Abstract cis-Dichloro(cyclohexane-trans-l-1,2-diamine)platinum(II):Dach-Pt-(chlorato) is a platinum complex which is expected to exhibit higher antitumor activity than cisplatin and which shows no cross-resistance with cisplatin. However, its strong side-effects and low water solubility have been noted. We have reported that polymer/antitumor drug conjugates show reduced side-effects and high antitumor activity. In order to provide a macromolecular prodrug of Dach-Pt having reduced side-effects and high water solubility, we synthesized dextran derivatives containing dicarboxylic acid groups to immobilize Dach-Pt via a chelate-type coordination bond, dicarboxymethyl-dextran(DCM-Dex)/Dach-Pt conjugate. We investigated the release behavior of the platinum complex from the carrier polymer and the cytotoxic activity of the conjugate against p388D1 lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro compared with the carboxymethyl-dextran (CM-Dex)/Dach-Pt conjugate. The DCM-Dex/Dach-Pt conjugate showed almost the same level of...


The midply shear wall system is a new concept in shear wall design. Test results presented here demonstrate that midply walls have superior survival characteristics under earthquake loading, and have a dynamic load-carrying capacity of more than two and a half times that of comparable standard shear walls. To prevent brittle failure at the end studs due to high-tension forces, steel rods are used at each end of the midply wall in lieu of hold-down connectors. Seismic damage accumulation was identified experimentally for the first time in wood shear walls under repeated earthquake loading. Further understanding of this phenomenon is important for seismic safety evaluation of buildings which experience multiple earthquakes during their service life. This study and the previous work on the static and cyclic performance of midply walls provide design engineers with experimental and conceptual evidence of the suitability of midply walls in wood construction applications where the architecture requires superior shear resistance.


A technique for obtaining subpixel resolution when tracking through cross-correlation consists of interpolating the obtained function and then refine the peak location. Although the technique provides accurate location results, the peak is always biased towards the closest integer coordinate. This effect is known as peak-locking error and is a major limit to the experimental accuracy of this calculation technique. This error may be different depending on the algorithm used to fit and interpolate the correlation peak but no systematic analysis was found in the literature. In our study we explore the three most common interpolation methods: thin-plate splines, second-order polynomial fit and Gaussian fit together with the influence of the extent of local interpolation area around the peak. Additionally, we have checked the influence of the image blurring on the results, since it is reported as one effective method to reduce the peak-locking error. Finally, the optimal adjustment found is the Gaussian fit with no blur and a neighborhood around the correlation peak of 11x11 pixels.


The enantiomers of the herbicide napropamide (1) were separated on a ?g-scale using chiral liquid chromatography and submitted to a bioassay for herbicidal activity using a wheat germ test. Under these conditions, only one enantiomer showed herbicidal activity. The potential
 for reducing the application rate of pesticides by omitting isomeric ballast is discussed.


Objective To evaluate the clinical value of chemical preparation in root canal therapy. Methods A total of 40 patients( 62 teeth,161 root canals) for root canal therapy in Shangqiu Central Hospital during Sep. 2011 and Jun. 2012 were selected as research objects. Based on a random number table the above patients were divided into two groups: 20 patients in group A( 30 teeth,80 root canals),ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid( EDTA) was injected into the root canal for preparation; 20 patients in group B( 32 teeth, 81 root canals),simple root canal file was done for preparation,0. 9% saline was used for wash during the root canal preparation in both group. The effect of root canal preparation was assessed by X-ray and clinical examination. Sampling and inoculation from the root canals of both groups before and after preparation was done and analysis of detectable rate of bacterial anaerobes in root canals was done. Results Root canal dredging rate of group A was 93. 4%,of group B was 66. 7%,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 05); anaerobes of the two groups before preparation had no significant difference( P 0. 05),while after preparation anaerobes of group A was significantly reduced from before preparation( P 0. 05),and significantly less than group B( P 0. 05). Conclusion During root canal therapy EDTA root canal preparation improves the efficiency and reduce the number of anaerobic bacteria significantly.


The rise of antibiotic resistance in a population involves two distinct processes: the origin of resistance and its spread. Here we study the contribution of both processes to the increase in daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium in a hospital system. This case-control genomic study includes whole-genome sequencing of 82 isolates obtained from 24 case patients with clinically determined daptomycin-resistance and 24 controls. Among the case patients, the first isolate was resistant in 15 patients (R patients) while in the remaining nine the first isolate was susceptible but was followed by one or more resistant isolates (SR patients). Mutations in a set of candidate daptomycin resistance genes were compared within and between all patients. Additionally, among closely related isolates, mutations were identified across the entire assembled genome. Daptomycin resistance evolved separately multiple times and there was no phylogenetic clustering of the R or the SR groups. Six of the nine SR pairs gained mutations in previously identified candidate loci for daptomycin resistance, with the major cardiolipin synthase (clsA) being mutated most frequently. The hospital-wide increases in daptomycin resistance in E. faecium was the result of recurrent evolution taking multiple evolutionary pathways and occasional transmission of resistant isolates between patients. Importance Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings presents an important challenge, because infections with resistant organisms are associated with higher cost, longer hospital stays and worse outcomes for patients. However, it can be difficult to identify the factors driving the increase in resistance, specifically the relative contribution of resistance arising anew through mutation versus the transmission of resistant organisms from patient to patient. We study a hospital where resistance to daptomycin was increasing among Enterococcus faecium, an important hospital pathogen. We find the increase in resistance was the results of resistance arising many times independently. We also identify occasional transmission of daptomycin resistant organisms. Thus, control of daptomycin resistance in E. faecium may require interventions that both slow the emergence of resistance within patients and slow its spread. This work sheds light on the complex population dynamics leading to antibiotic resistance in hospitals.


Summary:  Purpose: To evaluate the frequency of neurocysticercosis (NCC) in a well‐defined prevalent cohort of epilepsy patients in the rural area of the Cordillera province.


Objective: To investigate the changes of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) in human bladder smooth muscle in patients with bladder outlet obstruction(BOO) induced by benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Methods: Sixteen patients with other diseases and forty patients with BPH were included in this study.All patients were divided into three groups,a control group,an obstructive detrusor stability group and an obstructive detrusor instability group.bFGF was measured using an immunohistochemical study.Results: The immunohistochemical study indicated that bFGF was expressed in cytoplasm of bladder smooth muscle cells.The expression of bFGF in the obstructive detrusor stability group and in the obstructive instability group were significantly higher than in the control group (P0.05).But there was no significant difference between the obstructive detrusor stability group and the obstructive instability group(P(0.05)).Conclusion: The increased bFGF level of bladder smooth muscle cells is correlated with the alterations of bladder detrusor due to BOO,but may not relate to the detrusor instability.


Rabies is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by a virus and generally propagated in dogs and other related wild animals. The virus is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. It is one of those fatal diseases in which once symptoms appear, there is hardly any chance of survival. It has remained a health problem in Pakistan as in all other developing countries. The control measures have been limited to killing stray dogs by local health authorities and post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination of human victims of dog bites. Immunization of dogs and pets against rabies is not compulsory by law and the disease is common in pie-dogs. Very few people voluntarily have their pets immunized against the disease. The disease is not notifiable and reliable statistical data on prevalence of the disease in Pakistan are not available. Nevertheless, the existing information reflects the magnitude of the problem in Pakistan. The importance of the rabies problem was recognized as late as 1969 when the "First National Symposium on Rabies Problems in Pakistan" was held in October 1969 at the National Health Laboratories, Islamabad. The recommendations of the committee covered the following points: health education to acquaint the people with the problem of rabies; eradication of the stray dog population in areas of proven incidence of rabies; licensing, registration, and immunization of pet dogs; establishment of anti-rabies prophylaxis centres and licensing, registration, and immunization centres for dogs; greater importance of public health departments and veterinary organizations in the rabies control programme. The recommendations also covered matters relating to manufacture and supply of rabies vaccine and hyperimmune antirabies serum; schedule of post-exposure prophylactic treatment; facilities for laboratory diagnosis of rabies in dogs, and evaluation of post-exposure prophylaxis Tropical Doctor, April I976


High pressures in the radiolysis of polyethylene exert a substantial influence on the formation of macroradicals and their reactions. At 300 degrees K and high pressures in polyethylene, primarily allyl macroradicals are stabilized; the yield of cross linking and destruction is decreased by a factor of 1.4 and 2, respectively. At 450 degrees K and 0.5 GPa, the formation of a gel is observed at 1 kGy with a yield of cross-linking of about 15-30. Cross-linking of polyethylene occurs according to a chain mechanism with the participation of the vinylidene double bonds. The high rate of migration of allyl macroradicals can be detected by a decrease in the height and narrowing of the potential barrier of the reactions of macroradicals.


This paper examines the extent to which firm-specific levels of auditor-independence are codetermined with alternative inputs to governance production. We identify a number of governance-producing mechanisms that are causally or simultaneously related to auditor independence. These results are shown to be robust to omitted variable bias. Consequently, prescriptive regulation of auditor independence will be at least partly offset by firm adjustments on alternative governance-producing margins. ; Original title: Optimization in production of corporate governance - evidence from auditor independence and implications for public policy


The article sets out methodology of manufacturing new adhesive pontics, applicable when removing small defects of dentition. The design of adhesive dental bridge was developed on the basis of finite-element mathematical analysis and has positive clinical results.


We propose the formulation of lattice QCD wherein all elements of the theory (gauge action, fermionic action, theta-term, and all operators) are constructed from a single object, namely the lattice Dirac operator D with exact chiral symmetry. Several regularizations of this type are suggested via constructing scalar densities (gauge actions) that are explicit functions of D. The simplest of these is based on the proposition that classical limit of density associated with Tr D is (up to an additive constant) proportional to FF, while the corresponding operator is local. The possibilities of explicit interrelations between gauge and fermionic aspects of the theory are emphasized together with the utility of such formulations for exploring the QCD vacuum structure.


The relative intensities of the gamma rays of the descendants of radiothorium were studied by measuring the photoelectron spectra from thorium and platinum foils. The relative sensitivity of the arrangement at different energies was found by using other sources having gamma rays of known relative intensity. Comparison of the measured gamma-ray intensities with the measurements by others of internal conversion intensities allows internal conversion coefficients to be computed and the multipolarities of several transitions to be determined. An electric monopole transition was found in Po/ sup 212. The gamma-ray intensities are used to find the intensities of beta-ray branches. Gamma-ray intensities are compared with the known intensities of long- range alpha particles from Po/sup 212/ and transition probabilities are estimated for some electromagnetic transitions between states of that nucleus. The level schemes of Po/sup 212/ and Pb/sup 208/ are discussed in the light of the information found here and of other recent information. (auth)


This chapter argues that our language faculty can both be a peripheral module of the mind and be crucially implicated in a variety of central cognitive functions, including conscious propositional thinking and reasoning. I also sketch arguments for the view that natural language representations (e.g. of Chomsky's Logical Form, or LF) might serve as a lingua franca for interactions (both conscious and non-conscious) between a number of quasi-modular central systems. The ideas presented are compared and contrasted with the evolutionary proposals made by Derek Bickerton (1990, 1995), who has also argued for the involvement of language in thought. Finally, I propose that it was the evolution of a mechanism responsible for pretend play, circa 40,000 years ago, which led to the explosion of creative culture visible in the fossil record from that time onwards.


A new technique for extraction silver from silver sulfide materials,such as flotation concentrates of zinc hydrometallurgical hot-acid leaching residue and Mn-stripped residue of silver-manganese sulfide concentrate,have been investigated.This new method includes two processes,oxygen pressure leaching in ammonium thiocyanate solution and iron powder cementation.The results show that the leaching ratios of silver from silver flotation concentrates and Mn-stripped residues are more than 95% and about 88%,respectively.


The present invention is related to the alloy composition. The invention embodiments of indium (In), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), tantalum (Ta) at least one or more kinds of elements of 0.01 to 5.0 wt%, oxygen (O) 20ppm than 100ppm below and the balance of inevitable impurities and is comprises a (Ag) gives the alloy composition.


s: Pancreatic cancer remains a major unsolved health problem.Over the past decade,antiproliferative effects of somatostatin and analogs have been reported in many somatostatin receptor-positive normal and tumor cell types.Somatostatin and analogs act through five somatostatin receptors(SSTR1-5)which are variably expressed in normal and tumor cells.The present review focuses on recent advances in biological mechanisms involved in the antineoplastic activity of somatostatin and analogs.


Highway accidents represent a near worldwide catastrophe with a greater annual death toll than not just earthquakes, but all natural disasters. Every year, globally, some 500,000 people are killed in road accidents with more than 5 million injured. In 1995, the number of persons killed in 14 of the most developed European countries was over 43,000, with nearly 1.6 million injured. Beyond the dramatic consequences in human terms, the economic costs are also substantial. In European countries, for example, the annual economic costs from traffic accidents are estimated at over 60 billion pounds. However, nearly 70% of the fatalities from accidents occur in developing countries. In this paper, a simple mathematical model is introduced to measure the magnitude of highway safety in various countries using a scale analogous to the Richter scale in seismology. This logarithmic scale, called the Saraj Scale for International Highway Safety, consists of 6 grades, with a magnitude of 1 representing the safest highway network and a magnitude of 6 the most dangerous.


An analysis method of usable frequency resource for communication system on mobile platform is proposed,aiming at solving the problems of potential interference of the method for mobile platform on which is deployed with numerous communication devices.On the basis of antennas coupling power,a mapping between coupling power and communication quality is built,based on which the usable frequency resource of communication system on platform is analyzed.Taking the typical using of communication vehicle for example,the coupling powers on the same frequency and harmonic component are analyzed,and the voice signal quality of communication device is evaluated.According to the analysis result,the usable frequency is finally abstracted,and the feasibility of this method is validated.


The profile and integrated intensity of the calcium 422.67 nm resonance line from a commercially available demountable hollow cathode lamp have been examined using several filler gases at pressures between 1 and 7 Torr and operating currents in the range of 6 to 30 mA. The results are interpreted in terms of the reduced Doppler and self-absorption broadening obtained in this source compared to these effects in a commercially available, sealed, neon-filled hollow cathode lamp source.


For seven days, participants described the important interactions they had using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record and reported their attachment style using Bartholomew's four-category system. A series of multilevel random coefficient analyses found that across all interactions securely attached participants, compared to those who were insecurely attached, found their interactions to be more intimate and more positive emotionally. Secure participants also felt that others were more responsive to them and their needs. Secure–insecure differences were most pronounced when secure and dismissive avoidant participants were compared. Differences between secure and fearful types were minimal. In contrast, differences in reactions to interactions with close and not close friends were more pronounced for fearful types than for secures, dismissing, or preoccupied types. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing fearful and dismissive avoidance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Two different Markov jump processes driven out of equilibrium by constant thermodynamic forces may have identical current fluctuations in the stationary state. The concept of equivalence classes emerges from this statement as proposed by Andrieux for discrete-time Markov chains on simple graphs. We define equivalence classes in the context of continuous-time Markov chains on multigraphs using the symmetric part of the rate matrices that define the dynamics. The freedom on the skew symmetric part is at the core of the dynamical freedom inside an equivalence class. It arises from different splittings of the thermodynamic forces onto the system's transitions. ar X iv :2 11 0. 06 68 4v 1 [ co nd -m at .s ta tm ec h] 1 3 O ct 2 02 1 Non-equilibrium equivalence classes for Markov jump processes 2


TWO years ago, we reported2 some preliminary measurements on the ionization produced in liquid carbon disulphide by x-rays. Our interest in the problem lies in its possible application to medical dosage in cases in which we wish to measure the total number of ions produced in tissue-equivalent material. While it is impossible to attain saturation conditions in liquids, as is common with gases, we have shown that the saturation current may be deduced by plotting the reciprocal of the current against the reciprocal of the applied voltage, V, and extrapolating linearly to 1/V = 0. For high fields the plot is nearly linear in accord with Jaffe's theory of columnar ionization (1, 2). However, when a steady direct current potential is applied to a liquid ionization chamber, a barrier potential arising from a space charge or surface layer is built up, which quickly reduces the field in the liquid to roughly 45 per cent of the applied value. This barrier potential reaches an appreciable value in a small fraction ...


Integrated Circuits are becoming more susceptible to numerous effects due to the reduction of its robustness to externai noise. Additionally, the increase of uncertainty degree related to the many sources of variation in the manufacturing process contributes to the reliability issues. This work is aimed at presenting a comparative analysis of radiation sensitivity of different XOR implementations using two multigate devices: double-gate FinFET and Trigate. Trigate-based circuits have shown to be more robust than FinFET with improvement percentage from 6,2% up to 12,6% in the threshold LET. Further, voltage fluctuation can reduce the threshold LET up to 20,8%, increasing the susceptibility of the analyzed circuits.


Abstract The present paper proposes a CFD model to study sulphur dioxide (SO2) absorption in seawater. The focus is on the treatment of marine diesel engine exhaust gas. Both seawater and distilled water were compared to analyze the effect of seawater alkalinity. The results indicate that seawater is more appropriate than distilled water due to its alkalinity, obtaining almost 100% cleaning efficiency for the conditions analyzed. This SO2 reduction meets the limits of SOx emission control areas (SECA) when operating on heavy fuel oil. These numerical simulations were satisfactory validated with experimental tests. Such data are essential in designing seawater scrubbers and judging the operating cost of seawater scrubbing compared to alternative fuels.


E-waste is a product of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), as a result of boom in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) it has become a threat to the society. Generally e-waste is growing on daily basis as developed countries tend to discard or dispose off used ones, which are rarely done properly. It is on this note that most third world countries like Nigeria perceive this as a potential to create wealth and job opportunities out of these discarded products and then traffic them or better still allow them to be trafficked into the country. Hence this study tends to underscore, the need for effective management of this trend using relevant policy framework as it is becoming a menace in Nigeria.


SUMMARY This paper reports an experiment aimed to determine if ad libitum feeding of low or high digestibility supplements improved weight gain and cashmere production of cashmere buck kids (mean f SE, liveweight 24.8 f 0.5 kg) grazing winter pastures. The design was 3 feeding treatments: Control (C) - grazing with no supplement; Straw (S) - grazing with ad libitum barley straw; Lupin (L) - grazing with ad libitum whole lupin grain (Lupinus angustifolius) x 3 replicates each of 4 goats. Feeding began on June 26 and finished on August 18. From August 19 to November 17 all goats grazed together with green pasture availabilities > 2500 kg DM/ha. Intake of straw in S was 412 =t 59 g DM/head.day and intake of lupins in L was 723 f 24 g DM/head.day. Animals in S wasted 57% of the straw fed in the hay racks. L resulted in substitution of lupins for pasture. Feeding of lupins significantly increased liveweight at the end of winter and spring, and increased pasture availability and body condition at the end of winter. Supplements of low digestible straw provided no benefits in liveweight gain. Results indicate that to obtain liveweight gain during winter cashmere goats require green pasture availabilities significantly >850 kg DM/ha. Supplementation did not affect cashmere production (mean + SE, total fleece weight 353 + 15 g, cashmere weight 126 + 9 g and cashmere fibre diameter 15.2 + 0.1 pm). Weaner cashmere bucks exhibited only. partial compensatory liveweight gain during spring. In conclusion, cashmere bucks can grow rapidly during winter if provided with adequate highly digestible feedstuffs while provision of low digestible forages will provide little or no benefits.


My chief aim of the bachelor thesis is a brief history of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra with the connection with National Theatre in Prague and overview bassoonist of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra until its genesis (as the date emergence of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra is assumed January 4th , 1896) till the present. In the next part there are overview the most important personality included short biography and their most important recording or some other theoretical and practical treatise. The last part is overview all solo bassoon concerts with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra since 1930. As the main source of information was used various publication about the Czech Philharmonic, information from archives the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and National Theatre in Prague, dictionary of music and firsthand information of the Czech Philharmonic.


Charge‐based field‐effect transistors (FETs) greatly suffer from unavoidable carrier scattering and heat dissipation. Analogous to valley degree of freedom in semiconductors, chiral anomaly current in Weyl/Dirac semimetals is theoretically predicted to be nearly nondissipative over long distances, but still lacks experimental ways to efficiently control its transport. Here, field‐effect chirality devices are demonstrated with Dirac semimetal PtSe2, in which its Fermi level is close to the Dirac point in the conduction band owing to intrinsic defects. The chiral anomaly is further corroborated by the planar Hall effect and nonlocal valley transport measurement, which can also be effectively modulated by external fields, showing robust nonlocal valley transport with micrometer diffusion length. Similar to charge‐based FETs, the chiral conductivity in PtSe2 devices can be modulated by electrostatic gating with an ON/OFF ratio of more than 103. Basic logic functions in the devices are also demonstrated with electric and magnetic fields as input signals.


measure the amplitudes and timescales of protein motions. Here we show that the ClyA nanopore was used as a molecular tweezer to trap a single maltose-binding protein (MBP) within its lumen, which allows conformation changes to be monitored as electrical current fluctuations in real time. In contrast to the current two state binding model, the current measurements revealed three distinct ligand-bound states for MBP in the presence of reducing saccharides. Our analysis reveal that these three states represented MBP bound to different isomers of reducing sugars. These findings shed light on the mechanism of substrate recognition by MBP and illustrate that the nanopore tweezer is a powerful, label-free, single-molecule approach for studying protein conformational dynamics under functional conditions.


Golf balls having a variety of initial velocity associated with hitting a golf ball with a driver having a different head speeds are disclosed. Experienced by the structure of the disclosed golf ball, when hit with a driver head speed of less than 100mph (about 161km / h), to the golf ball, the initial velocity comparable to premium golf balls that are on the current market capable of. However, the golf ball is, when given a shot at a high driver head speed than 125mph (about 201km / h), may experience higher than the premium golf balls on the market initial velocity. As a result, the disclosed golf ball may have a different initial speed associated with different head speeds.


Based on the theory of business process reengineering(BPR), the enterprise business processes are analyzed.The analysis shows that the reconfiguration of production management system is the key for enhancing manufacturing agility. Then the activity information cell model of the enterprise is set up. The theory and method for rapid reconfiguration of production management system by using components technology are introduced.


Purpose
This study aims to use humanistic management theory to examine the conceptual space of leaders who support sustainable development goals (SDGs) within their organizations.

Design/methodology/approach
This study analyzes interviews with four Iberoamerican leaders conducted by the creating emerging markets project at Harvard Business School. This study's results show a range of humanistic management principles across the four leaders, coinciding with varying support for the SDGs. This study discusses the impact of cultural values on these differences.

Findings
This study finds leaders who embrace all four humanistic management principles also supported a greater number of SDGs and an increased variety of SDGs. This study's findings support the three overarching dimensions uncovered by previous research into champions in other organizational domains, including gender equality and health. These three dimensions are depth of embracement, scope of embracement and leverage of engagement.

Originality/value
The authors' hope is that this study will help further the discussion of how organizations can contribute to the 17 SDGs.


ARLE in 1935 described the early history E and cytology of the Walker tumor. This tumor has been used extensively since 19373 in the study of tumor inhibitors. Experience with the Walker iumor by many investigators in various laboratories revealed that it produced a uniiormly rapid growth, showed very little regression, and was readily adaptable to a variety of strains of rats. Various methods lor administering a drug and evaluating its effect on a tumor have been utilized. These include single and multiple closes of the test material; gross and histological evaluation ot tumor damage;ly determination of the comparative weights of tumors in treatcd and untreated animals;5 measurement of the diameter of the tumor after a selected period of therapy;1° and comparison of tracings o f tumor si7e for evidence of reduction in siLe.11*,11


In order to finding a convenient way of acquiring chlorophyll spatial distribution in different growth stage, the canopy reflectance of corn seedling and the relationship between the spectral reflectance of corn seeding and growth were analyzed. The results indicated that the spatial variability of the canopy chlorophyll content of corn was variant in different growth stages. The variance was not reformed over the growth stages. There are not high correlations between chlorophyll content and RVI. The chlorophyll content showed better correlations on with NDVI and with reflectance of 550nm. Focus on the relationship between reflectance of 550nm and chlorophyll, it can be found that the correlation coefficient was about 0.88~0.69. It reached highest before five leaves. It showed that the reflectance on 550nm may characterize the amount of chlorophyll. It could help to guide the fertilization during the growth stages of corn. Keywords—corn; seedling stage; spectral characteristic; GPS; precision fertilizer


Ambipolar organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have been used to study the transport of charge carriers in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic devices. Active layers of phase separated blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), have been chosen due to their use in performance BHJ organic photovoltaic devices as well as ease of device fabrication. A method for determining recombination rate after exciton dissociation and measurement of excess carrier lifetime has been reported by studying drain current behavior which yields carrier mobility, conductivity, and carrier concentration both in dark and AM1.5g illumination. Channel-length dependent measurements of the photocurrent show that significant recombination of separated charge carriers begins to occur at lengths greater than 10 μm. A recombination rate of cm-3 s-1 and a carrier lifetime of ≥ 8.8 ms has been calculated.


This research purpose to give description about part  of "seloko" contained in the tradition of wedding ceremony Jambi society as a form of preservation of local cultural elements jambi especially for "seloko".  The tradition of wedding ceremony Jambi society has eleven parts in implementation that is time to  introduction, "tegak batuik  duduk  bertanyo",  "ulur  antar  serah  terima  adat  dan  lumbago",  full  custom event, bribery sapat rice, "tunjuk ajar tegur sapo", notice and pray. The  role  of  seloko  in  part  implementation  tradition of  wedding  ceremony jambi  society namely as a media to express feel love in stages in the association teens "berusik sirih berguau pinang", as a partner media choice in mate selection parts, as a communication media in the part of "tegak batuik duduk bertanyo", "ulur antar pengantin (bride)",  opening ceremonial lanse, as a media to give advice in part of "tunjuk ajar tegur sapo", as apologize media, as information media and as media to say pray in part of notice.Keywords: implementation, "seloko", tradition of wedding ceremony


Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis, Arthroscopy, Bunion, Hindfoot, Lesser Toes, Midfoot/Forefoot, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: To explore and evaluate the optimization operative strategy reported on our results using a direct approach with posterior malleolar plating in combination with staged anterior? xation in complex pilon fractures. Methods: 43 patients were diviede into group A (23 cases, posterior plating and external? xator for stage I, ORIF through anterior approach for stage II)and group B(20 cases, closed reduction and external? xator for stage I, ORIF through anterior- posterior approach for stage II) between 2013 and 2014. With an average follow-up of 16.6 months, Results: The statistics showed that there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05)between two groups in the time before definitive surgery and the operative time of the stage II surgery, but in the time before initial surgery and the operative time of the initial surgery(P>0.05). The AOFAS and MLFAS scores in the group A were better than (P < 0.05) the Group B. 4 patients in the group A had some evidence of symptomatic arthrosis compared with 6 in the group B. The rate of tourniquet paralysis for the group A was 4.35% versus 35% (P < 0.05) for the Group B. Conclusion: The optimization operative strategy offers direct visualization for reduction, and allows the anterior components to be secured to a stable posterior fragment at a later date. The staged strategy not only obtains the leg fascia chamber decompression, also shortens the waiting time for operation, reduces reduction difficulties in definitive operation.


Thermoelectric Power Studies of Cadmium Substituted Copper Ferrites of various compositions were investigated from room temperature to well beyond the curie temperature by differential method. The Seebeck coefficient is negative for all compositions showing that these ferrites behave as n-type semi conductors. Plots of Seebeck coefficient verses tem- perature shows maximum at Curie temperature. On the basis of these results an explanation for the conduction mechanism in Cu-Cd mixed ferrites is suggested.


The number of melanocytes on a scale was counted under a microscope and OD(optical density)values of erythrophores on a scale were detected by acetone extract in hybrids F1 of reciprocal hybridization of colored crucian carp Carassius auratus and Jian common carp Cyprinus carpio var.Jian reared in indoor aquaria and earthern ponds for 6months.The results showed that the OD value of erythrophores in the hybrids(C.auratus♀×C.carpio var.Jian♂)was found similar to that of the colored crucian carp(P0.05),and the hybrids(C.auratus♀×C.carpio var.Jian ♂)had significantly less numbers of melanocytes than Jian common carp(P 0.01).There was significantly lower OD values of erythrophores in the hybrids(C.carpio var.Jian♀×C.auratus♂)than in the colored crucian carp(P 0.01)and in Jian common carp(P0.05).


For rheological design of spiral mandrel dies the most common calculation methods are segmenting the die into simplified geometries and calculating the characteristics of each flow segment analytically. In the past, one-dimensional flow was considered, but this assumption is deficient especially for low depth segments. In recent investigations IKV has studied three-dimensional flow conditions in a transparent test die and in 3D-FEA calculations. The results of these studies give the key to improve the calculation of spiral mandrel dies significantly.


The invention belongs to the chemical industry technical field, and relates to a method for synthesis of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate by using a one-step boric acid. The method comprises the steps: placing one-step boric acid, a sodium-containing chemical product, water and an impurity removal agent in a reactor, stirring and heating to 60-120 DEG C, under a heat preservation condition, continuing stirring and heating for 0.5-2 h, filtering the obtained product, drying the filtrate at the temperature of 90-200 DEG C, preparing a powder, and thus obtaining disodium octaborate tetrahydrate having low impurity content. The method solves the problems that the product purity and the undissolved substance content difficultly meet agriculture, daily chemical industry and other industrial requirements in the production of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate with the one-step boric acid as a raw material due to high metal ion impurity content. The whole preparation process has the advantages of simple reaction process and easy control, and shows obvious competitive advantages and profit space.


Due to historical reasons, the existing large number of mines in China leave serious ecological and environmental problems after mining, so it is urgent to clarify the responsibility subject and carry out ecological restoration. In reality, the local government assumes the responsibility for ecological restoration, but this may confuse the first responsibility of the environmental damage with the government's responsibility to fill the burden, which is inconsistent with the basic principle of the "damage responsibility" of the current environmental law. The specific situation of the government's responsibility for ecological restoration in mining areas should be clarified through legislation. On the occasion of the revision of the Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China, this paper discusses the theoretical basis of the government's responsibility of ecological restoration in mining areas, the nature and specific application of the responsibility of restoration, and finally puts forward the institutional suggestions for improving the Chinese government to undertake the responsibility of ecological restoration in mining areas.


Background: Young patients with symptomatic chondral defects in the medial compartment with varus malalignment may undergo opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with concomitant osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA). Although patients have demonstrated favorable outcomes after HTO þ OCA, there is limited information is available regarding return to sporting activities after combined HTO and OCA.


To diagnose the electron temperature of a Z-pinch plasma,the ratio between the dielectronic recombination satellite line for argon to the w-resonance line for lithium-like as a function of the plasma temperature is analyzed. The spectral emission pattern of helium-like argon together with the associated satellite line from lithium-like argon have been measured with an X-ray elliptical curved crystal spectrometer on a Yang accelerator. The spectrum of argon-puff Z-pinch plasma is described by a curved mica crystal analyzer and the helium-like resonance line w,satellites j,k,q,magnetic quadrupole M2 line,intercombination line y,forbidden line z and the cold Kα line of argon are recorded with an X-ray film. Then,the line ratios between the dielectronic recombination satellites (j+z,k) to the w-resonance line are calculated,obtained results show that the electron-temperatures of the plasma are 960~1 060 keV. The theoretical models are in agreement with the experimental results well,which supports the conclusion that proposed method can be used in a temperature diagnostic method for plasma.


During the Zinc battery factory coiler running for the past few months,the reeling was always malfunction. The problem was that there was large axial vibration and the deterioration was in the trend of rapid development. In order to make early preparations for repairs and maintenance to determine the basis for decision-making,the motor bearings were under monitoring in 2 months. Finally according the testing data analysis,bearing had been replaced and maintenance of the response had been decided..


The study was conducted with the aim to analyze the impact of micro credit program of Sarhad Rural Sup port Programme for livestock enterprise development in six village s of district Abbottabad, NWFP. The study was carri ed out in April 2006. From the field survey, it was found that SRSP disbu r ed credit on pilot basis to 60 households for liv estock enterprise development. All the loannees were selected for the s udy to examine the effect of credit on their liv elihood. It was found that 33% households utilized credit in accordance w ith the project objectives. As a result of income o f the households increased which resulted positive effect on the con sumption as well as children education of the sampl e households. The study also depicted that 67% miss-utilized credit a nd therefore no impact on their socioeconomic condi tions was identified. The study recommends measures such as provision of credit to the potential borrowers, training the com munity people in the establishment and development of livestock enterpri ses, and monitoring for the proper utilization of c redit.


The relativistic transport equation for a one-particle distribution function is discussed. Transverse and longitudinal oscillations of a low-density plasma in the absence of external fields is considered by neglecting the collisions. Relativistic dispersion relations are derived and compared with non-relativistic theory.


Any student of a technological University in Taiwan who is seeking academic course credit for his or her internship is essential to meet the graduation requirements. Employers are allowed to pay students in addition to offering course credit through the one full year Internship Education Program. Learning by doing during the internship is not a new innovation in undergraduate education which is a fundamental element to gain a successful experiential learning. However, the actual enhancements of the abilities of the students in the internship are difficult to clear. One of the previous abilities, the problem solving ability, is getting more and more important for students to meet their future career. The ability of the problem solving is thus the front one of the education goals. The purpose of this study is to explore the current status of the students' problem solving abilities in the vocational one-year internship. Hopefully the results may be taken as a reference in making field practice in the future. The main research method of this investigation is by inventory. The population came from 1761 students majored in Mechanical Engineering Technology in the Taiwan area. The circle of the pre-testing, statistical analysis, expert consulting and assessing would feed back the ability variation to the fundamental science courses to construct the proper teaching modules of this special sandwich program in University. The results are summarized that it is optimum to have students practice in several separated vocational fields for special education program students' vocational internship. Besides, there is a significant difference in the perception of internships in the occupied position. In order for successful, high quality experiential learning during internship, the teacher must initially create the experience with thought, skill, and input from the group.


Grid computing has emerged as a global cyber-infrastructure for the next-generation of e-Science applications by integrating large-scale, distributed and heterogeneous resources. Scientific communities are utilizing Grids to share, manage and process large data sets. In order to support complex scientific experiments, distributed resources such as computational devices, data, applications, and scientific instruments need to be orchestrated while managing the application workflow operations within Grid environments. This thesis investigates properties of Grid workflow management systems, presents a workflow engine and algorithms for mapping scientific workflow applications to Grid resources based on specified QoS (Quality of Service) constraints. To address the field of Grid computing of workflow application scheduling, the thesis has made the following contributions: • proposed a taxonomy of workflow management systems for Grid computing. • developed a workflow engine which leverages tuple spaces to provide event-based execution management. • developed deadline and budget distribution strategies based on the workload and dependency of tasks. • developed algorithms for scheduling workflows with QoS constraints using genetic algorithms. • leveraged multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) for workflow execution planning to generate a set of trade-off alternative scheduling solutions.


Nowadays, malicious software, or malware as it is better known, poses a significant threat to both everyday users, as well as companies and organisations. We the term malware we describe every software that is built with the intention to invade the integrity, availability, and confidential nature of a computer's files and cause damage to the system. The following thesis is an exploration of the available malware tracking methods, and the subsequent development of a malware tracking and identifying application. The application is designed with the purpose of assisting digital forensics researchers to focus their malware tracking efforts on particular files, and reduce significantly the amount of computer data they have to analyse in a non-automated way. It also supports capabilities for analysing volatile data, using already existent tools. The experimental assessment took place on a Windows 8.1 software, which was infected by commonly used malwares prior to testing, in order to examine the efficiency of the application.


Manual isolation of transmission line so far has been a common way for single-line-grounded-fault detection in non-effective grounded system. However, in practice, due to factors such as insufficient selection criterion and poor function, the line selection accuracy is not high and the application effect is not good as expected. This paper proposes a novel scheme of grounded-fault line detection which can selectively and sequentially perform line trip by dynamic weighed line selection and automatic sequential isolation. The proposed method can reduce manual participation, alleviate operating personnel work pressure and consequently improve the efficiency of fault isolation. Besides, the proposed scheme can shorten the duration of single-phase grounded fault and effectively reduce the hidden human safety risk.


This paper is based on the new Q1-205 micro-beveled double rectangular cavity heavy hydrostatic thrust bearing. According to the hydrostatic and dynamic pressure lubrication theory, the mathematical model of the dynamic and static bearing capacity of micro-beveled oil film is established under the conditions of considering the bearing oil supply system and the actual structural of the oil pad. Based on the finite volume method, the lubricating performance of the oil film is numerically simulated under heavy load of 10t, 15t, 20t, 25t and 30t, and the comprehensive influence law of oil cavity pressure, fluid velocity, vorticity and flow rate is revealed under the influence of extreme working conditions such as heavy load. Finally, the oil film pressure field affected by heavy load is tested under certain wedge parameters and rotational speed and verifies the theoretical analysis and simulation. It is found that the experimental and theoretical result of bearing is consistent with each other under heavy load. The dynamic pressure compensation effect of the bearing is better under the wedge oil pad condition. However, under heavy load, the extrusion and heating of lubricating oil are serious, which make the viscosity of lubricating oil drops sharply. In addition, the dynamic pressure effect of wedge oil pad is less affected by load. The compensation effect decreases slightly with the increase of load. The dynamic pressure compensation range of the bearing is 30%–10% under heavy load.


The increased visibility of globalization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has led scholars in various disciplines from sociology to economics to discuss its impact, scope, and history. Literary criticism is no exception. This essay focuses on Victorian studies, in which the effort to historicize globalization has produced new readings of familiar texts. Recently, scholars of Victorian literature have been unearthing unlikely circuits of cross-cultural interaction, tracing cosmopolitan sentiment, and shedding light on the ideology of the capitalist world system. This essay explores how formal analysis sheds light on the history of globalization.


Morocco: Gender and Migration, then and now. A sociopolitical analysis. This text presents, in a sociopolitical perspective, a state of the art of the Gender and Migration approach in Morocco. It first deals with the positive significance of this approach, and then focuses on the recent attempts of the institutions, the civil society and the academics aiming at developing a gender-analysis of migrations in Morocco. The first part reviews the history of Moroccan migration in order to explain why, and how, male migration have been dominant in migration policies, although this does not mean that female migration where totally ignored. In other word, this text deals with the unspoken part of the analysis of migration in Morocco in order to restore the women's role in this phenomenon. The second part presents the recent effort of various Moroccan institutions dealing with migration issues in order to apply to the Moroccan case the methods and the instruments of the gender approach.


This article describes the case of a patient admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital, at Federal University of Uberlândia, under diagnosis of cranial trauma. Three EEG records obtained at different levels of consciousness of this patient were analyzed and these were compared with a neurologically normal EEG. The aim was to assess whether the computational biomarkers (PCP and COHERENCE), estimated based on the EEG power spectral density, can distinguish normal state from pathological states of consciousness. Results point out that both biomarkers can be used to separate these two clinical situations. Particularly, alfa and delta rhythms play a very important role in this case, as well as electrodes tied to frontal and occipital regions. These findings agree with literature, which reports conclusions considering mainly patients from Europe and the USA, since no articles involving Brazilian patients were found by the authors. In addition, since all EEG are tied to the same organism, comparisons are much more reliable, since we avoid analysis of different clinical situations associated with different ethiologies as well as with different locations of neuroanatomical lesions.


The 230 km 2 Proterozoic Bjerkreim—Sokndal layered instrusion has a monzonoritic bulk composition and comprises a 6 km thick, broadly leuconoritic Layered Series (LS) overlain by unlayered mangerite and quartz mangerite. In the Bjerkreim lobe the LS comprises six megacyclic units (MCU 0, IA, IB, II, 11 and IV) in a syncline. This lobe is surrounded by migmatitic gneisses; the roof to the instrusion is missing. The mg-number opx, An % and whole-rock initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratios (Sr 0 ) display broadly parallel trends through MCUs II and III, and into MCU IV, with decreasing mg-number (75–58) and An % (50–40) accompanying increasing Sr 0 (0.7050−0.7085). This correlation breaks down in the upper part of MCU IV and mangerite; the quartz mangerite has Sr 0 values of ∼0.7085. Abrupt reversals occur across the MCU boundaries.The LS crystallized on the floor of a periodically replenished magma chamber that was continually assimilating country rock gneisses. Strong compositional zoning of the magma developed as a result of repeated replenishments with relatively dense, primitive ferrobasaltic magma (Sr 0 = 0.7049) along the floor and the development of extensive buoyant roof melts. Assimilation took place on a massive scale (up to ∼50%) in the upper parts of the chamber.


As shown in Table S1, there are three main approaches for the prediction of wildfire. Among them, regression is the most widely used, with the goal of deriving a relationship between fire parameters (e.g., area burned or probability) and meteorological, hydrological, and geographic variables. Different forms of regression have been adopted, The regression approach usually has a reasonable predictive capability, with R 2 ranging from 0.3 to 0.8. It is numerically efficient because it usually employs monthly or seasonal variables averaged over a large spatial scale (e.g., Flannigan et al., 2005; Littell et al., 2009). Obtaining satisfactory fits (or correlations) usually requires aggregating area burned data into large ecoregions The regression methods also have significant limitations. For the stepwise regression method, which selects predictors based on their correlations with the predictand, the more potential predictors used, the more robust the fit. However, an increase in the number of terms may also result in some terms closely correlating with each other. Such collinearity not only makes it difficult to isolate contributions from individual factors (Moritz et al., 2012), but also may result in mathematical instability in future projections (Philippi, 1993). Another limitation is that a change in the length of the time series or use of a different meteorological dataset may lead to a different order of terms in the regression fit (e.g. Littell et al., 2009), causing very different projections using meteorological output from a GCM. Other regression methods, such as MARS or a probabilistic approach, may avoid collinearity among predictors, but have their own limitations. For example, the MARS technique can develop good regression fits on small spatial scales, but interpretation of these fits may be challenging due to the complicated functional forms


Recently RFID system had been adopted widely in many applications, but the key components are still supplied by the international manufactures. Only a few of local companies have this capability to develop the key components of RFID system. In this thesis, we had accomplished two RFID Systems, which may be applied to access control, parking management and interactive toys. 125kHz RFID system is designed by dual band and dual antenna architecture. The reader contain two antennas, one is for transmitting signal for transponder, and the other one is for receiving respond signal from transponder. Transponder is charged by the reader through the air with 250kHz magnetic signal, then transponder will respond ID code by DPSK modulation at 125kHz. Reader will filter, amplify, and demodulate the signal to analyze the responding code. This design can be operated within the distance of 25 cm. And the 13.56MHz RFID system is especially designed for short range and low cost application, using PWM modulation at 13.56MHz, this design can work within the distance 10 cm. The technology involved in this thesis is very wide including antenna, filter, amplifier, and demodulator circuit for reader and transponder. All system from system spec to circuit design and testing use our own design or co-operate with local IC design companies.


It is widely recognised that women have been failed by the criminal justice system (CJS), with recommendations for improvement often not being implemented. The combined effects of being subjected to violence, substance abuse and trauma impact on a woman's journey through the CJS but also contribute to her individual needs. The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) aims to support women to live crime free, reduce the number of women entering the CJS, seek alternatives to custody, integrate services and set the standard for future work carried out by the MOJ. Recent literature suggests women are misplaced within the CJS and not offered appropriate support for their needs, therefore, this literature review outlines 'what works' with women who have committed or are at risk of committing crime, highlighting the value of taking a trauma and gender-informed approach. The initial purpose of the review was to inform the implementation of The Female Offending Blueprint in Wales (MOJ, 2019) by advising on a best practice approach with women involved in the CJS. However, the review will have UK-wide implications for women's services, identifying potential improvements to offer the best care and support.


In the rank modulation scheme for flash memories, permutation codes have been studied. In this paper, we study perfect permutation codes in Sn, the set of all permutations on n elements, under the Kendall τ -Metric. We answer one open problem proposed by Buzaglo and Etzion. That is, proving the nonexistence of perfect codes in Sn, under the Kendall τ -metric, for more values of n. Specifically, we present the recursive formulas for the size of a ball with radius r in Sn under the Kendall τ -metric. Further, We prove that there are no perfect t-error-correcting codes in Sn under the Kendall τ -metric for some n and t = 2, 3, 4, or 5.


Rick Anderson has been a controller for Dutch municipalities for more than ten years. He holds a PhD on the role of public controllers, and for the last four years he has been head of the research group on public control at the business university INHolland in the Netherlands. At the moment he is a university lecturer in public control at the University Nyenrode, The Netherlands. He has published more than 100 articles on public controlling in several journals.


Temperature gradient of pavement is significantly affected by external environmental factors such as temperature,radiation,wind,rain and so on.Based on the meteorological and road pavement temperature data collected from 3 meteorological stations in Datong,Ningbo,Guangzhou over the past year,one new parameter which is solar radiation the day before(Q-1) is introduced into the prediction model to improve the accuracy of previous prediction model of diurnal maximum temperature gradient of cement concrete pavement based on meteorological parameters.And pavement surface temperatures(including the pavement surface daily highest temperature Ts,maxand the road surface daily lowest temperature Ts,min),the temperature data which can be easily obtained,are used in the model to estimate diurnal maximum temperature gradient of the standard thickness concrete pavement.The concept of diurnal range of temperature gradient(ΔTg) is introduced,and the exponential relation between pavement diurnal minimum temperature gradient and maximum temperature gradient is put forward.


News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, cur-ricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Price, School of Journalism, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Notes for September should reach him by July 25.


As hydrogel products are manufactured and used for applications ranging from biomedical to agricultural, it is useful to characterize their behavior and interaction with other materials. This thesis investigates the adhesion between two different solvated semi-interpenetrating polymer network (S-IPN) silicone hydrogels and a cyclo-olefin (COP) polymer through experimental, analytical, and numerical methods. Interfacial fracture data was collected through the application of the wedge test, a relatively simple test allowing for the measurement of fracture properties over time in environments of interest. In this case, the test was performed at discrete temperatures within range of 4 ̊C to 80 ̊C. Two COP adherends were bonded together by a layer of one of the S-IPN silicone hydrogels. Upon the insertion of a wedge between the two adherends, debonding at one of the two interfaces would initiate and propagate at a decreasing rate. Measurements were taken of the debond length over time and applied to develop crack propagation rate versus strain energy release rate (SERR) curves. The SERR values were determined through the application of an analytical model derived for the wedge test geometry and to take into account the effects of the hydrogel interlayer. The time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) was applied to the crack propagation rate versus SERR curves by shifting the crack propagation rates with the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation-based shift factors developed for the bulk behavior of each hydrogel. The application of TTSP broadened the SERR and crack propagation rate ranges and presented a large dependency of the adhesion of the system on the viscoelastic nature of the hydrogels. Power-law fits were applied to the master curves in order to determine parameters that could describe the adhesion of the system and be applied in the development of a finite element model representing the interfacial fracture that occurs for each system. The finite element models were used to validate the analytical model and represent the adhesion of the system such that it could be applied to future geometries of interest in which the S-IPN silicone hydrogels are adhered to the COP substrate.


A systematic approach that allows network planners to design networks in a cost-effective way and that provides guidelines for tuning existing LANs (local area networks) to achieve better performance is introduced. It also allows network administrators to decide when and how to upgrade networks. Unlike the current ad hoc approaches, the proposed approach is based on the projection of the user traffic demands or on the real traffic measured from operational networks. The essence of this approach is to group users that communicate heavily among each other on the same network segment, and then to interconnect various segments to provide full connectivity. This approach has become possible by the availability of twisted-pair and fiber optic LANs supporting hub wiring. Hubbed architectures significantly reduce the design limitations imposed by the physical locations of users, and, in most cases, simplify the movement of users from one segment to another regardless their physical locations. Several design algorithms have been developed to improve the performance of the networks. These algorithms maximize the locality of traffic within each segment and balance the load across various segments. Various network architectures are also discussed.<<ETX>>


Jharkhand state is characterized by plateau terrain and facing sever water scarcity largely on account of high runoff generated by adequate annual rainfall of about 1400mm per year. The run-off is one of the important hydrologic variables used for assessment of potential water yield of a watershed and appropriate measures for ground water recharging. The quantity and rate of runoff is influenced by rainfall parameters and conjointly by many alternative watershed factors viz., kind of construction of catchment, physical nature of the soil, distribution and type of vegetative cover, degree and length of slope, shape form and size of watershed. When the speed of precipitation exceeds the speed at that water infiltrates into the soil considered as runoff. Run-off volume and also the runoff rate will increase as watershed size will increase [1]. SCN based rainfall-runoff model are mostly used for computation of runoff [2] as compare to conventional techniques i.e expensive and need hydrological and meteorological data measurement. The rainfall-runoff studies by conventional techniques enhance to large extent because of remote sensing tools and technologies. Interpretation of satellite data help us to demarcate thematic information on land use, soil, vegetation, drainage, hydrogeomorphology etc that combined with rainfall parameter and topographic parameters (slope, contour and height) provide the crucial inputs data during rainfall-runoff models computation. Geo-referenced database is prepaired in Geographical data system (GIS) based on information extracted from remote sensing and different sources .Therefore, the utilization of a GIS is most popular over the conventional techniques for deduce surface run-off and analyzing the factors accountable for runoff. The runoff information in Jharkhand is very scarce because of dominantly forest covered regions and only available at few limited sites. Also, the majority of the agricultural watersheds in India are ungauged, having nil historical records of the rainfall-run-off processes [3]. In the Jharkhand with dominantly forest lined regions the correct info on run-off is scarce and present at very limited sites. There are various models used for runoff estimation some of them are SWAT model i.e soil and water assessment tools, autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA), Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving (SARIMA) model, artificial neural network, fuzzy model and SCS-CN model etc was used for long term runoff forecasting. Among the various methods used for rainfall-run-off estimation, the soil conservation service curve number [4] (renamed as natural resources conservation services curve number (NRCSCN)) (USDA 1994) technique has been mostly applied to ungauged watershed systems to establish the rainfall-run-off relations [5,6] and proved to be accurate and fast for surface runoff estimation [7]. This approach is cheap, simple to use through minimum information and provides adequate results [4-10].The NRCS-CN technique is largely accepted by scientists, forester's hydrologists, water resources planners and engineers meant for the estimation of surface run-off. Bhuyan et al. [11] used the modified curve number (CN) technique designed for predicting surface run-off by adjusting the CNs based on expected Antecedent moisture Condition (AMC) ratio. Daily storm events data was used to estimate run-off using NRCS-CN technique [12] in the Damodar Barakar catchment in Jharkhand, India. Many regions in Jharkhand are drought prone with unpredictable rainfall pattern, rendering kharif crops mostly susceptible to agricultural drought during the rainfall period [13]. Because of hard rock undulating terrain most of the rainfall water goes as runoff and therefore, rainwater move down slope and inadequately recharge Volume 1 Issue 7 2017


Calculation of carbon stocks using allometric equation system is done to get the value of carbon stocks in smallholder rubber plantations in Cempaka district, Banjarbaru City South Kalimantan needs to be done in order to know the carbon stocks contained in the smallholder rubber plantations.  Based on the statistical report plantation Banjarbaru City first quarter of 2013, the people's rubber plantation area of 986 hectares.  However, data obtained from field surveys note that the data are actually rubber plantation area of 1318.61 ha.  This study aims to determine the amount of carbon stocks in jungle rubber at different age levels and determine other factors that affect carbon stocks in jungle rubber.  The methods of this study includes data collection and determination of the point of the plot as well as the selection of a plot point.  Primary data collection is done by taking the coordinates of the field (the survey) using a GPS (Global Positioning System), and the data analysis was conducted on the data collection for the measurement of carbon stocks above the surface of the carbon on the surface and below the surface measuring carbon stocks.  The results showed that the highest carbon stocks contained in the 7-year age group with a score of 716.61 Mg carbon stocks / ha followed by 5-year age group was 685.21 Mg / ha, 3-year age group was 603.51 Mg / ha and the smallest to the carbon value of 585.62 Mg / ha.  While based on the factors that influence the obtained results that the pH is tolerated for acid soil types, categorized as very low C Organic, Organic materials in the high category, total N and P were categorized very low, K can be categorized as high.  All these factors are still can be considered good for the growth of rubber trees until they reach the age of 30 years.  Concluded that the more composition and structure of rubber gardens stands then the greater carbon storage in stands in people rubber plantation area at the Cempaka district Banjarbaru City and soil conditions can be categorized as land that can still be used for the growth of rubber trees.


AIM: To determine the clinical effectiveness of intense psychological support to physical activity (PA) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT). METHODS: Twenty-two NAFLD cases received support to exercise, tailored to their motivational needs (PA group). The effects on body weight, physical fitness [6-min walk test, VO 2 max and the PA-rating (PA-R) questionnaire] and body fat (fatty liver indices and visceral adiposity index) were compared with data obtained


An acrylate based pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) was synthesized to design a drug-in-adhesive (DIA) type transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for nitroglycerin used in the treatment of angina pectoris. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA) were used to synthesize the PSA by free radical solution polymerization. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, initiator concentration and solvent on polymerization were studied. The synthesized terpolymer was characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and also evaluated for intrinsic viscosity, refractive index, peel strength, moisture uptake and skin irritation potential. The PSA was used to develop DIA type patches of nitroglycerin. The patches were cast using solvent evaporation technique and dried at controlled temperature. The patches were evaluated for thickness uniformity, weight variation, peel strength and moisture pick-up. The percent drug content and in vitro drug release was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. On the basis of in vitro release profile, patches were selected for in vitro skin permeation studies. The developed formulation TP-1 (K = 24.892 mcg/cm2/hr) followed zero-order rate kinetics and showed better skin permeation rate in comparison to the marketed TTS (MTTS) (K = 17.413 mcg/cm2/hr). TP-1 was subjected to stability testing for a period of 1 year according to ICH guidelines. The patches were found to be stable and an expiry date of 2 years was predicted with storage at 25 °C or below. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background The diagnosis of a painful partial tear of the medial collateral ligament in overhead-throwing athletes is challenging, even for experienced elbow surgeons and despite the use of sophisticated imaging techniques. Hypothesis The "moving valgus stress test" is an accurate physical examination technique for diagnosis of medial collateral ligament attenuation in the elbow. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Twenty-one patients underwent surgical intervention for medial elbow pain due to medial collateral ligament insufficiency or other abnormality of chronic valgus overload, and they were assessed preoperatively with an examination called the moving valgus stress test. To perform the moving valgus stress test, the examiner applies and maintains a constant moderate valgus torque to the fully flexed elbow and then quickly extends the elbow. The test is positive if the medial elbow pain is reproduced at the medial collateral ligament and is at maximum between 120 ° and 70 °. Results The moving valgus stress test was highly sensitive (100%, 17 of 17 patients) and specific (75%, 3 of 4 patients) when compared to assessment of the medial collateral ligament by surgical exploration or arthroscopic valgus stress testing. The mean shear range (ie, the arc within which pain was produced with the moving valgus stress test) was 120 ° to 70 °. The mean angle at which pain was at a maximum was 90 ° of elbow flexion. Conclusions The moving valgus stress test is an accurate physical examination technique that, when performed and interpreted correctly, is highly sensitive for medial elbow pain arising from the medial collateral ligament.


Scaling laws for field induced mixing of a semi‐insulating liquid of uniform viscosity η and permittivity e, but of inhomogeneous conductivity, are deduced for motions with characteristic times long compared with viscous‐diffusion and charge relaxation times. In an electric field, E, time is shown to scale with electric‐viscous time τev=η/eE2. An experiment involving mixing of a highly conducting thin layer into a lesser conducting bulk region uses temporal current evolution to confirm scaling. A simple mixing model is shown to correlate with experimental results. Linear instability mechanisms underlying the mixing process are described by a bulk‐coupled model, with viscous diffusion effects included. Eigenfrequencies are determined as they depend on conductivity variation and ratio of viscous diffusion to electric‐viscous time. Static instabilities and overstabilities are predicted. Corresponding eigenfunctions and streamlines lend insights into the onset of instability leading to a turbulent mixing state.


A gamma-ray line observation would be a strong hint towards the detection of dark matter. The possibility that a decay of the dark matter particle is responsible for the emission of a line is investigated, for both a neutral and a millicharged dark matter. We focus here on a comparison of these two scenarios, based on an effective field theory description and relying on cosmic ray continuum constraints.


Objective To provide evidences for the potential role of pirfenidone(PFD),an antifibrotic compound with anti-inflammatory effects,on oxidation and antioxidation in acute lung injury induced by oleic acid(OA)in rats.Methods SD rats were randomized into 5 groups(5 rats per group):①the control group received only 0.4% methylcellulose vehicle solution;②ARDS group administered OA(0.15 ml/kg,iv)and 0.4% methylcellulose vehicle solution;③ 3 PFD intervened groups(20,40 and 80 mg/kg,p.o,respectively).The animal model of ARDS was verify by blood gas analysis and pathological examination of lung.Myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity,xantihne oxidase(XO)activity,the important component of nictinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate oxidase(NADPH oxidase)-P47 expression,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity,total antioxidation capability(TAC)were examined at 0.5,1,2,6 and 24 hours after OA challenge.Results PFD could reduce the activities of reactive oxygen species(ROS)generating enzymes including NADPH oxidase,XO and MPO.PFD enhanced the removal of ROS by GSH-Px and TAC.Conclusion PFD mainly decreases the production of ROS in the lung by increasing antioxidant capacity,especially by decreasing NADPH oxidase which avoids the direct lung damage by ROS in OA induced ALI/ARDS.


Multicollinearity and outliers existence in data can be detected by various techniques. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the statistical techniques that can be used to handle data reduction and multicollinearity problem. However, PCA is very sensitive to outliers as it based on the mean and the covariance matrix. Hubert et al. (2005) developed ROBPCA, a robust PCA to the outliers existence. The ROBPCA combines PP technique and Minimum Covariant Determinant (MCD) method for solving outliers problem. In the present study, ROBPCA is applied to the study case of the regression analysis of infant mortality rate in East Java Province in 2009. The result shows that ROBPCA is more robust compare to PCA when data contains outlier. ROBPCA can explain 85.6 percent of variation by 2 principal components, whereas, PCA needs 3 principal components to explain 86.6 percent of variation. Moreover, ROBPCA produces higher coefficient determination which means the regression model using ROBPCA is better in explaining response variable. The study findings also revealed that the average of duration of exclusive breastfeeding has the largest contribution in lowering infant mortality rate followed by percentage of delivery assisted by medical provider and percentage of households that have access to safe drinking water.


State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (T.S., D.T., K.W., M.W., L.C., B.Q., M.L., Z.C.); and Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (H.Y., M.G.)


Objective To explore the remedial effect of Yizhijiannao-granule's probable mechanism on Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods 6-month-old SAMP8 rats(n=20)were randomly divided into treated group(n=10)and control group(n=10).Rats in treated group were treated with Yizhijiannao-granule and those in control group treated with double distilled water.Eight weeks later,total protein in hippocampus tissue were separated and identified.Results 13 Differentially expressed protein spots which were more than two folds were identified,of which 8 protein spots were up-regulated and five protein spots were down-regulated.Conclusions Multiple hippocampus protein spots of SAMP8 mice can be regulated by Yizhijiannao-granule,showing Yizhijiannao-granule has a multi-target remedial mechanism of AD.


Photocrystallography is a technique used to determine light-induced structural changes accompanying formation of excited-state species, or other photoreaction products, in crystals via X-ray diffraction methods. Among others, it can be employed to investigate photo-linkage isomerism in the solid state. Photoswitchable compounds of this kind contain ambidentate ligands, e.g., NO 2 , SCN or NO groups, which can bind to a metal centre in several different ways. Such linkage isomers can exhibit different physical properties such as: colour, density, or conductivity, which makes them interesting materials for various applications. Photoswitchable systems can be used in data storage devices, solar panels, as biological markers, etc. The current project is dedicated to comprehensive investigations of a series of trinitrocobalt(III) coordination compounds [1] which are potential photoswitchable systems. According to literature cobalt nitrocomplexes may exhibit thermoswitchable properties [2], but there is in general very limited information about light-induced linkage isomerism of this group of compounds. In turn, three nitro groups attached to a metal centre interact in a crystal structure in different ways, which enables analyses of the crystal packing effect on photoswitchable properties. In the course of our research conditions assuring the most effective isomerisation reaction in the examined crystal systems were determined on the basis of multi-temperature X-ray diffraction, photocrystallographic and spectroscopic measurements results. Additionally, the influence of packing and intermolecular interactions on the isomerisation reaction was examined. The experimental findings were supported by theoretical computations. It appeared that some of the studied compounds undergo the nitro group isomerisation reaction along with temperature changes, while the metastable-state form, nitrito isomer, may exist up to a relatively high temperature (about 240 K). Nevertheless, the thermo-induced conversion usually does not exceed 30%. UV-Vis-light irradiation (230-660 nm) of the crystal samples elevates the observed conversion by only several percent. It was observed that the nitro groups engaged in relatively strong hydrogen bonds with the amine fragments of adjacent molecules do not undergo any transformation. Also, the stabilisation of the potential metastable-state form in the crystal structure is of great importance.


This paper is a survey of results by the author on an integration of predictive routing information available under an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) with an Advance Traffic Management System (ATMS) scheme. A contribution of this research is a suite of models which is currently being used in ITS evaluations including: the Lin-Sarkar-Statts (LS3) traffic simulator; a traffic signal timing algorithm which optimizes signal settings based on predictive routing information called the Predictive Routing Information Signal Timing INtEgration (PRISTINE) model; and an optimized Third Generation Control (3GC) signal timing model. Both PRISTINE and 3GC integrate with LS3, allowing the signal settings within the simulation to be modified dynamically. The first portion of this paper develops the theoretical basis for PRISTINE model. PRISTINE explicitly uses the predictive routing information available under ITS as well as considering the effects of queuing and congestion and compensating for them in setting the traffic signal control plan. The paper presents a new methodology for using spanning trees to determine the offsets in the network. The paper shows a Queue Effects Model (QEM) that explicitly considers the effects of bulk arrivals on average delay and probability of stopping at an intersection. The Queue Effects Model requires only the average arrival rate and the first two moments of platoon size, all of which can be collected using existing technology. The Queue Effects and spanning tree models form the theoretical basis for PRISTINE. The second portion of this paper describes the surge situation. The surge situation arises when there is a sudden shift in traffic patterns or densities such as occur when a sporting event lets out or there is a traffic incident. PRISTINE offers substantial savings as measured by average delay per vehicle in cases where there were either sudden shifts in traffic flow or dominant directions of flow in the network.


It is now generally believed that accreation of planetesimal formed planets and collision with small-bodies evolved them. Impact-induced dehydration of impactors influenced the composition of primitive planetary atmosphere and the supply of water to planets. So it is required to understand impact-induced dehydration of planetary bodies in terms of the origin of water-planets. Lots of works about small bodies to reveal the origin of the solar system and planets have been performed including sample return missions from primitive bodies. Asteroid exploration Hayabusa2 will return samples of a C-type asteroid Ryugu which possibly has hydrated minerals. Understanding impact-induced dehydration is of importance in order to discuss the influence of dehydration of the returned samples. stainless-steel projectile vacuum We measured the velocity of using a high-speed video camera. The shock pressure impedance matching The post-shocked


Health care associated infections affect every year more than four million people due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to traditional antibiotics. In turn, the systematic use of quaternary ammonium salts as antiseptics is hampered by their inherent toxicity and high hydrophilicity that leads to their rapid elimination from the body. Therefore, a carefully controlled release of these antiseptics is pivotal to achieve prolonged therapeutic efficacy reducing the side effects. In this work, high encapsulation efficiencies and good control over the release of octenidine hydrochloride from poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) was achieved by introducing functional carboxylate groups in the polymer. The influence of the polymer structure and functionalization over the drug release was sistematically investigated. Star-like and brush-like polymers with tunable number of ionizable chain end-groups were synthesized via combination of ring-opening polymerization and reversible a ddition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization . These polymers were formulated in NPs and loaded with octenidine through emulsion/solvent evaporation. Brush-like polymers demonstrated to be a versatile tool for the modulation of the initial burst and long term release of the antiseptic through the tuning of the electrostatic interactions between the negative groups on the polymer, whose number can be precisely controlled, and the positively charged drug.


Two-button computer mouse users may exhibit sustained lifted finger behaviors to prevent inadvertent activations by avoiding finger pressure on the buttons, leading to prolonged finger extensor muscle loading. One hundred graduate students were observed during normal computer work in a university computer facility to qualify and quantify the prevalence of lifted finger behaviors and extended finger postures, as well as wrist/forearm support, during specific mouse activities. The highest prevalences observed were 48% of the students lifted their middle finger during mouse drag activities, and 23% extended their middle finger while moving the mouse. In addition, 98% of the students rested their wrist and forearm (77%) or wrist only (21%) on the workstation surface. These findings indicate that two-button mouse users do lift and hold their fingers during computer work, while supporting their wrist/forearms. Potential applications include ergonomic design strategies to reduce exposure to risk factors that may contribute to hand/forearm musculoskeletal pain.


Discrete diffraction behavior was experimentally studied in a coherent rubidium 5S1/2  −  5P3/2  −  5D5/2 cascade system. An optical lattice was established by the interference of two coupling lasers corresponding to 5P3/2  −  5D5/2 transition with a small angle. The distinct discrete diffraction patterns were observed in vapor when the probe laser corresponding to the 5S1/2  −  5P3/2 transition propagated through the optical lattice. The optimized pertinent experimental parameters such as vapor temperature, two-photon detuning, coupling laser intensity and probe laser intensity are obtained. The experimental results are well analyzed utilizing the density-matrix theory. This system provides a new approach to investigate non-Hermitian physics and discrete solitons.


Gender-based violence is a widespread type of human rights violation that frequently takes place in academic environments like schools and universities. The prevalence of genderbased violence (GBV) among university students is shockingly high. Many survivors of campus sexual abuse experience academic difficulties in addition to the emotional and psychological impacts of the assault, which in some cases may necessitate them taking a leave of absence or even dropping out of school altogether. Many students entering South African HEIs would have already been exposed to or experienced violence because of South Africa's alarmingly high rate of sexual assault against children. GBV in Universities, has many causal factors, including age, societal norms, masculinity, and social media. This paper utilized secondary data as a methodology to collect data. This paper proposes that universities combine the assistance of psychologists and pastoral caregivers in the healing of those affected by GBV, because people who have experienced GBV may benefit from pastoral counselling in focusing their attention on finding purpose and meaning in their lives despite adversity.


1,3-Benzodithiol-2-ylidenetriphenylphosphorane reacted with carbon disulfide to give 1,3-benzodithiole-2-thione, dibenzotetrathiafulvalene, and an unidentified crystalline red compound in addition to triphenylphosphine sulfide. The same products were also obtained by treatment of 1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylthiocarbonyl chloride with base.


The pandemic has had innumerable impacts on the oceanographic com-munity, including on summer research internship programs that expose undergraduates to diverse career paths in oceanography while immersed in an active laboratory. For many students, these internships are formative in their career choices. The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship in Oceanography (SURFO) at the University of Rhode Island's Graduate School of Oceanography is one of the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) programs that proceeded remotely during the summer of 2020. Here, we highlight one project that, although remote, maintained a hands-on research experience focused on quantitative skill building. The pandemic forced the REU advisors to identify key learning goals and ensure their safe delivery, given the cir-cumstances. Although all participants agreed that in-person instruction would have been preferable, we were pleased that we did not let a virus halt essential oceanographic research training. © 2021, Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.


Abstract Objectives The aim was to evaluate retention rates for secukinumab in patients with active PsA or radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) treated in routine UK clinical practice. Methods SERENA (CAIN457A3403) is an ongoing, non-interventional, international study of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis, active PsA or active r-axSpA, who had received secukinumab for ≥16 weeks before enrolment. The primary objective of this interim analysis was to assess treatment retention rates in patients with PsA or r-axSpA who were enrolled and followed for ≥2 years at centres in the UK. The safety analysis set includes all patients who received at least one dose of secukinumab. The target population set includes all patients who fulfilled the patient selection criteria. Results The safety set comprised 189 patients (PsA, n = 81; r-axSpA, n = 108), and the target population set comprised 183 patients (PsA, n = 78; r-axSpA, n = 105). In the safety set, 107 patients (45 of 81 with PsA and 62 of 108 with r-axSpA) had previously received a biologic agent. Retention rates were similar between patients with PsA and r-axSpA after 1 year (PsA 91.0%, 95% CI: 84.0, 98.0; r-axSpA 89.2%, 95% CI: 82.7, 95.7) and 2 years (PsA 77.6%, 95% CI: 67.6, 87.7; r-axSpA 76.2%, 95% CI: 67.4, 85.0) of observation. Overall, 17.5% of patients (33 of 189) experienced at least one treatment-related adverse event, and 12.7% of patients (24 of 189) discontinued secukinumab because of adverse events. Conclusion This analysis of real-world data from the UK demonstrates high retention rates for secukinumab over 2 years in patients with PsA or r-axSpA, with a favourable safety profile.


Some techniques deserving consideration in purchase of direct digital photography machines in children's hospital are discussed as reference for doctors who purchase machines and decision-makers in hospital. It is emphasized that the dose of the machine in using should be the all-important factor to be considered for the health of not only the patients but the doctors and technicians. High quality images should not be based on the sacrifice of children's health.


In this paper, we extend the Camassa–Holm-γ (CH-γ) equation to two different hierarchies of nonlinear evolution equations by resorting to two Lenard recursion sequences. One is of positive order CH-γ hierarchy including a Harry–Dym-type equation, while the other is of negative order CH-γ hierarchy of integrodifferential equations with nonzero integration constants including the CH-γ equation. We provide the zero curvature representations for both hierarchies by solving a key matrix equation. Moreover, the Lenard sequences are used to construct a Lax matrix that satisfies a stationary zero curvature equation, which enables us to establish bi-Hamiltonian structures for both hierarchies by applying trace identity. In addition, the Lenard sequence and Lax pair are used to systematically derive the Its–Matveev trace formula and the Dubrovin-type equations associated with the CH-γ equation. The hyperelliptic curve and Abel–Jacobi coordinates are then introduced to linearize the associated flow, from which the algebro-geometric solutions to the CH-γ equation are constructed by using standard Jacobi inversion technique.In this paper, we extend the Camassa–Holm-γ (CH-γ) equation to two different hierarchies of nonlinear evolution equations by resorting to two Lenard recursion sequences. One is of positive order CH-γ hierarchy including a Harry–Dym-type equation, while the other is of negative order CH-γ hierarchy of integrodifferential equations with nonzero integration constants including the CH-γ equation. We provide the zero curvature representations for both hierarchies by solving a key matrix equation. Moreover, the Lenard sequences are used to construct a Lax matrix that satisfies a stationary zero curvature equation, which enables us to establish bi-Hamiltonian structures for both hierarchies by applying trace identity. In addition, the Lenard sequence and Lax pair are used to systematically derive the Its–Matveev trace formula and the Dubrovin-type equations associated with the CH-γ equation. The hyperelliptic curve and Abel–Jacobi coordinates are then introduced to linearize the associated flow, from which the a...


Optoacoustic (OA) imaging is a hybrid laser-ultrasonic method suitable for visualization of any absorbing heterogeneities in biological tissues, including blood vessels,1, 2 tumors,3 and thermal lesions.4 In OA tomography, pulsed-laser radiation is absorbed, resulting in heat-source distribution in the tissue (see Figure 1). Transient thermoelastic tissue expansion leads to the excitation of a wideband ultrasonic pulse (an 'OA signal'). Detection of this signal with an array of ultrasound transducers allows reconstruction of the laser-induced heat-release distribution (i.e., the OA image). For successful diagnosis the ultrasound-array transducer design must be optimized for a particular biomedical application. This requires a numerical model allowing us to simulate excitation, propagation, and measurement of OA signals. OA emission of only very few objects (i.e., spheres, cylinders, and absorbing planes) can be described on the basis of analytical expressions.5 In all other cases the OA signal can only be calculated numerically using either a timedomain or a frequency-domain approach. The latter is very computationally efficient when simulating measurements of OA waves by a planar transducer.6 However, for more complex apertures it is convenient to use the time-domain approach. For example, in 2D OA tomography we employ array transducers consisting of focused elements: see Figure 1(a). Such a design allows us to restrict the sensitivity of each element to its narrow focal region, which constrains the operational area of the entire array to the imaging plane.7 In the corresponding numerical algorithm the laser-induced heat-release distribution is divided into 'voxels' (volumetric pixels), which are small compared to the spatial resolution of the OA-signal detector. Each voxel is treated as source of spherical acoustic N waves5 (the signal typically produced by a sphere), with its amplitude corresponding to the magnitude of heat reFigure 1. Schematic diagram of an optoacoustic (OA) imaging system.


The choice of location of street traders and the products they sell reflect specific geographies of flows of people. In this study the focus is on the spatial relationships between arts and crafts trading and the tourist market. This article presents the outcomes of research into the characteristics and geographies of informal trade in arts and crafts in South Africa's four main metropolitan city centres. The results show that informal selling of arts and crafts is a relatively small component of street trading in all four centres. Intra-city variations are reported and the geographical patterns of arts and crafts traders in the four centres analysed with GIS software. The purpose of this analysis is to identify concentrations of traders specialising in arts and crafts within the general distributions of informal traders in the four cities.


A dissertation presented to the Department of Biological Sciences of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Master of Science in Environmental Science Degree, 2000


A method of calculating a possible stability loss by a rotating circular annular disc of variable thickness is suggested within the theory of perfect plasticity with the help of small parameter method. A characteristic equation for a critical radius of a plastic zone is obtained as a first approximation. The formula for the critical angular velocity, determining the stability loss of the disc according to the self-balanced form, is derived. The method using which we can take into account the disc's geometry and loading parameters is also specified. The efficiency of the proposed method is shown in Section 5 while considering an illustrative example. The values of critical angular velocity of rotating are found numerically for different parameters of the disc.


This paper analyses a operation principle of timing hydraulic coupler through its application in belt conveyer,expatiates on its advantage in the design of belt conveyer for high capacity and long distance transportation to postpone start time for conveyer,decreases impact to power supply,makes the start stable,and reduces the cost for manufacturing belt conveyer.