A low viscosity(50 mPa·s at 15℃) nontoxic vegetable oil selected as base oil is thickened by introducing a natural plant resin to reach required viscosity and rheologic behavior and weighted in case of necessity by adding high density materials to obtain the titled sealing fluid for coring. The basic properties and principal chemical constituents of the oil and the resin and the preparation, performance properties and effects on the properties of a commonly used water base amphiprotic polymer drilling fluid of the vegetable oil/plant resin sealing fluid are presented in comparison with that of castor oil sealing fluid. It is shown that 2.5-10.0% of these two sealing fluids introduced causes similar and slight changes in properties of the drilling fluid except that the density of the drilling fluid with the titled sealing fluid added decreases more. In practical uses the influences of a sealing fluid on drilling mud properties diminish soon after starting circulation. The vegetable oil/plant resin sealing fluid recommended might replace the cost and toxic castor oil ones in coring jobs.


SUMMARY A prospective personal experience with two different thoracotomy techniques is presented, classic thoracotomy (CT) and muscle separating thoracotomy (MST). The purpose of this study is to compare both and analyze the possible advantages of one with regards to the other. The serie is divided into two groups with 10 patients each, taken in consecutive order without regards of age, etiology or overall medical condition. No significant difference in postoperative morbidity or mortality was encountered. There was seen to be a longer postoperative hospital stay in the group who underwent a CT (p= 0,06). Pulmonary function was evaluated by means of spirometry results (FEV1, VC) preoperatively, at 15 and at 30 days surgery. A significant difference was found between the 2 groups, being the VC higher in the MST group at 30 days postoperation compared with the CT(p= 0,03). With both techniques an adecuate surgical exposure was achieved convertion not being necessary. The MST maintains the thoracic wall muscles intact especially the lattisimus dorsi muscle which is useful in convering the pleural cavity and can also act as miocutaneous graft. An added esthetic value also exists but was not analyzed in this study. We therefore suggest the use of the MST when the surgical team considers it an appropriate thoracic approach.


Algebraic geometers have been aware of this fact after [DK01] appeared, and several papers have used it consistently in the latter years (see e.g. [JK01], [BGK05]). However, it turns out that the required result is stated only in a local analytic form in [DK01], in a language which may not be easily recognizable by algebraically minded people. Therefore, we will repair here the lack of a proper reference by stating and proving the statements required for the applications to projective varieties, e.g. existence of Kähler-Einstein metrics on Fano varieties and Fano orbifolds.


This paper offers a new reading of register polarization in two types of translations (narrative and gandul/interlinear) and the tafsīr part of al-Ibrīz li-Ma'rifat Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Azīz by Kiai Bisri Musthafa. A close reading of the narrative translation and the tafsīr requires the identification of every word comprising the speech to identify the speech register. In order to recognize the register of thegandul/interlinear translation, one must put into one's perspective the tripartite components and properly put them into consideration. Bearing this in mind, I found that Kiai Bisri uses the register of ngoko lugu to address the audience in both parts of the narrative translation and tafsīr. In the gandul translation, one can barely identify the moment in which Kiai Bisri addresses the audience. However, I found that the very register of ngoko lugu is not exclusively exhausting the spaces. In many places the register of krama and krama inggil heavily flavor the dough. This polarization implies that the author-audience relationship is more likely that of the kiai-santri in the Islamic science class (pedagogical) instead of the kiai-congregation in the pengajian (public religious teaching, thus da'wa).


Punicalagin,the main ingredient of polyphenol from pomegranate peel,has received great attention due to its remarkable bioactivities,such as antioxidant,anticancer,anti-microbial,antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities.The researches progress about punicalagin,including the structural characteristic,extraction and separation methods,content determination,biological activity of punicalagin and the mechanism,were analyzed and summarized in order to provide some theoretical bases for the development and application of punicalagin.


Background Medication errors are an emerging problem in various hospital settings, especially in neonates. A study conducted in the neonatal care unit of a tertiary institute in Kolkata as baseline over 3 months, revealed total error to be around 71.1/100 prescriptions (median medication error percentage: 63%). Purpose To assess the occurrences of medication errors and determine efficacy of Point-of-Care Quality improvement (POCQI) model in reducing the same from baseline 63% to less than 10%, in the above setting within next 9 months. Materials and methods This quality improvement initiative of quasi-experimental design comprised randomly selected prescriptions and monitoring sheets of neonates admitted in the neonatal care unit, obeying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Medication errors were assessed and categorised using a predesigned and pretested checklist. Interventions were planned after forming a quality improvement team in four plan–do–study–act (PDSA) cycles spanning over 6 weeks each (including training of doctors and nurses, signature and countersignatures of respective healthcare personnel, computer-generated prescriptions and newly designed software-generated prescriptions) as per POCQI model of the WHO and results in post-intervention phase (3 months) were compared. Results A total of 552 prescriptions and monitoring sheets of 124 neonates were studied. Median medication error percentages in first, second, third and fourth PDSA cycle were, respectively, 48%, 42%, 30% and 14%. Total error reduced to 10.4/100 prescriptions (p<0.005), with significant reduction in erred dosage, timing, interval, preparation and rate of infusion of drugs in prescriptions of the post-intervention phase. Conclusion Implementation of change ideas via PDSA cycles, as per the POCQI model with technological aid, significantly decreased the percentage of medication errors in neonates, which was also sustained in the post-intervention phase and facilitated error-free prescriptions.


The section explains the details of W-MCA used for "upwrite" and "down-write" operations. We built W-MCA by extending the window based multi-head self-attention (WMSA) [17] with a minor modification. We first explain WMSA and then the modifications for our W-MCA. Window based multi-head self-attention [17]. Given an input X with a size (H ×W ×D), the W-MSA computes self-attention as follows:


The present study aimed to compare cognitive failur es and metacognitive strategies of thought control in normal individuals and addicts. To this end, 244 patients including 122 patients referred to clinics for drug abuse treatment, as well as 122 matched normal individual as control group were selected through convenience sampling m ethod. The subjects were interviewed and completed the Cog nitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and Metacogniti ve strategies of thought control Questionnaire (TCQ). Results of the statistical analysis (descriptive statistics, Independent t-test, MANOVA Regression analysis) sh owed that there were statistically significant diff erences between the components of the cognitive failures in addicts and normal individuals. Furthermore, the l evel of cognitive failures for addicts was higher than that of normal people. In addition, components of metac ognitive strategies of thought control for addicts were less than those for normal individuals and this differe nce was significant. Moreover, metacognitive control strate gies explained 14% of variance of cognitive failure s of addicts. It seems that metacognitive strategies of thought cont rol have a key role in orientation and continuation of addictive behaviors in addicts via accelerating cognitive fai lures.


The compact bound state consisting of a bottom and anti-bottom quark pair interacting via the strong nuclear force is called "bottomonium." A wealth of long-lived bottomonium states can be both experimentally produced and theoretically described, providing a unique tool to probe calculation techniques with experiment. Bottomonia with total angular momentum J = 1 and orbital angular momentum L = 0 at a variety of radial excitations n – called Υ(nS) – can be produced at electron-positron colliders. The BABAR experiment, located at the interaction point of such a collider (the PEP-II storage ring), has observed 122 million Υ(3S) and 100 million Υ(2S) decays. Some of these involve a transition to the bottomonium state χbJ (nP) (L = 1 and J = (0, 1, 2)), emitting a photon, with subsequent transition to a lower Υ(nS), also emitting a photon. The final Υ(nS) can be identified through a decay to two muons. The dependence of the branching fractions and photon energies in this process on the spin state of the intermediate χbJ (nP) is a key test of phenomenological models. To this end, this dissertation contains a nearly comprehensive study of these transitions with an emphasis on experimentally optimal discrimination between variousmore » models. This focus spurs innovative techniques that complement a large array of physics results, both presented in detail herein.« less


Ring cavities have led to enhanced performance in many types of lasers. We are investigating circularcavity semiconductor ring lasers both to understand the behavior of this new class of diode lasers, and to develop new and unique types of direct-waveguide-coupled laser sources for photonic integrated circuits.


Objective To analyze the relationship between survival of allografts and CD134 expression of infiltrating cells.Methods A simplified heterotopic rat heart transplantation model was established,and CD45mAb(1 mg/kg) was intravenously injected or associated with donor splenocytes(1×109 cells/100 g).The transplanted heart harvested and the expression of CD134 in infiltrating cells was performed.Results In normal rat heart,few CD134+ cells could be found.The allografts in CD45mAb or associated donor splenocyte groups had significantly lower CD134+ expression than those treated with splenocytes and no therapy groups.Conclusion These findings suggest that rejection is positively correlated with CD134+ cells.


Exemplar-based methods have shown their potential in synthesizing novel but visually plausible contents for image super-resolution (SR), by using the implicit knowledge conveyed by the exemplar database. In practice, however, it is common that unwanted artifacts and low quality results are produced due to the using of inappropriate exemplars. How are the "right" exemplars defined and identified? This fundamental issue has not be well addressed in these methods. This paper proposes a novel solution to this issue by learning a new distance metric in the LR space, such that affinity structure of the LR space under the new metric is as close to that of the HR space. Based on this learned best metric, appropriate exemplars can be identified. In addition, the proposed method is able to automatically determine the appropriate number of exemplars to use. Extensive experiments have shown that our method is able to handle regions with different properties and to obtain visually appealing super-resolution results with sharp details and smooth edges.


(57) Abstract: The present invention relates to inserts for dental canal comprising means for anatomically and physiologically filling root canal (1). Filling means includes a core member (10) with a resilient composed of the polymerizable synthetic material. Core (10), the resin is placed in pre-impregnated been one or more sleeves (14, 15) in made of a synthetic material. These are to provide the deformability and flexibility insert during its introduction before and introduction into the root canal (1) in, in a first pasty state prior to polymerization. The material is obtained is polymerized optionally during the crosslinking means, the second polymerization condition after the insert has been inserted into the tube. The upper portion of the insert that emerges from the root canal (1) (17) may advantageously be used as a post or pivot for rebuilding portions of the coronary. Thus, the same material is used for the reinforcement for and the teeth of the remaining structure of the filling of the root canal. Obstruction and anchors pivot tube is made of the same material.


Ship is the oldest transportation tools in the world. Compared to others transportation tools ships need the longest time to get to their destination. Because this reason by the time ship is completed with others function, such as recreation facilities. When the passengers are on the sea they need facilities that can accommodate their needs. Design method that is used in this design proggres are plan, design, develop, and deploy. Concept for this ship's design is Inforgettable. This concept concern on giving the passengers unforgettable trip. This concept is presented with Papua culture theme. So it can introduce Indonesian traditional culture which isn't well known. Combine the Papua culture theme and presented in modern way make post-modern stlye. Final result for this interior design is maquette with 1:50 scale.


Elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca~(++)]i) is a critical early event in the pro-cesses of cell ativation and proliferation. A method to measure the changes of [Ca~(++)]i with FACSis reported. Fluo-3 is a fluorescence dye, whose fluorescence intensity increases 40 folds afterbinding with free Ca~(++). Changes of [Ca~(++)]i, therefor, can be detected by the analysis of fluores-cence intensity of a single cell. The status of cell activation can be demonstrated through elevated [Ca~(++)]i in relative responding cells. The appropriate conditions chosen for doing this assay are al-so described. Typical [Ca~(++)]i mobilization was observed when the Fluo-3-Sfained Cells werestimulated with ConA. Different activation patterns from T lymphocytes and non-T cells wereshowen using Rhodamin-labelled anti-Thyl. monoclonal antibodies.


Light-weight steel portal frames were tested under vertical and cyclically horizontal loads,where the maximal width-to-thickness ratios of web reached 94.05,exceeding the limitation by current code of 'Code for seismic design of buildings'(GB 50011—2001).In the tests,the deformation concentrated in the beam segment nearby the beam-column connections and beam-to-beam connections,and at the same place local buckling appeared which led to the final failure of frames.Based on the experimental load-displacement curves the ductility factor was computed as 3.09,indicating that the deformability of frames was fine.Finite element analysis was carried out considering monotonic and cyclic loads.By comparing with tests results,the validity of finite element analysis was proved.Furthermore the seismic capacity of this type of frame was analyzed.The results indicate that the frames fail when local buckling occurs at several segments so that a hinge like mechanism forms,and the limitation of horizontal displacement may not be so strict as the current code if the frame is only subjected low gravity loads.The concept of unit energy efficiency ratio,defined as the ratio of frame energy absorption to steel consumption,is proposed to estimate the seismic capacity and design rationality.


Before broaching the main topic of this study, there seem to me to be two general issues involving terms in the title which need to be addressed: The one concerns nomenclature, the other the question of genres. A certain vagueness colors most attempts at definition of the term "novella," something which seems the result of both the way in which the term has developed and the considerable differences of opinion among critics. Thus the Oxford English Dictionary seems to reflect the relatively recent interest in the genre in the English-speaking world by not including the word at all in the main part of the dictionary and by defining it in the Supplement as "a short novel (as in the stories of Boccaccio's Decameron)." As Howard Nemerov points out, however, "the term 'short novel' is descriptive only in the way that the term 'Middle Ages' is descriptive—that is, not at all, except with regard to the territory on either side." The index to the English translation of Todorov's Poetics of Prose lists: Novella, see Tale. Such entries as these do at least convey to us the notion that the novella operates somewhere along a fictional spectrum, the two poles of which are the novel and the short story, but that is all.


With a stochastic model based on self-avoiding walk of multi walkers, free radical polymerization in a confined system is numerically investigated. As a reaction field, we consider not a confined l...


ABSTRACT Soil acidity is one of the most important factors limiting crop production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of limestone application on the soil chemical properties, nutrition and yield of mango plants in an orchard under implementation. The design was randomized blocks, with five limestone doses (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8 t ha−1) and four replications. Soil chemical analyses were performed (at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after the experiment implementation) in the layers 0–20; 20–40 and 40–60 cm deep. Nutrition status and yield were assessed during the first and second crop seasons. The highest fruit yield was associated with the application of 3.9 and 3.8 t ha−1 of limestone in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons, respectively, that is, the dose recommended by the literature for raising base saturation to 80%, as a function of the fertility conditions of the soil initially obtained.


Thiophosphates of zinc and molybdenum have been used in lubricant formulations to impart extreme pressure and anti‐wear properties for some time. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate has found favour in greases as a multifunctional ‐ antioxidant, extreme pressure and antiwear ‐ additive.


BiVO4/NiFe was synthesized on Ni foam by simple hydrothermal method and successive ion layer absorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The BiVO4/NiFe electrode was used as photoanode for photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation...


Monoclonal antibodies against the corn stunt spiroplasma were produced by fusing NS-1/1-Ag4-1 murine myeloma cells with splenic cells from mice immunized with corn stunt spiroplasma (I-747). Isotypes of these monoclonal antibodies have been determined to be IgG1 or IgG2a subclass by the Ouchterlony double diffusion method using class and subclass specific antibodies for mouse IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgM. Antibody titers for both hybridoma culture supernatants and ascitic fluids were determined with indirect biotinylated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and they ranged from 800 to 3200, and 312 500 to 7 812 400, respectively. In serological specificity studies, with indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 32 spiroplasma strains belonging to 19 different serogroups were tested using both corn stunt spiroplasma monoclonal antibodies and conventionally produced polyclonal antibodies. Corn stunt spiroplasma specific monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically with any of the three corn stunt spiropla...


In both theoretical and applied mechanics, the modeling of nonlinear constitutive relations of materials is a topic of prime importance. To properly formulate consistent constitutive laws some restrictions need to be imposed on tensor functions. To that aim, representations theorems for both isotropic and anisotropic functions have been extensively investigated since the middle of the 20th century. Nevertheless, in three-dimensional physical space, most of the results are restricted to sets of tensors up to second-order. The purpose of the present paper is thus to get one step further and to provide an integrity basis for isotropic polynomial functions of a completely symmetric third-order tensor. We exploit the link between the O(3)-action on harmonic tensors and the SL (2,C)-action on the space of binary forms to explicitly construct this basis. We believe that such an integrity basis may found interesting applications both in continuum mechanics and in other fields of theoretical physics.


A display device includes a display panel including pixels, a timing control outputting a second image signal and receiving a first image signal including a left eye image signal and a right eye image signal, and an image display control part allowing the second image signal from the timing controller to be displayed on the display panel. The timing controller successively outputs the first left eye signal of a first frame and a first right image signal as the second image signal, and successively outputs the second right eye signal of a second frame and a second left image signal as the second image signal. [Reference numerals] (120) Scaler; (130) Timing controller; (140) Data driver; (150) Gate driver; (160) Backlight unit


Abstract A combination of TLC and HPLC was used to separate a natural mixture of anthracyclinones /daunomycinone, 7-deoxydaunomycinone, 7-deoxy-13-dihydrodaunomycinone, 13-dihydrodaunomycinone, carminomycinone, 13-dihydrocarminomycinone, "bisanhydrocarminomycinone" and e-rhodomycinone/. The method is suitable for routine analysis of anthracyclinones in the course of their biosynthesis in production cultures and during in vitro biotransformations.


The poet Aratus is seated, Urania stands at his left and points to the sky. The image is the frontispiece of John Bonnycastle's 'An Introduction to Astronomy' 7th edn. 1816. Drawn by Henry Fuseli, engraved by John Keyse Sherwin, published by J. Robinson of London.


According by the characteristic of unite logic functions,this paper introduces a method of complement sets about multi-input multi-output unate logic functions.It describes original functions by character matrix and state vector,forms control matrix of multi-output functions according by choice least row-cover,and creates single-output unite logic complement sets by control matrix and state vector of complement sets.We design complement sets software of multi-input multi-output unate logic functions.It accomplishes running and testing on computer of Pentium 1.8GHz,512MBRA and overpasses check-up of checking program.The results are correct for complement sets of original functions.


A methodology is proposed in this document for the forecasting of traffic-safety performance measures as required by the Moving Ahead Progress in 21st Century (MAP-21) act. Deterministic and stochastic models were developed using four independent and univariate time series from the crash data collected by the Nevada Department of Transportation. These models were implemented in R and the corresponding results are provided. The best model specification was obtained using root mean square error and mean absolute percent prediction error as goodness of fit. Among several deterministic models evaluated in this study, the Winter-additive model for seasonal data and the Damped-trend model for non-seasonal data provided adequate forecasts. In the case of stochastic models, for non-seasonal data, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model provided acceptable results. However, the absence of adequate data likely precludes an appropriate estimation using the ARIMA model. For seasonal data, a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model provided the best forecast measures. The stochastic SARIMA model, an improved model, had a preferred fit for predicting the number of fatalities and serious injuries in Nevada over a five-year horizon. The SARIMA model could be an appropriate statistical model to predict fatalities and serious injuries as required by MAP-21.


Analysis of dynamic IGFET flip-flop charge sensors shows that the optimum latching waveform is an initial voltage step followed by a ramp of gradually increasing slope. Latchup time is approximately inversely proportional to the initial voltage imbalance. Capacitive coupling between the two sides of the flip-flop generates a voltage excursion of the off-side even when there is no off-side conduction. With a 10-V latching ramp, the off-side is no off-side conduction. With a 10-V latching ramp, the off-side voltage excursion is typically about 2 V, and full latchup is attained in about 75 ns for an initial imbalance of 0.5 V. If a small off-side conduction is allowed, then latchup time can be reduced by a factor of two or more. The penalty is a few tenths of a volt added excursion of the off-side voltage. Computer circuit simulations were used to verify the analytic derivations.


The Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) method is becoming a key complementary technology for enabling lithographic pattern feature shrinkage. Recent DSA technology has developed remarkable improvements in many aspects of materials and process. Polystyreneb-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer (BCP) is a typical material used in DSA, but more advanced materials are required for achieving patterning less than 10 nm in size. High-χ block copolymers are being researched as next generation PS-b-PMMA material successors. Polymers with high-χ produce smaller pattern sizes than PS-b-PMMA. However, doing DSA with these high-χ materials requires a special method to separate one phase of BCP – such as phase separation in solvent. We have done further research to improve high-χ materials to enable better DSA technology. Here we report 8.4 nm half-pitch line patterns were formed with our high-χ block co-polymer, annealing under air. DSA is a candidate for next generation lithography. However, DSA materials are not used alone. DSA materials are always used with guide pattern to "direct" self assembly materials. Currently ArF resist is well studied as guide pattern. ArF resist is extended to use further generation, but the required resolution level is already severe for 193nm patterning. Employment of blend DSA could improve the ArF pattern profile.


The invention relates to a self-focusing preprocessing method based on a short-time fractional order Fourier domain filter, which belongs to the field of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) extracting a phase error signal of a single special showing point; (2) judging whether the phases of the phase error signal mainly are quadratic phase or not; (3) filtering noise in a transform domain: if the phases mainly are quadratic phases, using short-time fractional order Fourier domain filter; otherwise, using short-time Fourier domain filter; and (4) inversely transforming result time frequency to a time domain, estimating and compensating the phase error and realizing self-focusing preprocessing. The method effectively solves the problems of estimation and compensation of the phase error in a low-signal-to-noise ratio environment, especially the estimation and compensation of the quadratic phase error, and can obtain the main part of a phase error course and greatly improve the imaging quality after removing the phase error course from an original signal, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio of a special showing point signal.


Recent research has attempted to explain wide ecological divisions among women in terms of their different life styles and their subjective commitment to them. Special attention has been given to the potential effects of womens work and family life on their attitudes. This paper uses a large representative sample of American women to systematically evaluate these explanations for the 1st time. The evidence suggests that various aspects of womens family and work life do have consistent effects on womens support of a range of feminist goals but the effects are smaller than several previous studies suggested. The analysis also suggests that the relative importance of these factors may be increasing and that work and family differences may become important lines of political cleavage in the future. (authors)


: The activity view of English learning is an English teaching concept proposed under the background of educational reform, which has a positive effect on junior high school English learning. Based on a clear understanding of the requirements of the new English curriculum and the role of the English learning activity perspective, the implementation principles and methods of the English learning activity perspective in junior high school English teaching are proposed.


The invention provides a graphite paint used for casting a titanium and a titanium alloy. The key point is that the invention is prepared by the uniform fixing of a fireproof aggregate powder of 28-70wt%, an adhesive of 29-70wt%, a surfactant of 0-2wt% and an antifoam agent of 0-1wt% according to the weight percentage. The fireproof aggregate powder consists of at least one of a yttria powder, a yttrium rare earth oxide powder and a zirconia powder; the granularity of the fireproof material powder is less than 0.053mm; the adhesive is a zirconium acetate solution with the consistency of 30-40wt%; the surfactant is a JFC; the antifoam agent is a normal butanol. The invention has the advantages that: (1) the filling capability of titanium liquid is effectively improved, and the defects such as pouring shortage, cold shut, cracks, etc. which are caused by the chilling of graphite is reduced; (2) the surface finish of casting is obviously improved, (3) the thermal stability is high, the thickness of the pollution layer of the casting is obviously lower than that of the normal machine-made type; (4) the withdrawing capability of the graphite mold in the solidification process can be improved, and the blocking function of the mold can be reduced when the casting is contracted; (5) the mold is easy to be removed.


The present invention is a charge amount of the battery cell to be related to the power saving method for a mobile communication terminal for extending the standby time of the battery is temporarily turned off (off) the additional functionality that is not directly required for the transmission and reception is less than a predetermined value. The process of the power saving method for a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention set the operation conditions of the add-with; The process of detecting the state satisfying the drive conditions and; When the driving condition is met, the process of calculating the amount of charge of the battery cells; By comparing the calculated amount of charge and a reference charge quantity, it consists of a process for controlling the driving operation of the add-on.


Introduction: Body mass index BMI is a risk factor that influences semen quality and reduces male fertility. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on semen parameters in infertile men. Subject and method: A total of 446 infertile men, the study population was divided into four groups depending on their BMI , underweight (<18.5 kg/), normal weight (18.5-24.99 kg/m2 ), overweight 25-29.99 kg/m2), and obese >30.0 kg/.semen parameters (PH, volume, concentration ,total semen count ,vitality, morphology and motility ) were compared across the four BMI groups. Results: The mean of age was 41.91±6.39, the mean infertility duration was 4.92±3.28, 351(78.7٪) had primary infertility and 95(21.3٪) had secondary infertility. The mean BMI was 29.38± 4.85 and the most of patients 45.2٪ were obese. Conclusion: This study has found evidence of an association between BMI and semen parameters (Sperm concentration, Total sperm count, motility, and vitality) and no correlation between Semen volume, morphology and BMI.


The Magellan Infrared Multi-object Spectrograph (MIRMOS) is a near-infrared (NIR) spectrograph with both multi-object (MOS) and integral field unit (IFU) capabilities designed for the Magellan 6.5-meter telescopes. MIRMOS's design is optimized for both faint-object spectroscopy, and with the insertion of a diffuser, for ultra-high-signal-to-noise transmission spectroscopy of exoplanet atmospheres. To maximize MIRMOS's scientific returns, it has an instantaneous wavelength range from 0.89-2.4 µm with a spectral resolution >3, 400 in the Y, J, H, and K bands. The front end switches between a mechanical slit mask robot capable of deploying 92 slits over a 13′ × 3 ′ field, and an image slicer IFU with a wide field of 26′′ × 20′′. In this proceeding, we will describe the current state of the instrument, with a focus on its optical design.


Submitted for the MAR10 Meeting of The American Physical Society Electronic properties of graphene antidot lattices VLADIMIR M. STOJANOVIC, University of Basel, Switzerland, MIHAJLO VANEVIC, TU Delft, The Netherlands, NENAD VUKMIROVIC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARKUS KINDERMANN, Georgia Institute of Technology — We study graphene antidot lattices – superlattices made by perforating voids in a graphene sheet. We show that, due to their bipartite structure, such lattices display zeroenergy flat bands . We also find quasi-flat bands at low energies resulting from the presence of lattice-scale defects in the system and argue that the ensuing localized electron states compete with the states induced by the superlattice-scale defects that have been proposed as hosts for electron-spin qubits. For representative antidot lattices, we predict the real-space electron density profiles due to both flat and quasi-flat bands. We also investigate the effect of phonons in antidot lattices using a model that accounts for the phonon-modulation of the hopping integrals. Based on the adopted model, we quantify the nature of charge carriers by computing the conduction-band quasiparticle weight due to the electron-phonon coupling. We find a strong phonon-induced renormalization, which provides an indication of polaronic behavior and points to the necessity of taking into account the inelastic degrees of freedom in future studies of graphene antidot lattices. Vladimir Stojanovic University of Basel Date submitted: 12 Nov 2009 Electronic form version 1.4


In this review essay, the author analyzes the theory of statutory interpretations set forth in Justice Steven Breyer's Active Liberty (2005). The author categorizes Justice Breyer's theory - the reasonable legislator criterion - as a brand of purposivism, and contrasts this mode of statutory interpretation with textualism. Under Justice Breyer's interpretive theory, judges should be free to take into account, in doubtful cases, the purpose of a statute, and to interpret the provisions of that statute in a manner both consistent with the statute's purpose and with the expectations of the fictitious reasonable legislator. The author then analyzes three recent United States Supreme Court cases (Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson, Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, and Duncan v. Walker), each of which is presented in Active Liberty as an example of the superiority of purposivism to other modes of interpretation. In contract to Justice Breyer's conclusions, the author demonstrates how the textualist method would produce, in each of these cases, a result superior to that provided by purposivism. Further, the author establishes that even Justice Breyer's purposivism cannot reliably identify a statute's purpose. Having debunked Justice Breyer's reasonable legislator criterion, the author advances his own interpretive theory - Blackstone Variant Textualism (BVT) - based upon principles expounded in the work of Sir William Blackstone. Each of the aforementioned Supreme Court cases is then analyzed according to BVT, and these results are compared with those produced by Justice Breyer's analysis. The author concludes that the fundamental distinction between Justice Breyer's approach and BVT lies in how one views the judiciary's role. Should the judge be a creative interpreter or the legislature's faithful agent? The answer to this question determines in large measure which theory of statutory interpretation one will adopt.


First and foremost, comes its adaptation of the Liberal Arts style which allows students to have a varied range of knowledge which eventually helps the students better adapt them in the job market in the long run. Other than the regular literature and linguistics subjects, students might opt for many different courses ranging from Business, Law, Economics and even Computer Science courses. As a result, students can get a wide exposure to different fields and thus not limit themselves to Literature and Language only.


For and half year old plants of coffee Arabica were compared from August to December growing under full sun and of partial shade conditions. The plants presented significant differences in terms of growth and biochemical traits. The use of nitrogen fertilizer in October had no effect on the concentration of chlorophyll measured by the SPAD chlorophyll meter. Total chlorophyll was not significantly altered until the month 11, except for the plants under full sun (leaves of the third superior had only one major synthesis in the month 9). At the month 12 one observed an increase on the rates of chlorophyll in all treatments. The leaves of plants growing under natural shade conditions presented higher dry weight when compared with full sun ones. The contents of total protein decreased abruptly from the month 10 in all analyzed plants, in a period coincidend with the start of filling up of the grains. One observed increases on the contents of starch after the month 10 (except for, the leaves of the third inferior from the plants growing on full sun), decreasing after this period dueto the filling up of the grains. It was also observed a synthesis of reducing sugars on the start of the observation period, but decreasing in function of the start of filling up the grains. Period we had one gradual increase in falling raing and in sun radiation. There was no significant effect concerning the site of leaves (upper third x lower third) on the analyzed traits.


Le Registre d'Hubert is the only known document concerning Molière and his theater which has not yet been the subject of the most careful study. It is the book of accounts kept by the treasurer of the Palais Royal theater for 1672–73, preserved in the archives of the Comédie-Française since its foundation. I have been able to make a leisurely examination of this Registre, and I am presenting in this place all the items found in Hubert's records that are of interest to the historian of the French stage.


527 Background: Colorectal cancer patients may be at risk for late effects after treatment, the impact of which may difficult to evaluate using conventional methods. Here, we described patient reported outcomes after CRC, as well as use of survivorship care plans. Methods: Patient-reported data were gathered via a convenience sample frame from CRC survivors voluntarily utilizing a publically available, free, Internet-based tool for creation of survivorship care plans. Available at www.livestrongcareplan.com and through the OncoLinkwebsite, the tool allows survivors to enter data regarding diagnosis, demographics, and treatments, and provides customized guidelines for future care. During use of the tool, CRC survivors are queried regarding late effects associated with specific treatments, and asked to answer "yes," "no," or "I don't know." They are also asked to score GI toxicity using WHO criteria. All data have been maintained with IRB approval. Results: 657 CRC survivors utilized the care plan and answe...


Results of single and double station observations  of  meteors  using  TV  CCD  techniques  which were  conducted  in  2013-2016  in  Mykolaiv  astronomical observatory (RI MAO) are shown in the article.


The application of computer in P.E.management at school is an effective means to improve the working efficiency and management quality,which symbolizes the development of the P.E.management at school towards the direction of scientificalness,standardization and automation.Based on large amount of practice,the computer assisted P.E.management at school is analyzed and summarized applying the methods of statistics and investigation and so on to provide certain reference for the scientific and effective management of the P.E.managers of the school.


Apparatus for parallel or sequential detection of aberrations and flare characteristics of an optical system comprising a point light source (Q2), an optical transmission system (US) having at least one detection unit (DET) and a control and evaluation unit, characterized in that the optical transmission system (US) having at least one reflective or transmissive variable to structuring element (SE) in a to the point light source (Q2) conjugate plane, wherein the variable to structuring element (SE) in the evaluating (TS a, TS B) is arranged.


Electrical steel sheets (ESS) play an important role in the magnetic circuit core design of electrical machines. One of the most obvious parameters of these machines is their efficiency which depends mainly on total core loss. Hence, it depends on the ESS quality which is graded according to specific total loss (PS). Several years ago PS was measured at peak magnetic flux density equal to 1.0 T, later at 1.5 T, and presently the value of 1.7 T is used for classification. This increase from 1.0 to 1.7 T results from both material and instrumentation improvements. According to present knowledge, the PS of ESS consists of three components: a hysteresis loss component and both classical and additional eddy current loss components. It was found that all three components are dependent on anisotropy, i.e. the degree of Goss texture. These dependencies, however, show different trends as the magnetic flux density increases. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution to a better understanding of specific total loss in ESS with different degrees of Goss texture.


The invention relates to a preparation method of a silver nanoring. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: adopting a high-temperature stirring heating method, taking ethylene glycol as a solvent and reducing agent, taking polyvinylpyrrolidone as a surface protectant, and performing centrifugal cleaning on a reaction product to obtain a silver nanoring solution, wherein the prepared silver nanoring has a perfect circular and smooth surface and an oval section, the diameter of the ring is of 4-20mu m, the line thickness of the section of the ring is 50-200nm, and the whole silver nanoring is of a secondary twin structure. The method has the characteristics of simple process and low cost, the prepared silver nanoring has a smooth surface and an excellent crystal structure, and the silver nanoring can be used in the fields of optical nano-cavities, nano-photoelectric devices and the like.


Voriconazole, a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal medication used for fungal infection treatment and prophylaxis in immunocompromised hosts, has recently been shown to induce photosensitivity. Several reports suggest that prolonged voriconazole exposure is associated with development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) whose incidence may be dose dependent in organ transplant recipients (OTRs). The association between cSCC in solid OTRs and voriconazole is now established. The authors present the first case, to our knowledge, of multiple voriconazole-induced aggressive cSCCs in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).


Transformational processes in the Russian society of the end of XX the beginnings of the XXI century are considered. Scientific-theoretical and administrative approaches to ensuring information security are analyzed. Possibility of use of the empirical sociological analysis allowing to carry out monitoring of a condition of a problem of information security is especially allocated.


Facilitated by Wendy Child of Campbell Communications, each group brought together 10-15 association members and focused on the kinds of initiatives needed to support political scientists in the next century. Each group expressed concern about the growing need for assistance to graduate students and faculty at less endowed institutions. Participants also called for continued APSA participation in the fight against cuts to education funding. Campbell Communications' report on the discussion groups will be used to direct APSA's resources where they are most needed and develop goals and strategies for the association's Centennial Campaign.


Provided a polymer resin binder of an ink-jet ink for a color filter which improves the dispersion and dispersion stability of a pigment in an ink, a pigment dispersion solution of an ink-jet ink for a color filter containing the binder, and an ink-jet ink for a color filter using the pigment dispersion solution. The polymer resin binder is prepared by polymerizing a plurality of functional monomers and comprises an amine-based organic material represented by [N-Hx-Ry], wherein R is a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C10 alkoxy group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C6-C10 aryloxy group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C7-C40 alkylaryl group, a C7-C40 arylalkyl group, a C8-C40 arylalkenyl group, or a C2-C10 alkynyl group; x is 0-2; y is 1-3; and x+y is 3. Preferably the functional monomer comprises styrene or benzyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid, acrylic acid or acrylamide.


This paper analyzes the history and consequences of two large scale hydroelectric projects in Amazonian Brazil. The argument makes three points. First, environmental impacts of such projects are inseparable from issues of human rights, regional economic development, and social justice. The implication of this view is that "another" development, something quite different from the industrial ideal of "modernization", is necessary in Amazonia and elsewere. Second, analytical fragmentation of problems into specialist concerns with such topics as "ecology" (often only meaning wildlife), "environment" (often concerned only with soil erosion and regional climate), and "human rights" (sometimes only focusing on the rights of indigenous people, not small farmer migrants tempted to settle in such areas) is mirrored by a fragmented, and therefore weak, resistance to hydroelectric development. The paper traces the early signs of a more unified resistance movement capable of overcoming these special interests and fragmentation. Third, the paper provides data on an economic monstrosity. The Balbina dam was begun in 1981, had cost $ 700 million by 1988, will not be viable without another $ 700 million of design correction, and even then will not provide enough electricity for Manaus city: this is a monument to an apparent inability to learn from history.


Dental caries is a clinical challenge, especially in young
children [1]. In fact, it is the commonest chronic infectious disease...


This research protocol for determining the prevalence of breast-feeding in three regions of Nicaragua describes a study intended to provide current information for use as a baseline for evaluating the National Plan for Promotion and Maintenance of Breast Feeding orienting resource allocation and guiding contents of IEC programs. The report begins with a review of the benefits of breast-feeding the actions of previous campaigns to promote breast-feeding and results of the few available recent studies of breast-feeding in Nicaragua. The objectives of the study are to determine the prevalence of breast-feeding in infants under 1 year in regions 2 3 and 4 which contain around 60% of the national population. The prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding in infants under 4 months and of mixed breast-feeding in children under 1 year and their relation to rural or urban residence; maternal age occupation and education; and place of birth (home or institution) will be assessed. The study is to have a descriptive cross-sectional character with a sample size of 3807. The information is to be collected on previously designed and validated questionnaires by regional health personnel. Procedures for data processing training the pilot study and logistics are outlined. Data collection is projected to occur in October 1990.


5525 In the paper [1], Xu et al. evaluate a version of 2:1 minimization through simulations. Although this critical feature of the randomization procedure they use is not mentioned explicitly in the paper, based on the supplemental materials, the version of minimization they evaluate does not preserve the unconditional allocation ratio at every step. Specifically, similar to the version of minimization in Proschan et al. [2], the unconditional allocation ratio is not 2:1 for all subjects, but varies depending on the order of the enrollment. Every sequence of covariates of the 30 subjects enrolled in the study gives rise to its own sequence of 30 unconditional allocation ratios. The authors show through simulations that as the pre-specified probability p of allocating the treatment that results in smaller imbalance increases from 0.7 to 0.95, the power of the re-randomization test is considerably reduced (Figure 1 in [1]). The variations in the allocation ratio present a problem [2–5], as the paper clearly illustrates. As was discovered by Proschan et al. for a similar version of minimization [2], the distribution of the re-randomization test statistics is shifted away from 0, lowering the power of the randomization test. As was explained by Kuznetsova and Tymofyeyev [3], in Proschan et al. examples higher probability of the allocation of the preferred treatment (such as p=0.95 vs. p=0.7) results in greater amplitude of the variations in the allocation ratio, which, in turn, results in larger expected shift of the re-randomization distribution and lower power of the re-randomization test. Similarly, the reason for the observed reduction in power with p=0.95 vs. p=0.7 with the procedure studied in [1] is the increased variations in the unconditional allocation ratio. There is no reduction in power for versions of 2:1 minimization that preserve the allocation ratio at every allocation (an Allocation Ratio Preserving, or ARP minimization, [3]). With ARP minimization described in [3], the simulations under the conditions in [1] demonstrate no reduction in power of the re-randomization test with fixed order of enrollment when high probability of the allocation of the preferred treatment is used. Specifically, for the re-randomization test based on the Cox's regression with the treatment effect of 1.75 considered by authors [1], the estimated power is 0.929 and 0.926 when the probability of the allocation of a non-preferred treatment is 0.1 and 0.3, respectively. The power numbers corresponding to the effect of 1.25 are 0.709 and 0.715, respectively. Similarly, for the re-randomization test based on the stratified log-rank test, the respective power estimates are 0.949 and 0.942 for the treatment effect of 1.75 and 0.752 and 0.749 for the treatment effect of 1.25. Therefore, the authors' recommendation to use relatively low probability of the allocation of the preferred treatment (0.7) with minimization based on power considerations is not applicable to ARP minimization. The variations in the unconditional allocation ratio result in a wide range of problems [2–5] – they can lead to biased results when confounded with a time trend, provide potential for selection and evaluation


In respects of structural model,control principle,loading analysis in work and capacity analysis of jack-up power,this article describes the design philosophy of self-rising platform on the sea in detail and an- alyzes its load fluctuation.The control system of Victory on the first chooses to use each leg 9 set electric mo- tors which makes to move a machine from same power supply,same positive,turn over the contact machine power supply to merge electric motor for 9 sets and make to move a machine to promise each three sets of wheel gear of leg synchronization that spreads to move device;the adoption exchanges of ascend and descend the motive electrical engineering changes to drive a way.


The interaction between Theophylline and Zn was investigated using direct current polarography. The polarographic technique was used to determine the stability constants and thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH), free energy change (ΔG) and entropy change (ΔS) of Zn complexes with Theophylline at pH-5 in 0.1 M acetate buffer. The study was carried out at two different temperatures 25 °C and 35 °C. Zn Theophylline complexes were formed in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios. The electrode processes were reversible and diffusion controlled.


This paper introduces the application of PLC in fire alerting and sprays automatically system,which control system is based on Mitsubishi FX2N.It discusses requirements of control technology,the hardware configuration and soft design of control system.


This paper describes the life of a university museum that was born in the 1980s and transformed in the 21 century. Over a period of 25 years Professor Reverte collected more than 3700 objects and set up an authentic cabinet of curiosities dedicated to the fields of anthropology and forensic science. Despite the diversity of its contents, the museum had a recognized scientific interest. It has now undergone changes in order to meet the requirements of new academic demands and public accessibility, but without losing reference to its origins.


The article contains a complete list of different texts from the Corpus Aristotelicum translations into Russian during the selected chronological period. It also provides some information about the translators of these texts. As a result of this research the main periods of the history of Russian translations of Aristotle's texts were defined, as well as the reasons that motivated translators to turn their attention to the ancient heritage, and the target audience of these translations.


The fisheries of Lake Victoria have undergone a major transformation over the last three decades. The character of the lake has been subject to the influence of many powerful factors including: substantial increases in fishing effort; growing integration into the global fish market; acceleration of anthropogenic activities in the catchment area; demographic change; the influence of adverse shifts in the climate; and introduction of exotic plant and animal species. The task of managing the lake's resources, therefore, has never been snore daunting. This article argues that, in most cases, the authorities charged with achieving the goal of sustainable development for the fishery, have failed to address the symptoms-let alone the origins-of the current unsustainable tendencies embedded in the social, economic and political fabric of Lake Victoria's riparian States. It is these factors that directly impinge upon the success of management initiatives for the lake. The article argues that if sustainable development is to be achieved, then stakeholders must act in concert, eliminate unsustainable practices and reprogramme development plans to focus on realistic goals. A possible way forward will be to develop a participatory management system.


Using the high resolution spectrum database software USF HITRAN PC version 2.50, the mean transmittance of water vapor in wavelength interval 0.1 μm from infrared 1 to 14 μm along ground level horizontal path under STP condition is calculated, and the corresponding tables of mean transmittance are also given.


Methodological criteria for the evaluation of intervention programs in Psychology The evaluation area of intervention programs in Psychology is still incipient in Brazil, although the process of monitoring and evaluating programs is fundamental for the improvement of practices and allocation of resources for social development purposes. This theoretical article aims to discuss concepts/definitions in the area of program evaluation, besides presenting scientific criteria adopted to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of intervention programs. Methodological criteria are presented, according to international reference agencies, for interventions to promote health and disease prevention, as well as different indicators of the results of intervention programs. The article also outlines criteria to evaluate feasibility/pilot studies, as a practice still uncommon, both in the national and international context. Finally, the importance of scientific criteria in the elaboration, development and evaluation of intervention programs in the health area is emphasized.


The report deals with a study of the condition of the headlights in automobiles and motorcycles and how general they are. The illumination power of the high beams, the orientation and glare of the low beams and other possible faults in the lights were measured from the headlights and extra lights. The drivers were also interviewed on matters connected with the use of lights. The investigation was made as a roadside interview in the years 1979-1981 and involved 1999 passenger cars, 488 lorries and 132 motorcycles. (TRRL)


The navigation device 200 includes a processing resource (260), the processing resource 260 is configured to determine a route to the selected destination, and is configured to obtain a weather-related data, and in response to the weather-related data, It is configured to correct the speed data for a plurality of path segments. For each path, the corresponding classifier is present for the processing resource is weather-related data and each of the path segments for each of the path segment based on the road types indicated by the classifier to classify the road type of the path segment It is configured to correct the speed data for the.


Observations performed in a flume during two weeks on post-emergent fry of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) demonstrated that these two species used their habitat in different ways. Atlantic salmon were strongly substrate-bound : they spent most of their time lying on the bottom and prey capture attempts and agressive behaviour were scarce. Brown trout were precociousiy observed in static swimming position on a feeding station, facing the current away from the substrate ; prey capture attempts and agressive behaviour were much more frequent. These differences are discussed in relation with the fry habitat selection at this stage of their development.


Recent sands from the Saunton Sands-Braunton Burrows beach-dune complex bordering Bideford Bay provide modern analogues for interpreting the depositional history of Pleistocene raised littoral sediments on Saunton Down and Baggy Point. Use of size-frequency statistics determined by moments and the analysis of size-curve components illustrate the similarity between the Recent dune sands from Braunton Burrows and the Pleistocene deposits on Saunton Down. A linear discriminant function derived for the classification of modern eolian and wavelaid sands is used as a predictive model to identify the environments of deposition of the Pleistocene sands. Of the twenty-three sand samples from Saunton Down, twenty-one are clearly classified as eolian using size-frequency statistics. Three sand samples from the basal section on Baggy Point are classified as wave-laid while a sample from higher in the section is eolian. Graphical dissection of the size-frequency curves supports the inference of the sizefrequency statistics. The Saunton Down sands can be analysed into two phi-normal components in the majority of cases and three components at most. This is similar to the Recent backshore and dune sands where a fine suspension population, a dominant saltation population and only occasionally a coarse rolling population are evident. In contrast, the lower layers at Pencil Rock on Baggy Point illustrate the existence of a double saltation population (associated with swash-backwash currents) and a coarse bed rolling or sliding component. The upper layers are typically eolian in form. Electron-microscopic analysis of the surface textures of quartz reveal similar patterns in both Recent and Pleistocene sands. Particularly common on wave-laid sands from both Saunton Sands and the lower layers on Baggy Point are V-shaped impact fractures generally less than 0-75 ,um in size. They are not found on either the Recent or Pleistocene dune sands of Saunton Down. Instead, conchoidal fractures arranged in concentric series together with smooth blocky structures characterize the wind-blown material. The tentative conclusion to be drawn is that the Saunton Down sands are most probably eolian in origin throughout and form part of a Pleistocene backshore-dune sequence backing a foreshore, with a strand-line running close to the Pencil Rock sands on Baggy Point and sea level higher than at present. A MAJOR field in geomorphological research is the chronological analysis of the evolution of the landscape and the study of the associated changes in the spatial pattern of geomorphological environments. Often evidence of such changes is scarce or absent but, frequently, past environments are represented by the presence of superficial sedimentary deposits. This has led to the use of techniques of sedimentological analysis in investigating previous depositional environments. Complete understanding of past geomorphological environments does, however, necessitate the use of modern systems as analogues for ancient ones and the adoption of the principle of uniformitarianism1. This paper examines certain techniques of sedimentological analysis which have proved to be of value in differentiating Recent sediments and compares the results with those obtained from a study of a Pleistocene sedimentary sequence. An attempt is made to provide methods which are useful in analysing coastal sands, and the paper presents the initial results of a larger study of the sedimentology of the Pleistocene littoral sands in several sites in south-west England. I45 This content downloaded from 184.108.40.206 on Wed, 11 May 2016 05:16:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


. How does the inclusion of a gravitational potential alter an otherwise exact quantum mechanical result? This question motivates this report, with the answer determined from an edited version of a problem with a pair of masses sandwiched between three springs obeying Hooke's law. To elaborate, we begin with the Hamiltonian associated with the vibration of the two masses about their equilibrium positions in one dimension; the Schrödinger equation for the reduced mass is then solved to obtain the parabolic cylinder functions D μ ( x ) as eigenfunctions, and the eigenvalues of the reduced Hamiltonian are calculated exactly. The introduction of the gravitational potential in the Schrödinger equation alters the eigenfunctions D μ ( x ) to the bi-confluent HeunB ( q , α , γ , δ , ε , x ) function; and the eigenvalues are then determined from a recent series expansion in terms of the Hermite functions for the solution of the differential equation whose exact solution is the aforesaid HeunB function.


An extremely low noise Separate Absorption and Multiplication Avalanche Photodiode (SAM-APD), consisting of a GaAs0.52Sb0.48 absorption region and an Al0.85Ga0.15As0.56Sb0.44 avalanche region, is reported. The device incorporated an appropriate doping profile to suppress tunneling current from the absorption region, achieving a large avalanche gain, ∼130 at room temperature. It exhibits extremely low excess noise factors of 1.52 and 2.48 at the gain of 10 and 20, respectively. At the gain of 20, our measured excess noise factor of 2.48 is more than three times lower than that in the commercial InGaAs/InP SAM-APD. These results are corroborated by a Simple Monte Carlo simulation. Our results demonstrate the potential of low excess noise performance from GaAs0.52Sb0.48/Al0.85Ga0.15As0.56Sb0.44 avalanche photodiodes.


Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as a man's inability to achieve or maintain an erection long enough to complete sexual activity. Sildenafil (SILD) is a drug that is used to treat ED all over the world. In this review article, the interactions between SILD and herbal supplements recorded in the literature were summarized using the Medline database (via PubMed) and the key-words: Sildenafil, herbal supplements, and interactions. In the present review article, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions were reported during co-administration of herbal supplements with SILD. Reduction in SILD bioavailability was found as a result of interaction of SILD with Horny goat weed, Thai ginseng, Arugula, Black seed, Garden cress, Fenugreek, and Pummelo juice in human and/or animal models. Meanwhile, Citrus lemon juice has not significantly altered the PK of SILD. Also, PD interactions were found as a result of the interaction of Curcumin, Yohimbine, and Pomegranate juice in human and rat models. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this potential and researchers should strive to fill the numerous gaps in our present understanding of this problem.


• Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used, including treatments, as supported by P zer [P zer, TrialSiteNews]. Denying the e cacy of treatments increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage.


Pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) historically neglected the infectious diseases that mainly or exclusively affect poor communities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. Recently, collaborative clinical research addressing the health needs of LMICs has become more frequent [2], including therapeutic and diagnostic trials for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and is often conducted by noncommercial groups. Clinical trials should comply with sound scientific, ethical, and methodological standards, as expressed in a number of international codes [3–5]. The Good Clinical Practices (GCP) codes of the World Health Organization (WHO) and of the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) provide globally applicable standards for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials [4, 5]. Even if primarily meant for the development of new medicines, they are applicable to other clinical investigations with an impact on human safety and well-being [5] and to biomedical research in general [4]. The Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP) code of the United Nations Development Programme–World Bank–WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) (2009), adapted from the 2003 GCLP Guidelines of the British Association for Research Quality Assurance (BARQA), provides a GCP-compliant framework for analysis of biological samples [6]. Compliance with GCP provides public assurance that trial participants are protected and data are credible, whereas compliance with GCLP specifically ensures the reliability and integrity of laboratory data.

Compliance with these international codes may seem a daunting task for small, noncommercial research units working in the NTD domain in LMICs, especially when they assume the role of "sponsor," i.e., the custodian of compliance with legal and ethical frameworks [7]. The challenges of implementing GC(L)P in LMICs have been described by different groups in sub-Saharan Africa, for instance in the fields of a multi-country malaria trial [8] and of vaccine research, respectively [9]. More recently, they have been discussed in the frame of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa [10]. These challenges include, amongst others, (i) contextual constraints (e.g., geographical accessibility, electricity supply, Internet connection, distance from quality suppliers), (ii) the unavailability of research-friendly clinical and laboratory facilities, (iii) the lack of qualified staff (with research and medical experts being reluctant to relocate to remote locations), (iv) the vulnerability of communities, (v) the challenge to ensure post-trial availability and affordability of the research findings, and sometimes (vi) political instability and insecurity. However, these challenges should neither preclude conducting clinical research in NTDs nor lead to lowering the GC(L)P standards.

In this PLOS collection, we share the experience of clinical research on NTD-related syndromes conducted by the NIDIAG consortium (http://www.nidiag.org/) between 2010 and 2015 in Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nepal, and Sudan (ClinTrials.gov identifiers: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01589289","term_id":"NCT01589289"}}NCT01589289, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01766830","term_id":"NCT01766830"}}NCT01766830, and {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02105714","term_id":"NCT02105714"}}NCT02105714). This viewpoint article summarizes the main lessons learnt when implementing GC(L)P in NTD clinical research.

GC(L)P implementation
Because of the features of NTD-endemic areas, implementing GC(L)P requires a significant investment in research capacity. The plans for upgrade of local clinical and laboratory facilities and for staff training should be developed based on thorough pre-study site assessments conducted by clinical, laboratory, and GCP-experts. These visits can often only take place after approval of the research grant and disbursement of the initial budget. In this case, "reasonable flexibility" mechanisms should be negotiated with the funder to allow further adaptation of specific budget lines to local needs [7]. In particular, the local laboratories are often research naive, so adequate resources should be secured for their upgrade and supervision.

The training plan should carefully consider the knowledge and skills required for different roles. Long-term individual training itineraries, including master and PhD programs, are generally desirable for key staff, e.g., principal investigators and laboratory coordinators from sites in the South. For co-investigators, nurses, laboratory technicians, community workers, etc., ad hoc training modules should be offered on-site. These modules should include comprehensive information on the protocol and overarching research plan to enable every member of the staff (whatever his/her role and hierarchical level) to get an adequate understanding of the importance of their own role and to overcome the sense of disconnect that may be present between medical and nonmedical personnel. The training on protocol, research ethics, and GC(L)P should ideally take place at the trial's initiation, with the trainer(s) remaining on-site during the first days of recruitment to supervise the team and help them translate procedures into practices [11]. Training should be a continuous process, allowing the maintenance of teams' capabilities and motivation throughout the trial. This is especially relevant for remote sites, where staff retention is problematic and leads to high turnover. The frequency and intensity of supervision/retraining visits should be tailored to the research complexity and risk, and to the sites' specific needs.

GCP explicitly require that the quality of the trial be monitored by a qualified person who oversees the trial's progress to ensure compliance with the protocol, GCP, ethical, and regulatory requirements [4,5]. But, particularly in NTD research, monitoring can have a broader scope, and site visits also provide opportunities for training and mentoring/coaching by external medical and laboratory experts. The latter will play a crucial role in ensuring the quality of data, because a major challenge for research in NTD settings is represented by the upgrade of local laboratories as well as by the harmonization of laboratory quality management systems across sites and countries. The upgrade of local laboratories will include, among others, the improvement of infrastructures; the training of the staff; the setup of an adequate, GCLP-compliant quality management system, including participation to external quality assessment (proficiency testing) [12]; the implementation of measures to mitigate the consequences of extreme climatic conditions [13]; and the setup or improvement of appropriate procedures for biosafety, waste management, etc.

Complementary measures to classical monitoring, such as a risk-adapted approach (http://www.adamon.de/ADAMON_EN/Projectdescription.aspx), may help to keep adequate quality standards, especially when budget constraints limit external visits, but also in other circumstances, e.g., in politically unstable settings where travels may periodically entail security problems. In internal monitoring [14], in particular, a trained member of the team regularly double-checks a subset of data and performs quality checks on consent forms, protocol, and standard operating procedures (SOPs)-compliance. This allows early detection of major or systematic errors. To be valid, internal monitoring should be described in the protocol or SOPs, conducted according to a predefined plan and in consultation with the external monitor, and formally documented. Given the limited psychological independence vis-a-vis the study team, avoiding direct reporting to a more senior member of the study team is suggested. For instance, in the NIDIAG study, the internal monitor (called "quality manager") reported directly to the sponsor.

Clinical data management capacity is often limited or absent at the local research sites in the domain of NTD. North–South collaborative research provides the opportunity for capacity building in this field. Sufficient resources should be secured not only for hiring and training local data entry staff but also for hiring and coaching local data managers, who may later take in charge the full data management cycle, i.e., from database development to database cleaning and lock.

Trial SOPs should ideally be written in collaboration with the future users. They should be easy to read, practical, and focus on the working instructions and safety. Pretesting in the field is recommended and should involve all the future users, irrespective of their hierarchical level. When possible, job aides should also be developed and pretested to provide a pictorial representation of any trial-specific procedure, such as performance of rapid tests.


This AILA Review volume is the first in a series of three special issues devoted to characteristic features of applied linguistics. While the later volumes will look into applied linguistic theories and methods, the present one focusses on applications in applied linguistics and intends to present selected examples representing modes and subject matter domains of applications. The selection of such examples would presuppose an understanding of applied linguistics that is shared in the academic community. But until today, there is no such consistent and undisputed understanding, neither about the aims and scope of applied linguistics nor about the theories and methods it is based on. In his Introduction to Applied Linguistics Davies (2007: 1) quotes Vivian Cook with the telling remark that "Applied Linguistics means many things to many people". Therefore, before discussing applications in more detail, a brief characterization of applied linguistics and its relation to linguistics seems appropriate. The lack of agreement in the understanding of applied linguistics can even be traced back to the emergence of this notion. There is a widespread consensus that "Applied Linguistics" arose as a designation of a field of academic activity in 1948 with the first issue of the journal Language Learning, which used this compound in its subtitle A Quarterly Journal of Applied Linguistics. This history of its origin may explain why even today, in the Anglophone literature in particular, applied linguistics" still tends to be predominantly associated with foreign language learning and teaching, as can be seen, for example from Johnson and Johnson (1998), whose Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics is explicitly subtitled A Handbook for Language Teaching. However, this assumption of its origin is historically wrong. As pointed out by the Austrian terminologist Otto Back (Back 1970), the idea of applying linguistics can be traced back to the early 19th century in continental Europe, and the notion "Applied Linguistics" was used there in the early 20th already for domains such as the development of orthographies and terminologies, translation, language corpus planning, or for linguistics as an ancillary discipline for history, psychology etc., in addition to its use in language teaching. This is more commensurate with what is covered by this label today. It is only fair to mention, though, that in line with the increasing activity in other fields than language teaching, in the 1990s the editors of Language Learning changed the subtitle of this journal to a more catholic A Journal of Research in Language Studies and widened its scope to include contributions based on many other disciplines than linguistics and addressing issues more fundamental to language learning such as cognition, multilingualism, literacy, culture and others. This was, no doubt, an accommodation to the zeitgeist, which is also mirrored in the development of the Scientific Commissions of AILA. But a scope as wide as this makes it difficult to come to an undisputed characterization of the nature of the applied linguistic enterprise. It is not surprising,


prevent the clinical progression of COVID–19. While the incidence of community-acquired co-infections accompanying COVID–19 in the average population is not exceptionally high, in people with multiple myeloma, Streptococcus pneumoniae infection that follows respiratory viral diseases is approximately 150 times more likely to cause invasive disease. As a result of modern oncohematological treatment, multiple myeloma has now become a chronic disease accompanied by relapses, and those affected should be immunized against the above two pathogens. In our manuscript, we describe the case of an adult patient with severe COVID–19 complicated by cytokine storm and invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection who was diagnosed with de novo multiple myeloma during hospital care, and, finally, we briefly review the related literature data.


The application of electronic prescription not only makes the doctor's prescription convenient, but also provides physicians with the dictionary description of all kinds of medicines, thus to optimize the treatment process and achieve real-time monitoring of the drug. How to make e-prescription legal has become an issue.According to the law of electronic signatures and prescription management practices,this paper uses third-party digital certificate to make the legality of e-priscription be confirmed. The principle of digital certificate and the application of e-prescription are introduced in this paper.


Catherine's specter, which haunts Heathcliff after her death, can be regarded as a rebellious figure: she attempts to blur the boundaries between the real and the imaginary, the holy and the unholy, and beauty and horror. Additionally, Catherine's manuscript writing or a textual ghost threatens the authority of Enlightenment narrative. The lines written in the margins subvert the unity and integrity of a book, undermining the logic of patriarchal discourse. Catherine rejects patriarchal morality and attempts to establish an unbroken and uncontrolled relationship with Heathcliff. However, it should not be ignored that Bronte's characters including Catherine frequently are compelled to speak. This coercive and disproportionate dialogue has up to this point been largely overlooked. Bronte's work invites a contemplation of forced dialogue, which challenges interactive and communicative power. Social codes and contracts are overwhelming enough to overshadow Bronte's characters, which block the possibilities of genuine and unconstrained dialogue. Catherine's hauntology can be achieved only through abandoning this world and by refusing the possibility of an ideal relationship in actual life.


T regulatory cell is a very particular type of T cell that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis and peripheral tolerance. The Treg (T regulatory cell) is a CD4+ T cell that has many mechanisms to create immune tolerance by effecting B and T cells. They are important for the control of tumour immunity, micro biome, organ transplants, allergy and of course self-tolerance. There are also times where Tregs fail to create tolerance whether by the decrease in population, no recognition of certain antigens (Inheritance) and also many other reasons such as environmental (theory that our immune system exposed to less pathogens in the modern cities so our immune system starts to react against our own antigens, potential reason for the increase in allergy) but not enough scientific evidence is provided yet. The fail in immune tolerance can result in auto-immune disease such as apoptotic dermatitis and DT1 (diabetes type 1). Research about cell and non-cell therapies are being researched and undergoing in clinical trials potentially cure or control autoimmune diseases as well as increase the success rates for organ transplant etc., by modifying Tregs.


In this study the propane/propylene separation were examined with process simulation software. With the procedure high purification and relatively high recovery of the propylene can be reached, however it has a high energy and costs need. Therefore, in this study some parameter examinations were made in the interest of keep almost the same purification while the energy consumption is reducing. For that, the influences of the feed's location, the pressure and the reflux ratio to the energy and purification were examined.


The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing, in a pharmaceutical carrier, a peptide comprising at least one sequence motif of the following general formula (I) Hel1-HB-Hel2. The invention also relates to the use and production of said pharmaceutical compositions.


Objective: PKD2(polycystin2) could form nonspecific cation channel on the cytomembrane, which is responsible for Ca2+penetration when kidney epithelial cell transforms mechanical stimulation into intracellular chemical information. In this study, 2D-clinorotation was used to simulate weightlessness condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2D-clinorotation culture on expression and location of PKD2 protein and the intracellular Ca2+concentration of mouse osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cell. Also we want to understand the role of PKD2 in the process of MLO-Y4 responsding to mechanical stimulation. Methods: Mouse osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cell were cultured under the condition of 2D-Clinorotation.The expression and location of PKD2 was detected by RT-PCR, western-blotting and fluorescent staining, the intracellular Ca2+concentration was detected by Ca2+staining technique. Results: Under the condition of 2D-Clinorotation culture, the exspression of PKD2 and the intracellular Ca2+concentration were distinctly reduced. At the same time, we found that PKD2 co-localized with PKD1(polycystin1) and the specific ciliary axoneme marker-acetylated α-tubulin. Conclusion: the results suggest under 2D-clinorotation culture, mouse osteocyte-like cell could respond to the mechanical stimulation by regulating the expression of PKD2 and the intracellular Ca2+concentration. It is helpful to investigate the cellular mechanism of bone cells in responding to mechanical stimulation.


O nerve injuries may include infarction, transaction, or avulsion. Compression by perineural hemorrhage or fracture of the optic canal may also occur. Any sites along the anatomic course may be injured, including the intraocular, intracanalicular, or rarely the intracranial chiasmal segment. Optic nerve avulsion is characterized by separation of the optic nerve from the globe at the level of the lamina cribrosa without rupture of the optic nerve sheath, or the adjacent sclera.1 Several mechanisms of optic nerve avulsion have been postulated, including sudden extreme rotation of the globe, sudden massive rise in the intraocular pressure, or sudden forward displacement of the globe. Moreover, partial and complete avulsions have been described, usually in the setting of blunt orbital trauma. The choice of imaging modality, to diagnose optic nerve injury, is still debatable and shows conflicting opinions among different trauma centers. We report here a challenging case of optic nerve injury, and the benefit of urgent B-scan ultrasonography (US) in the setting of traumatized globe. A 30-year-old man presented to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. On arrival, he stated that he lost vision in his left eye instantly at the time of the impact. Physical examination revealed obvious dystopia with significant periorbital hematoma. Examination revealed that he had no light perception in the left eye. The extraocular movement was normal for the right eye but completely restricted for the left. The left globe was displaced inferiorly by 11 mm and laterally by 6 mm; it was soft on gentle digital pressure with apparent diffuse subconjunctival hemorrhage. The left pupil was dilated and nonreactive to light. The red reflex was absent, and a grade 4+ afferent papillary defect was present. The cornea, anterior chamber, and lens were normal. Fundoscopy view was obscured by dense vitreous hemorrhage. An urgent axial CT scan of the head and orbit was obtained, which confirmed the presence of complex fractures of the midfacial and left orbital walls. No obvious retrobulbar hematoma was apparent, but significant disruption of the orbital apex with possible impingement on the optic nerve was seen. Both intact eye globes were noted on CT scan that is, no ruptured globe; however, there was significant anterior and lateral displacement of the left eye globe with probable injury of both the medial and lateral rectus muscles. Therefore, US was performed to assess the orbit. It showed a posterior ocular wall defect in the region of the optic nerve head with retraction of the edematous optic nerve into its sheath posterior to the lamina cribrosa, total retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage. The results suggested a diagnosis of acute traumatic optic nerve avulsion (Figure 1). Therefore, he was admitted urgently for surgical decompression of the orbital canal, and open reduction and fixation of the complex facial fractures. No immediate postoperative complications developed. However, postoperatively, neither visual acuity nor the extraocular movements improved during the first week. Unfortunately, at onemonth follow-up, he had no light perception. Optic nerve avulsion remains a devastating complication of orbital trauma and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. It can result from any form of direct or indirect orbital injury. Decreased visual acuity and limitation of extraocular movements are considered the most important emergent signs of serious associated orbital insult and may provide a clue for early diagnosis of optic nerve injury. Posttraumatic injury of the optic nerve is most often associated with an orbital and skull base fracture involving the orbital apex or from serious traction of the nerve that results in optic nerve avulsion.2 At the orbital apex, the intracanicular segment is particularly vulnerable to trauma because of the close attachment of the dural sheath to the periosteum and the bony architecture of the orbit. This will easily transmit force from the forehead and brow directly to the orbital apex. Decreased visual acuity and limitation of extraocular movements is the most important emergency signs to consider. Diagnosis of optic nerve avulsion by ophthalmoscopy is possible if the procedure is carried out in the early stages when the media is clear. However, the associated vitreous hemorrhage, which is almost always present, obscures the view of the fundus in most patients. Orbital imaging studies must be carried out as early as possible to reach Clinical Notes


Six hundred and fifty eight strains of microorganisms with lipase-producing capability were obtained using Rhodanmine B plate.The lipase activities of 15 strains were more than 7 U/mL.The capacity of the 15 strains in catalyzing transesterification was determined by alkali titration assay and the methods of immobilized crude enzyme.Three strains GX-20,GX-35 and GX-53 showed higher transesterification activity than the others. The transesterification rates by the three strains were 18.12%,20.65%and 19.72%,respectively.GX-35 was identified as Burkholderia cepacia according to 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis.


A 150 W AC/DC converter with universal input and fixed output voltage is analyzed and then designed based on MC33262.The principle and structure of active power factor corrector (APFC) and MC33262 is discussed in this paper.Experiment results show that the APFC can achieve a fixed output of 400 V DC voltage in the universal input range of AC 95~250 V.The power factor is 0.99,and the total harmonic distortion is less than 6%.


In this article, performance of field oriented controlled open-end winding induction motor drive (FOCOEWIMD) using nearest sub-hexagonal centre PWM (NSHCPWM)technique is proposed. In the proposed work, two 2-level inverters are used on either side of OEWIM drive to obtain the three-level output voltage. To generate the control signals for the two inverters, NSHCPWM technique is used. In the proposed method reference vector is realized with two components, based on the tip of the reference vector location nearest sub-hexagonal centre is identified, which is one of the switching vector used to generate the control signals for inverter-I and the other component is realized using inverter-II by mapping into the inner sub-hexagon. So that one inverter is used as switching inverter and the other is as clamping inverter. Ripples in torque and stator current are also reduced in the proposed work over conventional SVPWM techniques. Proposed work is analyzed theoretically and the same can be realized using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the corresponding results are presented for different modulation index.


The agricultural mechanization is improve the production and profitability reduce of human power. Nearly 85% of the population resides in rural Ethiopia and small holder farmers account for 90% of farmer households. Small holder farmers had been used of animal power from thousand year ago. This level of mechanization among Ethiopia`s farmer households, Approximately 85% of the Ethiopia population is in the rural ara, which accounted of small household about 90% of agricultural households. Most are farmer be used of animal power The level of mechanization of agricultural households in Ethiopia is 2%. Small holder farmers own less than 2 hectares of land. While agricultural mechanization is a valuable instrument to the growth and development of agriculture, its progress in Ethiopia has been slow. Currently, there is approximately only 0.1 kW per hectare. The farm power is calculated from current labor available from oxen at 13 million head (87%) as 12,500 tractors. While this index is used to show mechanization, the most common implements utilized in Ethiopia agriculture are still animal-drawn implements, such as ploughs. But, In ethiopia of the strategy will focus on agricultural mechanization technologies, spanning the following areas: Tillage and land preparation, sowing and planting, crop protection and maintenance (e.g. weeding, fertilizers and insecticides application), harvesting, threshing and shelling and other post-harvest processes (e.g. drying, storages, transport, agricultural -processing and applications towards livestock mechanization). Agricultural Mechanization of the current year there are hundreds of Ethiopia agricultural base in China and imported by Deputy contemporary. How to use them for agricultural and technical training of maintenance. In the agricultural machinery company in China invited the technicians of government officer and researcher. First of all Korea`s agricultural companies have a number of attempts to enter Africa. Invite agricultural machinery and technical personnel of various African countries in agricultural education for the company if it would be of great help to Korea`s agricultural exports. Agricultural Mechanization in Ethiopia will continue in the future. In particular, plowing, harvesting, threshing, demand for primary agricultural equipment such as storage is increased because it deserves to be consulted on African agricultural exports.


This paper describes new methods for the interpretation of microwave scatter from the sea. Roughsurface scattering theory has led to an integral equation for the echo voltage in terms of the joint heightslope probability density function (pdf). We have developed methods for the inversion of this equation that do not require the assumption of a model for either the ocean surface or the transmitted pulse. In addition they are far more efficient than traditional grid-search methods for model fitting. We have applied our methods to SEASAT data taken over Hurricane Fico. Statistical data analysis was performed to give the data covariance matrix and the correlation coefficient between successive waveforms and to trace the propagation of error through the inversion process to give statistical uncertainties in the derived parameters. The usual assumption of Rayleigh statistics is shown to be violated by the data, since the number of degrees of freedom increases linearly with power, independent of sea state; we conclude that this is an instrumental effect. We find that the waveforms are significantly correlated over distances of several kilometers at high sea states and suggest coherence of long ocean waves over these distances as the cause. We obtained waveheight higher-order parameters by least squares fitting of a Gram-Charlier model for probability densities to the calculated values. For averages over 160 km of sea, we obtain a mean surface height bias correction, significant waveheight, and height skewness parameter with standard deviations of 4, 0.7, and 15%. In addition to this height bias correction easily removed from the data, we identify another sea-state-dependent height bias that can exceed 50 cm. That this exists in the data is proof that one must employ the joint height-slope pdf in the scattering model, and not merely the height pdf as conventionally used.


This contribution discusses the challenges of accounting for temporal information in the transmission of ideas in historical communication networks. Traditional approaches have mainly analyzed temporal snapshots of aggregated networks to account for changes in the network (Lemercier 2015; Petz, Ghawi and Pfeffer 2020; Düring et al. 2011). In this approach, the observation period is divided into subperiods (snapshots), interactions within one subperiod form a network snapshot, and topological differences between consecutive network snapshots are analyzed.


The formation of sulfide in the marine sediments and the eff ect of the biodeposition of cultured shellfish on the sulfide of marine sediment s are also discussed.The formation of sulfide in the marine sediments and effect of the biodeposition of cultured shellfish on the sulfide of marine sediments are also discussed.And its relationships to cultured shellfish were documented i n recent literature. Some of the recent work in such field are summerazied and the correlative work are proposed.Quantitative study of sulfide in the process of biodeposition in marine sediments will be one of the most important field st udies on ecological environmental effects acted by cultivation of shellfish.This paper provides a certain scientific accounts for the future cultivation of she llfish.


The present investigation was conducted in order to examine the effect of spacing and pruning on chlorophyll a' and 'b' content and NPK content of leaves of guava cv. Hisar Safeda. In this experiment two levels of pruning viz no pruning and 50% shoot pruning of last season growth were done in the month of April in guava trees spaced at nine different spacing viz. 6×2 m, 6×3 m, 6×4 m, 6×5 m, 5×2 m, 5×3m, 5×4 m, 5×5 m, 6×6 m. Observations revealed that leaves chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' content and NPK content were significantly increased with increasing the spacing and pruning levels. Highest chlorophyll content and leaf NPK content were registered in widest spacing at 6×6 m with pruned trees during both the seasons. Whereas lowest chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' content and leaf NPK content were found in closest spacing at 5×2 m with non-pruned trees.


Objective To determine the effect of diffusion chamber for immune isolation and the proliferation of allogenic hybridoma within diffusion chamber in mice. Methods The hybridoma cell strain was established from SP2/0 cells and the splenocytes of BALB/c mouse by PEG mediate technique. The cells were injected peritoneally into BALB/c ( n =5) and C57 BL/6 (B6, n =5) mice. Diffusion chambers with microporous membrane containing hybridoma cells were implanted peritoneally into 5 BALB/c and 5 B6 mice. Results Within two months after peritoneal injection of the cell strain, four BALB/c mice developed bloody ascites and one developed abdominal tumor, but the B6 mice developed neither ascites nor tumor. After 30 and 101 days of the chamber implantation, the chambers were coated by omentum or mesenterium in all the animals of both strain groups and freshly formed blood vessels to the chamber membrane could be observed. Within the chambers, tumor developed, but the tumor could not fully fill the inner space of the chamber during the whole observation period. Conclusion The hybridoma cells established from SP2/0 cells and the splenocytes of BALB/c mouse may carry BALB/c MHC antigen. The diffusion chambers can effectively isolate immune rejection. Freshly formed blood vessels to the chamber membrane can support the cells within the chambers.