Geochemical and Sr Nd isotopic data are reported for the late Paleocene lamprophyres in western Yunnan. These lamprophyres are mostly ultrapotassic in composition with K2O/Na2O being 2.1 to 5.2, except for a few of samples with shoshonitic affinity showing slightly lower K2O/Na2O of 1.6 to 1.7. They are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, light rare earth elements and Pb, depletion in high field strength elements, high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.706 24 to 0.709 24), and negative eNd(t) values (-1.7 to -4.6), resembling those of high K/Ti and low Ti potassic magmas formed in subduction related settings. The ultrapotassic magmas were generated by partial melting of a metasomatized, phlogopite bearing mantle source, followed by crystal fractionation accompanying varying degrees of crustal assimilation. Compared to the shoshonitic series rocks from northern part ( 15 Ma) of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the ultrapotassic lamprophyres in western Yunnan (40~30 Ma) display lower Th/U, higher Rb/Sr and younger (0.1~0.3 Ga) Nd model ages, indicating heterogeneity of sub continental lithosphere mantle beneath southeastern and northern parts of the Qinghai Tibet plateau.


This study aims to examine the extent to which native-speakerism (NS) is embedded in the comments responding to a YouTube video entitled "Salah Kursus Bahasa Inggris?- Seleb English" by a YouTuber named Sacha Stevenson. The researchers believe that native-speakerism, an ideology that creates a power imbalance favoring native speakers of English over nonnative speakers of English, is present in the video, in which the content creator scrutinizes Indonesian people's English accents. However, this paper focuses on the comments responding to the video, since they can show to what extent NS is adopted by EFL speakers/learners in Indonesia. The data was retrieved using YouTube Data API and Python programming language, sorted using Microsoft Excel, and categorized by applying three reading steps into four levels which spans from 0 (no indication of native speakerism) to 3 (strong indication of native speakerism). The findings are presented descriptively and analyzed within the theoretical framework on NS.  The results suggest that NS is present in the observed comments on all four levels, which suggests how deeply embedded the NS ideology within the community of Indonesian English language learners and speakers. Suggestions on how to counter this ideology are presented in conclusion.


In a previous conference, STM'91, we reported the several kinds of lattice defects on microcrystalline graphite. For a further investigation of electronic structure around lattice defects, spectroscopic measurements at low temperatures are desired. A scanning tunneling microscope/spectroscope (STM/STS) workable at low temperatures and in ultrahigh vacuum has been constructed. The system has a surface‐cleaning apparatus for removing contamination by pulse laser beam. In order to select a view area, an optical microscope and a movable sample stage are also equipped. At present, atomic STM images on HOPG, microcrystalline graphite, and bulk gold are observed at room temperature. At low temperatures near 60 K, irregular atomic structures of microcrystalline graphite are also observed. These results indicate the STM/STS system is appropriate for the STM/STS measurements at low temperatures.


We read with great interest the article by Di Martino et al 1 , accounting the quantitative detection of t(11;14)-bearing cells in Mantle Cells Lymphoma (MCL). In this experimental study, the authors compare the quantitative amounts of bcl-1/JH fusion products detected by quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR) in the concurrent peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) aspirate samples from 7 patients with MCL. Results are notewor-thy, they propose that PB can be undependably used in place of BM aspirate for detection of t(11;14) status during minimal residual disease monitoring and capable for detection early molecular relapse, especially in those patients who have moderate to high levels of bcl-1/JH copies. In this scenario this original paper of Di Martino et al accounting the oncologist needs to ensure that patients have the best quality of life possible at every stage of their cancer expedition 2 . Moreover, it is true, that the available methods to provide early detection of relapse, must be cost-effectiveness 3 . It is well known that counseling performed before selected cancer treatment, provide lower overall medical costs and higher quality of life. In Europe, several National Institutes of Health provides to cover some of the costs but this may be changing 4 . Recently, several methods to assess the quality of cost-effectiveness in the cancer managements have become available. A relevant example is the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE forms a diverse clinical Advisory Committee, which stimulates Pharma and Academic communities to produce a robust set of data, including the design and data source, for economic models of personalized healthcare 5 . NICE, also provides a method to measure Quality-Adjusted Life-Years


1. A compound of formula (I)! ,! or a salt thereof. ! 2. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the drug compound. ! 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one therapeutically inert excipient. ! 4. Use of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, coronary diseases, cardiac insufficiency, renal and myocardial ischemia, renal failure, cerebral ischemia, dementia, migraine , subarachnoid hemorrhage, Reynolds syndrome, digitiform ulcers and portal hypertension as well as for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis, restenosis after balloon or stent angioplasty, inflammation , Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, prostatic hypertrophy, erectile dysfunction, hearing loss, blindness, chronic bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, gram negative septicemia, shock, sickle cell anemia, glomerulonephritis, renal colic, glaucoma, connective tissue diseases, diabetic complications, complications of vascular or cardiac surgery or after organ transplantation, complications associated with treatment with cyclosporine, pain or hyperlipidemia. ! 5. Use according to claim 4, wherein the medicament prepared is intended to treat a disease selected from the group consisting of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic arteriopathy, sweat


Whether you live alone or you're the only one with coeliac disease in the house, cooking for one is a common struggle and can often lead to avoiding cooking altogether. The main meal that is skipped is dinner.


Nearly a decade has passed since the California Supreme Court issued its initial decision in Tarasoff V. Regents ofthe University of California (1). Although a few courts soon adopted Tarasoff as precedent, for much of that period it appeared as if the case, which expanded the scope of clinicians' Iiability for their patients' violent acts, was having relatively little impact on malpractice law (2). That lull, however, proved to be deceptive. We are now witnessing a steady stream of appellate decisions drawing on Tarasoff, many of which make the decision of the California court seem conservative by comparison. To understand the potential impact of this new set of decisions, it is necessary to reflect on the innovative position taken by the Tarasoff court. Before the decision, psychiatrists had been held liable only for violence perpetrated by previously hospitalized patients who had been negligently discharged or permitted to escape (3). Tarasoff marked a shift in this standard in two respects. First, the potential for liability was extended to clinicians who treated patients who had never been hospitalized; it was no longer necessary for the clinician to have exerted previous physical control. Second, the responsibility of the clinician was ex-


Abstract Chiral cyclopropyl- and cyclobutylboronic esters and -silanes have become attractive intermediates for the preparation of functionalized small rings. This review highlights the stereoselective methods developed for their preparation, including both diastereo- and enantioselective approaches. 1 Introduction 2 Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropyl- and Cyclobutylboronates and -silanes 2.1 Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropyl- and Cyclobutylboronates and -silanes 2.2 Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclopropyl- and Cyclobutylboronates and -silanes 3 Conclusions


Theories abound on why individuals become terrorists. However, looking solely at stateand group-level factors, purely quantitative work is scarce. This study seeks to begin filling the gap by examining why some ethnonational groups resort to terrorist tactics while others do not in terms of three factors: group cohesion, state freedom and wealth, and economic differentials. Using data from Minorities at Risk, Polity IV, and the World Bank, and examining the years between 1985 and 2000, complementary log-log GEE regression with an AR1 correlation structure was used to determine which of those factors performed satisfactorily as predictors. Group concentration, economic differentials, state wealth, and level of democracy in the state all performed well as predictors, whereas historic autonomy and language differences did not. While all three groups of factors demonstrated some ability as general predictors, economic differentials and levels of democracy did best in terms of both significance and in terms of ability of the state to alter them. Nationalist feelings have often led to violence against the rulers of the nation. Wars of national independence have been fought from time immemorial: the Egyptians against the Ottoman Empire, the French against England, and the Serbs against the Austro-Hungarian Empire are just a few examples of nations fighting for their separation from the greater state. These three examples have one thing in common when seen through the lens of time: they all eventually ∗I would like to thank Mary Caprioli for comments on an earlier draft of this paper.


We have studied whether there is any residual foreground contamination in the foreground reduced WMAP-7 data for the differential assemblies (DAs) Q, V and W. We have calculated the correlation between the foreground map, from which long wavelength correlations have been subtracted, and the foreground reduced map for each DA. We have found positive correlations for all the channels. The statistical significance of the resulting values has been tested by comparing with correlations between the cleaned CMB maps and 1000 simulated Gaussian maps to which instrumental effects have been added. We have found high statistical significance of the observed correlations, implying the presence of residual contamination in the cleaned data, and found that, for Q and V channels, a large fraction of the contamination comes from pixels, where the foreground maps have positive values larger than three times its rms value, which shows the presence of unresolved point sources that contribute significantly to the contamination.


The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to oxidative stress and play a role in human diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We are interested in studying how cells use ROS as signaling molecules to maintain a balanced redox environment. Using yeast as our model system, we have previously shown that the Hsp70 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), BiP, acts as a direct sensor of peroxide, a type of ROS produced during protein folding. BiP has two major domains that regulate its function as a chaperone: an ATPase domain and a substrate‐binding domain. Under ER oxidative stress, yeast BiP's conserved cysteine gets modified/oxidized by peroxide. Modification of BiP's cysteine causes a conformational change, which enhances BiP's ability to bind to substrates, leading to protection of cells under ER oxidative stress. When cells go back to non‐stress conditions, reversibility of BiP's cysteine modification is important for normal cellular function and survival. We have evidence that the protein Sil1, a known nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) of BiP, can remove the modification on BiP's cysteine. We have shown that in addition to acting as a NEF, Sil1 has an unexpected reductase activity that depends on two cysteines, Cys‐52 and Cys‐57, located at the N terminus. While the N‐terminal domain is required for Sil1 activity as a reductase, Sil1 is competent as a NEF even in the absence of the N‐terminal domain. Our goal is to further elucidate the molecular details relating to how the N‐terminal region of Sil1 impacts both Sil1 NEF and reductase activity by utilizing a variety of biochemical and biophysical approaches. Our preliminary data suggest that NEF activity is influenced by the presence of the N terminus. Our current data also suggest the N‐terminal domain may adopt multiple conformations, allowing for regulation of Sil1 NEF activity and potentially its activity as a reductase. Of note, mutations in the Sil1 gene have been found in over half of patients with Marinesco‐Sjögren Syndrome (MSS), a rare autosomal disease characterized by early onset cataracts, cerebellar ataxia, and delayed mental development. One such mutations maps near the N‐terminal domain, and we expect that characterization of full‐length Sil1 may also lend further insight into how mutations in Sil1 can cause MSS.


engineers who had no idea what the workers did or how these systems would fit into their work practices. Thank goodness these systems mostly failed, or we would not have much of a reason to exist. Then came the mighty HCIers and interaction designers. We applied cognitive theory to interfaces, which solved many problems. And then we started to pay attention to the social aspects of work, which solved many more problems. Computers were difficult and disruptive, and we worked to make them fit. The Scandinavians recognized the social disruption caused by computers and reacted with participatory design (PD). Here, domain experts in the workplace (workers/ users), domain experts in business (managers), and domain experts in technology (techies and designers like us) worked together to socially prototype systems into existence. With the goal of democracy and protection of worker's craft knowledge and practices, PD evolved into a type of user-centered design (UCD). Contextual design (CD) grew out of design practices in the U.S. when much of the work was to design custom IT systems within a business. IT departments had to design and get buy-in from other departments within their own company. CD practitioners would model the communication flow to find opportunities to automate processes, and they would model the company culture to make sure their design proposals would be accepted within Over the past few years, I have heard many proclamations and complaints from IxD/HCI practitioners and researchers that make me feel we have lost our way, that we have drunk a bit too much of our own Kool-Aid. I am the user's advocate. I fight with the developers and managers to make sure the users get what they want. That's my job. —UX designer #1 The UX designers here make great designs. But no one listens to our ideas. We keep explaining why we need to design for the user's experience, but nobody cares. —UX designer #2 I know the user is not me! It would be unorthodox, inappropriate, and impure to draw on my own personal use experiences. —HCI researcher/practitioner We do interaction design all wrong in my company. We almost never go out and conduct field studies on users before we start to redesign a product. —UX designer #3 When I hear these statements, I feel like I have failed. It's time to drop the Sharpie, set the sticky notes down, and stop sniffing the dry-erase markers. To understand how we have gotten so far off track, I want to go back in time, to the early, early days of interaction design. These were golden times when computers moved into the office; when we investigated work practices and then replaced workers with computational systems that automated them out of a job. Ah, what happy users they must have been. The earliest computers to enter the workplace were designed by the organization. In both cases the users and the client were included in the design process. So what happened? How did we forget we have a client? First, software development became more commercial. It was not IT departments making systems for internal users, but instead companies making software for other companies and individuals to buy. Second, HCI and interaction design became academic disciplines. They were taught by academics who understood the need for "user" research. However, many of these academics chose to stay in or return to school and teach so they could escape the challenges of working with clients. When I hear UX designers complain that their company never pays any attention to their design suggestions and insights, I always ask to see the research they have conducted on their development teams and their managers. This usually leads to blank stares. But clearly these managers and developers are critical stakeholders in the design. Instead of telling them how this helps a user, why not tell them how these design suggestions and insights benefit them. We must remember to research and synthesize their needs and their culture within the process. We must go back to the past to find our way into the future. And now, to those who claim that HCI and interaction design orthodoxy will not permit personal insights to muddy up the design in te ra c ti o n s  M a y + J u n e 2 0 11


To comprehensively assess total and calculated free testosterone levels in a consecutive group of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and any potential impact on disease aggressiveness and recurrence outcomes.


In Reweaving the Social Fabric: Pragmatism and Feminism, Charlene Haddock Seigfried claims that, "[i]t is this pervasive concern with the most pressing issues of the day, with the intention of radically trans forming the conditions responsible for suffering and oppression, that contribute to the attraction pragmatism holds for feminism" (1996, 233-34). Seigfried's sentiment aptly describes the relationship between care ethics and pragmatism. Care ethics is named and evolved from feminist experience, but has often been criticized for a lack of a viable social dimension that addresses the contentious issues that grip the national and international arena: war, hunger, inequitable power systems, and so on. Pragmatism, and in particular, as I will argue, the work of Jane Addams, can infuse into care ethics a means for confronting social and political issues while maintaining the emotive and relational dimen sions that make it such an important contribution to moral philosophy. I contend that the writings and activism of the American pragmatist Jane Addams (1860-1935) not only exemplify modern feminist care ethics but also contribute particular practices necessary for a political philosophy of caring. Care is less concerned with the adjudication of individual acts and more concerned with the maintenance of right rela tionships in particular contexts. Care is both complex, because it is unlike other theories of morality in that it does not delineate universal norms, and a common disposition that pervades the human condition. Although she predates the contemporary feminist discourse on care by a half century, Addams employed what I refer to as embodied care. The term "embodied care" is an acknowledgment of the central role played by the body in the process of caring. Addams's continuity with care ethicists can be seen in her notions of sympathetic knowledge, her rela


Abstract : This User's Manual describes the installation and use of a set of computer programs and data files which comprise the Executable Requirement for the first benchmark in the RASSP program. The VHDL programs provide a simulation of a Synthetic Aperture Radar processor and a test bench for the simulation. Several C-language utility programs and an image display program are provided. Two sets of data, one from an airborne radar and one synthetic, and images created from the data by a C-language implementation of the SAR algorithm are described. Example scripts for execution of the simulation on Vantage and Mentor simulators are presented along with performance data from example runs.


The article studies the formation of the American research university in the late nineteenth century and concludes some implications,which are expected to be helpful to the making of the world famous university in China.


PurposeDue to fierce competition in the mobile retailing market, it is desirable to identify the success factors driving consumers to reuse a mobile shopping application. This research intends to develop a model for mobile shopping app success by integrating an e-commerce systems success (ESS) model and sales promotion benefits and parasocial interaction literatures.Design/methodology/approach302 useable online questionnaires were obtained. The data analysis was conducted using the structural equation modelling.FindingsThe results indicate the validity of the ESS model in predicting consumers' reuse intention of mobile shopping apps where three quality dimensions of system, information and service facilitate both perceived value and user satisfaction, which in turn generates reuse intention. Furthermore, savings and entertainment denoting the utilitarian and hedonic sales promotion benefits have positive impact on perceived value but have no influence on satisfaction. Parasocial intention between consumers and sellers facilitates both value perception and satisfaction.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the mobile retailing literature by identifying the success factors driving consumers' continuance intention of mobile shopping apps. Theoretically, it validates and extends the ESS model in mobile shopping app context by identifying savings, entertainment and parasocial interaction as additional success factors. Based on the findings, two approaches are proposed to suggest mobile retailers design a successful mobile shopping app.


This article deals with collecting Tatar ethnographic material by scientists and academics of Kazan Theological Academy during missionary-educational activities. It is the first time that archival sources on the subject have been published. Special attention is paid to the scientists' ethnographic observations of the features of the Tatar folk holidays, their folk music and songs.


The study seeks to explore the relationship between attitude towards green practices and the revisit intentions among visitors in a tourist destination in Malaysia. It has been argued that revisit intentions may result in financial sustainability and profitability to the industry. Total useable questionnaires were 85 with a response rate of 27 percent. The result revealed that there is a no significant relationship between attitude towards green practices and the revisit intentions. However, descriptive statistics reveal that high percentage of visitors are in agreement that green initiatives is important and also it should be visibility communicated to the society at large. This study implies to the policy makers they should focus green destination in Malaysia. Future study should consider alternative modes of enquires such as employing the longitudinal method of data collection design and a nationwide survey covering samples from other tourist destinations in Malaysia that would be more significant in making generalizations.


We previously proposed an ad-hoc wireless ATM LAN/PBX, in which portable base stations (PBSs) can be deployed in an arbitrary topology to support mobile users with multimedia laptop computers. In this network, which we call BAHAMA, mobile users can communicate with one another directly as peer-to-peer if they are close by, or using the PBS backbone LAN. The user wireless links are assumed to be in the 2- to 20-Mb/s range, adequate for most video, data, voice and multimedia applications, The PBS-to-PBS links can either be wired or wireless and are assumed to be high speed (Gb/s). The PBSs are simple, compact and low-cost switching nodes performing cell routing. They can be relocated since the network design allows for ad-hoc configurations, i.e., self-configuring and self-organizing capabilities. There are many challenges to be addressed in such a wireless ATM LAN. In this paper, after presenting some background material on the BAHAMA project, we discuss several important issues in two key areas: mobility management and media access. Mobility management is needed because wireless users are free to roam about the network. Media access protocols are the means to allow shared, wireless access by multiple, mobile users.


Perenjak Jawa (Prinia familiaris), Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster), and pentet (Lanius Schach) are endemic songbirds in Indonesia. Each bird has a distinct voice. Bird�s song characteristics can be used as a basis for birds� determination. This research aims were to determine the character of sounds, the anatomy of syrinx, and sound production mechanism of these three birds. These birds� voices and behaviors were observed daily for 42 days. The voices were analyzed in the form of sonogram by means of the Audacity� program. Voices sampling were conducted three times a day, 06:00 am -8:00 am, 11:00 am-13:00 pm, and 16:00 pm-18:00 pm. Singing voice parameters consist of duration of the song, repertoire size, number of syllable types, syllable repertoire, song repertoire and the increasing number of syllable types were also determined. Morphology of the syrinx and supporting vocalization organs such as eidonomy of beak, head, neck, anatomy of bronchus and trachea were also observed. Alizarin Red staining method Alcian Blue (ARAB) method was employed to investigate skeleton structure of the syrinx. Microanatomy tissues preparations of syrinxs were done by paraffin method with Hemaxtoxylin eosin (HE) staining procedures. Base on the analysis from six parameters of the sound character of these three birds, the results revealed that Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) has the ability to produce wide range sound variations and adapt to the new environment quickly compare to the other two. The structure analysis of the vocal tracts, there were differences of structures of the vocal tracts and vocalization supporting organ on these three species. There were differences in beak, head, body, neck, trachea, bronchus morphologies. The main differences in syrinxs were the tympanum structure, especially on its shape, fusion, and tympanic processes. The labium internum�s structure, the vocalists membranes, and pesulus were dissimilar from one bird to others. Structural vocal tract differences lead to differences sound production mechanisms of these three birds.


long. quantitatively ostra codes. Total (live + dead) populations from 35 sample stations in Laguna Mandinga and 23 stations in Bay St. (2 = 58) fumish data an estimate of latitudinal diversity gradients between these two de-positional environments. Diversity measures calculated for each water body include S (number of species), H(S) (Shannon-Wiener function), and E (equitability). Calcu lations show that average S values in Mandinga (5.171) are higher than those in Bay St. Louis (2.870). Average H(S) values in Mandinga (1.214) are also higher than in the Bay (0.633). Average E values in Mandinga (0.673) are lower than those in the (0.842). These diversity values indicate ostracode species are more proUfic in Gulf of Mexico tropical lagoons; they demonstrate lesser species dominance in tropical Mexican lagoons; and they show less species equitability in the tropical environments. Temperate bays in the northern Gulf ap parently support fewer ostracode species, show stronger species dominance, and are more equable in species dis tribution. These data support the time-stability hypoth esis, and suggest the tropical Mexican ostracode fauna is shghtly older, hence more diverse than the temperate northern Gulf fauna.


The tropospheric delay is one of the most significant error sources for radio navigation and space geodetic techniques.Its value is seriously affected by the height of the observing object.Due to the requirement of real-time capability and the drastic variations in the height of the object,there are various defects in existing tropospheric delay models for calculating the delay in kinematic navigation and positioning.Based on the vertical profiles of zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD)derived from ERA-Interim reanalysis data in 2005 and 2006,as well as it′s hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic components(ZHD and ZWD),the optimal fitting method of ZTD with respect to height was studied and a new global ZTD model which is referred to as SHAO-H was established.The SHAO-H model is built on the variation of water vapor in the vertical atmosphere and represents ZTD as a piecewise function of height.Then the variations of parameters in each function with respect to time are modeled.The most of mean bias between theSHAO-H ZTD and the integral ZTD at different isobaric layers are within ±1 mm,while the RMS reduces from 39 mm to less than 1 mm with the increase of height.Compared with International GNSS Service(IGS)ZTD at 117 global stations in 2011,the SHAO-H model(the bias is 7.02 mm,the RMS is 38.50mm)is superior to the UNB3 m model(the bias is 14.67 mm,the RMS is 51.95 mm).The SHAO-H model we constructed has many advantages such as consistency in accuracy and simplicity in computation,which is suitable for the users at arbitrary height in the neutral atmosphere.


This paper describes the role of Artemisia ordosica in the successional processes of drifting and fixed sanddune vegetation and its interaction with the process of desertification in the Mu Us sandy grassland. An autogenic successional pathway in vegetation of this region can be described which is associated with change from drifting to stablesand dunes and back: this proceeds from bare-sand dunes to A. sphaerocephala on semi-drift-sand dunes, then throughA. ordoslta + A. sphaerocephala on semi-fixed-sand dunes, and A. ordosica on fixed sand dunes, to a A. ordosica+Stipa bungeana + moss community on fixed-sand dunes which passes to a S. bungeana steppe which leads rapidly tothe ultimate desertification of the steppe to drift-sand. These processes compose a cycle of vegetation succession.The semi-shrub of A. ordosica tolerates the burying of sands, wlnd erosion, a dry climate and nutrient poor soil.It is a good fodder plant and is the most important plant in fixing sand dunes in the area. The communities it dominates play a very lmportant role in both protecting the soil against wind erosion and in agriculture and livestock husbandry. However, these communities frequently become desertified, and intensive grazing, leading to successionalretrogression, is a major factor in this process in many places. In other places, however, the desertification is part ofthe processes of the vegetation autogenic succession cycle. To maintain the stability of A. ordosica communities and toprotect the sand dunes from desertification, moderate grazing on fixed sand dunes is proposed as a management tool toarrest vegetation succession in this sere.


The demand for computationally intensive workloads in the domain of real-time systems is growing which needs to be satisfied with more capable hardware. Cheap but powerful multi-core hardware seems to be a good solution but these processors often lack a good predictability. An operating system can hide measures to regain the predictability, like cache management but to do so a good knowledge of the hardware is required. A problem with these measures is that they are usually not portable and require a lot of work to adapt them to new platforms. It is desirable to generate the platform-specific code from abstract architecture descriptions to get a portable operating system that adapts itself to the specific hardware properties of modern hardware to provide a predictable execution environment.


The permeability of a blast furnace is an important factor for stable operation since the blast furnace is a countercurrent packed bed reactor. In the blast furnace as a packed bed, coke particles play a role as spacers which maintain gas permeability and support the load of the burden materials. On the other hand, ore particles cannot play a role as spacers in the lower part of the blast furnace because ore softens and melts as it descends through the blast furnace. For this reason, coke is required to maintain the packed bed structure throughout the blast furnace. Over the past few decades, steel companies in Japan have increased productivity by expanding the internal volume of Modeling of Coke Particle Breakage in Blast Furnace Considering Pore Structure by Discrete Element Method


We study the dynamics of billiard models with a modified collision rule: the outgoing angle from a collision is a uniform contraction, by a factor λ, of the incident angle. These pinball billiards interpolate between a one-dimensional map when λ = 0 and the classical Hamiltonian case of elastic collisions when λ = 1. For all λ < 1, the dynamics is dissipative, and thus gives rise to attractors, which may be periodic or chaotic. Motivated by recent rigorous results of Markarian et al (http://premat.fing.edu.uy/papers/2008/110.pdf and http://www.preprint.impa.br/Shadows/SERIE_A/2008/614.html), we numerically investigate and characterize the bifurcations of the resulting attractors as the contraction parameter is varied. Some billiards exhibit only periodic attractors, some only chaotic attractors and others have coexistence of the two types.


A distributed amplifier for 40Gb/s fiber-optic communication systems is designed in 0.18μm CMOS technology. The modified source degeneration technique with an RC combination provides a wide bandwidth and flat gain profile. Micro-strip line (MSL) consisting of metal1 and metal6 is used in layout design to realize accurate characteristic impedance. A 4dB gain and a 39GHz bandwidth in which the gain variation is within 1dB and confirmed a clear 40Gb/s output waveform. These results indicate that this technique is suitable for increasing bandwidth.


The present research aimed to identify and compare playfulness levels of individuals aged 10-14 years engaging in individual and team sports. The sample consisted of 356 participants. We employed a correlational design and used the "Playfulness Scale for 10-14-years-old Children" developed by Hazar as the data collection tool. In data analysis, we utilized descriptive statistics, Independent Samples T-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Tukey HSD and LSD tests for within-group comparisons. We computed the internal consistency coefficient of the scale to be .84. The results suggested that all participants showed high playfulness levels (97.26 ± 16.02) and got the highest scores on the "Social Adaptation" sub-scale (40.50 ± 6.67) while obtaining the lowest scores on the "Game Passion" sub-scale (21.02 ± 7.00). Overall, we determined that the participants significantly differed in playfulness by age and branch, but it was not the case by gender.


Background: Text messaging is effective in management of public health problems such as obesity, HIV, and childhood cataract, but no evidence is available for its effect on controlling myopia in children. Increasing time spent outdoors during school hours has been shown to retard myopia development in children but increasing time outdoors easily and effectively remains an important issue. The aims of this study were to investigate whether a mobile phone text message/short message service (SMS) for parents could increase light exposure and time outdoors in school-aged children, and what its long-term effect on controlling myopia.

Methods: Of 3113 primary school students from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study, 268 grade 2 schoolchildren (mean age 8.4 years, 45% girls), recruited from October 2013 to May 2014, were randomly assigned (1:1) to a SMS group (n=135) where the parents received twice-daily text message reminders to take children outdoors, or a control group (n=133) for which the parents did not receive text messages. All children were instructed to wear portable light meters (HOBO, Pendant temp/light Part # UA-002-64) to record light exposure. A lower limit of 1000 lux in light intensity was defined for calculate time outdoors. Ocular examinations were performed annually by investigators masked to group allocation during the one-year intervention, and with three years of follow-up. The primary outcomes were changes in axial length and cycloplegic autorefraction.

Findings: 261 children (97·4%) completed the Intervention period. At 1 year, the SMS group showed significantly greater light exposure than the control group at weekends (46 lux/day vs. 28 lux/day, P=0·02). Time outdoors was higher in the intervention group than in the control group at weekends (0·34 hours/day vs. 0·18 hours/day, P=0·03). Axial elongation was significantly smaller in the intervention group than in the control group during the trial (0·27 mm/y vs. 0·31 mm/y, P=0·03). Axial elongation and myopic shift remained smaller in the intervention group at the end of the 2nd year (0·39 mm vs. 0·46 mm, P<0·01; -0·69 D/y vs. -0·82 D/y, P=0·04) and 3rd year (0·30 mm vs. 0·35 mm, P<0·01; -0·47 D/y vs. -0·60 D/y, P=0·01). The main limitations of this study were the use of light meter not yet well validated for Chinese children and the cut-off of light intensity to define time outdoors

Interpretation: The use of SMS increased children's light exposure and time outdoors at weekends and resulted in slower axial elongation and myopia progression over a longer period. SMS in combination with wearable devices is promising for controlling myopia in populations of children.

Trial Registration: The study has been registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IOC-17010525).

Funding Statement: Beijing talents foundation (2016000021469ZK28), the Capital health research and development of special (2020-4-2056), the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81120108007) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81300797).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics Approval Statement: The trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from at least one of the parents after the experimental procedures had been fully described to them.


Damaged rolling contact bearings generate vibration. These vibrations may be measured and separated from other vibrations in a machine to analyze and interpret the condition of the bearings and other associated problems. The envelope technique is used to measure the magnitude or energy distribution of the shock emitted whenever a defect in a bearing comes into contact with another surface. Frequency analysis of the enveloped signal determines the type of fault and the amplitude level, the extent of the fault. In this paper, the envelope technique is used to analyze alignment problems associated with cooling tower fans in a large refinery processing crude oil. Experimental data obtained are reported. Introduction Condition monitoring of machine health can be done by various methods. Signals that could be used to monitor include noise radiated by machine, temperature of bearing, oil level and nature of vibration at different locations of the machine etc. For rotating machines, vibrations picked up at proper locations are quite informative about various impending faults. Measurement and analysis of the vibration signal yields useful information from a proper analysis of the signal which is specific for the type of fault. In any maintenance problem the key is early warning based on a change in the trend. Earlier the warning better it is for the protection against possible damages. Envelope analysis has been performed in many situations in the condition monitoring of machines and equipment. It is used in the designing a condition monitoring system for detection of faults developed in many important components of machinery. Early detection of fault is very important in condition monitoring and a basic ingredient for the application of predictive maintenance (PM) and condition-based maintenance (CBM). Envelope analysis was studied and presented for several decades to detect the bearing fault. Several researchers proposed the possibility of applying Acoustic Emission (AE) in condition monitoring using envelope technique. A proper analysis of the vibration spectrum enables us to identify the causes of vibration like unbalance, misalignment, defective anti-friction bearings, mechanical looseness, electrical causes, Aerodynamic forces etc. A robust condition monitoring methodology for rolling element bearings that employs a novel empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-based method to eliminate high-level noise from an AE signal and a discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT)-based envelope analysis technique to effectively search for symptoms of defective bearings is presented in Nguyena et. al. [1]. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional schemes by achieving up to 23.48% higher MPR values, even in a very noisy environment. Bediaga et. al. [2] review the traditional algorithms used to detect and diagnose faulty bearings in heavy-duty milling machine tool spindle heads. Different kinds of faults have been created deliberately on the bearings of a test spindle head. The prediction effectiveness of several detection methods are tested when faults are in different stages of development. In Gu et. al. [3], an AE sensor is used to capture the AE signals generated caused due to crack growth on a rotating shaft. The preprocessing of the AE signatures were done using the signal processing method proposed in the paper. From the FFT International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2016) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 186 results the power spectrum was generated which in turn presented the peaks from fault frequencies Hence crack growth in rotating machinery detected by the AE sensor together with the signal processing method proposed to the results, crack growth can be considered and detected using an AE sensor and the signal processing method discussed. In Kim et. al. [4], the envelope analysis was enhanced with the addition of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to reduce the noise level in AE signals. And then, the PR was calculated and compared with general envelope analysis result and the result of envelope analysis added DWT. The Envelope Technique The envelope technique monitors the shock pulse generated by a defective bearing. An accelerometer mounted on the bearing housing, picks up the shock pulse and converts it into an electrical signal. The magnitude of the pulse depends on the extent of the defect and repetition frequency will depend on the type of defect. Defects associated with a rolling element bearing are associated with a unique frequency depending on bearing geometry and machine speed. However, it is not possible to identify bearing frequencies in a normal vibration spectrum because bearing defect frequencies are similar to frequencies associated with defects in the rotating assembly of a machine. But, the shock pulse due to impact between a defect and another surface appears as a short burst of energy over a wide frequency range. This excites natural resonant frequencies of the bearing. The pulses appear as a series of decaying wave forms, whose frequencies correspond to bearing resonance frequencies but the repetition rate corresponds to appropriate bearing defect frequency. The bursts of narrow band bearing signal are separated from the low frequency rotor vibration and the high frequency random noise using a band-pass filter. The signal is then rectified and demodulated to give the signal at one of the defect frequencies. The type of fault and the amplitude level of the extent of fault can then be determined from a frequency analysis of the signal. Envelope spectrum helps valid measurements to be made in high noise and vibration environments. Since it looks at relative height of the defect frequency above carpet level and because both are subjected to the same attenuation across joints, the ratio is independent of transducer location. Enveloping is also independent of load on the machine. A change in load will change the defect frequency and carpet level in the same ratio. A definite pattern in the envelope spectra is observed from a bearing in good condition and that which is on the verge of failure. Condition Monitoring The vibration data from the cooling tower fan motors are taken on a monthly basis because they are non-critical machines and there being seven such units in the cooling tower. Horizontal, Vertical and axial vibration measurements on both the drive (DE) and non-drive end (NDE) bearings are taken using the SKF MICROLOG CMV A55 [5] condition monitoring unit. The data collected is stored in the unit and then taken to the condition monitoring cell where it is analyzed using the SKF PRISM 4 [6] PC based software for condition monitoring. Fig. 1 shows a trend chart. The trend line for the Motor Drive End (MDE) Horizontal (H) velocity shows a gradual increase in vibration level from 5 October 1998. To ascertain whether the vibration level is exceeding the alert high level, another observation is made in mid-November 98. Actually there is a small drop in vibration level. This may be attributed to a change in position of fixed machine parts due to thermal expansion. Between mid-November and mid-December 98, the vibration level is again on the increase. It overshoots the alert high level after 1 January 1999. The data points are not recorded here in the trend chart, although measurements were made. On 1st February 1999 the vibration level reaches about 8.771mm/sec which is near about the danger high level of 10mm/sec. On analyzing the spectrum it was observed that the axial vibration levels are about half as much as the radial vibration levels as seen from the last measurements quick report (Table 1.) The amplitudes also peak at the 1x frequency, when the measurements were made on two


In the practical petroleum exploration, there appears to be some issues and confusions when the concept of fluid potential of Hubbert (1953) and England (1987) is applied. If the four kinds of energy in a fluid potential (e.g. buoyancy, stratigraphic pressure, capillary pressure and hydrodynamic forces) are simply added together, it will confuse the relationship between the mechanisms of different forces that cause petroleum to migrate and accumulate while neglect the differences caused by the different forces that control the hydrocarbon accumulation, and thus mix the contributions of different forces to hydrocarbon pooling. The causes to these issues include human factors such as inadequate understanding and/or over simplification of the practical problems and misunderstanding of Hubbert's original formula. To make the fluid potential concept more useful and powerful in the practical petroleum exploration further revision and perfection to the conceptual model of fluid potential is required. Fluid potential can be expressed as the potential energy of a unit volume of fluid within a sedimentary basin. For the convenience of discussion, it is here expressed as the work that requires to be done by a unit volume of hydrocarbon fluid in its internal migration to the effective source rock center. In the study of the effect of fluid potential on the control of petroleum, attention should be paid to the fact that different types of fluid potential are produced by different dynamic forces, to which the relative strength consideration must be given respectively. The migration, accumulation and pooling of petroleum may be realized by the joint control of multiple dynamic forces, and the characteristics of such movements remain unchanged in zones with low potential. A successful practical application of the fluid potential concept to petroleum exploration is exemplified using an example from the Dongying Depression, the Bohai Bay Basin, east China, where over 90% of the commercial discoveries in the reservoirs within the Shahejie Formation are distributed in areas with both favourable lithofacies and a low potential.


The Chinese public hospitals,obviously known from their name,should be national property.However,the current operational behaviors of public hospitals are quite mercantilistic.As far as the approach to the reform and development of public hospitals is concerned,neither should the approach be purely based on public welfare nor the market itself.Instead,a certain degree of marketization on the basis of public welfare together with the integration of public mechanism and market mechanism should be advocated.


This research is aim to describe English teaching methods for students with hearing loss in SMPLB ABCD Kuncup Mas Banyumas. English teaching methods are ways by the teacher to explain English materials for students. The appropriate methods in teaching will help the teacher in explaining the materials especially English materials easily. Although they do not help the students in English teaching fully, at least they can overcome and diminish students' obstacles in teaching, especially in English teaching.
This is descriptive qualitative research using observation, interview, and documentation as data collecting methods. The observation was done four times and was aim to know the practice of English teaching methods for students with hearing loss. Interviews were done to the subjects of this study i.e. Mr. Tjatur Budi Pranowo as the headmaster of SMPLB ABCD Kuncup Mas Banyumas, Mrs. Giska Rose as the English teacher of students with hearing loss, Mr. Nurochman as the Deputy Head of Curriculum in SMPLB ABCD Kuncup Mas Banyumas and the students with hearing loss in 9th grade, they are Salam Sudarkim, Siti Nur Sa'adah, Syahrani Abilia, and William Wibi Laksono. Meanwhile, the object in this study was the English teaching methods for students with hearing loss in SMPLB ABCD Kuncup Mas Banyumas. Besides, documentation was done to know English teaching methods for students with hearing loss in SMPLB ABCD Kuncup Mas Banyumas then to find out the implementation of methods in English teaching and the impacts of English teaching methods for students with hearing loss.
This research found that there were five English teaching methods for the students with hearing loss in SMPLB ABCD Kuncup Mas Banyumas. In reading skills, the teacher used five of English teaching methods they are manual, oral, the total communication, questioning-answering, and assignment methods. In the implementation, the teacher more often used total communication method and questioning-answering method. In writing skill, the teacher used four of English teaching methods they are manual, total communication, questioning-answering, and assignment methods. In the implementation, the teacher more often used the total communication method and the assignment method.


Metabolic parameters were compared between lean Psammonn's (gerbils referred to as sand rats and adapted to desert food scarcity) and Sprague-Dawley rats, both fed ad libitum a low energy diet. Psamnioinj's animals consumed less food, had both lower body weight and food efficiency than Sprague-Dawley rats. When adipose tissue leptin expression (a recently discovered satiety factor) was measured, it was increased in Psaminoims compared to Sprague-Dawley rats, in keeping with the low food intake and body weight of Psammonn's just mentioned. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose turnover rates were investigated during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps associated with the labelled 2-deoxyglucose method enabling the in vivo measurement of glucose by individual tissues. The


INTRODUCTION The Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is not a disease in itself, it is a syndrome characterized by an acute inflammation of the lungs. It has been estimated that approximately 150,000 deaths from ARDS occur annually in the USA ( 1 ) . However, estimates of the incidence of ARDS are controversial. The report of the National Heart and 1,ung Institute task force in 1972 estimated the incidence to be 75 cases per 100,000 population per year (21 . In contrast, a prospective 3-year study in Las Palmas (Canary Islands), where all patients requiring artilicial ventilation other than for anaesthesia and immediate postoperative care have to be transferred to one single intensive care unit, has shown the incidence to be between 1.5 and 3.5 cases per 100,000 population per year depending on the criteria used (3). The lower incidence related to patients with a PaO, less than 7.3 kPa (mortality 700/,), the higher to patients with a PaO, less than 10 kPa (mortality 50%). Similarly, a recent retrospective study in the UK (4) has suggested that the incidence of ARDS is about 4.5 cases for 100,000 population per year. This apparent reduction in the prevalence of ARDS may either reflect the inaccuracy of the 1972 estimation, or a true reduction, over the past 15 years, in the number of patients developing ARDS. The prognosis of ARDS remains very poor, with survival rates generally Teported between 35 and 70% (3, 5) . Though irreversible respiratory failure accounts for only ISo/, of deaths from ARDS (6), patients continue to die with hypoxaemia if not from hypoxaemia. Corticosteroids, heparin, non-steroidal anti-inflarnmatory drugs, vasodilators, and vasopressors haw: not produced a significant reduction in mortality rate (7). Yet Webster and colleagues (4) have reported that mortality appeared to be lower (1976) in units which used steroids routinely than in units which did not


In this paper, a practical millimeter-wave (mmWave) channel estimation technique for intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted single-user multiple-input multiple-output (SU-MIMO) systems is proposed. The proposed technique utilizes both uplink and downlink signalings as well as analog feedback. While the typical estimation techniques require high training overhead, the proposed technique employs an extremely short training sequence length. It is verified through the simulations that the proposed estimation technique can achieve a higher effective spectral efficiency due to its low training overhead than that of existing estimation methods.


This paper discusses how professional codes of practice and the law of obligations interact to influence professional practice. The private law of obligations applies to professional services that involve engagement in markets for the supply of goods and services. Self-regulating profession bodies determine, monitor and enforce codes of conduct for their members. This paper begins with an overview of codes of conduct as forms of regulation, explores the regulatory effect of the law of obligations then analyses the interaction between the two regulatory forms.


This Excel sheet includes the names and winners of the top 100 highly prestigious international academic awards over the period 2010-2019. This database forms the basis of an article published in Quantitative Science Studies issue 1.


Pressure fluctuations in a fluidized bed and \f\ the plenum below the bed were subjected to a statistical analysis to identify a periodic component in the fluctu ations. The fluctuations observed are caused by fluctu ations in the bed height resulting from bubbles escaping at the surface of the bed. The effect of gas velocity, bed height, particle size and density on the frequency and amplitude of the periodic component were investigated and the frequency used to calculate the average bubble size leaving the bed.


INTRODUCTION One man's meat is another man's poison. This venerable aphorism attests the antiquity of our practical knowledge of sensitization. The first scientists to note the phenomenon with wonder were Jenner and Magendie. The first to note it appreciatively and reflectively was Richet. 1 The first to bring it into relation with cutaneous medicine were von Pirquet and Schick. 2 The only notable efforts to apply it to diagnosis were made by Smith 3 in connection with buckwheat poisoning, and by Schloss 4 in connection with egg albumin urticaria. The von Pirquet 5 test for tuberculosis suggested a method by which sensitization to various proteins could be clinically determined. Smith and Schloss, as stated, were the first to apply the procedure with results. In the meantime, White, 6 Strickler, 7 Blackfan, 8 McBride and Schorer 9 essayed in this field, but their investigations concerned chiefly eczema and, although their enthusiasm


Background: Administration of medications is primarily the nurse's responsibility. This study aimed to assess intensive care nurses' practice of safe medication administration in governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip. Methods: This study utilized descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical design. The sample of the study consisted of 116 ICU nurses from five governmental hospitals (Al Shifa Hospital, Indonesy Hospital, Shohada Al Aqsa hospital, European Gaza Hospital, and Nasser Hospital). For data collection, the researcher used Patient Safety Assessment in Medication Administration Questionnaire and Observation Checklist. A pilot study was conducted on 20 nurses, and reliability of the Patient Safety Assessment in the Medication Administration Questionnaire was 0.908. Results: The results showed that 66.4% of study participants were male nurses and 33.6% were female nurses, mean age was 28.97 years, 85.4% have bachelor degree, mean experience was 4.18 years, mean income was 1431.64 New Shekel, and 67.2% are working mixed shifts (morning, evening, and night). The practice of safety medication administration indicated that the highest score was in right route (93.8%), the right time (91.8%), right patient (90.7%), right way (89.5%), right recording of administered medication (88.9%), right answer (86.7%), right guidance (86.5%), right dose (86%), right medication (85.3%), and the overall score was 88.6%. Also, observation of nurses indicated high practice of safe medication administration with an average score of 83.6%. There were statistically insignificant differences in the practice of safe medication administration related to the hospital, gender, qualification, age, experience, and income. Conclusion: The study concluded that intensive care nurses handling medication safely at a moderate level and more. The authors demonstrated the need to provide adequate number of qualified nurses in Intensive Care Units, and encouraged nurses to participate in training programs about safe medication preparation and administration.


Introduction: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severely debilitating condition of multifactorial pathogenesis. It primarily involves patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonates (BPs) and most recently the new antiresorptive drug, denosumab, for the treatment of skeletal-related malignancies. There is no curative treatment and no consensus exists regarding the clinical management of such patients. This review aims to share our current clinical experience at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals' Trust and raise awareness of the increase in severity of ONJ in patients receiving denosumab. Patients and Methods: Four new cases with clinical diagnosis of MRONJ were presented to Sheffield Teaching Hospitals' Trust. MRONJ was attributed to denosumab therapy, as all patients were treated solely with denosumab for skeletal-related malignancies. Results: All cases appear to have a more aggressive mode of ONJ compared to that seen with IV and/or oral BPs so far. The cause of MRONJ was observed in the presence of periodontal disease alone and following dental extractions. Progression of the disease occurred considerably faster with the development of widespread suppuration and tooth mobility within weeks. Imaging revealed rather extensive areas of bony destruction, sometimes with associated periosteal reaction in keeping with a chronic bony infection. Conclusion: It is imperative for all dental and medical teams involved in treating these patients to understand the side effects of RANKL inhibitors on bone metabolism and how it affects treatment. Helping patients to understand the chronicity and potential progression of the disease is essential to a satisfactory outcome.


To investigate the effect of infant feeding regimes on macrophage function, interaction of infant formula and human breast milk supernatant with macrophages was studied. Phagocytosis and degradation of radiolabel1ed transferrin-antitransferrin immune complexes by resident and stimulated mouse peritoneal in macrophages was inhibited by liquid infant formula, particularly in the case by resident cells. Ingestion and killing of Staghylococcus aureus NCTC 8532 by resident macrophages was also reduced following pre-incubation with formula. In contrast, human milk had little or no effect on either function. Human milk supernatant and liquid infant formula inhibited phagocytosis but not degradation of radiolabelled immune complexes by human peritoneal macrophages, whereas human breast-milk macrophages appeared to be unaffected by either milk or formula. Immunofluorescence studies showed that both murine and human macrophages exposed to formula bound casein (CAS) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) but little, if any, alpha-lactalbumin (ALA). Comparison of the effect of various artificial milks, cow's milk and purified CAS on the activity of mouse macrophages indicated that both the concentration and the degree of denaturation of CAS may be important in the impairment of macrophage function by milk. Human peritoneal macrophages and breast-milk macrophagess showed a positive correlation between binding of milk proteins in the liquid formula and expression of HLA-DER antigen. Thus,, it is proposed that formula milk might impair macrophage function in the small intestine, and binding of milk proteins by HLA-DR +-ve macrophages may be important in sensitisation of infants to cow's milk., Furthermore, in infants on a mixed-feeding regime,, ingested mi1k macrophages might also act to present cow's milk proteins. To investigate survival of milk macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract, of the neonate, newborn mice were fed peritoneal macrophages labelled with fluorescent beads. Intact cells survived in the stomach for at least 4h after feeding. In addition, transferred cells were recovered in the gut and spleen sections from a small number of mice. Thus, milk macrophages may be able to persist in the neonate and may thus contribute toward the immunological development of the infant. The consequences of infant feeding on the immunological status of the neonate are discussed in the context of the presented work.


Recommended Citation Schlensker, Karley; Smith-Goodwin, Erika; and Walker, Jennifer (2021) "Certified Athletic Trainers' Level of Comfort When Providing Care to the Multicultural Patient Population," Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/jsmahs.07.01.10 Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/jsmahs/vol7/iss1/10


During the past two decades there have been substantial advances in magnetic fusion research. On the experimental front, progress has been led by the mainline tokamaks, which have achieved reactor-level values of temperature and plasma pressure. Comparable progress, when allowance is made for their smaller programs, has been made in complementary configurations such as the stellarator, reversed-field pinch and field-reversed configuration. In this paper, the status of understanding of the physics of toroidal plasmas is reviewed. It is shown how the physics performance, constrained by technological and economic realities, determines the form of reference toroidal reactors. A comparative study of example reactors is not made, because the level of confidence in projections of their performance varies widely, reflecting the vastly different levels of support which each has received. Success with the tokamak has led to the initiation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project. It is designed to produce 1500 MW of fusion power from a deuterium-tritium plasma for pulses of 1000 s or longer and to demonstrate the integration of the plasma and nuclear technologies needed for a demonstration reactor.


Sociology of Scientific Knowledge(SSK) originates from the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge,Philosophy of Science and Sociology of Science.It analyzes and studies the production process of scientific knowledge from the society angle and denies completely the objectivity of science.Scientism has been cleared up by SSK.SSK pointes out that the scientific fact and the scientific paper as well as the scientific knowledge which bases on the foundation may make through the scientific laboratory.The emergence and development of SSK which has made sciences status return rationally have great impact and significance.


Background: A health promoter is the name given to all those experts who are intended to prevent disease and ill health and to increase well-being at the community level. That seems to be a very good and useful idea in general, but can it be achieved by individuals alone? Objective: Review to what extend team work and the concept of team development are a pre-requisite for effective health promotion. That is the central objective of this article and the answer will be explored through an analysis of the international literature. Discussion: The first part will set out to define the notions of both health promotion and health promotion specialists, in order to provide a framework for the multi-professional and multi-disciplinary nature of health promotion. The second part will try to establish the meaning of collaboration for health promotion, starting with definitions of the concepts: group, team and teamwork. The benefits of collaborative work in health promotion will be discussed alongside the common barriers that can arise during the process. Conclusions: The article will conclude by proposing the characteristics of a successful team-working health promotion group.


A hardener composition useful in a two part resin system. The hardener composition includes a reactive carrier, and a peroxide catalyst. The hardener composition can have a shelf life of over six months. A two-part polyester resin system and a method of making a polyester resin composition are also disclosed. ® KIPO & WIPO 2008


The research presented in this thesis concerns three main topics. First, we investigate the presence of large scale magnetic fields in the universe. We focus on the possibility that they have originated in the primordial phases of the evolution of the universe, and derive a strong constraint on the intensity of causally generated fields. We also analyse the imprint of a helical magnetic field in the cosmic microwave background radiation. Second, we study the observational consequences of a hypothetical electric charge asymmetry in the universe, and we deduce upper limits on the charge of some fundamental particles, improving the current limits obtained from laboratory experiments or astrophysical observations. Third, we consider the theory of inflation, and in the context of the slow roll approximation we derive a constraint on the fourth derivative of the inflaton potential. The common methodology at the basis of these three analyses is the use of the observational properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation to constrain the presence of different components in the universe, which can act as a source of perturbation in the background metric. Part of the thesis is dedicated to the review of the theoretical framework at the basis of the topics considered. This is mainly done in the first three chapters. We start with a summary of the standard cosmological model, introducing the covariant formalism which is used in the analysis of the model of a charged universe. The details and results of this analysis are presented in the fifth chapter. The second chapter contains a review of the basic properties of cosmic magnetic fields, and then focuses on the derivation of strong upper limits on their intensity. The third chapter is an overview on cosmological linear perturbation theory, and on the formalism of the microwave background temperature anisotropies and polarisation. It introduces the technical tools used in the fourth chapter, where we analyse the temperature and polarisation signal induced in the microwave background by a primordial, helical magnetic field. We conclude by presenting, in the sixth chapter, the derivation of an upper bound on the fourth derivative of the inflaton potential, obtained using the inflationary flow equations.


Abstract This article presents a comparative analysis of patriarchy and incest in the work of William Faulkner and Juan Rulfo. Focusing primarily on Absalom! Absalom! and Pedro Páramo, I argue that Rulfo adopts and, at the same time, interrogates Faulkner's patriarchal model of the family: the incestuous relationships that characterize Absalom! Absalom! reappear, under different disguises, in the Mexican writer's novel. My analysis also suggests that both Faulkner and Rulfo were intrigued by the symbolic implications of incest, and exploited these implications in order to talk about the collapse of the patriarchal and cultural order in the post-Civil War South and early 20th century Mexico respectively. The conclusion maintains that, despite Rulfo's reluctance to acknowledge Faulkner's impact on his artistic consciousness, the intertextual dialogue between the two writers should be read both as a form of incest, and as a quest for a new social structure.


The invention relates to a method for the production of a conductive and transparent zinc oxide layer on a substrate by reactive sputtering. The process comprises a hysteresis region. Said method is characterised by the following steps: A doped metal Zn target is used, whereby the doping content of the target is less than 2.3 at- %, the heater is adjusted for the substrate in such a manner that a substrate temperature is adjusted to above 200 °C. A dynamic deposition rate is adjusted to more than 50 nm*m/min, which corresponds to a static deposition rate which is greater than 190 nm/min, and a stabilised working point is selected within the unstable process range which is between the turning point between a stable, metal and unstable process and between the inflection point of the stabilised process curve.


On the basis of the solutions of Darwin's energy-transfer equations the influence of the line profile of the primary beam on the extinction of X-ray and neutron intensities has been studied. Numerical calculations for the plane parallel plate, a wedge and a spherical sample were performed. The plane parallel plate is not affected by the primary beam. For the wedge only small influences were found (up to 12%). Spherically shaped crystals were investigated with a constant, a sawtooth-shaped and a δ-function-shaped primary beam. The influence of the primary beam increases with the variable σr0. General formulae for arbitrary shapes of crystals and primary beams are given which may be used for specific experiments.


Interest has grown in using traffic conflicts for studying safety from a broader perspective than relying only on collision data. Traffic conflict analysis is typically performed through the calculation of traditional conflict severity measures such as time-to-collision and postencroachment time. These measures rely on road users getting within specific temporal and spatial proximity from each other and therefore assume that proximity is the surrogate for severity. However, this assumption may not be valid in some driving environments where close interactions between road users are common and sudden evasive actions are frequently used to avoid collisions. It is suggested that evasive action–based conflict indicators can assess the analysis in some less-organized traffic environments. This study focused on the severity evaluation of pedestrian conflicts. Pedestrian evasive actions were reflected mainly in variations of spatiotemporal gait parameters (step frequency and step length). The objective was to compare the use of time proximity and evasive action–based conflict indicators in evaluating the severity of pedestrian conflicts in different traffic environments. Video data from intersections in five major cities—Shanghai, China; New Delhi, India; New York City; Doha, Qatar; and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada—were analyzed with automated computer vision techniques to extract pedestrian-involved conflicts and calculate conflict indicators. Results show that evasive action–based indicators were more effective in identifying and measuring the severity of pedestrian conflicts than time proximity measures in traffic environments such as Shanghai and New Delhi. However, evasive action measures did not show the same potential in Vancouver and Doha, where time proximity measures were more effective.


While examining the genre of "The Stories of the Prophets" ( Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' ) as background to my dissertation about Abraham in Islamic literature, I received from Prof. J. Sadan a manuscript that he found in the British Library that is related to this genre. Later I found similar versions of the same composition, which led me to try to find how this compilation emerged. The composition is very close to the preaching literature ( wa'ẓ ), which deals mainly with moral education, but it also includes stories. I wondered if this is a literary genre, standing by itself, which started out as an aid, auxiliary material for understanding the oral tradition and religious studies, and then became an independent genre, closer to edifying literature, known as Paraenetica, or to the genre of Specula Regis (Mirrors of kings). I describe the manuscript in order to try to reach a conclusion: is this a different literary genre? Is it an educational genre or only a simplified version of stories for a child or a non-Arab ruler whose education was in Arabic language? Or did the writer perhaps want an original name for his compilation, and as the name Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' was already in use he chose a different name, using a word which also intimates the collection's small size?


This thesis explores how to achieve social change through street design interventions from the bottom-up in Bogota, Colombia. The study seeks to better understand challenges and opportunities of urban activism by examining two grassroots community organisations that tackle social issues including inequality, poverty, and segregation.

Design is increasingly being directed towards social change. This thesis outlines an innovative approach for urban grassroots organisations to address social issues through design. The thesis provides a critical discussion informed by empirical studies about the role of design in a post-conflict Colombia as an inclusive process for fostering social inclusion, and civic innovation.


The implement of Integrating Information Technology into Curriculum is a complicated systemic project that needing the support and interaction of policies,fund,equipment and teacher training.Schoolmaster's cognition and attitude towards integrat- ing information technology into curriculum make a notable impact on conditions to implement.It also influences the ability of teacher implement and students'information technology literacy.This article will discuss above aspects detailedly.


The valorization and reusing of mining waste has been widely studied in recent years. Research has demonstrated that there is great potential for reusing mining waste for construction applications. This work experimentally investigated the strength development, pore structure, and microstructure of a binary alkali-activated binder. This is based on tungsten mining waste mud (TMWM) and electric-arc-furnace slag (EAF-Slag) using different proportions of TMWM (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 vt.%). The precursors were activated using sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH 8M) as alkaline activator solution with solid:liquid weight ratio = 3. Pastes were used to assess the compressive strength of the blended binder and their microstructure. The reaction products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, while the porosity and the pores size properties were examined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results show that the partial replacement of TMWM with EAF-Slag exhibited better mechanical properties than the 100TM-AAB. A maximum strength value of 20.1 MPa was obtained in the binary-AAB sample prepared with 50 vt.% TMWM and EAF-Slag. The pastes that contained a higher dosage of EAF-Slag became more compact with lower porosity and finer pore-size distribution. In addition, the results obtained by SEM-EDS confirmed the formation of different types of reaction products in the 100TM-AAB, 100FS-AAB, and the binary-AABs mixtures such as N-A-S-H, C-A-S-H and (N, C)-A-S-H gels frameworks in the system as the major elements detected are Si, Al, Ca, and Na.


The increase in unemployment that occurs in urban areas is in line with the increase in poverty rates which makes people need innovation from stakeholders to provide various representative public spaces. The establishment of Sunan Jogo Kali Park public space in Surakarta City can be said to be one of the symbols of the existence of stakeholder collaboration. This study aims to determine the collaboration carried out by stakeholders in the formation and development of public space Sunan Jogo Kali Park with a case study approach to understand the specifics of the collaboration and development of public space carried out. Interviews and observations were conducted in data collection processed using source triangulation and triangulation techniques with AGIL schema Functional Structure theory. Selection of informants using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. The results showed that the establishment of Sunan Jogo Kali Park was based on collaboration between local communities, private, CSR (PLN, Bank Jateng, PMS, Id Express, Bank Solo, Le Mineral) and government (Transportation Office, PUPR Office, DLH, Agriculture Office, Pucangsawit Village). The results of the collaboration resulted in the addition of park facilities, the construction of facilities (prayer rooms, toilets, elevators), and the provision of events. Community service and communication work carried out in the adaptation process, providing free entertainment space and improving the welfare of the community around the park are goals achieved, integration is carried out by holding regular meetings and making regulations, latency is shown by always coordinating between stakeholders.


Objective To investigate the efficacy of Mecobalamin combined Xueshuantong treatment diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods From October 2009 to December 2011,130 patients with DPN patients in our hospital were randomly divided into treatment group 67 cases(Methylcobalamin the joint Xueshuantong governance),control group of 63 cases(single methylcobalamin),the efficacy of the two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate in the treatment group and control group was 92.53%,81.95%,the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05).Had different degrees of improvement after treatment,F wave latency shortened,but still the treatment group improved more significantly than the controf group(P 0.05).Conclusion Mecobalamin combined Xueshuantong in treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is exact.


Based on the findings of previous studies which highlight the role of vocabulary knowledge in English as a Foreign Language/English as a Second Language (EFL/ESL) learners' learning process, this study investigated the relationship among EFL learners' Critical Thinking (CT), Autonomy (AU), and choice of Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS). To fulfill the purpose of this study, 100 male and female undergraduate EFL learners, between the ages of 18 and 25 (M age = 21) were randomly selected. These participants, who were receiving formal instruction by means of English as the main language along with learners' first language, were asked to complete three questionnaires, estimating their CT, AU, and VLS. Analyzing the collected data by Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient revealed significant relationships between participants' AU and CT, CT and VLS, and AU and VLS. Furthermore, a linear regression through the stepwise method revealed that between CT and AU, AU is the best predictor of VLS. The findings of this provide EFL teachers, EFL learners, and syllabus designers with insights into the nature of VLS and the way it can be promoted through other internal factors.


Contents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Corporate Power and the Power of its Critics 3. Anti-corporate Protest and World Culture: Opposing or Enacting Globalization? 4. Framing the Corporation 5. Mobilizing the Consumer 6. Business and Society: From Ethical Responsibility to Organizational Reflexivity 7. Conflicts and Coalitions 8. From Accounts to Accountability 9. Conclusion Appendix References


Many American and European researchers have studied the reasons for the success of Japan's economy after the end of the Second World War. One of the contributory factors to economic expansion is clearly the educational training systems used by Japanese companies. Accordingly, a number of foreign as well as Japanese researchers have focused on these manpower and training systems. Recently, the Japanese government has issued 'Immediate Policies and Guidelines for the Implementation of Educational Reform' (Ministry of Education 1990: 244). In this reform plan, the Ministry of Education announced the necessity to promote the improvement, enhancement and diversification of graduate schools. Reflecting this policy, some new and unique Japanese graduate programmes designed for businessmen and other programmes in partnership with industry have emerged. In this new era, the issue of educational training systems beyond conventional company training has become critical for the development and survival of Japanese co...


This invention relates to a new process for obtaining nitrones. More particularly, it relates to a hydroxylamine method for obtaining N-monosubstituted comprising a step wherein a nitrone is formed from a secondary amine in the presence of an oxidizing agent and at least one compound selected from the dioxide atoms, hydrogencarbonates and carbonates.


Aqueous radioactive high-level waste slurries are combined during processing steps that ultimately produce a stable borosilicate glass waste form. Chemically treated waste slurries are combined with each other and with glass frit-water slurries to produce the melter feed. Understanding the evolution of the rheological properties of the slurries is an important aspect of removing and treating the stored waste. To a first approximation, combinations of colloidal waste slurry with {approx}0.1-mm mean diameter glass frit or glass beads act in an analogous matter to slurries of spherical beads in Newtonian liquids. The non-Newtonian rheological properties of the waste slurries without frit, however, add complexity to the hydrodynamic analysis. The use of shear rate dependent apparent viscosities with the modified Einstein equation was used to model the rheological properties of aqueous frit-waste slurries.


Generation of attosecond x-ray pulses is attracting much attention within the x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) user community. Several schemes using extremely short laser pulses to manipulate the electron bunches have been proposed. In this paper, we extend the attosecond two-color ESASE scheme proposed by Zholents et al. to the long optical cycle regime using a second detuned laser and a tapered undulator. Both lasers can be about ten-optical-cycles long, with the second laser frequency detuned from the first to optimize the contrast between the central and side current spikes. A tapered undulator mitigates the degradation effect of the longitudinal space charge (LSC) force in the undulator and suppresses the FEL gain of all side current peaks. Simulations using the LCLS parameters show a single attosecond x-ray spike of {approx} 110 attoseconds can be produced. The second laser can also be detuned to coherently control the number of the side x-ray spikes and the length of the radiation pulse.


This note presents a few thought-provoking remarks on the efficiency and distributive implications of the institutions of venture capital that are based on profitand-loss-sharing arrangements. Depending on the viability of incentive compatible mechanisms and optimal profit-and-risk-sharing contracts that minimize the asymmetric information and adverse selection problems these institutions may encounter in practice, they may well enhance allocative and dynamic efficiency. JEL Classification Codes: G20, G24.


perpetuate this binary gender system, drawing on William I. and Dorothy Thomas' theory of how situations defined as real are real in their consequences. Girshick's primary goal in this text is to provide a vehicle for the voices of people with transgender identities. According to the author, it is their stories that must be heard over those of gender theorists and other scholars. When academic voices dominate, she argues, we are too far removed from the everyday realities experienced by those who fall outside the gender binary. By listening to the experiences of transgender persons, we are invited into a radical endeavor of questioning the language and ideas that create and sustain this gender system—thus questioning fundamental aspects of our identities. This text is clearly organized and comprehensible, with Girshick offering a thorough review of relevant literature. In addition, her research is deep and methodologically sound. What is most helpful is the time she dedicates to discussing terminology, incorporating excerpts from her interviews as evidence of the ways in which gender constructs impose a language that further limits our ability to move beyond them. The complexity of terminology associated with transidentified people is particularly illustrated in the myriad ways her participants label themselves. Further, Girshick's respect for her participants is demonstrated by her utilization of their self-selected identity labels throughout the text. The most significant contribution of Transgender Voices lies in Girshick's extensive incorporation of quotes gleaned from the interviews she conducted with 150 transgender-identified people. Their insights and experiences detail a diverse array of encounters with coming out in professional and personal contexts, of developing identities, and of the limits of a binary gender system that often result in violence and discrimination. By including their voices, Girshick provides the reader with vivid evidence for her assertions throughout. Further, the thoroughness of her research clearly demonstrates how common it is to experience living outside normative gender categories and the potentially damaging impact of assuming otherwise. In this sociologically sound and welcome analysis of gender, Girshick contributes greatly to this field of study. Clarifying the distinction between gender, gender identity, sexuality, and sexual orientation, this work should prove useful to anyone teaching or researching in this area. Moreover, its content provides validation to the lives of those at the forefront of this struggle—those who dare to challenge the gender system by living their lives truthfully and openly outside the gender binary. Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men is a much needed launching point for moving toward what Girshick calls for—putting the struggle for gender diversity at the heart of efforts for liberation.


The invention discloses a data analysis center system for technical supervision of power grid equipment. A data information collection module (1) is respectively connected with an equipment overview analysis module (2), an automatic diagnosis module (3) and an expert consultation analysis module (4), the equipment overview analysis module, the automatic diagnosis module and the expert consultation analysis module are respectively connected with a technical supervision service module (5), and the automatic diagnosis module is respectively connected with the equipment overview analysis module and the expert consultation analysis module. By communication of the five functional modules, the state data information of the power grid equipment can be automatically collected, counted and analyzed. A transformation equipment automatic diagnosis sub-module and a transmission equipment automatic diagnosis sub-module are arranged in the automatic diagnosis module. The data analysis center system has the advantages that: the informatization level and automation level of the technical supervision operation of the power grid equipment can be greatly improved; and the efficiency, quality and timeliness of the technical supervision operation of the power grid equipment are improved.


In this study, single-junction InGaP solar cells fabricated by a novel micro-hole array surface texture process are presented. The characteristics of the single-junction InGaP solar cells with and without the micro-hole array surface texture are studied. An increase of 10.4% in short-circuit current is found when a single-junction InGaP solar cell is fabricated by the micro-hole array surface texture process. The conversion efficiency measured under one-sun air mass 1.5 global illumination at room temperature can also be improved from 13.8% to 15.9% when the size of the micro-holes is 5.3 µm and the period of micro-hole array is designed to 5 µm.


This paper aims to contribute to previous research on stock-option holders exercise behavior. It gives rise to new factors affecting behavior of stock-option holders. We used private data on 52 534 exercise transactions within 12 US listed companies. Our results are consistent with the empirical literature findings in that they show empirical evidence on underlying economic and psychological factors affecting exercise behavior. More specifically, we found that exercise is negatively linked to firm-specific risk. In addition, we document that exercise behavior is influenced by the stock-option anchorage in the industry culture of the firm. Moreover, exercise displays myopic behavior denoting mental accounting bias.Finally, it turns out that exercise behavior is heterogeneous over time and firms.


The important issues or the data transmission systems are the harmful effect of various sources of interference in the communication channel and problem of increasing noise immunity in conditions of linear distortion in development of modern systems. In order to improve the reliability of an accuracy characteristics of receiving of information, a mathematical model for assessing the stability to interference with incoherent receiving in telecommunication systems operating under the influence of unintentional interference sources is proposed. The mathematical model takes into account the quality of communication, spectral efficiency, modulation scheme and coding method when providing multimedia services to users.


The main aim of this study is to determine the changes occurred in the antioxidant capacity and UV-protection capacity of rutin with a different redox-potential metal cation. The complexes were characterized by UV-Visible and IR spectroscopy. Rutin belongs to the flavonols and it is a glycoside form of quercetin. Chelate formation is a result of interaction of rutin with metal ions. The chelation of metals can be crucial in the prevention of radical generation, which damages target biomolecules. The interactions between flavonoids and transition metal ions to form complexes that prevent the participation of metal ions in free radical generating processes, thus exhibit an anti-oxidant behavior, metal-flavonoid complexes various biological and pharmacological activities. The coordination of Rutin (Rut) with Rut-Zr, Rut-Mo, Rut-Zn, Rut-Cu, Rut-Ni, Rut-Fe, Cit-Zn, Cit-Mo, Cit-Zr, Cit-Cu, Cit-Fe, and Cit-Ni may simulate the catalyzed centre of the hyperoxide dismutase in the metal coordinate structure, thus displayed the DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal chelating, and nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) radical scavenging. Therefore, the metal flavonoid complexes are very helpful in discovery and development of new drugs.


3 , se analiza el potencial educativo de dichas practicas en un marco de formacion permanen - te del profesorado Abstract.- In a Seminar that takes place in the University College of Education of Palencia every wednesday afternoon, a group of Primary, Secundary and University teachers of PE meets to think about body practices in the context they work (physical activity, PE and sport). The main purpose of this seminar is to improve their own education as PE teachers by means of the reflec - tion upon their practices. The present paper, that foccusses on swimming, illustrates the work they develop.


The author analyzes the dynamics of mandatory medical insurance development in Russia in the post-crisis period and gives correlation analysis of the interrelation of per capita expenses for health care delivery within the limits of the program of the state guarantees with the birth rate of the population in the regions of Siberia.


It is argued that seismic design issues should be included and integrated into architecture curricula. The case is based primarily on observations of building failures resulting from flawed architectural design decisions and subsequent critical reaction from within the architectural profession itself. However, another reason is that the large sizes and restrictive layouts of some seismic load resisting systems impact unavoidably upon architectural layouts.


Dovepress Finding a new drug and vaccine for emerging swine flu: What is the concept? Abstract: Influenza is a well known infection of the respiratory system. The main clinical manifestations of influenza include fever, sore throat, headache, cough, coryza, and malaise. Apart from the well known classical influenza, there are also groups of influenza virus infections that are called " atypical infection ". These infections are usually due to a novel influenza virus infection. In early 2009, an emerging novel influenza originating from Mexico called swine flu was reported. The World Health Organization noted a level VI precaution, the highest level precaution possible, for this newest influenza virus infection. As of June 2009, it is not known if this disease will be successfully controlled. Finding new drugs and vaccine for the emerging swine flu is still required to cope with this emerging worldwide problem. Influenza infection etiology Influenza is a well known infection. It is classified as a respiratory system infection. The main pathogenic cause of influenza is virus. The influenza virus is a widely studied virus in medicine. 1,2 As a respiratory tract infection, the influenza virus is mainly transmitted via air as an airborne infectious disease. The pathogenic influenza virus can enter into the human body due to the inhalation of infectious air particles. 3,4 The contaminated airborne particles can be generated by sneezing and coughing by infected patients. 3,4 Specific body secretions that are highly contaminated with influenza virus include running nose fluids and saliva. It should also be noted that contaminated secretions can be found in spillage and in any used objects for up to two hours. 3,4 If someone contacts the contaminated object, there is a possibility of infection and transmission of pathogen can be expected. Recently, Grayson and colleagues said that soap and water hand-washing or alcohol-based hand rub was highly effective in reducing influenza virus on human hands. 15 Hand washing is an important practice to control the spread of influenza. In general, influenza virus can be classified into three main groups, group A, group B, and group C. All groups can cause disease in human beings. Only group A can also cause infection in animals. Generally, patients usually develop signs and symptoms within two days (range 1–4 days) after contact with the pathogen.


Four levels of urban design encountered in North America are compared: I flat earth planning (assumes that the land is flat and man is free to impose his design on it to achieve certain perdetermined patterns); II contour planning (topography is taken into account). III feature or constraint planning (physical and symbolic landscape features are identified and integrated into the design or considered as constraints); and IV ecosystem planning (a multi disciplinary approach which includes ecoplanning which views the urbanized landscape as having 3 major subsystems, namely, historical, abiotic and biotic). A 455-acre subdivision of the city of Waterloo (Ontario) is used to show how the urbanization of an agricultural area on the edge of a city of 40,000 people would be designed if these four approaches were followed. Key environmental quality design questions are formulated which may be asked prior to subdivision approval is granted.


By B mode real time ultrasonography, the process of pregnancy was observed in 178 pregnant monkeys. The gastational sac length(GS)、the crown rump length of fetus(CRL)、the biparietal diameter of fetus(BPD) and the femur length of fetus(FL) were measured at gestational weeks 3 to 25 The normal values of fetal monkeys at different weeks as measured by ultrasonography are reported.The data are helpful for pregnancy diagnosis and fetus growth investigation in monkeys.