. The competing effects of increased oxygen vacancy concentration and increasing activation energy and correlation effects for oxygen diffusion with increasing yttria mole fraction are responsible for the observed dopant content dependence of the oxygen diffusivity. We provide a detailed analysis of cation-dopant-induced correlation effects in support of the above explanation.


The species composition of Liriomyza leafminers infesting commercially grown tomato plants was surveyed in two contiguous greenhouses in Muko City, Kyoto Prefecture, from August to December 1999. Full-grown larvae and puparia of Liriomyza were collected weekly from the greenhouses, and reared to adult emergence in the laboratory. The male adult flies that emerged were identified on the basis of the shape of their genitalia. The results revealed the occurrence of L. sativae, which has not been recorded in Japan. L. sativae coexisted with L. trifolii and L. bryoniae in one tomato greenhouse and with L. bryoniae in the other. Further, the relative abundance of the three species changed throughout the growing season of tomato plants and the peaks of each species population differed.


Pang shangpeng, the forerunner of the taxation system reform in the Ming Dynasty , was famous across the China and overseas. During his governance of Fujian Province form 1576-1578, he implemented a kind of tax system which integrated the per capita tax with the land taxes and settled a fixed price for the tax paid by a certain amount of currencies. Based on the life experience of Pang shangpeng and the regional economic conditions in that time, this paper highlights a series of reform in monetary policies Pang shangpeng made in his governance time and states out that his tax reform has basically embodies the fundamental spirit in sense of the state's fiscal policy.


A finite difference scheme which uses multiple overset meshes to simulate the aerodynamics of aircraft/store interaction and store separation is described. In this chimera, or multiple mesh, scheme, a complex configuration is mapped using a major grid about the main component of the configuration, and minor overset meshes are used to map each additional component such as a store. As a first step in modeling the aerodynamics of store separation, two dimensional inviscid flow calculations were carried out in which one of the minor meshes is allowed to move with respect to the major grid. Solutions of calibrated two dimensional problems indicate that allowing one mesh to move with respect to another does not adversely affect the time accuracy of an unsteady solution. Steady, inviscid three dimensional computations demonstrate the capability to simulate complex configurations, including closely packed multiple bodies.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected polymorphism FTO rs1121980 on body mass index in humans. In the study participated 79 people from Slovakia with some genetic relatedness. The column kit has been used to isolate the genomic DNA from a buccal swab. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphism rs1121980 of FTO gene was performed by amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS). The most common genotype was found in heterozygous form (CT = 0.4051). The least frequent genotype in FTO was CC (0.2911) and the minor C allele reached frequency 0.49365. The FTO gene had increased frequency of T allele (0.50635). According to the results it can be assumed that the genotype CC (FTO rs1121980) has a protective effect on the prevalence of obesity compared to the other genotypes. With adding of the anthropometric measurements, blood test and extension of the group, the statistical relevance could increase in the future in relation to obesity.


Because of the influencing factors,such as the existing of natural fractures,the stress sensitivity,the softness and frailty of the coal formation,the leak-off volume is great in the hydraulic fracturing of coal-bed methane and the usual Carter's calculating leak-off method has not been applicable.From the view that the pressure difference between fracture and formation affects severely the permeability and porosity of the coal formation,this paper provides a new mathematical model and the related calculation methods.Finally,one field case example is illustrated and compared with the Carter's method.It is concluded that the new method is more applicable for the field situations.


The 13 years established association Leucaena leucocephalaCynodon plectostachyus effect on the Rhizobium on leucaena nodulation effective ness and its association whit mycorrhizal was evaluated. The grassland was established in the Montelindo farm located at 75°45' west and 5°04' North (Palestina, Caldas) at 1,050 m and 24C°. The evaluation of Rhizobium was determined according to amount, color and diameter of nitrogen fixing nodules; for mycorrhizalthe staining of the roots was performed for identification of spores through a comparison with the IMVAM (International Culture Collection of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi) database. The grassland to be evaluated was divided into 4 plots of 1ha each (4 strips per plotin a 10/30rotation); the samples were taken from 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12, 12 to 16, 16 to 20 cm with a 3 inches stainless steel bore. The presence of nitrogen-fixing nodules (number, color and diameter) was identified at all depths tested without significant differences (p>0.05) to the five different depths, except for the diameter between 12 to 16 cm deep which was highly significant (p≤0.01). The presence of the genus Glomus was found formycorrhizae at the five depths. It was concluded that in the 13 years of the association, the quality of the soil is preserved the association because of the high effective ness of nodulation, the mycorrhizal presence and the high rate of growth, vigor and recovery capacity of leucaena.


Summary 1. A device for continuously monitoring and regulating the carbon dioxide content of cell culture incubators is presented. 2. CO2 concentration is determined by measuring the pH of a bicarbonate solution which is continuously equilibrated with gas samples drawn from the incubator. 3. Installation and operation of the device in a practical cell culture incubator is described.


Objective: Morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. However, little is known on the association between glycemic control and MBPS and its effect on vascular injury in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study examined the association between glycemic control and MBPS and the involvement of MBPS in the development of vascular dysfunction in T2DM patients. Research Design and Methods: We examined MBPS in T2DM patients (M/F; 25/25, age; 60.1±13.2 years, n=50) by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and assessed vascular function by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerinmediated dilation (NMD). Results: HbA1c (ρ=0.373, p=0.009) and triglyceride (ρ=0.375, p=0.009) correlated significantly and positively with MBPS. In multiple regression analysis including triglyceride and HbA1c in addition to age, 24-hour systolic blood pressure (24h-SBP) as independent variables, HbA1c (β=0.328, p=0.016) and triglyceride (β=0.358, p=0.014) associated significantly in a positive manner with MBPS. In non-insulin user, when HOMA-R was included in place of TG, HOMA-R emerged as a significant factor. MBPS (ρ=-0.289, p=0.043), and HbA1c (ρ=-0.301, p=0.035) correlated significantly and negatively with FMD, while 24h-SBP correlated with both FMD (ρ=-0.359, p=0.012) and NMD (ρ=-0.478, p=0.004). In multiple regression analysis, including age, gender, 24h-SBP, MBPS, LDLcholesterol, and HbA1c, MBPS (β=-0.284, p=0.044) alone associated significantly in a negative manner with FMD, but not with NMD. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that poor glycemic control and insulin resistance are independently associated with the occurrence of MBPS in T2DM patients, which might be significantly associated with endothelial dysfunction.


This paper discusses the measuring principles and application fields of physicochemical analytical equipments for the continuous monitoring of selected water constituents under consideration of the DVGW-leaflet W 643 "Process measuring instruments in water quality monitoring". Moreover continuously measuring instruments are discussed, whose dissemination were influenced by environmental accidents or the discovery of important pollutants respectively


dignity and trying to turn around the conditions in which they find themselves. This illustrates the point that engaged scholarship such as this allows us to understand in better and much more rounded ways how South Africans are actually crafting a new road for themselves in an attempt to shift the conditions in which they find themselves. There is an opportunity here to push the theoretical discussions in the social sciences in important ways. The book offers an opportunity to explain in explicitly theoretical terms how in this dynamic between the availability of the social grant (the structural) and the deep personal resources each individual brings to decisionmaking (his or her upbringing, character, education) influences how South Africans are coming to the agency and to decision-making. It uses a term like 'a woman' or 'a black man' and takes that to provide the explanation for the choices and decisions people are making. Now, of course, race and gender are critical in how people make choices. This book places a deep theoretical task before all of us, and its message extends beyond South Africa to societies and their governments facing the big questions.


We share with the audience a few reflections concerning our lectures on Mathematical Puzzles held in 2013 at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Faculty of Modern Languages, both at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna´ n. The students did not have any ad- vanced mathematical background - they had only scattered remini- scences from the school, where they - as a rule - passionately hated math classes. The main goal of our lectures was to convince them that solving math puzzles might be entertaining, instructive and sexy. The lectures were also thought of as a training in solving (abstract as well as very practical) problems with just a little help of mathematical re- asoning. Judging from students' activity during the course and from the final essays they wrote, we may risk to say that the lecture was not a complete failure. One conclusion that seems important is that the students acquire much more easily knowledge presented in small concise chunks (a problem - discussion of possible ways how to solve it - explicit solution - commentary and hints concerning related pro- blems) than the lengthy expositions of whole theories, where examples are added as illustrations only. Below, we present examples of puzzles discussed during the course. They are classified into a few thematic groups.


The paper establishes competing model of repeated alliance general contractor basing on contract theory.It discusses the strategy choice of designing company and building company within the alliance general contractor under consideration of the time-value(that is discount rate) of the profit.It indicates that the probability of the member's breaching of faith will be smaller if the proportion of it's gaining profit is greater.Contrarily,it will be greater.And the member of the alliance general contractor will be more likely to breach of faith under the condition of tit-for-tat than under the condition of trigger strategy.


The article presents the general description of the waste energy recovery systems in the marine Diesel power plants. Both, the simple as well as the complex recovery systems have been discussed. The substantial part of the article concerns the overview of the evaluation methods of the recovery systems arrangements. There have been presented the rudiments of the thermodynamic evaluation which in the effect provides the material for the determination of the energetic and exergetic efficiency of the recovery systems. The significant issue is also the description of the method of the arrangements economic evaluation, including the method of the determination of the annual profit ensuing from the operation of the waste energy recovery system and the dynamic methods of the economic analysis with the particular emphasis on the investment outlay payback period index. There have been presented the examples of the dependence of the waste heat turbo-generators on the main engine power output, the estimated payback times of the investment outlays incurred in connection with the discussed systems and the payback time of the outlays with reference to the main engine power output in the function of its power output.


Using a Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida which are normally being discarded in South Korea, optimal conditions of producing activated carbons have been studied to recycle as a higher value-added product. This study consists of two processes, the production process of charcoals from waste timbers by low temperature pyrolysis and the production process of activated carbons from the charcoals by chemical activation reaction. This paper deals with the production process of activated carbons from the charcoals by chemical activation reaction. As an alkali has been generally used as an activating agent, KOH and NaOH which react well with a carbon were used in this study. As a result of the experiments, it is confirmed that activated carbons made with KOH treatment had superior values in physicochemical properties to NaOH, showing that there was no remain of KOH at the surface of the charcoals while there was of NaOH remaining after the experiments. Thus, it is concluded that KOH reacted more actively with a charcoal than NaOH. Moreover, it was also found that values in physicochemical properties when using a Pinus koraiensis are superior to the ones when using a Pinus rigida. The optimal mixing ratio of an activating agent to a charcoal was 400 wt.%. To improve the physicochemical properties, activated carbons were washed out by distilled water after neutralization with SM hydrochloric acid solution. When activated carbons were produced from a Pinus koraiensis in this optimal conditions, value of BET surface area was found to be approx. .


This chapter describes an online field experiment conducted across 2,103 Chinese counties that establishes a causal linkage between the threat of disorder and government action in terms of responsiveness to Dibao applicants. Even extremely mild threats of collective action (social instability) prompted higher levels of government responsiveness to Dibao applicants than appeals based solely on economic hardship. The chapter shows how Dibao provision is not only shaped by economic considerations and suggests that individuals who are impoverished but capable of work may also be prioritized for Dibao.


The paper is dedicated to the principles of adaptive filtering in the adaptive noise suppressing and interference area. In practice, we often have to solve the problem that filter has to work in an unknown environment, in which it is difficult to pre-identification, or it is a time-varying environment, which development in future cannot be predicted. In this case, the optimal filter coefficients values change over time and for the correct setting is appropriate to use adaptive filtering. The paper presents a comprehensive solution of adaptive system using two basic representatives of adaptive algorithms. It is an algorithm with stochastic gradient LMS (least mean squares) adaptation and algorithm with recursive optimal adaptation RLS (recursive least square). In the environment of Matlab, there was created adaptive system for noise suppressing. This system is useful mainly for communication in noisy environments (vehicles, production halls, sport events, etc.). There were practically compared the properties of LMS and RLS adaptive algorithms using this system. Algorithms have been tested on real speech signals and on the generated harmonics signals.


We establish multiplicity results for the following class of quasilinear problems (P ) { −∆Φu = f(x, u) in Ω, u = 0 on ∂Ω, where ∆Φu = div(φ(x, |∇u|)∇u) for a generalized N-function Φ(x, t) = ∫ |t| 0 φ(x, s)s ds. We consider Ω ⊂ R to be a smooth bounded domain that contains two disjoint open regions ΩN and Ωp such that ΩN ∩ Ωp = ∅. The main feature of the problem (P ) is that the operator −∆Φ behaves like −∆N on ΩN and −∆p on Ωp. We assume the nonlinearity f : Ω× R → R of two different types, but both behaves like e N N−1 on ΩN and |t| ∗t on Ωp as |t| is large enough, for some α > 0 and p = Np N−p being the critical Sobolev exponent for 1 < p < N . In this context, for one type of nonlinearity f , we provide multiplicity of solutions in a general smooth bounded domain and for another type of nonlinearity f , in an annular domain Ω, we establish existence of multiple solutions for the problem (P ) that are nonradial and rotationally nonequivalent.


Athletes in the endurance events, such as distance runners, will be most affected by high Mexican altitudes, Dr. Balke said. Sprinters on the other hand will experience almost no impairment of normal performance, even without acclimatization. Sprint-type efforts depend upon so-called "anaerobic work capacity", unaffected by immediate environment, whereas strenuous effort lasting beyond forty to sixty seconds is a function of "aerobic work capacity". This is directly affected by reduced concentration of oxygen at high altitude.


The importance of lumber yield on the financial success of secondary solid wood products manufacturers has been known for quite some time. Various efforts have been undertaken to improve yield, such as inclusion of character marks (defects) in parts, "cookie-cutting" of boards, improved optimization algorithms, or improved cut-up technologies. For a variety of reasons, the relationship between cutting-bill requirements and lumber yield has attracted limited attention. This is Part I of a 2-part examination of this relationship. The standardized and simplified Buehlmann cutting bill and the Forest Service's Romi-Rip lumber cut-up simulator were used in this study. An orthogonal, 2 20-11 fractional-factorial design of resolution V was used to determine the influence of different part sizes on lumber yield. All 20 part sizes contained in the cutting bill and 113 of a total of 190 unique secondary interactions were found to be significant variables in explaining the variability in observed yield. Parameter estimates for the part sizes and the secondary interactions were used to specify the average yield contribution of each variable. Parts 445 mm long and 64 mm wide were found to have the most positive influence on yield. Parts smaller than 445 by 64 mm (such as, for example 254 by 64 mm) had a less pronounced positive yield effect because their quantity requirement is relatively small in an average cutting bill. Thus, the quantity required is obtained quickly during the cut-up process. Parts with size 1842 by 108 mm, on the other hand, had the most negative influence on high yield. However, as further analysis showed, not only the individual parts required by a cutting bill, but also their interaction determines yield. In general, it was found that by adding a sufficiently large number of smaller parts to a cutting bill that required large parts, high levels of yield can be achieved.


A precise integration algorithm has recently been proposed by Zhong (1994) for dynamic stiffness matrix computations, but he did not give a corresponding eigenvalue count method. The Wittrick-Williams algorithm gives an eigenvalue count method for pure displacement formulations, but the precise integration method uses a mixed variable formulation. Therefore the Wittrick-Williams method is extended in this paper to give the eigenvalue count needed by the precise integration method and by other methods involving mixed variable formulations. A simple Timoshenko beam example is included.


Since its emergence during the Abbasid period, the idea of taqnīn fiqh (codification of Islamic jurisprudence) has caused controversy. The controversy is getting more complex with the ratification of Aceh Qanun No. 6 of 2014 on Jinayat Law (Islamic criminal law) in Indonesia, which is not an Islamic country. This article aims to analyze the taqnīn method and the problems of implementing the Qānūn Jināyah in Aceh. This article is library research using content analysis. The author found that the Qānūn Jināyah in Aceh, seen from the taqnīn 'Abd al-Bar method, in terms of its coverage area, is included in the mandatory qaḍā' (māliyyah, syakhṣiyyah, and jinā'iyyah) namely problems that have the character to be resolved in court. In its source, the Qānūn Jināyah uses the dominant regional school of thought (Syafī'ī's school) and other schools if there is a benefit, but only as an alternative. In its implementation, the Qānūn Jināyah caused controversy even though Aceh received regional autonomy and the Qānūn Jināyah was under juridical regulations. Its presence is still not accepted by numerous groups, both from within and outside. Enforcement of Qānūn Jināyah, such as caning, is considered a violation of human rights. The Qānūn Jināyah tends to discriminate against women, non-Muslims and the poor. The assessment that the qānūn violates human rights is from a different perspective. In the legal-normative context, the qānūn is legally valid in Indonesia in terms of procedure and substance because it has gone through the correct manufacturing process and has gone through the evaluation stage by the central government.


This study uses two popular technical trading rules to assess whether the gradual liberalization of Taiwan's securities markets has improved the efficiency of its stock market. The results show that the two rules have considerable predictive power for 1983–1990, they become less predictive for 1991–1997, and they cannot predict the market for 1998–2005. These results indicate that the efficiency of Taiwan stock market has been greatly enhanced by the liberalization measures implemented over the last 20 years.


Polarized distribution of chloride channels on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells is required for fluid transport across the epithelium of fluid-transporting organs. Ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors are primary ligand-gated chloride channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. Traditionally, these receptors are not considered to be contributors to fluid transport. Here, we report a novel function of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors involving alveolar fluid homeostasis in adult lungs. We demonstrated the expression of functional ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors on the apical plasma membrane of alveolar epithelial type II cells. γ-Aminobutyric acid significantly increased chloride efflux in the isolated type II cells and inhibited apical to basolateral chloride transport on type II cell monolayers. Reduction of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor π subunit using RNA interference abolished the γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated chloride transport. In intact rat lungs, γ-aminobutyric acid inhibited both basal and β agonist-stimulated alveolar fluid clearance. Thus, we provide molecular and pharmacological evidence that ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors contribute to fluid transport in the lung via luminal secretion of chloride. This finding may have the potential to develop clinical approaches for pulmonary diseases involving abnormal fluid dynamics.


OBJECTIVE: To study international pharmaceutical pricing theory and practice for improved pharmaceutical pricing in China. METHODS: The rationale and practice of international pharmaceutical pricing were analyzed, the difficulties in setting prices were discussed, and the inter-nation influence on prices was investigated. RESULTSCONCLUSION: International practice shows that price ceiling from the market perspective and price floor from the cost perspective construct the possible price range; quantifying the extra value is the critical part of new drug pricing. It is suggested that China set innovative drugs and me-too drugs under separate control, requiring innovative drugs to provide pharmacoeconomic evaluation to quantify their extra value while implementing price reference system for me-too drugs.


FIELD: information technology. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to video processing and generation of image data, imaging of three-dimensional (3D) image. Disclosed is method of displaying object. According to method 3D model of photographic image or video image of object is obtained, 3D model is displayed. 3D model is saved in memory of display device together with reference image, as well as coordinates of texturing sections corresponding to 3D model polygons. One obtains at least one frame image or video image of object, object identification on frame is based on reference image. If more than one frame is selected from them in terms of quality of image, matrix of photographic image coordinate conversion in proper coordinates is formed, 3D model elements are coloured in colours of corresponding image elements by forming texture image reading area using coordinate conversion and data interpolation matrix, followed by prescribing texture to 3D model. EFFECT: technical result is possibility to display on visible image of real texture of photo or video image of object. 16 cl, 4 dwg


Brine filled saline aquifers have been identified as having the largest potential for CO 2 storage with an estimated cumulative storage capacity of 10 4 Giga-tons of CO 2 (2). Likewise, the focus of many studies has been devoted to investigating residual trapping in water-wet, brine filled sandstone reservoirs, and little attention has been given to intermediate-wet and oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. However, until CO 2 storage technology reaches maturity, initial CO 2 sequestration projects will most likely be conducted in depleted and oil producing carbonate reservoirs due to economic benefits associated with CO 2 enhanced oil recovery and the existence of installed infrastructure which can be reassigned for CO 2 injection purposes (3).


When you are using the coinbase you might come up with a problem – Coinbase 2FA Not Working. This is the problem that is quite


The purpose of this study was to develop recommendations for improving the performance of health centers based on the results of the analysis work attitudes at the Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding. This study was an analytic observational. The sampling technique using a total sample of 49 respondents. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The questionnaire used in this study has tested the validity and reliability with result was valid and reliable. Statistical test used was multiple regression with attention to the assumptio++ns for multiple regression test. Variables that did not meet the assumptions will then using simple regression test. The study found that POS had no effect on job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment, whereas POR effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment, but had no effect on job involvement of employees at Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding. Perceived Organizational Support (POS) effect on in-role performance but had no effect on OCB where as POR had no effect either directly on in-role performance and OCB of employees at the Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding. Work attitudes (job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment) was not effect on in-role performance but the effect on OCB. There was a relationship between in-role performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in employee at Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding. Recommendations for Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding based on research results obtained is to improve organizational support, POR and job involvement. Assessment of in-role performance and OCB in this study using a self appraisal, for further research is recommended to use the ratings by superiors.


This study examined 87 elementary pre-service education teachers' attitudes towards mathematics and science-based cognition – ascertaining the predictive value of these factors on mathematical achievement. In utilizing hierarchical regression analysis, 54% of the variability on mathematical achievement was explained by line graphing, logical thinking and attitude towards mathematics. Attitudes towards mathematics were found to mediate 5-7% of the variability between the line graphing and logical thinking variables with mathematical achievement. Path analysis further substantiated these results, as evidenced by a number of statistically significant goodness-of-fit indices and parameter estimates. As such, 53% of the total variability on the mathematical achievement outcome was attributed to line graphing, logical thinking and attitude towards mathematics. Taken together, results indicate that pre-service teachers having more positive attitudes in mathematics, as well as increased aptitudes for science-based line graphing and logical thinking were more likely to have higher mathematics achievement. Implications for teaching elementary mathematics methods courses are discussed.


This paper describes the design and implementation of a phonological modeling system based on autosegmental and articulatory phonology and its application in speech recognition. Pronunciation modeling is an integral part in speech recognition systems. Together with language modeling, signal processing and learning models (e.g. Hidden Markov model and neural network model), it innuences the performance of a speech recognition system. The basic units adopted by most speech recognition systems for word pronunciation modeling are linearly ordered diphones or triphones (i.e. context-dependent segments without internal structure). Our approach decomposes segments into articulatory features and allows these features to spread freely into neighbouring segments to model continuous speech. We use a feature-based nite-state transducer as the metalanguage for writing phonological rules. A set of rules has been implemented in this language. The writing of these rules are based on theories of autosegmental and artic-ulatory phonology. The numerical components of the rules are deduced from articulator trajec-tory data. The output of this system is gestural scores that model phonological alternations in continuous speech. The gestural scores are used to generate Hidden Markov Models for building speech recognition systems.


Received: 27/8/2021 In this research, the GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite (GFO) on activated carbon (AC) was used to adsorption arsenic As(V) in water. AC was added to the co-precipitation process to synthesize GO/Fe3O4/AC material with a GFO:AC ratio of 1:1 to reduce product costs. The composition, morphology, and bonding of synthesized nanomaterial was analyzed by XRD, FESEM, Raman; indicating that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the average crystal size of 11 nm were uniformly distributed on the surface of AC and GO sheets. In addition, the specific surface area shown by the BET result in a value of 708 m/g. The As(V) adsorption capacity of GO/Fe3O4/AC nanocomposite was analyzed by AAS method at different pH values. Result showed that the maximum As(V) adsorption efficiency of material sample was 98% and the adsorption capacity reached 14.74 mg/g in 60 min at pH = 6. Accordingly, GO/Fe3O4/AC could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. Revised: 05/11/2021


This talk is a lightly edited transcript of Robert Hackett's keynote lecture at the Union for Democratic Communications 2015 Conference, "Circuits of Struggle," May 2, 2015, in Toronto. Hackett is the recipient of the 2015 Dallas Smythe Award, awarded by the Union for Democratic Communications to an outstanding and influential scholar working in the critical political economic tradition of Dallas Smythe. In this talk, Hackett discusses his connections to Smythe, as well as his recent work around journalism, the media, and climate change.


Ninety percent of Americans will suffer episodes of low back pain of varying degrees of severity. Of those, 80% will recover from the initial episode without treatment within three weeks. Another 10% will recover with or without treatment in three months. Approximately 10% will require treatment, but in 80% of those, no definite cause will be deterrninable14• Among the consequences are widely disparate, often conflicting treatment programmes and a patient population largely sceptical of the ability of the established medical community to provide consistent answers to one of the most common health problems, second only to headache as a cause for a consultation with a physician22•


Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is traditionally diagnosed using multiple channel physiological signal. This often leads to incorrect apnea event detection and weakens the performance of OSA diagnosis. Furthermore, there is a dire need of an automatic OSA screening system in order to alleviate the burden of the clinicians and to make a portable home sleep monitoring system feasible. In this work, an algorithm that uses single lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect OSA events is propounded. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, it proposes an automatic OSA detection algorithm using Empirical Mode Decomposition, higher order statistical features and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). Second, ELM is introduced in this work and this is the first time ELM has been applied to OSA detection. Experimental outcomes backed by statistical validation evinces that the proposed algorithm is superior to existing ones in accuracy.


......................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................ 1


This paper derives two novel frequency invariant beamformers (FIBs) for use with wideband synthetic aperture channel sounders. Results using measured data show that the choice of beampattern can affect the amount of diffuse multipath energy received through the array sidelobes and influence the estimated channel impulse and frequency responses.


IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY involves the study of the regulation of the immune system by pharmacological agents and the development of methods to selectively modify immune function to treat human disease. The delineation of the cellular immune system and the mechanisms of allograft reaction discovered in the early 1960s brought immunosuppression for transplantation and for selected use in autoimmune disease. In the last 15 years, the demonstration of the prevalence of cellular immune defects in cancer, aging, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases has generated interest in the development of immunotherapeutic agents. This chapter provides a brief introduction to immunosuppression and immunotoxicology with emphasis on recent developments in preclinical immunopharmacology and experimental immunotherapeutics. IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY A variety of immunosuppressive agents and procedures have been found to be useful in the treatment of autoimmune disease1as well as organ transplantation2(Table 24-1). These agents are extensively used in cancer therapy primarily because of their


At present the advanced information technologies take root into practice of the work of doctors of the Russian Antarctic expedition. This circumstance became the reason of training for bases of computer science of doctors of polar stations. The specificity of the selection of candidates for the participation in the Russian Antarctic expedition involves restriction of the time for training. Therefore, it is necessary to employ special methods of training.


Objectives: To analyze the point prevalence of antimicrobial agent use by older adults and to determine the quality of use in a teaching hospital. A pharmacoepidemiological, observational study. Methods: Retrospective collection of clinical, microbiological and pharmacotherapeutic data in medical records. Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 60 years old, in use of one or more antimicrobial agents. The resistant microorganisms classified as priority pathogens by the World Health Organization (WHO) were identified. The quality of antimicrobial agent use according to quality indicators described by Van den Bosch et al. (2015) was determined. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: Of the 130 hospitalized older adult individuals, 40.8% were using one or more antimicrobials agents on the day of point prevalence. Among the 50 resistant microorganisms identified in the cultures, 54.0% corresponded to pathogens of critical priority. Antibiotic glycopeptides (14.9%) and penicillins associated with beta-lactamase inhibitors (13.8%) were the most prescribed classes of antimicrobial agents. The Quality Indicators (QIs) of antimicrobial therapy demonstrated more frequent inadequacy regarding therapeutic monitoring, sequential therapy and blood culture request. Conclusions: The prevalence of antimicrobial agent use in older adults was high. Empirical therapy is often developed in line with that advocated by the Infection Control Commission. The high isolation of critical pathogens according to the WHO, evidences the importance of actions to ensure the rational use of drugs in the institution. The QIs demonstrated the need to implement guidelines for systematizing therapeutic antimicrobial agent monitoring in the institution and educational action on the process of requesting blood cultures.


Modern merchandising organizations are missing rich marketing opportunities because they are losing touch with the customer. As a result, the market facts on which they act are often wrong. The cost is misguided marketing and lost business. To market more profitably, then, retailers must reforge the missing link between themselves and those they seek to serve by developing more perceptive market intelligence systems in retailing organizations.


Some of the reactions occurring during the γ-radiolysis of a number of carboxylic esters at cryogenic temperatures have been identified by studying the e.s.r. spectra of trapped intermediate radicals. It appears that the capture of thermal electrons by the ester molecule is followed by dissociation of the radical-anion by one of two possible processes, each leading to the formation of alkyl radicals. Secondary radicals formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the ester appear during thermal annealing. Ultraviolet irradiation of these radicals leads to the regeneration of alkyl radicals. Hydrogen atoms produced by ultra-violet irradiation of mixtures of hydrogen sulphide and carboxylic esters react to give alkyl and acyl radicals, by a mechanism similar to that proposed for carboxylic acids.


In this study, the characteristic of a vane pump of an automative power steering system is numerically analyzed. The vane pump changes the energy level of operation fluid by converting mechanical input power to hydraulic output. To simulate this mechanism, moving mesh technique is adopted. As a result, the flow rate and pressure are obtained by numerical analysis. The flow rate agrees well with the experimental data. Moreover, the variation and oscillation of the pressure around the rotating vane are confirmed. The difference of pressure appears in the vane tip as a result of the flow characteristics. Furthermore, the back flow into the rotor was observed.


Baseline eosinophils reside in the gastrointestinal tract; however, in several allergic disorders, excessive eosinophils accumulate in the blood as well in the tissues. Recently, we showed in vitro that interleukin (IL)‐18 matures and transforms IL‐5‐generated eosinophils into the pathogenic eosinophils that are detected in human allergic diseases. To examine the role of local induction of IL‐18 in promoting eosinophil‐associated intestinal disorders, we generated enterocyte IL‐18‐overexpressing mice using the rat intestinal fatty acid‐binding promoter (Fabpi) and analysed tissue IL‐18 overexpression and eosinophilia by performing real‐time polymerase chain reaction, Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay and anti‐major basic protein immunostaining. Herein we show that Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice display highly induced IL‐18 mRNA and protein in the jejunum. IL‐18 overexpression in enterocytes promotes marked increases of eosinophils in the blood and jejunum. Our analysis shows IL‐18 overexpression in the jejunum induces a specific population of CD101+ CD274+ tissue eosinophils. Additionally, we observed comparable tissue eosinophilia in IL‐13‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice, and reduced numbers of tissue eosinophils in eotaxin‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 and IL‐5‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice compared with Fabpi‐IL‐18 transgenic mice. Notably, jejunum eosinophilia in IL‐5‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice is significantly induced compared with wild‐type mice, which indicates the direct role of induced IL‐18 in the tissue accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells. Furthermore, we also found that overexpression of IL‐18 in the intestine promotes eosinophil‐associated peanut‐induced allergic responses in mice. Taken together, we provide direct in vivo evidence that induced expression of IL‐18 in the enterocytes promotes eotaxin‐1, IL‐5 and IL‐13 independent intestinal eosinophilia, which signifies the clinical relevance of induced IL‐18 in eosinophil‐associated gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) to food allergens.


The concept of passenger transportation with respect to the current trends of comfort and quality has been examined. The procedures which are able to ensure adequate and high levels of passenger service have been considered. Detailed studies proved the importance of additional services throughout the transportation process.


A system and method for precision welding using a fiber laser is disclosed in which varying intensity laser pulses are spread across the material junction in a number of high aspect ratio areas. The power density applied along each area is varied to accommodate differences in the material characteristics of each material while allowing for the creation of a more uniform weld pool alloy.


The extraction of carrageenan by Eucheumma cottonii using siwalan neera as a solvent which contains pottasium 236mg per 100g and others mineral. Carragenan extract applied on pineapple jelly drink powder as a gelling agent by different concentration. This research was conducted into two stages by 3 times repitition. First, carrageenan extraction using a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the ratio of seaweed with neera siwalan (S) (1:10, 1:20, 1:30) and second factor is extraction time (T) (60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes). Extract of carrageenan was analyzed on yield, viscosity, gel strength, moisture content and ash content. The second stage is application of carrageenan extract on pineapple jelly drink powder (K) with carrageenan concentration differently (K) of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. The parameters analyzed in the second stage are viscosity, gel strength, syneresis, and organoleptic (taste, suction power, and mouthfeel). The results shows that there was a significant effect on the Siwalan neera ratio on the carrageenan produced on yield, viscosity, gel strength, water content. The best carrageenan at stage 1 was produced from the treatment of seaweed and neera siwalan ratio 1:30 with extraction time of 120 minutes (S3T3), namely yield 82.87%, moisture content 15.3%, ash content 15.97%, gel strength 102.95 g/cm2 and 5,3 cP viscosity. The addition of the best extract carrageenan to pineapple jelly drink and it was obtained the best result namely the addition of carrageenan 1% (K2) with viscosity of 2.3 cP, gel strength 8.6615 g/cm2, sineresis (24 hours) 0.9183%, sineresis (48 Hours) 3.5430%, and sineresis (72 Hours) 5.1905%, taste 3.3 (enough in tasting), suction power 3.75 (easy to suck) and mouthfeel 2.9 (enough to feel the gel). Keyword: carrageenan, Eucheumma cottonii, neera Siwalan, pineapple jelly drink powder PENDAHULUAN Karagenan dihasilkan melalui ekstraksi, yang dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi pelarut, suhu, waktu ekstraksi, jenis rumput laut, dan pengendapan. Karagenan pada umumnya diekstrasksi dengan pelarut alkali seperti KOH dan NaOH, berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan ion dalam pelarut tersebut akan


The changes produced in fibrinogen when irradiated with gamma rays in the dry state and in solution were observed. Sedimentation, viscosity, light- scattering, and solubility measurements were used to detect the changes. The concentration dependence of the sedimentation constant of fibrinogen was significantly decreased with irradiation. The intrinsic viscosity of fibrinogen was decreased when irradiated in the dry state. There was a decrease in solubility when the fibrinogen-was irradiated in the dry state and when irradiated in solution. There was apparently considerable fragmentation of the molecule into light components as well as aggregation into heavy components. When the fibrinogen was irradiated in solution, gel formation progressively occurred. At the level of 5 x 10/sup 5/ r gel formation was complete. Comparisons were made with earlier results using soft x rays and high-speed electrons. (auth)


This research aims to determine the pathologies associated with the eruption of the third molar in order to have a broader and more comprehensive picture of the subject. Specifically, we focus on the third molar that usually erupts between approximately 18 and 25 years of age, as well as its different stages of the growth period, which are initiation, proliferation, histodifferentiation, morphodifferentiation and apposition. It also indicates the anatomical considerations of the third molar with respect to its different positions and how its normal evolution is altered. It also indicates the pathogenesis of the eruption of the third molars which can have a triple onset, since the first can be of an infectious type from the oral cavity, the second is of a mechanical type with respect to lack of space and the third is of neurological origin, for which each one of them is detailed.