Electron microscopy, X-ray structural analysis, and microhardness and nanohardness measurements are used to investigate special features of the interrelation between the fine substructure and variation in strength properties of single-phase (TiN) and nanocomposite coatings (TiN/Cu, AlN/Cu, Ti-Si-B-N) in the vicinity of the coating substrate interface and on the coating surface. It is shown that a two-level grain structure with grains 0.1÷0.3 nm in size fragmented into subgrains 0.15÷0.25 nm in size with small angle misorientations Δφ ≤ 5° is found in TiN, TiN/Cu and Ti-Si-B-N coatings. In nanocomposite TiN/Cu coatings the initial hardness Hμ ~ 40 GPa decreases to 20÷22 GPa owing to ageing at T ~ 300 K for t≥ 4 103 h and internal stresses measured by lattice bending-torsion relax. Ti-Si-B-N coatings admixed with oxygen and carbon are characterized by stable values of Hμ ≈ 55÷60 GPa in structural states corresponding to the two-level grain structure of silicon-doped titanium nitride and amorphous grain-boundary phases. In AlN/Cu coatings at a uniform distribution of aluminum nitride nanograins (d Hμ = 12÷15 GPa is governed by a high volume fraction of the metal phase. In the paper we analyzed the application prospects of nanocoatings of types MeN/metal and MeN/amorphous phase (Me-Ti, Zr, V, W, Cr).


Introduction Sexual dysfunctions (SD) are common in patients with schizophrenia. The link between schizophrenia and sexuality is complex. Studies have shown that SD can be linked to the side effects of antipsychotic medications, but also to symptoms of illness. Objectives To identify the clinical and therapeutic factors associated with SD in outpatients with schizophrenia. Methods A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted between Mars and September 2019. It included 53 outpatients with schizophrenia in clinical remission for at least two months. We used the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) to assess clinical symptoms and the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) to assess sexual functioning. Results The average age was 42.28 ±10.49 years old. The sex ratio was 3.81. The mean age of onset was 27.09±5,46 years. The mean duration of illness was 18.11±9.29 years. First-generation antipsychotics were prescribed in 77.4% of cases, while second-generation antipsychotics were prescribed in 39.6% of cases. The average ASEX score was 19.77±5.99, and 67.9% of participants had at least one SD. the analytical study revealed significantly higher average scores for the PANSS-negative subscale (p=0.006) and the PANSS total score (p=0.04) in patients with SD. SD correlated with first-generation antipsychotic treatments (p=0.02). Conclusions Our results show that SD are frequent in patients with schizophrenia and that they are related to the severity of the symptoms, in particular the negative symptoms of illness, and the prescription of first-generation antipsychotics. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


In this research, the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) on ZnO and nickel-doped ZnO (Ni-ZnO) clusters was investigated through the density functional theory (DFT). The study included the interaction with ionized MB, neutral MB, ionized MO and neutral MO. In the case of Ni-doped ZnO, the two probabilities of nickel multiplicities (1 and 3) have been included in the investigation. The interaction between water and ZnO cluster as well as water with Ni-ZnO multiplicity 1 and multiplicity 3 was also studied. The results showed that nickel doping can decrease the bandgap 25.38% which is promising to shift the UV source to the visible range in the photocatalytic process. For photocatalyst application it will bring the more benefit because it requires the lower energy. Moreover, the nickel doped induce the dye adsorp stronger when the dye attached to dircetly the zinc ion. This guide to design the N-doped ZnO photocatalyst with no nickel atoms on the surface of the photocatalyst.


This research was supported by a grant from the Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, Office of Surface Mining, U.S. Department of Interior.


A Fundamental Study on the Prevention of the Salty Wind Damages due to the Foaming of Sea Water (Preliminary report) Tomosaburo ABE,Teruaki ONO and Motoaki KISHINO Abstract : The physical properties of the stable foam of sea water (for example, density, surface tension and viscosity etc.) have not been fully studied, althongh they are very important factors in oceanography, especially, relating to the salty wind damages. In this paper, those properties were treated as fundamental constants on the preventions of the disasters, and they were measured at actual seashore.


ing rules beyond specific items, because it is confined to patterns of linguistic items that have been encountered in the input, and it is blind to novel items. Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, and Vishton (1999) proposed that an algebra-like system is in place in humans, which enables them to extract algebraic rules and apply them to new input, after having been briefly exposed to small amounts of input. These algebraic rules describe relationships between categories (variables) such as "the first item is the same as the third item" (e.g. li_na_li). This conclusion was reached after carrying out an artificial grammar study in which after a couple of minutes of exposure to AAB, ABB and ABA strings of syllables (such as le_le_di, ga_ti_ti, li_na_li) 7-month-olds generalized the underlying structure to new strings, such as ko_ko_ba, wo_fe_fe, de_ko_de. An algebra-like system addresses the case of generalizing to novel input, but it does not explain how humans tune into such algebraic rules, and what the factors (if any) in the linguistic input are that facilitate or impede this process. Gomez and Gerken (2000) drew a conceptual distinction between the types of abstractions that language learners make: pattern-based abstractions and category-based abstractions. A pattern-based abstraction is a relation between perceptual characteristics of elements, such as a relation based on physical identity, e.g. ba-ba (ba is followed by ba), while a category-based abstraction is an operation over abstract variables (X is followed by X, where X is a variable), for example, a Noun-Verb-Noun generalization is based on recognizing an identity relation over the abstract linguistic category of noun (which can be construed as a variable that takes specific nouns as different values). This paper addresses the following question: what triggers and what limits the inductive leap from memorizing specific linguistic items to extracting general rules? More specifically, what triggers the abovementioned mechanisms of rule extraction: perceptually-bound rules vs. category-based abstractions? Are these mechanisms two different outcomes of the same learning system governed by the same principle? What ignites generalizations that go beyond perceptually-bound abstractions to rules that apply to linguistic categories? 2. An Entropy Model for Linguistic Generalization This paper proposes a new approach to rule extraction and generalization from an information-theoretic perspective, namely an entropy model. Entropy, as an information-theoretic concept, quantifies the amount of uncertainty, i.e. the average unpredictability in the input (Shannon, 1948). For a random variable X, with n outcomes {x1, x2 ... xn}, Shannon's entropy, denoted by H(X), is defined as:


Intuitionism—in some form or another—is the most widely recognized and thoroughly discussed method of justification for moral theories. It rests on the claim that a moral theory must not deviate too much from our pre-theoretical moral convictions (or at least those that we are prepared to hold on reflection). In some form or another, this methodology goes back at least as far as Aristotle, and has been discussed, refined, and defended by such contemporary philosophers as John Rawls and Norman Daniels. There is, however, another methodology for constructing and defending moral theories. It draws on premises about human nature or the nature of persons to support conclusions about the nature and structure of morality. This method—which I will call the nature to morality methodology—evaluates a moral claim or moral theory on the basis of its relation to some (alleged) facts about the kind of beings we are. For brevity, I will use the term 'nature-claims' to refer to claims about human nature or the nature of persons, and the term 'nature-facts' to refer to true nature-claims. The nature-claims that have been used to support or criticize various moral theories include claims about human motivation, personal identity, the human soul, and the conceptual features of personhood or rational agency.


Accurate identification of students' musical potential is often a problem in courses designed to instruct college students in fundamentals of music. Additionally, the need for objective testing of achievement throughout the term of instruction becomes apparent particularly when multiple sections are taught by different instructors. With the advent of Iowa Tests of l\Iusic Literacy (ITML). a series of six tests designed to sequentially assess growth in aural and notationa I understanding, developed by Edwin Gordon (3), author also of Musical Aptitude Profile (MAP) (4), it seemed opportune to compare various relationships among test batteries while concurrently assessing student progress. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the appropriateness of use of J\,fAP and ITML for non-select college age students. It was also of interest to examine the possible predictive strength of either MAP or ITML-Level 1 for achievement on successive levels of ITML. MAP scores were used as an aid in diagnosing students' music aptitude strengths and weaknesses prior to a semester of training. ITML scores aided in determining if individual needs were being met through the instruction process.


Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) has demonstrated great promises of in-situ matrix-vector multiplications to accelerate deep neural networks. However, subject to the intrinsic properties of analog processing, most of the proposed ReRAM-based accelerators require excessive costly ADC/DAC to avoid distortion of electronic analog signals during inter-tile transmission. Moreover, due to bit-shifting before addition, prior works require longer cycles to serially calculate partial sum compared to multiplications, which dramatically restricts the throughput and is more likely to stall the pipeline between layers of deep neural networks. In this paper, we present a novel ReRAM-based photonic accelerator (PHANES) architecture, which calculates multiplications in ReRAM and parallel weighted accumulations during optical transmission. Such photonic paradigm also serves as high-fidelity analog-analog links to further reduce ADC/DAC. To circumvent the memory wall problem, we further propose a progressive bit-depth technique. Evaluations show that PHANES improves the energy efficiency by 6.09x and throughput density by 14.7x compared to state-of-the-art designs. Our photonic architecture also has great potentials for scalability towards very-large-scale accelerators.


A disease cluster is an aggregation of occurrences of a disease. The observa tion of a perceived excess number of similar illnesses is termed disease clustering. Statistical tests for disease clustering investigate if the observed pattern of cases in at least one geographical area could possibly have happened by chance alone. This pattern may be spatial, temporal, or both. Investigating possible cancer clusters in British Columbia for the period of 1983—1989 inclusive is the objective of this thesis. Whether or not cancer clustering appears near pulp and paper mills within the province is of specific interest. The geographical units upon which our investigation will be based are the B.C. school districts. The variation in size and population demographics among districts requires a cluster detection method which is considerate of the underlying population distribution within the study region. School district population size diversity requires a modification to the Besag and Newell (1991) method. This modification is implemented with B.C. school district data and several possible clusters are detected for various types of cancer.


An earlier draft of this paper was presented to the University and College Labor Education Association/AFL-CIO Education Conference "Forging a Labor Community Agenda: Race, Class and Gender and the Fight for Economic Justice," held April 8-11, 1999, in Atlanta, Georgia. The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the Toronto Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement, and excellent research assistance provided by Giovanna Surian.


Pesticides are, by definition, poisons. Designed to kill living organisms, they are one of the few substances that are both toxic and deliberately released into the environment. These twin properties make pesticides unique as environmental contaminants /!/. Pesticides are present in almost every environmental media that has been monitored—including surface water, ground water, ambient air, household dust, soil, fog, rain, and snow 121. A recent national survey by the United States (U.S.) Geological Survey found pesticide residues in every stream monitored 737. Of common foods sampled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Pesticide Data Program, pesticide residues were found in more than 70 percent of fruits and vegetables, more than 60 percent of wheat samples, and 99 percent of milk samples /1,47. They are also found in the bodies of nearly all U.S. adults and children 71,5,6-87. Concerns about a possible link between pesticides and breast cancer are longstanding. Ten common pesticides have been associated with increases in


Eurocode 8 is a useful document providing systematic guidance for the seismic design of buildings and other structures. It is difficult to apply to countries outside of Europe however as it appears to have a very limited definition of the seismic hazard that is basically expressed in terms of the peak ground acceleration having a 10% probability of being exceeded in the next 50 years (equivalent to a return period of 475 years). It does incorporate spectral shapes that are anchored to this peak ground acceleration, however, and this enables earthquake ground motion response spectra thresholds, that define when seismic ground motion needs to be considered and whether ductile detailing of superstructures is necessary, to be estimated. Response spectra are very helpful as they give a direct indication of the distortion that a structure is ilkely to experience during the design seismic ground motion provided that the fundamental period of the structure is known. The study reported in this paper includes a preliminary probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Malaysia including Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah. This assessment is based on the USGS database for earthquakes in the past 40 years, combined with recently developed attenuation relationships by the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). Design response spectra having a 10% probability of being exceeded in the next 50 years applicable to bedrock sites were developed for several locations in Malaysia. It is shown that these vary considerably both in terms of magnitude and in terms of spectral shape. These spectra are compared with the Eurocode 8 design thresholds and recommendations for seismic design in Malaysia are made.


This research uses the threshold concept framework as a lens to define entrepreneurship as an academic subject and suggest approaches to entrepreneurship education in higher education informed by how students understand it. A staged stakeholder curriculum inquiry has been conducted, interrogating the perspective of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship educators and students of entrepreneurship education. By researching the distinctive way entrepreneurs think and practise, candidate threshold concepts (CTCs) in entrepreneurship have been identified. Approaches to educating students in entrepreneurship within a framework of engagement are suggested, together with a means of assessing students' experiences of learning entrepreneurship.
A conceptual framework to inform entrepreneurship education is presented, responding to calls for such an approach (Blenker, Elmholdt, Frederiksen, Korsgaard, & Wagner, 2014; Fayolle, 2013; Nabi, Linan, Fayolle, Krueger, & Walmsley, 2017; Neck & Corbett, 2018). Applying the threshold concept framework serves as a counter discourse to the commodification of learning, to which entrepreneurship is particularly vulnerable. This research assumes that there are distinctive ways entrepreneurs think and practise and builds on research that argues entrepreneurs are distinguishable according to their cognitive tendencies (Shaver & Scott, 1992). It also assumes that these ways of thinking and practising can be developed in higher education and that students can be educated to think and practise like entrepreneurs (Palich & Bagby, 1995).
Taking an interpretivist and social constructivist approach, entrepreneurship has been treated as a socially constructed phenomena and a qualitative research approach has been adopted. A staged stakeholder curriculum inquiry involving semi-structured interviews, a Delphi survey and concept mapping workshops has been conducted with ten entrepreneurs, eighteen entrepreneurship educators and forty-eight students.
By identifying CTCs in entrepreneurship and gathering perspectives on effective ways to educate students in them; the bounded and integrative characteristics of threshold concepts enable a definition of entrepreneurship and inform the development of entrepreneurship curricula.


Running a-12 year compulsory education program, Indonesia government issuing some policies to support program implementation. Jokowi's administration office is currently undergoing the program as slated in the 2015-2019 of National Mid-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) which aims to provide services, enlargement, and equal opportunity for every citizen to gain a well education until 21 year-old to at least accomplish senior education level. Therefore the engagement from key stakeholders is significantly needed to increase the participation rate of people in accessing education. One of the important role derives from media industry. Media is expected to be responsible for the issue dissemination of a-12 year compulsory education program. Kompas and Koran Sindo are notably local newspapers whose daily column discussing a lot of education issues from across the country. Through this research, will be analyzed how the two newspapers construct the issue of a-12 year compulsory education program based on text from elected articles.


In this paper,high 1,4-cis polybutadiene was synthesized with nickel catalyst system in which dibutylmagnesium(MgBu_2) partly or totally substituted triisobutylaluminium(Al(i-Bu)_3) as alkylating agent.The kinetics of butadiene polymerization was investigated,and the microstructure and properties of the synthetic polybutadiene were characterized by FTIR,GPC,Mooney viscosimeter,etc.It is found that propagation rate of polymerization of butadiene increases remarkably when MgBu_2 was added into the catalyst system;molecular weight,molecular weight distribution and Mooney viscosity of the synthetic polybutadiene keep steadily;1,4-cis content decreases slightly without deteriorating,comparing with Ni-Al-B catalyst system.


We propose a robust programming model for dense ensembles of ultra miniaturized computing nodes which are deployed in bulk fashion, e.g. embedded into building materials. We sketch a hardware reference model as an initial guide to the application domain, then we describe a programming model based on mobile code fragments which self assemble into larger structures. We outline a simple representative application that we have developed and tested on a system simulator.


My conception of "practice-oriented-mathematical-education", which must be seen as one point of view side-by-side with others, has the aim to qualify pupils to master life and is based on a method of working on problems which are true to life. Therefore I plead for geometry teaching, where the formation of sound geometric concepts and the relevance of applications of geometry in everyday life is important. After discussing this conception a schedule of activities of everyday life where geometry could help, and the description of four units of geometry in everyday life, are given.


With the development of electronic technology,the circuit measurements have become increasingly demanding.A method to realize digital oscilloscope is proposed,which based on the theory of digital oscilloscope,using the microcontroller and FPGA core as the control core.System consists of signal conditioning,programmable amplification,compare and shaping, clock generation,sampling control,frequency measurement and calibration signal generator module.Measurable frequency ranges from 10Hz to 10MHz,the amplitude ranges from 2mV to 20V,has 11 kinds of vertical sensitivity,21 kinds of scanning speed.Real-time sampling〈1MSa/s,equivalent sampling〉20MSa/s,using of inner trigger,the trigger level is adjustable,and can provide a frequency of 100KHz square wave calibration signal.Practice shows that the entire system is stable,has friendly interface and simple operation.


Total glycosides were extracted from soybean hypocotyl ,Where isoflavone glycosides were isolated with C18reversed phase column chromatography. Finally isoflavone aglycones were prepared by hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides.The purity and contents of isoflavone aglycones were assayed with thin layer chromatograghy (TLC) and high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC).


Pages seem to pulse as they fill the senses with rhythm, setting, and pattern. Reflecting attitude and time, young readers and listeners are inducted into the world of . . . jazz. Music and musicians are represented in visual and textual styles that mix and balance, amplify, and absorb, like the sounds that jazz makes.


I'm delighted to introduce our new Editor-in-Chief Helen Cullington. Helen has a long history of involvement with Cochlear Implants International. She has played all roles within the Journal: subscriber since the very first issue in 2000, author since 2003; reviewer since 2010; on the Editorial Board since 2013, and assistant editor since 2016. Our two previous Editors-inChief were men – it is time to have a woman. Women are underrepresented among Editors-inChief of leading medical journals (around 21%) (Pinho-Gomes et al. 2021). Helen has worked clinically in the cochlear implant field for 29 years – at six cochlear implant centres around the world, and is also active in research https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-2020. She is currently Chair of the British Cochlear Implant Group (BCIG).


PollowHiitf the election Monday in which the student body failed to overrule tho Student Councils decision to combine the Rice Owl and the Alumni News, the council Monday afternoon placed the student side of the publishing of the new magazine in the hands of a committee composed of Harold Marsh, Jr., Graham (taker Student, Bob Cooke, senior representative to the council, and George Forristall, treasurer of the Student Association. The students voted 281 to 205 to overrule the Student Council and halt the merger, this majority was short of the three-fourths vote required to veto an act of the council. Alumni Representatives The alumni association Thursday appointed Fred Shelton '20, instructor in French; Bill Hudspeth 'tig, with the Gulf Publishing Company; and George J. Winston '28, insurance salesman, to represent the alumni on the controlling committee. The seventh member will be Weldon Caba-niss, executive secretary of the alumni association. These three appointees Friday afternoon announced their acceptance of the positions. This committee, the council decided , will have full charge of publishing the magazine. Under the committee will work editor Ben Blanton, former editor of the Owl, who proposed and was the chief backer of the plan which has resulted in the formation of a new publication, the Kice Owl Alumnus. Saunders Replaces Tilton As business manager replacing Jim Tilton, who withdrew because of scholastic deficiencies, the committee chose Oavid Saunders, present assistant business manager. Next year, the council decided, Carey King,' present assistant editor , and Saunders will serve as editor and business manager. Thereafter the editors and business managers will be chosen by the committee The council left the choice of Til-ton's successor to the committee, and since the alumni has as yet taken little part in the affair, the decision was placed entirely in the hands of the student members of the committee. Marsh, Cooke, and Forristall se-Nine new associates were chosen to membership in the society of Sig-ma Xi, honorary science group, and dxteen former associates were promoted to full-fledged membership Monday afternoon in the Administration Building office of Dr. The new associate members, chosen >n the basis of scholastic excellence in scientific subjects, are Henry Promotions to full-fledged membership , granted after several years of graduate study, were given to Dr. Lover Finds Way "Love always finds a way" or "Courtship under supreme difficulties ." That might be the title for this tale about a …


Heterogeneous ice nucleation in the atmosphere is not fully understood. In particular, our knowledge of biological materials and their atmospheric ice nucleation properties remains scarce. Here, we present the results from systematic investigations of the ice nucleation activity of plant materials using cryo-microscopy. We examined berry juices, frozen berries, as well as extracts of leaves and dried berries of plants native to boreal regions. All of our samples possess reasonable ice nucleation activity. Their ice nucleating particle concentrations per unit of water volume vary between 9.7 × 105 and 9.2 × 109 cm−3 when examined within temperatures of −12 to −34 °C. Mean freezing temperatures ranged from −18.5 to −45.6 °C. We show that all samples contained ice nuclei in a size range below 0.2 µm and remain active if separated from coarse plant tissue. The results of examining ice nucleation properties of leaves and dry berry extracts suggests that their ice-nucleating components can be easily suspended in water. Sea buckthorn and black currant were analyzed using subtilisin (a protease) and urea. Results suggest proteinaceous compounds to play an important role in their ice nucleation activity. These results show that separation between ice nucleation particles stemming from microorganisms and those stemming from plants cannot be differentiated solely on proteinaceous features. Further oxidation experiments with ozone showed that black currant is highly stable towards ozone oxidation, indicating a long atmospheric life time.


Many musicians (whether composers, performers, or writers) see rhythm as the most fundamental and indispensable element of music. But paradoxically, the general recognition of the paramount importance of the durational parameters of music (rhythm and meter), ended up working against them: the 'naturalness' of rhythm and meter made theorists feel too confident that their own aesthetic preferences reflected the essence of these parameters. The result is the subordinate position attributed to rhythm and meter by traditional music theory, which seeks to understand them in relation to pitch structure. Just in Time: Towards a Theory of Rhythm and Metre1 instead proposes a purely durational approach which assesses the operation and qualities (mainly salience and kinesis) of rhythm and meter, and their interaction with other music parameters. Considering that a sound event can be basically characterised by its duration and frequency, Maury Yeston2 schematises two basic theoretical approaches to music — the pitch-to-rhythm methodology and the rhythmto-pitch methodology. If traditional theory represents the pitch-to-rhythm approach, assuming that rhythmic structure is significant only to the extent that pitch structure makes it so, then a more adequate theory of rhythm and meter, inspired by the rhythm-to-pitch approach, should be able to address and ultimately model perceptual qualities arising entirely from the durational parameters of music. Some indications of this can be seen in the empirical work


An ultrasound scanning apparatus, a breathing machine, a medical system and a related method. The ultrasound scanning apparatus (42) comprises an ultrasound scanning unit (421), an ultrasound controller (423) for controlling the operation of the ultrasound scanning unit (421), detecting the operation state of the ultrasound scanning unit (421), generating a first enable signal when detecting that the operation state of the ultrasound scanning unit (421) is transferred from an operating state to a non-operating state and generating a second enable signal when detecting that the operation state of the ultrasound scanning unit (421) is transferred from the non-operating state to the operating state, and an enable output end (422) for transmitting the first enable signal or the second enable signal to the breathing machine to control the running of the breathing machine (41). By means of transmitting the enable signal from the ultrasound scanning apparatus (42) to the breathing machine (41) and providing a reference for the subsequent operation of the breathing machine, whether providing mechanical ventilation or not during ultrasound scanning will be determined as required.


The crystal structure of potassic-ferrisadanagaite, (K 0.66Na0.32)S0.98 (Ca1.73Na0.23Mn0.04)S2.00 (Mg0.55Fe 2+ 2.16Mn0.25Fe 3+ 1.11 Al0.78Ti0.19)S5.00 (Si5.33Al2.67)S8.00 O22 [(OH)1.21F0.41O0.38]S2.00, a 9.9309(1), b 18.0949(3), c 5.3681(1) A, b 105.19(2)°, V 930.9(1) A 3 , C2/m, Z = 2, D(calc) = 3.36 g/cm 3 , has been refined using the Rietveld method to the following values: Rp = 3.5, RB = 2.6%. Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to characterize the Fe 3+ /(Fe 2+ + Fe 3+ ) value, and site populations were assigned on the basis of the refined site-scattering values at the A-, B -, and C-group sites, the unit formula calculated from the results of the chemical analysis, and the observed mean bond-lengths. The T(1) site is approximately half-occupied by [4] Al (2.15 apfu: atoms per formula unit) and the T(2) site is significantly occupied by [4] Al (0.66 apfu according to the distance). This distribution is in accord with no T Al‐O‐ T Al linkages in the structure (in accord with the absence of Ca at the A site). In the presence of large amounts of T Al (>> 2 apfu), linkage between the octahedron strip and the double-chain of tetrahedra is maintained by incorporation of large cations at the M(1), M(2) and M(3) sites (Fe 2+ ! Mg, Fe 3+ ! Al) and maximal kinking of the double-chain of tetrahedra (the latter being facilitated by K ! Na at the A site).


This paper considers the determinants of civil conflict, using a zero-inflated modelling approach that deals with the problem of excess zero observations, which we argue are related to two distinct data generation processes. Despite their continued use in the literature, traditional probit and logit models have limited capacity in dealing with this issue and can create misleading results. This is illustrated by estimating the model in Elbadawi and Sambanis (2002) using their data and a zero-inflated modelling procedure, which leads to results that suggest a role for the grievance variables in contrast to the original article. A general greed-grievance model is then estimated on a sample of 134 countries, over 54 years. Again, while the standard probit model results tend to emphasise opportunity variables, as found in other studies, the zero-inflated model gives more support for grievance effects. In particular, polity, ethnicity and inequality are found to play a significant role in contrast to earlier studies.


The origin of the instability observed in the bromate–sulfite‐proton system is discussed. This is known as the subsystem of some pH oscillators which provides the positive feedback channel for H+. It is composed of the following two fast equilibria: H++SO2−3↔HSO−3 and H++HSO−3↔H2SO3 and the oxidation of HSO−3 and H2SO3 by BrO−3 to recover the initially supplied proton as 3HSO−3+BrO−3→3SO2−4+Br−+3H+ and 3H2SO3+BrO−3→3SO2−4+Br−+6H+. This scheme exhibits bistability under flow conditions. It gives rise to chemical oscillations if it is coupled with a simple linear decay process of H+ as a negative feedback channel. It is also capable of exhibiting chaotic behavior in the presence of HCO−3. We analyze the nature of the strong nonlinearity provided by the above scheme in detail and show that it arises essentially from the fast reaction of H2SO3 with bromate. The simplicity of the scheme enables us to describe the system dynamics with three variables without any approximation. As a result, we now have a model i...


Correction for 'Non-thermal plasma assisted surface nano-textured carboxymethyl guar gum/chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications' by Ganeswar Dalei et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 1705–1716.


"PC crime is a corporate fact of life, and as proprietary information becomes a strategic resource, its loss through manipulation, theft and viral infection threatens the very survival of businesses [Bakst, pg 44]." Awareness of security is an increasingly important topic in the business world, and in many other areas where computers are an essential part of the organization. As corporations attempt to protect their competitive positions in the national and international markets, managers are striving to prevent situations that could compromise the secrecy of their corporate information. One could speculate that protecting a company's information reserves and its information processing machinery would be a top priority security concern, but it's interesting to note that in a survey of Fortune 500 companies with average MIS budgets of approximately 20 million, over half allocated less than 0.5% to security [Farhoomand and Murphy, pg 67]. Awareness is increasing, but resources have not been allocated in response.


Depending on the length (n) and the nature of the end group (X), structurally flexible oligoamides OAT and OATe were found to be good organogelators and their mixtures showed narcissistic self-sorting in both the xerogel and wet gel states.


BACKGROUND: The increase of tuberculosis (TB) has been compounded by the emergence of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains which have contributed to an increased case-fatality rate of TB. This situation presents a need for more rapid diagnostic methods in order to diagnose and treat more quickly. New technologies involving DNA amplification techniques have provided an opportunity for more rapid diagnosis.


We have observed two patients with generalized pustular psoriasis, an index case and his maternal uncle, and noted the likely presence of the condition in an additional uncle and grandmother. Early onset of the disease in childhood was noted, as well as usual survival of affected patients into adult life. Isolation of β -hemolytic streptococci from the skin of one of our patients, and development of pustular lesions at the site of an intradermal streptococcal skin test, followed by a generalized exacerbation of pustular psoriasis, suggested streptococcal infections were significant aggravating factors. A localized sunburn reaction also reproduced, clinically and histologically, typical lesions of pustular psoriasis in this patient. Serum calcium levels were typically decreased in our patients and were related to hypoalbuminemia. Levels of parathyroid hormone were normal. The values for IgG were significantly decreased.


ABSTRACT A simple rectangular element having 2d.o.f/node at each node is developed. This element is based on the strain approach. From some numerical examples, by using the concept of static condensation it is concluded that the exact solutions can be obtained. This element is nonconforming but satisfies the patch test and produces results which are acceptable within practical engineering accuracy even when few elements are employed.


'Coloured' identities in many ways function as the conscience of South Africa. Amidst the continuing deep alienation between the races brought about by apartheid, the coloured people of South Africa are a visible reminder of what South Africa could have been without apartheid. Moreover, places such as District Six in Cape Town, Sophiatown, Mayfair, Fordsburg and other areas in Johannesburg and Grey Street in Durban, Marabastad in Pretoria once significantly populated by people in different racial categories, are a continuing demonstration of the folly of apartheid. Such places are meaningful because people of different 'racial groups' lived and worked together there in relative peace and over long periods of time. At the same time, research focusing on 'coloured identities' has been lacking, for two main reasons. These reasons are first that 'coloured identity' is an extremely elusive concept because 'coloured people' have, insofar as they can be described as a distinctive group, tended historically to be viewed in South Africa as a 'minority group' that does not warrant separate research attention. Second, many coloured people accepted the identity the government attempted to impose on all 'coloured people', making it a hazardous research task to determine which identities dominate social formation among 'coloured people'. In spite of the apartheid government's attempts, however, today no single coloured identity or definition of colouredness can be identified; rather, there are multiple identities based on regionalism, language and ideology. These facts alone make any serious book attempting to analyse 'coloured identities' in South Africa a welcome and muchneeded undertaking, especially a book with the apt and imaginative title of Coloured by History, Shaped by Place. A formidable task awaits the researcher attempting to pinpoint a distinctive 'coloured identity' apart from the identities of other South Africans. The old apartheid government attempted to impose its own ideas of what South Africans' identities were through legislation and policy. However, this did not work because


VSR is a new method after the development of heat aging. It is a technique working under periodic external forces to impel parts to vibrate, to adjust and homogenize residual stress, and to maintain part's mechanical size and accuracy, etc. VSR theory is introduced and experiments are carried out to indicate the significant distinguishes of residual stress eliminating between VCR and the traditional heat aging.


AC photothermal method was used for measuring thermal diffusivity of thin film materials with the measurable range from 10 -7 to 10 -3 m 2/s. There are several systematic errors in measurements of different samples such as the two dimensional effect, heat loss effect, air layer effect and the edge reflection effect. Those systematic errors caused in measuring samples of different thin film materials were analyzed and the way for their reduction and correction was simply reviewed. Various samples, such as polymer film, stainless steel foil, copper foil and CVD diamond film were measured.


The aim of this paper is to present proof and program development in in-tuitionistic logic and attempt to automating this with tactics and strategies. It is important in computer science to have correct programs and much work has been devoted to this aspect. Typically, the study of the relationships between intuitionistic logic and computer science leads to the programming with proofs, i.e., extracting (correct) programs from proofs. We present program and proof developments using suitable tactics or tacticals with the aim of automating the proof construction and extracting interesting and eecient programs from proofs. Proof (and program) development examples are given showing the relationships between data representations, programs and proofs. Moreover, some remarks about related work and possible future research are given.


Although spontaneous chromosomal aberrations are generally rare, high aberration rates have been reported from time to time in corn,1-4 Tradescantia,5 and Drosophila melanogaster.6' 7 Recently more than forty new chromosome aberrations have appeared in Drosophila robusta in this laboratory. This outburst is made particularly interesting by evidence that the factors responsible involve a maternal effect. Materials and Methods.-Carson and Stalker8 described the widespread gene arrangements of Drosophila robusta Sturtevant, a species inhabiting the deciduous woods of eastern North America. Since 1947, the author has been studying chromosomal variations in wild population of this species. The analyses9-1" have endeavored to determine the complete karyotypes of collected adults by progeny testing. Collected males and, since 1950, despermed females as well have been crossed to stock flies homozygous for known gene arrangements, and 8-10 larval salivary gland smears from each cross have been examined. Many of the analyses of captured females were continued further for crossover studies.12 Some of the wild strains were inbred to provide strains for population cage studies.9 The most recent experimental population studies (unpublished) have included analyses of adult samples similar to those described above for the wild populations. The homozygous stock used in any progeny test was chosen in a routine and essentially random way, governed only by the availability of the stock, the current "health" of its cultures, etc. Several stocks were commonly used in the crosses made on any given day, and the crosses using the various stocks were not segregated in the containers or incubators. The stocks regularly contributing virgins and males for the progeny tests and their histories follow: 1. STy: homozygous for all the "Standard" gene arrangements; developed by the author in 1948 by inbreeding descendants of a female collected in Tibbetts Brook Park, Yonkers, Westchester County, New York. The stock has been lost several times in this laboratory but kindly replenished from a duplicate maintained by H. L. Carson. About one year ago, a duplicate substrain, dubbed "STy-B," was established here, and the continuation of the original stock was named "STrA." 2. STp,-A and ST,1-B: duplicate substrains of a vigorous stock obtained from the cross of a despermed 1960 Swarthmore, Delaware County, Pennsylvania female and STy males when she proved to be homozygous Standard in all arms.


Factors influencing on the frequency of breast cancer metastasis into parasternal lymph collector were analyzed for 118 patients. Involvement of parasternal lymph nodes was diagnosed in 19 (16,1 %) of patients. Significant effect of the number of involved axillary lymph nodes on the detection frequency of metastases in parasteral lymph nodes and reduction in survival rate of these patients were found.


Law firm leaders must innovate in an era when ideas are the new currency and complacency is a serious commercial risk.


In our software system Descartes we have implemented a wide range of interactive map-based tools intended to support exploratory analysis of spatial data and decision-making in a geographic context. The tools can be accessed through the Web and, hence, could potentially serve a broad user community. However, the novelty of the tools makes them difficult to understand and use. The users need instructions that could also be provided over the Web. Preferably, the system should recommend appropriate instruments and assist in applying them according to particular user's goals. This was the rationale for developing an intelligent guidance subsystem within Descartes. The paper describes the implementation of the guidance subsystem. A special emphasis is made put on the decision support facilities of Descartes and on how the guidance subsystem can help users in utilising them.


According to importance of design of indoor water supply for plot,it analyzes influencing of function of building to water metering and design of indoor water supply pipe network,and points out design should be based on reasonable and convenience operation,which will be benefit for living of people.


Retinal dystrophies are characterized by the degeneration of vision-supporting photoreceptor cells of the retina, leading to irreversible blindness. It is a heterogeneous group of diseases that can be caused by mutations on more than 150 identified genes with diverse functions (http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/Retnet/home.htm). Retinal dystrophies can be classified based on whether the rod or the cone photoreceptor cells are affected first, and based on the onset and progression of vision loss [1]. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is in clear contrast with other inherited retinal dystrophies in that both rod and cone photoreceptor cells are affected from the onset of the disease [1]. The second major characteristic of LCA is that the progression to complete blindness is fast, making it the most devastating form of inherited retinal dystrophies [1]. In most cases, visual handicap is diagnosed before one year of age and progresses to legal blindness in early adulthood [2]. Other signs of the disease are an extinguished or severely reduced scotopic and photopic electroretinogram, absent or diminished pupillary response to light, and nystagmus (roaming eye movements) [3]. It is a rare disease, affecting approximately 1:30,000 people worldwide but it is the first cause of inherited blindness in children [2].


BACKGROUND
COVID-19 containment measures curb viral spread but may hamper walking mobility. As a low daily step count is associated with increased noncommunicable diseases and mortality, assessing the relationship between pandemic responses and walking mobility can help trade-off public health measures. We investigated the association between containment stringency and walking mobility across 60 countries in the period between January 21, 2020 and January 21, 2022 and modeled how this could impact mortality hazard.

METHODS
Walking mobility was measured through the Apple Mobility Trends, containment measures stringency index through the Oxford COVID-19 response tracker (which considers local policies on closures, healthcare, and economy), and meteorological data by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather stations. Walking mobility was regressed over stringency in a mixed-effect model with weather variables as covariates. The impact of stringency on all-cause mortality due to reduced mobility was modeled based on regression results, prepandemic walking mobility, and the association between step count and all-cause mortality hazard.

RESULTS
Across the 60 countries, the average stringency was 55 (9) (mean [SD]) out of 100. Stringency was negatively associated with walking mobility; a log-linear model fitted data better than a linear one, with a regression coefficient for stringency on ln (walking mobility) (95% confidence interval) of  -1.201 × 10-2 (-1.221 × 10-2 to -1.183 × 10-2). Increasing stringency, thus decreasing walking mobility, nonlinearly incremented the modeled all-cause mortality hazard by up to ∼40%.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, walking mobility was negatively associated with containment measures stringency; the relationship between stringency, mobility, and the subsequent impact on health outcomes may be nonlinear. These findings can help in balancing pandemic containment policies.


A metabolic network is a set of interconnected metabolic pathways (subnetworks). Until recently, metabolic studies were dedicated to a single pathway, but current researches now consider the entire network. As matter stands, existing visualization tools cannot be used to undertake these global studies since they have been designed to probe metabolic pathways. For the purpose of making it feasible, this paper presents a graph drawing algorithm for the whole metabolic network. Our collaboration with biologists led us to introduce drawing constraints which take into account the decomposition of the network into metabolic pathways as well as biochemical textbook drawing conventions. These constraints raise numerous graph drawing problems which are solved by first recursively decomposing the network then applying suitable graph drawing algorithms. Finally, we present an application that illustrates the advantage of this representation when visualizing groups of reactions which span several metabolic pathways


The duration of the periods of risk to the health of the population of the influence of cold in combination with wind in the territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was assessed according to the integral indicator of the conditions of the body's cooling (IPOOO). Health risk based on average monthly temperatures and wind in the subarctic (No. 1) zone 8 months. (two critical, 6 moderate), territories No. 2 (Krasnoyarsk) and No. 3 (Minusinsk) — 6 and 5 months. (moderate). When analyzed by Q25-Q75 intervals, the duration of the risk periods increased by 1–2 months. In the first territory, the risk of critical cooling of the body increased by 1 month; the rest are moderate. At the minimum temperature and maximum wind in the subarctic zone, the period of critical risk of cooling the body is 5 months, catastrophic — 2. In the region of Krasnoyarsk 2–3 months, Minusinsk 3 months. the risk is critical. Determination of the IPUOO based on the data of average monthly temperatures and wind speed does not allow to fully determine the risk of cold influence; analysis by indicators of ranges of 25 and 75 quartiles in the conditions of three territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory indicates its presence within 1–2 months, and also indicates a more significant degree of risk. In conditions of minimum temperatures and maximum wind, the period of risk of cold influence lengthens to 9–10 months a year, the nature of the degree of risk increases significantly, including critical and catastrophic. This must be taken into account when determining the length of time for safe work in an open area. With extreme indicators of the state of physical factors in an open area, the «contribution» to the value of the IPOOO wind speed increases more significantly: the minimum temperature is 1.2–1.3 times, the maximum wind is 3.1–5.1 times.


The critical exponents of 3D X–Y system - a random array of Josephson junctions - differ from model calculations but are close to those found for spin glasses. Although in apparent contradiction with Harris's criterion, we ascribe this behaviour to randomness in coupling energies. The model gives very good agreement with the experimental results.


This study presents the species of Habranthus (Amaryllidaceae) from the Espinhaco Range, states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In this region, the genus is represented by seven species: H. bahiensis, H. botumirimensis, H. datensis, H. irwinianus, H. itaobinus, H. lucidus and H. sylvaticus. A key to the four genera of Amaryllidaceae that occur in the Espinhaco Range, a key and a diagnostic table for the species of Habranthus, plus descriptions, illustrations, comments and geographic distribution of these species are presented.


Woolf is a self-conscious experimenter of contemporary novel, and her writing with feminization represents her pursuit for artistic experiment. On the basis of feminist view, she makes a bold creation of novel arts, though implicit relater and female consciousness, these techniques, fully displaying her independent thinking on gender writing as a feminist writer. Meanwhile, her unique modern narrative makes her a successful example of female writing in contemporary literature.


Cavitation is the process of formation of voids and clouds of bubbles in liquids under tension. Cavitation and the ability of liquids to withstand tension are therefore topics of considerable importance in a number of disciplines in pure and applied science. The monograph begins with a historical survey of early cavitation research which started with the pioneering work of F M L Donny and Marcelin Berthelot. The theoretical and experimental background to cavitation and the tensile strength of liquids - static and dynamic stressing of liquids and bubble studies - is then discussed before the practical consequences are considered. It is these 'applied' areas in which cavitation has most bearing on everyday life: engineers and marine architects must have an appreciation of the effects of cavitation on hydraulic machinery and ships' propellers while the cavitation properties of the liquid coolant can play a large part in the design and safety of fast nuclear reactors. In the medical field cavitation effects are met in joint cracking, decompression sickness and blood flow. The conclusion of the book, and a survey of the present state of knowledge, are presented by Professor H N V Temperley, who has had a lifetime's experience of cavitation research. This monograph will serve as a complete introduction to cavitation and tension in liquids for students of physics, engineering and chemical engineering. Researchers and teachers will find it a handy reference source.other_titles


The diverse properties that hydrogels possess have been arousing great interest for many years due to their several biomedical applications, such as drug and cell carriers or as tissue engineering matrices. They possess the capacity of retaining up to a thousand times their dry weight in water, which added to their three-dimensional porous structure, confers them the ability to mimic native tissue microenvironment. Some of these properties are easily tunable, which makes it possible for researchers to manipulate certain characteristics. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an intrinsically non-immunogenic, non-adhesive hydrogel, that has been widely used as a biomaterial. By undergoing chemical and physical modifications, it is possible to confer PEG-based hydrogels new properties that allow to widen their spectrum of applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. One of those modifications can be the addition of di↵erent types of nanoparticles. In this work, approaches to combine spherical gold nanoparticles and gold magnetic nanoparticles with PEG-based hydrogels are reported. These nanocomposites aim to control the adhesion, proliferation and viability of mouse fibroblasts by allowing cells to interact with the gold of the nanoparticles. The topographical and mechanical characterization of the materials showed that the presence of nanoparticles in the volume of the hydrogel does not improve its sti↵ness, but influences the roughness of its surface and swelling behaviour. Cells showed little adhesion to the nancomposites, due to the lack of ability to expose the nanoparticles to the surface of the films.


By adjusting the capacitances of the circuit elements provided in the wireless power transmission apparatus, the blood feed device, the receiving voltage control method capable of controlling the receiving voltage applied to, the wireless power transmission apparatus controlled by the power reception voltage control method, and a method of manufacturing the same It provides. A blood feed device (10) connected to the wireless power transmission a power supply module (2), the receiving module (3) by changing the magnetic field supplies electric power, and the power supplied power reception module (3) with respect to the from that make up the device (1) a blood control method of the power reception voltage V


Background: Health is about more than just a lack of illness. Today when it comes to health it is important to take into account both the physically and the psychologically aspect of health. Mental ...


views on the latter, and the syndrome of Gilles de la Tourette isplacidly accepted as a psychological disorder, despite mention of the use of haloperidol. The dynamic interpretation of cases, in its most far-reaching form, is presented in an assured fashion without any sort of meaningful proof. Complex and peculiar hypotheses are maintained at a great remove from factual data. Altogether, the book relies on authority more than proof and does not present a balanced account.


Introduction:
 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) development is linked to smoking and is characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling by MMP2 and -9. We hypothesized that MMP2 and -9 secretions and regulation in response to cigarette smoke is modulated by interactions between resident cells within the aorta, namely, aortic smooth muscles, endothelial cells, and infiltrating macrophages and could influence AAA formation and/or progression.

 Methods:
 Aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (AEC) was applied to male rat aortic smooth muscle (RASMC), endothelial (RAEC) or RAW cells in serum free medium (SFM). After 24h the cells were washed, fresh SFM was added and collected after 24h. This conditioned media (CM) was applied to the cells for 24h, again washed, fresh SFM added, and then incubated for 72h, at which point the media was saved for MMP2 and -9 analysis by zymography while the cellular protein was used to determine the ratio (pS/pJ) of phospho-Stat3 (pStat3) and phospho-Jak2 (pJak2) by western blot.

 Results:
 Unstimulated CM from RAW cells increased MMP2 by 24% (p=0.0357), MMP9 by 282.1% (p=0.0004) and pS/pJ by 136.5% in RASMC. AEC-CM from RAW and RAEC cells increased MMP9 by 200.5% (p=0.0004) and 17.1% (p=0.0301) respectively in RASMC and corresponding increases in pS/pJ (305.7% and 227.6%, respectively).

 AEC-CM derived from RAW cells induced RAEC to produce moderate amounts of MMP2 (16.5%, p=0.0140) and MMP9 (29.5%, p=0.0207) and a 137.0% increase in pS/pJ.
 RAW cells receiving unstimulated CM from RASMC and RAEC cells produced significant amounts of MMP9 (127.7%, p=0.0026 and 236.8%, p=0.0020, respectively) and increased levels of pS/pJ ratios (45.2% and 1282.8%, respectively). Moreover, AEC-CM from RASMC and RAEC induced significant production of MMP9 from RAW cells (154.8%, p=0.0001 and 162.4%, p=0.0022, respectively) and increase in pS/pJ ratios (1348.2%, and 1493.9%, respectively) over baseline.

 Conclusion:
 This is the first in vitro study demonstrating that cigarette smoke results in differential interactions between aortic smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophage lineage cells resulting in enhanced levels of MMP2, MMP9, pStat3 and pJak2. These interactions may play an important role in AAA formation under in vivo conditions.


Steady fluid flow was studied in a simple bifurcation model and in a physiologically realistic model of the human carotid bifurcation. Wall shear stress (WSS) vectors were calculated from phase‐contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of the velocity field. Velocity measurements in the inflow regions were also used as boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations of WSS, which were compared with those derived from MRI alone. In regions of well‐behaved flow, MRI and CFD estimates of WSS were in good general agreement. In regions of disturbed flow, for example near the bifurcation, the quality of the MRI measurements was sufficient for reliable calculation of WSS vectors when a sensitive surface coil was used. The combination of MRI and CFD would seem to be a powerful technique for the investigation of flow phenomena. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:563–573. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


While GPUs have become prominent both in high performance computing and in online or cloud services, they still appear as explicitly selected 'devices' rather than as first class schedulable entities that can be efficiently shared by diverse server applications. To combat the consequent likely under-utilization of GPUs when used in modern server or cloud settings, we propose 'Rain', a system level abstraction for GPU "hyperthreading" that makes it possible to efficiently utilize GPUs without compromising fairness among multiple tenant applications. Rain uses a multi-level GPU scheduler that decomposes the scheduling problem into a combination of load balancing and per-device scheduling. Implemented by overriding applications' standard GPU selection calls, Rain operates without the need for application modification, making possible GPU scheduling methods that include prioritizing certain jobs, guaranteeing fair shares of GPU resources, and/or favoring jobs with least attained GPU services. GPU multi-tenancy via Rain is evaluated with server workloads using a wide variety of CUDA SDK and Rodinia suite benchmarks, on a multi-GPU, multi-core machine typifying future high end server machines. Averaged over ten applications, GPU multi-tenancy on a smaller scale server platform results in application speedups of up to 1.73x compared to their traditional implementation with NVIDIA's CUDA runtime. Averaged over 25 pairs of short and long running applications, on an emulated larger scale server machine, multi-tenancy results in system throughput improvements of up to 6.71x, and in 43% and 29.3% improvements in fairness compared to using the CUDA runtime and a naïve fair-share scheduler.


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Objectives: A survey was conducted to measure psychological stress in hospital workers and measure factors that may have mediated acute traumatic responses. Methods: A self-report survey was completed by 1557 healthcare workers at three Toronto hospitals in May and June 2003. Psychological stress was measured with the Impact of Event Scale. Scales representing attitudes to the outbreak were derived by factor analysis of 76 items probing attitudes to severe acute respiratory syndrome. The association of Impact of Event Scale scores to job role and contact with severe acute respiratory syndrome patients was tested by analysis of variance. Between-group differences in attitudinal scales were tested by multivariate analysis of variance. Attitudinal scales were tested as factors mediating the association of severe acute respiratory syndrome patient contact and job role with total Impact of Event Scale by linear regression. Results: Higher Impact of Event Scale scores are found in nurses and healthcare workers having contact with patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The relationship of these groups to the Impact of Event Scale score is mediated by three factors: health fear, social isolation, and job stress. Conclusions: Although distress in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak is greater in nurses and those who care for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, these relationships are explained by mediating variables that may be available for interventions to reduce stress in future outbreaks. In particular, the data suggest that the targets of intervention should include job stress, social isolation, and health fear. SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome; IES = Impact of Event Scale; HCW = healthcare worker; MSH = Mount Sinai Hospital; SMH = St. Michael's Hospital; CAMH = Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.


In this paper, we investigate energy-efficient hybrid precoding which consists of baseband precoding and radio frequency (RF) precoding for Millimeter Wave (mmWave) systems over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) interference channels. The considered optimization problem is intractable because both the object function and the constraint are non-convex. Instead of solving the multivariate optimization problem directly, we propose a near-optimal algorithm which includes two steps. First, the original problem is reformulated into an equivalent univariate optimization problem. Second, a near-optimal hybrid precoder is obtained via an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based algorithm. Numerical results verify that the proposed hybrid precoding algorithm achieves a near-optimal EE performance. Moreover, the energy efficiency (EE) maximization algorithm outperforms the sum rate maximization algorithm in terms of the EE performance, especially at high transmit power.


Objective
To investigate the effect of caudal dexmedetomidine(Dex) combined with ropivacaine on laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery in children.

Methods
Fifty-two children undergoing inguinal hernia surgery were divided randomly into two groups with 26 cases in each. After intravenous induction each patient received a single caudal dose: group A(n=26) received 0.25% levobupivacaine(1 ml/kg) plus Dex (1 μg/kg), group B(n=26) received 0.25% levobupivacaine (1 ml/kg). MAP and HR were recorded before anesthesia(T0), at 5 min after caudal block(T1), the time of skin incision(T2), the end of surgery(T3), the time of extubation(T4) and 10 min after waking up(T5). The awake time, the incidence of restlessness and restless score during recovery period, postoperative pain scale, the need for additional analgesia agents and adverse reactions were recorded.

Results
The HR in group A was lower at T4 than that in group B[(106±12) bpm vs (117±12) bpm](P<0.05). Compared with group B, in group A the incidence of restlessness(3.8% vs 23.1%) and restless score in recovery period[(1.9±0.6) vs (3.1±0.7)], the pain assessment scores at 4, 8, 12, 16 h after operation[(1.1± 0.6) vs (2.2 ± 0.7), (1.2 ± 0.6) vs (3.8 ± 0.9), (2.3 ± 0.6) vs (4.2 ± 0.7), (2.6 ± 0.9) vs (3.8 ± 0.8) ] were significantly lower(P<0.05). The difference of the pain assessment scores at 2, 24 h after operation and in recovery period between two groups was not significant. The number of patients using tramadol in group B was higher than that in group A (4 vs 0) (P<0.05). No obvious adverse reactions were found in the two groups.

Conclusions
Compared with using ropivacaine alone, caudal Dex combined with ropivacaine for laparoscopic pediatric inguinal hernia surgery can reduce the stress response to tracheal extubation, decrease the incidence of agitation during waking-up period and prolong the duration of analgesia by ropivacaine caudal block after operation.

Key words:
Dexmedetomidine; Ropivacaine; Caudal block; Laparoscope; Children


Results: Average numbers of illnesses per persons were recorded as 3.03 among rural and 3.08 among urban geriatric participants. Among rural elderly, Eye diseases were reported most commonly (63.6%) followed by diseases of cardio-vascular system (48.8%).Among urban geriatric participants, Diseases of cardiovascular system were reported most commonly (59.2%) followed by eye diseases (57.6%). Psychosocial problems were more common among urban elderly.


Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don yields anticancer alkaloids, viz. vinblastine and vincristine, in its leaves. Gamma irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) encourages the plant growth as well as production of alkaloids and other active constituents in different medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a potent elicitor of secondary metabolites in plants, especially under adverse environmental conditions. In view of these considerations, three pot-experiments were conducted in the net house according to simple randomized design in order to reveal the effect of foliar application of ISA and MeJA (potent elicitors) and of their combinations on growth, physiological attributes and content and yield of total as well as anticancer alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus. Foliar spray of ISA and MeJA, applied alone as well as in combination, resulted in significant improvement in most of the parameters studied. Combined application of ISA and MeJA exerted most favourable effect on the parameters studied, enhancing the total leaf-alkaloids yield by 71.48 and 57.32%, leaf-vincristine yield by 44.53 and 37.82% and, leaf-vinblastine yield by 33.93 and 26.24% at 6 and 9 months after sowing, respectively, in comparison to the control.


Understanding the polymorphic states of metal amyloid β (Aβ) interactions helps to elucidate metal‐mediated events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Systematic investigations on the effects of metal ions such as Cu2+ and Zn2+ on the structural and thermodynamic properties of Aβ at the molecular lever seem desirable. In this study, a set of new AMBER force field parameters was developed to model various Cu2+ coordination spheres of Aβ. These parameters including force constants and partial charges obtained using restrained electrostatic potential method were then validated in replica‐exchange molecular dynamics simulations on six Cu2+‐Aβ(1–16) systems. The Cu2+ coordination geometry differs depending on the Cu2+ binding fashions. The structural analyses reveal that Aβ(1–16) prefers turn conformations, which provides a geometrical favor to establish multiple Cu2+ coordination modes in solution at physiological pH. The relative stability of different Cu2+‐Aβ(1–16) complexes was estimated by free energy calculations. The Cu2+ ligands in the most stable Cu2+‐Aβ(1–16) structure involve Glu3, His6, His13 and His14 in terms of MM/3D‐RISM (molecular mechanics/three‐dimensional reference interaction site model). The solvation free energy and conformational entropy calculated by 3D‐RISM method suggest that the binding of Cu2+ within Aβ(1–16) is a spontaneous process. The overlap of the preparation free energy distributions demonstrates the heterogeneous states of Aβ(1–16) conformations that are ready for Cu2+ binding whereas the populations of such polymorphic states may shift at differing pH. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


One of the most important developments of modern finance is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) of Sharpe, Lintner and Mossin. Although the model has been the subject of several academic papers, it is still exposed to theoretical and empirical criticisms. The CAPM is based on Markowitz's (1959) mean variance analysis. Markowitz demonstrated that rational investors would hold assets, which offer the highest possible return for a given level of risk, or conversely assets with the minimum level of risk for a specific level of return. Building on Markowitz's work, Sharpe and Lintner after making a number of assumptions, developed an equilibrium model of exchange showing the return of each asset as a function of the return on the market portfolio. This model and its underlying assumptions are reviewed in section 1. This model known as the Capital Asset Pricing Model has since been the focus of a number of empirical tests, and as shown in sections 3 and 5 the majority of these tests deny the validity of the model. However, as discussed in sections 4 and 6 these tests have not been free of criticism. Section 2 briefly presents a framework under which the empirical tests of the CAPM can be carried out. Section 7 provides a conclusion. 1. The CAPM and its assumptions Sharpe and Lintner assumed that there are no transaction costs and no income taxes. Further, they assumed that assets are infinitely divisible and there are no restrictions to short selling and that investors can lend and borrow unlimited amounts at the risk free rate of interest. More importantly they assumed the homogeneity of expectations and that individuals hold mean variance efficient portfolios. Another implicit assumption of the CAPM is that all assets including human capital are marketable. Moreover the CAPM is essentially a single period model. It is clear that these assumptions do not hold in the real world and thus, not surprisingly, the model's validity has been suspect from the outset. * The author has an M.Sc. in Finance and Economics from the London School of Economics. He is currently a Lecturer in Economics at the University College, Lahore. The Lahore Journal of Economics, Vol.5, No.1 74 However, on closer examination the assumptions underlying the CAPM are not as stringent as they first appear to be. Exactly the same results would obtain if short sales were disallowed. Since in equilibrium no investor sells any security short, prohibiting short selling will not change the equilibrium. More formally the derivative of the Langrangian with respect to each security will have a Kuhn-Tucker multiplier added to it, but since each security is contained in the market portfolio, the value of the multiplier will be zero and hence the solution will remain unaffected. Further, Fama (1970) and Elton and Gruber (1974 and 1975) give a set of conditions under which the multi-period problem reduces to a single period CAPM, where all individuals maximise a single period utility function. The conditions are that firstly consumers act as if the one-period returns are not state dependent, i.e. the distribution of one-period returns on all the assets are known at the beginning of the period. Secondly, the consumption opportunities are not state dependent and lastly consumers' tastes are independent of future events. Fama further shows that given these conditions the derived one period utility is equivalent to a multi-period utility function given nonsatiation and risk aversion. However, it is argued by many that the above conditions are rather restrictive. Merton (1973) has shown that a necessary and sufficient condition for individuals to behave as if they were single-period maximisers and for the equilibrium return relationship of CAPM to hold is that the investment opportunity set is constant. Furthermore, the main results of the model hold if income tax and capital gains taxes are of equal sizes. If the assumption of riskless lending or borrowing is violated, then Black (1972) has shown that we still obtain a linear relationship between an asset's returns and its risk as measured by the covariance of the assets returns with the market. This model as distinct from the standard CAPM is known as the zero beta CAPM. Thus, even though the assumptions underlying the Capital Asset Pricing Model are demanding and have been the basis for much of the criticism against the model, nevertheless these assumptions are not altogether inflexible. More importantly, the final test of the model is not how reasonable the assumptions underlying it seem to be, but rather how well the model conforms with reality. Indeed, many proponents of the CAPM argue that due to technological advances, capital markets operate as if these assumptions are satisfied.


Through a large number of field investigation and measuring sample points in the Delta Oasis of Weigan and Kuqa Rivers of Tarim Basin northern margin in Xinjiang,the soil salinization characteristics are studied in different spatial changes.The results show that:the soil salt content,the conductivity and the soluble solid assume 'T' in three distribution,which is 0-10 cm10-30 cm30-50 cm.Simultaneously,three characteristics have the strong spatial variability in each soil layer;pH and the water content are not remarkable in three layers,pH is the weak variability,while the water content is the medium variability.The correlation analysis and the principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component which is composed of Cl-,Na+ and Ca2+ has primarily represented the soil salinization characteristic,the second principal component which is composed of Mg2+ and K+ has reflected soil structure condition,and the third principal components has represented the soil alkalize condition.


The principal stress rotation will be involved in these activities such as establishing lunar bases,exploring mineral resource and operating vehicles on Moon surface.Two sets of tests were performed using the hollow cylinder apparatus(HCA) at Tongji University,China to investigate the effects of principal stress rotation on the deformation behavior and non-coaxiality of dry TJ-1 lunar soil simulant.One set of tests enabled pure principal stress rotation at different constant levels of the intermediate stress parameter,while the deviatoric stress ratio and the intermediate stress parameter were maintained as constant with a variation of mean stress in the other set.The test results show that the intermediate stress parameter and mean stress have significant influence on deformation behavior of TJ-1 lunar soil simulant under the principal stress rotation.Their effects on the development of strain components and the volumetric strain,and the non-coaxiality of TJ-1 lunar soil simulant were studied.


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety observation of mifepristone combined with misoprostol in scarred uterus of early pregnancy.Methods 60 cases patients with scarred uterus of early pregnancy were randomly divided into observation group and control group,each of 30 cases.Observation group were treated with mifepristone combined with misoprostol,control group were received ethacridine(rivanol) intra-amniotic injection therapy.Observed induction of labor and prognosis of two groups.Results The complete abortion rate of observation group(96.7%) was significantly higher that of control group(80.0%),the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05) ;The gestational sac expulsion time of observation group was significantly earlier than that of control group,bleeding time was shorter than that of control group,blood loss was significantly less than that of control group,the incidence of membranes residue,cervical laceration were significantly lower than that of control group,there were significant difference(P 0.05).Conclusion Mifepristone combined with misoprostol in scarred uterus of early pregnancy,can improve the complete abortion rate,reduce the incidence of complication,with higher security,and significantly improve patients' quality of life.


SUMMARY
Prolonged monocular occlusion has been thought by many to be a demonstration of Bell's phenomenon. The following points are used as evidence to show that this cannot be true, and that prolonged occlusion does reveal a latent heterophoria by bringing prolonged relief to the task of maintaining fusion:

1. Insufficient evidence by Abraham, by using only six cases of prolonged occlusion upon which to base his premise.

2. Common misconceptions of Bell's phenomenon.

3. Hering's law gives good evidence to prove that prolonged occlusion deals with an entirely different function than that known as Bell's phenomenon.

4. Statistical evidence of 201 cases of occlusion showing that less than 50 per cent. react as did Abraham's six cases—that of a hyperphoria following occlusion of each eye.


In order to save operating costs for sludge treatment it is necessary to thicken the surplus sludge as far as possible. That is the reason why at the Emscher mouth treatment plant one existing circular thickener has been converted to a flotation plant. The experience gained so far shows good results of the achieved dry solids concentration but also a lot of technical problems.


This paper begins with an overview of ferrous metallics for steelmaking, covering first steel scrap and then ore-based metallics (OBMs) comprising pig iron and the various forms of direct reduced iron. The role of OBMs as scrap supplements rather than scrap substitutes in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is explained, i.e., as virgin metallics with their extremely low levels of metallic impurities, OBMs dilute the metallic impurities in recycled scrap, thus on the one hand enabling production of high value steel products via the EAF and on the other hand facilitating the use of lower grade scrap which might otherwise not be usable, in effect, enhancing steel's circular economy. With EAF steelmaking being an essential part of the roadmap to carbon-neutrality, the use of OBMs to dilute out impurities in the feedstock facilitates the production of higher quality steel products with EAF technology, OBMs enable realisation of lower CO 2 emissions from EAF steelmaking in comparison with traditional integrated steelmaking via the blast furnace and basic oxygen converter.


4:00 PM – 6:30 PM – Session I: Underlying Theory Islamic Feminism and the Issue of Dependency: An Iranian Case Study, Roja Fazaeli, Irish Centre for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway (Mis)Understanding Muslim Women: The Limits of Western Feminism, Nazia Kazi, Columbia University School of Social Work Constructing Islam and Human Rights in Political Context, Anthony Tirado Chase, Occidental College Islamisation, Women and Human Rights in Pakistan: Resistance Strategies, Siobhan Mullally, National University of Ireland, Cork


How much is it? 【情景对话】 A: Can I help you? B: Yes, please. I want to buy a T-shirt. A: We have T-shirts in all colors. What color do you like?


This paper first introduces a parametric model for the generation of stationary random correlated binary sequences. The parameters of the model include the probability that a pixel is a binary one pixel and the length of the structuring element which dilates the initially spatially uncorrelated sequence. The spatial statistics of such eroded, dilated, opened and closed correlated binary sequences are derived in terms of the spatial statistics of the input binary sequence. Understanding of such one-dimensional processing is a precondition for understanding what happens in the more interesting twodimensional case.


The division of railway block section is a important content of block section design.It has direct impact on the safety and efficiency of train operation.To make a better division program,by analyzing various factors and objectives of the division of the block section,optimization model of the block section is proposed,design the basic process of the division of railway block section,adoption simulated annealing algorithm to solve the model.Simulated annealing algorithm has the characteristics of the search of probability,can avoid the search results into a local optimal solution,to obtain a global optimal solution.With an example studies has shown that simulated annealing algorithm for the optimization of the division of block section is effective.On the basic of the division of different target program,reasonable division of the program selected after considering the safety,efficiency,and economic factors,to improve the efficiency and quality of the division of the block section.


Given that the current preservation format structure is too short in terms of the number of input bits in the plaintext, its security cannot be fully guaranteed. In this paper, a Closed-form robust Chinese remainder theorem-based preservation format encryption algorithm is proposed, in which multiple sensitive data fields are first combined into plaintext according to the Closed-form robust Chinese remainder theorem, and the plaintext is encrypted in the preservation format, while the sensitive data is retrieved through the Closed-form robust Chinese remainder theorem for specific data retrieval. The experimental results show that the security performance of the Closed-form robust Chinese Remainder Theorem-based format-preserving encryption algorithm is further improved.


The use of advanced fibre composite materials in bridge engineering offers alternative solutions to structural problems compared to traditional construction materials. Advanced composite or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have high strength to weight ratios, which can be especially beneficial where dead load or material handling considerations govern a design. However, the reduced weight and stiffness of FRP footbridges results in generally poorer dynamic performance, and vibration serviceability is likely to govern their design to avoid the footbridge being "too lively". This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of the 51.3m span Wilcott FRP suspension footbridge. The assessment is performed through a combination of field testing and finite element analysis, and the measured performance of the bridge is being used to calibrate the model through an updating procedure. The resulting updated model allowed detailed interpretation of the results. It showed that non-structural members such as the parapets can influence the dynamic behaviour of slender, lightweight footbridges, and consequently their contribution must be included during the dynamic assessment of a structure. The test data showed that the FRP footbridge is prone to pedestrian induced vibrations, although the measured response levels were lower than limits specified in relevant standards.


If a semantically open language has no restrictions on self-reference, one can show there is a predicate which is both satisfied and unsatisfied by a self-referring term. The argument amounts to diagonalization on substitution instances of a definition-scheme for the predicate 'x is Lagadonian.' (The term 'Lagadonian' is adapted from David Lewis). Briefly, a self-referring term is counted as "Lagadonian" if the initial variable in the schema is replaced with the term itself. But the same term is not counted as Lagadonian if this variable is replaced with the quotation or other name for the term. Thus the term both satisfies and does not satisfy 'x is Lagadonian'.


ture that does not include every single creature in the saving transformation brought about by the coming of God. "Ifwe were to surrender hope for as much as one single creature, for us God would not be God" (p. 132). God's very nature necessitates universal salvation. "According to the Christian understanding, the Redeemer is no other than the Creator. He would contradict himself if he were not to redeem everything he has made" (p. 259). God will even redeem the murderers along with the murdered (p. 255). Moltmann assures us that the resurrection "is the reason for a full acceptance of life here, and means that human beings can give themselves up to the whole of life without any reservation" (p. 66). We can therefore dispense with the notion that the coming of God means that we must sacrifice our love for the world, for such a view is "a religious fraud" and "religious atheism" (p. 50). However, it seems to me that nothing could be more in accord with the spirit of the modem era, and more in accord with the traditional view of the sin which destroys us than Moltmann's vision of an eternal life, given to everyone by divine necessity, for which we need to sacrifice nothing, and which leads us to affirm unconditionally our life in this world. 0


Programming by Demonstration allows to transfer skills from human demonstrators to robotic systems by observation and reproduction. One aspect that is often overlooked is that humans show different trajectories over multiple demonstrations for the same task. Observed movements may be more precise in some phases and more diverse in others. It is well-known that the variability of the execution carries important information about the task. Therefore, we propose a Bayesian approach to model uncertainties from training data and to infer them in regions with sparse information. The approach is validated in simulation, where it shows higher precision than existing methods, and a robotic experiment with variance based impedance adaptation.


The article is researched the investment attractiveness as an important prerequisite for identifying and forming competitive advantages of the region. It is substantiated that it is important not only to attract as much money as possible for the development of the regional system, but also to increase the level of welfare of the population and opportunities for international competition due to this. It is determined that the level of competitiveness of the region consists of the potential capabilities of its constituent elements, such as regions and regional centres, which possess a significant share of natural resource potential and are capable of uniting other territorial units around themselves and stimulating them to improve. It has been proven that an investment-attractive region is characterized by a high level of competitiveness, which is due to the ability to attract and effectively use funds to form new competitive advantages and support existing ones. Based on the assessment of the competitiveness of the region, it is determined that the main competitive advantages indicate, on the one hand, weaknesses that are an obstacle to achieving a high level of development, and on the other hand, it is possible to single out strengths that can be used as a "multiplier" of strengthening and growth region. The results of the analysis of the business environment index of the regional centres of the Primorye region is showed that the regional centres of the Primorye region have a business environment index that exceeds the average level for Ukraine. The analysis of the competitiveness index for regional centres for 2019–2021 is showed that in 2021 the rating positions of regional centres of the Primorye region changed significantly. It is substantiated that the level of development of the business environment and the competitiveness of the region are interconnected, because economic activity, the quality and efficiency of public administration, the effectiveness of legislation, the level of technological development and infrastructure, the level of education and human resources create competitive advantages and determine the future development prospects of the region.


Medical education department is a new study program in University of
Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. Due to large number of registrars of Medical
Education study program, the system of new students admission is needed.
Therefore, a system of decision support using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
is made for the sake of the need. The data in a from of Medical Education students
data were collected from the New Students Addmission Office (PMB) through
documentation and interview method in 2014. The stages used in this research
were Decision Support System (DSS) phases including intelligent, design, choice,
and implementation phase. The criteria used were CBT (Computer Based Test),
Psycho-test, Interview, National Exam score, School Exam score, and Raport. The
calculation results the rank for determining the new students of Medical Faculty
based on the score of candidate of the new students.


World War II and under Soviet rule. However, Wulf also asked her interview partners uncomfortable questions about collaboration with the Nazi and Soviet occupation powers. Particularly interesting is the depiction of the Communist era in these answers and the reasoning the PostWar Children provided for collaborating with Soviet authorities. Unfortunately, Wulf only uses a few of the many opportunities to draw comparisons to the other two Baltic states. Although the focus on Estonia is predetermined by her main source, the interviews with historians from Estonia, a more comparative approach would have been possible and allowed for a broader discussion of the implications of Wulf's study. For instance, Wulf fails to discuss that Estonians share the trope of "700 years of slavery under the Germans" with their Latvian neighbors (38). At times, Wulf exaggerates the image of the borderland territory "between Teuton and Slav," a rather unfortunate choice of wording that mirrors the oversimplification often inherent in Baltic accounts of past suffering (35). On the few occasions when Wulf draws comparisons to the other two Baltic states, her factual evidence becomes flawed—for instance, when she discusses the strategy of victimhood that is visible in public history initiatives in all three Baltic states. She compares the Estonian Occupation Museum with the Lithuanian Museum of Genocide and the Latvian Documentation Center of Totalitarianism, TSDC—a center that was founded to document and put on trial Latvia's perpetrators of crimes against humanity—rather than drawing a comparison to Riga's Occupation Museum, which would be the equivalent institution. Despite these shortcomings, Wulf's Shadowlands is an important contribution to the study of memory and generations. Furthermore, it can provide guidance for scholars who base their research primarily on oral history documents.


Objective:To investigate the operating procedure of endoscopic surgery(ESS) and its therapeutic effects on fungus sinusitis.Methods:A retrospective study was carried out among 48 cases with this lesion,treated with ESS,to analyze the therapeutic effects of the treating procedure and associated problems with it.Results:All the cases were followed up for 3 months to 2 years following the surgical therapy.They were found with wide opening ostium of sinus and with no cases reoccurred.Conclusions:Non-invasive fungus sinusitis should be treated by ESS in order to clear the lesion within the sinuous cavity thoroughly.Furthermore,the operated cavity must be irrigated repeatedly following the surgery,no need to use systematically anti-fungus drugs in generality.


Information integration is not a new problem. By all accounts, language has always taken a multitude of forms, thus the need for translating between different representations of our world has been acute throughout history. With the advent of the World Wide Web, however, this need takes on hitherto unseen dimensions in terms of both difficulty and promise. Automated, webbased integration could offer unparalleled access to worldwide perspectives, but the range of difference among sources is formidable — even in the case of a single underlying representational model. The MIQIS project aims to provide a highlevel logic for reasoning about integration scenarios and their fundamental properties. A key contribution of this perspective is the unification of the semantic, syntactic ,a ndeffective aspects of information integration. Within MIQIS we research foundational properties of inter- and intrarepresentation integration frameworks, as well as produce practical, modular solutions as specific applications of the general theory.


The Heliconiinae is a New World subfamily of brilliantly colored butterflies which may be recognized by the large heads, elongate forewings, and particularly by the simple humeral vein of the posterior wing, curved anteriorly toward the wing base. All the genera are primarily Neotropical, and known larvae are spiny forms feeding on Passiflora. The classification here proposed for this subfamily is based on a study of rather numerous morphological characters. In the past much emphasis has been placed on a few features such as the silver spotting, claw structure, etc. On the basis of the closed discal cell of the posterior wings, Heliconius (with Eueides) has frequently been regarded as constituting a subfamily distinct from the other genera here included. In view of the very few other characters correlated with this closed cell, however, it seems best to recognize the Heliconiinae in a broad sense, including such genera as Dryas and Dione. The male genitalia have provided numerous characters correlated with other features and are of value in separating the genera and indicating their interrelationships. The harp6s are figured, therefore, for each genus. The term costa is used for the dorsal area of each harp6, usually separated from the remainder by a groove on the outer surface. The lower margin of each harp6 is curled to form the sacculus (not visible in figures) while the area intervening between the costa and the sacculus is termed the cucullus.


- This also could be an ideal time for President Obama to be sending a team onto the court. The global economic recession is a good context for a "swords into ploughshares" agenda, beginning with reducing the sales of conventional arms, with regional security and arms control and nuclear disarmament as part of the package. A Prototype for President Obama's Other Needs Your chapter, taking Grand Strategy: The Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, as a social science project, also can be a useful prototype for designing new DNI, leadership-supporting, data systems and analysis capacities across a wide range of the Obama Administration's goals.


We investigate the effects of electrification on infant mortality. When a community is connected to the national grid, infant mortality within that community decreases substantially. The effect does not stem from a household's private access to electricity. Some possible explanations for the link between community electrification and infant survival are explored.