Purpose

The shift in the function of English as a medium of instruction together with its use in knowledge construction and dissemination among scholars continue to fuel the global demand for high-level proficiency in the language. These components of the global knowledge economy mean that the ability of nations to produce multilinguals with advanced English proficiency alongside their mastery of other languages has become a key to global competitiveness. That need is helping to drive one of the greatest language learning experiments the world has ever known. It carries significant implications for new research agendas and teacher preparation in applied linguistics.

Design/methodology/approach

Evidence-based decision-making, whether it pertains to language policy decisions, instructional practices, teacher professional development or curricula/program building, needs to be based on a rigorous and systematically pursued program of research and assessment.

Findings

This paper seeks to advance these objectives by identifying new research foci that underscore a student-centered approach.

Originality/value

It introduces a new theoretical construct – multilingual proficiency – to underscore the knowledge that the learner develops in the process of language learning that makes for the surest route to the desired high levels of language proficiency. The paper highlights the advantages of a student-centered approach that focuses on multilingual proficiency for teachers and explores the concomitant conclusions for teacher development.


A sun visor comprises a vanity mirror assembly which is attached to a sun visor assembly. The vanity mirror assembly includes a mirror subassembly, a lamp subassembly and a door subassembly. The door subassembly can be moved between an open and a closed position relative to the mirror subassembly and the lamp sub-assembly, wherein a light source is activated in the lighting part arrangement, when the door subassembly is in the open position.


7523Background: tALL is a recently appreciated but poorly defined clinical entity. We define tALL as any prior exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiation for another malignancy, and we rep...


The need to increase public participation in environmental decision-making is receiving renewed attention at all levels of government. However, there are few approaches to evaluating these processes that address the question: What are we getting from public participationq This article proposes one way to answer this question using a framework that evaluates the outcomes of participatory processes using a set of "social" goals. These social goals are: 1) educating the public; 2) incorporating public values, assumptions, and preferences into decision making; 3) increasing the substantive quality of decisions; 4) fostering trust in institutions; 5) reducing conflict; and 6) making decisions cost-effectively. Although these goals apply to public participation writ large, there are a limited number of formalized mechanisms available to public agencies for involving the public. The article matches these six social goals to the participatory mechanisms by which they might be achieved. It concludes with areas for further research suggested by the framework. Copyright 1999 by The Policy Studies Organization.


. In water-limited areas, planted trees can abstract substantial amounts of soil water from deep layers (>200 cm) to 15 meet their high water demand, resulting in deep soil desiccation, which influences not only regional water cycling but also the sustainability of trees per se in drylands. However, the limitation in relation to both degree and depth of deep-layer soil moisture (DSM) beyond which root water uptake ceases remains unclear. Whether limitation depends on tree species and how it will affect tree's xylem hydraulic conductivity are also unclear, restricting our ability to predict the fate of dryland tree plantations. We, therefore, studied the spatiotemporal distribution of deep soil moisture deficit (DSMD, the relative 20 difference in soil moisture for given trees and referenced cropland or grassland, to minimize the effect of climate differences in various sampling years) for two typical planted trees, apple ( Malus pumila Mill.) and black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.), based on the published data and multiple field samplings on China's Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the lowest DSM occurred under the planted trees aged 24-28 years at all sites. The lowest DSMD fluctuated around -0.6, which close to the DSMD at the permanent wilting point (PWP) irrespective of tree species and site, although shallow (<200 cm) soil 25 moisture was not reduced to the point of limitation. This suggests that PWP is a good indicator of the degree limitation of DSM for the tree species examined. The corresponding maximum depth of soil moisture use reached 18.0-22.0 m for these old planted trees at different sites while it was more than 25 m for black locust in the drier site of Mizhi. Furthermore, when the degree and depth limitations were reached, the percent loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity of planted tree's branches reached 74.9-96.5%, indicating that tree mortality may occur. The findings will help to predict the sustainability of planted 30 trees in semiarid regions with thick vadose zone.


Neharika Vohra — Dr Kalam, our interest is in looking at the role of technology in the overall developmental context. In the current economic scenario, what are your thoughts on the role of technology? On the one hand, even after fifty years of independence, while we still do not have enough water, roads, food, and education for our people, on the other hand, we are spending large amounts on technology. Is this the best way to apportion our public spending?


The piezoelectric constants of a Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) transducer are experimentally determined using the transient response. When a step voltage is applied to the transducer, the resonance frequency fr of the transducer is determined from the frequency spectrum of the motional transient-current waveform under a low-electrical-source-impedance condition. Under a high electrical source impedance, the antiresonance frequency fa and the free capacitance CF of the transducer can also be determined. Piezoelectric constants obtained by our method agree well with those obtained by the conventional method.


Microcystin toxin is a known environmental stressor with implications for ecosystem harm throughout many inland waterways in California. This purported freshwater toxin has recently emerged in the marine environment in Monterey Bay. Microcystin abundance and frequency, as well as environmental variables that drive toxin production in the Monterey Bay area were examined by deploying Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) samplers and evaluating water samples for 3 years. Microcystin was found in 15 of 21 monitored sites and was shown to be correlated with anthropogenic nutrient loading. Because it is relevant to identify an indicator organism to better monitor this toxin, uptake and release of microcystin toxin in California mussels (Mytilus californianus), and commercial oysters (Crassostrea sp.) were also examined. To provide environmental relevancy Mytilus sp. were also collected at 4 sites in San Francisco Bay for 6 months and analyzed for microcystin toxin. The results indicate that mussels purge microcystin toxin slowly, while oysters released toxin more quickly, however, both have the ability to retain toxin for 8 weeks post-exposure. To investigate potential effects to marine and estuarine birds at upper trophic levels the use of Whatman® FTA® blood sample collection cards were evaluated in tandem with competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and this method was shown to have utility for postmortem analysis and large die off events. Blood was also collected from birds admitted to rehabilitation in Monterey Bay between 2011-2015 and two groups of waterbirds tested positive for microcystin toxin. The extensive manifestation of microcystin in the Monterey Bay area exhibits the need for better monitoring and management of this toxin. Management decisions made at the terrestrial level, may now impact freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems, particularly given the demonstrated capacity for bio-accumulation in shellfish. The identification of a potential bio-indicator through this study, could be used to inform the current Mussel Watch Program or could aid in establishing an analogous monitoring program specific to this toxin. Because current data on the effects of toxic algae on waterbirds is meager, this study addresses this deficiency by identifying a new technique for detecting microcystin in upper trophic levels.


This study examines the relationship between age and job satisfaction for males and females. An instrumentality model dealing with age and job satisfaction is proposed and an empirical test of an hypothesis from this model is run. The predictions of the instrumentality model are supported. Job satisfaction increased with both age and tenure up to the pre-retirement period and then declined. Therefore, these results do not support Herzberg's U-shaped curve of the relationship between age and job satisfaction. In general, job satisfaction was lower for females than for males, particularly in pay and promotion. Implications of these results are discussed.


Abstract This study investigated the effect of photoperiod and temperature on the bionomics of the three Thrips tabaci lineages (L1 and L2 – leek-associated, and T – tobacco-associated). The experiment was performed in the laboratory under the following conditions: 23 °C 16L/8D and 8L/16D, and 15 °C under 8L/16D. Reproductive diapause was detected in the T lineage at 23 °C and 8L/16D, but not in the L1 and L2 lineages, while all three lineages diapaused at 15 °C and 8L/16D. Adult longevity of L1, L2, and T lineages were 29.51, 25.69, and 29.76, respectively, at 23 °C under 16L/8D; 30.9, 28.52, and 38.06, respectively, at 23 °C under 8L/16D; and 48.9, 34.22, and 76.89 days, respectively, at 15 °C. Mean fecundity of L1, L2, and T lineages were 89.30, 80.31, 86.76, respectively, at 23 °C under 16L/8D; 40.14, 46.94, and 39.34, respectively, at 23 °C under 8L/16D; and 7.0, 13.85, and 17.87, respectively, at 15 °C. The difference in responses to photoperiod and temperature could be a factor to cause a sympatric population variation of the different T. tabaci lineages under the same environmental condition.


In 1907, when the first case of Whipple disease was described by George Whipple, the clinical presentation of the disease, although not considered to be of infectious origin, already included cough and diarrhea [1]. This index patient had a chronic form of the disease, coined here as lateonset Whipple disease. During the past century, Whipple disease has been considered to be a rare and chronic disease, mainly affecting white, middle-aged men and presenting mainly as diarrhea, weight loss, steatorrhea, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, anemia, and, to a lesser extent, neurologic impairments, ocular involvement, and/or endocarditis [2]. The visualization by electron microscopy of rods in intestinal biopsy specimens suggested that Whipple disease was of microbial origin [3, 4], a hypothesis confirmed in the 1990s by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA encoding gene of the causative bacteria [5, 6], named Tropheryma whipplei [7]. However, our understanding of the ep-


Examples of the present invention provides a mapping method and apparatus of the search space of a downlink control channel, the method based on the resource distribution method, to confirm the search space for distributing for the downlink control channel (PDCCH); pre based on the set intervals, includes mapping each candidate position of the PDCCH (candidate) to a logical time-frequency resources of the search space. Method and device according to an embodiment of the present invention, by obtaining a frequency selective scheduling gain by mapping the discrete time frequency resources of different candidate, or, one candidate mapped to discrete time frequency resources by obtaining the frequency Dinner City gain on, it is possible to improve the performance of the PDCCH.


CRABPs (cellular retinoic acid binding proteins) belong to members of a superfamily of lipid-binding proteins (Mansfield et al., 1998) that are thought to act by maintaining tolerable concentrations of intracellular RA (retinoic acid), as modulators of RA catabolism (Gorry et al., 1994) and as intracellular transporters for RA from the cytoplasm to the nuclear receptor (Flagiello et al., 1997). Based on their significance roles in binding lipids, they are thought to be candidate genes for meat quality related traits in domestic animals. The mapping of the porcine CRABP1 and CRABP2 genes are one step towards further investigation on their possible roles in meat quality traits in pig.


The aim of t h s work was to publish a catalog of all the 1 5 0 0 crags and climbable rocks in France. The main source is an important TEX file describing all these places, including for each one: a serial number, a quotation of its importance, its usual name and some information about its location. This master file is scanned by a Fortran programme which computes the coordmates of the respective marks on the paper and performs some topological analysis to settle the text labels corresponding to each mark, in order to avoid label and mark collisions. The final result is a TEX file whch yields the assumedly best mark and label positions. T h s TEX map has to be superimposed to a background map representing the coast lines, the main rivers and the major lakes of the country. T h s is done in METAFONT with a major input of Lambert kilometric coordinates of these features. However, the map background has to be erased at the places dedicated to TEX~ labels : this is done using a set of METAFONT filtering files produced by TEX macros when compiling the labels whch are " inpu t " in the METRFONT map generating process. Several difficulties arise, due to METAFONT limitation on numbers, and to the limited capacities of some DVI translators, particularly DVIPS. Together with typing and playing organ music and typesetting statistics related to physical experiments, one of the hobbies of the author consists of rock climbing and especially maintaining a tentatively exhaustive catalog of all the 1 5 0 0 known climbable crags of France outside the high mountains. This catalog is maintained as a TEX file which has to be printed every three years, under the name "Guide des Sites Naturels d'Escalade de France". In fact the main text is a plain text which does not look very strange, of whlch we give a short excerpt : 29.02. ***(*) *= PLOUGASTEL *, SPORT, comm: Plougastel-Daoulas, Mich: 58.4, IGN: 0417e; sit: 10 km E de Brest; acces: par D33 (Brest-Quimper); heb: camping sauvage impossible, camping perm. a Plougastel (St-Jean, en venant de Brest: sortie Landerneau, en venant de Quimper: sortie Plougastel-Daoulas, puis suivre les panneaux), camping munic. (perm.) a Brest-St-Marc (sur D33); roch: quartzite, gres, marbre (exc.), c h a t : pluielneige: 1000 m m de precipitations en 150 jourslan, minimum au printemps. 29.02.1 ** ** ROC'H NIVILEN, le CUBE*, SPORT, L= (1097.7, 103.2); sit: 1,8 km W N W de Plougastel, pres du hameau de Roc'h Nivilen; acces: de Brest prendre D33 dir. Quimper, franchir le pont Albert Louppe sur I'Elorn, ne pas prendre la premiere route a D, mais la deuxieme petite route, face au restaurant Ty-ar-Mor, peu avant un arrOt de bus (ne pas aller jusqu'a I'embranchement vers Plougastel) et la suivre W sur env. l k m d'ou un sentier conduit au Cube; pour Roc'h Nivilen, continuer jusqu'a quelques maisons pour prendre S un chemin qui conduit a I 'W de Roc'h Nivilen et revient par I 'W (ne pas aller directement du Cube a Roc'h Nivilen: prive); propr: commune + prive; roch: quartzitelmarbre (exc.), 20 voies, 18-30 m, 26b, souvent equipees; biblio: TOPO-GUIDE (CAF Brest, 1984); obs: on y trouve des voies faciles ou peu soutenues en exc. rocher; site tres frequente; ATTENTION: bien que moins spectaculaire qu'a Pen-Hir, la corrosion des pitons y est importante: certains pitons sont enduits au minium, mais la partie cachee n'est pas protegee, il faut donc imperativement renforcer l'assurance avec des coinceurs. 29.02.2 *** LVMPERATRICE *, SPORT, L= (1098.5, 103.5); sit: au S de I'Elorn, 2 km E du pont de I'Elorn (route Brest-Quimper); acces: de Brest dir. Quimper, sortie Plougastel, redescendre vers Brest sur 300 m, tourner a D vers Le Passage, les rochers sont visibles au niveau d'un transformateur, NE PAS STATIONNER a proximite des rochers, mais continuer jusqu'a Le Passage, vaste parking au bord de I'Elorn; revenir a pied aux rochers 196 TUGboat, Volume 1 4 (1993), No. 3 -Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting Using TEX and METAFONT to Build Complicated Maps par la route; propr: prives; roch: gres quartzite (exc.), 62 voies, 30-45 m, 3b-6b; biblio: Alpi. Rando. nov. 1979, TOPO-GUIDE (CAF Brest, 1984); obs: face N , gras par temps humide, plus difficile en moyenne que Roc'h Nivilen; equipement inox et rapproche dans des voies d'initiation en face S, pour le reste equipement mediocre a pourri et espace (intervalle moyen 5-6 m). 29.03. ** se OUESSANT, CREAC'H m, BLOCS/AVENT., comm: Lampaul, Mich: 58.2, IGN: 0317w, L= (1112, 50), sit: aiguilles et chaos rocheux en bord de mer, au N W de I'ile, a la pointe de Pern, et le long de la cbte N W de I'ile entre le phare de Creac'h et Pors Yusin (4 km de cbte rocheuse); acces: par bateau depuis Brest ou le Conquet, puis 4 a 8 km a pied ou en velo; heb: camping (perm.); roch: granite (exc., lichen dans les zones non balayees par la mer), 10-20 m; obs: risques de marees noires; quelques autres rochers grimpables sur la cbte S entre Pors Alan et KergofF. The corresponding source TEX looks like : \ n e ~ s p e r { 2 9 . 0 2 . } { * ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ) } { \ e c p } { P L O U G A S T E L } \cm P l ougas te l -Daoul as , \m 58.4, \ i g n O4li'e ; \ s i t 10-km E de B r e s t ; \ac p a r D33 (Brest-Quimper) ; \heb camping sauvage i m p o s s i b l e , camping perm. \ ' a P lougas te l ( S t l e a n , en venant de B r e s t : s o r t i e Landerneau, en venant de The Requirements for Maps Obviously and even for people who do not read fluently the French language such a catalog is of poor interest if there is not a set of maps to help the reader find the spots. Several means of printing maps can be thought of. The first obvious one consists in drawing the map with a pencil and sending it to the publishing company together with the TEX text, either on dskettes or as camera ready papers. The obvious drawback is that each update of the guidefour editions (Taupin, 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1989) were published since 1981 and the fifth is being prepared requires a complete remake of the whole of the drawings, whch is not a very efficient method. Another way of doing it would consist of making the drawings using a computer and some drawing softwares like MacDraw, Microsoft Paint or Free Hand, or in scanning a hand made picture to produce some picture file. The difficulty resides in the fact that : Picture files have a great number of formats : TIFF, MSP, PCX, PCL, etc., and of course EPSF. Pictures must be partially erased to give precedence to labels indicating the names of the spots and of the towns. The fmal printable file should be sent to various publishmg companies and local printing devices whose "language" could be Postscript as well as company specific codings like PCL. Picture maps should be automatically regenerated each time a new site is included or cancelled in the master file, without having to rebuild the whole of a map when only one square centimeter has been modified. Unfortunately, the available dv i ps are somewhat "Postscript addicted" and cannot accept other picture formats, whle the ernTeX related drivers can insert a lot of thngs. . . except Postscript ! Secondly, notwithstanding several messages sent to the TEX addicted gurus, we did not find any software able to erase selectively some areas of any picture file. The consequence was that the only way of having portable pictures was to draw them using META-


AbstractThis study describes pot experiments that were conducted to investigate the plant species considered suitable for phytoremediation of mixed contaminated soil. Mixed contaminated soil was prepared by spiking silty clay soil with organic contaminants (naphthalene and phenanthrene) and heavy-metal contaminants (lead, cadmium, and chromium). Twelve species of plants were grown in pots filled with contaminated soil. Plants grown in uncontaminated soil were used as control. Results showed that five plant species (sunflower, oat plant, rye grass, tall fescue, and green gram) were able to survive the mixed contaminated conditions. The oat plant had better growth characteristics and minimal stress signs in mixed contaminated soil than the other species. Even though sunflower plants did not show the best growth characteristics, the maximum contamination removal from the soil was achieved by these plants. Exchangeable heavy metals were also reduced in the soil that was planted with sunflower plants compared ...


Gene expression of the cardiac isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCβ) is induced in a glucose-dependent manner. ACCβ produces malonyl-CoA, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid uptake. Previous studies show that increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) under hyperglycaemic conditions may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In light of this, we hypothesised that increased HBP flux induces cardiac ACCβ gene expression thereby contributing to the onset of insulin resistance. We tested our hypothesis by transiently transfecting cardiac-derived rat H9c2 myoblasts with a 1,317 bp human ACCβ promoter-luciferase construct (pPIIβ-1317) and an expression construct encoding the rate-limiting step of the HBP i.e. glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT). Overexpression of GFAT increased ACCβ gene promoter activity by 75 ± 23% versus controls (n=6, p<0.001). When cotransfection experiments were repeated in the presence of varying concentrations of L-glutamine (0 mM, 4 mM, 8 mM), a substrate for the HBP, ACCβ promoter activity was dose-dependently increased. To further corroborate these findings, we employed two inhibitors of GFAT, i.e. 40 μM azaserine and 40 μM 6-diazo-5-oxo-Lnorleucine were administered to transfected cells for a period of 24 hours. Here both azaserine and 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine attenuated ACCβ gene promoter activity. In agreement, co-transfections with two dominant negative GFAT constructs also diminished ACCβ gene promoter activity. We next inhibited two enzymes of the HBP acting downstream of GFAT, i.e. O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase using alloxan (0.1 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM) and streptozotocin (5 mM and 10 mM), Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


In France, the policies on intervention with young people have been constantly transformed over the last 10 years. While among the measures enacted some may seem positive, improving the quality of intervention, more often there is confusion about the definition of the framework, and usually there is division on the representation of youth. These administrative and legislative developments have had real impact on the professional culture. If this culture is to develop, we must invent compatible settings which permit them to progress on a path which generally and harmoniously supports progress of the young people's interrupted development. Though the content of each of these laws claims roughly to correspond to that aim, it is in fact overdetermined by a logic both managerial and security-oriented which undermines that goal. Therefore, what is lacking is an in-depth agreement between a shared, directed political vision of youth, and that succession of laws which hover between security needs and economic necessities.


China need unite and regulate the expressway network's sign system to develop the trunk function of the experssway network.Took the case of traffic sign's improving in Hugang freeway of Guangdong province,the existing general problems,such as overload imformation quantity,disorder setting sign,nonunity road name,low repetition rate of advance exit sign,ungraded geographical name and road name,were brought up.Some amendatory enforcement were brought forward,plan and design precepts were given for reference.


. The competition of tomorrow is moving away from the level of the individual company and towards the level of supply chain. It is at this level that Lean organisations should evolve and become more flexible, self organising and self adapting entities. Today Lean implementations are based on principles with no clear scope as to how to achieve middle to long term benefits at the level of the extended enterprise. The objective is mostly based on achieving short term benefits through the implementation of mere techniques at the individual factory level. Therefore a new theory is needed to incorporate a set of practical rules. The approach for the interrelationship between theory and practice of Lean is based on systems thinking and the objectives of the learning enterprise. Lean should be practiced in conjunction with Open Innovation based upon customer-driven value creation and not merely customer-driven demand. The Lean extended enterprise should evolve towards a continuously learning organisation through customer integration in the product development and deployment cycle.


In a Distribution system, switching of large inductive loads causes a drop in the voltage at the load bus due to increase in VAR demand which lead to loss of voltage stability. In order to maintain the voltage within a tolerance limit, reactive power compensation devices such as TCSC, DSTATCOM and UPFC, are used. These FACTS Controllers help in increasing the operational efficiency of power systems without affecting the reliability of supply. DSTATCOM can enhance the power Distribution capability and thus extend the steady state stability limit. The non linear control of DSTATCOM control is based on the exact linearization via feedback. Here PI control is used to regulate DC voltage. To estimate PI coefficients Genetic algorithm is applied and compared with trial and error method


Columbian Sharp-Tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) (CSTG) are an important traditional and cultural species to the Colville Confederated Tribes (CCT), Spokane Tribe of Indians (STOI), and other Tribes in the Region. They were once the most abundant upland bird in the Region. Currently, the largest remaining population in Washington State occurs on the CCT Reservation in Okanogan County. Increasing agricultural practices and other land uses has contributed to the decline of sharp-tail habitat and populations putting this species at risk. The decline of this species is not new (Yokum, 1952, Buss and Dziedzic, 1955, Zeigler, 1979, Meints 1991, and Crawford and Snyder 1994). The Tribes (CCT and STOI) are determined to protect, enhance and restore habitat for this species continued existence. When Grand Coulee and Chief Joseph Hydro-projects were constructed, inundated habitat used by this species was lost forever adding to overall decline. To compensate and prevent further habitat loss, the CCT proposed a project with Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) funding to address this species and their habitat requirements. The projects main focus is to address habitat utilized by the current CSTG population and determine ways to protect, restore, and enhance habitats for the conservation of this species over time.more » The project went through the NPPC Review Process and was funded through FY03 by BPA. This report addresses part of the current CCT effort to address the conservation of this species on the Colville Reservation.« less


The following paper takes as its starting point the fact that renditions of the 'same' verbal charm may differ on separate occasions. It will suggest that this phenomenon, observed especially in longer charms, arises because non-literate charmers, even when they were particularly concerned with producing a verbatim repetition of longish charms, possessed no failsafe way of telling if they had produced a verbatim repetition or not. It argues that they, especially in former non-literary times, possessed a somewhat different nonliteral sense, of what constituted the identity of a certain charm, and thus of the permissibility of variations between different performances of that 'same' charm. It reviews a series of first attempts1 to examine differences between sets of renditions; and the paper then proceeds to elucidate what principles (if any) lie behind this phenomonen and to provide names for them. But I should first like to begin with a cautionary tale.


Multiscalemodelingoffracturedisplaysalargepotentialtoincorporate,throughmulti-scale computational homogenization methods (FE2), the complexity of the material meso/micro structure in themodelingofpropagatingmaterialfractureatthemacro-scale. However,itpresentlysufferstheburden of its enormous, multiplicative, computational cost, since the computational complexity (number of the involved operations) has a multiplicative character i.e.: it is the product of the number of the involved sampling points at every scale. A powerful, and conceptually simple, multiscale computational model for fracture has been recently presented by the authors in (Oliver J., Caicedo M., Roubin E., Huespe A.E., and Hernandez J.A.: Continuum approach to computational multiscale modeling of propagating fracture. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 294:384–427, 2015.) and applied to some 2D benchmarks. However, its extension to actual, real-life, 3D problems appears nowadays unaffordable, in terms of the computational time, even by resorting to high performance computing (HPC) strategies (e.g. parallel computing in powerful computer clusters). In this work, combination of two techniques: 1) low-dimension-space projection of the solution (reduced order modeling, ROM) and 2) reduced optimal quadrature (ROQ), leads to a high performance reduced order model (HPROM) of the original high fidelity (HF) multiscale fracture problem, which dramatically diminish the computational demand, at the cost of a very small additional error. The resulting speedup (up to 120 times in same of the considered benchmarks) and the displayed linear scalability of the obtained speedup, in terms of the problem complexity, make think of the HPROM techniques as feasible tools to break the tyranny of the scales. A possible setting, to take this type of technology to industrial purposes, is finally sketched.


With deepening the reform of higher education,more and more universities tend to expand their size and improve their overall ecucational strength.As the result of expansion,it is necessary for each university to strengthen its interal monitor and management under the complex economic situation.Internal financial audit,as an essential part of the system of internal management and an important strategy of internal monitoring in unversity,becomes a major means for reinforcing financial management of univesity.


The pump function of the left ventricle (LV) is dependent on synchronous depolarization and contraction to expel blood efficiently. The propagation of the apical-to-basal ventricular contraction pattern is controlled by electrical signalling of the fibre system down the interventricular septum and woven through the free walls of the ventricular myocardium. Dyssynchronous contraction results in mechanical inefficiency, decreased external work, and reduced cardiac output. Myocardial infarction (MI) may cause wall motion abnormalities not only through disturbed electrical conduction, but also through myocardial damage and non-viable tissue. Therapy targeted at preventing adverse remodelling and improving the viability of non-contracting tissue may have the potential for great improvement in ventricular synchronization by addressing mechanical disturbances in the myocardium. Recent advances in stem cell therapy hold promise for regenerative cardiac interventions, as the use of undifferentiated stem cells delivered to the myocardium may be effective in forming functional cardiac tissue and restoring global heart function. While the potential use of such therapies has gained recent attention, the administration of stem cell therapy to ameliorate regional dyssynchrony related to MI has not been examined.


Recent progress in additive manufacturing (AM) technology has made it possible to form objects with fine and complex internal structures. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is widely used for inspecting AM objects because it can scan objects' internal structures nondestructively. Although conventional X-ray CT scanning scans static objects to obtain their three-dimensional geometry, recently, attention has been paid to scanning deforming objects in real time and obtaining time-varying fourdimensional (4D) data. This technology, called 4-dimensional computed tomography, is also used to conduct load-bearing tests of AM products and observation of the deformation of the internal structure of objects. However, dynamic deformation of an object to be scanned while rotating 360° yields a series (one frame) of projection images necessary to reconstruct a CT volume, causing blurs in the reconstructed data. Therefore, we propose an algorithm to generate a frame of projection images of an arbitrary time point by interpolating the projection images from the previous and next frames of continuous scanning. Specifically, we generate the projection images from given frames using optical flow, which adopts the vector field of the gradient of projection values. This algorithm was applied to dynamically changing projection images to experimentally show its robustness against dynamical changes.


To meet the controlling requirement of the fan and pump pressure varied by times,a RBF neuro network PID control strategy was propsed.it can speed up the network convergence speed and avoid falling into local minimum point.by training the network to make the parements P,I,D arrived optimal.For that purpose,a model is set up and simulated,the result it given is satisfactory and promising.


compilation of four short books focusing on each gospel, the text is completed by five very practical appendices. An analysis of the processes used by the Church to select its future ordained ministers will be invaluable to those preparing for bishops advisory panels (the means by which would-be priests in the Church of England enter training), while the words of the legal oaths and declarations made by ordinands, together with the liturgy of ordination, a list of Bible stories referencing calling and suggestions of other resources will aid individuals examining a vocation. Although clearly aimed at candidates for Anglican ordained ministry, the book deserves a wider audience. Burridge wears his scholarship lightly, but his knowledge of the New Testament is woven so seamlessly throughout the text that each study of Jesus' ministry has the potential to reveal new depths of understanding or inspire fresh insights into familiar stories. With a nice line in imagery and the straightforward practicality forged in over 30 years of ordained ministry, Burridge offers sensible advice both to those wondering if they could be called and those questioning how to refresh an existing ministry. The insights gained from long service as a bishops' adviser allow him to challenge complacent assumptions about Christian vocation (his chapters on Mark's Gospel and the way of the cross remind readers that ministry is likely to be exhausting and at times overwhelming) while offering helpful suggestions of topics for prayer and reflective practices to underpin the discernment process and help candidates prepare for a panel. Many of the questions Burridge raises are asked of candidates by those who examine vocations, or of clergy by spiritual directors, and are crucial markers of a mature and disciplined faith. It is enormously helpful to have them set down in the context of wise spirituality and theological acuity. I will be encouraging candidates for ordained ministry to read this book and will also return regularly to it myself.


Water is undoubtedly a very precious resource that helps life thrive on this planet, and its pollution is a problem which is potent of erasing almost all forms of life on earth. Hence, considering the magnitude of this problem, studies and experiments have been focused (from the day water pollution was recognised as an eminent issue) on monitoring and finding possible solutions for water pollution. While the latter deals with treating and purifying water using a variety of concepts, monitoring deals with the continuous assessment of water quality of a waterbody.

There are several methods for monitoring purposes, and remote sensing is a popular choice, thanks to its wide applicability and flexibility in implementation. Remote sensing basically deals with collecting data about a place (which is to be monitored) and sending the data to another 'remote' location for analysis. This article aims to provide a description of some methods employed in recent times for the purpose of remote sensing and a short section which deals with the analysis of the remotely sensed data using machine learning / deep learning models, hence making the reader aware of the concept of remote sensing and its scope for monitoring water pollution (or any form of pollution) in the future.

The detailed comparative analysis of these methods showed that sensor based water quality monitoring with Geographical Information System (GIS) will be more efficient in detection of water pollutants. The further research in this field may introduce many advancements to enable efficient water pollution detection techniques.


In the past decade, space-based transit surveys have delivered thousands of potential planet-hosting systems. Each of these needs to be vetted and characterized using follow-up high-resolution imaging. We perform comprehensive imaging surveys of the candidate exoplanets detected by the Kepler and TESS missions using the fully autonomous Robo-AO system and the largely autonomous SOAR speckle imaging system. The surveys yielded hundreds of previously unknown close binary systems hosting exoplanets and resulted in verification of hundreds of exoplanet systems. Evidence of the interaction between binary stars and planetary systems was also detected, including a deep deficit of planets in close binary systems.


The present invention relates to a loss monitor of a body fluid of a patient and an associated method for monitoring, said apparatus comprising a central unit (2), at least one device (3) with weighing means (4) and storage means (5) of said fluid transmitting means (11) signal between the device (3) and the central unit (2) and, according to the invention, means for the introduction of data (8) relating to the patient and processing means (13) combining the entered patient data and data on body fluid losses for determining at least one level of risk.


.............................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Three Facets of Effortful Control ............................................................................... 19 Attentional control ................................................................................................ 21 Inhibitory control .................................................................................................. 32 Activation control ................................................................................................. 34 The Present Study ....................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2: Methods ........................................................................................................... 40 Participants .................................................................................................................. 40 Measures ..................................................................................................................... 40 Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) – Trait Form .......................... 40 Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) Scales 41 Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ) – Short Form..................................... 41 viii Effortful Control Scale (ECS) ............................................................................... 41 Attentional Control Scale (ACS) .......................................................................... 42 Depression Anxiety Stress Schedule (DASS)....................................................... 42 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 44 Missing Data ............................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................. 49 General Distress .......................................................................................................... 51 PANAS scales ....................................................................................................... 51 BIS/BAS scales ..................................................................................................... 53 Depressive Symptoms ................................................................................................. 55 PANAS scales ....................................................................................................... 55 BIS/BAS scales ..................................................................................................... 58 Composite Symptoms ................................................................................................. 61 Moderation by Sex ...................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 65 Advantages and Limitations of the Present Study ...................................................... 72 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 74 References ......................................................................................................................... 76 Appendix A: Tables .......................................................................................................... 90 Appendix B: Figures ......................................................................................................... 97


AIM:To evaluate the mid-term results of thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR) in treatment of acute Stanford B dissection.METHODS:From December 2001 to June 2009,288 patients(237 males,51 females;average age 51.2 years) with acute Stanford B dissection were enrolled in our institution and received TEVAR.Stent grafts were placed to exclude primary tear of dissection under general or local anesthesia.All patients were followed-up by multisliced CT for an average of 38 months(6-102 months).Thrombus formation of false lumen,presence of endoleak,hemodynamic changes,position and shape of the stent graft,and blood supply of visceral vessels were all evaluated.RESULTS:All stent grafts were placed in the desired position and no migration,dissection rupture,conversion or paraplegia were observed during TEVAR.There were six perioperative deaths.Two patients died due to ischemia-reperfusion syndrome,one died due to retrograde Stanford A dissection,one due to rupture of dissection,one due to myocardial infarction and one without obvious reasons.Perioperative complications(25.3%) included instant endoleak,fever,renal insufficiency,infection,pneumonia,central nervous system disorder,cardiac insufficiency,pseudo-aneurysm and amputation.There were seven deaths during the follow-up period and four patients received reintervention.Kaplan-Meier curve showed an estimated 5-year survival rate of 96%.CONCLUSION:TEVAR is less invasive,safe and feasible as an effective method in treatment of acute Stanford B dissection and produces good mid-term results.


This research discusses about the politics of legal protection of traditional cultural expressions/ folklore in Indonesia. It is important to note that the protection of traditional cultural expressions is necessary in order to form a national identity. Protecting traditional cultural expressions legally can also be the indication of civilization in order to force the state to conduct its obligation to develop national culture. The method of approach used in this study was non doctrinal or socio-legal approach. From the result of the research, it is found that first, constitutionally, politics of legal protection of traditional cultural expressions has obliged a state to develop its national culture, guarantee the freedom or independence of all components of the people in preserving and developing the culture and enjoy the product of the culture, in this case including in preserving and developing traditional cultural expressions/folklore. It must also guarantee the collective rights of all components of people including communities of people who preserve traditional cultural expressions for the sake of the wellbeing and the progress of the communities, or to a broader sense for the sake of the wellbeing of all Indonesian people. The second, operationally, politics of protection of traditional cultural expressions gives the state the authority to formulate policies, regulate, administrate, manage, promote and supervise the use of traditional cultural expressions. The state must be able to protect and guarantee all people's rights related to traditional cultural expressions/folklore and various national cultural properties that can directly enjoy by the people. In addition, the state must also be able to prevent and handle the use of traditional cultural expressions that cause people to lose their access and rights to the traditional cultural expressions.


The unpaved roads of Lome in Togo are increasingly eroded by runoff waters. These waters dig sometimes great gullyings on the roads. The runoff waters make the roads impracticable, and they are very often dangerous for populations. The current project consists in determining the compensation slope of the roads in Lome in order to reduce the water erosion. 330 sediment samples are taken from 110 roads in Lome, and then subjected to granulometric analyses and identification tests. From the slope compensation theory, the slope that makes it possible to avoid the road erosion is determined for any right-of-way of roads and water sheet. As a result compensation slopes (p) exponentially decrease with roads' right-of-way (L) lying between 3 m and 20 m (p=aLb=aeb ln (L)) and become stationary beyond 20 m. They are also decreasing from the sheet 100 mm to 350 mm for any right-of-way of the road. The required slopes for unpaved roads are between 0.23% and 2.92% with an average of 0.92 % in order to keep them from water erosion. Equations and graphs are established to help deducting slopes no matter how long the road is (L) and how high the sheet is (h).


Distributed networked systems form an essential resource for computation and applications ranging from commercial, military, scientific, and research communities. Allocation of resources on a given infrastructure is realized through various mapping systems that are tailored towards specific use cases of the requesting applications. While HPC system requests demand compute resources heavy on processor and memory, cloud applications may demand distributed web services that are composed of networked processing and some memory. All resource requests allocate on the infrastructure with some form of network connectivity. However, during mapping of resources, the features and topology constraints of network components are typically handled indirectly through abstractions of user requests. This paper is on a novel graph representation that enables precise mapping methods for distributed networked systems. The proposed graph representations are demonstrated to allocate specific network components and adjacency requirements of a requested graph on a given infrastructure. Furthermore, we report on application of business policy requirements that resulted in increased utilization and a gradual decrease in idle node count as requests are mapped using our proposed methods.


Imagery-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to decode different neural activities into control signals by identifying and classifying various natural commands from electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns and then control corresponding equipment. However, several traditional BCI recognition algorithms have the "one person, one model" issue, where the convergence of the recognition model's training process is complicated. In this study, a new BCI model with a Dense long short-term memory (Dense-LSTM) algorithm is proposed, which combines the event-related desynchronization (ERD) and the event-related synchronization (ERS) of the imagery-based BCI; model training and testing were conducted with its own data set. Furthermore, a new experimental platform was built to decode the neural activity of different subjects in a static state. Experimental evaluation of the proposed recognition algorithm presents an accuracy of 91.56%, which resolves the "one person one model" issue along with the difficulty of convergence in the training process.


The invention discloses an automatic obstacle avoiding method of an intelligent detection vehicle based on behavior fusion in unknown environment, which comprises the following steps: the first step, adopting a fuzzy control method for designing four basic behaviors in the automatic obstacle avoiding process of the intelligent detection vehicle according to information of target points and distance information of obstacles; the second step, carrying out online regulation based on the weighing of two grades of BP neuronic network on the four basic behaviors of the intelligent detection vehicleaccording to the environment types of the obstacles and the direction angles of the target points; and the third step, adopting a weighing average method for fusing the four basic behaviors of the intelligent detection vehicle to obtain the steering angle change amount and the linear speed of the intelligent detection vehicle, and exerting the steering angle change amount and the linear speed of the intelligent detection vehicle on the intelligent detection vehicle for implementing the control. The invention combines the fuzzy control method, the neuronic network method and the intelligent control method based on the behavior fusion, and realizes the automatic obstacle avoidance of the intelligent detection vehicle in the unknown environment. Compared with the existing algorithm, the method of the invention has the advantages of good obstacle avoiding effect, strong robustness, high real-time performance and strong learning capability.


This invention relates to compositions comprising thalidomide and another anti-cancer drug which can be used in the treatment or prevention of cancer. Preferred anti-cancer drugs are topoisomerase inhibitors. A particular composition comprises thalidomide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or clathrate thereof, and irinotecan. The invention also relates to methods of treating or preventing cancer which comprise the administration of a thalidomide and another anti-cancer drug to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention. The invention further relates to methods of reducing or avoiding adverse side effects associated with the administration of chemotherapy or radiation therapy which comprise the administration of thalidomide to a patient in need of such reduction or avoidance.


The current policy of the Government of Myanmar emphasizes the role of the state in the social sector. On the other hand, the government announced its commitment to promote private sector development and less government intervention in the market. Although expenditure in the social sector is increasing in absolute terms, it accounts for less than one per cent of GDP. This may be because the Minister for Health and the Minister for Education are usually the least powerful among the ministers and, therefore, are in no position to fight for a bigger share of budgetary expenditure. Also, domestic policy generally tends to favour physical infrastructure over social infrastructure. While the need for physical infrastructure cannot be denied, the budget allocation for it by far outstrips that for the social sector. It is suggested that the neglect of the social sectors will cost the country dearly in the near future. I. Introduction Soon after the military took over civil power as a self-declared caretaker government of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) in September 1988, it adopted a market-oriented policy. Later on in March 1989, the 1965 Law of Establishment of the Socialist Economic System was formally revoked and "proper evolution of a market-oriented economic system" was officially declared as one of the four economic objectives of the State. Moreover, the need to "uplift health, fitness and education standards of the entire nation" was also declared as one of the four social objectives of the State. Taken together, these two objectives imply on the one hand, promotion of private sector development and less government intervention in the market, and on the other, continued government involvement in the development of the social sector. Given the low per capita income of the Myanmar people, commitment by the government to improve the health, education and living standards of the people is only natural and as expected. However, given also the likely expansion of private sector activities in both the health and education sectors, the two objectives also indicate an awareness on the part of the government to take on a more effective management and regulatory role. Needless to say, both of the above mentioned interdependent objectives are extremely important for sustainable development of the economy. The success enjoyed by the newly industralizing economies (NIEs) of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore in the past three or four decades clearly confirms the importance of having a sound and healthy market-oriented economic system. Then again, according to most scholars, "human resources in the NIEs in terms of skills, work motivation, adaptability and `trainability' have played a crucial role in their industrial success".1 Section II of this article presents the human resource development (HRD) status of Myanmar in the perspective of ASEAN and East Asia Pacific region. Section III, describes the efforts by the government to promote the health sector. Section IV examines the role of government in the educational sector. Concluding comments are given in Section V. 11. HRD in Myanmar and the Asia-Pacific Region Table 1 shows the human development index (HDI) in ASEAN. It may be seen from this table that Myanmar's HDI value in 1997 was higher than that of Cambodia and Laos because of Myanmar's better performance in life expectancy index and / or education index. Both Cambodia and Laos have a higher GDP index than Myanmar. Apart from the above, the level of social development in six original member ASEAN countries plus Vietnam is well correlated with their overall economic performance. In other words, the higher the GDP index, the higher will be the life expectancy index and / or education index. This is further attested by Table 2 which shows selected social indicators of Myanmar and the Asia-Pacific (AP) region. As may be seen from Table 2, economies in East Asia and Pacific with a higher level of economic development than Myanmar, also outperform the latter economy in most aspects of social development. …


In this letter, the unconditionally stable associated hermite (AH) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is extended to analyze three-dimensional (3-D) periodic structure. By combining the 3-D AH FDTD method and split-field technique, a 13-points coefficient matrix equation to eliminate phase shift is obtained with the corrected nonzero elements. To deal with the overflow at the periodic boundaries, the coefficient matrix is updated by the Floquet theory as long as the treatment of the angular points at the periodic boundary. The updating equation of the source term is derived by the total-field/scattered-field formula. The proposed method is verified by calculating the reflection coefficients of the infinite dielectric slab and the Jerusalem Cross FSS structure, respectively. The former shows a higher accuracy compared with the analytical solution with the average relative difference below $-$60 dB, and reflects less sensitive to the angle of incidence. And the later represents 7 times efficiency than that of the split-field FDTD method while keeping a sound accuracy.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: method comprises dissolving hydroxyethyl cellulose in water in the presence of a crosslinking agent - glutaric acid in an amount of 10-50 wt % of the polymer, drying the resulting film in air at a temperature of 18-25°C and subsequent heat treatment at a temperature of 98-105°C for 180-360 minutes. EFFECT: simplification and improvement of the process safety, lowering of the heat treatment temperature, longer film stay in the zone of postoperative recovery, and an increase in the anti-spasm effect. 1 tbl, 14 ex


Dihydropyrimidines are described as potent mimics odihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. They ar e regarded as aza-analog of nifedipine related dihydr opyridines. Tetrahydropyrimidines were prepared und er microwave irradiations and were converted to S-alky l-1,4-dihydropyrimidines. All synthesized compounds were characterized on basis of their spectral data. Synt hesized compounds were tested on rat uterus and rab bit heart. These compounds show smooth muscle relaxing propert y on rat uterus and increase in coronary flow and a mplitude of rabbit heart. These can be used in conditions li ke congestive heart failure unlike nifedipine which cannot be useful in such conditions.


A novel difunctionalization reaction of vinylarenes with cyclic ethers has been developed by copper catalysis via direct activation of alpha-sp(3) C-H bonds of oxygen in the presence of 1-1.2 equiv of TBHP under mild aerobic conditions. The reaction shows excellent regioselectivities and good functional group tolerance to give the oxyalkylated products of vinylarenes.


From East Slavic Vocabulary: Russ. dial. alynĭâ ; Bel. Lahazva ; Russ. dial. obazuritĭobazuritĭ(sâ ), obazulitĭobazulitĭ(sâ ), Bel. abazuryccaabazurycca. This article presents an etymological analysis of three East Slavic lexical i tems. Russ. dial. alynĭâ'cow' reflects PSl [* olni olnĭji 'doe' but omitted the regular metathesis in the initial ol - and eliminated the closed syllable by developing a secondary extra extra-short vowel; this phenomenon is known in some peripheral Slavic diale cts. TheBelarusian hydronym Lahazva is derived from the rare anthroponymic stem by means of the formant -va (< *-ū, -ъve ). Russian and Belarusian dialectical verbs obazuritĭobazuritĭ(sâ ), obazulitĭobazulitĭ(sâ ), abazurycca are prefixial( prefixial(-postfixal)formations from the verb verbs bazuritĭbazuritĭ, bazulitĭbazulitĭ(sâ ), many of whose meanings are close to those of the verbs in discussion.


In the manufacture of prostheses on implants is necessary knowledge of the mechanisms of transmission of stress from suprastructure prosthesis in the bone tissue of the jaw. These data can be obtained with the help of mathematical models of the finite element method, on the basis of which lie the knowledge of the physical properties of the bone structures of the jaw of the human skull, implants, teeth hard tissues and periodontal diseases.


This paper describes a practical ambient temperature dependant battery state of charge (SOC) estimation algorithm that can determine the SOC of a battery operating under load conditions. SOC is an essential parameter in a monitoring system, which is the basis of a battery management system (BMS). Temperature has a profound effect on the actual capacity or SOC of the battery. The proposed model in this paper determines the SOC by incorporating the changes occurring to charge acceptance, power deliverable and internal resistance due to the variations in temperature.


In this paper, we show how to classify Arabic document images using a convolutional neural network, which is one of the most common supervised deep learning algorithms. The main goal of using deep learning is its ability to automatically extract useful features from images, which eliminates the need for a manual feature extraction process. Convolutional neural networks can extract features from images through a convolution process involving various filters. We collected a variety of Arabic document images from various sources and passed them into a convolutional neural network classifier. We adopt a VGG16 pre-trained network trained on ImageNet to classify the dataset of four classes as handwritten, historical, printed, and signboard. For the document image classification, we used VGG16 convolutional layers, ran the dataset through them, and then trained a classifier on top of it. We extract features by fixing the pre-trained network's convolutional layers, then adding the fully connected layers and training them on the dataset. We update the network with the addition of dropout by adding after each max-pooling layer and to the fourteen and the seventeenth layers which are the fully connected layers. The proposed approach achieved a classification accuracy of 92%. Keywords—Arabic document; document classification; deep learning; convolutional neural network (CNN); pre_trained


This article was written by Varsha Gadani, JD, (left), Senior Associate, and Dominic Castillo, JD, (right), Associate, of Husch Blackwell's Austin, Texas office. Husch Blackwell represents a full spectrum of healthcare providers and other businesses in regulatory compliance and litigation matters and serves as outside legal counsel to the Missouri State Medical Association. The information contained in this article should not be construed as legal advice or a legal opinion on any specific facts or circumstances. The contents are intended for general information purposes only, and readers are encouraged to consult their own attorney concerning their specific situation and specific legal questions. introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed day-to-day life, and it has had a considerable impact on businesses. Many businesses have struggled to survive, and some ultimately had to close their doors for good, so it's no surprise that businesses are turning to their insurance policies in hopes of covering their losses. Specifically, many businesses are hoping to collect on their business interruption coverage, but some have experienced claim denials, leading to costly litigation. This article examines litigation trends relating to businesses' attempts to collect on their business interruption coverage for COVID-19 losses. Business interruption insurance All-risk property insurance policies cover all risks of loss except for risks that are expressly and specifically excluded.1 Often, these policies will include coverage for business income and civil authority. Business income coverage pays the actual loss of business income due to necessary suspension of operations caused by direct loss to property resulting from a covered cause of loss.2 Civil authority coverage typically covers the actual loss of business income and necessary expenses caused by an action of a civil authority that prohibits access to the covered property in certain instances due to a covered cause of loss.3 Traditionally, these cover business profits or fixed costs of operating the business, temporary relocation and costs associated with moving the business operation, and extra expenses to keep an operation running beyond normal fixed costs. Coverage under an all-risk property insurance policy generally requires direct physical loss or damage to property. Causation plays a major role in linking the business loss with a physical damage or loss. The requirement of a direct physical loss is a customary limitation for business interruption coverage. Typically, the mere loss of use of the business operations by itself is insufficient to support a direct physical loss, and rather, it requires either a direct or proximate cause that leads to the loss.4 All-risk policies will usually either explicitly include or exclude covered perils. One very common exclusion is the exclusion against viruses and diseases. Many policies expressly exclude viruses and bacterium or include a requirement of direct physical loss caused by a virus or other communicable disease. Consequently, the policy's terms, including specific exclusions, will dictate whether a claim will | MedicaL-LeGaL


This textbook is designed to introduce first or second year undergraduates to the nature and importance of interdisciplinary analysis. The second edition has been fully revised to reflect developments in the literature as well as the detailed comments of six instructors. In chapter 1, for example, there is more information on career prospects for interdisciplinary students, the value of the skills associated with interdisciplinary education, and the evaluation of interdisciplinary programs. As integration is identified by many authors to be the defining element of interdisciplinary research, this is a welcome philosophical analysis of what according to a literature review integration amounts to. It then offers a description of the integration process, its inputs and outputs. (mk) Working from Gunderson and Holling's concept of panarchy, the objective is to lay down a theoretical framework in terms of social ecological resilience for the hermeneutic interpretation of southern Africa's precolonial water history. The study urges historians to use transdisciplinary research strategies to explore other disciplines for a better understanding of the way in which society is shaped by natural resources, e.g. water. (jt) Boix Mansilla and colleagues search for factors and markers of success in large interdisciplinary projects. The value of their analysis is that they not only look at the level of cognition and social interaction, but also of emotion. (cp) paper four roles for scientists as developers , reviewers , judges , and messengers in transdisciplinary arenas where management plans are produced and evaluated. While it be to separate the roles in the paper argues that it must be emphasized to be aware of their different requirements to ensure that scientific credibility is not compromised. By asking the question "What hat are you wearing?", individual fishery scientists, their employers, and ICES as a network organization of expertise are encouraged to reflect on roles, affiliations, mandates, and possible consequences of wearing different "hats". (js) Based on the results of a research on interdisciplinary practices, this book investigates the multidimensionality of inter- and transdisciplinarity: What are the motivations of researchers to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue, what do they gain or lose? What are their academic and professional identities? Do institutional contexts favor or discourage interdisciplinary work, what are the ups and downs of an interdisciplinary collaboration, the possibilities or the difficulties to publish the results of interdisciplinary research or the stakes of its evaluation? From a pluralistic perspective of interdisciplinarity, the authors give priority to the researchers who make it live by catalysing its creative potentialities and addressing the challenges and obstacles that still hinder its development. (fd) through informal involvement and a diversity of outputs, and much less by giving societal actors a prominent role or influence in the research process." Based on 20 in-depth interviews with both researchers and non-academic experts collaborating in four large transdisciplinary research projects, the authors present which principles actually informed the design and the evaluation of collaboration by those involved. Besides providing rich qualitative data on transdisciplinary collaboration, the results encourage readers to creatively make use of transdisciplinarity handbooks, that is, to adapt the guidance contained to the everyday reality of their projects. (lk) An ex-post analysis of the first 15 month of a transdisciplinary research project, which was structured by three overlapping action research cycles. An interesting table summarizes the different types of challenges that collaborative teams have to cope with. (cp) This publication empirically explores how researchers conceive of and shape scientific contributions to solving sustainability challenges related to land use questions. It develops a typology showing that there is a considerable diversity of promising models. These vary for example with the (perceived) problem awareness of societal actors or with the importance researchers attribute to scientific interests. This book offers a set of essays written by researchers from different disciplines who share their experience of going towards transdisciplinarity from the interior knowledge. In the Latin-American context, the authors propose a change in the higher education based on transdisciplinary methodology, which puts in its center the human dignity. provoked one of the first major environmental controversies. The controversy raises many important problems, and the article focuses in particular on the uses of scientific knowledge and the role of scientists. The paper argues that context and values have to be taken into consideration in environmental controversies and concludes that in cases like Love Canal it is imperative to inform about uncertainty and to involve all stakeholders. environmental sustainability researchers, professionals, decision-makers Useful analysis and data presentation of the obstacles that interdisciplinary research projects face in terms of getting funding. For this the authors developed a new and useful metric for interdisciplinary distance, which facilitates quantification of the familiar distinction between narrow and broad interdisciplinarity. The article is a critical engagement with the current thinking and practice of translational research—i.e., the additional stages of systematic enquiry necessary to harness laboratory-based knowledge within professional or social practice. Using the field of medical research as an example, the article argues for the need to extend the current remit of translational research, so as to incorporate stakeholders who are outside of the professional or research community. (dd) This article identifies some challenges within the current thinking and practice of translational research—i.e., the process of conveying basic scientific knowledge into social policy and everyday practice. Taking medical research as a context, challenges are found with regard to getting research out of the highly controlled environment into the real world and carrying out the subsequent policy analysis and evaluation necessary. This book explores the desirability and feasibility of a new approach to classifying documents and ideas (online and in libraries) that is grounded in the phenomena we study and the relationships among these rather than disciplines. It is argued that such an approach would facilitate interdisciplinary research and communication. (rs) Drawing upon time and rhythm studies, complexity theories and educational research, this book provides an epistemological, historical and theoretical framework that will serve as a comprehensive resource for critical reflection on the relationship between the experience of time (conceived from a physical, biological, psychological, sociological and cultural perspective) and education. Articulating contributions made in philosophy, in sciences, and in the arts, this book demonstrates how the study of temporal and rhythmic phenomena requires a transdisciplinary mind-set to grasp the heterogeneous forms of change and influence that shape how humans learn, transform and develop themselves. This is the first book to provide a broad overview of European and North-American theories that inform both the ideas of time and rhythm in educational sciences. (ma) Remembering Dionysus , a research monograph emerging from the disciplines of literary studies and the psychology of the unconscious, offers a distinctive argument about transdisciplinarity as proposed by Basarab Nicolescu. It suggests that, viewed from these disciplines, transdisciplinarity reenacts a myth of Dionysus as a necessary dismemberment, followed by a remembering of the god. "God" here denotes the sum of our knowing, what we believe about reality as structured through modern disciplines. (bn)


Using wavelet denoising is an important application of wavelet analysis in engineering.Several popular wavelet denoising methods are introduced herein including the wavelet decomposition and reconstruction method,the nonlinear wavelet threshold denoising method, the translation invariant denoising method and the wavelet transform modulus maxima method.These methods are used to remove the Gaussian white noise from the simulated signal respectively.Their advantages and disadvantages are compared, which may be helpful in selecting the methods of wavelet denoising.


Key points for the design and development of the capillary-discharge-pumped soft X-ray laser working according to electron-collisional excitation pumping scheme are discussed. They include design of the apparatus capable to deliver current with sufficient rise-rate, role of pre-pulse, test of plasma parameters and finally proof of lasing. (47+5)


This article presents a critical cross-cultural appraisal of management scholarship concerning Africa, considering differences between scholarship on Africa, scholarship for Africa, and scholarship from Africa. It looks at how Africa has been conceptualized and portrayed in the management literature from an outsider's pejorative perspective, how solutions for Africa, underlined by modernization theory, have been sought for Africa by management scholars, and the imperative for research that reflects indigenous approaches and the difficulties with this. It then goes on to look at two major aspects that affect the way we research, and should be researching Africa: the changing geopolitical context, specifically China in Africa, that provides a different perspective of scholarship for Africa; and, the political nature of concepts of indigenous African management and how this should be integrated into management scholarship.


Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Cloisite30B (PHB/30B) nanocomposites were prepared by solution-intercalation method. The influence of 30B content on the thermal stability of PHB was investigated. With the addition of 3 wt. % of 30B the highest thermal stability of PHB was achieved. The kinetic analysis of the non-isothermal degradation was performed using the isoconversional Friedman method and invariant kinetic parameters method.


The methodology used in the production of a geographic information system for the management of 20 000 km (14,247 mi) of highways in Spain is explained. Pavement evaluation systems provide an exhaustive amount of information about highways. A multifunction device provides information about international roughness index, rutting, megatexture, macrotexture, microtexture, cracking, curve radius, longitudinal, and cross slope. Some of these parameters break down into data such as those relative to both wheel tracks or into different intermediate levels. Additionally, all of these data can be taken at a very high sampling rate, a rate as high as one every 10 cm (4 in.). All of this information, which is useful for having detailed knowledge of the highway's condition, can be useless (because of unmanageability) if the right tools that permit highway administrators to perform a quick overall analysis of the highway network are not applied. These tools should be capable of grouping data of different types, depending on the study to be performed, and should also be able to represent the data in graphical form. These groups should be significant for each type of data, average value, variance, maximum value, minimum value, and so forth. Maps and graphics have been demonstrated to be good analytical tools that allow a quick and easy overall view of the whole network, making it easier to locate questionable or bad areas and their extent. Once these areas are found, a more detailed analysis on a smaller scale can be made by reanalyzing the data. At the same time the system is capable of integrating various types of information (traffic, deflections, etc.). To do this, the reference system is flexible, permitting its use with different types of data and different scales. The reference system used is the arch/node system. Accordingly, the highway network is divided into sections. The end of a section, which will be the beginning of the following section or an intersection where different sections converge, is designated a node. This system allows data on a specific point (accidents, signals, etc.) to be perfectly referenced in a section at a distance from the node of origin. It also allows lineal data along a segment to be referenced by situating the node in a section starting at a distance from the origin and with a specific length. This reference system can be very well adapted to the Spanish highway network, which is entirely referenced by means of kilometer posts.


One of the solutions to fulfill  the food sustainability is diversification of local food. One of the local food that potential to be used and processed is bamboo shoots. In South Kalimantan, the potential of bamboo as a producer of bamboo shoot plants with an estimated total area of 2158 hectares with a potential of 6 million stems. To increase the value and health of bamboo shoots can be made with fermentation. Fermentation is done by two methods, enzimatic fermentation and spontaneous fermentation. The results of the highest crude fiber obtained in spontaneous fermentation of bamboo shoots Haur 44.46% while the highest starch content present in fermented bamboo shoots Paring stater of 13.91%. Metal content, everything is still fulfill the quality standard. Flour bamboo shoots can be used as food supplements or raw materials of fiber flour. Keywords : bamboo shoots ,  fermentation, fiber flour


This paper investigates the secure transmission in downlink cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in the presence of an active multi-antenna eavesdropper (Eve) over Rician fading channels, assuming that each access point (AP) possesses multiple antennas which are connected with low-resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Closed-form expressions of the achievable secrecy rate relied on the additive quantization noise model are derived. Based on these analytical results, we quantify the impacts of key system parameters, such as the antenna array number, DAC resolution, Rician $\mathcal K$ -factor, and balance factor between data and artificial noise power on secrecy enhancement. Several interesting insights are attained by assuming that Eve can or cannot perfectly remove inter-mobile-terminal interference. Moreover, we also propose a power control algorithm that maximizes the achievable secrecy rate, which can be represented as a series of second-order-cone programs for which efficient solvers exist. All the theoretical analyses and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are corroborated by simulation experiments.


The present volumes unites papers which explore the European image of god in an intercultural context. They range from classical antiquity to contemporary philosophy and science.


Two photographs of Dittmer smoking a pipe seated on a chair which is covered in a kakahu. A copy negative from a print of Dittmer holding a palette and surrounded by Maori artefacts in Augustus Hamilton's photographic studio at the Dominion Museum.
Arrangement: Negatives at 1/2-003097 to 003099
Quantity: 3 b&w original photographic print(s).
Transfers: Transferred from the Dittmer papers MS-Papers-371.


Lexical cohesion, i.e. selection of lexical items in some way related to other lexical items in a text, contributes importantly to creating the texture, and increases the overall coherence of the text. The lecture looks into different devices of lexical cohesion employed in scientific texts, namely reiterations (including exact repetitions and synonyms), use of superordinate expressions and general terms, and marginally also collocations. It is built upon an assumption that two basic types of scientific text, popular and theoretical ones, display some differences in the ratios between these lexical cohesive devices as well as in the frequency of their occurrence in each individual type. The analysis has been undertaken on two corpora of texts dealing with various topics in physics, comparing a text which is highly theoretical with one covering the same respective topic, adapted rather for didactic purposes or purposes of popular science. Lexical chains reveal the cohesive links between thematic elements of the texts and highlight the differences between individual texts matched in pairs. Particularly the use of general and superordinate lexemes in contrast to exact repetitions has proved to be the feature distinguishing between the two text varieties. Academic papers in English and the distribution of sentence adverbials by native vs. non-native writers The use of sentence adverbials, i.e. syntactically and/or prosodically detached conjunctive and disjunctive adverbials, is one of the most powerful tools for achieving cohesion in academic texts. Although the genre of academic papers reveals a tendency to some degree of formal uniformity without individual disciplines as the discourses are becoming increasingly international, there persist significant differences in frequency as well as distribution of lexical and grammatical devices between native and non-native users of English. The lecture examines preferences of these two groups in the use of sentence adverbials in academic papers dealing with humanities. The research draws on several corpora of expert and novice native and non-native academic texts. Among the findings of the analysis are observable tendencies to overusing or underusing certain adverbials and their distributional patterns displayed by individual groups of authors.


Spin coated thin films of metal complexes serve as useful precursors in the photodeposition of metal and metal oxide films. The ability to control the film thickness and morphology is essential to industrial applications of metal based films. Furthermore, potential industrial applications require that the photodeposition process be efficient and cost effective. A comparison was made of different spin coating conditions for Ni(PEt3)?X2 and Ni(PPh3)*X2. It was found that controlling the outcome of spin coating a film involves a complx and amorphous films are preferred for photochemistry. Fortunately, the degree of crystallinity in the film was also ' affected by the ligands on the metal centre. For example, films of the relatively large tetrahedral Ni(PPh3)212 did not crystallize as readily as the films of the relatively small square planar Ni(PEt3)2C12. Thicker films were also produced when the complexes were spin coated from high concentration precursor solutionsmade with solvents of low boiling point. Comp&ns of the results of the conditions of spin coating were made with %s a i e s of spin coated polymers. Qualitatively, the results matched in spin specd and precursor solution concentration. The mathematical relationships of spin speed and precursor solution concentration did not always parallel the mathematical relationships for polymer films. Spin coated films of CpFe(CO)2X, Ni(PEt3)2X2 and Ni(PPh3)*X2 (X=CI, Br, I) were photolyzed. The main objective of the study was to determine if halogen ligands are


textabstractThe advances in technology of the last fifty years, specifically the advent of the
computer, its continuous improvements in functionality and capacity, and the growth
of the internet, have affected almost every aspect of psychological testing in personnel
selection practices. Since the 1960s, traditional psychological tests with paperand-
pencil formats are already being converted to computerized formats (Bartram,
1994). Yet, new technology provides more possibilities than simply changing the test
medium. For instance, it also provides the opportunity to dynamically select the items
to be presented and to use a variety of stimulus materials (Olson-Buchanan &
Drasgow, 1999). Recently, researchers and practitioners are using new technology for
the delivery of so-called multimedia tests, which include audio and video fragments
(Lievens, Van Dam, & Anderson, 2002).
The present dissertation presents five empirical studies on multimedia tests and is
aimed to address both theoretical and practical questions concerning their validity
and acceptability. In this introductory chapter, first, a short overview of the history of
computerized testing is given. Second, past research regarding multimedia testing
within the domain of personnel selection is discussed. Finally, the research aims of
the following five chapters of this dissertation are presented.


which is rather in accordance with the supposedly genuine Jewish law (e.g. Muqatil b. Sulayman, Tafsir al-qur'an, MS, Istanbul, Ahmet III, 74/1, fol. 24b [on 2: 146]; Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari, Jdmi' al-bayan fitafsir al-qur'an, Bulaq'l323 A.H. / 1905, repr. Beirut, 1972, n, 16 [on 2: 146]). The inclusion of a chapter about Muhammad's mission in Burton's book is entirely superfluous, but is nevertheless typical of the approach shared by so many Islamicists who believe that the available Islamic sources— although reflecting the frictions, tendencies, polemics and debates of later generations—can nevertheless teach us about the time of the Prophet himself. But, as we see, the historical reconstruction of Muhammad's life is more often than not based on an arbitrary selection of the material. Those chapters (ii, iv) in which the hadiths are treated as reflecting the exegetical debate of scholars in the generations after the death of the Prophet are far more useful, although it is doubtful whether the author's attempt to explain all the hadiths as the result of exegetical elaboration on the text of the Qur'an will always convince all readers. This applies mainly to traditions providing the asbab al-nuzul of the Qur'an. For example, the traditions about Muhammad's first revelation discussed by the author (pp. 30-32) can also be shown to contain an originally independent (essentially biblical) narrative framework to which Qur'anic extracts were added only at a secondary stage, not for exegetical purposes but rather for embellishment and authorization (Rubin, Eye of the beholder, 103-12). The same applies to the story of the satanic verses (pp. 32-3. See Rubin, Eye of the beholder, 156-66). Nevertheless, the studies of the exegetical functions of the legal hadiths relating to fasting, prayer and marriage are the author's most original contribution and hence the most valuable part of the book.


Transactions in the economy range from instantaneous exchanges to long-term relations. In conjunction with this range of transactions is a spectrum of organizational methods such as auctions, vertical contracting and common ownership. What are the origins of this variety in organization? A recent body of literature which one source calls the "New Institutional Economics" (Furubotn and Richter [1984]) and which is labelled in this paper as the "specialized assets hypothesis" provides valuable insights into this question. The specialized assets hypothesis predicts a consistent relation between the form of organization chosen and the degree of asset specificity in a transaction (Alchian [1984], Klein et al. [1978], Williamson [1975, 1984]). This paper tests this prediction through an analysis of the organizational structure of the U.S. natural gas industry during this century. This setting is quite suitable for an analysis of the specialized assets hypothesis. The degree of asset specificity varies across the transactions in the natural gas industry. In addition, over the course of this century, technological change has altered the degree of asset specificity and governmental regulation has altered the costs of some forms of organization. The analysis of these variations and alterations indicates that across transactions and over time the organizational form chosen in a natural gas transaction has entailed the equilibration of organizational costs and the exchange costs associated with asset specificity. To convey these thoughts, the paper first indicates the applicability of the specialized assets hypothesis to the natural gas industry. Section 3 then shows that the common ownership that arose in the U.S. natural gas industry in the early part of this century was a response to an increase in asset specificity brought about by technological change. The fourth section discusses how federal legislation passed in the 1930s increased the costs of common ownership. Section 5 describes the contracts that took the place of common owner


NiO and Cr2O3 are transition metal oxides with a partially filled d electron band that supports p-type conduction. Both are transparent to the visible light due to optical absorption beginning at wavelengths below 0.4 μm and the creation of holes by metal vacancy defects. The defect and strain effects on the electronic characteristics of these materials need to be established. For this purpose, NiO and Cr2O3 thin films were deposited on unheated glass substrates by reactive DC sputtering from metallic targets. Their structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were analyzed comparatively in the as-grown conditions (25 °C) and after heating in air at 300 °C or 500 °C. The cubic NiO structure was identified with some tensile strain in the as-grown conditions and compressive strain after heating. Otherwise, the chromium oxide layers were amorphous as grown at 25 °C and crystallized into hexagonal Cr2O3 at 300 °C or above also with compressive strain after heating. Both materials achieved the highest visible transmittance (72%) and analogous electrical conductivity (~10−4 S/cm) by annealing at 500 °C. The as-grown NiO films showed a higher conductivity (2.5 × 10−2 S/cm) but lower transmittance (34%), which were related to more defects causing tensile strain in these samples.


AbstractThis new species of subfamily Namanereinae is probably most closely related to N. tiriteac Winterbourn from the North Island of New Zealand, differing from it only in size, some parapodial characters, and the arrangement of peristomial cirri. N. vuwaensis was found in patches of sand and gravel in fairly still water in the lee of large stones in a fast-flowing reach of a montane stream. The presence of identifiable chaetae in the faeces suggests that oligochaetes may be its main food.


aggregations probably explains why ant tending levels remained unchanged in the presence of an alternate sugar source. The current experimental study and available field evidence from cerrado vegetation do not support the prediction that ants would neglect honeydew-producing homopterans in the presence of extrafloral nectaries.


T H E RE are some scholars destined to leave an enduring impact for generations. Christine Mohrmann (1903-1988) is one of them. To liturgical and philological academics writing in the middle of the twentieth century, Mohrmann's influence was unquestionable. Most of her work was devoted to understanding the historical evolution of liturgical Latin in the early centuries of Christianity, always with an eye toward the cultural conditions which helped to shape the language as a living, breathing conduit of human emotion and activity. In this regard, Mohrmann published against the grain ofthe traditional linguistic thinking of the earlyto mid-twentieth century, a school of thought (soon to change) highly influenced by a certain pragmatism in communication and essentialism in understanding the evolution of classical languages. She was a woman in an academy dominated by men, but that marginalized role only galvanized her thinking further, making her outstanding in her field. In 1947, Morhmann founded the journal Vigiliae Christianae: A Review rifEarfyChristian Life and Language. Always a prodigious and pioneering researcher, she lectured internationally (very colourfully and sometimes controversially) and wrote a four-volume study, Etudes sur ie latin des chritiens (1958-1977), perhaps her most famous contribution to the study of the divergence between classical and colloquial forms of Latinity and the early use of liturgical language. Mohrmann was intensely interested in how and under what conditions a culture absorbs a linguistic and liturgical vocabulary. Why, for instance, did certain Greek liturgical vocabulary prevail


Brunei economic development has experienced a transition from a relatively single resource economy to a diversified one. In colonial period, Brunei economic development mainly depended on the exploitation of oil and natural gas, and the economic sovereignty was controlled by the British Colonial Company. After independence, Brunei has attached great importance to the economic development, bringing industry development into line with its national development plan, and has made some progress. But in its participation in the globalization of economy, Brunei faces the double challenges from internal an external economic environment.


In India, the population with severe neuro-motor impairments (like people suffering from cerebral palsy) faces an acute problem with electronic-learning because there is a dearth of quality learning aids available for them. By quality learning aids we mean certain softwares that can help this section of special users to learn fast and at the same time with ease. Though similar systems are available in the international market, all of such products have a cost ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. For an average Indian user, they are too costly to afford. Moreover these products come in foreign languages which cannot facilitate the learning of the Indian languages. Keeping these two problems in focus, we have tried to design and develop a few learning aids which helps these section of users to learn and that too in their own languages. All these tools are indigenous and at the same time available at an affordable price. In this paper we would discuss about a predictive virtual keyboard, which not only helps these users to learn typing but also helps them to write essays, letters, and even compose poetry. All of these they can do in their own language.


Emigration from Hungary began after the revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49 at a time when it had already reached its climax in certainWest-European countries, as for example in England. The emigration started sporadically from Hungary, attaining greater dimensions from the seventies. This is proved by the fact that from the county of Saros alone 4,959 persons emigrated between 1870-1881, and from the county of Zemplen 6,046 between 1879-82, i.e. within three years. In the period from 1871 to 1880 the not very reliable statistics of the USA already registered 13,375 immigrants from Hungary. From the eighties on the emigration reached mass proportions, but mainly as yet from the highland parts of Hungary, flowing from the counties of Saros, Szepes, and Zemplen, but it had already spread to the Transdanubian counties of Moson, Veszprem, Gyor and Vas, in fact the current was already sweeping away a goodly part of the Szekely population of the counties of Transylvania. In 1893, Gusztav Thirring, the outstanding statistician of the age rightly pointed out that "the tide of emigration is already spreading all over the country and one can hardly find a county or two that can resist the temptations of emigration." This, however, implied that from the last decade of the 19th century the emigration movement had carried away not only the population of the frontier districts, but also the population of the counties of the Hungarian Plain: Szabolcs, Bihar, Temes and Torontal. According to official Hungarian statistics, the number of emigrants gradually increased from the turn of the century, and by 1905 it jumped to 138,719 from the 65,640 of the previous year. It reached its peak in 1907 when 167,489 persons emigrated in a single year. In the next year, as a result of the great American economic crisis, the number of Hungarian emigrants suddenly dropped to 47,897 i.e. compared to the enormous inflation of the previous year it fell back to one fourth, only to rise again with smaller or larger relapses. After 1907, however, it never again came up to 100,000 in any year. The further flow of emigration from Hungary as in the case of other peoples was stopped by the outbreak of the First World War.