The Great Lakes of North America were brought to the brink of ecological disaster and are now being returned to a healthier condition. This paper reviews the relationship of human populations to the Lakes' ecosystem in broad terms and offers advice on go-forward strategies. The interaction of three major forces led to the Lakes' decline: altering flow regimes by conversion of the landscape, biological pollution, and chemical pollution. Great progress has been made in restoring chemical integrity to the waters of the basin ecosystem, and modest progress has been made in managing the consequences of biological pollution. In the future, work within the basin must expand to include flow restoration strategies. Beyond work within the basin, new foreign policy instruments must manage the global problems of air and biological pollution. INTRODUCTION This is a personal account. I have spent the last twenty years learning about the Laurentian Great Lakes, the world's largest freshwater ecosystem, identifying impairments and restoration opportunities, and aligning ideas, people, and resources to improve its ecological health. The opinions that follow are mine alone. They are not those of the Great Lakes Protection Fund, the Fund's directors, owners or staff, or any other organization. This paper uses a case study approach. A brief history of the interaction of human populations and the basin ecosystem is presented. In the pages that follow, I begin to unpack the case by summarizing the state of the Great Lakes ecosystem, through the lenses of physical, biological and chemical integrity. I briefly describe the key threats to the integrity of the ecosystem. I attempt to link those threats to sources related to various human populations. Finally, I suggest ways in which our collective conduct might be changed to avoid continued injury and better take advantage of the ecological restoration opportunities we now have. By necessity, this paper focuses on key interactions, key systems, key stresses and key opportunities. In the space available, a comprehensive treatment is impossible, and I have not attempted it. I have also chosen to be provocative, and have written this as means of beginning a new conversation on how we can effectively govern our behavior – both within and outside of government – in a recovering freshwater ecosystem. THE CASE – THE GREAT LAKES ECOSYSTEM In search of a water route to Asia, Europeans came to the Great Lakes in the 16th century. Instead of the fabled Northwest Passage, they found beaver and began a robust fur trade. Forts were established on key water bodies to protect trade routes. Soon, the forts became towns and as the fur bearing animals became harder to find, the towns became more important than the trade they were established to protect. Over the next three hundred years, the Europeans and their North American descendents wrested control of the land from the native people they had The scale of the Great Lakes basin is difficult to comprehend, even for those who live and work in the basin. The five Great Lakes – Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario – themselves contain over 5,500 cubic miles of fresh water. This is 18% of the world's available supply. The drainage basin includes parts of eight U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.


The temporal growth and spatial amplification of electrostatic waves due to the interaction of an electron beam with a partially spin polarized degenerate magnetized plasma are studied. Using Fourier analysis, a generalized linear dispersion relation is derived for parallel propagating electrostatic waves in the presence of electron spin polarization. The electron spin polarization gives birth to a new spin-dependent wave (spin electron acoustic wave) in the real wave spectrum. Furthermore, increasing spin polarization reduces the temporal growth rate of the unstable mode. Regarding spatial amplification (magnitude of the imaginary wave number), it is found that spin polarization significantly affects the magnitude of both the real and the imaginary wave numbers. Additionally, how the various other parameters such as electron beam density, beam thermal speed, and streaming speed of the beam electron influence the temporal growth and spatial rates is also discussed. These effects would have a strong bearin...


In this study, several RNA polymerases were used for the first time to examine the possibility of transcriptional incorporation of 5'-N-triphosphates of 5'-amino-5'-deoxyribonucleosides (5'NH NTPs). The T3, T7, Sp6 and T7 Y639F RNA polymerases were employed to show that the full-length transcript cannot be synthesized. The results suggest that the application of 5'NH NTPs could decrease transcription reaction rates. What is more, the modification of transcription conditions had no influence on the rate of 5'NH NTPs incorporation. Based on experimental data it is postulated that 5'NH NTPs can be used as potential transcription inhibitors. Our findings expand the knowledge on suitable uses of the 5'-N-triphosphates of 5'-amino-5'-deoxyribonucleoside and the exact mechanism of transcriptional inhibition.


Provides a photovoltaic device, characterized in that the optoelectronic device comprising: a plurality of light emitters, CMOS-based compact spectrometer and a control means, wherein the plurality of light emitters arranged to be illuminated area of the environment, a CMOS-based small spectral spectrum analyzer is arranged to obtain the ambient light in the area of the environment, and a control means for changing a light emitter based on the obtained emission spectrum. Further, there is provided a system for changes in ambient light region, comprising at least two optoelectronic devices and means for transmitting information between the at least two optoelectronic devices. Further, a method is also provided for changing the ambient light region, a computer program product for performing the method, apparatus and method calibrating the reflective optoelectronic device for determining.


This paper provides a minimalist analysis of structural ambiguity in Arabic DPs. Three tenets constitute the crux of this paper: i) providing empirical data for structural ambiguity in MSA DPs, ii) investigating how ambiguity works at the level of syntax, and iii) proposing a minimalist approach to deriving Arabic 1 DPs in general, and disambiguating them in particular. Thus, I argue that MSA simple and Free State (FS) DPs rarely involve ambiguity due to their simple structure. However, Construct State (CS) DPs are deemed to involve structural ambiguity due to their complex structure. I also argue that structural ambiguity in Arabic DPs depends heavily on two main syntactic criteria, viz. structure and agreement. In that, the more the DP gets complex in structure, the more it involves ambiguity, and when there is a complete agreement in all φ-features, (in)definiteness and Case among the DP-internal constituents, ambiguity arises. However, agreement is required only when the modifiers are APs. Proposing N 0 -to-Spec movement, I show how N 0 -to-D 0 movement violates certain conditions and constraints on movement. I also propose a pseudo-VP in the case of deverbal CSs to disambiguate such DPs. 2


Among many ways used to reveal the performance of an enterprise,thefinancial language is the one used most often.In order to reveal concisely,intelligibly and exactly the financial situation and achievements,the public financial language-financial analysis has been widely adopted.Considering that the analysis of an enterprise's debt paying ability is an important item in the financial analysis,and that there are many defects in the current index of the debt paying ability analysis,the author of this paper suggests that modification and supplement should be made to strengthen the practicality of the index of the debt paying ability analysis.


Availability Based Tariff (ABT) is a frequency linked pricing mechanism. It has been adopted in India since the year 2000 for unscheduled electrical power transactions. ABT encourages the rescheduling of participating generators in real time as per the prevailing load conditions. At present the generators reschedule manually with respect to the frequency price signals. This paper presents a model for automatic frequency control using deviation settlement mechanism. The above model has been tested on an isolated area system having four generators using MATLAB/Simulink. The paper also covers the new CERC (Central Electricity Regulatory Commission) notification 132 dated 6th Jan 2014 as per which, if the deviation of the power generated from the schedule is more than 12 per cent (Over injection/Under injection), the corresponding deviation price will be zero and hence the generation will be brought back to the scheduled generation.


We applied the low-cost non-dispersive infrared sensor module K33 (ICB, Senseair, Sweden) for measurements of soil CO2 concentration. We integrated the sensor module in a new soil probe suitable for in situ measurements of soil gas CO2 concentration. Therefore, we covered the sensor module with epoxy resin. For continuous measurements, we connected our soil CO2 probe to a microcontroller (MEGA 2560 Rev3, Arduino.cc, Italy) equipped with a data logging shield (Adalogger FeatherWing, Adafruit, USA). In a laboratory experiment, we evaluated the accuracy and precision of our soil CO2 probe at changing temperature and humidity by comparison with the often used CO2 probe GMP343 (Vaisala, Finland) as a reference. In a field experiment, we buried our soil CO2 probe to test its performance under natural environmental conditions.

The result of the laboratory experiment is that our soil CO2 probe compares well with the GMP343, even at maximum relative humidity. The accuracy (<0.1 % CO2) was below the accuracy given by the manufacturer. The field experiment demonstrated that our soil CO2 probe provides high-quality measurements of soil CO2 concentrations under in situ soil conditions. After retrieving it, it still measured with the same accuracy and precision as before.

In summary, we used the sensor module K33 for the first time to measure in situ soil CO2 concentrations by integrating it into a newly developed probe. The cost-efficient availability of our CO2 probe opens up the opportunity to carry out continuous soil CO2 measurements over long time periods with simultaneously high spatial resolution.


Chances are you are going to get audited in the next few years. But don't panic — use our audit guide to get your practice prepared instead.


The physico-chemical characteristics of Otamiri River were investigated using digital meters and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The aim of the study was to provide information that will be useful in the sustainable development of the River. The results indicates that the mean pH concentrations of the Otamiri river obtained at four strategic gauge stations designated SSWS1 Egbu, SSWS2 –Timber Market, SSWS3 – FUTO and Downstream-Mbirichi were 6.45, 6.58, 6.45 and 6.50 respectively for the mean pH while the mean values for Pb 2+ were 0.02, 0.02, 1.67 and 0.02 mg/l respectively, that of Cd 2+ was 0.004, 0.0036, 0.004 and 0.002 mg/l respectively while the mean concentrations for Fe + were 0.01, 0.016, 0.23 and 0.10 mg/l. The result of stream sediment samples indicates that the concentrations of pH were 5.8, 5.90, 6.30 and 4.45 respectively while mean concentrations values for Pb 2+ were 0.08, 0.07, 0.06 and 0.05 mg/kg respectively while the values for Cd 2+ were 0.32, 0.28, 0.30 and 0.25 mg/kg respectively. The values for Hg were 0.10, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.18 mg/kg. The results for both water and sediment samples with respect to pH and some heavy metal concentrations were not in conformity with World Health Organisation (2011) standard for safe drinking water as well as Federal Ministry of Environment (2006) standard for soil respectively thus, constitute a threat to the River; these are attributed to waste dumps and anthropogenic activities around the four stations The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of the river indicates that it is excellent for irrigation purposes even though correction of the pH needed to be done. The pollution index (PI) of the river shows that it is tending towards its critical value of 1. The pH of the water can be treated using sodium bicarbonate while the sediment by liming method while the excessive concentrations of heavy metals can be treated using


Asthma is a chronic infl ammatory disease of the respiratory system, characterized by being hypersensitive and episodic and having reversible symptoms of airfl ow abstraction. Asthma prevalence has increased across all ages, sex and racial groups and is higher among children than adults. Lately it has been associated with dental caries and periodontal disease, where different factors and the immune response acts similarly in both conditions. This population requires special attention on treatment and medication used.


The article is devoted to the issue of energy efficiency in Ukraine and the international experience of implementing energy efficiency in the countries of the European Union. In the context of growing problems related to the reduction of energy consumption and the use of renewable energy sources, attention to energy efficiency issues is becoming more and more relevant. The issue of energy efficiency in Ukraine is considered, attention is focused on insufficient awareness and education of the population, insufficient funding and limited access to resources, and the international experience of implementing energy efficiency in EU countries is considered as a potential solution for solving energy efficiency problems in Ukraine. The article will analyze EU legislation and programs aimed at stimulating energy efficiency, as well as highlight successful practices and initiatives that contribute to energy-efficient development. Special attention is paid to ways of implementing energy efficiency in EU countries, in particular, the use of energy-efficient technologies in construction and reconstruction, stimulation of the use of renewable energy sources, implementation of energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, as well as financing mechanisms for energy efficiency projects. The current state of energy efficiency in Ukraine is analyzed, including the main challenges and obstacles the country faces. Special attention is paid to the legislative and regulatory framework governing energy efficiency in Ukraine, as well as existing programs and initiatives. Attention is focused on the international experience of implementing energy efficiency in the EU countries.


To make junior history class a desirable place for students,some traditional ideas should be renewed.The "textbook-centered" idea should be changed into an open idea,the "teaching-centered" idea into the idea of combining teaching with learning,the "method-centered"idea into the idea of integration that there is teaching method and there is no fixed method in teaching.And the idea of quality education must be established to take the place of the "score-centered"idea.


VoiceXML combines Internet and PSTN together.VoiceXML intergrates telephone network and Internet at three area: to use voice browser,to share information of Internet and CTI, to development voice application system as developmenting Web page.


Fisheries management and conservation studies require the quantitative descriptions of general well-being for the commercially important fishes. Pomfrets are one of commercially important species in the Bay of Bengal and studies on general well-being are still unavailable. The present study was conducted to know the general contentment of two commercially pomfret species Pampus argenteus and Parastromateus niger by studying the length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), relative condition factor (Kn), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) throughout the year. The LWR of P. argenteus and P. niger showed a negative allometric growth pattern in both sexes. The K was found to vary throughout the year for P. argenteus and P. niger but no significant differences were observed between months. The Kn was highest in rainy and summer season in P. argenteus and P. niger respectively. The highest GSI was observed in May and March for P. argenteus and P. niger respectively with concomitant increase of HSI value. The second minor peak in GSI was also observed in October indicating a probability of the second phase of spawning. This preliminary information will assist in the successful conservation and management measures of pomfrets in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.


A strain of Bacillus megaterium B601,in possession of promotion effect on Ketogulonigenium vulgare growth and acid production,was screened from soil.Under mixed fermentation conditions,the number of the viable bacterium was less than that of B.megaterium,but the number of the spores was more than that of B.megaterium.The conditions for the fermentation associated B601 were optimized as follows:L-sorbose 10%,urea 0.6%,corn steep liquor 1.0%,culture temperature 30 ℃,pH 6.8,and fermentation time 44 h.Compared with the control fermentation,L-sorbose production was enhanced by 25%,the urea consumption and the corn steep liquor were decreased by 50% and 33%,respectively,the culture temperature was increased by 2 ℃,and the fermentation time was reduced by 4 h.The efficiency of fermentation was improved using B601 associated bacteria.


This paper is concerned with issues of urban change in areas of London that have become the focus of regeneration strategies predicated on accommodating growth and development within existing city boundaries. Its focus is in the Lower Lea Valley in East London, which developed in the nineteenth century in the context of its peripheral location with respect to central London and which continues to lie at the seam between urban authorities. Today, this whole area is subject to regeneration plans based on addressing the physical and social manifestations of this transforming peripherality – including environmental impacts of industrialization, post-industrial piecemeal development, spatial disconnection, and long-standing patterns of social deprivation – by creating a framework geared towards attracting new investment, population and employment and, in the process, addressing the impediments to change that are seen to have been posed by fractured local policy. Taking one small part of this larger area, Hackney Wick, which is beside the 2012 London Olympic site in the London Borough of Hackney, the paper turns to planning history to explore its development from the nineteenth century in relation to urban boundaries. It uses this exploration as the basis for reflecting on the significance of contemporary boundary adjustments and plans predicated on facilitating the creation of local centrality for the remaking of an urban 'edgeland'.


Healthcare forecasting has been playing a pivotal role in hospital decision-making processes, improving the quality of medical care delivered and resources allocation planning. Time series models have been shown to be particularly suitable for healthcare application, however, how to effectively capture the linear and nonlinear patterns, trend and cyclicity that are intrinsic characteristics of the real hospital setting time series, is a current topic of discussion. To overcome these problems, a hybrid ETS-ARIMA (exponential smoothing - autoregressive integrated moving average model) was proposed in order to improve the forecasting abilities of the single models in predicting inpatient admissions and revenues of a hospital department. Data on monthly inpatients admission and monthly revenues were collected from the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (Italy) database on General Surgery department between January 2012 to December 2018. Results of this preliminary study are encouraging, hybrid models can achieve better performance than the single models, with lower residual errors. The relative errors of the hybrid models are less than 5%, indicating a good forecasting ability. In conclusion, this paper provides a contribution in the field of healthcare forecasting using time series data. Preliminary results are encouraging and can be used to support the hospital's decision-making processes in optimizing inpatient admissions scheduling and resources allocations.


The cities and Towns along the Jialing River can be categorized into 9 spatial patterns: top-outside, top-inside, heart, neck, waist-inside, waist-outside, twins, straight and intersection. Each pattern has its own advantages and disadvantages. Analysis on 95 cities and Towns in the mainstream of Jialing River shows that the dominant spatial patterns are top-outside, straight, and intersection. Optimal micro-location selection model reveals that the guiding principle for cities/Towns construction is to maximize water affinity; the foremost factor in selecting sites is topography; the optimal model of human settlement, that is, the areas "surrounded by mountain and circled by water", can be found in incised meander areas.


Autoradiographic evaluation of clad thickness completed the processing of the two tubes with corps of 3% enriched, unalloyed U prepared for irradiation testing at VBWR. In light of recent tube failures at SRP, the fabrication effort in the experimental tube, program was reoriented. Preparation of full-size tubes with experimental cores was postponed, and the fabrication effort is being concentrated in three areas: preparation of full-size tubes with urelloyed U cores, preparation of Vallecitos-size tubes with cores of U-1 wt.% Si and U-1.5 wt.% Mo, and preparation of tubular specimens with a variety of core composition for irradiation in capsules at Savannah River. The program aimed at finding a metastable beth-phase alloy and developing fabrication of dilute Al alloys was suspended early in the month. A limited experimental program is being undertaken to determine out-of-pile creep behavior of U and selected U alloys. The cause of failure of Zircaloy-2-clad fuel elements in irradiation was not established but ruay be related to strain limitations in the fuel element. A program was inltiated to evaluate, in outof-pile tests, factors which might affect fuel element service life by limiting ductility of the element or its components. A mechanical burst test method was developed formore » testing strain limits of appropriate materials. Supplementary tests were run to determine the extent of hydrogen picked up by the cladding in processing steps involving bright etching and corrosion testing. Additional data concerning corrosion resistance and strength were obtained on extruded stainless steel-Zircaloy rods. A 2-inch- diameter tubular stainless steel-Zircaloy extrusion was subjected to hydrostatic burst testing. Progress in the program on cost reduction in Zircaloy etching is reported in several areas. (For preceding period see NMI7223.). (W.L.H.)« less


In this paper, 3-D numerical simulations for air-side performance of fin-and-oval tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators(LVG) and fin-and-tube heat exchanger were performed. The results show that compared with fin-and-tube heat exchanger, under the calculated air inlet velocity range, the heat transfer performance (Nu) of fin-and-oval tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators are enhanced by 32.4%. The total heat transfer performance (Nu/f) of fin-and-oval tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators achieves enhancement up to 28.93%. It is found that the performance of fin-and-oval tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators is far better than that of the fin-and-tube heat exchanger. The basic heat transfer enhancement mechanism of longitudinal vortex could be explained from the view point of field synergy principle, which says that the reduction of the intersection angle between velocity and fluid temperature gradient is the basic reason for enhancing convective heat transfer.


We read the article "Burden of congenital inguinal hernia and hydrocele in Northern and Southern Nigeria: An opportunity for awareness creation" by Ibrahim et al.,[1] and congratulate the authors for their sincere attempt to create an awareness in the society for the diseases such as congenital hydrocele and hernia. Congenital hernia and hydrocele share a common aetiology, that is, patent processus vaginalis (PPV). PPV is an outpouching of the peritoneum through the deep inguinal ring, which closes spontaneously after testicular descent. Failure of closure of PPV leads to an abnormal communication between the abdominal cavity and inguino-scrotal region.


................................................................................................................... 1 List of Figures .......................................................................................................... ii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: WHAT IS "SCOTTISHNESS? ........................................................ 7 2.1 Terminological Problems .................................................................................. 8 2.2 `Traditional' Divisions in Theories of Nation and Nationalism .......................... 12 Perennialism ................................................................................................. 14 Prim ordialism ............................................................................................... 16 Modemism .................................................................................................... 23 Instrumentalism ........................................................................................... 28 2.3 Transcending Theoretical Divisions ................................................................... 31 2.4 What and When is Scotland? Representations of'Scottishness...................... 38 2.5 Expressing and Experiencing `Scottishness....................................................... 50 CHAPTER THREE: MUSICAL PERFORMANCES AND THE ̀DOINGS' OF (NATIONAL) IDENTITY ................................................................................... 57 3.1 Music, Emotion and the Study of National Identities., ................................. o.. 58 3.2 Performing Identities ......................................................................................... 76 3.3 Non-Representational Thinking ......................................................................... 81 3.4 Performance as Theory and Practice? .............................................................. 85 3.5 Non-Representational Thinking in Action .......................................................... 93 CHAPTER FOUR: CREATING (FESTIVE) SPACES FOR MUSICAL PERFORMANCES ....................................................................... 107 4.1 Festival Contexts: Organisational Backgrounds ............................................. 108 4.2 Festival Contexts: Celtic Connections ............................................................. 109 4.3 Festival Contexts: T in the Park ...................................................................... 129 4.4 Heterogeneous Experiences of `Scottishness' ................................................. 140 CHAPTER FIVE: 'SCOTTISH SOUNDS': (RE)PRESENTING `SCOTTISHNESS'......... 147 5.1 'Scottish' Sounds .............................................................................................. 148 'Scottish'Melodies and Rhythms. s 153 ................................................................ `Scottish'Languages 159 ................................................................................... Scottish'Instruments ................................................................................. 174 5.2 Categorising 'Scottish' Music ............................................................................ 181 5.3 Playing with ̀ Scottishness................................................................................. 194 CHAPTER SIX: EXPERIENCING SCOTTISH) MUSICAL TI MESPACES ................... 207 6.1 Musical Motivations ........................................................................................... 211 6.2 Setting the Scene ............................................................................................. 216 Gettino Festive: Audiences ......................................................................... 217 Preparing Performances: Musicians ............................................................ 220 6.3 Entering Timespaces of Musical Performance ................................................. 224 6.4 Capturing the Experiences of Performers and Audiences ................................ 226 6.5 'Going Through the Motions' at Musical Performances .................................... 231 6.6 Being in the 'Moment' of Musical Performances .............................................. 239 CHAPTER SEVEN: EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENTS, INIMATE ENCOUNTERS AND THE (RE)PRODUCTION OF'SCOTTISHNESS............................ . 259 7.1 Being Emotional ................................................................................................ 260 What are Emotions .................................................................................... 262 Self, (National) Identity and Emotion ......................................................... 269 7.2 Feeling "Scottish ................................................................................................ 274 7.3 'Scottishness' and the Experience of Wellbeing ............................................... 292 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 311 8.1 Summary of Research Findings .................................................................. 313 8.2 Reconceptualising Theories of Nation and Nationalism ............................. 316 8.3 Future Research .......................................................................................... 319 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 323 APPENDIX ONE: PERFORMANCES ATTENDED DURING FIELDWORK ............... 355 APPENDIX TWO: LETTER GIVEN TO 'ON-THE-SPOT' INTERVIEWEES .............. 357 APPENDIX THREE: SAMPLE OF FLYER USED TO RECRUIT AUDIENCE MEMBER INTERVIEWEES .................................................... 359 APPENDIX FOUR: "INFORMAL QUESTIONNAIRE' SENT TO THE CO-ORDINATOR OFT IN THE PARK ..................................... 361 APPENDIX FIVE: DETAILS OF FEATURED INTERVIEWS/INTERVIEWEES........ 369 APPENDIX SIX: EXAMPLES OF FESTIVAL PRMOTIONAL MATERIAL ................. 373 APPENDIX SEVEN: OTHER FESTIVAL APPEARANCES BY BANDS WHO PLAYED T IN THE PARK ..................................................................... 375 APPENDIX EIGHT: TRACKS FEATURED ON ACCOMPANYING CD ..................... 377 APPENDIX NINE: PUBLISHED WORKS BASED ON THESIS ................................ 379


The efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) extract was studied on some haematological parameters in female albino rats. The garlic extract was tested in three different doses, 1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml/kg body weight daily for a period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The results indicated a significant increase in RBC count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit value when rats were given low (1 ml/kg body weight) and medium (2 ml/kg body weight) doses whereas at higher (4 ml/kg body weight) dose these parameters decreased significantly. Further, there was a significant decrease in platelet count at low and medium doses and a significant increase at higher dose. WBC count increases significantly at all the doses at selected time period as compared to control.


Encouraging undergraduates to work in the countryside as village leaders after graduation is an important policy by CPC Central Committee.It has achieved remarkable success in its implementation,as most undergraduates are devoted to the countryside and help accelerate the social and economic development in the countryside.However,there is still room for improvement concerning undergraduates working as village leaders and the top priority now is to keep abreast of their living conditions and figure out the way to improve their work.


Student access to laboratory experiments is critical in science and engineering curricula. Universities invest tremendous amounts of funding and energy in establishing and maintaining traditional labs for physics, engineering, circuit design, controls, and other fields. Along with the high cost associated with such labs, there are other problems inherent in this practice. First, due to the expense of individual platforms, they must be shared by a large number of students. This imposes a significant scheduling burden on administrators and students alike. Second, students must perform experiments in a laboratory setting, which is highly stressful and not conducive to learning. In response to these issues, the Electrical Engineering Department at UCLA recently performed a significant overhaul of its circuits laboratories. Traditional laboratory experiments using oscilloscopes and signal generators were replaced with take-home projects wherein students designed and implemented a series of audio signal conditioning circuits. Students were provided with protoboards, circuit components, and portable data acquisition devices from National Instruments which served as oscilloscopes and signal generators. These components enabled students to work at home while providing all the capabilities of a traditional laboratory. The tremendous success of these changes has motivated improvements in other laboratory courses. In particular, electrical engineering students in feedback control courses at UCLA previously had limited access to hands-on control platforms. Thus, it became a major research imperative to extend the concept of low-cost take-home devices to controls courses. In this paper, we represent the culmination of these efforts: the Science and Engineering Active Learning (SEAL) System, a highly versatile, portable inverted pendulum control platform that is sufficiently inexpensive to provide it to individual students or very small groups of students. The bill of materials for the system is less than $100, and it fits easily inside a 9 38 × 8× 678 -inch carrying case. The objective of this system is to enable end-to-end student implementation of a variety of control systems. This includes physical assembly, implementation of electromechanical systems, sophisticated system identification, design of control algorithms, and experimental verification.


Scalability within media coding allows for content adaptation towards heterogeneous user contexts and enables in-network adaptation. However, there is no straightforward solution how to encode the content in a scalable way while maximizing rate-distortion performance. In this paper we provide encoding guidelines for scalable video coding based on a survey of media streaming industry solutions and a comprehensive performance evaluation using four state of the art scalable video codecs with a focus on high-definition content (1080p).


tag=1 data=Recent developments: The Industry Commission's Report on Mining and Minerals processing in Australia. by David Martino

tag=2 data=Martino, David

tag=3 data=Australian Mining and Petroleum Association Yearbook,

tag=6 data=January 1991

tag=7 data=117-127.

tag=8 data=MINES & MINERALS

tag=11 data=1992/4/12

tag=12 data=92/0754

tag=13 data=CAB


Migrants are the biggest portion of the huge unorganized labor market in India. There are many inherent obstacles to their entrance into the labor sector. Deprived of essential skills, knowledge and negotiating power, migrant workers are frequently caught up in exploitative working arrangements that compel them to work in low-end, low-value, dangerous jobs. This issue is exacerbated by the lack of identification and legal protection. The difficulties of migratory workers are more widespread when state borders are crossed and the distance between the "source" and "destination" grows. Migrants may also be easy victims of politics of identity and parochialism. Economic development in India now depends on labor mobility. Migrant workers' contribution to national revenue is huge yet nothing is being done in exchange for their safety and well-being. Fish/prawn processing industries were set up all along the coastal areas because of the growing; the importance of this Industry as a source of foreign exchange. This industry all over India prefers migrant contract labourers. The term fishery also comprises one more stock of fish that can be traded as a unit for purposes of conservation and management. The fishery is a stock or stock of fish and the enterprises that have the potential of exploiting them. Because of pearl fishing in the city, Thoothukudi is known as "Pearl City." It is a commercial seaport serving South India's interior towns and is one of Tamil Nadu's Sea passages. The Present study brings out The Study of Migrant Women / Girls Working in the Fish/Prawn Industries in Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu.


Providing a chronological account of Zupnik's evolution, Macek situates the photographer within the "Slovac New Wave." Hrabusicky reflects on the work's postmodern nature and Farova discusses the artist's subject matter. Biographical notes. 38 bibl. ref.


In this note, we give a simple necessary condition for the Zariski relative tangent space and the Grothendieck relative tangent space to be isomorphic.


The invention relates to a novel heterocyclic compound and a preparation method therefor and use thereof as a kinase inhibitor. Specifically, the invention discloses a compound with a structure represented by a formula 1 shown in the description and a preparation method therefor. The compound is an effective kinase inhibitor and has very high bioavailability.


The iliopsoas is considered a major deforming force causing hip flexion deformity in children with cerebral palsy. Although iliopsoas release at the lesser trochanter is thought by many clinicians to cause excessive hip flexor weakness, we believe that it does not produce iatrogenic hip flexion weakness. We were unable to find a study in the literature that objectively studied this issue. Included in the study were 25 patients, all ambulators with cerebral palsy (any type). They underwent iliopsoas release at the lesser trochanter and multiple surgeries (soft tissue with or without bony procedures). Mean age at surgery was 11.4 years. Motion analysis was performed to all patients prior to surgery and one year post-op. Hip and knee range of motion was improved with out significant decrease in hip flexion power. Maximum hip extension improved, no change in maximum and total flexion power generation was found. As expected, hip range of motion was improved significantly. We proved that when releasing the iliopsoas at the lesser trochanter, the change in power generation is statistically insignificant, as shown by maximum and total hip power generation in swing phase.


If foreign policy is viewed as an "intermestic" arena where the external meets the internal, then it becomes possible to see how internal domestic factors drive foreign policy making. In this context the democracy-foreign policy nexus and the role of governmental and non-governmental foreign policy actors help to reconcile ideals and interests and put foreign policy contradictions into perspective. The desirability of democratic participation in foreign policy is taken as a given, but agency has to go beyond representation to include issues of participation and political dialogue. The focus of this article is the democratic deficit of the Mbeki foreign policy (1999-2008), with some reference to the Zuma administration. The way in which foreign policy was personalised under the presidency of Mbeki was instrumental in closing the space for meaningful participation in the foreign policy processes. The article concludes that democratic foreign policy making is impeded by an overall deterioration in the quality of democracy in post-apartheid South Africa. It further contends that there is more continuity than change across the Mbeki and Zuma administrations' policy orientations (both domestic and foreign) and warns that the challenges which Mbeki faced in terms of democratic consolidation may be exacerbated in the Zuma period if certain demons are not tackled head on.


tretinoin need to be applied twice daily for hair growth to be maintained, and side-effects are common, particularly irritant and allergic contact dermatitis of the scalp. Hair-bearing flaps, free composite strip grafts and follicular unit transplantation can be useful for a limited area of baldness such as the eyebrow. However, they are not recommended for the scalp in ED patients with symptomatic alopecia. We were able to successfully perform tissue expansion with a good cosmetic result and no complications. Tissue expansion can be a good technique to repair large scalp lesions in children with ED.


Optimization of the catalyst layer structure is necessary to realize high performance and low cost of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The catalyst layer is normally composed of Pt/C powder and an ionomer. The adhesion state of ionomer to Pt/C powder not only changes the proton transport route but also influences the microstructure of the electrode, which is an important factor in controlling cell performance. In this study, in order to investigate the adhesion state of ionomer, we developed the new measurement technique of the specific surface area of catalyst layer. The measurement method was based on the gas adsorption method (N 2 ), and the adhesion ratio of the ionomer was determined from the ratio of the specific surface area before and after removal of the ionomer in the catalyst layer. In addition, the electrode characteristics of the catalyst layer were also measured, and the relationship between the ionomer adhesion ratio and the cell performance was discussed. As a result, it was found that the adhesion ratio of ionomer was correlated with electrode characteristics, meaning that the adhesion ratio of ionomer should be an important parameter for improving cell performance.


Efficient freight movement is inextricably linked to the economic vitality of a local area, the state, and beyond. In light of performance-based programs at the national level, there is increased interest in freight performance monitoring and methods for gaining a better understanding of the freight system for investment decisions. Public agencies in the State of Maryland are leaders in investigating freight traffic and trends for improved public investment. Implementing freight fluidity is a natural next step to understanding better the state's freight investment needs. This paper describes the freight fluidity concept and how this concept will be implemented in Maryland. The paper documents work sponsored by the Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration and performed by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute through the University of Maryland Center for Advanced Transportation Technology. This paper presents a definition of freight fluidity for the State of Maryland, provides a framework for implementing freight fluidity, describes multimodal data sources, and presents calculation procedures for the highway (truck mode). The application described here was successful in demonstrating freight fluidity use in Maryland. Researchers demonstrated the value of the freight fluidity methods for freight investments and decision making in Maryland. Given increased interest in implementing freight fluidity in the United States, the framework and methods described here would be valuable to transportation professionals investigating ways to implement freight fluidity in their local area, state, or region, or even globally.


Gliomas are routinely graded according to histopathological criteria established by the World Health Organization. Although this classification can be used to understand some of the variance in the clinical outcome of patients, there is still substantial heterogeneity within and between lesions of the same grade. This study evaluated image‐guided tissue samples acquired from a large cohort of patients presenting with either new or recurrent gliomas of grades II–IV using ex vivo proton high‐resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy. The quantification of metabolite levels revealed several discrete profiles associated with primary glioma subtypes, as well as secondary subtypes that had undergone transformation to a higher grade at the time of recurrence. Statistical modeling further demonstrated that these metabolomic profiles could be differentially classified with respect to pathological grading and inter‐grade conversions. Importantly, the myo‐inositol to total choline index allowed for a separation of recurrent low‐grade gliomas on different pathological trajectories, the heightened ratio of phosphocholine to glycerophosphocholine uniformly characterized several forms of glioblastoma multiforme, and the onco‐metabolite D‐2‐hydroxyglutarate was shown to help distinguish secondary from primary grade IV glioma, as well as grade II and III from grade IV glioma. These data provide evidence that metabolite levels are of interest in the assessment of both intra‐grade and intra‐lesional malignancy. Such information could be used to enhance the diagnostic specificity of in vivo spectroscopy and to aid in the selection of the most appropriate therapy for individual patients. © 2014 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Acknowledgments This teaching packet is a project of the National Gallery of Art, department of education publica-Barbara Moore extend sincere thanks to colleagues at the Gallery: curator of northern baroque paintings Arthur Wheelock, exhibition research assistants Jephta Dullaart and Ginny Treanor, and curatorial assistant Molli Kuenstner, who generously shared books and expertise; head of the education divi-Woods. We also thank our colleague Anna Tummers, lecturer in art history, University of Amsterdam, for her original manuscript, sustained collaboration, and precise editorial comments, which have nurtured this book to its final form. Dutch Golden Age teaching packet. Other elements include: • twenty slides • twelve 11 x 14 color reproductions • cd with jpeg image files of every National Gallery work of art reproduced here • separate classroom activity guide Dimensions of works of art are given in centimeters followed by inches; height precedes width. This book introduces teachers of middle school students and up to seventeenth-century Dutch culture and its early influence in North America. Three introductory chapters, " Profile of the Dutch Republic , " " A Golden Age for the Arts, " and " Life in the City and Countryside, " provide an overview. Next are five sections on the types of painting strongly associated with Dutch art of the Golden Age: " Landscape Painting, " " Genre Painting, " " Still-Life Painting , " " Portraiture, " and " History Painting. " Dutch paintings of the time presumably offer snapshots of what Dutch life was like, but in fact they contained an equal measure of reality and artifice. Dutch artists broke with conventions and took liberties to create images that reflected their republic's socially conservative , yet worldly, aspirations. The result was a vast body of work enormously original in approach and varied in subject matter. Dutch artists also continued efforts, begun during the Renaissance, to elevate the status of art beyond its associations with lesser trades and to restructure the guild system. Patrons and artists discussed the fine points of composition, technique, and ways in which art engaged the attentions of the viewer. This connoisseurship (addressed in the section " Talking about Pictures ") spurred the founding of specialized art academies and a new " business " of art. Within the chapters, " In Focus " sections look more deeply at individual works in the National Gallery of Art's collection. These discussions crystallize key chapter concepts. You …


Using the global discourse of human rights as a basis, the purpose of this article is to analyse how education for citizenship and human rights has been implemented in Spain in recent years. In addition, discourse analysis and the theory of social movements have been used to study the mobilisation that arose against this instruction, showing how the neoconservative Catholic sectors of Spanish society encouraged Catholics to engage in conscientious objection and civil disobedience in order to gradually achieve the removal of Education for Citizenship and Human Rights from Spanish curricula.


In order to improve the photo catalytic activity of TiO2 and expend its response to visible light,a composite sphere(Ag-TiO2)that contained Ag particles on the surface of TiO2 hollow shell was prepared through the redox reaction of AgNO3 with KBH4 using the surface treated polystyrene particles as templates.The composite,morphology and crystal structure of obtained Ag-TiO2 hollow spheres were characterized by SEM,TEM,XRD and EDS.The photo catalytic performance of Ag-TiO2 for Rhodamine B(RhB)degradation was investigated under UV-Vis light irradiation.Under UV light irradiation,RhB degradation rate was increased by about 23.8% within 2hwhen Ag-TiO2 composite with molar ratio n(Ag)/n(Ti)of 2% were used compared with TiO2 hollow particles.Under visible light irradiation,RhB degradation rate was increased by about 28.2%within 6hfor Ag-TiO2 composite with molar ratio n(Ag)/n(Ti)of 2% compared with TiO2 hollow particles.Results show that TiO2 hollow shell containing an appropriate Ag particle can significantly improve the photo catalytic activity and expend TiO2 response to visible light.


In these days, the size of urban is growing and the function of city becomes complicated. And also, in city, people lives a lot. The life of urban is getting closer and linked with neighboring people in many parts. Especially, when peoples are exposing during using public transportation, even though does not be known, in they were living. Seoul is the most crowded place in Korea. In Seoul,The village buses have been serviced to the narrow streets. And people who use this bus, wants to seek the comfort of the ride, air quality and noise during in vehicle. In this paper, we determine the degree of annoyance with the noise inside the town bus in dB scale. And, such a situation was confirmed annoyance see their effect. The Interior noise did not see a big difference in the new car and the old car. Annoyance but also according to the skill of the bus driver remains the difference was confirmed.


In magnetized plasma situations where magnetic fields intersect massive conducting boundaries, 'line-tied' boundary conditions are often used, analytically and in numerical simulations. For ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasmas, these conditions are arrived at given the relatively long time scales for magnetic fields penetrating resistively into good conductors. Under line-tied boundary conditions, numerical simulations often exhibit what could be construed as numerical 'noise' emanating from the boundaries. We show here that this 'noise' is real. By combining numerical and analytical methods, we highlight the existence of sharp spatial structures near the conductors and confirm the appearance of short wavelength structures riding on long wavelength modes. We conclude that, for numerical fidelity, the short multiscale structures need to be resolved. Generally, the short structure widths scale as the square root of the plasma $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ .


Background and Goal of Study: In order to reduce surgical bleeding and transfusion, spine fusion surgery can be performed with induced hypotension. The effect of this method on cerebral oxygenation is examined by means of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Materials and Methods: We examined 60 patients, age 51 ± 7 years old, 34 fe- males 26 males, ASAI-IIscheduled for spine fusion. Exclusion criteria were CNS disease, carotid artery disease, diabetes mellitusand uncontrolled Conclusion(s): Background and Goal of Study: Hypothermia is a risk during interventional neuroradiology procedures under general anaesthesia as these tend to be lengthy and conducted in a cooled angiography room. We conducted a local audit of patient temperature during INR procedures to determine the incidence of hypothermia followed by a national survey to establish current practice in its prevention in the UK. Materials and Methods: Local audit: data were collected prospectively over six weeks from all patients undergoing INR procedures using a standardised form. Patient temperature was recorded using a tympanic membrane ther- mometer. National Survey: a questionnaire was sent by email to linkmen of the Neuroanaesthesia Society of Great Britain & Ireland (NASGBI) at all UK centres providing neurosurgical services. Results and Discussion: Local audit: 66 procedures analysed, 19 under gen- eral anaesthesia (GA) and 47 under local anaesthesia (LA). Mean procedure length was 50.6 mins (20 -120) under LA and 165 mins (60 - 300) under GA. In LA procedures, the mean temperature drop was 0.1°C (-1 to 0.9) and in GA procedures 1.1°C (-2.3 to 1.3). 68% of patients had a post-procedure temper- ature below 36°C, the threshold for hypothermia. Mean room temperature 20.1°C. National survey: Responses were re- ceived from 22/30 institutions 65% of respondents always monitor patient 92% active


Humans receive the vast majority of sensory perception through the eyes and ears. This non-technical book examines the everyday physics behind hearing and vision to help readers understand more about themselves and their physical environment. It begins with a thorough discussion of sound and light waves, then goes on to discuss how our eyes and ears gather and process information from those waves.


Effluent collected from industry in India was acidic, pH 6.4, and Zn level was higher than other heavy metals such as Cu, Ni, and Pb. It was treated to experimental plant, Datura metal, under potted condition. Plant was inoculated with four types of VAM fungal spores. Results revealed Glomus geosporum was most efficient effluent-tolerant VAM fungi in inducing plant growth compared with Gl. fasciculatum, Gl. mosseae, and Sclerocystis sinuosa. Gl. geosporum gave higher level of percentage root colonization (92%), number of VAM spores (445/100 g of soil), dry matter content (1,421 mg/plant) and phosphorus uptake in roots and shoots (3.8 and 7.2 mg/g dry sample, respectively).


In this paper, we propose an a priori validation technique for time critical systems modelized thanks to timed automata. We validate the model of a given system using a hybrid method combining exhaustive exploration and simulation. For critical parts of the state machine, the exhaustive exploration produces a deterministic proof and a symbolic computation of the resulting clocks and constraints with regard to the initial ones. We can perform simulations of the complete state machine substituting these critical parts with the corresponding symbolic computation. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to automatically partition the automata into independent parts. Therefore, it is possible to parallelize the exhaustive analysis. || Dans ce papier, nous proposons une technique de validation a priori pour les systemes temps critiques modelises par des automates temporises. Nous validons le modele d'un systeme en utilisant une methode hybride qui combine l'exploration exhaustive et la


A process for producing a flat grave insulation for electrically active components in the crystalline silicon by dry etching, said flat grave insulation has bevelled side walls, which are manufactured by dry etching with a mask to be by used to passivate the sidewalls of the trenches process gases with increased polymer formation, comprising the steps of : - forming the trench by dry etching with a gas mixture of NF3, CHF3, N2 with a predominant proportion of CHF 3 and little NF 3; and subsequently - rounding of the corners at the transition from the bottom of the trench to the side walls by dry etching with a gas mixture of NF3, CHF3, N2 with a predominant proportion of NF 3.


Young people need help in recognizing that they have choices in the smaller issues if they are to see themselves as decision makers in life's larger issues. This is known as choice aware ness, and counselors have an imporant role in developing it.


Objective:To establish a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography(MECC)method for the de- termination of psoralen and isopsoralen in Fructus Psoraleae.Method:The separation was performed on a fused and uncoated silic capillary of 75 μm×60 cm(50 cm of effective length).50 mmol·L~(-1) sodium borate-boracic acid (pH 9.0)containing 30 mmol·L~(-1) sodium dodeeyl sulfate(SDS)was used as running buffer.Samples were injec- ted hydrodynamically(5 s,3.0 kPa)into the capillary.The applied voltage was 22 kV and the wavelength of detec- tion was set at 245 nm.The temperature was kept at 25℃.Results:The calibration curves were linear in the range of 5.0-80.0 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9992)for psoralen and 4.7-75.2 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)for isopsoralen.The average recoveries(n=5)were 98.7%(RSD=3.3%)for psoralen and 97.5%(RSD=2.9%)for isopsoralen.Conclusion:This method is accurate and reliable,and suitable for the determination of psoralen and isopsoralen in Fructus Psoraleae.


In this paper, we study the effect of atmospheric turbulence on sound propagation in the low atmosphere and of its influence on the localization of vehicles. In the course of experiments, the average and fluctuating meteorological magnitudes of the low atmosphere have been measured in order to have a better knowledge of the stability state, and of the rates of thermal and kinematic fluctuations of the atmosphere. The localization antenna is made up of two overlapping linear antennas, each composed of 8 microphones. The whole acoustic and meteorological data have been measured simultaneously and recorded in situ. From this information, an average value analysis has allowed us to layout the vertical speed profiles of the wind and temperature by means of the Monin-Obukhov theory of similarity. In three different cases of wave refraction, these profiles have been used for a model of propagation based on the method of rays in order to calculate the sound paths and for a calculation code of the acoustic level (PE) allowing us to know the propagation conditions of the wave between the source and the antenna. Then the localization results have been analyzed together with thermal and kinematic fluctuation results of the low atmosphere. A narrow relationship between the precision of the localization results and eigenvalues of the correlation matrix of acoustic signals has been established. The degradation of these eigenvalues is a direct consequence of the thermal and the kinematic fluctuation rates of the low atmosphere.


Camera calibration is a key technology in computer vision field, in which self-calibration is to compute camera intrinsic parameters only from a series of images. The Kruppa's equations method not only needs to compute the fundamental matrix which includes all of the geometricaly relation between images, but also needs to compute the epipoles which variate with the different images. Hartley deduced a simple form of Kruppa's equations in terms of fundamental matrix. The goal of this paper is to convert the equations into the form of cost function according to the Hartley's deduction and calculate the cost function by the sum of fundamental matrixes multiplying the corresponding weighting factors that are related with the number of matching features.The genetic optimal algorithms are used to obtain the minimum value of the cost function. Our algorithm doesn't require computing the images epipoles so that it avoids the instability of the results and reduces the calculation burden. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more effective and accurate and can become a versatile tool for camera calibration,which will be used in our cameras array calibration.


Administration and maintenance for the engine rooms of public colleges has become a relatively wide range of issues of university-related administrative departments. The author solves the problem based on the Double-Take Flex software. Then discusses and studys the deployment of the technological advantages and gives some advices on how to improve the management and maintenance of public room.


It has been said that if Catholic social scientists finally come face to face with an industry council, they will not recognize it. The fraction of truth in this charge stems from the undue obsession that many of these zealots have had for form, rather than for matter. In hammer and tongs fashion, many Catholic economists and sociologists, after studying the directives regarding industry councils in Quadragesimo Anno set about drawing blueprints for such councils. These were varied, and some were interesting, but by and large, in this writer's opinion, they missed the point. Pius XI intended nothing more than to provide cer? tain reference points based upon a reasonable social philosophy. These reference points could be adapted to various national temperaments and institutional frameworks. No one form is correct for all times and all places, nor is the form as important as the spirit! That spirit, based soundly on reason, is one of group harmony flowing from common interests and problems. A social organism which serves to further this harmony?always with respect for the broader common good?could be an industry council. Basing ourselves on Pius XFs directives we may tentatively define an industry council as a continuous organization of men working in the same industry, regardless of rank or position, for the purpose of solving the problems and furthering the legitimate aims of their industry. Such councils are to be a remedy for what Pius called "this grave disorder which is leading society to ruin." By the disorder he meant the situation in labor relations which "divides man on the labor market into two classes, as into two camps, and the bargaining between these two parties transforms this labor market into an area where the two armies are engaged in combat." The Pope suggested groups which in his words would e(bind men together not according to the position they occupy in the labor market, but according to the diverse functions which they exercise in society!' A significant fact is the Pope's reference to these group as "natural" and "spontaneous." How could something natural be totally absent from a social framework? Simply because the framework is just a framework and not an order. But if the concept of the industry council is natural, it is also reasonable, and reasonable men, whether or not they belong


The cross sections of high energy neutron-induced spallation is useful for studying the transmutation of long-life fission products. However, due to the difficulty of obtaining high-energy neutrons, the experimental data are still scarce. The present work studies the possibility to produce high energy neutrons by interactions between deuteron beam and thick target. The Geant4 toolkit is applied to simulate the interaction between the deuteron beam and thick target. An analytical method is also developed to calculate the neutron yields emitted in the interaction between the deuteron beam and thick target. The input cross section data is not only taken from the TEDNL-2017 library but also calculated by the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model. It is indicated that it is possible to produce high energy neutron by deuteron beam interaction with matter. If one wants to get high energy neutrons, low-Z matter, thin target, and small emission angle may be considered.


Based on the PRP method, a new spectral PRP conjugate gra- dient method has been proposed to solve general unconstrained optimiza- tion problems which produce su-cient descent search direction at every iteration without any line search. Under the Wolfe line search, we prove the global convergence of the new method for general nonconvex functions. The numerical results show that the new method is e-cient for the given test problems.


The article presents a detailed clinical and molecular and cytogenetic analysis of the unique case of a rare chromosomal abnormality (duplication of 14q11.2-q21.1 and deletion of 21q11.2-q21.3). This chromosomal abnormality is a result of segregation (2:2) of a balanced chromosomal translocation in the father being the carrier. Clinical manifestations in the sick child include delay in physical, psychomotor and speech development, epilepsy, skeletal abnormalities, cleft palate, and multiple development microanomalies. The chromosomal microarray analysis was applied for a precise cytogenetic diagnosis.


List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter One: Wedge Issues in Presidential Campaigns 1 Chapter Two: The Reciprocal Campaign 18 Chapter Three: Measuring the Persuadable Partisan 49 Chapter Four: Capturing Campaign Persuasion 82 Chapter Five: The Republican Southern Strategy: A Case Study of the Reciprocal Campaign 107 Chapter Six: Candidate Strategy in the 2004 Campaign 145 Chapter Seven: Conclusions: Consequences for Democratic Governance 183 Appendix 1: Question Wording and Coding 205 Appendix 2: Content Analysis Coding 214 Appendix 3: Statistical Results 216 Bibliography 223 Index 237


In the early twenty-first century, social networks served only to let the world know our tastes, share our photos and share some thoughts. A decade later, these services are filled with an enormous amount of information. Now, the industry and the academia are exploring this information, in order to extract implicit patterns. Twitter Jam is a tool that analyses the contents of the social network Twitter to extract events related to road traffic. To reach this goal, we started by analysing tweets to know those which really contains road traffic information. The second step was to gather official information to confirm the extracted information. With these two types of information (official and general), we correlated them in order to verify the credibility of public tweets. The correlation between the two types of information was done separately in two ways: the first one concerns the amount of tweets in a certain time of day and the second on the localization of these tweets. Two hypothesis were also devised concerning these correlations. The results were not perfect but where reasonable enough. We also analysed tools suitable for the visualization of data to decide what is the best strategy to follow. At the end we developed a web application that shows the results, to help the analysis of results.


either the disease does not manifest itself or there is delay in manifestation or the disease is very mild or all its symptoms are not properly manifested. If the situations contrary to above mentioned the Bangalore. ABSTRACT Prameha is one of the Astamahagada . It has been explained in detail in all the bruhatrayees separately. This disease mainly depends on the ahara and vihara of the individual. There are two types of pramehi i.e., sthula pramehi and krisha pramehi and the chikitsa of these two differ. All the pramehas initially start with the vitiation of the kapha dosha and end up in vata dosha janitha madhumeha . Hence proper diagnosis of the disease at right time will help us in treating the disease and avoid the


Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, tax collection and tax management and control have been constantly improved, but tax evasion still occurs frequently. There are countless people who violate tax regulations and use special means to skillfully evade taxes. Especially in recent years, with the rise of the Internet and short videos, more and more traffic figures have been exposed to large amounts of tax evasion, which seriously endangers the social justice system, And "the tax revenue of the state is used for the people. If there is no tax, the state has no right, and if there is no right, the state treasury is in deficit." This article will elaborate the phenomenon of tax evasion, draw conclusions and put forward relevant suggestions.


Nerve projections from the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) to the vasopressin (VP) containing magnocellular and parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat and its synaptic inputs to VP containing neurons were examined. A double labeling technique was used by combining anterograde tracing after iontophoretic injection of wheat germ agglutinin-coupled horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) with VP immunocytochemistry. WGA-HRP-labeled and unlabeled axon terminals were found to make synaptic contacts with VP-like immunoreactive cell bodies and processes in the PVN. This indicates a direct synaptic influence of AVPV on the secretory activity of the VP-containing neurons in the hypothalamic PVN of the rat.


One of the measures for reducing global CO2 emissions is to capture CO2 and store it safely in geological formations. Safe and effective CO2 management requires reliable tools for calculate accurately the properties of both pure CO2 and CO2 in mixtures. If the default models and parameters of commercial flow sheeting tools are used when predicting the solubility of water in CO2 and CO2 in mixtures may not always result in satisfactory results. Having in mind the need for reliable operation of the processes along the CO2 capture, transport and injection chain, reliable tools are cardinal. The purpose of the present work has been to establish reliable model parameters by selecting equation of state (EOS) models for evaluation, develop a database of reliable experimental data on solubility of H2O, CO2 and CH4 based on data collected from literature, use the data to establish and suggest model parameters based on the database, and test and document the ability of the various EOS models to predict the solubility of H2O in CO2 or a mixture of CO2 and CH4. Experimental data on solubility of H2O, CO2 and CH4 were collected from literature and compared with a model based on the rest of the experimental data in order to evaluate the quality of the data. The second order SRK-HV (SRK-Huron Vidal) model with six parameters was used as model for evaluating the experimental data. The models SRK-VdW (Soave Redlich Kwong, Van der Waals mixing rules), SRK-HV (SRK-Huron Vidal) and the CPA (Cubic Plus Association) was evaluated. Based on the data for the mutual solubilities of H2O, CO2 and CH4, new model parameters were adapted for the SRK-HV, and the CPA models. Solubility of H2O in CO2 and H2O in the CO2–CH4 mixture was emphasized. The second order SRK-HV model produced acceptable results with deviation from 3% to 9% between experiments and the model. The CPA model was less accurate, producing results with deviation from 9% to 35% between experiments and the model. The SRK-VdW model gave two different binary coefficients, one for solubility of water in liquid CO2 and another for solubility of CO2 in water. That gave same deviation as the SRK-HV model, (typically 7% for H2O in CO2 but 93% for CO2 in water, or 4% for CO2 in water but 390% for H2O in CO2 with another binary coefficient). The SRK-VdW is not indented for use of two different binary coefficients.


Dr. Dietrich Meyer-Ebrecht provides a broad and helpful overview of the many techniques and latest trends in diagnostic imaging. Latest sensing technology is reviewed including; X-ray systems, ultrasound, thermography, radionuclide imaging, endoscopy, and optical methods. Approximate system cost ranges are indicated. This paper examines the technological trends in: sensors, imagers, hardcopy production computer enhancement, storage, and communication of images. Dr. Meyer-Ebrecht describes three generations of computed tomographic scanners and alternative aproaches to three-dimensional imaging. Image storage is presented as a major limitation of present technology. A view of future systems approaches envisions "picture bases" that will complement present data bases of hospital information systems. Integrations of latest technology into diagnostic picture information systems will lead to advanced systems.


It is stated with good acoustic properties and reduced probability of failure due to faulty electrical connections a MEMS microphone. For this, the microphone has a channel that connects a sound hole with a MEMS chip. The channel has comprise a heterogeneous material of two different components that have different thermal properties.


BACKGROUND: Whether a strategy to target an LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol <70 mg/dL is more effective when LDL is reduced >50% from baseline rather than <50% from baseline has not been investigated. METHODS: The Treat Stroke to Target trial was conducted in France and South Korea in 61 sites between March 2010 and December 2018. Patients with ischemic stroke in the previous 3 months or transient ischemic attack within the previous 15 days and evidence of cerebrovascular or coronary artery atherosclerosis were randomly assigned to a target LDL cholesterol of <70 mg/dL or 100±10 mg/dL, using statin and/or ezetimibe as needed. We used the results of repeated LDL measurements (median, 5 [2–6] per patient) during 3.9 years (interquartile range, 2.1–6.8) of follow-up. The primary outcome was the composite of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, new symptoms requiring urgent coronary or carotid revascularization, and vascular death. Cox regression model including lipid-lowering therapy as a time-varying variable, after adjustment for randomization strategy, age, sex, index event (stroke or transient ischemic attack), and time since the index event. RESULTS: Among 2860 patients enrolled, patients in the lower target group who had >50% LDL cholesterol reduction from baseline during the trial had a higher baseline LDL cholesterol and a lower LDL cholesterol achieved as compared to patients who had <50% LDL cholesterol reduction (155±32 and 62 mg/dL versus 121±34 and 74 mg/dL, respectively, P<0.001 for both). In the <70 mg/dL target group, patients with >50% LDL reduction had a significant reduction in the primary outcome as compared to the higher target group (hazard ratio, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.43–0.88]; P=0.007) and patients with <50% LDL reduction from baseline had little reduction (hazard ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.73–1.26]; P=0.75). CONCLUSIONS: In this post hoc analysis of the TST trial, targeting an LDL cholesterol of <70 mg/dL reduced the risk of primary outcome compared with 100±10 mg/dL provided LDL cholesterol reduction from baseline was superior to 50%, thereby suggesting that the magnitude of LDL cholesterol reduction was as important to consider as the target level to achieve. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01252875. URL: https://clinicaltrialsregister.eu; Unique identifier: EUDRACT2009-A01280-57.


The maxillary canines are prone to displace or impact due to their tortuous pathway of eruption. The ectopic or impacted maxillary canines can lead to unwanted complications. Routinely clinical and radiographic examinations can help the dentists to early diagnose and reduce serious complications. Early or timely diagnosis not only prevents the complications of ectopic eruption of the maxillary canines, but also reduces the following orthodontic treatment time. Some clinical or radiographical features can remind dentists to close follow up the patients who are prone to have impacted canine, such as inadequate arch length, lack of canine bulge, asymmetrical exfoliation of the primary canines, abnormal mesiodistal location and angulation of the permanent canine, and other anomalies of teeth. The timely interceptive treatment, extraction of the primary canine or headgear usage, potentially allows the canines to erupt normally. This article reviews and discusses the etiology and management of ectopic maxillary canine.


We investigate the utility of cosmological and astrophysical observations for distinguishing between supersymmetric theories. In particular we consider 276 pairs of models that give rise to nearly identical patterns of observables at hadron colliders. We focus attention on neutralino scattering experiments (direct detection of relic neutralinos) and observations of gamma-rays from relic neutralino annihilation (indirect detection experiments). Both classes of experiments planned for the near future will make measurements with exceptional precision. In principle, therefore, they will have the ability to be surprisingly effective at discriminating between candidate theories. However, the ability to distinguish between models will be highly dependent on future theoretical progress on such things as determination of the local halo density model and uncertainty in nuclear matrix elements associated with neutralino recoil events. If one imagines perfect knowledge of these theoretical inputs, then with extremely conservative physics assumptions and background estimates we find 101 of the 276 degenerate pairs can be distinguished. Using slightly more optimistic assumptions about background rates increases this number to 186 of the 276 pairs. We discuss the sensitivity of these results to additional assumptions made about nuclear matrix elements, the cosmological density of neutralinos and the galactic halo profile. We also comment on the complementarity of this study to recent work investigating these same pairs at a (s)1/2 = 500?GeV linear collider.


This article argues that quests for sacrality are creative forces in the formation of collective identities in the global age. Shifting the vantage point towards extraordinary politics of liminal globality, the first part captures borderline experiences where political reality is broken and markers of certainty dissolve. Taking the lead from mimetic theory, the second part looks at the ambivalent sources of the sacred. Symbols of peace, reconciliation and order originate in violence. The third part illustrates varieties of the global sacred by looking at the democratic imagination and the politics of humanitarian reason. Finally, the constitutive role of the sacred is examined for the background of cultural frames and with a view to the unconscious and non-agentive drivers of global processes. Rather than a fundamentalist remainder in a secular world or a foundational principle, the sacred is a transitional and processual reality that performs a hinge function that balances the fragility of political reality.


As an extension of our earlier work based upon a single penicillin-derived thiazolidine moiety we have found that the decahydroisoquinoline grouping, also present in Ro 31-8959, is an effective replacement for one of the thiazolidine units in C2 symmetric penicillin-derived dimers. Reaction of racemic epoxide 6 with [3S-[3 alpha, 4a alpha, 8a alpha]]-decahydro-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3- isoquinolinecarboxamide gave diasteroisomers 34a and 34b. The stereochemistry of the hydroxyl grouping of 34a was determined to be (S). Reaction of the amines derived from 34a and 34b with thiazolidine 8a gave 50 and 51, respectively. Compound 50 was a potent inhibitor of HIV proteinase (IC50 = 23 nM) with antiviral activity against HIV-1 in vitro (EC50 C8166 cells = 50 nM). However, a poor pharmacokinetic profile in the dog for compound 50 and its analogues, in keeping with earlier studies on penicillin-derived dimers in three species, precluded their development as potential antivirals.


We model the response of the 850-meter thick coastal plain section beneath Charleston, South Carolina and compare this with observed site response. We find that impedance contrasts at 850 meters, 75 meters and 15-25 meters control the widely observed 1-2 Hz amplifications in our study area. We find that site response to moderate (0.1 g) strong motion most closely resembles the observed 1-2 Hz weak motion response, and that only frequencies <1 Hz are amplified for stronger (0.3 g) input motions. This implies that building damage in a future moderate magnitude earthquake may be very different from that observed during the large 1886 event. Introduction The Charleston, South Carolina region experienced the largest earthquake on the US East Coast, an M~7 event on August 31, 1886. This earthquake killed ~125 people (Coté, 2006), damaged thousands of mainly masonry buildings and caused widespread liquefaction. Paleoliquefaction evidence of previous large events (Talwani and Schaeffer, 2001) and continued seismicity in the epicentral region of the 1886 earthquake has lead to the greater Charleston region having the highest earthquake hazard on the US East Coast (Petersen et al., 2014). The greater Charleston region is currently home to ~700,000 people and is the 8 largest port by volume in the United States. It has a thriving tourist economy (based in part on historic buildings that survived the 1886 earthquake) and also became a major assembly site for commercial airliners starting in 2011. The most recent estimates of the impact of a repeat of the 1886 earthquake project up to ~1500 deaths and US$32 billion in building damage in Charleston County (A. Braud, pers. comm.). In this study we estimate strong motion site response by first using weak motion observations to constrain a geological model of the coastal plain sediment response in Charleston, and then "scale up" the input bedrock motion to those expected during a repeat of the 1886 earthquake. We can reproduce the main features of the observed weak motion response using both elastic wave modeling and strong motion modeling with a weak motion (0.01 g) input. We find, somewhat surprisingly, that the observed weak motion response is very similar to predicted strong motion response for moderately strong (0.1 g) input bedrock motions. Associate Professor, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, email@example.com Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, email@example.com Geological and Geotechnical Conditions of Charleston, South Carolina One challenge to estimating seismic site response in Charleston is that it lies on a wide and deep coastal plain, where the nearest surface rock sites are ~150 km inland and bedrock lies at depths 750-900 meters below the surface (Figure 1). Observations from deep boreholes and seismic studies has established a sharp impedance contrast at the base of the sediments, followed by a gradual decrease in shear wave velocity to ~75 meters (Chapman et al., 2006), where a more rapid decrease in velocity occurs (Andrus et al., 2006; Figure 1). The average shear wave velocity of the coastal plain sediments beneath Charleston is ~700 m/sec (Chapman et al., 2003). Figure 1. Left: Thickness of coastal plain sediments derived from borehole and geophysical data (Figure 6 from Chapman and Talwani, 2006; used with permission.). Black box is our study area. Right: Shear wave velocity from the top of bedrock to the base of the Tertiary section. The next significant velocity decrease occurs at the top of the Tertiary section (locally known as the "Cooper Marl"). Figure 2 gives examples of shear wave velocities from two geotechnical boreholes that penetrate this boundary. Shear velocities drop from ≥400 m/sec to below 300 m/sec, with local variation depending upon the nature of the surficial deposits. In general, sites with artificial fill (e.g., C98706-C15) and recent marsh deposits have lower near surface velocities than sites on older surfaces (e.g., C98706-C4). The depth of this boundary varies from 3 to 26 meters across our study region (Levine et al., 2014). 0


Object of the present investigation is the numerical simulation of a steady and laminar shock-boundary layer interaction over a flat plate. Both an implicit dual-time stepping and an explicit time stepping Runge-Kutta scheme with a flux difference splitting scheme proposed by Roe, Harten, and Yee for the convective terms and central differences for the viscous terms were used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Results are presented for two- and three-dimensional flows, indicating the characteristic features : the impinging and reflected shock, a zone of separated flow with a large primary and a secondary counter rotating vortex, and finally a weak shock, generated by the separation bubble. It is known from experiments that three-dimensional shock boundary layer interactions may generate Gortler vortices downstream from the reattachment line, with their axes aligned to the direction of the main flow. It is one of the main issues to demonstrate that these Gortler vortices can be simulated numerically. Results are presented for a flow with a free stream Mach number Ma∞ = 6. They are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data available.


This research shows that, to function effectively in a changing environment that includes the convergence of online learning and e-business, managers in the vocational education and training sector need an increasingly sophisticated conceptual framework and set of business skills that appropriately draw on contemporary business management theory and practice.


3,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2,2-trimethoxy-2,2-dihydro-1,4,2-oxazaphosphol-4-enes (1) on thermolysis undergo a 5→[3 + 2]cycloreversion reaction with formation of trifluoro- methyl substituted nitrile ylides (2). The latter dimerize to produce 3,6-diazaocta-2,4,6- trienes (3a, 6) which may react further to yield 6,12-dihydro-dibenzo[c,h][1,5]naph- thyridines (10), and syn/anti 4-ethylimino-1,4-dihydroisoquinolines (12/13). The naphthyridines (10) on treatment with cone. KOH are transformed into 3,3'-bis(1H-isoindoles) 11. Lithium aluminium hydride reduction of the 4-ethylimino-1,4-dihydroisoquinolines (12/13) yields 4-ethylimino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (14). A reaction mechanism for the 1,3-dipole dimerization of bis(trifluoromethyl)substituted nitrile ylides is discussed.


The article presents the results of research and reasonable technical solutions for the elimination of deficiencies steering multi-purpose vehicles of, as well as the dependences of the required angle of the power of the static characteristics of the steering control from the moment of resistance of the turn of the steered wheels.


The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on Thursday released new data on Medicare Part D prescription drugs prescribed by physicians and other health care professionals in 2013.


The private associations have become an inseparable part of American higher education system. This article expounds the important aspects of the associations' participation in higher education governance and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the participation.


Abstract Background There is a growing expectation that healthcare should focus on the needs of the individual patient with the philosophy of person-centred practice as the central model for care delivery. Given the importance of person-centred practice, there is a need to understand how curricula are preparing physiotherapy students for working in a person-centred manner. Objectives The aim of this literature review was to explore empirical studies relating to educational interventions to teach person-centred practice in physiotherapy pre-qualifying curricula. Methods A systematic search was conducted across six electronic bibliographic databases to identify relevant studies. Data were extracted and analysed with thematic and narrative synthesis. Results A total of 1621 studies were identified through the search strategy and screened against the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (five qualitative, two quantitative, and one mixed methods). Three themes were identified from the student perspective on the educational interventions: positive impact on learning; creating a safe, authentic, person-centred learning environment; and challenges in changing views. Quantitative studies suggested the interventions enhanced learning on person-centred practice. Conclusions A wide range of educational interventions were used to teach person-centred practice which appeared to have a positive impact on student learning and led to a greater sensitivity of person-centred practice. Further research is needed to understand whether educational interventions to teach person-centred practice translate to changed behaviour in clinical practice to the benefits of those receiving physiotherapy services.


Infrared sensing devices rely on narrow band gap semiconductors grown by expensive and complicated methods such as molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition. Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) offer a low-cost alternative to detect infrared light. In this study, we have successfully demonstrated synthesis of HgTe quantum dots, which can absorb midwave infrared (MWIR) at room temperature. The maximum absorption wavelength can be tuned by controlling the reaction time and reaction temperature of synthesis of the CQDs. Through simple drop-casting and cross-linking treatment, the HgTe CQDs MWIR detector can be fabricated, and we demonstrated detection of MWIR with a responsivity of 0.57 mA/W for infrared signal with wavelength of 3 μm at room temperature. The results pave the way for the development of low-cost midwave infrared detectors.


In this paper, adaptive inverse control is developed to deal with the problem about the control performance of non-linear systems, which are affected by the uncertainty of the parameters and external disturbance. An adaptive inverse controller, which is used as a feed forward controller, is designed to realise real-time tracking of the system output and to enhance the robustness of the system under parameter perturbation. A noise and disturbance canceller is used to eliminate the influence of external disturbance and measurement noise for open loop system output. The results of a simulation conducted on the variable frequency speed control system of an induction motor verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.


Patient advocacy has led to state‐level legislative mandates for the release of personal mammographic breast density information to women undergoing screening mammography. More research is needed to understand the impact of this information on women's perceptions and mammography screening behavior.


PURPOSE
To develop a clinical workflow for delivering a modulated-arc total body irradiation (TBI) with RayStation scripting. This technique uses arc fields with the patient lying at floor level on a padded table and is validated through measurements taken on a custom-made TBI phantom.

METHODS
Treatment planning was performed for a retrospective cohort of eight patients with a diverse range of heights and body types. Each was replanned using an open-field dual arc method, with the patient in supine and prone positions on the floor of the vault. All plans were optimized using Raystation Planning 184.108.40.206 (RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden), with 200 cGy prescribed to the 95% of the body contour - 5mm. This results in an open-field beam that sweeps craniocaudally across the length of the patient. The technique is validated with measurements at 10 cm intervals in a custom-milled, 5 cm thick acrylic phantom. A centrally located CC13 ion chamber and a Mobile MOSFET (Best Medical Canada, Ottawa, ON) detector array were used to measure dose. Supine and prone arcs for each patient were consecutively delivered, and the aggregate dose at each point was compared to the planned dose calculated in the phantom.

RESULTS
The ion chamber measurements differed from the planned dose by an average of .5%, with a standard deviation of 2.1%. All measured data for the MOSFETS were within 10% of the corresponding planned dose except for two outlying points. The standard deviation of dose differences across the entire cohort was 4.0%. Most significant discrepancies occurred either in inhomogeneous regions with large gradients, or at inferior points where beam angle was steepest.

CONCLUSION
We have confirmed that the planned dose is well matched to our measurements within 10% for this method of planning and delivery. We are currently incorporating this technique into our clinical workflow. This work is supported by RaySearch.


In Kenya, as in many other developing countries, women who lack the rights to control their own bodies, choose their own partners, or own and inherit property are vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA-K) and other women's organizations in Kenya are pushing for legal reforms to reduce women's dependence on men. FIDA-K has worked with law enforcement agencies to protect women who report domestic violence and lobbied policymakers to make domestic violence and marital rape offenses punishable by law. Pressure to end the cultural practice of wife inheritance is growing in regions of Kenya where HIV prevalence is especially high. Also under scrutiny are laws that return a man's property to his own family when he dies, forcing many women widowed by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to turn to commercial sex work to support themselves and their children. In addition, FIDA-K is working to educate law enforcement agencies to understand female genital mutilation as a prosecutable offense. The Platform for Action adopted at the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women calls for all governments to review and amend laws and enact legislation against sociocultural practices that contribute to women's susceptibility to HIV infection.


December 2019 1 Alexandre Caldeira, MD Diogo Albuquerque, MD Marta Coelho, MD Hugo Côrte-Real, MD A 55-year-old woman with a history of an anterior and inferior myocardial infarction with ST elevation 1 month earlier was transferred to our institution with chest pain and syncope. On physical examination, her heart rate was 113 bpm, her arterial blood pressure was 95/71 mm Hg, and peripheral oxygen saturation was 89% while breathing ambiente air. The ECG showed sinus tachycardia and chest X-ray revealed an enlarged heart. She performed a coronary angiography that showed an occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and was treated by angioplasty. Her left ventricular ejection fraction was estimated to be 30% on echocardiographic examination. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography showed an apical left ventricular (LV) discontinuity, suggestive of a pseudoaneurysm or aneurysm (Figure A, arrows). A minimal pericardial effusion was present. Doppler showed flow passage from the left ventricle into an echofree space. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was subsequently performed and this confirmed the presence of a pseudoaneurysm of the apical segment of LV (Figure [B and C], arrows; Movie I in the Data Supplement), and pericardial effusion. The patient underwent surgery, which showed a large pseudoaneurysm (Figure [D], arrows). The intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography showed the pseudoaneurysm (Movie II in the Data Supplement) with confirmation of flow between left ventricle and the pseudoaneurysm (Figure [E], arrow). The large LV pseudoaneurysm was repaired with a pericardial patch with good postoperative control echocardiogram (Figure [F]; Movie III in the Data Supplement). Her condition improved after surgery and she was discharged from hospital on postoperative day 10.


BACKGROUND
The number of informal caregivers within ageing population is increasing and there is a growing research interest to promote their well-being, and therefore there is a need for adequate measurement tools. We aim to provide validity evidence of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in a representative sample of British older adults, including measurement invariance across caregivers and non-caregivers.

METHOD
Data was drawn from English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). The sample consisted of 3,754 caregivers and 4,036 non-caregivers. The structure and measurement invariance were tested through a confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability and validity evidence based on relationships with other variables were also analysed.

RESULTS
Our results supported the one-factor structure of the SWLS, CFI = .996; NNFI = .993; RMSEA = 0.081, and measurement invariance across caregiving status. McDonald's omega was .93. Scores on the SWLS were positively correlated with quality of life, positive social support, and self-reported health, and negatively with loneliness, depression, negative social support, difficulties in activities and instrumental activities of daily living, and number of health conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide new psychometric evidence to support the use of the SWLS in research which focuses on caregivers and on the comparison with non-caregiver samples.


Electronic books are a fast-growing component of the publishing industry. Sales of electronic textbooks (e-textbooks) are growing, but at a slower rate. In this research, we use data from an undergraduate college student survey to estimate the determinants of e-textbook use. Students who are younger, lower-income, and graduated from larger high schools are more likely to use e-textbooks. Furthermore, e-textbooks are more likely to be used by students in technically-oriented fields, especially in business, where electronic materials are often required. An environment of continued growth in student technical competence with information technology, continued increases in college cost and a reduction in professor resistance to e-textbooks would bode well for growth in their use.