The renaissance within Biblical theology has brought a new emphasis upon Biblical preaching. Within the theological disciplines imposed by a seminary the average student is confronted by a wealth of materials that assist him in understanding, and proclaiming the Scriptures. For the pastor on the field, there are available scores of books from reputable scholars that prove helpful for the clarification of the Bible and its message. Yet it remains true that "whatever be the marks of the contemporary American pulpit, the centrality of biblical preaching is not one of them."' An examination of published sermons will indicate the fact that much of our American preaching is topical, or, at the best, textual-topical. Even within the Bible belt, among Southern Baptists who claim the Scriptures as their basic authority in matters of faith and practice, there are few expository preachers. In his memoirs, Dr. W. 0. Carver, himself a competent expositor of Biblical truth, wrote: "The truly able Southern Baptist expository preachers are very few. Such preaching is difficult and requires equipment and hard study, but it is most rewarding if faithfully done. Our churches and denomination are in great need of it."2 In his own generation, Phillips Brooks charged that much of the Biblical illiteracy found among the laity was due to unbiblical preaching. The same thing could be said of our own age. For the pulpit, in any period, has a responsiblity to guide the members of the congregation into a knowledge of the Scriptures, a love for them, and an attempt to live by their teachings. We must do more than tip the "homiletical hat" to the Bible or jack up our topical sermons and run texts under them. The casual use of Scripture or the employment of a few verses from a Biblical passage in deference to custom does not constitute true preaching. It completely fails to approximate expositional preaching.


One approach to formally specifying a system is to use a form of extended finite-state machine called a stream X-machine. A stream X-machine is a type of X-machine that describes a system as a finite set of states, each with an internal store, called memory, and a number of transitions between the states. A stream X-machine may be modelled by a finite automaton (the associated finite automaton) in which the arcs are labelled by function names (the processing functions). One important problem that may appear in the specification process is to find a 'minimal' (in some sense) stream X-machine that specifies the required functionality. This paper investigates the minimality issue in the context of deterministic stream X-machines and considers two types of minimality: state-minimal stream X-machine with respect to and minimal cover with respect to , where is the set of processing functions that the machine may use.


. The degenerate non-Newtonian fluid equation arises in several scientific fields. When a ( x ) and p satisfy certain conditions, the existence of solution of this equation is established. When a − 1 p ( x ) f i ( x ) ≤ c for i ∈ { 1 , 2 , ··· ,N } , by choosing a suitable test function, the local stability of the solutions is discussed without any boundary value condition.


The employment of our village labor force is an important topic that China needs to study urgently. That the peasant worker and the village-born expanding university student flow out into the big city in large quantity currently is a short-term behavior of following others blindly. From a long-term view, it is a wise choice that they return to their home village and are employed in county in wder to develop their comparative advantage.


Objective Image Quality Assessment (IQA) of a stereo pair entails considering the depth information in the 3D scene. Initially 2D Quality Assessment algorithms were used on stereopairs but failed to address IQA of all distortion types in stereo pairs as depth information was missing in it. Conventional QA measures like MSE and PSNR involved only error detection between reference and distorted images. As recent study shows Human Visual System (HVS) is more adapted to recognizing edges and contours from natural scenes than pixel level errors, Mean Edge Structure Similarity (MESSIM) algorithm has been developed and observation studied. It is compared with other IQA tools like MSSIM, MSE, PSNR, AD, SC, IF, Spectral Activity, Spatial Frequency and Entropy. MESSIM is observed to give better correlation with the subjective score than the rest of the IQA tools. A single, cyclopean image is synthesized from the left and right images of a stereo pair for quality assessment between reference and distorted image. IQA based on cyclopean image gives better correlation results than using 2D QA tool of averaging quality indices of left and right images.


Introduction : Today, obesity is considered as one of the problems of human society. Obesity is the underlying cause of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular  disease, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia and hormone disruption. In addition to physiological problems, obesity leads to impaired psychosocial dimensions and reduced quality of life. Cholecystokinin is an anti-appetite peptidpe that plays a key role in the regulation of energy balance. Given the antioxidant and anti-appetite effects of caraway, the objective of this study is to investigate the impact of aqueous extract of caraway seed ( carum carvi ) on cholecystokinin hormone in male rat. Method : In this experimental study, 32 adult female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 including control, yardstick, and experiment recipient of caraway (at concentrations of 60 and 90 mg/kg).Caraway was administered to the animals by gavage. In the fifty-seventh days after the start of the experiment, the animals were weighed, blood samples were taken from heart, and serum levels of cholecystokinin hormone and lipid parameters were measured. The results were analyzed using statistical ANOVA test and Duncan's test at significance level of p≤0.05. Results : The mean concentration of cholecystokinin hormone in the group receiving caraway at concentrations of 60 and 90 mg/kg showed significant increase  compared to the control group. The average concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL concentrations in the groups receiving caraway of 60 and 90 mg/kg showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. The average concentration of HDL in the group receiving caraway with a concentration of 60 and 90 mg/kg showed no significant difference with the control group. Conclusion : caraway due to the antioxidant effects leads to increased  cholecystokinin hormone secretion and reduced triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL in the rats. Caraway is a medicinal plant used in Iranian traditional medicine as a treatment for overweight and obesity. Black cumin (caraway) is perennial herb of umbelliferae family with the scientific name carum carvi or Bunium persicus boiss (6). The results of purification and studying combinations of caraway show that the aqueous phase of this product has 19 monoterpenoids and a variety of its  compounds: aromatic, flavonoids, and nucleoside glucoside. The main components of this essential oil extracted from caraway seeds, which are among the  monoterpenes, have anti-inflammatory properties, and oral administration of them reduces the effects of intestinal inflammation in rats (7). This plant in traditional medicine has uses in antifouling of muscles, carminative, appetizer, mucus, increasing milk secretion, and in food industry is used as a flavoring (8). Antifungal (9), antimicrobial (10), antispasmodic (11), analgesic and anti-inflammatory (12) and the anticonvulsant (13) effects of compounds in caraway extract have been approved. It is reported that aqueous extract of caraway lowers blood lipids level (14) and weight loss effects in normal and diabetic rats have been demonstrated (15). Due to the effect of this plant on weight loss and that no study on the impact of caraway on cholecystokinin hormone, which as noted is called satiety peptide, this study will be conducted aimed at studying the impact of caraway on cholecystokinin hormone. keywords : aqueous extract; cholecystokinin hormone; caraway seed (carum carvi).


In this paper, a class of cooperative communication protocols with arbitrary N-relay nodes is proposed for wireless networks, in which each relay coherently combines the signals received from the source and m (1/spl les/m/spl les/N-1) previous relays. Exact symbol-error-rate (SER) expressions for an arbitrary N-node network employing MPSK or QAM modulation are derived. Also an approximate expression for the SER, that is tight at high SNR, is provided. Furthermore, an optimal power allocation problem based on minimizing the asymptotically tight SER expression is formulated. Closed form solutions for the optimal power allocation problem are provided for some network topologies.


This paper is a review of the literature published during 1950 in the field of textile science and technology. The breadth of the subject matter in pure science and in technology represented by the extensive bibliography indicates the many important fields in which the textile industry is now devoting effort and which it must follow closely if improvements in processing operations and in materials are to be


Measurements on V3+ in Al2O3 using the frequency crossing technique show that it is capable of providing values of gperpendicular to to an accuracy comparable with that of more conventional techniques.


The aim of this study was to analyze the polymorphisms of the beta-casein gene and describe the association between the beta-casein genotypes and milk production in high milk-production Slovak Holstein cattle herds. Genomic DNA was isolated from the hair root samples of 1478 cows using a commercial column kit. The detection of the specific alleles A1 and A2 of the CSN2 gene was carried out using three molecular-genetics methods, including the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay, ACRS-PCR and SBE primer extension technology. The results of the molecular-genetic analysis were used for calculating the genetic structure in the analyzed population. All three genotypes, including A1A1 (5.28%), A1A2 (37.08%) and A2A2 (57.64%), were detected. The frequency of the allele A1 was 23.82% and the allele A2 was 76.18%. The statistical analysis and data preparation were performed using the SAS 9.2 Enterprise Guide 4.2 software. A general linear model (GLM) and the least squares means adjusted for multiple comparisons were used. A significant positive effect of the beta-casein genotype A2A2 on protein in kilograms and partially for the protein content in Holstein cows was found. Only the highest the least squares means for the fat percentage was found for the genotype A1A1 compared to the genotype A2A2. This can be considered a slightly negative trend.


CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics were fabricated via the solid-state reaction method by the addition of B2O3 as a sintering aid at lower sintering temperatures than that prepared without B2O3. Ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and resistivity can be still greatly enhanced when the sintering temperature is decreased from 1075 °C for CaBi2Nb2O9 to 975 °C for CaBi2Nb2O9–0.25 wt. % B2O3. The high resistivity and weak c-axis texture ensure that the ceramics can be fully polarized in a high enough electric field. The increased spontaneous ferroelectric and remanent polarization result in a significant enhancement in the piezoelectric properties of CaBi2Nb2O9–0.25 wt. % B2O3. The sample sintered at 975 °C possesses a high piezoelectric coefficient d33 of ∼15.0 pC/N and resistivity of 1.4 × 106 Ω cm (at 600 °C) along with a high ferroelectric Curie temperature TC of ∼954 °C. This work is beneficial for the preparation of high-temperature piezoelectric ceramics with excellent electrical properties at a low sintering temperature.


This presentation is to outline the American College of Radiology (ACR) and National Electrical Manufacturers Associa-tion (NEMA) Digital Imaging and Communica-tion Standard (ACR-NEMA Digital Imaging and Communication), which is a creation of joint effort of many fine knowledgeable people on the ACR-NEMA Digital Imaging and Communication Standards Committee, especially Allen Edwin and Gwilym Lodwick, Co-Chairman and Laura Murphy, Executive of the Committee. We hope that the ACR-NEMA Standard will be useful in the development of digital diagnostic imaging and medical information.


A TOTAL of 157 patients with clinical and audiometric findings suggestive of cochlear otosclerosis and tomographic evidence of capsular changes have been treated with sodium fluoride (NaFl) and then re-examined by tomography. The time interval between the first and following radiographic examinations ranged from a minimum of six months to two years. The Table shows the distribution of the 157 patients according to age from the larg est group which was in the 40's it tapers down on either sides, the youngest patient being 14 and the oldest 76. A total of 111 or 71% of the patients showed no change in the degree, extension, and type of involvement following NaFl therapy. In nine cases (5.5%) a worsening of the capsular involvement was noticed due either to increase in size of the focus or foci or extension of the involvement to other portions of the cochlear capsule. In 30 (19%)


Abstract : The paper deals with structural disturbances of a crystal lattice caused by neutron irradiation. Diamond, corundum, silicon, germanium, aluminum, and molybdenum were the objects of investigation. A comparison is made of the increase of lattice constant and the intensity of diffuse scattering in these materials. Special treatment is given to the unusually large expansion of the diamond lattice following irradiation. Neutron irradiation of crystals leads to an increase of lattice constant and causes the appearance of temperature-independent diffuse scattering on x-ray photographs. Annealing leads to a decrease in growth of the parameter and to a gradual attenuation of the effect of diffuse scattering.


The effects of the permanent tidal effects of the Sun and Moon with specific applications to satellite altimeter data reduction are reviewed in the context of a consistent definition of geoid undulations. Three situations are applicable not only for altimeter reduction and geoid definition, but also for the second degree zonal harmonic of the geopotential and the equatorial radius. A recommendation is made that sea surface heights and geoid undulations placed on the Topex/Poseidon geophysical data record should be referred to the mean Earth case (i.e., with the permanent effects of the Sun and Moon included). Numerical constants for a number of parameters, including a flattening and geoid geopotential, are included.


A key comparison of Ka-band (26.5 GHz to 40 GHz) antenna far-field gain, APMP.EM.RF-K3.F, has been carried out between KRISS (Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) and NMIJ (National Metrology Institute of Japan) at 26.5 GHz, 33 GHz and 40 GHz. The bilateral comparison used the protocol based on that used in the keycomparison CCEM.RF-K3.F to link this comparison tothe CCEM.RF-K3.F. The KRISS participated in CCEM.RF-K3.F acted as the pilot and linking laboratory for the comparison. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).


MA Jian-zhong is well-known as a linguist for his groundbreaking contribution to the Chinese linguistic study with his Ma Shi Wen Tong.Inspired by the reforming thoughts from the Western world as well as those from Japan,he,as a reform thinker,submitted Proposal on Establishing a Translation Academy to the Qing Royal Court in the winter of 1894.In his Proposal,MA claimed clearly that translation played a significant role in anti-invasion and even in defeating invaders.So he convincingly urged the Qing Royal Court to set up a translation academy in order to train translators and promote translation activities.Due to some historical reasons,MA's translation thoughts have been marginalized for quite some time.Based on a systematic analysis of historical documents under the guidance of modern theories,the present authors attempted to undertake a herculean task of interpreting MA's translation thoughts from the following issues—the quintessence of his translation thoughts: translation criticism,shanyi criterion,terminology standardization,translators training and translation companization.The authors hope that such an interpretation from the cultural strategy of translation will illuminate the guiding significance of MA's thoughts in the translation theory and practice in the new epoch.


The antigenic factors G and Y2 of cattle erythrocytes show dosage reactions in that homozygous cells gave higher titration or absorption scores than heterozygous cells. Data from absorption experiments suggest that there are quantitative variations of the D′ factor. Some of the differences in reactivity (cross-reactions) may be the result of interaction of the genes controlling red cell antigens.


Python is a powerful, easy-to-learn programming language based on traditional languages but better suited to current operating systems, networks, and hardware.


The paper presents an overview of the European Union legal framework related to capital markets, investment funds, credit rating agencies, securitization subjects and structures, primary and secondary markets' actors and mechanisms, venture capital, social entrepreneurship and long-term investment funds. It also deals with short selling, benchmarks and prospectuses. The content of the paper is defined by the scope of activities of the European Securities and Markets Authority (its supervised entities and the scope of its prudential activities), the consequences of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, and the promises to reshape and develop financial markets and instruments in the European Union and Croatia. The paper intentionally excludes major players in the financial markets in Europe, such as credit institutions, pension funds, insurance undertakings, factoring and leasing companies. The above-mentioned elements are all key points of the strategic project of a Capital Market Union in the EU with the main goals of promoting non-banking financial services to entrepreneurs and SMEs, introducing and developing an alternative to banking loans and other traditional financing tools. These rules and regulations, colloquially called single rulebook, are also applied in the Republic of Croatia as a member of the European Union. Finally, an overview of the evolution of financial markets regulation and supervision infrastructure in Croatia starting since 1990 up to today is provided, including the laws transposing the abovementioned EU directives. The descriptive methodology, detailed analysis, critical resume and synthesis of all the researched elements are used to approach the different levels of rules necessary for future development of financial markets and instruments in Croatia and the EU. The hypothesis tested is whether the new regulatory framework achieves its goals of promoting non-conventional financial instruments in Europe and supporting economic growth.


The invention provides an air interface data cipher acceleration method of a wireless communication base station. The method comprises the following steps that: a QMAN and an SEC co-processor are initialized, and a kernel memory is allocated for storing data to be interacted by user-mode tasks and kernel threads; double lock-free queues of an indata queue and an outdata queue are initialized, and a kernel task, a user-mode message receiving task and a user-mode message sending task are created; the user-mode message receiving task puts a data packet to be subjected to cipher processing into the indata queue of the double lock-free queues; the kernel task obtains the data packet from the indata queue and puts the data packet into the QMAN queue; then, the QMAN sends the data packet into the SEC co-processor; the data packet is filled into the outdata queue of the double lock-free queues after the processing completion, and the user-mode message receiving task is awakened; and after the user-mode message receiving task is awakened, a message is directly taken out from the outdata queue to be delivered to other service modules to be processed.


The contribution of an N-layer system of ultrathin inhomogeneous dielectric films to the reflection characteristics of linearly polarized light is investigated in long-wave limit. The novel methods are developed for determining the parameters of nanometer-size dielectric films upon homogeneous transparent materials by using the differential reflectance.


This article discusses several mechanisms by which oil wealth has sustained authoritarian rule in Azerbaijan. While the prevailing focus on patronage spending and repression is undoubtedly accurate, it is nevertheless incomplete because it does not account for oil's adverse effects that can potentially destabilize a country's political-economic system. The article argues that the Azerbaijani leaders' ability to draw lessons from the past experiences of other oil-rich countries and to borrow successful policy models helped the government to mitigate the adverse effects of economic petro-dependence. The example of the State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) illustrates the role that policy learning played in the regime's survival.


Old age is an advanced stage of growth and development. Aging and old age are an increasingly important health problem for the world and our country. With aging, organ functions decrease and the number of chronic diseases increases. Therefore, this situation brings with it the use of multiple drugs. Polypharmacy, a term defined as the use of at least four drugs at the same time, is an important issue in geriatric management which aims to improve the quality of life of the older people. The main purpose of drug treatment in the older people; treatment of acute and chronic diseases of older people, prevention or minimization of addictions and maximizing quality of life. Therefore, if it is required medically, the patient should take the required number of drug treatments; but it must be noted that rational use of drugs is appropriate. Rational drug use; according to the clinical findings and the characteristics of individuals to provide the appropriate drug, appropriate time and dose at the lowest price and with the easiest way. Our main goal in the older individual is not to reduce or cut the number of drugs used; appropriate drug or drug group, with appropriate way, appropriate time, with well informed by professionals and follow-up to use. The aim of this study; raising awareness of especially family physicians and family health personnel working in Family Health Centers where primary health care services are provided; in the geriatric evaluations of the older population they serve, periodically and within the scope of this evaluation, the patient should be identified and recorded with their chronic diseases and used in drug treatments; also raise awareness about the necessary information and counseling to the patient, relative or caregiver or institution according to rational drug use principles.


This chapter provides practical research-based advice on implementing service-learning in inclusive classrooms to maximize academic, social-emotional, and civic outcomes. The K-12 standards for service-learning quality are explained in detail, and the relationship to inclusive learning is described. Guidance and examples for how to improve meaningfulness of service, connect service-learning to curriculum, develop strong reflection processes, engage in progress monitoring, ensure appropriate duration and intensity of the experience, provide students' with voice and choice, promote diversity, and develop strong community partnerships are provided. The chapter also includes information on improving student engagement and retention of information.


The present study deals with the prediction of hydraulic conductivity, K, as a function of water content, e, of9 soils of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India, 3 each in clay loam, sandy clay and clay textures, from the particle-size distribution (PSD) data, using Arya-Paris model. The pore-size distribution was derived from PSD data lIsing the model and the experimental K(B) was determined by the horizontal infiltration method. Nine soils, 3 each with the above-mentioned textural classes were used to relate the pore How rate (q) and the pore radius (r) using the parameters c and x, as obtained tt-OIl1 the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for an idealized porous medium. For the textural classes under study, fog c varied from -4.857 to 0.147 and x varied from 3.216 to 4.487, but no systematic trends could be followed. The model predicts unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with reasonable accuracy. The root mean square residuals (RMSR) of the log transformed K(e) for all textures ranged frol11 0.107 to 0.879. The intra and inter-textural uncertainties in the prediction could be attributed to the heterogeneity in (he experimental data, which is originated from the difference in hydrophysical behaviour of the studied soils.


The purpose of this study is to design the strategic plan to improve the positioning of the Caja Trujillo in the City of Huamachuco. The constant change in our economy, technological advances, globalization and other market requirements have led to many unexpected competitors especially in our local situation, which has generated a very complex competition that current managers can not overlook and ignore, because on it depends the survival of your organization. Strategic planning provides a framework for managers and employees to determine strategic situations to discuss the alternatives in a common language, and decide on actions that need to be taken in a reasonable period of time, it also allows leaders to unleash the energy of the organization behind a shared belief that the vision can be fulfilled. It also helps to develop, organize and use a better understanding of the environment in which it operates, its own capabilities and limitations. The strategic plan designed to improve the positioning of the Caja Trujillo in the City of Huamachuco, allow business management quality as a product of a systematic and orderly, with the participation of manager, employees, suppliers and customers, as it contains the vision, mission, indicators, targets, strategies and activities to control and ongoing monitoring in accordance with the function and corporate social responsibility. Our competitive advantages are high quality products and services, warmth, reliability, efficiency and high professionalism at affordable prices, so our customers feel happy to be cared for and to return again and recommend us for our excellent products, care and service.


New records of chiropterans for the province of Corrientes, Argentina. We studied 55 specimens of bats corresponding to 5 species (Desmodus rotundus, Eumops bonariensis, Molossus rufus, Myotis nigricans, and Dasypterus ega) from the families Phyllostomidae, Molossidae, and Vespertilionidae with the goal of ex- panding the information on the distribution, morphology, and natural history of bat fauna in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. We add 2 new localities, estancia El Transito (Reserva Ibera) and San Cayetano, in the distribution of the mentioned species. Palabras clave: Dasypterus ega. Desmodus rotundus. Eumops bonariensis. Molossus rufus. Myotis nigricans.


This paper discusses the Planets approach to migration tool development. The approach consists of enhancing existing migration tools rather than developing tools from scratch. This pragmatic approach is based on the Planets view of the current situation for migration tools and two claims. The first claim is that the market will cover the required tools for commonly used formats. The second claim is that in the long term less tools will be required due to growing use of archiving standard formats. The Planets view on the current situation, the scope of tool development and the claims stated are, however, open for discussion and re-evaluation. Introduction The Planets project (Preservation and Long-term Access through NETworked Services [1]) is funded by the Information Society Technologies (IST) R&D Programme of the European Union. The Planets consortium consists of national archives, national libraries, research institutes and technology companies with experience in the field of digital preservation. The project aims to provide a framework that will enable organisations to ensure permanent access to their digital collections, through definition, evaluation and execution of preservation actions. In the Planets project, a preservation action is defined as 'a non-destructive action that creates new data from existing data in the archive, with the intent of preserving or increasing access to information stored in the archive'. Planets research into preservation action options ranges from migration and emulation strategies to other emerging technologies. Migration is defined as modification of the digital objects to ensure permanent access to these objects. This paper focuses on the Planets approach to migration tools. Until now, the project's experiences have led to a decision to base developments of migration strategies on enhancement of existing tools. The applicability of this approach at present and in the future will be argued for in this paper. First the current situation concerning migration tools is outlined as it serves as the context for the approach. Then two claims that form the arguments for the pragmatic approach to migration tools in the Planets project will be discussed. As quality is an important part of the Planets approach, challenges and further work concerning migration tool quality for available tools will also be discussed as part of the approach description. These sections will be followed by a discussion on the arguments that form the basis for the approach and a conclusion. Current situation The current situation concerning migration tools forms the background of the two claims stated later on in this paper. To define the scope of migration tool development for digital preservation purposes, the Planets working group on migration tools for objects (tools working group) has delineated two groups of tools: required tools for migration in archival institutions and migration tools available on the market in the form of commercial and non-commercial tools. Figure 1 illustrates a general view of this perspective that indicates three areas to be investigated. Figure 1: Scope of migration tool development The first area shows which tools should be developed, if any. The second area indicates which tools should be investigated to see if they fit the requirements. The third area is not of interest to this paper. Therefore, the focus will be on the grey area, which represents area one and two. At the start of the Planets project, the only source to identify this grey area was a survey among the institutions involved in Planets. The survey includes a question of whether the partners had special requirements concerning migration tools, if any. There were few responses, which is probably due to the fact that not many institutions have executed or have needed to execute preservation actions at the moment. At present, a preservation action tool gap analysis is the focus of ongoing work in the Planets project. This gap analysis aims to clarify which specific transformations are considered necessary and therefore important by the target audience of the Planets project end products. Hence, discovery of tools in area one is covered by the gap analysis. Peer institutions of the Planets partners in the UK, Denmark and the Netherlands have participated in surveys on archival file formats as part of the gap analysis process. These surveys will be held in more countries during the project. Preliminary trends found in the gap analysis are displayed below. Table 1: Archival formats used by types of institution Institution Archives Libraries Museums Other 1. Format TIFF JPEG JPEG /TIFF TIFF 2. Format JPEG TIFF PDF JPEG /XML 3. Format PDF /XML PDF HTML /MP3 PDF The table is based on the number of institutions using the format, not how much data they have stored in the format. 30 Society for Imaging Science and Technology The results of an ongoing gap analysis will provide a possible basis for defining required transformations in the (near) future and will initiate the development of new migration tools, if needed. The two areas of interest are described in more detail in the subsequent paragraphs. Area one: Gap between required and existing tools Area one represents the migration tools that are required for executing digital preservation actions, but are not available on the market. Results from the gap analysis will indicate which tools fit into this area. At present, the tools working group assesses that tools in this area deal with file formats that are very complex and specialized, e.g. formats with external dependencies and formats requiring many to many transformations [2]. Preservation action tools for digital material in such formats will be developed for individual institutions as each institution will have very specialized requirements for these tools. Examples of these 'tool gaps' are preservation action tools for databases, scientific data and websites. These types of digital material are or have been the subject of dedicated research projects. Long-term usability of scientific data sets such as social sciences data, geospatial data and research data from archaeology projects, has been the subject of projects by respectively Data Archiving Networked Service (DANS) [3], Archaeology Data Service (ADS) [4] and the National Geospatial Digital Archive (NGDA) initiative [5] among other projects. The Swiss National Archives are currently working on a migration strategy for databases [6] in the context of the Planets project. For now, the tools working group concludes that due to budget and time considerations it has not been viable to investigate complex and specialised formats in the Planets project other than the tools for databases. However, if the Planets gap analysis indicates apparent gaps, the tools working group will aim to develop these required migration tools. Area two: Required tools that already exist Area two represents the migration tools that are required for executing preservation actions and that are available on the market. Based on the knowledge of each project partner's major needs, the tools working group made a rough estimate of what tools generally would be required and scanned the market for available tools. It appears that up to now all partners in the tools working group have been able to execute most preservation actions with existing tools. These actions have ranged from normalisation of text-based documents to an archiving standard such as PDF/A [7] to normalisation of images to preferred image format standards such as TIFF [8]. Looking to other cultural heritage institutions outside the Planets project, it appears that migration tool gaps have been filled by development of non-commercial tools. The most common case is tools that normalise non-standard formats to a preferred standard format. For instance, the National Archives of Australia (NAA) and the National Library of Medicine (NLM) have defined specific requirements for their migration actions. These requirements have led to the development of tools such as Xena [9] and MyMorph [10]. Xena normalises deposited digital material to preferred open formats for NAA. NLM has developed MyMorph, which can convert a range of formats to PDF in a web service architecture. The challenge for the Planets project will be to include these required existing tools in the Planets system. Encountered problems with currently available tools have mostly been in the area of the quality of the conversion. The paragraph Planets approach to migration tools will elaborate on the challenges encountered. These problems led the tools working group to conclude that important issues to look at for tools in area two are quality of the existing tools and how to perform quality assurance automatically along with basic challenges on how to incorporate existing tools in the Planets system. Summary The current situation of migration tools has been outlined in three areas of tool development for the Planets project. In area one, the gap analysis will identify apparent gaps in the available tool range. Furthermore, the tools working group assesses that development will be needed for complex formats e.g. databases. In area two, quality assurance of the existing tools, how to do this quality assurance automatically and how to incorporate existing tools in the Planets system have been defined as important issues for tool development. The third area is out of scope for tool development by the Planets project. Claims The current approach to migration tools is based on two claims. The first claim is that 'The market will cover the tools for widely used formats'. This claim is the basis for the tools working group's choice to concentrate on looking at quality of the relevant existing tools. The second claim states that 'Only very few migration tools will be in demand on the long-term'. This claim is the basis for trusting that the applicability of the current approach will


Abstract : This report summarizes the investigation of wave impact duration. Example data plots are presented that show that impact durations vary from 100 milliseconds to 450 milliseconds for craft that weigh from 14,000 pounds to 105,000 pounds and have deep-V hulls with deadrise from 18 degrees to 22 degrees. Simple theoretical calculations are presented to show why impact duration is critical to understanding the effects of impact loads on physical systems.


The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of productivity and quality in order to achieve operational goals in a Parts Distribution Center. It considers the factors which supports productivity and quality as performance indicators. Then it presents a cause and effect diagram to help display the potential causes that might affect productivity and quality. The work in concluded by mentioning the importance of feedback as key element to augment opportunities to increase productivity.


SUMMARY The effect of an insulin-induced hypoglycemia was examined in 14 type I diabetic patients. After an overnight blood glucose normalization, each patient received an additional intravenous bolus of 3 U regular insulin at 0900 h (time 0). Blood glucose was continuously recorded up to 180 min. Plasma samples were assayed for p-thromboglobulin ((5TG, ng/ml), pancreatic glucagon (pg/ml), cortisol (|xg/dl), and growth hormone (ng/ml) 30 min before the insulin stress, at time 0, at blood glucose nadir, and at 180 min. The blood glucose fell from a baseline level of 85.0 ± 3.2 mg/dl to a nadir value of 39.2 ±1. 9 mg/dl (P < 0.001) reached at an average time of 41.4 ± 4.9 min. Plasma PTG increased significantly (P < 0.05) during the insulin stress: 93.4 ± 23.7 ng/ml at nadir versus 42.5 ± 5.9 at time 0. Plasma cortisol and growth hormone were significantly increased (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01) at nadir compared with time 0 values. Plasma pancreatic glucagon was higher at nadir than at time 0, but the difference was not significant. The present results indicate that in vivo platelet activation can be triggered by hypoglycemic episodes in insulin-treated diabetic patients. DIABETES 1984; 33:907-909.


The radial acceleration relation (RAR) locally relates the `observed' acceleration inferred from the dynamics of a system to the acceleration implied by its baryonic matter distribution. The relation as traced by galaxy rotation curves is one-to-one with remarkably little scatter, implying that the dynamics of a system can be predicted simply by measuring its density profile as traced by e.g. stellar light or gas emission lines. Extending the relation to accelerations below those usually probed by practically observable kinematic tracers is challenging, especially once accounting for faintly emitting baryons, such as the putative warm-hot intergalactic medium, becomes important. We show that in the low-acceleration regime, the (inverted) RAR predicts an unphysical, declining enclosed baryonic mass profile for systems with `observed' acceleration profiles steeper than $g_{\rm obs}\propto r^{-1}$ (corresponding to density profiles steeper than isothermal - $\rho(r)\propto r^{-2}$). If the RAR is tantamount to a natural law, such acceleration profiles cannot exist. We apply this argument to test the compatibility of an extrapolation of the rotation curve-derived RAR to low accelerations with data from galaxy-galaxy weak lensing, dwarf spheroidal galaxy stellar kinematic, and outer Milky~Way dynamical measurements, fully independent of the uncertainties inherent in direct measurements of the baryonic matter distribution. In all cases we find that the data weakly favour a break to a steeper low-acceleration slope. Improvements in measurements and modelling of the outer Milky~Way, and weak lensing, seem like the most promising path toward stronger constraints on the low-acceleration behaviour of the RAR.


Construction of MFTF-B is scheduled for completion in 1985. Results of experiments in TMX-U and MFTF-B will permit the design of the D-T burning tandem-mirror next-step facility (TMNS) in which physics issues will not be at issue. TMNS will be a facility for engineering research and development. The end cells of TMNS are expected to be appropriate for a tandem-mirror demonstration fusion reactor (TMR), construction of which should begin about 1986 for operation in the 1990's.


Background QoL-ME is a digital visual personalized quality of life assessment app for people with severe mental health problems. Research reveals that e-mental health apps frequently suffer from low engagement and fall short of expectations regarding their impact on patients' daily lives. Studies often indicate that e-mental health apps ought to respect the needs and preferences of end users to achieve optimal user engagement. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of users regarding the usability and functionality of QoL-ME and whether the app is actionable and beneficial for patients. Methods End users (n=8) of QoL-ME contributed to semistructured interviews. An interview guide was used to direct the interviews. All interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions were analyzed and coded thematically. Results Analysis revealed 3 main themes: (1) benefit, (2) actionability, and (3) characteristics of the QoL-ME. The first theme reveals that the QoL-ME app was beneficial for the majority of respondents, primarily by prompting them to reflect on their quality of life. The current version is not yet actionable; the actionability of the QoL-ME app may be improved by enabling users to view their scores over time and by supplying practical advice for quality of life improvements. Overall, participants had positive experiences with the usability, design, and content of the app. Conclusions The QoL-ME app can be beneficial to users as it provides them with insight into their quality of life and elicits reflection. Incorporating more functionalities that facilitate self-management, such as advice and strategies for improving areas that are lacking, will likely make the app actionable. Patients positively regarded the usability, design, and contents of the QoL-ME app.


The article gives a brief description of the Soviet approach to the development of border areas, when the barrier function of the state border was dominant. Most neighbors were considered as potential military enemies, and land borders with capitalist or unfriendly countries were guarded most carefully. The issue of social and economic development of the border area was not on the agenda. With the Soviet Union collapsing new threats, bound up with criminal activities of international terrorist groups, drug trafficking, illegal migration etc., were added to the list of the border problems. Border subjects of the Russian Federation are nowadays a kind of gaps in the system of national security. The article's focus is put on the prospects of borderland's development. It is concluded that a new conceptual and practical approach to correlation between barrier and contact functions of the borders is needed.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to introduce convex structures on MV-algebras such that the MV-operations are convexity preserving or weak convexity preserving. Therefore, we propose the concepts of paraconvex MV-algebras and weak convex MV-algebras. We give some characterizations of weak convex MV-algebras. Further, we show that the standard MV-algebra endowed with its interval convexity is a weak convex MV-algebra. In particular, a finite MV-chain endowed with a non-trivial convex structure is a weak convex MV-algebra iff the convex structure is precisely its interval convexity. Moreover, the direct product of finite weak convex MV-algebras is still a weak convex MV-algebra. Based on this, we further get that each finite MV-algebra endowed with its interval convexity is a weak convex MV-algebra. By using ideals, we introduce the ideal convexity on an MV-algebra which turns it to be a paraconvex MV-algebra. Finally, we discuss the separation axioms on weak convex MV-algebras. Communicated by Ángel del Río Mateos


Abstract The Constitution promised a form of social democracy built upon a transformed legal system. While transformation cannot be equated with revolution and hence the complete eradication of existing legal norms and concepts, the constitutional text promised the development of the existing legal system into a body of law which would, as coherently as possible, reflect the core values of the Constitution. This article examines the law of contract, socio economic rights and identity politics in order to evaluate the progress made during the first fifteen years of constitutional democracy. It concludes that, notwithstanding a legal text that sought expressly to guide legal development, the courts have brought about change more at the margin than in the reconstitution of the entire legal system. In particular, the influence of legal culture is found to be a key explanation for this halting jurisprudential progress.


Several factors affect observed racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States. Among them are features of provider-patient communication. In Study 1, the literature in patient communication skills training is reviewed to determine the extent to which researchers have reported comparative effects of interventions designed to enhance patients'communication skills and participation in medical interviews. Of the 27 studies reported, only 1 conducted a comparative analysis. In Study 2, a post hoc analysis of available communication skills training data sets is conducted to explore comparative intervention effectiveness. Similar to the results of the single report found in Study 1, the communication intervention was more effective with White than with non-White patients. These results are discussed with respect to implications for addressing racial/ethnic health disparities.


The aim
 of this thesis was to be able to judge the suitability of different UVB-lamps
 for the prevention of rickets for daylight active, UVB-dependent animals. For
 this purpose 25 animals of the species Pogona
 vitticeps were used and divided into 5 groups.
 Each group was assigned to a different UVB-lamp. The lamps tested were UltraVitalux® by Osram with 300
 Watt, PowerSun® by ZooMed
 with 160 Watt, BrightSun® UV Desert by Lucky
 Reptile with 70 Watt as well as Compact Lamp with 26 Watt without reflector
 und light tubes with a length of 610mm and 18 Watt with reflector brand ReptiSun® by ZooMed. All
 animals were kept under standardized conditions single housed without any
 visual contact to each other.
 The
 investigation methods were restricted to a daily inspection of the animals, a
 weekly control of body weight and head trunk length, as well as a weekly
 measurement to the UVB-production of each lamp by a Solarmeter®
 Model 6.2 UVB of the company ZooMed. Moreover every
 three month an X-ray examination of the animals was performed.
 The result of these investigations
 was, that all lamps used were suitable for the
 prevention of rickets, as long as they are used
 according to the recommendation of the manufacturing company. But certain
 advantages and disadvantages need to be considered, which are responsible for
 that not every lamp is suitable for every kind of housing.


The Monetary Union: Another instance of the EU's neoliberal bias? The EU's Single-Market legislation, the Commission's competition policy, and the ECJ's progressive extension of the domain of economic liberties have had a liberalising and deregulatory impact on the economies, societies and institutions of EU member states. And the 'conditionalities' imposed in response to the eurocrisis on the recipients of rescue credits are even more direct in their liberalising impact. Like the supply-side programs which Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan had adopted in the 1980s, they insist not only on fiscal austerity but also on a wide range of 'structural reforms' requiring liberalisation, deregulation, privatisation, tax cuts, welfare cutbacks, wage cuts and union busting. It seems reasonable to ask, therefore, whether the Monetary Union itself should also be seen as part and


Recently proposed hierarchical divergence-conforming N´ ed´ elec elements for volumetric cells are reviewed. The new basis functions span the mixed-order (or reduced-curl) spaces of N´ edand can be used to deal with structures meshed by a mixture of cells of different geometry. The bases are constructed from orthogonal scalar polynomials to enhance their linear independence, which is a simpler process than an orthogonalization applied to the final vector functions. These bases are intended for use with numerical solutions of volume integral equations or differential equations containing divergence operators. Numerical results demonstrating the relative orthogonality of the basis functions will be presented at the conference.


The problems of food safety have been turned to the focus by peoples and governments all over the world.The problems of food safety in our country should not be ignored.The Law of Food Hygiene has not been able to meet the needs of the progress of science and technology and economic development,and reguires to make the Law of Food Safety and its relative regulations in our country as soon as possible.This text suggest some constructive proposals on legislation of the Law of Food Safety.


This study sought to establish the adoption of Biometric System to Manage Teachers Absenteeism for Improvement of Teachers Performance: A Case Study for Karuri High School in Kiambu County. The specific objectives of the study were: To determine the current methods used in schools in monitoring teacher's absenteeism, investigate the challenges faced in the use of the traditional methods. To determine the benefits of using biometric system to manage teacher's absenteeism in schools, determine factors affecting schools from using biometric systems and develop and validate an adoption framework for biometric system. The study adopted a descriptive research design and purposive sampling was used to collect data from the principal, deputy principals and the heads of departments and simple random sampling for teachers. Data was presented using tables, graphs and pie charts and analysed using frequencies. The findings from this study revealed that traditional ways the schools used in managing teachers absenteeism included attendance register, impromptu visits by the principal and the class prefects' records in checking the teachers' attendance. The challenges faced in the use of the traditional methods include teachers signing for others, ineffective policies and the loss of books. Also there is lack of motivation from students. The study revealed that traditional methods had many challenges in checking of teachers' attendance and therefore this negatively influences the teacher's performance. The study revealed that biometric system had a lot of benefits that schools can realize if the adopt it in managing teachers' absenteeism and for improvement of teachers' performance. The benefits of using biometric system was security of attendance tracking, its flexibility and convenience and the benefit of time saving. Also the study revealed that biometric had the benefit of being easily integrated with other systems.


Introduction: Anemia is a common health problem in overall world especially in developing countries. Early and accurate diagnosis is needed to decide correct line of treatment. Material & Methods: The study was conducted in Hematology laboratory of medical college hospital for a period of 12 month during January 2018 to December 2018. Total 1500 anemic patients of 10-70 year of age were included in the study. Interpretation of RBC Histogram and peripheral smear examination was done in each case. Results: Out of total 1500 anemic cases, microcytic anemia is most common cause followed by normocytic, Dimorphic and macrocytic anemia. Female patients are more than male patients and most common involved age group is 31-40 years followed by 21-30 years. Discussion: Interpretation of RBC histograms is useful method for initial diagnosis of anemia and can be used for screening purpose to screen large population.


Let A be a geometrically integral algebra over a field k. We prove that for any affine k-domain R, if there exists an extension field K of k such that R ⊆ K ⊗k A and R * K, then there exists an extension field L of k such that R ⊆ L ⊗k A and trdegk(L) < trdegk(R). This generalizes a result of Freudenburg, namely, the fact that this is true for A = k.


The paper presents the results of study the reproductive biology of a number of higher plants and shows the features of the formation of their generative structures, pollination, fertilization and seed formation. It has been established that the studied species have a high reproductive potential, they are characterized by the conjugacy in the development of male and female gametophyte and gametogenesis, the relationship and relevance of the development of flower elements and pollinating insects, etc. It is indicated that the limiting factors of high productive reproduction and reproduction of the studied plants are anomalies of the processes of formation of generative structures that occur during critical periods under the influence of extreme environmental factors, weak exchange of genetic information due to discontinuity of the area and small number of cenopopulations, as well as human impact. It is shown that the current state of natural cenopopulations of the studied rare species of the Crimean flora necessitates the development and strict observance of scientifically based measures for their protection.


The natural variability in the enantiomeric distribution of biologically active chiral terpenoids in Solidago canadensis L. essential oil from Kumaon was evaluated by enantioselective capillary GC, capillary GC, and GC-MS. Germacrene D, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, was noticed as the major compound, contributing 56.7%, 75.5% and 69.7% to the samples, while other constituents with variable compositions were limonene (0.2 to 12.5%), bornyl acetate (2.1 to 2.9%), δ-elemene (2.4 to 3.2), β-elemene (1.3 to 1.8%), and elemol (1.4 to 2.6%). The enantiomeric excess has been determined for germacrene D with (+)-enantiomer (>41.8% to >47%) dominating over the (-)-enantiomer in all the samples. Furthermore, there has been above 95% enantiomeric excess for (R)-(+)-limonene (>95.1% to >99%), whereas moderate to low excess for (1 R)-(+)-α-pinene (>47.9%), and (1S)-(-)-β-pinene (>30.3%) was established. Notably, only (-)-bornyl acetate was found as a single enantiomer with >99% enantiomeric excess. However, for all the identified chiral terpenoids, the enantiomeric distribution varied within only a narrow range in all the samples.


The estimates for the incidence of some type of mental illness in the United States are remarkably high: approximately one in four. In theory, antidiscrimination protection under the Americans with Disabilities Act and health insurance should help that 25% of the population. However, the ADA has not been effective in mitigating the effects of discrimination upon the mentally ill, and health insurance coverage has been both discriminatory and deficient. Insurance plans and policies offer less coverage and more limits on the mentally ill than on any other patients, and companies almost never accommodate mental illness or tolerate the symptoms of those diseases. Congress tried to address these shortcomings through the proposed Mental Health Parity Act of 2007, an amendment to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the federal law that regulates most employee benefits, to little avail. In the meantime, the Supreme Court made it more difficult for those with mental illness to fit within the ADA's protections. However, important changes to these laws could significantly improve the lives of the mentally ill. On September 25, 2008, significant amendments to the Americans with Disabilities Act were signed into law. Less than one month later, mental health parity in employer-provided health insurance became a federal mandate when the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 was quietly enacted as part of the first economic bailout. At a time when the Obama presidency is framing the social issues for the next half-decade, and when a woman accepted the Republican vice-presidential nomination moments before cradling her special needs infant in her arms, mental health is ever-present in the news. That is atypical. In over a dozen years, no significant legislation nor federal agency has focused on the problems associated with mental health since David Satcher, former President Bill Clinton's Surgeon General, reported glaring disparities that violated not only civil rights, but best medical and management practices. Until now, mental illness demonstrated an almost irreconcilable conflict between economy and shame, made even worse by stereotypical thinking that stigmatizes the mentally ill or impaired, and wastes important human capital.


The intensification of the greenhouse effect through human activity poses global environmental problems of a kind never previously encountered in history. A potential victim, but also a cause of the current dramatic climatic changes, China must, as a matter of urgency, take stock of the risks it runs and establish workable strategies to respond to the problems. The aim of this article is to highlight the potential impacts of climate change on the water resources and agriculture of northern China((1).The application of the MAGICC-SCENGEN((2) model to China shows that temperatures could well increase by between 0.6°C and 1.3°C between now and 2030 and from 1.2°C to 2.3°C by 2050. If this happens, the north of the country would warm up more rapidly than the south. The rainfall pattern would also be affected and the model predicts a slight increase over most of the country with a reduction in the central plains (Figure 1).To analyse the implications of climate change we need to begin with the risks involved in climatic variability and the management of natural resources, and to analyse how the anticipated climate changes might increase those risks. In China, the water resource situation in the northern plains is central to developmental issues. The balance between water availability and water use has already been upset and this trend could be aggravated by climate change. The increasing scarcity of water, together with competition from industry and urban centres, places the capacity of agricultural irrigation under great pressure. Cereal production, a sector heavily dependent on irrigation, is thus faced with an unprecedented challenge.The water challenge in China: shortages in regions and citiesLimited reso urces, unevenly distribut ed and overexploitedAt first glance, China seems to be a country with relatively abundant water resources. Usable resources are estimated at 2,812 billion cubic metres per year, putting China sixth in world ranking. Seen in terms of population, however, available resources are only some 2,200 cubic metres per capita per year, one of the lowest levels in the world, although one that still places China above the threshold of "water stress."((3) But the seriousness of the water situation in China is best illustrated by the large regional disparities. While demand is growing across the whole country, available water supplies in the north (757 cubic metres per head) represent only one quarter of those of the south (3,208), which places the whole of the northern region in a state of water scarcity. Northern China, where 42% of the population live and, above all, where 60% of all arable land is located, have only 14% of China's water resources. Seen in terms of hydrographic basins, the contrasts are even more striking (Graph 1). The rates of resource utilisation in the northern basins are often three or four times those in the south and frequently exceed overexploitation thresholds. In the basin of the Hai River, in particular, these rates exceed 95%.Despite these limited resources, we are now witnessing a sig- nificant increase in total demand, principally from industry and urban centres. Crop irrigation continues to be the heav- iest user of water resources accounting for 67% of the water consumed, followed by industry which now accounts for 21% of demand((4). Water used by agriculture has, however, only increased marginally since 1980, although China has, for several years, been pursuing its program of food self-suf- ficiency. On the other hand, in the context of China's sub- stantial economic growth and accelerated industrialisation, use by industry has increased threefold. The growth in domestic use is also due in very large measure to the needs of towns and cities. Consumption grows strongly as urban households, where the middle classes increasingly live, adopt characteristic levels of use.Despite the shortages, water is used relatively inefficiently. The pollution of most Chinese waterways is also a contribut- ing factor to the scarcity of the resource. …


The purpose of this document is to describe each step in the development of a model for the case "A Late Night at The Virginian Restaurant" (UVA-OM-1551).

Excerpt

UVA-OM-1553

Rev. Mar. 23, 2017

A Late Night at The Virginian Restaurant:

Model Documentation and Guide

Contents

. . .


Background: T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas represent approximately 12% of all lymphomas and in general are associated with a worse prognosis compared to their B-cell counterparts. In patients with Hodgkin's disease and aggressive B-cell lymphoma ( 18 F)fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) represents an important early prognostic tool for predicting outcome. Very little information is available regarding the role of FDG-PET in T-cell lymphoma. Patients and Methods: A total of 20 patients with newly diagnosed and histologically proven T/NK cell lymphomas where staged with both conventional methods and whole-body PET scanning. Patients underwent FDG-PET, concurrently with CT of neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis within 3 weeks prior to induction treatment, after 2–4 cycles, and after the end of induction. All patients but three received HCVIDDoxil, using pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as a substitute for doxorubicin in the HyerCVAD regimen, alternating with methotrexate and cytarabine. Three patients received the standard CHOP (cyclophosphamide,hydroxydaunomycin, vincristine, prednisone) regimen. According to the International Prognostic Index (IPI), 35% of patients were stratified as low risk, 25% as low/intermediate, 35% as high/intermediate, and 5% as high risk. Baseline scans were strongly positive in all patients. Results: During induction therapy (at 2–4 cycles) FDG-PET became negative in 16 (80%) patients and remained positive in 4 (20%) patients. Twelve out of 16 (75%) patients who were PET negative during induction therapy relapsed, and four out of four (100%) in the PET positive group. Two of the " early" PET negative patients became positive after 4 cycles. Median progression-free survival was 240 days in the PET negative group and 85 days in the PET positive group (Log-rank p=0.07). Conclusions: In this limited number of patients homogeneously treated with newly diagnosed T cell lymphomas the assessment of metabolic activity by FDG-PET during induction therapy did not predict long-term prognosis.


Science and technology input plays an important role in prompting human capital shaping,productivity developing and the development of economy.So it is of great significance to improve input policy of science and technology and establish an evaluation system of efficiency.By using DEA the paper analyses the relative efficiency and the scale returns of science and technology input from 2004 to 2006 according to the data of six regions.The research indicates that the efficiency of science and technology input has direct relation with regions and the efficiency in developed regions is higher than that in developing regions.The efficiency of the input presents increasing scale returns in six regions.


Parenting styles and adolescents' psychosocial adjustment: An analysis of contextual influences in the socialization process.
 The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to analyze the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent developmental outcomes, and whether the level of neighborhood risk moderates this relationship. Using a two-dimension, four-typology model of parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful), a sample of adolescents (N = 1,115) reported on their parents' child-rearing practices, and on the perceived risk in the neighborhood they lived in. Measures on three sets of developmental outcomes were used: psychological adjustment, academic achievement, and problem behaviors. Socio-demographic variables were also considered (sex, age, parents' educational level and family structure). Main analyses used a multivariate factorial design approach. Results showed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families were those associated with better developmental outcomes, and that adolescents from authoritarian and neglectful parents were those who performed worse in all outcomes. Also, and irrespective of parenting styles, those adolescents who perceived higher levels of risk in the neighborhood were those who performed worse in the developmental outcomes. No interactions effects between parenting styles and neighborhood risk were found. These results did not support the idea that the levels of perceived risk in the neighborhood moderate the relationship between parenting styles and developmental outcomes. These results suggested, however, that perceived neighborhood risk was a developmental risk for all adolescents, and in particular for those with authoritarian and neglectful parents were the risk is increased.
Keywords: family, adolescence, parenting styles, socialization, neighborhood risk, psychosocial adjustment, conduct problems.


In underground mine, wireless networks usually use multi-hop chain topology. When a mobile station roams in it, the station switches from one access point to next access point to maintain the data communication. Generally, the communication delay and packet loss affect the movement operational equipment's real-time monitoring and controlling. In this paper, we proposed a multi-radio based rapid handover technology (MRRH) in underground mine wireless communication networks, it reduces the handover latency by optimizing the channel scanning process and redundant radio accessing. Test results show that MRRH can meet the underground mines' quality of service (QoS) requirement by reducing the channel scanning time and handover latency.


Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) contents in the pericarp, seed and aril ofHuaizhi litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) were analysed during fruit development. The results showed that Spdlevel was the highest among the three polyamines in fruit, followed by Put and Spm. The contents of threepolyamines peaked at 7 and 28 days after anthesis (DAA). The total endogenous polyamine contents in differentfruit tissues were highest at their initial growth stage, then decreased steeply, and kept a stable level during stageⅡ-b (56~70 DAA). In contrast, the contents of the three polyamines on per fruit basis were all the lowestduring 0~21 DAA, and then exhibited a small peak at 28 DAA. But during fruit rapid growth, Spd contentincreased abruptly, while Put and Spm levels rose slowly.


Student's mental models in this study were built through model-based learning with multiple representations. The samples in this study were conducted through random cluster sampling with the study subjects were taken from a high school student in Lampung Province. The selected number of samples as many as two classes of students grade 10 and students involved in this study as 76 peoples. Mental models of the students were measured through tests in the form of an essay. This test is a test of creative problem solving to look at the ability of the student's imagination. The results showed that (1) After learning by using multiple representations strategy, mental models abilities of students becomes higher, which is located at the level of intermediate-3; (2) Multiple representation strategies give a high influence to the improvement of the students' mental models to the concept of atomic structure. These findings indicate that learning by multiple representations strategy could be alternative strategy in the teaching of chemistry to solve problems creatively, particularly concepts related to the phenomenon of sub-microscopic, macroscopic and symbolic.
Keywords: Influence, Chemical Bonding, Mental Models, Multiple Representation


A single impinging jet exhibits high heat transfer performance around an impingement point on a wall. However, the heat transfer performance deteriorates as it moves away from the impingement point. Consequently, multiple impinging jets are commonly introduced to overcome the shortcomings of a single jet: inhomogeneous heat distribution on the wall and a narrow heating area. However, inhomogeneous heat transfers still occur. Therefore, a new jet control is required to improve the uniformity of heat transfer. Meanwhile, blooming jets are produced by appropriate combinations of axial and helical excitations at the nozzle exit. Using appropriately selected excitations, a jet can split into two separate jets (bifurcating jet) or spread into a shower of toroidal vortex rings. Blooming jets exhibit good performances of mixing and diffusion, suggesting possible applications in flow control. However, studies regarding the heat transfer performance of blooming jets are non-existent. In this study, we conducted direct numerical simulations of blooming jets impinging upon a wall and investigated their flow characteristics and heat transfer performances. As control parameters, the impingement distance (the distance from the nozzle to the wall) and frequency ratio (the axial excitation frequency to the helical frequency) are varied. The vortex structures and velocity magnitude reveals flow modulations due to blooming control. With the time-averaged local Nusselt number, the heat transfer performance of the blooming jets is evaluated quantitatively. Compared with uncontrolled jets, the uniformity of heat transfer of blooming jets is better, suggesting their potential application for leveling the heat transfer of impinging jets.


This study examines the problems of effective implementation of the distribution permits of products PIRT as the embodiment of the system of integrated food safety still need to be developed in the form of models, in order to further refine the policy towards the level of optimization and effectiveness is expected, among other things reflected in the indicators of the realization of improved standards of food safety according to Law No. 18 Year 2012 on Food. Based on the results of previous studies have shown, that in general SKPT experienced weakness in its implementation synergy between networks are formed, and significantly tend to influence the level of effectiveness. The research method used is the juridical sociological research, in order to see the empirical facts that occurred in the community by making observations in the form of in-depth interactive communication with the relevant stakeholders as well as the producers and consumers PIRT, through the adoption of the draft approach SKPT development model has been formulated. From the results of this further research, at least can be provided alternative solutions in order to build an integrated synergy to enhance the effectiveness and optimization of the implementation of the provisions of the marketing authorization of food products of domestic industry (PIRT). Thus, on the whole range of research activities, is expected to raise the level of mutual awareness of the importance of food safety, in order to further improve the quality of consumer protection circulation of food from many food products industry household unauthorized distribution.Keywords : Distribution Permits, PIRT, SKPT, Stakeholder.


The paper considers specifics of logistic processes in agriculture. According to the authors, agriculture is a complex logistic system with some particularities and limitations. The article identifies key directions that extend the concept "logistics". It highlights the importance of cooperation in logistics development in agro-industrial complex and proves the need for developing a network of information and consultancy services, which could organize seminars on the issues concerning the design of internal and external logistic chains on the basis of the principles and methods of agricultural cooperation.


Automatically detecting the stance of people toward political and ideological topics –namely their "Ideological Perspective"– from social media is a rapidly growing research area with a wide range of applications. Research in such a field faces several challenges among which is the lack of annotated corpora and associated guidelines for collecting annotations. The problem is even more pronounced in situations where there is no clear taxonomy for the common community perspectives and ideologies. The challenges are exacerbated when the communities where we need to gather these annotations are in a state of turmoil causing subjectivity and intimidation to be factors in the annotation process. Accordingly, we present the process for creating a robust and succinct set of guidelines for annotating "Egyptian Ideological Perspectives". We collect social media data discussing Egyptian politics and develop an iterative feedback annotation framework refining the annotation task and associated guidelines attempting to circumvent both weaknesses. Our efforts lead to a significant increase in inter-annotator agreement measures from 75.7% to 92% overall agreement.


THE cxact nature of the defect or defects in thc paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) erythrocyte has not yet been satisfactorily defined. Recently, however, a deficiency in erythrocyte acctylcholinesterase activity has been reported (De Sandre, Ghiotto and Mastella, 1956; De Sandre and Ghotto, 1958, 1960; Auditore and Hartnian, 1959). In this paper we present observations on the acetylcholinesterase activity of the erythrocytes of I 5 patients suffering from PNH of varying severity. Three patients (with a mild grade of PNH) had normal values for acetylcholinesterase activity, two had low normal and the rcniaindcr abnormally low values. The observations are correlated with the results of aciddried serum tests and 'cold-antibody haemolysis tests' carried out at the same time. The rclationship between acetylcholinesterase activity and the reticulocyte count is also discussed.


The paper establishes an analytical model for a multi-level inventory of a logistics system based on a distribution cen- ter,uses BPMN as a description method to analyze the business process model of multi-level inventory system,develops a safety stock decision simulation model on the Arena simulation platform and expatiates on the methods of using three models mentioned above to es- tablish safety steck decision simulation system in logistics system.


Apparatus was modified lo measure, and theoretical raytracing was used to predict, off‐axis powers of spectacle lenses in the presence of till or decentration. In response lo poor fitting in the form of lilt or decentration, lenses with aspheric from surfaces were found to have greater off‐axis power errors than best‐form lenses with spherical surfaces. This is attributable to the aspheric lenses having flatter surfaces than the spherical lenses. The errors are up to twice those occurring for the spherical lenses, and can be quite high. e.g. 0.9 D astigmatism for + 6D power with 10° tilt in 20° upgaze. Negative lenses are more sensitive to poor fitting than are positive lenses of the same power. The errors for straight ahead vision associated with tilt are approximately proportional to the square of the angle of tilt, and the errors for straight ahead vision associated with decentration are approximately proportional to the square of decentration. It is most important that aspheric lenses be correctly fitted, which means that each 2° of pantascopic tilt should be accompanied by approximately 1 mm decentration.


Tbis work studies a group personage's biograpbies connected with the coast of Granada (relation can be circumstantial) during the period from Xth century to Xlllth century A.D., so we can know its intellectual ambient principally. Sorne of these personages were very importants like princes, viziers, politics. However, the majority of these personages realise sorne works concems the law, justice and religion. That proves the coast of Granada and specially Almunecar stand out against the cultural panorama of Granada, at the same time played an importan! part in the politic events of the epoch.


ARTICLE INFO The paper represents the determination and behavior of glass plate under cold bending technique at ambient condition. Analysis of this technique revels the bending of a glass plate shows that it won't affect the properties of glass plate after bending. This paper consist of design the technique in which discover appropriate locations on glass plate by applying forces at different points to obtain bending of glass plate up to certain limit for parabolic shape without breakage. Parabolic shaped glass bending plate useful for various applications as in solar collectors which is used for heating water. Though Aluminum plate uses in solar collector, it has good efficiency, good reflectivity and better yielding properties than other materials. But its parabolic shape is not perfect. Because of imperfect shape, there is power loss due to no concentration of radiation at focal distance and it deviated. Now a day's bending of glass plate is done by hot bending but it has a limitation to get parabolic shape and also affect on properties of glass plate. Keywords— Cold bending, parabolic shape, glass plate, reflectivity, focal distance Article History


In the framework of Jaeger's model for heat transfer in dry surface grinding, series expansions for calculating the temperature field, assuming constant, linear, triangular, and parabolic heat flux profiles entering into the workpiece, are derived. The numerical evaluation of these series is considerably faster than the numerical integration of Jaeger's formula and as accurate as the latter. Also, considering a constant heat flux profile, a numerical procedure is proposed for the computation of the maximum temperature as a function of the Peclet number and the depth below the surface. This numerical procedure has been used to evaluate the accuracy of Takazawa's approximation.


All chipmunks are best referred to a single genus, Tamias, with the single Eurasian species in the subgenus Eutamias, the eastern North American species in the subgenus Tamias, and the remaining western North American species assigned to the subgenus Neotamias. Giemsa-band patterns of chromosomes from North American chipmunks, and intrapopulational and intraspecific variation in karyotypes and hybrid karyotypes, in T. minimus from Wyoming and Montana, are described. Comparisons of subgenus Neotamias karyotype A from T. (N.) minimus minimus, T. (N.) m. operarius and T. (N.) c. cinereicollis with karyotype ? from ?. (N.) minimus pallidus, ?. (N.) amoenus luteiventris, T. (N.) q. quadrivittatus, T. (N.) palmeri, T. (N.) p. panamintinus and T. (N.) umbrinus fremonti confirm that these karyotypes differ by only one pericentric inversion of the smallest acrocentric or biarmed chromosome of the complement. In contrast, at least nine chromosomal rearrangements separate the T. (Tamias) striatus karyotype from Neotamias. The karyotype of Eurasian T. (Eutamias) sibiricus differs from both North American subgenera.


Dragon Boat Festival originated from criterions and customs with modern preventive health which resulted from ancient people's profound observation and experience of "evil-days" seasons with hope of "remove evil and disaster".Folk activities of Dragon Boat Festival absorb nutrients from the Chinese medicine civilization,forming a mystery and rational medical concept of ancient social health.Dragon Boat Festival is a ancient preventive health festival with deep and broad public awareness.


The extract solutions of the longitudinal train dynamics can be calculated by a numerical intergration method. The results are investigated in this paper. Considering the laws of the train longitudinal impulses, a new method to calculate ones is presented. A train is simplified as equivalent linear system. Through vational effective simplification for the train and exciting forces, using the model method and LM method, a fast algorithm of ones is obtained. It is used in the simulation of a train dynamics in read time on a common microcomputer. The paper compares the results of the fast ones, the numerical ones and field measurements.


The entity entitled to bring a complaint to the Provincial Administrative Court is anyone with a legal interest in this. The mere fact of submitting a complaint based on an individual's individual legal interest results in an obligation on the part of the Provincial Administrative Court to examine the interest of the complainant. If the court, during the examination, does not find a connection between the action or action complained about and the interests of the complainant, it will be forced to disregard the complaint, which will result in its dismissal. The analyzed article expresses a very important principle known as the right to a fair trial. This is a consequence of the rule that only the court is the body that ultimately decides about the freedoms, rights and obligations of an individual. The right of an individual to assert his rights before a competent, independent, impartial and independent court.


THE DISORDER known as Wegener's granulomatosis (Klinger, 1931; Wegener, 1939) has certain features akin to polyarteritis nodosa and may be one manifestation of this disease, with its wide spectrum of presenting clinical abnormalities. The diagnostic triad of Wegener's granuomatosis comprises necrotizing granulomata of the respiratory tract, generalized vasculitis and glomerulitis (Godman & Churg, 1954). Typically, a middle-aged man presents with a destructive, ulcerated granuloma in the nasal air-passages and later develops similar lesions in the lower airways and lung parenchyma; renal abnormalities usually develop and death from uraemia is common. Systemic arteritis may involve the nervous system, most commonly producing a peripheral neuropathy of the 'mononeuritis multiplex' variety (Drachman, 1963; Stern, Hoffbrand & Urich, 1965), and skeletal muscular wasting may be secondary to this, to disuse atrophy, or to necrotizing myopathy (Stern et al., 1965). The prognosis is poor: death frequently occurs in a few months (Walton, 1958), though survival for several years has been described (Fahey et al., 1954; Evans & Halley, 1963). The patient described below developed such an illness with necrotizing lesions of the respiratory tract, digital arteritis, a proximal myopathy of the limbs, and severe congestive cardiac failure. In place of the expected 'square-wave' response of his arterial pressure to a Valsalva manoeuvre, there was a response of the type found in denervation of the baroreceptors or blockade of the normal reflex response to a falling stroke output of the heart.


Notary is a public official based on the law, therefore in carrying out his / her position the Notary has privileges. Article 66 paragraph (1) letter b of the Law on the Position of Notary states that for the benefit of the judicial process, investigators, public prosecutors, or judges with the approval of the Notary Honorary Council are authorized to: summon the Notary to be present at the examination relating to the Notary Deed or Protocol that is in the Notary's custody. And confirmed by the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Notary Honorary Council. However, the regulation does not state how many times the Notary Honorary Council can be summoned by the Notary Honorary Council, resulting in legal uncertainty because in some cases there have been repeated summons of Notaries by the Notary Honorary Council where the results of the Notary Honorary Council's decisions are inconsistent. This research is a normative juridical research. The data used is secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Data analysis is carried out using qualitative juridical analysis methods. From the results of the research, it can be obtained that the legal certainty of the decision of the Regional Notary Honorary Council regarding the granting of permission to summon Notaries by law enforcement officials can be created if in making this decision, the Regional Notary Honorary Council is consistent and in making the decision must be in accordance with the regulations of the minister of law and human rights Number 7 of 2016.


Land resources investigation is one of the basic problems in the land resources management.Firstly,the authors summarize the situation of China and foreign land resources investigation from time,investigation content and technology method,and system.Then the authors discuss the differences and similarities of China and foreign land resources investigation.As far as the important of land resources investigation is concerned,foreign countries have begun to invest the land resources for the first time in England in 1930,while Chinese investigation really started in 1950's,later nearly 20 year than foreign countries.The investigation of foreign countries is actually similar to that of China.However,Chinese land resources investigation adopts less high-tech,and takes more time to put into business effectively than that of foreign countries.Experiences of investigation system can be used for reference from foreign developed countries.Finally,the authors put forward several views on the trend of foreign land resources investigation.


Nicholas Phillipson died in Edinburgh's New Royal Infirmary on 24 January 2018, in the eighty-first year of his life. Over the course of a career of more than half a century, he had transformed sch...


A carving, cutting, and flip-chip bonding process is proposed for the fabrication of flexible electric double layer transistors (EDLTs) with low cost. Solution processed poly(styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt) is used as a gate dielectric. The large EDL-specific capacitance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.5~\mu \text{F}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/cm2 at 20 Hz) can induce very high charge carrier density in the InGaZnO (IGZO) channel layer, enabling the EDLTs to operate at a single-battery-drivable low voltage of 1.0 V with a high on-current of 10−4A. The effect of IGZO layer thickness on the performance of EDLTs was investigated. The flexible EDLT with optimized IGZO thickness of 100 nm has achieved a high on/off ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.4 \times 10^{7}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, a low threshold voltage of 0.51 V, a saturated field-effect mobility of 1.14 cm2/Vs, and high positive gate bias stress stability. Furthermore, the achieved subthreshold swing, 76 mV/dec, is very close to the theoretical ideal minimum value.


The design scale of Tangxi River Recycled Water Treatment Plant in Binhu New District,Hefei is 30 km 3 /d,which adopts AAO-MBR technology as the treatment process to provide Tangxi River with its outlet water as the ecological water supply resource.All the treatment structures are designed to be located under the ground following integrated semi basement layout,with soil and green on top.In this study,the general design of the recycled water treatment plant is introduced and the main design is analyzed.


Adders are one of the essential blocks of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), addressing the memory, table indices and many more such types of applications. The speed of the adder unit more often decides the performance of CPU (Central Processing Unit) and GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) for graphics applications. The high-speed design is a very important performance parameter speed that too with less implementation area and low power consumption. In this paper, the author proposes a novel 32-bit Residue Hybrid Adder (RHA) using the Residue Number System (RNS) and implemented using a Hybrid CMOS/PTL logic style. An RNS has the advantage of representing a large integer using a set of few smaller integers to make computation more efficient and effective. On the other side, parallel prefix adders provide faster execution time as it performs the operation in parallel. With our paper, it is evident that RHA gives better performance in terms of delay, power consumption and area for arithmetic operations. The experimental analysis has been performed using the EDA tool on 45-nm CMOS technology. The power, delay and power delay product (PDP) performance parameters are compared with the existing adders and the results show that, thanks to smaller modules, proposed units have both smaller area and delay by up to 45% and 41%, and, consequently, they allow achieving up to over 46% power saving, respectively.


Abstract: What the Houston Court qualified as "mysterious 'black box' impervious to challenge" was in practice a sophisticated software of many layers of calculations, which rated teachers' effectiveness to make employment decisions. In the European Union, a system as such would fall under the Proposal for AI Regulation of 2021, which qualifies AI models in education and vocational training as "high-risk" systems. Automated decision-making systems (ADM systems), AI-driven or not, are being increasingly used by governments in public education for different purposes, such as handling applications for undergraduate admission or profiling students and teachers to assess their performance. Across cases and jurisdictions, there is growing evidence of how the use of ADM systems in the education sector is becoming quite problematic: arbitrary assignment of teaching posts in mobility procedures, undue barriers to access undergraduate studies, and frequent lack of transparency in their implementation and decisions. This Article discusses how Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) regimes may contribute to rendering governments' ADM systems (AI-driven or not) accountable. The analysis of the FOIA cases (Parcoursoup saga in France, MIUR in Italy, and Ofqual in the United Kingdom) shows to what extent decisions granting access to the source code, functional and technical specifications, or third-party audits allow public scrutiny of ADM systems, detection of their pathologies, and better understanding of their adverse impacts on rights and freedoms, individual or collective. This Article also addresses the constitutional value of the right of access to public records (Parcoursup), and the importance of proactive and mandatory public dissemination to ensure traceability, transparency, and accountability of the ADM systems for FOIA purposes. In this sense, some legal initiatives across jurisdictions (Canada, France, Spain, United States, European Union) enhancing transparency and accountability of algorithmic systems will be examined.


This article deals with the mathematical–analytical model of a radially polarised stator, part of a piezoelectric travelling wave ultrasonic motor based on the shear effect. The stator is treated with a Reissner–Mindlin plate model containing piezoelectric terms. The so-obtained mathematical description of the disc stator takes into account its geometry, kinematics and characteristics that influence efficiency and torque. Rayleigh–Ritz discretisation is used to obtain eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of the stator plate. In addition, there are often teeth over the contact surface of ring-shaped stators to minimise the friction losses during operation of the motor, and possible vibration modes are compared with respect to the deflexion of the contact points. In the laboratory, measured eigenfrequencies of the free vibrations of the plate corroborate the numerical method. Particularly, the generation of travelling waves requests the excitation of two degenerated vibration modes in a certain electrode configuration. A voltage inverter was designed for this purpose.


In orders to facilitate better heat transfer, various types of fins are studied extensively and various modifications are made in the design till date. Geometry of fin arrays plays an important role in heat transfer characteristics. This research was conducted in order to study C and V shaped fins with inline and staggered arrangement and makes comparisons on the basis of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. The result shows C shaped staggered arrangement is better in terms of heat transfer and pressure drop performance as compared to V shaped fins. The heat transfer coefficient for C shaped staggered fins are in the range of 51 – 80 W/m2K while for V shaped staggered arrangement, it is found to be in the range of 41 – 71 W/m2K for a Reynolds number in the range of 10000 – 35000. The pressure drop for C shaped staggered fins was found to be lower than corresponding to V shaped fins and is obtained in the range of 10 – 45 N/m2 while for V shaped fins, in the range of  23 – 93 N/m2. Overall analysis shows C shaped fins are more attractive than V shaped fins in terms of energy saving as well as heat transfer characteristics.


Senior Research Fellow and served as the Deputy Director at the Center for Studies in Higher Education at the University of California Berkeley. He is a recent Research Fellow at the Oxford Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (OxCHEPS) located at the University of Oxford. He is the author of the book The California Idea and American Higher Education (Stanford University Press) and a large number of scholarly and policy papers on higher education. Address for correspondence: Center for Studies in Higher Education, South Hall Annex, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-4650, USA; email:firstname.lastname@example.com perspective


Many unconventional thermal cycle internal combustion (IC) engines have been proposed which greatly enhance IC engine thermal efficiency. By reviewing some typical energy-saving technologies of the unconventional thermal cycle IC engines, two common characteristics are summarized in this paper, charger transit between cylinders and steam assistance. By using the technology of the charger transit between cylinders, a working cycle of an IC engine can be divided into several cylinders, so the compression ratio can be greatly increased, or the over-expansion cycle can be realized, both of which can substantially enhance the IC engine thermal efficiency. By using the technology of steam assistance, water can be heated and evaporated into steam by injection into hot gas or heat exchanger. The exhaust energy can be recovered when the water absorbs the exhaust heat and evaporates to perform further work, which can reduce the exhaust temperature, thereby the IC engine thermal efficiency can be enhanced. The technologies of unconventional thermal cycle IC engines provide new ideas for the development of the high efficiency IC engine technology.


The theory of evolution by natural selection is the unifying paradigm of biology and indeed of all the life sciences – it explains and integrates a huge diversity of known findings and predicts an astonishing number of new ones (Alcock 2009; Coyne 2009). It has been famously suggested that nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution (Dobzhansky 1973). Prominent philosopher Daniel Dennett has said "If I were to give an award for the single best idea anyone ever had, I'd give it to Darwin, ahead of even Newton and Einstein and everyone else" (Dennett 1996, p. 21). Indeed, scientists, historians of science, and philosophers of science generally regard evolutionary theory as one of the most predictively powerful and explanatorily successful theories in the history of science (Alcock 2009; Coyne 2009; Dawkins 2009; Dennett 1996). And yet, despite the simplicity of the core idea and its universal acceptance in the scientific community (e.g., Pew Research Center 2015), misunderstandings regarding natural selection abound. Such misconceptions even appear in college textbooks and among students who have taken college-level evolutionary biology courses (Alters and Nelson 2002; Gregory 2009; Nehm and Reilly 2007; Nehm et al. 2008; Winegard et al. 2014). A review of ten textbooks in social psychology revealed at least one factual error about inclusive fitness theory in each, and typically two to three (Park 2007). In this entry, we briefly identify and dispel 13 of the most pervasive misunderstandings of evolutionary theory.