Let M be a compact manifold that contains a two-dimensional punctured torus Given pe M and an integer r>2, there exists X e £°°(M) having non-trivial recurrent trajectories and such that, for some neighbourhood °U, of X| (M _ {p}) in £ r (M -{/>}), no Ye 'U has closed orbits


Abstract The ICRP Task Group on Lung Dynamics 1966 model for deposition and clearance of particles did not consider the airways above the trachea to be at risk with respect to inhaled radioactive particles. Evidence from animal exposure studies and human epidemiological studies suggests that these airways should be included in an overall respiratory tract model. This paper is a review of existing data on deposition and clearance of particles in the nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal regions and includes a model for dosimetric calculations to tissues in the upper airways. Although it is intended primarily for radioactive aerosols, it can also be used to predict effects for other inhaled particles.


An SMPS that delivers peak power of up to 3/spl times/ its rated full load power without requiring an over-sized power transformer is proposed. The operation of the control scheme used to achieve the high peak power capability and very consistent efficiency versus load is described. The low parts count implementation of required output protection functions is also explained. Finally, experimental evaluation results obtained from a prototype of a universal input, single output (30 V at 1.07 A), flyback, ac-dc converter are presented.


The non_antibiotic effects of tetracycline and its chemically modified derivatives on enzymes, cytokines, nitric oxide system, and the bone tissue were summarized.These chemicals may provide therapeutic efficacy in a variety of inflammatory diseases and cancers.


The authors describe how hypertext can support learning, especially the creation of cognitive flexibility in product development within an educational context. The concept of cognitive flexibility hypertext is transferred to the special requirements of the regarded domain. It considers the content itself as well as an appropriate structuring and segmentation of product development contents. Moreover, different kinds of hypertext overviews, which provide access to relevant information, are introduced. In this connection a suggestion for product development content is made. To support cognitive flexibility the reader should be able to access the same content at different times, arranged in different new contexts, for different purposes und from different perspectives. The cognitive flexibility theory assumes that the development of basic principles of case selection and analysis can reduce the time needed for knowledge transfer from documents and maybe even the number of required cases or examples. In this regard, the paper offers several examples of product development content. It is shown that nonlinear, net-like hypertexts play a decisive role. The approach is strongly case-based. For this reason, different examples of the development process take centre stage. Complex real-world examples have to be analysed and represented along many different, partially overlapping dimensions. An analysis of cases using development methodology steps seems to be useful.


The mechanical and expansion properties of mortar mixed with varied amount of compound MgO were investigated at different hydration ages,and the trend of expansion ratio changes occurred in water cure at 20,50,and 80 ℃ were also explored.Results showed that with the amount increase of MgO mixture,the expansion ratio increased correspondingly while strength decreased.When the mixture ratio ranges were 6%~8%,the expansion and strength of the specimen were in a better balance.How-ever,with the increase of the water temperature,the expansion ratio of the cement paste at same age increased and the increasing speed during 7~28 d was higher than that at the later age.As the hydration age grew,the expansion rate on high-temperature cure gradually decreased and became lower than that on the low-temperature cure.


BACKGROUND
Increased intestinal permeability (IP) is associated with sepsis in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). This study aimed to pilot a sensitive multi-sugar test to measure IP in critically ill patients in the non-fasted state.

METHODS
Critically ill mechanically ventilated adults were recruited from two ICUs in Australia. Measurements were completed within three days of admission using a multi-sugar test measuring gastroduodenal (sucrose recovery), small bowel (lactulose-rhamnose [L-R] and lactulose-mannitol [L-M] ratios) and whole gut permeability (sucralose-erythritol [S-E] ratio) in 24-hour urine samples. Urinary sugar concentrations were compared at baseline and post-sugar ingestion, and IP sugar recoveries and ratios were explored in relation to known confounders including renal function.

RESULTS
Twenty-one critically ill patients (12 males, median 57 years) participated. Group median concentrations of all sugars were higher following sugar administration; however, sucrose and mannitol increases were not statistically significant. Within individual patients, sucrose and mannitol concentrations were higher in baseline than post-sugar ingestion in nine (43%) and four (19%) patients, respectively. Patients with impaired (n = 9) versus normal (n = 12) renal function had a higher L-R ratio (median 0.130 versus 0.047,p = 0.003), a lower rhamnose recovery (median 15 versus 24%,p = 0.007) and no difference in lactulose recovery (median 2.5 versus 2.4%,p = 0.508).

CONCLUSION
Small bowel and whole gut permeability measurements are possible to complete in the non-fasted state, while gastroduodenal permeability could not be measured reliably. For small bowel IP measurements, the L-R ratio is preferred over the L-M ratio. Alterations in renal function may reduce the reliability of the multi-sugar IP test, warranting further exploration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The preparative dissection of cells into their substructure reduces sample complexity and facilitates functional analysis of proteins in a physiological context. A prerequisite for a fundamental characterization of these organellar subpopulations on the proteome level, however, are highly pure fractions, which could not be obtained by classical separation technologies. These organellar subpopulations are supposed to be linked to specialized biological functions or different development stages.


A photoconductive sol-gel material based on the incorporation of polyvinyl carbazole (PVK) and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF) within a silica matrix is reported. Unmatched photosensitive as large as 10-10 cm/ΩW has been found at moderate applied electric fields (20 V/μm). The optimization of the concentration balance between the functional component (the TNF/PVK molar ratio percent) has resulted in a 300-fold increase of the photocurrent efficiency (Φ). The study of photcoductivity of sol-gel materials prepared with different PVK contents has confirmed the unneeded use of massive photoconductive materials to obtain optimum performance.


Currently, there is still controversy on the issue of palliative gastrectomy for patients with advanced carcinoma of stomach in terms of safety and its benefits. From the data available in the literature, palliative gastrectomy seems to be associated with a better survival rate, better relief of symptoms and similar rates of perioperative morbidity and mortality when compared with laparotomy with or without gastrojejunostomy. However, all these studies are retrospective comparative studies or series that carried significant biases. This makes interpretation of the outcome difficult. A selective approach is advocated as palliative gastrectomy carries significant risks.

Chinese Abstract

Figure Chinese Abstract.


The article reports on the works of painter Richard Segalman. Portrayal of female subjects seen in dressing rooms and gardens, on beaches and streets, reflect Segalman's conventional representational concerns. Most successful paintings of Segalman are those showing women in their dressing rooms, presented in various states of undress and surrounded by billowing garments. There is a restrained and sometimes rather hackneyed suggestiveness in the flashes of arms and shoulder blades on women seen in their underpinnings with heads turned modestly from the viewers.


Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the monetary consequences of the new restrictions imposed in February 2000 by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on money laundering. FATF established 25 criteria based on its 40 recommendations (currently 49) to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism. A total of 23 countries were placed on a list of Non‐Cooperative Countries and Territories (NCCTs) for not meeting most of the criteria. Several of the criteria relate to additional tightening or regulation of banking and financial secrecy in these countries. In order to be de‐listed from NCCTs, countries have started regulating their banking and financial sectors by placing restrictions on the degree of secrecy, passing tighter secrecy laws and closing loopholes in existing laws. The new regulatory measures may have money, banking and other economic implications.Design/methodology/approach – Presents a theoretical model of a banking firm offering secret bank accounts to examine the impact of changing...


Speaker recognition, also known as voiceprint recognition, is a biometric technology with wide practicability at present. This paper summarizes and compares and analyzes the main research methods of speaker recognition at home and abroad at this stage, and proposes an improved ECAPA_TDNN algorithm. It is proved by experiments that the improved ECAPA_TDNN algorithm in this paper is superior to the classical algorithm in terms of accuracy and loss.


In this article, we present the performance of Copper (Cu)/Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) and C—π (Graphite, GNS, and Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nano Sheets (N—GNS)) as a new battery electrode prototype. The objectives of this research are to develop a number of prototypes of the battery electrode, namely Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//C—π, and to evaluate their respective performances. The GNS, N—GNS, and primary battery electrode prototypes (Cu/GNS/Electrolyte/C—π) were synthesized by using a modified Hummers method; the N-doped sheet was obtained by doping nitrogen at room temperature and the impregnation or the composite techniques, respectively. Commercial primary battery electrodes were also used as a reference in this research. The Graphite, GNS, N—GNS, commercial primary batteries electrode, and battery electrode prototypes were analyzed using an XRD, SEM-EDX, and electrical multimeter, respectively. The research data show that the Cu particles are well deposited on the GNS and N—GNS (XRD and SEM—EDX data). The presence of the Cu metal and electrolytes (NH4Cl and MnO2) materials can increase the electrical conductivities (335.6 S cm−1) and power density versus the energy density (4640.47 W kg−1 and 2557.55 Wh kg−1) of the Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS compared to the commercial battery (electrical conductivity (902.2 S cm−1) and power density versus the energy density (76 W kg−1 and 43.95 W kg−1). Based on all of the research data, it may be concluded that Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS can be used as a new battery electrode prototype with better performances and electrical activities.


The purpose of this study is to characterize the profile of students that enroll in bachelor's science programs at the Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB) between the years 2016 and 2020 by using data collected from the Single Admission System, the Higher Education Information Service, and the Chilean National Council of Education. The results show that there are non-specialized as well as specialized bachelor's degrees for specific careers that vary in length from two to four semesters. In the case of UNAB, most of the students enrolled were females. The weighted university selection scores with which students entered UNAB programs ranged from 450 points to 700 points, showing an increase towards highest scores in the most recent years. It is concluded that bachelor's programs provide an alternative mechanism to enter careers with higher demand while serving as a propaedeutic alternative for students with lower scores .


Objective To explorer the effect of the relaxation training on the breast cancer patients with emotional disorder.Methods Seclect 48 breast cancer patients in chemotherapy period in hospital,randomly divided into the experiment and control groups,24 patients separately.Carried out the relaxation training in the experiment group once two days,total 12 weeks.Two group use HAMA and HAMD tables as assess indexes.Results After 12 weeks intervention,comparing to the controled group,HAMA and HAMD score were lower of the experiment group(P0.01).Conclusions The relaxation training can improve breast cancer patients' psychology,planned,purposeful relaxation training is benefit to the mood stablity and the improving of the negativity psychology.


In recent years, vehicle recognition has become one of the most important applications in the field of intelligent traffic monitoring and management. Vehicles detection on road is a necessary component in many intelligent applications, such as driver assistance systems, automatic toll collection, intelligent parking systems, self-guided vehicles and traffic statistics such as speed, flow and vehicle count. The main goal of our study is to detect the moving vehicles on road for driverless car assistance system. We address the vehicle detection and recognition problems using Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) approach. Our proposed approach outperforms state-of-the art method.


Present study is aimed to investigate combined effect of thermocol waste and thinner waste[T&T] in concrete. These waste materials that are generated from automobile industrycontainThermocol also. Thermocol waste and thinner waste was mixed with ordinary Portland cement (OPC),sand, aggregate and water to form thermocol-thinner concrete[TTC]. Nine specimen blocks of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm for each control concrete and TTC for different ratios(1%,2%,3% and 4%) are prepared.The main findings of this investigation reveal that the mixture of waste thermocol and waste solvent as admixture could be used successfully as in concrete composites.The study involvecomparison between control concrete and TTC replacement ratios of 1%,2%,3% and 4% of thermocol-thinner [T&T] in controlconcrete mix at a water-tobinder ratio of 0.40. Initial setting time, final setting time and workability are determined for control concrete and TTC. In addition, cubes of control concrete and TTC were tested after 7,14 and 28 days curing for compressive strengths.


Abstract In this article the nature of Bruno Latour's relation to Carl Schmitt is discussed, considering the point by point revisions of Schmitt offered by Latour and his references to Schmitt. These turn out to be plentiful and illuminating. Yet the nature of Latour's revision and its implications are obscure. The implications of his notion of cosmopolitics for political theory are minimal, and in other respects the Schmittian picture is unchanged. Unlike Schmitt, who embeds political theory in political theology, and presents a political theology in order to problematize political theory, but provides a meta-theology, Latour presents an alternative political theology, and not a meta-theology.


The invention discloses a battery housing and a power storage device .A battery housing includes: an exterior member; and a first terminal of a non-metallic material, wherein the first terminal has a first end extending to outside of the exterior member, the first terminal has a second end extending to inside of the exterior member, the first terminal includes a first long-diameter part having a first long diameter and a second long-diameter part having a second long diameter larger than the first long diameter, the first long-diameter part and the second long-diameter part being disposed between the first end of the first terminal and the second end of the first terminal, and the first long-diameter part and the second long-diameter part are embedded in the exterior member.


ABSTRACT This article is a review of functional behavior assessment studies in general education setting for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The studies were assessed in accordance with published standards for evidence-based practices. Overall, few studies met criteria for inclusion in this review and even fewer studies included all three parts of a complete FBA. Results indicate that there are few studies of FBA that specifically address students with behavior problems in general education. Although FBA may have future promise for the described setting and population, there currently is too little information available and lack of consistency in practice to yet claim it is an evidence-based practice.


Research on the testing and debugging of distributed real-time programs now focuses on more formal approaches to specification and testing. Temporal logic is a natural candidate for this since it can specify properties of event and state sequences. However, the absence of any concept of real-time limits the application of temporal logic to non real-time behavior. This paper presents an extension of the interval logic of Schwartz et al. [SMSVP83], by increasing the expressive power of the logic (with respect to real time) while retaining its intuitive appeal and understandability. The extensions are added in a "layer" that can be stripped away if formal verification is the goal, or retained if timing behavior must be tested. The extensions include: the ability to deal with real time (as in [JM86b, JM86a, OW87, NA88]); more powerful interval specification mechanisms; a limited form of quantification; and the direct expression of event predicates (as in [LeD86]). Since our work is intended to yield practical tools for software testers, we emphasize the ease of expressing the complex timing properties of real-time software (e.g. periodic behavior, performance constraints), and we demonstrate the use of the interval logic on some real-time examples that represent a test of the expressiveness and understandability of the notation.


Objective A pertinence clinical study and treatment was performed on children who had permanent anterior teeth individual deficiency caused by various reasons ,which provide reference for the clinical diagnosis. Methods Retrospective study was carried out on 32 permanent anterior teeth deficiency children who were admitted by the orthodontic department. The age, sex, distribution and number of the missing teeth, reason, type of malocclusion and rectification meth-od were analyzed. Results Congenital missing of one or two incisors occurred mainly in the upper central incisor. Fifteen patients were treated extraction, 9 patients were treated by expanding the diastema of the deficiency teeth and recover after rescission the reverse maxillofaeial of anterior teeth, 8 patients were treated orthodontically and prosthodontically. Concin-sions As the children who have permanent anterior teeth deficiency are at the grow and development period, we must diagnose and predict on the develop-merit deformity of the patients as early as possible. Try our best to avoid the deformity of jaw and face. Extraction therapy is often used in the treatment of children who have permanent anterior teeth deficiency and good results could be obtained.

Key words:
Children;  Deficiency;  Malocclusion;  Orthodontic treatment


To facilitate new video applications such as three-dimensional video (3DV) and free-viewpoint video (FVV), multiple view plus depth format (MVD), which consists of both video views and the corresponding per-pixel depth images, is being investigated. Virtual views can be generated using depth image based rendering (DIBR), which takes video and the corresponding depth images as input. This paper discusses view synthesis techniques based on DIBR, which includes forward warping, blending and hole filling. Especially, we will emphasize on the techniques brought to the MPEG view synthesis reference software (VSRS). Unlike the case in the field of computer graphics, the ground truth depth images for nature content are very difficult to obtain. The estimated depth images used for view synthesis typically contain different types of noises. Some robust synthesis modes to combat against the depth errors are also presented in this paper. In addition, we briefly discuss how to use synthesis techniques with minor modifications to generate the occlusion layer information for layered depth video (LDV) data, which is another potential format for 3DV applications.


One of the core methods used in many evaluation studies is survey research. This chapter discusses the challenges of measuring behavioral change and the impacts of broadband use through surveys and addresses how evaluators can get the most from repeated surveys (pre- and post-studies and panel studies). This chapter draws on lessons from a national panel study of participants that included nearly two thousand Internet Essentials users and was uniquely positioned to examine the experience of individuals and families who moved from being non-adopters to broadband adopters, assessing their adoption and engagement pathways. Such research provides policy-relevant evidence and recommendations for practice. The chapter also discusses how evaluators can work with diverse stakeholders (policymakers, local officials, funders, and others) to encourage evaluation and to assist them in using research findings. What is it that such stakeholders expect or want to know about technology and its impacts on individuals and society?


The direct and nearly quantitative incorporation of 9,10-anthracenylidene (AN) chromophores into polystyrene occurred via the reaction of polystyryllithium (PSLi) with 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)anthracene (BCMA) at −78 °C in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/ hexane containing between 30 and 40 vol % hexane. Although the reaction of PSLi and BCMA or 9,10-bis(bromomethyl)anthracene (BBMA) in THF at −78 °C gave nearly quantitative coupling, typically only 30–50% AN incorporation was observed, as determined by ultraviolet–visible spectrometry. Model coupling reactions of 3,3-dimethyl-1,1-diphenyl-1-lithiobutane, (1,1,2,2-tetramethyl)propylcyclopentadienyllithium, 9-methylfluorenyllithium, and triphenylmethyllithium with BCMA or BBMA at −78 °C in THF in nearly all cases gave several AN-containing coupling products. This was consistent with lithium–halogen exchange leading to the linking of multiple AN groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3121–3129, 2001


The purpose of this research is to want to know whether there is a positive and significant controlling influence between motivation to learn against the achievements of learning science class students of SD Negeri 1 Taruban dan Nogosari Boyolali years 2015/2016 lessons. The population in this research is the whole class students of SD Negeri 1 Taruban dan Nogosari Boyolali years 2015/2016 lessons the students in grade 4 and grade 5 were 46 students. Samples used in research 30 students. The way the sampling used is simple random sampling with how randomized or elected sampel have.
The hypothesis in this research is that there is a positive correlation between motivation to learn against the achievements of learning science SD Negeri 1 Taruban dan Nogosari Boyolali years 2015/2016 lessons. This research uses the method . Data collection techniques used is the method of observation, questionnaires and documentation. Questionnaires used to obtain data about the motivation of student learning. Data Analysis Techniques in this research using the T Test
From the analysis of the data obtained in the analysis of the data for simple regression. The variables X (Learning) motivation with learning achievement (Y) , obtained the results of Prob. t 0,022 < 0.05. So H0 rejected, so that motivation to learn affects significantly and positively to the achievement of learning science. Thus the hypothesis "There Is the influence of motivation to learn on the outcome of the learning science class students of SD Negeri 1 Taruban dan Nogosari Boyolali lessons the year 2015/2016", Ho rejected". So it can be concluded the better motivation is owned by the students both from the internal factors and external factors students then the better nor the value of the results of the learning science students. Instead, when there is no motivation that comes from the internal and external factors students during the learning process and the value of achievement in learning science students will not increase


This paper review ed functions and mechanism of action of butyrate in intestinal health maintenance, immunomodulation,neuroprotection,and regulation of gene expression,and briefly introduced its application in animal production to provide references.


San Diego - With careful use, smallpox vaccination programs can be implemented on a large scale, and dermatologists will play a big role in its execution by assisting local health departments and preparing their professional colleagues, according to information presented by Colonel John D. Grabenstein, R.Ph., Ph.D., at the recent Infectious Diseases Society of America's annual meeting, held here.


1 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Campus Natal, Centro de Biociências, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Lagoa Nova – CEP: 59064741 – Natal (RN), Brasil. 2 UFRN, Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, Unidade Acadêmica Especializada em Ciências Agrárias, RN 160 KM 3, s/n – CEP: 59280-000 – Macaíba (RN), Brasil. E-mail: email@example.com (corresponding author) RESPOSTAS COMPORTAMENTAIS DO CAMARÃO DE ÁGUA DOCE DE ACORDO COM O MANEJO ALIMENTAR EM POPULAÇÕES MISTAS E MONOSSEXO ABSTRACT The effects of two feeding management methods (substrate spreading and feeding tray) were tested for Macrobrachium rosenbergii, evaluating their influence on behavior in mixed (Mi), monosex allmale (Mm) and monosex all-female (Mf) populations. Twelve experimental conditions, totaling 192 animals, with four repetitions each, were performed. Experimental units comprised eight 250L aquariums (50 x 50 x 100 cm) with soft sand substrate. Behavioral data were collected by focal instantaneous sampling method. Substrate spreading triggered the most extensive behavioral level in all populations under analysis, featuring exploring, autogrooming, crawling, inactivity, burrowing, agonism, swimming and feed ingestion, and revealed that the animals expressed better their behavior when feed was spread. Exceptionally, burrowing in Mm and agonism in Mf had similar level rates for the two feeding managements. Mf had the highest agonistic level when compared to that in Mm and Mi. Data in current analysis indicate that the spread feeding strategy favors animal welfare in all types of population compositions, except in Mf culture, with high agonistic levels in both forms of feeding management.


The 5d electron-based Sr2−xLax IrO4 system (0 x 0.2) has been synthesized by a solid-state route. The x = 0 composition is a nonmetallic weak ferromagnet with a Curie temperature at about 240 K. The crystal structure behaviour and magnetic properties exhibited by this Sr2−x Lax IrO4 system can be explained on the basis of the extended character of the 5d electrons of the Ir cation and its valence states. Rietveld analysis of x-ray powder diffraction on Sr2IrO4 agrees well with previous structural neutron experiments. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that I 41/acd represents a more stable crystal structure than K2NiF4 (I 4/mmm). Electrical resistivity and magnetic properties of Sr2−x Lax IrO4 are strongly dependent on the Ir3+ content. The Sr2−xLax IrO4 magnetic behaviour in the range of 2–240 K can be ascribed to a weak ferromagnet, produced by an array of canted antiferromagnetically ordered Ir4+ magnetic moments. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)


This chapter addresses the adoption of Internet applications by an Arab Student Association in North America (ASANA)1. ASANA uses the Internet to integrate its members, promote the Arabic culture, bridge with the American society and transfer knowledge to its native country. It delivers these services through websites, email service, electronic payment systems, online conferencing, file sharing tools and other digital resources. These online services build social capital, accrue intellectual capital, and cement mutual understanding between Arabs and the American society. However, these e-services are not widely adopted due to the lack of awareness of their usefulness, the absence of suitable IT culture, poor service quality, instability of leadership, and inadequate incentive system. Improving the adoption of ASANA e-services requires stable leadership, supportive IT culture, assessing provided services, and providing incentives to members to participate. This chapter provides insights and conceptual details that help Arab academic communities to use the Internet to participate in the overall socioeconomic development of their societies. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0882-5.ch4.9


Abstract High-temperature components with notches, defects and flaws may be subjected to crack initiation and crack propagation under service conditions. To study these problems and to support an advanced remnant life evaluation, fracture mechanics procedures are required. Due to a more flexible service mode of power plants an increase of start up and shut down processes can be observed. Therefore knowledge of life assessment and integrity of such components is decisive. In order to enlighten these problems for steam power plant components, crack initiation time and crack growth rate of modern martensitic steels of type 10CrMoWVNbN were determined at 550 and 600°C in forged and cast conditions. For the experiments, side grooved compact tension, C(T), specimens were used as well as side grooved double edge notched tensile, DEN(T), specimens. Creep/creep-fatigue crack initiation and crack propagation can be described with the usual fracture mechanics parameters C* and KI and a modified two-criteria method was established in order to describe creep fatigue crack initiation.


The rapid industrialization and urbanization in developing countries has led to an increase in air pollution, along a similar trajectory to that previously experienced by the developed nations. In China, particulate pollution is a serious environmental problem that is influencing air quality, regional and global climates, and human health. A quantitative understanding of these effects has proven extremely challenging due to spatial and temporal variability in the sources of aerosols and their precursors, the complexity of particle composition, and uncertainties associated with the atmospheric aging of existing particles (Pöschl 2005; Hallquist et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2014). Nowadays the average PM2.5 concentrations in China are approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher than those observed in urban areas in the US and European countries (Cao 2012). This has forced the Chinese government to announce its first national environmental standard for PM2.5 in 2012 and to make highly ambitious plans for emission control. The Chinese aim to reduce the PM2.5 concentrations by up to 25% of the 2012 levels by 2017, backed by $277 billion investments from the central government. To achieve this ambitious aim, a better understanding of the aerosol composition, sources, and atmospheric processing is required. In this study, we present the results from intensive field measurement campaigns carried out in Chinese megacities in 2013/2014. The sources of PM2.5 and the organic aerosol (OA) were investigated by applying the multi-linear engine (ME-2) receptor model (Canonaco et al., 2013) to a comprehensive dataset. Primary sources including vehicle emissions, biomass burning, coal burning, and dust-related emissions were identified and quantified. The contributions from secondary aerosol formation processes to total PM2.5 mass and OA mass were evaluated. Detailed results will be presented and discussed.


Compared with the traditional value stream mapping technique which is based on the material flow and information flow, this paper combines the supply chain knowledge flow and the value stream mapping technique to come up with a new value stream mapping model which is based on the material flow, information flow and knowledge flow. Using the new model, this paper analyzes the knowledge flow for the production process of car sets in a company and solves the real problems mainly at the aspect of knowledge flow. Consequently, information barrage is eliminated, line balance is increased by 25.2%, and knowledge flow cycle is shortened by 15.8 days


Infrared thermography has been widely used to visualize skin temperature in human science. One of the important areas of its application is the analysis of changes in body surface temperature as a result of the use of physical medicine treatments in post-exercise regeneration in sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cutaneous temperature response in selected body areas and the range of chosen markers of skeletal muscle damage to partial body cryostimulation (PBC) as a method of post-match regeneration. Fourteen football players underwent PBC after a match. Thermographic analyses of anterior and posterior surfaces of the body were performed before and immediately after the treatment. Before, directly after, and 24, 48, and 72 h after the match serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were evaluated. After PBC, a significant (p ≤ 0.001) decrease in skin temperature (Tsk) in all analyzed areas occurred. The greatest drop was observed in the areas of the thighs (∆ = 9.96–11.02 °C); the smallest temperature drop occurred in the areas of the upper and lower part of the back (∆ = 6.18−6.70 °C) and in the area of the chest (∆ = 6.80 °C). The most significant positive relationships between the magnitude of change in Tsk of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, body fat, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure have been shown. There were no significant differences between temperatures in selected areas in relation to the sides of the body, both before and after PBC. The range of temperature changes confirms the stimulating effect of PBC. The course of changes in the concentration of CK and AST indicates a potentially beneficial effect of PBC on the course of post-workout regeneration, without side effects. Maintaining a constant body temperature during PBC comes at the expense of thermoregulatory mechanisms leading to a lower body surface temperature.


Bonding mechanism of cis-Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2 with DNA has been studied by CNDO/2 cal- culation.The computed results of the six models considered indicated that from the point of view of overlap population Q)(AB)and two atoms energy E_(AB),the most favorable bonding form was that between platinum and two N_7 atoms,from guanines(G)to form [(NH_3)_2PtG_2]~(2+).Thus,intrastrand cross-linkage mechanism which had been previously proposed by some authors was confirmed by our calculation.Chelation mechanism could not completely be excluded.Under certain conditions, it was possible for platinum to combine with a guanine through its N_7 and O(C_6)to form a chelate, but it was unstable as compared with [(NH_3)_2PtG_3]~(2+). Although the intrastrand cross-linkage mechanism is favored by our calculation,the question of how such a mode of combination hampers replication of DNA remains to be solved.


After operation, the to-and-fro murmur was found to have disappeared. The patient developed a mild renal tubular necrosis and a small pulmonary infarct, from both of which she made a full recovery. Radiography of the chest showed no metastases. Four months after discharge she was perfectly well. PATHOLOGY.-The cut surface of the kidney showed a yellowish tumour (12 x 10 x 8 cm.). At the centre there was gelatinous degeneration, and at the periphery some hiemorrhage. An arteriovenous angiomatous deformity of the hilar vessels passed into the central part of the tumour. The renal artery was enlarged (13-cm. diameter) and the vein was dilated (2-cm. diameter). The growth in its lower part bulged into the dilated venous spaces. The artery formed an aneurysmal sac (23-cm. diameter) which was thin-walled and ruptured; haemorrhage from this was infiltrating the pelvis. There was much hsemorrhage deep to the renal capsule over the tumour but this appeared to be separate (Fig. 464). Microscopically the tumour consisted of solid sheets of large cells, with abundant pale cytoplasm typical of adenocarcinoma of the kidney of the Grawitz type, separated by thin-walled blood-vessels of varying calibre (Fig. 465). The renal artery itself showed invasion of its walls with growth and haemorrhage between its coats (Fig. 466).


Context: Diversity within project teams is known to be advantageous when tackling complex problems, such as the barriers to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To enhance the engineering profession's contribution to the SDGs, it is now more important than ever that a lack of gender diversity in the sector is resolved. Research from around the world is demonstrating that linking STEM subjects to positive social impact leads to a more gender diverse student cohort. As an organisation with both an explicit focus on social impact and relatively high participation of women in its education initiatives, Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) is well placed to further investigate the current and future role that humanitarianism plays in the creation of a gender diverse engineering sector.

Purpose: This research investigates the links between gender diversity and humanitarian engineering education initiatives, and explores initial insights into how factors such as global relevance and social impact could be utilised by engineering educators to create a more diverse engineering profession.

Approach: Students opting to participate in EWB humanitarian engineering education initiatives were asked via a survey tool to identify their gender and top five motivations for choosing to participate in that program. A predefined list of 24 motivations was generated from an analysis of previous motivation statements. The motivation statements were categorised into six themes: values, career, social-connectedness, social pressure / encouragement, understanding, and enhancement.

Results: Preliminary analysis of survey responses indicate that both men and women are primarily motivated to participate in EWB initiatives due to values-alignment, regardless of the program type (e.g. formal curriculum, volunteer opportunity, overseas professional development opportunity). When looking at the broader data set male respondents tend towards 'career' and 'enhancement' motiva


With the Russian annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine, followed by Western sanctions and Russian counter-sanctions, German decision-makers had to learn that economic and energy interdependence not only creates win-win situations but also means vulnerability. The reaction was a shift from the dominance of the economy in German policy on Russia to a securitisation and politicisation of relations with Moscow. The support for Nord Stream 2 proves that German elites have only partly learned their lessons, and still believe in positive economic interdependence and the mantra of Ostpolitik, that peace and stability in Europe is only possible with, but not against, Russia.


This study aims to construct the syntax of a learning model that can stimulate learning activity and effectiveness. In this case, activeness is a student's physical and mental participation in learning activities. While the effectiveness of learning isachieving learning outcomes according to the objectives that have been formulating, to construct, validate, and know the activeness and effectiveness of the Big Group and Small Group models this research adopted the theory by the Borg and Gall model. The subjects involved in this study consist of experts, practitioners and students. Validating the construction or syntax of the learning model is conducted rationally by two development research experts, the result is analyzedqualitatively and revised. The implementation of the learning process was observed and assessed by two practitioners as rater and analyzed by the Kappa formula. An empirical trial is conducted to validate the feasibility of the learning model. Stage 1 involved 33 people and stage 2 consisted of 74 students.The analytical technique used Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The instrument used was a valid and reliable questionnaire and test. The result of the empirical trial phase 1 found that the correlation was 0.71. Stage 2 Empirical Test. Thecorrelation coefficient results are 0.93. The result of learning activeness observation from 74 students based on criteria showed that 25 people (34%) are very active, 31 people (42%) are quite active, 11 people (15%) are less active,andseven people (9%) are not active. The results from the data analysis of learning outcomes test from 74 students according to the curriculum applied by Universitas Negeri Medan are as follows: 27 people (36%)got A score, 39 people (53%) B score, 6 people (8%) C Score and only 2 people (3%) do not meet the criteria. Based on the above data we can conclude that the Learning Model of Large Groups and Small Groups is feasible and effective to use for the History Learning


Cuba 2014: A Different Perspective on Cuba's "Structural" Reforms is part of the 2014 Annual Proceedings of The Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy.


This study describes the design of, and initial results from using, our Java Object-Oriented Feedback Tool (JOOFT). JOOFT is a Java library designed to facilitate the automation of feedback relating to aspects of class design in Java. It permits the tutor to write code, such as unit tests, before the corresponding code is written by students, and support the provision of automated feedback to the students as they create code. Provided that the students' code compiles, the tool can provide both generic and customized feedback on aspects such as constructor implementation, correct use of encapsulation, naming conventions, etc.


The photoelectric detection of nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) magnetic resonance (PDMR) in diamond, used for spin state detection and based on reading the photocurrent resulting from NV ionization, offers physical and technical advantages for the development of miniaturized and scalable quantum sensors, as well as solid‐state quantum information devices integrated with electronics. Charge exchanges between NV centers and other optoelectrically active defects in diamond are an essential part of the PDMR scheme, impacting the spin‐state control and the performances of the photoelectric readout. Through experimental characterization and modeling, processes governing the spin‐state contrast, in particular the hole carrier contribution to the photocurrent and the role of acceptor‐type defects are discussed. Such acceptor defects can act as traps for free electrons resulting from NV photoionization. Consequently, the hole current can increase at resonance, ultimately leading to an inversion of the sign of PDMR resonances, i.e. to a positive spin contrast. Based on these findings, a method to improve PDMR performances in terms of spin contrast and photoelectric detection rate by selectively ionizing low‐energy acceptor defects using a bias red illumination is proposed. This method is shown to lead to a significant improvement of the photoelectric spin detection sensitivity, important for future practical devices.


RECENTLY, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RICHARD SJOERDSMA sent me an email asking if I had read an article in Newsweek called "Creativity in America" (July 19, 2010) and wondering if creativity might be a good topic for this column. I quickly responded offering an opinion that, indeed, I had noticed deterioration in the creativity of my students. Over the next several days, I spent a number of hours contemplating the topic and wondering if my initial response about the deterioration of creativity had been premature and uninformed. As I gathered information and a copy of the Newsweek article, I started making notes. Furthermore, I decided not to read the article until I had time to complete my other research and to pose other questions so that this one article would not influence me unduly. As I pondered the question, it soon became obvious that I needed to consider carefully the meaning of the word creativity. Is it possible that people's definitions of creativity vary widely? Is it possible that the definition of creativity differs generationally or situationally? I discovered that there are diverse definitions of creativity. Scientist H. H. Fox said that creativity is "any thinking process in which original patterns are formed and expressed," while psychologist and writer Carl Rodgers said that it is "the emergence of a novel, relational product, growing out of the uniqueness of the individual." The Newsweek article stated that, "The accepted definition of creativity is production of something original and useful."1 And from where does one draw creativity? There seem to be many creative answers to this question! Artist Pablo Picasso said, "Every act of creation is first of all an act of destruction." Professor of Psychology Frank Barron said, "The creative person is both more primitive and more cultivated, more destructive, a lot madder and a lot saner, than the average person." Newsweek says, "To be creative requires divergent thinking (generating many unique ideas) and then convergent thinking (combining those ideas into the best result)." The information contained in the Newsweek article references the lifelong work of Professor E. Paul Torrance, who, in 1958, gathered a group of 400 children to complete creativity tasks that he had created. Kyung Hee Kim at the College of William and Mary has analyzed about 300,000 Torrance tests that have been given since then and noted in May 2010 that while creativity scores had risen until 1990, they have begun to fall since then.2 Since the article gives little information about the nature of the testing tool, I did some research. While the article says, "Nobody would argue that Torrance's tasks, which have become the gold standard in creativity assessment, measure creativity perfectly,"3 my research did yield sources that question the efficacy of the test. In a paper presented at the annual conference of the California Educational Research Association in 1971, authors Oon-Chye Yeoh and Robert G. Bridgham, while not advocating the elimination of Torrance testing, contend that "the Torrance scores reveal nothing interesting about the individual," and that "the major question still unanswered is when, if ever, it makes sense to use a score from the Torrance battery."4 Dr. Torrance's colleague, Dr. Alan S. Kaufman writes: Torrance did not design his tests for the use to which they are most commonly put these days-identification of students for gifted/talented programs.5 His primary goals in developing these tests were to help us better understand the human mind and its functioning; to find ways to better individualize instruction, including remedial and psychotherapeutic interventions; to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs; and to become more sensitive to latent potential in people.6 So why did the analysis done by Ms. Kim in May 2010 show a decrease in creativity? The Newsweek article makes logical suggestions such as a possible correlation between the rise in time in front of television and video games with the decline of creativity. …


The current study investigated the comparative oxidative damage in twomaize seedlings induced by saline, drought, and combined stress and the ameliorative role of two different doses (20 and 80 μM) of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) against the above-mentioned stresses. Hydroponically grown 10-day-old maize (Zea mays, var. BARI Hybrid Maize-7 (BHM-7) and BARI Hybrid Maize-9 (BHM-9)) seedlings were exposed to 12 dS/m of saline solution, 200 mM mannitol-induced drought stress alone and their combined stress for 7 days. Result revealed that individual stresses retard the plant growth to some degrees; however, their combined stress has more detrimental effects, which might be correlated with lipid peroxidation (MDA)-induced oxidative stress in seedlings, enhanced Na/K ratio, and augmented generation of superoxide (O2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast, exogenous ALA supplementation at 20 μM concentration markedly recovered from chlorosis and growth inhibition, substantially scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA by preserving ionhomeostasis and relaxing oxidative stress; also, by boosting catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and exclusively via depressing the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) antioxidant enzyme. On the contrary, 80 μM ALA made things worse; nevertheless, higher activities shown by other antioxidant enzymes; like, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), which were related to lessen the oxidative damage by highly produced O2 •− and H2O2 under combined stress. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis was done for further confirmation. However, ALA importantly increased the photosynthetic pigment contents in both genotypes irrespective of doses. Nevertheless, GST might have assisted the plants to escape from the herbicidal effect by detoxification. However, in the combined stress condition, high ALA concentration may have some positive role to play. Our findings also showed that BHM-9 performed better than BHM-7. Therefore, ALA at lower concentration was effective for single stress of saline and drought, while higher concentration can improve plant survival under combined stress.


PURPOSE: This study was to identify the effect of a coordinative locomotor training (CLT) programs on lower extremity strength, balance, and quality of life of a cancer patients. METHODS: Subjects were instructed in CLT programs. The CLT programs consisted of sprinter and skater pattern movements performed for 30 minute three day per week for two weeks. CLT programs performed the arms and legs alternately and step up the steps on the stairs. The timed sit to stand test (TSTS) and one leg standing test (OLST) were used to test lower extremity strength. The star excursion balance test (SEBT) was used to measure balance; and the functional


Measurement and correction of beam position are very important for the optimization of beam characteristics and alignment in the Tesla Test Facility (TTF) linac. We describe and present measurements with beam of the performance of the stripline beam position monitors (BPMs) in operation and in order to determine the beam response.


Deep learning-based Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) has attracted appealing attention in academic researches and clinical applications. Nevertheless, the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) diagnosis system heavily relies on the well-labeled lesion dataset, and the sensitivity to the variation of data distribution also restricts the potential application of CNNs in CAD. Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) methods are developed to solve the expensive annotation and domain gaps problem and have achieved remarkable success in medical image analysis. Yet existing UDA approaches only adapt knowledge learned from the source lesion domain to a single target lesion domain, which is against the clinical scenario: the new unlabeled target domains to be diagnosed always arrive in an online and continual manner. Moreover, the performance of existing approaches degrades dramatically on previously learned target lesion domains, due to the newly learned knowledge overwriting the previously learned knowledge (i.e., catastrophic forgetting). To deal with the above issues, we develop a meta-adaptation framework named Consecutive Lesion Knowledge Meta-Adaptation (CLKM), which mainly consists of Semantic Adaptation Phase (SAP) and Representation Adaptation Phase (RAP) to learn the diagnosis model in an online and continual manner. In the SAP, the semantic knowledge learned from the source lesion domain is transferred to consecutive target lesion domains. In the RAP, the feature-extractor is optimized to align the transferable representation knowledge across the source and multiple target lesion domains.


The analysis of clinic and the microelement composition of blood serum in children suffering from minor arthritis, formed amid the connective tissue dysplasia. Diagnosed with juvenile arthritis exhibited according to diagnostic criteria and classification of American College of rheumatologists (ACR, 1977). For diagnosis of connective tissue dysplasia used special evaluation tables, proposed by l. Fomina (2000). Determination of trace element composition of the blood serum (zinc, iron, copper, chromium, lead) conducted by the method of atomic-absorption spectrometry flame and electrothermal atomization at AAS " QUANT – Z ЕТA " and "QUANT – ZA-Т". The study found that patients with minor arthritis have signs of connective tissue Dysplasia, place 2 grade of inflammation, articular syndrome in which always accompanied by defiguraciej of joints when slightly expressed pain in joints and violation of their functions. Characteristics of trace element composition of the blood serum in patients with minor arthritis, formed amid the connective tissue Dysplasia, are more pronounced scarcity of essential micronutrients zinc and iron, and a glut of toxic lead and chromium, due to the higher degree of activity bouts.


We report isovector form factors and low moments of structure functions of nucleon in numerical lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) from the on-going calculations by the RIKEN-BNL-Columbia (RBC) and UKQCD Collaborations with (2+1) dynamical flavors of domain-wall fermion (DWF) quarks. We calculate the matrix elements with four light quark masses, corresponding to pion mass values of m_\pi = 330-670 MeV, while the dynamical strange mass is fixed at a value close to physical, on (2.7 fm)^3 spatial volume. We found that our axial charge, g_A, at the lightest mass exhibits a large deviation from the heavier mass results. This deviation seems to be a finite-size effect as the g_A value scales with a single parameter, m_\pi L, the product of pion mass and linear spatial lattice size. The scaling is also seen in earlier 2-flavor dynamical DWF and Wilson quark calculations. Without this lightest point, the three heavier mass results show only very mild mass dependence and linearly extrapolate to g_A=1.16(6). We determined the four form factors, the vector (Dirac), induced tensor (Pauli), axial vector and induced pseudoscalar, at a few finite momentum transfer values as well. At the physical pion mass the form-factors root mean square radii determined from the momentum-transfer dependence %of the form factors are 20-30% smaller than the corresonding experiments. The ratio of the isovector quark momentum to helicity fractions, _{u-d}/ _{\Delta u - \Delta d} is in agreement with experiment without much mass dependence including the lightest point. We obtain an estimate, 0.81(2), by a constant fit. Although the individual momentum and helicity fractions are yet to be renormalized, they show encouraging trend toward experiment.


Identification of wind potential sites is the preliminary work in the wind farm development process. This has been initially achieved with the support of wind atlases. The validation of wind atlas based on ground measurements is an essential work to enhance confidence on their usage. The latest version of Global Wind Atlas (GWA) has been introduced in November 2019 which indicates the wind potential across the globe at a node spacing of 250m. In this paper, Annual Average Wind Speed and Wind Power Density validation of GWA in offshore, onshore and Islands sites have been carried out for India based on the ground based measurements. This paper very first informs the quality check carried out on the atlas and secondly the validation of it based on the field measurement data. Based on the analysis, the GWA annual average wind speed predictions in offshore and onshore homogeneous sites are found to be within the defined uncertainty band of measured wind speeds. The GWA wind speed correlation in offshore sites is found to be better than other sites. However, in Complex and North Eastern states, the GWA wind speed in more than 50% of sites is falling out of the uncertainty band of measured wind speed. In Islands, the GWA underestimates the annual average wind speed in Lakshadweep and overestimates in Andaman & Nicobar.


ID: 66 Edgar Allan Poe, "The Pit and the Pendulum", and Ventricular Assist Devices Author Information: Authors List: Presenting Author: Cheryl Zambroski Additional Author: Pamela Combs Additional Author: Sherill Cronin Additional Author: Carol Pfeffer Presenting Author: Cheryl Hoyt Zambroski Address: University of South Florida College of Nursing 12901 Bruce B. Downs MDC 22 Tampa, FL 33647 USA Ph: 813-774-6436 Fax: Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Institution: University of South Florida Additional Author: Pamela S. Combs Address: University of Louisville 12901 Bruce B. Downs MDC 22 Louisville, KY 42092 USA Ph: 812-949-7289 Fax: Email: pscombs)firstname.lastname@example.com Institution: University of Louisville Additional Author: Sherill N Cronin Address: Bellarmine University 12901 Bruce B. Downs MDC 22 Louisville, KY 40206 USA Ph: 502-425-5504 Fax: Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Institution: Additional Author: Carol Pfeffer Address: Bellarmine University 12901 Bruce B. Downs MDC 22 Louisville, KY 40206 USA Ph: 502-425-5504 Fax: Email: email@example.com Institution: Abstract InformationInformation Presentation Preference: SNRS Poster Presentation Abstract Categories: Interest Group: Researchers in Clinical Settings Thematic Areas: Chronic illness Introduction: Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs) are being used with increasing frequency in patients with heart failure. VADs are not without adversity, however, as high post-operative morbidity and mortality are of major concern. For those who survive, little is known about the experience from the patients' perspective. The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive study was to gain a better understanding of the experience of living with a VAD Method(s): Through the process of open-ended interviewing, data were collected and analyzed on an ongoing basis to generate conceptual categories. A key informant articulated his experience of living with a VAD through his analogy to Edgar Allen Poe's The Pit and the Pendulum. Furthermore, language of co-informants corresponded closely with themes emerging in Poe's short story. During analysis, a consultant from the English Department provided additional analysis of The Pit and the Pendulum as it related to each theme. Results: Six adults with an average age of 58.8 years participated. Both men were Caucasian; two women were Caucasian and two were African-American. There was wide variation in the length of device implantation. Four key themes: Facing the Unknown, Feeling Confined, Living with Fear, and Hope for the Future emerged. Discussion: Comparison of the experience of living with a VAD to the tale of Poe's Narrator does not provide an easy image for nurses who care for this population. Yet, diagnosis of heart failure can, in fact, be a sentence of sorts: a sentence to an uncertain future, physical decline, even to death. The findings of this study can help clinicians to target interventions toward reducing the uncertainty associated with living with a VAD, providing opportunities to reduce the sense of confinement, recognizing and reducing patient fears, and providing and supporting hope for the future through reduction of symptoms and extending life or through providing a peaceful death. Research Completed : Yes Abstract History: -This material has been presented or accepted for presentation in whole or in part at this or another scientific meeting. -Details: USF (local presentation) Financial Disclosure: Have a financial arrangement or affiliation with commercial companies whose products may be mentioned in this material? No FDA Disclosure: Cleared: Yes Non-Exclusive License: Accepted Terms: Yes Submitted By: firstname.lastname@example.com


Les Collines D'Anacapri (Prelude 17) was commissioned by the Halle Concerts Society in 2006 and first performed by the Halle Orchestra and conducted by Mark Elder at the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester on 6 May 2007. Orchestral parts available for hire from email@example.com


Bacterial populations growing on the surface of membrane filters may be transferred easily from one solid medium to another without disturbing the spacial relationship among members of the population. Schubert (Deut. med. Wochschr., 76,1581, 1951), Dittrich (Experientia, 7, 431, 1951), and Bornschein, Dittrich, and Horhe (Naturwisenchaften, 38, 383, 1951) have taken advantage of this technique to confirm the spontaneous orgin of mutational events by using membranes in a modification of Newcombe's spreading experiment (Nature, 164, 150, 1949). In the present investigation the spontaneous mutation rate of Esherichia coli, strain B/r, to streptomycin resistance was determined by transferring hydrosol asay (HA) type membranes2 containing successively larger populations to media containing streptomycin and observing the concomitant increase in the number of developing resistant colonies. Bacteria were removed from stock (Albimi) agar slants and suspended in diluting fluid (0.1 per cent tryptose (Difco); 0.5 per cent NaCl) to yield an approximate concentration of 10 cells per ml. A 5 ml aliquot of this suspension was drawn through a sterile membrane filter held in a filtration unit' similar in principle to a standard Seitz filter. In each of the 5 separate experiments, 50 replicate populations were im-


ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE proponents state unequivocally that "low income communities and communities of color bear a disproportionate burden of the nation's pollution problems" (Bullard 1994, xv). Although the claim has intuitive appeal, the reality is less certain. Earlier research has produced mixed findings. Crucial to the clarification of the environmental equity thesis is the selection of both an appropriate environmental "bad" and a defensible unit of analysis. This article attempts to provide that clarification.


This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of foliar extracts of four medical plants, harmal (Peganum harmala L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), marmaria (Salvia officinalis L) and zizyphus (Zizyphus spina-christi. Willd) on fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and peach fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders).The effect of these extracts on larvae pupal duration, percent of malformation, percent of reduction in infestation and percent reduction in number of punctures /fruit .The results proved that, harmal, laurel and zizyphus show toxic effect on both C. capitata and B. zonata larvae. harmal was more toxic to the larvae of both flies than the other three compounds ,with LC50 values 8.52 and10.5 ml/L for both flies, respectively. Harmal recorded the highest mean of malformation percent 48.79 and 43.62% for C. capitata and B. zonata, respectively followed by laurel and zizyphus in case of C. capitata and zizyphus and laurel in case of B. zonata. Harmal recorded the highest mean of reduction percent of infestation followed by laurel and marmaria in case of C. capitata and laurel and zizyphus in case of B. zonata. the highest mean of percent reduction in number of punctures/fruit was recorded after treatment with harmal and laurel for both C. capitata and B. zonata. The tested extracts show toxic effect on larvae of both flies, cause changes in some biological measurements and reduce both percent of infestation and number of punctures/fruit, so these extracts could be incorporated in management programmes of both fruit flies.


Multiple Routing Configurations (MRC) algorithm is one of network failure recovery techniques, which prepares multiple backup routing configurations for recovering from a single node/link failure. In this paper, we propose a load balancing method for MRC. The proposed method improves uneven link loads of backup routing configurations by reconstructing component elements of the configurations based on network potentials. Through numerical experiments, we show that the effectiveness of the proposed method.


In this paper, a design method for a robust PI/PID controller for fuzzy parametric uncertain systems is proposed. An uncertain Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system with fuzzy coefficients is referred as fuzzy parametric uncertain system. The fuzzy coefficients are approximated by intervals (crisp sets) using the nearest interval approximation approach to obtain an interval system. Further, a robust controller is designed using a necessary condition and a sufficient condition for stability of the interval polynomial. These conditions are used to derive a set of inequalities in terms of controller parameters which are solved using linear programming (LP) optimization to obtain a robust controller. The numerical examples and simulation results successfully demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for design of robust PI/PID controller for fuzzy parametric uncertain systems.


Due to its importance in science, finding both exact and approximate solutions to fractional partial differential equations with boundary conditions is important for the research community. The natural decomposition method (NDM), which is based on the natural transformation method (NTM) and the Adomian decomposition method, is modified in this study to produce exact and approximate solutions for boundary value problems (BVPs) of partial differential equations (PDEs) with fractional coefficients. In addition, we present an exact solution to the temperature distribution in a slab constructed of materials with variable thermal conductivity's combined convection–radiation lumped system. We present these findings as numerical tables and graphs that show the convergence and stability rates. The study demonstrates that this approach is effective since it is simple to apply and produces reliable findings. We are the first to use this approach for such applications, as far as we are aware. Additionally, this method is applicable to a sizable class of BVPs for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and PDEs.


Lake Vida, in the Victoria Valley of East Antarctica, is frozen, yet harbors liquid brine (~20% salt, >6 times seawater) intercalated in the ice below 16 m. The brine has been isolated from the surface for several thousand years. The brine conditions (permanently dark, −13.4 °C, lack of O2, and pH of 6.2) and geochemistry are highly unusual. For example, nitrous oxide (N2O) is present at a concentration among the highest reported for an aquatic environment. Only a minor 17O anomaly was observed in N2O, indicating that this gas was predominantly formed in the lake. In contrast, the 17O anomaly in nitrate ( NO3− ) in Lake Vida brine indicates that approximately half or more of the NO3− present is derived from atmospheric deposition. Lake Vida brine was incubated in the presence of 15N‐enriched substrates for 40 days. We did not detect microbial nitrification, dissimilatory reduction of NO3− to ammonium ( NH4+ ), anaerobic ammonium oxidation, or denitrification of N2O under the conditions tested. In the presence of 15N‐enriched nitrite ( NO2− ), both N2 and N2O exhibited substantial 15N enrichments; however, isotopic enrichment declined with time, which is unexpected. Additions of 15N– NO2− alone and in the presence of HgCl2 and ZnCl2 to aged brine at −13 °C resulted in linear increases in the δ15N of N2O with time. As HgCl2 and ZnCl2 are effective biocides, we interpret N2O production in the aged brine to be the result of chemodenitrification. With this understanding, we interpret our results from the field incubations as the result of chemodenitrification stimulated by the addition of 15N‐enriched NO2− and ZnCl2 and determined rates of N2O and N2 production of 4.11–41.18 and 0.55–1.75 nmol L−1 day−1, respectively. If these rates are representative of natural production, the current concentration of N2O in Lake Vida could have been reached between 6 and 465 years. Thus, chemodenitrification alone is sufficient to explain the high levels of N2O present in Lake Vida.


Anyone who has visited Greece will remember how the ancient temples were flooded with sunlight. Many will also have admired the play of light and shadow caused by the rows of columns, or have noticed the subtle movements of the sunlight on the flutes of a single column. These phenomena have inspired the German author Hans Kauffmann to argue that the fluted columns of Greek temples function as a kind of sundial. His photographs of columns, in different seasons and at different hours of the day, are fascinating. It reminds him of Anaximander, who is said to have introduced the gnomon and to have erected one in Sparta. We can readily imagine Anaximander and the architects discussing columns and gnomons, or Anaximander teaching them how to construct their columns as useful sundials. As Kauffmann puts it, speaking about Anaximander and Pythagoras: 'Könnten sie Baukünstlem zur Seite gestanden haben, womöglich Wegbereiter gewesen sein, gerade auch dafür, Zeitliches in Maß und Zahl am Bau einzufangen?' In a sense, Kauffmann is Robert Hahn's predecessor in connecting Anaximander


Enoch(l) reported that the light adapted retina of rat, rabbit, and squirrel monkey reduced more nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (nitroBT) in simple buffered media using succinate as substrate than did the fellow dark adapted retina. The effect was enhanced when the tissue culture medium, TC-199 without phenol red, was used and the effect was reduced if ATP was added to the media. Sickle (2) has reported results which suggest that light stimulation of isolated frog retinae alters metabolism or metabolic pathways. Albino rabbits of either sex were dark adapted 2-18 hours. One eye was patched in the dark with a tight fitting metal cup rimmed with a soft rubber gasket before removal to the adapting light source, a 60 W tungsten bulb in a focusing reflector held about 12 inches from the eye. After 10 minutes exposure of the one eye to the adapting light the rabbit was beheaded. In the dark room both eyes were enucleated, and dissected, and the retinas excised, and placed in the incubation mixture. Low intensity, Wratten #29 filtered, light was used during these latter procedures. The incubations, a modification of Enoch's procedure(l), were carried out in 0.6 ml of media in the 25 mm dia. of a spot plate. The media used had substrate at 10-1-10-3 M, nitroBT at 0.75 mg/ml, 0.5 tris-chloride buf-er at pH 7.35-7.40, and enough NaCl to make the final media isotonic at 318-320 mOsmol. Incubation time was 10 minutes unless otherwise noted. The temperature during incubation was 21° ± 1°C. The reaction was stopped by addition of 1.0 ml of 5% TCA to the reaction mixture. The retinae were then transferred within ½ minute to 5% TCA. Judgments of the difference, if any, in amount of blue colored formazan deposited in the uninjured parts of the light adapted and dark adapted pair of retinae were made at this point.


We present an unconventional approach to counteract the spreading of the illumination area in the focal plane of a lens due to an aberrated optical beam by exploiting the negative refractive behaviour of photonic crystals. To this end, we have designed a photonic crystal structure and analysed its dispersion property with respect to its effective refractive index. The result of this analysis is confirmed by electromagnetic analysis using the finite-difference time-domain method. As an application of our device, we take a look at free-space optical communications and propose a field-of-view expander for optical receivers. The working principle of this device is demonstrated by the ray trace method.


An articles submitted for publication in this Journal should be t"!Jed with double or treble spacing. Oarbon copies .hould flOt be .ent. Author. are reque.ted to avoid the u.e of abbreviation. a"d flOt to underli"e either words or phrase•. Reference. to article. and book. .hould be carefun1/ che.cked. In a reference the fonowi"g information .hould be gWen without abbreviation: surname of author, initial. of author, 1/ear, fun title of article, name of Journal without abbreviation, volume, number of first page of the ankle. If a reference i. made to ttft, abstract of a paper, the name of the original Journal, together with that of the journal i. tohich the ab.tract has appeared, .hould be given with ftd' date in each in.tance. A.thor. who are not accustomed to preparing drawing. or photographic print. for reproduction are invited to .eek the advice of the Editor.


This study explores the gender differences in the usage of mobile features and the possibilities for implementing mobile learning among undergraduate students. A total of 351 undergraduate students participated in the study. Quantitative survey method was used to analyze the data. The study is organized into two sections. Firstly, provides the data results. Secondly, describes the features that can be used for mobile learning. The information obtained from this study will provide a baseline understanding of the usage of mobile technology among territory students in Malaysia. The results reveal no significant differences among female and male students. Furthermore, the study shows how mobile features can be used as reinforcement in the learning community.


INTRODUCTION
Utilizing therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in adult patients with IBD remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to answer four clinical PICO questions.

METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central from inception to June 30, 2019. Remission was defined by the manuscripts' definitions of clinical remission. Data was analyzed using RevMan 5.3. Quality of evidence was assessed with GRADE methodology.

RESULTS
We identified and screened 3365 abstracts and 11 articles.PICO 1 Reactive vs No TDM: six studies pooled showed 57.1% (257/450) failed to achieve remission following reactive TDM versus 44.7% (268/600) in the no TDM group (RR:1.14; 95% CI 0.88-1.47).PICO 2 Proactive vs no TDM: five studies pooled showed 19.5% (75/384) failed to maintain remission in the proactive TDM group versus 33.4% (248/742) in the no TDM group (RR:0.60, 95% CI 0.35-1.04).PICO 3 Proactive vs Reactive TDM: two retrospective studies pooled showed 14.2% (26/183) failure to maintain remission in the proactive TDM group and 64.7% (119/184) in the reactive TDM group (RR:0.22; 95%CI 0.15-0.32).PICO 4 TDM (proactive/reactive) vs No TDM: we pooled ten studies showing 39.7% (332/837) failed to achieve remission in the TDM (proactive/reactive) cohort versus 40.3% (428/1063) in the no TDM cohort (RR:0.94; 95% CI 0.77-1.14).Overall, the quality of evidence in each PICO was very low using GRADE.

CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis shows that data supporting use of TDM in adults is limited and very low quality. Further well designed RCTs are needed to determine the place of TDM in clinical practice.


We have investigated the gas temperature during pulsed discharge. The gas temperature is one of the most important parameters for application of pulsed discharge in atmospheric gases. At atmospheric pressure gases, the gas temperature can be assumed equal to its rotational temperature. In the present work, the rotational temperature of the nitrogen molecules in a coaxial discharge reactor was obtained by synthesizing measured and calculated spectra. The emission spectrum was obtained from the second positive system of the nitrogen molecule due to the transition from the C3Πu state to the B3Πg state. As the result, rapidly increasing of the temperature (approximately 60 K) was observed at the boundary between the streamer and the glow-like discharge phases. In this paper, the spatial and the temporal dependences of the rotational temperature during pulsed discharge are reported.


This paper reports an algorithm to check for the invertibility of nullboundary three neighborhood cellular automata (CAs). While the best known result for checking invertibility is quadratic [1, 2], the complexity of the proposed algorithm is linear. An efficient data structure called a rule vector graph (RVG) is proposed to represent the global functionality of a cellular automaton (CA) by its rule vector (RV). The RVG of a null-boundary invertible CA preserves the specific characteristics that can be checked in linear time. These results are shown in the more general case of hybrid CAs. This paper also lists the elementary rules [3] that are invertible.


Summary. A method is presented for the standardization of Candida albicans DNA fingerprinting, which is based on Southern hybridization of EcoRI‐digested chromosomal DNA with the moderately repetitive DNA element CARE‐2 and the subsequent rehybridization of the blots with a molecular size marker also included in each DNA sample. This method resulted in extremely precise alignment of all strain‐specific CARE‐2 hybridization patterns, even when analysed on different gels, and will enhance the accuracy of genetic relationship determinations in epidemiological studies including large numbers of strains.


We have found that the use of a conventional, heated, standard 316 stainless steel or steel-braided PTFE tube reactor is a good and easily scalable alternative to the use of continuous microwave-heated reactors. The heat-up is almost as fast as with microwave heating, and the reactors can easily be scaled towards large-scale production. The transfer of the reported microwave procedure to the continuous flow method went very smoothly, and we found that we could further optimize the reaction to a catalytic procedure where only 10 mol % of DBU is needed with only 3 equiv of DMC. The reaction can be run neat in cases where the starting material is soluble in DMC as phenol is, or with a small amount of DMF (2–3 vol). The reaction is efficient for different types of phenols, giving a clean reaction in high yields.


Clock genes (CG) are responsible for adapting body to diurnal changes in environmental conditions (circadian cycles, CC). Discordances caused by changes in both environmental СС (shift work, excess light at night, or jet lag) and bodily CC, in particular due to changes in CG expression, increase the risk of cancer, the breast being the most vulnerable site. The present discussion is based on the reviews of relevant epidemiological and experimental findings, including meta-analyses, mainly published within the last five years. The conclusions related to translational medicine are, with regard to prevention, that shift work is a significant risk factor of breast cancer and, with regard to treatment, that melatonin properties make it feasible to develop regimens of its administration able to synchronize tumor and body CC so that cancer becomes most sensitive to treatment when body is least vulnerable to its side effects.


General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact email@example.com providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Short term plasticity is a highly abundant form of rapid, activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy. A shared set of mechanisms can cause both depression and enhancement of the postsynaptic response at different synapses, with important consequences for information processing. Mathematical models have been extensively used to study the mechanisms and roles of short term plasticity. This review provides an overview of existing models and their biological basis, and of their main properties. Special attention will be given to slow processes such as calcium channel inactivation and the effect of activation of presynaptic autoreceptors.


OBJECTIVE
To study the prognostic identification of lymph node negative breast carcinoma by quantitative pathologic technique.

METHODS
Several morphometrical parameters, DNA content of cell nuclei were detected by means of a quantitative pathologic technique on 102 patients with lymph node negative invasive breast duct carcinoma. The effects of potential prognostic factors of lymph node negative breast cancer patients were assessed by Cox's proportional hazards regression model.

RESULTS
DNA index, minimal diameter of nuclei, area of nuclei, maximal diameter of nuclei, and the perimeter of nuclei are important factors to influence the prognosis.

CONCLUSION
Quantitative pathologic technique combined with valid statistical methods, as an objective means of assessing prognosis, may reliably improve the outcome in lymph node negative breast cancer.


The globalization of markets and high competitiveness impose new challenges every day on companies that develop their activities in the field of logistics, e-commerce, service, and product distribution. The implementation of automated systems becomes relevant when the objective is to increase productivity, efficiency and reduce costs associated with handling, picking and overhead. The AS / RS systems (i.e., Automated Storage and Retrieval System) are automated machines able to move in the 3 coordinate axes (x, y, z), which are responsible for arranging the items in large warehouses generating a decrease in time delivery and storage. The aim of the article is to show the design of a prototype of an AS / RS (CAD) machine based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to verify the behavior before static loads according to Von Misses criteria and to guarantee the appropriate administration, storage, and extraction of each item in the warehouse, respectively. Also, it shows the use of the selection matrix that facilitates the interaction with the articles and executes the primary functions according to customer requirements. The result of this research shows the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of these systems for companies that manage high volumes of storage, limited physical space and that require an appropriate management of the elements through the help of an easy-to-implement human-machine interface (HMI) that has control over open loop.


More and more local government units (LGUs) are turning to vasectomy as an effective alternative method for couples who want to plan their families. This was revealed yesterday by Dr Jose Rodriguez chief of Management Sciences for Health (MSH) a non-government organization that touches base with LGUs wanting to improve the quality of their health services through family planning. According to Rodriguez at least 15 low-income municipalities nationwide already started their programs of giving free vasectomy operations to men. (excerpt)


We present a photochemical model describing the changes in the isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapor that result from methane oxidation and reactions with O(1D). We then compare model calculations with measurements made with the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory far-infrared spectrometer during seven balloon flights that took place between 1989 and 1997. The agreement between the model calculations and measurements establishes the validity of the model and the internal consistency of the data set. Finally, we use the model and measurements together to estimate the mixing ratio and isotopic composition of water vapor entering the stratosphere and find that the average over all flights of the water vapor mixing ratio, δD, δ18O, and δ17O are 3.48±0.15 parts per million by volume, −679±20‰, −128±31‰, and −84±31‰, respectively, where the errors indicate the estimated accuracy.


The writing tool of the invention, comprising: a) a pen body (2), the body of the pen has an ink container (7), pen (3) through to the front end of the container (2a); b) coupling a capillary , said coupling guarantees the ink transfer between the vessel (7) and the tip (3); c) and a plurality of tip support means, said abutment means provided at the front end of the pen, to support and to ensure that the capillary tip fitting coupling. Coupling capillary tip and all or part of the support means is constituted by a capillary-like, dense monolith (9,13, 14), said integral member is preferably obtained by firing a thermoplastic powder.


Multi-valued and universal binary neurons (MVN and UBN) are the neural processing elements with complex-valued weights and high functionality. It is possible to implement an arbitrary mapping, described by partially-defined multiple-valued fbnction on the single MVN, and an arbitrary mapping, described by partially-defined or full-defined Boolean function (which can be not threshold) on the single UBN. The fast-converging learning algorithms exist for both types of neurons. Such features of the MVN and UBN may be used to solve different kinds of problems. One of the most successful applications of the MVN and UBN is their use as the basic neurons in the Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) to solve image processing and image analysis problems.


The water‐soluble proteins (WSP) from 13 varieties of barley were analysed by ion‐exchange high performance liquid chromatography (IE‐HPLC) on a non‐porous anion‐exchange column. The method was rapid, allowing detection of 5 or more major protein peaks in less than 10 minutes. The combination of retention times and peak areas of the five main peaks could be used to identify barley varieties. The WSP content increased with increasing total nitrogen content. However, the amount of WSP in different barley varieties varied greatly. Malting and feed barleys did not show consistent differences in total WSP but the shape of the profile was significantly different for malting and feed varieties. Analysis of water soluble proteins could have value in research associated with crop improvement programmes and in industry variety assessment. The method is quicker and simpler than those used for the analysis of alcohol‐soluble proteins. 1995 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling


Interannual qualitative changes were found to be determined by the timing of phenological events. However, kappa coefficients indicated that the timing of phenological events exhibited relatively low year-to-year consistency. Results suggest that the methods currently used to compute AVHRR/NDVI seasonal phenological metrics may need to be modified and/or regionally calibrated. Considerable variation is probably associated with noise in the original AVHRR-NDVI dataset. Stratification by similar phenological groups could result in a better characterization of seasonal and phenological events. The changes were, however, less pronounced when NDVI values were compared among years, especially when the noise in the data was removed by principal component analysis. PCA loadings for each annual vegetation component had almost the same magnitude for every year. The magnitude of interannual variability in INDVI was not greater than 10%. The maximum variation in s2NDVI was in the order of 20%.


Objective To study the pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in rabbits.Methods The concentrations of netilmicin in serum were measured with the microbiologic method after netilmicin was injected into Japanese white rabbits through vein.Results The concentration time curves of netilmicin were fitted to the two compartment open model .The AUC,t1/2,V (c),CL(s) were 24.51±3.91mg·h·L -1 ,2.95±1.04 h, 0.32± 0.08 L·kg -1 ,0.29±0.04 L·h -1 , respectively. Conclusion The results of the study provides a theoretical basis for clinical trials.


293 girls and boys of 7-12 years living in various ecological conditions are surveyed: sleeping area of industrial city and area of storehouses of the nuclear waste products, the located large forest (II group). It is shown, that on this period of development arterial pressure authentically increases, the minute volume of blood circulation grows and its relative size an intimate index is reduced. Stability of an intimate rhythm at schoolboys raises basically due to centralization of its regulation that is shown in the tendency of increase in amplitude of a fashion, reduction of size of variation scope, increase of amplitude of a fashion and an index of vegetative balance. These processes are characteristic for children of both floors and living in researched areas.


A short-distance FMCW radar system is described which has been used to detect the presence of objects embedded in brick walls. Digital signal processing and microprocessor control are used to enhance the detection sensitivity by a subtraction process. The system has detected small air-filled cavities and metal rods in brick walls.


SummaryWhen native and microbial phytases are included in the diets of monogastric animals there is a considerableimprovement in phosphorus absorption from plant fodder, and thus, an ensuing reduction in the requirementfor phosphorus in mineral form. Phytase may significantly diminish the amount of this mineral excretedin faeces and thereby reduce environmental pollution. Additionally, when added to the diets of monogastries,it not only improves the utilization of phosphorus, calcium and other minerals from the gastro-intestinal tractbut also increases the digestibility of amino acids and fat.Keywords: phytase, animal dietsSk‡adni kFosforogolny(g)Fosforfitynowy(g)Fosfor fitynowy(% ogolnegofosforu)Aktywnoœaefitazy natywnej(PU kgŒ 1 )Strawnoœaefosforu(%)Kukurydza 2,5-3,5 1,6-2,6 61-77 0-46 17Pszenica 3,1-3,8 1,9-2,7 61-78 915-1581 44JŒczmieae 3,4-3,9 2,0-2,4 55-62 408-882 39Owies 3,3-4,0 1,6-2,8 48-78 0-108 22flyto 3,5-3,6 20-23 56-66 4132-6127 46Pszen?yto 3,5-4,0 22-28 61-70 1475-2039Groch < 183£ubin 12,5 0,5 20 < 120OtrŒby pszenne 11,4 9,2 71-76 600-5208 41Poekstr. œrutarzepakowa12,4 7,3 58 œlad 23Poekstr. œrutasojowa16,6 3,9 58-60 < 185 30


The invention relates to a method for securing a charging process of a vehicle (30) at a charging station (2), having the steps of outputting a random or pseudorandom first release code to a user on the charging-station side, releasing the charging current on the charging-station side, receiving a second release code that is inputted by a user on the charging-station side, comparing the first release code with the second release code on the charging station-side, and interrupting the charging current on the charging-station side in the event of a positive comparison result.


A marginal-cost-based methodology to determine the cost-effectiveness from four perspectives of utility load management programs is described. The results of an experiment to determine the load and energy impacts of Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Residential Air Conditioner Cycling Program are used to illustrate the methodology. The results are interpreted and their limitations discussed. In spite of some important limitations, it is concluded that the methodology provides a systematic way for utilities to assess the economic viability of a variety of load management programs.


BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Curfew due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could influence health behaviors in people, especially in children, who can easily acquire unhealthy eating habits. This study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on weight, health behaviors including eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in children aged 6–15 years in Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS/METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional online survey that included 280 children aged 6–15 years in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 curfew. The survey included questions on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, and health behaviors including eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. RESULTS We observed a significant difference in the body mass index before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (P < 0.001). Children significantly tended to skip breakfast, along with a decreased intake of dairy products and fast food (P < 0.001). Moreover, children were less physically active and significantly tended to be involved in leisure screen-based activities, including watching TV and use of computer/games (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the negative influences of the COVID-19 curfew on health behaviors, including eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in children in Saudi Arabia.


Path Dependence', i.e., the inclination of Homo Sapiens to continue with traditional methods and measures despite the existence of more effective ones, has long plagued Indian policy making. And so is the case with policies and measures relating to 'Feminization of Poverty'. This paper attempts to draw attention to the inadequacies of the existing and widely used parameters and policies that are used for the measurement, study and combat of gendered poverty while suggesting substitutes for the same. This paper is structured into three parts. Part one analyzes the flaws in the existing methods of measurement of poverty in terms of the household as the unit of analysis and argues for individualization of poverty measurement. 'Tracking the number of people in poverty, as well as those close to poverty and those who move out of or fall into poverty, reveals the success of efforts to overcome poverty. Being able to accurately measure how poverty impacts differently on women and men matters greatly.' The feminization of poverty is generally seen as an incidence of increase in the number of poor female headed households (FHH). This traditional approach is problematic. Equality of distribution within the household is not an assumption we can afford to make, especially in a patriarchal setup like India. Hence, household income may not serve as an effective tool to measure feminization of poverty as women may not have access to that income. This might lead to 'secondary poverty' amongst women in male headed households (MHH) too. The Theory of Cooperative Conflict by Amartya Sen also has a bearing on the issue at hand. Part two ponders upon the definitions of gendered poverty such as those in terms of income poverty and deprivation of material resources and points out their inadequacies. At the same time, it emphasizes on the need and merits of viewing poverty as human poverty. 'Women seem to have progressively less choice other than to assume the burden of dealing with poverty and their growing responsibilities have not been matched by a notable increase in agency or personal reward.' This has been described by Sylvia Chant, a notable researcher in this field, as the Feminization of Responsibility and Obligation and is central to our understanding of gendered poverty. Also, Amartya Sen's capability approach becomes extremely important for the comprehensive study of feminization of poverty. Causes of Women's ''poverty'' in the capability approach go beyond the lack of income to deprivation in capabilities, such as lack of education, health, and the channels to participate in economic life and in decision-making. While lately, there has been increasing sympathy for viewing poverty in terms of capability deprivation,


Abstract The repeatability (i.e., precision) of an automated sequential acid aerosol sampling system was investigated by collocating two identical systems on the roof of an air monitoring site in White Plains, New York (a suburb north of New York City) to collect 6 weeks of daily samples during August and September 1989. The variance of the resulting 41 paired samples was derived for each ion measured. The overall coefficients of variation for SO2- 4 and NH+ 4 were 7.7 percent and 13 percent, respectively, while estimates for H+ ranged from 13 percent to 19 percent. Linear regressions relating data from the paired systems resulted in high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.93) for all ions. Also, time series plots of the daily ion differences indicated no significant difference between the systems for SO2- 4, NH+ 4, and H+. Paired t-tests of the daily differences affirmed the intersystem agreement for SO2- 4 and NH+ 4; however, this test also indicated a paired difference that was statistically signifi...


Presents a number of views concerning methods to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of change implementation in organizations. Indicates that UK organizations do not consistently achieve change and improvement. Provides a list of reasons which stop organizations achieving desired improvement and asks the reader to consider which relates to their organization. Suggests a number of objectives to strengthen organizations; outlines a programme to follow to achieve them; reveals obstacles that organizations must overcome and suggests systems to reinforce strategies.


The cognitive processes that underlie effective navigation depend on diverse skills and vary significantly across the general population. Present research that explores these differences in the populace focus purely on behavioral performance. This work models previous research, aiming to detect the differences in behavioral performance in conjunction with brain imaging data from the entorhinal cortex for various navigator types. Grid cells, a group of recently discovered neurons from the entorhinal cortex, are analyzed as they potentially encode a spatial navigational metric. In this work, a virtual maze learning task was utilized in assessing the spatial navigational abilities of the subjects. A customized scoring model was developed which utilized path analysis to compute two scores—a Navigational Efficiency Score and a Learning Score— for each subject. Grid cell codes were subsequently correlated with navigational ability scores as well as a spatial ability test battery to detect differences in brain activation patterns between navigator types.