The characteristic ideology of virtual reality cinema -Focusing on the theory of "Habitus" and "Champ"Jung, In Sun Ph.D. Student / Hanyang University Jeong, Tae Soo Professor / Hanyang University This research analyses the phenomenons and the theories on how the ideological characteristics of film-based cinema have been changing in the virtual reality cinema, which is changing the format of movie viewing due to technological advances. By analyzing the ideological characteristics of the film-based cinema, it would be identified the factors that cause ideological characteristics and the process of the ideological effects. This research compares the elements of film-based cinema to virtual reality cinema, which is produced the ideological characteristics. Based on this comparison, this research confirms whether the ideological characteristics exist or not into the virtual reality cinema. Furthermore, it would be focusing on the new ideological characteristics of virtual reality cinema by using the two important notions "field of view" and "latency". This research unearths the process of ideological effects on virtual reality cinema, adapting two social theories "Habitus" and "Champ" of Pierre Bourdieu. From a historical perspective, it would be looking at the process of forming an ideology and explained the structure of ideology in the virtual reality cinema by using the theory "Champ" Finally, studying <The Invisible Man>(Hugo Keijzer, 2016), this research


Artificially controlling the spectral response of metamaterials is important for the applications of functional devices. Here, we identify a simple ruler equation for describing the direct relation between the resonance frequencies and geometric parameters in terahertz metamaterials, which can accurately predetermine the eigenmode resonance frequencies of U-shaped metamaterials. Utilizing this ruler equation, we demonstrate the switching of the multi-band resonator which can be customized to work at expectant frequency bands. This ruler equation provides a practical guidance on tailoring the resonance frequency and paves the way for the development of metamaterial-based terahertz functional devices.


This study attempts to evaluate one of the language use differences among women and men according to the Dominance Theory. The main purpose of the study is thus to investigate speech interruption as the participatory dominance factor based on the Dominance Theory in the Persian community and three affecting factors on interruption (direct statements, subject deviation and verbs and adverbs of uncertainty). Speech interruption and three affecting factors on interruption have been evaluated in the single and cross-sex societies. The data required were obtained from 40 two-stage interviews (10 men and 10 women students in the age range of 18-24 years). The men and women of this study in single and cross-sex societies, based on speech interruption factor, showed different linguistic behaviors and the linguistic representation of gender-based attitude in the Persian community was tangible. The relationship of each affecting factor on interruption with interruption was determined. The findings suggest that the framework provided by Dominance Theory in Persian community is inefficient.


Every Sunday, I take a look at the Style section of The New York Times, not because I want to keep up on the latest in the fashion world-I'm not really into very short skirts or tattoosbut because I'm addicted to the "Vows" column where each week they describe a particularly romantic nuptial. Last Fall, as I was all set to turn to this feature, my eye was caught by something on the first page of the section: a man in a lab coat. What was he doing there amidst extremely thin models and men in spiky hair? The title of the article hinted at the answer: "No Germs on the Runway: Lab Chic." It was a report on one of the latest trends in the fashion world: the clean, laboratory look. This came as quite a surprise to me, but it seems that it is a logical extension of the spare, minimalist fashion of the 90s. As David Colman (1998) notes in this article, the minimalist look has been described as clean, and "you can't get much cleaner than a lab coat" (p. 9-1). He suggests that there are also other reasons for this interest in white clothes that offer little in the way of decoration but a lot in the way of protection. Looking very much like what one would wear in a clean room in Silicon Valley, they symbolize safety and order and provide an easy way to suggest high technology. About a year earlier, The New York Times ran a very different kind of


Recent advance of plasma filled microwave tubes in theoretical and experimental areas are reviewed in this paper. The presence of a controlled amount of background plasma inside microwave tubes can possibly lead to a improvement in their characteristics. In particular, recent results clearly demonstrated that the presence of plasma can significantly increase the bandwidth, efficiency and power capabilities of nonrelativistic microwave oscillators and amplifiers and allow operation without a guiding magnetic field.


The previous study on the protective performance of organic layers pays almost all attention to the layers in solid phase. This paper presents a viscous layer prepared by adding the active agent and nanometer copper powder into the dimethyl silicone respectively and studies this layers' protective performance with EIS method.


Objective:To observe the influence of traditional Chinese five-note music on BEAM (brain electrical activity mapping) of schizophrenics Method:20 schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone and 10 normal controls were collected Their EEG was recorded with and without traditional Chinese music The ratio of β/α was analyzed Results:Without music, there was no significant difference found between EEG of schizophrenics and that of normal controls When listening the music, the rates in C3, T3, T4 and T5 of patients were significantly higher than the counterparts of control In control group, there was no difference of EEG between the two hemispheres with or without music In patients, there were differences between the two hemispheres at O1, O2 and T5, T6 before music, when with music, the differences between the two hemispheres manifested at P3, P4, C3, C4 and F7, F8 Conclusion:Under the stimulation of Chinese music, schizophrenic patients with treatment of risperidone have reactions different to normal control


As a fine surface treatment technology,electroless plating can yield uniform deposits on surface of conductor and non-conductive material,and the operation is easy,so it has been got great attention by industry and academia.In this paper,current research status of electroless plating and applications of main electroless plating coating such as Ni,Cu,Co,Ag,Sn,Au and Pd electroless coatings are reviewed,development trends of electroless plating is also indicated.


Crosslinks may be inserted in a few clock tree nodes to reduce on-chip variation induced clock skew, simply called OCV skew. A change in clock transition and clock latency should be accurately estimated and be reflected in crosslink insertion algorithm, which we study. Fast estimation of OCV skew is important, which we also address. Crosslink insertion problem is modeled into a graph, and is solved through integer linear programming (ILP) as well as a fast heuristic. Experiments in 28-nm technology indicate that maximum OCV skew is reduced by 44% and 35%, on average, by ILP and heuristic algorithm, respectively.


The paper summarized the experience of blended learning of students in quarantine conditions caused by the pandemic of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, which fundamentally changed the blended learning paradigm through the use of LMS Moodle and Google Classroom. The technical and methodological aspects of the implementation of blended learning are considered in the system of classical education. The didactic and methodological support of the educational process has been developed using LMS Moodle and Google Classroom. Using LMS Moodle, educational platforms have been created, both for students and for everyone, in the virtual educational environment of the university. It is shown that the use of LMS Moodle and Google Classroom tools is a new basis for independent work of students, since it completely changes and expands the format of learning: provides a complete electronic box of educational materials and resources during lectures and practical classes, creates an individual educational environment and sufficient methodological support for the chosen specialty. This is especially relevant to ensure quality education during the quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Attention is focused on the need to structure educational training and teaching materials in such a way as to provide individual educational trajectories in the mode of synchronous and asynchronous learning with a mandatory system of monitoring and control of knowledge assimilation, in particular by means of LMS Moodle. A system of automated monitoring of knowledge control has been introduced, which is mandatory in the distance education system and includes initial, final control, self-control, an electronic journal with teachers' grades and comments, which makes it possible for an individual approach to learning, improves the effectiveness of educational activities on the part of the student and increases motivation of teachers to use distance technologies through LMS Moodle and Google Classroom. The paper presents the results of a survey, which was attended by teachers who worked in the blended learning system during the quarantine caused by the coronavirus infection COVID-19 in March 2020 - June 2021 and used LMS Moodle and Google Classroom tools in their classes. Given the introduction of a blended learning system for students in a quarantine environment caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the described experience can be used not only in organizing the educational process, but also to form the prerequisites for creating an open learning system in the virtual educational environment of classical universities.


PT Sekumbang Permata Engineering is a boat rental companies, where the number of boats that are rented by 4 units ferry for passenger transport. The vessels are leased by the company is owned by the company and in collaboration with several parties outside the company. Boat rental process currently takes a long time because their price negotiation, contracting and leasing invoice. Contracts that have been approved are sent via email or other delivery service to be signed by the consumer. The method used in designing applications Accounting Information Systems (SIA) vessel charter services, web-based approach with a waterfall SDLC and MySq web programming language. Conclusion the results of the study are (1) the application system is expected to assist the company in finding rental information, anywhere and anytime. (2) to provide a solution of the notifications charter vessel that will mature and improve archival data storage.


This chapter explores the declining efficacy of the Western military model since 2003, canvasses various strategic responses to it—including doubling down on the current approach, embracing decline, and "going Byzantine"—and recommends a strategy of strategic delay. It argues that the high point of Western military dominance in the post–Cold War era—the "high tide of the West"—coincided with the failed decapitation strike against Saddam Hussein in March 2003, and that since then Western powers have acted as if they were still in a Woolseyan security environment (where the principal threats originated from weak states, failing states and nonstate actors) when actually the environment was post-Woolseyan; that is, characterized by a return of state-based threats and great-power military competition. The chapter considers three possible responses to this problem, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and concludes that our best bet (though by no means a certain solution) is to play for time, adopt a light footprint offshore balancing strategy, and attempt to create space for a potentially acceptable successor order to emerge.


ABSTRACT Recent drilling has shown that foothills and mountain deformation in Alberta may have begun as a large overthrust similar to the adjacent Lewis overthrust. Subsequent compression of the overthrust mass has folded and faulted the original sole thrust and formed a series of imbricate faults in the overlying sediments.


The author has identified the following significant results. Recommendations resulting from the CARETS evaluation reflect the need to establish a flexible and reliable system for providing more detailed raw and processed land resource information as well as the need to improve the methods of making information available to users.


This article discusses Native American urban adolescents' construal of social skills, and relationships between these skills and proactivity behaviors as identified in the Integrative Contextual Model of Career Development (Lapan, 2004). Recommendations that build upon the social skills strengths of Native American young people are included.


Undescended testis is the failure of testis to descent in scrotum. The failure of the testicular descent can occur anywhere along the pathway. Previous studies have shown that ultrasound (USG) is the best imaging method to localize non palpable testes and it has advantages of being non invasive and no radiation exposure. Most UDT will descend spontaneously with age, but surgery is the most accepted treatment for those testes that remain undescended after 9 months of age. Histological changes in UDT may not be reversed by orchidopexy and result in infertility or cancer. Therefore, UDT requires early recognition due to the associated reduction in fertility and increased risk of malignancy. Current urology guidelines state that USG, computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not provide any additional information to the physical examination of palpable testes. However, USG is the most widely used imaging modality to evaluate UDT because of its easy availability and it is non-invasive. Over the past few decades, USG technology has advanced with newer transducers having a greater resolution power to distinguish testes from adjacent tissues.


Legacy energy management systems for distribution system or microgrids are typically driven by economics. During extreme events, resiliency can be defined as ability of the system to keep supplying critical loads. Resilient operation during extreme events (e.g. avalanche in Alaska) may require decision variables to be different and conflicting with economic operation. Operational objectives are driven by a complex consideration of the economic, reliable and resilient operation of the system: economic and reliable in normal operating state and resilient during extreme events. Challenge is to move between economic and resilient operation in optimal manner and setting up problem formulation and constraints specially with Distributed Eneregy Resources (DERs). In this paper, we focus on striking a balance between optimal economic and resilient operation using novel formulation and developed tool called Resiliency Enabled Energy System Operation Toolbox (RE-ESOT). Simulation results are provided for a real islanded grid in Alaska with battery energy systems.


The protection of security papers and documents from a fake is the important state problem. In a system of Department of Goznak Belarus of the Ministry of Finance of Republic of Belarus the laboratory on development of means of a guard of valuable papers and documents in frameworks URDE "CRYPTOTECH" is created. The responsibilities of a realization of examination of authenticity of valuable papers and documents are assigned to above-stated laboratory. The laboratory of means of a guard is equipped with the modern equipment intended for detail examination of the passports, driver's certificates, identification cards, technical and other documents with a special guard, revealing of indications of a partial fake of the documents. Among them television spectral, comparator lamp of a UF-radiation etc. Equipment is supported program system "VideoScope", which represents a software product permitting to eneter in the computer a videoimages to make their processing, comparison and archiving. The system of a comparison of images is intended for detection of distinctions (differences) between standard and researched by images of object. The comparison can be made by methods of mutual subtraction, addition of images and method of visual overlapping of a researched image with a part standard. In a mode of mutual subtraction an outcome of a comparison is the difference image received for want of subtraction of one image from other. For want of it the most distinguished plots will have color closer to black and white, and least distinguished -- gray. An outcome of full concurrence with be gray image. In a mode of addition of images an outcome will be their sum. For want of it the details of both images will be looked through, that enables of an additional visual comparison of images. The system is intended for a grouping on the certain principle, description and storage of images.


In this article we analyze audiotaped and transcribed discussions among a group of teachers and a researcher working together to describe and implement instructional conversations-a form of constructivist teaching. The second author and 4 teachers began working together as part of a larger university and school collaboration to improve language arts instruction at a predominantly Latino school in the Los Angeles area. 3 of the teachers taught in Spanish as part of the bilingual program for native Spanish speakers. We present here our analysis of the group's first 9 (of 30) meetings during a school year. The meetings constitute a case of teachers grappling with how to conceive, understand, and ultimately synthesize different models of teaching. The group's initial goal was to develop curriculum and instruction that improved students' literacy attainment and were consistent with the state's new language arts framework. In the course of their work, the group discovered that the search for new teaching approaches does not require abandoning more "traditional" tools of the trade. To the contrary, the process of defining traditional modes of instruction helped teachers conceptualize and operationalize the alternative to which they aspired. We raise a number of critical issues related to conceptualizing frameworks for teaching and developing new teacher assessments. We argue that new assessments should reflect a comprehensive view of teaching that draws from a broad continuum of teaching models, synthesizing that which is often dichotomized.


Microwave wireless power transmission line patrol monitoring system has the following advantages and characteristics: wireless video monitoring transmission products can be rapidly used under some conditions with incapable wiring or inconvenient wiring. A wireless video transmission network can be established. Wireless microwave is used as wireless aerial cable. Wireless product can be adopted for avoiding limitation of cables according to these special circumstances and monitoring requirements. It has the advantages of short mounting cycle, convenient maintenance, strong expansion capability, rapid cost recovery, flexible networking, excellent scalability and fast installation. New transmission pavement network and equipment are not needed, and remote video monitoring can be easily realized. Maintenance costs are low, and only one-time investment is required without operating expenses.


Warship designs have been improved the last decade with respect to their resilience against weapon hits. In particular, attention was paid to reduction of the blast and fragmentation effects from warhead detonations. In addition to that, all kind of fire safety measures are taken, following existing prescriptive rules. It is clear, however, that the above measures together not necessarily cover the situation of having a large fire after an internal warhead detonation. The damage to the ship and organisation causes standard solutions to be inappropriate. To improve the fire fighting systems and Damage Control, it is necessary to simulate the total of processes starting with the weapon hit. This paper describes a tool, RESIST, that has been developed to cover this area.


The bus-contention channel is a covert channel that can be exploited at a rate exceeding 1000 bits per second. Fuzzy time is a countermeasure first described by Wei-Ming Hu (1991). To assess the effectiveness of fuzzy time, it is desirable to have an information-theoretic capacity analysis of the bus-contention channel under fuzzy time. The author points out that the capacity of this channel depends on the assumptions that are held regarding the environment in which the channel is being exploited. He discusses various assumptions that may be held regarding the environment. He argues that a capacity analysis under the weakest of these assumptions (viz. the 'secure environment assumption) provides an upper bound on the capacity under the other assumptions discussed. It has been argued that a capacity analysis under the stronger assumptions is intractable. Therefore, an analysis under the weaker assumption provides the best available upper bound on the capacity of this channel. The author shows how to analyze the capacity of the channel under the weaker environment assumption and carries out such analysis of the channel using realistic system parameters and variety of fuzzy time parameters.<<ETX>>


Chinese women marathon has been improved in some degree dramatically but is still lagged behind compared with powerfull states in track and field.Based on the status of the the women marathon level in China,using the method of documentary,stastics and comsulting the author finds out the relatively backward situation of this event and analyzes the reasons,such as uncomplete training system,unreasonable age structure and low health training degree.And the author emphasizes some reasonable advices on completing the integration system among research,training and recovering to improve the players' health level,taking in "go abroad and come in" measure and intercomunicating with other countries to supply scientific advices to break through this event for London Olymic games.


There have been two contradictory arguments about the impact of social security on saving. Traditional savings theory indicates that private saving would decline as compulsory public saving increased. On the other hand, studies of private pensions indicate that the existence of pension benefits stimulates individuals to increase their saving. This study argues that social security benefits have indeed discouraged private saving, but any decline in saving has been offset by the changing retirement experience. A secondary effect of the social security program has been to encourage retirement at age sixty-five, thereby forcing individuals to save over a shorter working life for a longer retirement, which has led to an increase in aggregate saving.


In this paper an experimental study will be carried out, on the influence of geometry, using different compliant mechanical couplings. In the first part of the paper will be presented the compliance of the couplings and a number of consecrated works on this theme will be quoted. The article continues with the case study made on three types of compliant joints. These joints and the mechanics that substitute them will be presented. Towards the end of the paper we explain the experimental method and its results. The final ideas concerning this work will be filled out by conclusions and research directions.


Labor contract is the result of the socialization of employment contract in Roman Law. Law relationship in it is interfered by state power to some extent, but still belongs to private relationship. In this sense, the future civil code of the PRC shall provide employment contract chapter in contract section act as the basis of labor contract institution so as to solve the application difficulty in academic and practical respect.


With the rapid development of international exchanges and tourism,the irregularity and confusion of tourism translation has become increasingly prominent in minority regions,which turns out to be an obstacle to its international image and the effective dissemination of tourism information.This paper,based on the core concepts of eco-translatology,attempts to probe into the current situation of tourism translation in minority regions in order to explore its causes and the ways for further improvement.


Nowadays, knowledge management (KM) is viewed as the "Third Millennium's Paradigm." Social, along with scientific and economic realms, are most affected by knowledge-related developments. Knowledge management is in many ways the catalyst to man's entry into the post-industrial society. The present article sheds light on knowledge management from a social capital perspective. A number of questions are thus dealt with: Is knowledge objective and measurable? Can it be learned or is it experiential? Can the readiness of organizations in the implementation of knowledge management systems be measured? Can a knowledge management implementation readiness tool be offered? The findings of this study show that knowledge management is the prevailing paradigm of the modern age. Moreover, answers to the foregoing questions are offered. And finally, a KM readiness evaluation model with due focus on social capital is offered as a measurement tool.

 Key words: Knowledge, knowledge management, value-based management, social capital, value creation.


to China and served as the basis for determining the future development strategy. Through creating the "xiaokang society", China expresses its desire for global leadership by acquiring wealth and power. Even the COVID-19 pandemic did not appease China, saying that the CPC will keep its promise.


This research was conducted to determine research development and describe research opportunities on digital-age literacy in Indonesia. Data in journals and proceedings were collected from the Scopus database using search keywords sourced from the main domain of digital-age literacy and other related keywords from 2003-2020. The data collected were 681 articles in the form of 453 journal articles and 228 proceedings. The analysis was carried out using Ms. Excel and VOSViewer. Ms. Excel analyzes the number of publications, author productivity, and the topmost cited articles. In contrast, VOSViewer is used to create and analyze visualizations based on words, known as co-occurrence and co-authorship, to determine the relationship between authors. The results showed that a significant increase in the number of publications occurred from 2018-2020, where the highest publication occurred in 2020, which was 33.63%. Researcher productivity is almost the same, between 1-3 publications. The most cited topics were global awareness, economic literacy, basic literacy, and several articles discussing topics outside digital-age literacy. Network visualization co-occurrence is divided into 10 clusters. The latest topics based on article data in this study include STEM, covid, and higher education published in 2019-2020. The most frequently researched topics are related to students, followed by financial literacy, ICT, media literacy, culture, and higher education. The co-authorship visualization shows no collaboration between researchers. © 2022 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.


Oral reasoning in unplanned discourse is described by an inductively derived typology of types of reasons developed from data collected in a series of discourse studies. The basic core of reasons identified remained constant across ages, individual styles, situations, cultures, and populations. The frequency of types of reasons changes with each of these. One new type of reason was added with age, one with an academic situation, and one with culture.


Technique of recharging a cyclotron with a special oil is a complicated 2-day procedure in which change is effected through a series of filters into the coil tank of the cyclotron's electromagnet.


To determine a most energy-efficient method for technology modernization, a mathematical modeling of a number of technologies for dehydrogenation of methylbutenes was performed. The traditional technology (the process in an adiabatic reactor) was compared with the following three embodiments of the process in the «pseudo-isothermal» mode: 1) a single-reactor scheme with a fractional supply of steam to the upper and middle parts of the catalyst layer; 2) a consecutive two-reactor scheme with intermediate heating of a contact gas in an interstage superheater; 3) a consecutive two-reactor scheme with the addition of superheated steam into an interreactor volume. It is shown that each of the new schemes can significantly increase the process effeciency compared with the conventional technology. A comparative analysis of the dependence of the yield and selectivity toward isoprene on the thermal energy Q fed in the modified schemes has shown that the highest increase in the yield of isoprene (5,5 %) and selectivity (5,6 %) at large contact times is provided via Scheme 2, especially when Q > 8,5 ·106J/kg.


The out-of-plane resistivity, ρc, in a single-crystal YBa2Cu3Oy follows the experimental law: ρc=C1ρab+C2/T, where C1, C2 are the constants and ρab is in-plane resistivity in the concentration range 6.6<y<6.92 with the highest Tc, 90 K, occurring at y=6.88 and in the temperature range Tc<T< room temperature. This behavior is microscopically explained under the assumption that the charge carriers are a mixture of "electrons", "holes", and ±pairons. The second term C2/T arises from the quantum tunneling between copper planes of the – pairons, moving with a linear dispersion relation, and the first term C1ρab from the in-plane currents due to the "holes" and +pairons.


In a previous article, the packaging optimization literature illustrated how to optimize the packaging parameters using the classical Taguchi approach. Notwithstanding, it is compelling to bridge the gap created in the article for further advancement. Thus, this paper contributes to expanding scholarship regarding the area. The paper targets the Taguchi methodical optimization literature in which several scores of research across engineering disciplines and beyond have been undertaken. At present, evaluation using the Taguchi method often stops at the determination of the optimal settings from the response table through a chain of steps from factor-level selection, orthogonal array choice, signal-to-noise determination, and response table evaluation to emerge the optimal parameters. There is no information on the economic aspects of the parameters, yet processes are expected to be sustainable while economic factors play a central role. A novel idea of the present work is introduced where the interest rate and inflationary factor with levels are used to determine the economic strength of each parameter through ranking. Data was collected from a brewery process, and literature data concerning cold arc welding parametric evaluation was used. The outcome demonstrates the workability of the method in the packaging plant and cold arc welding process. The work is useful for packaging managers and welding engineers for planning purposes.


St. Mary's Hospital is a Roman Catholic owned and operated teaching hospital located down town. The hospital has several internship and residency programs and medical student rotations, including one in obstetrics/gynecology. The administrator of the hospital learns that part of the requirements for an accredited residency program in obstetrics and gynecology is that all residents learn the indications, processes, and procedures for performing therapeutic abortions. The administrator issues a ruling saying that this is completely unacceptable and that no abortions will be done in St. Mary's Hospital. Furthermore, the administrator states that it is completely unacceptable to have medical students or residents rotate across the street at Municipal Hospital to perform abortions. He simply does not want his obstetrics/gynecology learners participating in abortions at any location if they are to have an affiliation with his hospital. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), on the other hand, insists that to maintain an accredited residency program, the residents must learn this procedure. What is to be done? Is it appropriate for St. Mary's Hospital to maintain an obstetrics/gynecology residency program or should they close it? One of the residents in the program, Dr. Mary Smith, insists that she is being denied complete training in her specialty by virtue of St. Mary's policy. She is threatening legal action. What is to be done? Should you continue the medical student rotation at St. Mary's?


EN The University of Western Sydney (UWS) services Australia's most multicultural region, where a large proportion of students are either migrants or the children of migrants, and many are from non-English speaking backgrounds. It is also an area of chronic social disadvantage. Apart from generic literacy issues, there is also what could be termed a deficit in student motivation. Thus, teaching in this context requires a more creative approach to engage and retain students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Humour, as used in topical content and delivery, has been very successful as a vehicle for these aims. This paper will present a summary of central findings over four years of teaching with humour in two courses. It will be asserted that negotiating students' literacy levels is best performed through effective use of humour: students are more motivated to learn when they feel that humour use is in their best interests.


In this article, we are interested in a spin model including the quantized electromagnetic field (photons). With this model of quantum electrodynamics (QED) related to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) we give explicit quantum radiative corrections of the time evolution for the spin observables, for the electric and magnetic fields observables and for the photon number observable. As a by-product, this underlines that Bloch equations are the semiclassical limit of the model in QED considered here. In addition, transition probabilities for the same model are investigated.


Water is studied in confined environments where it evaporates into its own vapor. Simultaneous experiments are conducted for 0.4–0.5 µL droplets confined at the center of 54 mm long microchannels with a cross section of 0.38 mm2 in the presence and absence of a 300 mT magnetic field. Results are compared with those for water in half-filled 100 mL beakers. The magnetic enhancement of the evaporation rate is much greater in the microchannels, where effects range up to 140% even though the air is saturated with water vapor, as compared to 12 ± 7% in a 500 mT field in the beakers. The average steady state, no-field evaporation rate of 0.13 kg<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot$</tex-math></inline-formula>m−2<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot$</tex-math></inline-formula>h−1 in the microchannels is roughly double that in the beakers, but less than the value expected at an open surface in still air. The magnetic enhancement is analyzed in terms of the <italic>ortho</italic> and <italic>para</italic> nuclear isomers of water vapor, which behave as independent gasses. The <italic>ortho:para</italic> ratio in fresh vapor is close to 2:3, and quite different from the 3:1 equilibrium ratio in ambient air. Evaporation is increased by the gradient of the applied magnetic field, which dephases the Larmor precession of the two proton spins of hydrogen in a water molecule and tends to equalize the isomeric populations in the vapor, thereby increasing the evaporation rate.


In the first paragraph of his 1929 paper "Quantum Mechanics of Many-Electron Systems", Dirac wrote that "The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble [...].


It is quite common that some misunderstanding in significant digits or improper data processing are observed in the papers on powder metallurgy.The elementary knowledge about significant digits as well as the stipulations for them in powder metallurgy standards are briefly introduced.In addition,some examples are given for illustration.


In case of the Field Programmable Gate Array implementation of arithmetic devices operating in floating point, the implementation of shifters is associated with some challenges. This work compares two approaches to the formation of basic shifter blocks: as selectors using carry chains and as multi-input multiplexers. Both approaches use exclusively a FPGA programmable logic. The work shows that basic blocks as multiplexers require more than twice fewer FPGA logic slices and are notable for 10-20% better performance when compared to those based on selectors.


China built pilot carbon emission trading schemes in seven regions and established a national carbon trading market in electricity sector in December 2017. This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 570 companies in 29 regions nationwide and found that companies still need to improve mitigation measures regarding fossil fuel combustion, production technology, output adjustment and environmental management. By establishing regression models, influencing factors of carbon emission reduction are identified. Pilot emission trading policy has a significant impact on company emission reduction behaviors. Companies inside or outside the pilot region respond differently to the influencing factors. Companies inside emphasize more on energy price and mitigation potential, while enterprises outside pay more attention to investment and familiarity with technology and policy.


Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by albuminuria persisting within 3 to 6 months, the earliest clinical evidence is microalbuminuria (30-299 mg/24hours or 20-199 ug/i). Cyclophilin A (Cyp A) is an 18 k-Da 165-amino acid long cytosolic protein also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase A. In DN, hyperglycemia will cause Cyp A secretion by human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells from PTEC and mesangial-13 cells (MES-13) and causes kidney damage.
Material and Methods: This study was an analytic observational, cross sectional study conducted at the clinic and inpatient internal medicine installation at dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang  for 6 months. Samples were selected by consecutive sampling, as many as 60 people with post prandial blood glucose > 180 mg/dl and urinary albumin > 30 mg/24 hours and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The samples were examined for urinary Cyp A and albumin levels.
Results: The mean level of urinary Cyp A in patients with DKD is 4.96 (2.03) ng/ml. Median urinary albumin levels in DKD patients is 287.89 (30.79-394.57) mg/24 hours. Correlation analysis between urinary Cyp A and albumin levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) with a positive and strong correlation (r = 0.776) in DKD patients.
Conclusion: There was an increase of urinary Cyp A and urinary albumin levels, with a positive and strong correlation between them in DKD patients.
Keywords: Urinary Cyclophilin A, urinary albumin, diabetic kidney disease


The utility model provides a permanent magnetic orthogonal magnetic separator adopting a combined magnetic system. The magnetic separator comprises a permanent magnetic system, a magnetic roller cylinder body, a spindle and a bottom groove, wherein, the magnetic roller cylinder body rotates round the spindle through the drive of a belt wheel at one end of the magnetic roller cylinder body; the spindle supported by a frame is in a static state; the permanent magnetic system comprises a fixed magnetic system and a rotating magnetic system which respectively occupy one half space in the magnetic roller cylinder body; the fixed magnetic system is fixedly connected with the spindle through a magnetic yoke plate and arranged below the spindle; the radial cross section of the fixed magnetic system is fan-shaped; an interval for relative motion is reserved between the radial edge of the fixed magnetic system and the inner wall of the magnetic roller cylinder body; the rotating magnetic system is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the magnetic roller cylinder body through the magnetic yoke plate and a flange plate and rotates along with the magnetic roller cylinder body; a main body of the bottom groove is provided with a semi-cylindrical housing; a material feeding opening and a nonmagnetics outlet are respectively formed at the two ends of the bottom groove; a water distributing tank and magnetic mineral outlets are respectively formed on the two sides of the bottom groove; and a plurality of raised flow guide ribs are arranged at the bottom of the bottom groove. By adopting the magnetic separator provided by the utility model, the work efficiency is remarkably improved, and the taste of tailings is obviously reduced.


Objective: The experience with Laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy was reported. Methods: Since February 2000, 35 patients underwent peritoneoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy;radical nephretomy or nephroureterectomy with the latter in combination with cystoscope. Results: All operations were successful, operation time for nephrectomy was 55 to 140, with an average or 87.2 min. All patients did not receive blood transfusion and had no obvious complications. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy has the characteristicsof minimal morbidity, mimimal postoperative discomfort and a short hospital stay. It should be widely adopted in the future.


The main characteristics of bacteriorhodopsin, methods of its preparation and application as an element of quantum optical devices are considered. A comparison of various technologies for the production of films based on bacteriorhodopsin was carried out, and a conclusion was made about the most effective technology in terms of use in this class of devices.


Objective To investigate the protective effect of propofol on injury induced by oxygen glucose deprivation(OGD)in rat hippocampal slices.Methods Ischemia in vitro was induced by exposing slice to artificial cerebrospinal fluid(aCSF),from which oxygen andglucose were deprivated and gassed with 95%N_2/5%CO_2.Propofol(1,10 and 20 μmol·L~ -1)and intralipid were administrated before OGD(pretreatment group)or during OGD(treatment group),respectively.Orthodromic population spikes(OPS)and hypoxic injury potential(HIP)in CA1 area of rats in hippocampal slices were recorded by extracellular microelectrode recording technique.Results In treatment group,10 μmol·L~ -1 propofol significantly delayed the disappearance time of OPS after OGD(P0.05),improved the recovery rate of OPS after reoxygenation(P0.05),delayed the appearance time of HlP after OGD(P0.05)and reduced the appearance rate of HIP(P0.05)when compared with control.Conclusion Propofol(10 μmol·L~ -1)administrated during OGD has protective effect on injury induced by OGD in rat hippocampal slices.


A cutting insert for a machining cutting tool. In a radial direction Q, which extends in a main plane H from the cutting corner to a center Z of the cutting insert, the following are formed in order: a falling cutting surface, a chip guiding stage base adjacent the cutting Surface, a first chip guiding stage, which is adjacent to the chip guiding stage base and has a first Surface rising from the chip guiding stage base and a first plateau adjacent thereto. A second chip guiding stage has a second Surface rising from the first plateau and a second plateau adjacent thereto. A third chip guiding stage has a third Surface rising from the second plateau and a third plateau adjacent thereto.


At this stage of the work, a pilot line was prepared for the enzymatic splitting of down and feather primary products including a pre-treatment system for removing impurity inclusions from down and feather raw material, a press for pressing the feather, a transporter of down and feather raw material, a preliminary sterilization unit for down and feather raw material, and an experimental fermentative reactor. In order to optimize the process, the main parameters of the enzymatic splitting of down and feather raw material are selected in the pilot line: irrigation module-8; duration of fermentation-2 hours; the dose of protease enzymatic agent No. 6230/2256-15 unit/g of raw material; the dose of Protolad B enzymatic agent-30 unit/g of raw material. The testing of various variants of the equipment arrangement in the technological line was carried out, as a result of which three preproduction lots of enzymatic hydrolysates with a protein content of 87.5% to 97.6% were obtained. It is determined that all three tested equipment layouts in the pilot line lead to the production of enzymatic hydrolysates from down and feather raw material that meet the requirements of the current regulatory documentation according to physical, chemical, microbiological and safety indicators.


Samples of sediments were collected and analyzed to determine the concentration and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Gable Mountain Pond, which is located on the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. All samples, with one exception, were found to contain the specific PCB Aroclor 1260, a constituent of the insulating fluid used in electric utility transformers. The highest concentration of PCBs in the pond was found next to the mouth of the inlet pipe. The distribution of PCBs over the pond is consistent with the hypothesis that they entered primarily through the inlet pipe and spread along the length of the pond in a roughly westerly direction. Concentrations of Arochlor 1260 ranged from 2 to 148 parts per billion, which is roughly two to four orders of magnitude below the regulated upper concentration limit (50 parts per million) for the disposal of PCB-contaminated waste. 19 res., 8 figs., 2 tabs.


The 2012 Annual Economic Report (AER) on the European Union (EU) fishing fleet provides a comprehensive overview of the latest information available on the structure and economic performance of EU Member States fishing fleets. This summary report serves to highlight some of the key findings of the 2012 AER. Results on the economic performance indicate that the EU fishing fleet moved from a loss making position to post a profit in 2010. On the whole, the EU fleet showed improvements in all the main economic performance indicators analysed when compared to 2009. Furthermore, and despite the uncertain economic climate, economic performance projections for 2011 indicate that profitability improved for around three quarters of the national fleets analysed.


Background Modelling is a crucial step in background/foreground detection which could be used in video analysis, such as surveillance, people counting, face detection and pose estimation. Most methods need to choose the hyper parameters manually or use ground truth background masks (GT). In this work, we present an unsupervised deep background (BG) modelling method called BM-Unet which is based on a generative architecture that given a certain frame as input it generates as output the corresponding background image — to be more precise, a probabilistic heat map of the colour values. Our method learns parameters automatically and an augmented version of it that utilises colour, intensity differences and optical flow between a reference and a target frame is robust to rapid illumination changes and camera jitter. Besides, it can be used on a new video sequence without the need of ground truth background/foreground masks for training. Experiment evaluations on challenging sequences in SBMnet data set demonstrate promising results over state-of-the-art methods.


OVERVIEW:Older adults who need assistance with bathing often find the activity to be both physically and emotionally demanding, as do their caregivers. Research has identified several contributing factors, including pain; fatigue and weakness; confusion; anxiety resulting from being naked in front o


This paper concerns the effect of steady state deflection of a wind turbine blade on its aeroelastic stability. Modern wind turbines have long slender blades where the deflection can be considerable. Today, most aeroelastic stability tools do not take finite blade deflection into account when computing the stability of the turbine. In this study an aeroelastic model of a turbine blade, which include blade deflections, is developed and used for analyzing the effect of steady state blade deflections on the aeroelastic stability. It is found that the flutter speed for the RWT 63 m blade decrease when the steady state blade deflection is included in the analysis.


When the Kissimmee River was channelized in the 1960s and 1970s and placed under stage-fluctuation management, the dynamic interactions between the river and the floodplain were essentially removed. Correspondingly, aquatic invertebrate life in the river and floodplain ecosystem shifted from a riverine to a more lacustrine fauna. A relink-age of the Kissimmee River with the floodplain following restoration will result in numerous changes to such ecologically important factors as streamflow, substrate composition, food quality and quantity, and water quality, all of which will influence invertebrate communities. These factors and their function in the ecosystem as the fauna shifts from predominantly lacustrine back to riverine are presented in a conceptual model. As an integral component of all aquatic ecosystems and a key link between primary producers and higher trophic levels, aquatic invertebrates are a valuable group with which to evaluate the recovery of the Kissimmee River. Utilization of a geographic information system mapping approach linking expected increased habitat heterogeneity and invertebrate richness with restoration efforts is suggested as an economical means of monitoring recovery of the Kissimmee River ecosystem.


Optical and electronic devices for optoelectronic integrated circuits have been extensively studied, and now, more efforts for the conversion between optical and electrical signals are accordingly required. In this work, a silicon (Si)-compatible optically drivable III-V-on-Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is studied by simulation. The proposed optoelectronic device provides a strong interface between the optical and the electronic platforms as a key component of the optical interconnect. The optically driven MOSFET device is analogously analyzed into a photodetector and its complementary device, getting rid of receiver circuitry, which improves the integration density and simplifies the fabrication processes. To realize the optical switching with maximized photo-sensing region, a bottom gate is formed to modulate the channel, where germanium (Ge) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) are the active materials on Si platform. Both direct-current (DC) and alternating-current (AC) performances of an optimized device are evaluated.


ABSTRACT The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia began at the dawn of the twentieth century, which ultimately led to the birth a new nation-state in 1949. The seeds of national consciousness were sown, and roots of Indonesian nationalism reached its apex during the Revolution (1945-49), manifesting most profoundly in the fight against the oppression of Dutch colonialism. The Revolution was central to the Indonesian republic's perception of itself and has been influential in fostering nationalism during the post-independence period. This article examines the roots and evolution as well as dynamics and manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, throughout the different phases of Indonesia's modern history. In doing so, it addresses three salient questions, namely i) how the seeds of national consciousness were sown; ii) what were the underlying factors/dynamics shaping the nature and development of nationalism; and iii) how nationalism and nationhood manifested in a geographically divided, ethno-culturally diverse state like Indonesia, whose citizenry has remained strongly attached to their traditional ethnological and adat communities. Emphasis is given to both stateoriented and popular manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, to highlight the state/elite-centric nature, and populist drive behind its discourses, agenda, and manifestations. Keywords: Indonesia; nationalism; national identity; state nationalism; popular nationalism


To find out the development, effectiveness, relationship, response, enhancing the ability of mathematical understanding with the development of learner-based worksheets CAT six graders Methodist-12 field in the material integer arithmetic operations. This research is included in research and development (Research and Development). As that R&D is a research method used to produce certain products and test the effectiveness of these products. This method is used with the aim of developing CAT-based student worksheets for grade VI SD Methodist-12 Medan on integer arithmetic operations. The study found, namely (1) CAT-based Student Worksheets are feasible to be developed and good to be applied in learning, (2) CAT-based Student Worksheets have a positive and significant relationship with students' mathematical understanding abilities, (3) CAT-based Student Worksheets have a positive effect on students' mathematical understanding abilities. Teachers can create and present the teaching materials with exciting creativity, media with an attractive creativity, practice questions that are presented in accordance with the material, enhancing the creativity of teachers in designing learning media.


Herein, a class of novel photoswitchable tristate fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (TS‐PFPNs) consisting of a well‐designed perylenediimide‐spiropyran conjugate (PDI‐SP), two energy‐matched photochromics as spiropyran‐linked methacrylate and diarylethene (DTE) derivative (DTEo‐1) is described. By optimizing the feed ratio of three dyes and controllable switching fluorescence resonance energy transfer from excited PDI to SP or DTE moiety with different lights stimuli, the emission of these TS‐PFPNs can be reversibly switched among distinguishable green, red, and quenching states. In addition, these TS‐PFPNs exhibit high brightness, high contrast, excellent water‐dispersibility, and photoreversibility as well as outstanding long‐term storage stability and processability. It is also demonstrated that these TS‐PFPNs can be directly used for advanced anticounterfeiting, high‐density data storage, and multilevel information encryption.


Three series of 1, 3-diones 4(LALC) and their transition metal (II) complexes 5LA (a-e), 5LB (a-e) and 5LC (a-e) have been synthesized, spectroscopically characterized and their in vitro efficacies were evaluated. Bidentate ligands were derived from substituted aromatic acids and substituted ortho hydroxy acetophenone under ultrasound irradiation methods at low temperature. The simple substitution reactions between the metal nitrate and ligands yielded the titled complexes. However, in situ procedure gives high yield with formation of single products as evident by TLC. Elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR , Masss pectra, UV-Vis., magnetic susceptibility and conductance measurements were done to characterize the ligands and their metal complexes [where, M= Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) ]. All the evidences suggested that the complexes have octahedral geometry. The stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:2 (metal: ligand). The conductivity data show that the complexes are non-electrolyte in nature. The antioxidants activity of the ligands and their metal (II) complexes have been carried out using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and found to be most effective. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the ligands and their complexes have been carried out and on the basis the molecular docking studyagainst the peptide deformylase of the most effective complexes has been reported.


This study aims to retrace the way Beckett faced and solved three major writer's blocks during his writing career. The first was met when he was trying to carve a creative niche under the dominant influence of Joyce. This was addressed by the implementation of his own "Dantean revelation" and his foregrounding of the failure of translation involved with it, as witnessed in Dream of Fair to Middling Women and More Pricks Than Kicks. The second was encountered after the devastating Second World War and the follow-up rehabilitation period, but it was turned into a true watershed by the revelation "in his mother's room," leading to his "frenzy of writing" of the most famous of his creative outputs from the middle of the 1940s until the middle of the 1950s. The third and last presented itself when that creative frenzy was drained and his metaphysical introspective quest of writing in French was nearly completed. At this point, Beckett achieved a new creative breakthrough by adopting the concept of "soundscape" that his dramatic writing and production experience for radio broadcasting had offered. In the process of addressing those three big creative obstacles, his poetics developed from scriptural figuration through subjective introspection to cognitive phenomenology.


In his September Kappan article, Alfie Kohn questioned the need for homework, challenging several researchers who claimed to have confirmed its benefit for children of all ages. Mr. Marzano and Ms. Pickering, two of those researchers, now challenge Mr. Kohn's interpretation of the evidence. ********** THE LEAD article in the September 2006 issue of the Kappan is titled "Abusing Research: The Study of Homework and Other Examples." Written by Alfie Kohn, it begins with a hypothetical monologue in which educational researchers address a personification of Research, confessing, "We sneak behind your back even while basking in the glow of your reputation. If you don't leave us, it must be because you're blind--maybe even double-blind--to our faults. How do we abuse you, Research? Let us classify the ways" (p. 9). Kohn continues by detailing a variety of abuses, all of which purportedly demonstrate that educational researchers and those who attempt to translate educational research have either wittingly or unwittingly deceived the general public into believing that specific educational practices have evidence supporting their effectiveness when in fact they do not. As the title to his article indicates, he focuses primarily on homework as one of these fugitive practices. He names a number of co-conspirators and their works. Among them, he identifies Classroom Instruction That Works, written by the two of us and a colleague. (1) Presumably, it was selected because it has a chapter on homework. The express purpose of that book was to translate the research pertaining to a number of instructional practices (homework being one of them) into practical suggestions for classroom teachers. In the first chapter, we explained to readers that, while we attempted to report and translate the research as accurately as possible, it would be a mistake to consider the practices reviewed in our text as "proven." We offered a concrete illustration indicating that, even for an instructional practice that has a positive average effect over a number of studies, there will surely be studies indicating that in specific contexts it does not enhance student achievement. We cautioned: The inference that should be drawn from this illustration is that no instructional strategy works equally well in all situations. We strongly recommend that you keep this in mind as you review the strategies presented in this book and apply them in classrooms. Instructional strategies are tools only. Although the strategies in this book are certainly good tools, they should not be expected to work equally well in all situations. (2) The chapter on homework attempted to review very briefly the research up to 2001. We noted that Harris Cooper's meta-analysis of the research had reported a Positive general effect for homework but that this effect was not consistent across the grade levels. (3) Specifically, Cooper reported findings in three grade-level bands: 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12. (4) The effect size for the 10-12 band was .64, which translates into an expected gain of about 24 percentile points in a homework-versus-no-homework comparison. However, the reported effect size for the 4-6 grade-level band was only .15, which translates into an expected gain of about 6 percentile points. We also noted that Cooper still recommended homework for elementary students, even though the effect size was relatively small at the lower grade-level band. (5) We also stated that, "since Cooper's meta-analysis, there have been a number of studies ... indicating that homework does produce beneficial results for students in grades as low as 2nd grade." (6) At the conclusion of that sentence, we cited parenthetically five studies without comment. In his Kappan article, Kohn takes great exception to our comments and conclusions. About the five articles we cited, he notes: I was frankly stunned by the extent of misrepresentation here. …


am going to attempt here to straighten out the family tree for my own records as well as A.W.W.A.'s. The February issue of the Journal (P&R p. 18) has the two generations reversed, so perhaps the following will straighten things out: Father: A. Frederickson, Pres. & Gen. Mgr., City Utilities Co., Pima, Ariz. (Oct. 49). Son: A. Anton Frederickson, Pres. & Gen. Supt, Copper State Utilities Co. and Northern Water Utilities Co.


The publication is the final report from the project VASARA — Improved Regional Risk Management Through Communication. The aim of the VASARA project has been to: build up a coherent picture of what information is needed in an exceptional situation in different authorities and companies, create an operational framework for the exchange of information about risks, and connect risk analysis to operations in exceptional situations. The project focused on environmental accidents, as this is a type of exceptional situation that is often very challenging when it comes to the need for cooperation and information exchange. The project took a hands-on approach — experts from different fields were brought together to take part in a common exercise on exceptional situations and in workshops on different topics. This also made it possible for the representatives from the participating organisations to get acquainted with each other and with the know-how of the respective organisations, and with the organisations' information needs and scopes of action. On the basis of the results from the project a regional model for information exchange about risks was created. This model aims to make cooperation and information transfer more effective. In the model, for each organisation, a short, specific plan on information exchange about risks is combined with the systematic coordination and promotion of information distribution. In this way, a clear and cost-effective framework for the exchange of information between people and organisations is achieved. The model makes it possible for the participants to percieve each other's scope of action, the professional knowledge available, the responsibilities and the information needed, and to use these in their own risk management work. By organising joint meetings, the threshold for contacting others in real-life situations is lowered, and operations can be carried out more effectively when one knows who to contact.


The treatment of cerebral palsy is still a big medical problem.The pathogenesis of spasticity,as result of a variety of lesions of the cerebral cortex,brain stem,spinal cord,is caused by involvement of the inhibitory pyramidal and parapyramidal descending tracts terminating on the spinal facilitatory myotatic reflex.A lesion of the descending tracts disturbs this equilibrium leading to spasticity,which is cha-racterized by muscle resistance at rest that is velocity dependent and associated with an increase in tonic stretch reflexes resulting from hype-rexcitability of the stretch reflex.Spasticity caused abnomal posture,caused special movement,and higher multilation,which affect children's life severely.There are so many ways to lower hypermyotonia,such as:drugs,rehabilitation care,acupuncture and so on.Bioelectric stimulation therapy is a new ways in the zone.Its curative effect and the mechanism are still in explore,this article just to give an overview about bioelectric stimulation therapy in curing spastic cerebral palsy.


The disorder associated with bones has been increasing and is expected to be doubled by 2020. The bone disorders are mainly observed in population where they are suffering from obesity, age associated diseases and lack of physical activity. Now days engineered bone serves as an effective alternative to the conventionally used bone tissue grafts due to its mechanical stability and ease of availability. The engineered bones do not proceed to clinical practices due to various challenges which limit its use. Bone tissue engineering encourages regeneration of functional tissue using a biocompatible combination of different biomaterials, growth factors and cells. This review focuses on various artificial scaffold and their properties used for bone tissue regeneration and its current status. Further we discuss various approaches used for enhancing the tissue regeneration and routinely used biomaterial along with certain growth factors for mimicking its effects.


This paper presents the development of a wearable device to detect the human arm movement for controlling the robotic arm remotely. The proposed system employs the simple and low-cost sensors consist of seven potentiometers and one flex sensor. A small size Arduino Nano microcontroller is employed as the processing unit to process the analog signal from the sensor into the digital value which is then sent to the robotic arm via the Bluetooth communication. The experimental results show that the system achieves good linearity between the human arm movement and the robotic arm movement. The average linearity error of the whole sensors that represents the deviation of sensor output from the ideal one is 2.20%. Since the sensors are simple and low cost, the error could be acceptable for the real implementation.


In 1991, one of Australia's longest rivers, the Darling–Barwon, experienced one of the world's largest recorded algal blooms. Nearly 1000 km of river were affected. At the time of the bloom phosphorus originating from anthropogenic sources was believed to be the principal cause. In this study we have used major element chemistry to examine the sources of sediment and sediment-associated phosphorus delivered to the Darling–Barwon River. We show that the sediments are derived primarily from the sedimentary and granitic bedrock areas of the catchment, not the intensively farmed basalt areas. We also show that the sediment currently in transport in the Darling–Barwon does not originate from contemporary upland erosion, but is probably derived from lowland areas of the catchment that contain more weathered material. Phosphorus concentrations in the sediments are consistent with those in natural soils of the region, and evidence from two sediment cores indicates that phosphorus concentrations have not changed significantly in the last 200 years. The implications of these findings for algal growth control strategies are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In late October, a jury in Reno, Nev., returned a verdict finding Dow Chemical responsible for the health problems of a 46-year-old woman who had received silicone gel breast implants. The controversy around breast implants made by Dow Corning—a 50-50 joint venture between Dow Chemical and Corning—had loomed over Dow Chemical for years. But this jury verdict was historic, for the jury's decision and subsequent $14 million award in compensatory and punitive damages marked the first time that Dow Chemical had been found liable as the sole defendant, with no involvement of Dow Corning. On Nov. 17, Dow Chemical asked the trial judge to set aside the Nevada verdict or order a new trial on the basis that the verdict was not consistent with the evidence and that the judge made multiple errors in admitting certain evidence the jury was allowed to hear. While the outcome is far from certain, Dow Chemical, the second ...


Fuzzy weights of evidence (FWofE) is a data integration method for predictive purpose in supporting decision-making. It is an extension of the ordinary weights of evidence method, which as an artificial intelligent method that has been commonly used in geographic information systems for information extraction and integration for prediction of point events on the basis of diverse spatial evidential layers. The FWofE method has been implemented in a newly developed GIS system - GeoData Analysis System (GeoDAS). FWofE as an artificial intelligent spatial decision support method has broad applications in planning, site selection and prediction of point events such as for mineral resources assessment in geology, prediction of spring and flowing wells in hydrology and planning, and prediction of distribution of diseases in health policy study. In the current paper, a case study of mineral potential prediction in southern Nova Scotia, Canada, is used to demonstrate the application of the GeoDAS and FWofE.


Let $K$ be a closed, normal cone with nonempty interior $\inta(K)$
in a Banach space $X$. Let $\Sigma = \{x\in\inta(K) : q(x) = 1\}$
where $q \colon \inta(K)\rightarrow (0,\infty)$ is continuous and
homogeneous of degree $1$ and it is usually assumed that $\Sigma$
is bounded in norm. In this framework there is a complete metric
$d$, {\it Hilbert's projective metric}, defined on $\Sigma$ and a
complete metric $\overline d$, {\it Thompson's metric}, defined on
${\rm \int}(K)$. We study primarily maps $f\colon \Sigma\rightarrow\Sigma$
which are nonexpansive with respect to $d$, but also maps $g
\colon {\rm \int}(K)\rightarrow {\rm \int}(K)$ which are nonexpansive with respect
to $\overline{d}$. We prove under essentially minimal compactness
assumptions, fixed point theorems for $f$ and $g$. We generalize
to infinite dimensions results of A. F. Beardon (see also
A. Karlsson and G. Noskov) concerning the behaviour of Hilbert's
projective metric near $\partial\Sigma := \overline\Sigma
\setminus \Sigma$. If $x \in \Sigma$, $f \colon \Sigma\rightarrow
\Sigma$ is nonexpansive with respect to Hilbert's projective
metric, $f$ has no fixed points on $\Sigma$ and $f$ satisfies
certain mild compactness assumptions, we prove that $\omega
(x;f)$, the omega limit set of $x$ under $f$ in the norm topology,
is contained in $\partial\Sigma$; and there exists
$\eta\in\partial\Sigma$, $\eta$ independent of $x$, such that $(1
- t) y + t\eta \in\partial K$ for $0 \leq t \leq 1$ and all $y\in
\omega (x;f)$. This generalizes results of Beardon and of
Karlsson and Noskov. We give some evidence for the conjecture
that $\text{\rm co}(\omega(x;f))$, the convex hull of $\omega(x;f)$,
is contained in $\partial K$.


Based on the CFD numerical simulation method, a pipe model was established to study the internal flow characteristics of two different specifications of hot water pipe system, and the related information of the flow field was obtained, such as the internal pressure, flow velocity and flow rate. The results showed that the smoother the pipeline transition was, the smaller the velocity uniformity coefficient would be, and the higher flow field uniformity means the smaller pressure and velocity fluctuations. Therefore, the pipeline vibration will be smaller, and the flow characteristics are greatly improved.


This paper discussed the working principle of the LLL night vision(low-light level night vision)device and researched into the LLL night vision objective opjective optical system.An LLL night vision objective optical system with good image quality is finally got,which comes after debugging with the optical design software ZEMAX according to the theoretical calculation of the objective lens parameters specific to night vision system.


FT-IR spectroscopy, synchrotron SAXS, and dynamic rheometry have been employed to monitor, in-situ, structure development during the reactive processing of model flexible polyurethane foam systems....


The author examines the impact of the economic crisis on employment, earnings, inequality and poverty in the EU, focusing on Denmark, Germany, Slovakia, Spain and the United Kingdom during the period 2008-10. After reviewing the literature, he analyses recent trends, finding that during this stage of the crisis real wages reacted countercyclically in most countries, thus diverging from the pattern observed in previous recessions. He finds considerable cross-national variation in the severity and direction of changes in terms of inequality and poverty rates. However, he argues that inequality may widen because of the potential regressive effects of the announced austerity programmes.


The theory of multiple intelligence put forward by Howard Gradner, a famous American Psy- chologist, offers parents new educational beliefs:it holds a optimistic expectation and multiple evaluation;it advocates broad interests and a style learning;it calls for personality development. These changed the blind- ness and non—science of the education of parents for children, and this help children's comprehensive devel- opment with health and harmony.


This research undertook a case study in Northeast Brazil to address three inter-related research questions: (i) what factors explain the performance of rural areas combining growth, poverty reduction and social inclusion? (ii) Have coalitions of social actors contributed to progressive outcomes by influencing institutional change? (iii) What are the implications for policy? The investigation contributed to a Latin American research programme on Rural Territorial Dynamics, which undertook 20 studies of rural areas displaying broadly successful outcomes, according to census and household survey data.

The Jiquirica valley is an agricultural region characterised by family farming, and forms one of 26 clusters of municipalities in Bahia designated as Territorios de Identidade under policies promoting participation in development planning. The study applied geographical and social science concepts of territoriality, social networks, coalitions, and institutional change, to a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis of data gathered from key informants, farming communities, urban traders, and secondary sources. It identified distinct development trajectories in different parts of the valley, explained by geographical variations in natural resources, agrarian structure, agricultural markets and the impacts of public policies. Inclusive prosperity in the valley's Atlantic Forest region is explained by its concentration of small family farmers, good links with diversified markets, and a rural union movement active within a broader social coalition. This coalition has achieved significant innovation in certain municipalities and led development of a government-assisted territorial forum, although not including private sector actors or more conservative municipalities. Nevertheless, government policies have failed to invest in inclusive economic development,and have overlooked the valley's socio-spatial diversity. Positive development outcomes in the valley mainly result from growth of agricultural markets and public financial transfers. The conclusion considers broader lessons for rural and territorial development policy and practice, with reference to findings of other investigations in Brazil and Latin America.


The relationship between aroma and volatile composition of McIntosh apples was investigated. Significant correlations were found between aroma qualities determined organoleptically by a trained panel and by GLC. Unripe apples contained low levels of all volatiles and exhibited grassy and green aroma notes. C-6 aldehydes correlated with overall aroma intensity, ripeness, and fruity and aromatic notes. Esters correlated with a cheesy aroma note. Overripeness correlated with esters and total peaks in unstored but not in stored apples. The GLC peak groups which previously were found to correlate with physical and chemical properties related to maturity in unstored McIntosh apples also correlated with aroma.


This paper aims at analyzing Dr. Fei Xiao-tong`s in terms of methodology in anthropology. The monograph was based on his doctoral dissertation (1938) under Bronislaw Malinowski at London School of Economics. First of all, I like to point out his idea of the "indigenous anthropology" which seems not to be an appropriate terminology in contemporary sense. His motivation to write the book was initiated to solve social problems in reality in a Chinese community. This attitude can be termed as practical anthropology of which Malinowski tried to do that under the colonial situation. All most all of ethnographies done by social anthropologists were dealing with so-called "primitive" or "savage" societies while Fei did it a Chinese peasant community. This should be acknowledged as a complete new phase of doing anthropology by Fei since that time. Secondly, Fei`s contribution can be claimed as community studies which was another movement of new fashion in 1930s in anthropology. At that time, Chicago school in anthropology including Robert Redfield, Radcliffe-Brown, Lloyd Warner, and Robert Park (sociologist) initiated community studies. One of Radcliffe-Brown`s students at University of Chicago, John F. Embree (1908-1950), did the same style of research in a Japanese village named (1939) and published a monography at the same year of which Fei`s (1939) came out. In this sense, Fei`s ethnographic monograph should be considered as one of leading cases in terms of the community studies in the process of anthropological development. Thirdly, and last, there was a strong trend that social anthropologists mostly worked in the primitive societies characterized without the literate tradition. Anthropologists like Malinowski and Raymond Firth were almost naturally accustomed to this condition of nonliteracy and no one had ever raised the question of anthropological fieldwork based on the issue of time and history. Generally speaking, Chinese communities that Fei`s monograph was based on the long history of the literate tradition could not almost generically be understood without the sense of history. This is the problem of different kind of the pre-conditioned context in doing ethnography from the primitive societies. Fei followed the Malinowskian way of writing ethnography and the Trobriand model never thought about this issue of nonliteracy. Malinowski acknowledged this problem when he read Fei`s monograph and overtly and intentionally wrote this issue of dealing with time and history in his introduction for Fei`s ethnography. However, Fei has never paid attention to his mentor`s advice on. East Asian societies including China have long taken the history of the literate tradition. There could be a question: how could we deal with the literate legacy within anthropological ethnography in the future? This seems to be the problem for the East Asian anthropologists to struggle within the East Asian context to contribute and to remake the anthropological community in the world. Anthropology can be reinvented with this question in the future.


An inventory model is considered in which inventory is depleted not only by the deterministic ( or probabilistic ) demand, but also by deterioration. Hence, we derive the EOQ model for inventory of item that deteriorates at a Weibull distributed rate, assuming the demand rate with a power function of times. Moreover, the proposed deterministic ( or probabilistic ) model cannot be solved directly in a closed form, thus we used the computer software IMSL MATH/LIBRARY (1989) to find the optimal reorder time ( or the optimal initial expected stock ). Finally, three numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are provided to assess the solution procedure for the deterministic inventory model.


The retardation factor (R) of phenanthrene in a sand column was reduced by an average factor of 1.8 in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from soil, suggesting that a phenanthrene-DOM complex enhanced the transport of phenanthrene. Distribution coefficients (K{sub d}'s) were determined in batch and column studies for combinations of phenanthrene and DOM with sand. The retardation factor in the advective-dispersive transport equation was modified to reflect the pressure of a carrier by incorporating both the retardation and pore exclusion of the carrier itself. The best prediction of phenanthrene transport in the presence of DOM was provided by modeling the retardation by using two K{sub d}'s derived from column experiments of DOM alone and phenanthrene alone, along with the K{sub d} for phenanthrene binding to DOM. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the critical model parameters are the distribution coefficients for the hydrophobic pollutant binding to the stationary phase and binding to the carrier, as well as the carrier concentration.


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Accurate prediction of the pressure drop through micropillar arrays is essential for many micro total analysis system (μTAS) applications (e.g., liquid chromatography and filtration). Minimizing the pressure drop for such applications is often vital for performing their primary functions efficiently.In this paper, numerical investigation of pressure drop through square micropillar arrays with different pillar diameter and pitch was conducted. Finite volume discretization method was employed for the numerical simulations using commercial code. Simulation results were validated against experimental data from the literature. A parametric study of geometric variables (pillar diameter, pitch, and height) was performed. Models available from the literature for predicting the permeability of a 2D micropillar array were accessed by comparison to the numerical results. Both dimensional analysis and simulation results were used to develop a new model for square arrangements of micropillar arrays which shows good agreement with numerical simulation results for both 2D and 3D cases. The maximum absolute error between the 3D simulation results and predicted value of the pressure drop has been decreased from 67.3% using a model from the literature to only 1.9% using the proposed model.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


The method for preparing W/O emulsions using liquid crystal formed at Oil/Water interface and the mechanisms of formation were examined in the present study. Water containing N-Lauryl-N, N-dimethyl-Betain (LB) was added to a dispersed phase (Oil phase) containing Oleic Acid (OA) with stirring. Liquid crystals comprised of water, oil and a complex formed by electrostatic bonding between OA in oil and LB in the water was produced at the oil/water interface. Each water droplet was surrounded by a liquid crystal. By this method, concentrated W/O emulsions stable against coalescence and creaming of water droplets with over 90wt.% of the internal phase could be prepared. That the continuous phase became reversed hexagonal liquid crystals with increase in the internal water phase and water droplets were fixed in the reversed hexagonal liquid crystals would be the reasons for this facile preparation.


This paper provides the results of an experimental investigation into the use of crushed new clay brick as coarse aggregate in producing concrete. The present investigation is the first phase of a two-phase program to study the effects of using recycled masonry aggregate (predominately made of clay brick) with its impurities on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Four different types of new clay bricks with different compressive strengths were used in the investigation. Several physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete produced from crushed clay brick aggregates were determined and compared to concrete produced using granite as a proven aggregate.


representive strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on rice were collected from 14 counties of 5 prefectures in Yunnan Province. Based on virulence analysis using a set of near-isogenic lines, each containing a single resistance gene, the uppermost fully opened leaves were inoculated by clipping method. The identification results showed that races of the tested strains were diversified in Yunnan, which divided into 14 races and were numbered with YN1-YN14. Among them the races YN3, YN8, and YN11 were predominant. The race TN3 isolate was distrbuted in 4 counties in Honghe and Dehong, and the race YN8 isolate was distrubuted in Dali areas. The race distribution of X. oryzae in Yunnan could probably be affected by geographic differentiation.


Abstract This study involving 338 first through fifth graders included remedial reading students as well as their classroom peers. A survey was administered to the students to determine their attitude toward the remedial reading program and the remedial reading students. The results indicated remedial reading students have a positive view of their ability to read and enjoy participating in the remedial program. Their classroom peers do not have negative feelings toward the remedial reading students. The majority of students not in the remedial program expressed a desire to participate in the program in the future. A brief description of several activities which are a part of the remedial program and the survey used in the study are also included.


Wastewater from different aluminum processing plants contains different surface treatment liquids. These liquids are strictly prohibited from being discharged directly into the environment due to their high acidity. Different factories and enterprises add water to dilute them or neutralize them with alkali. These approaches not only cause a part of the aluminum ions being discharged, but also result in the release of a large number of harmful metal ions and heavy metal ions. In such cases, a large amount of water and alkali are consumed; at the same time, surface water, groundwater and soil become polluted by a large volume of wastewater and different metal ions. The main objectives of the project are: 1) to extract ultra-pure aluminum ions from wastewater and to study the effect of different parameters on the efficiency of the process; 2) to produce ultra-pure nano-alumina from wastewater using an organic template and to study the effect of different parameters on the particle size distribution as well as on the morphology of the nanoparticles; 3) to explore the possibility of different applications for different types of alumina particles. In this work, aluminum was extracted from the wastewater in the form of alum. This aluminum alum solution was later used to produce 99.999% pure (5N) nano-alumina particles. Two different methods, namely single and double template methods, were used to control the size and the nature of the alumina particles. A single template method was used to produce 99.999% pure (5N) spherical alumina nanoparticles. The aluminum alum solution was hydrolyzed to produce boehmite which was used to produce the spherical alumina nanoparticles. Gum arabic and urea were used to produce the single template. These alumina nanoparticles were converted to alpha (α) form by heating. Then, the α-alumina particles were used to produce sapphire crystals. An evaporation-induced synthesis approach with double template was used to produce spherical mesoporous nanoparticles of uniform size distribution. These particles were used for the photoacoustic tomography. The originality of the project lies in the utilization of new sources of raw materials (wastewater from industries) and using chelating polymers as well as additives to develop a novel and environment friendly high purity alumina (HPA) production method. In addition, the alumina particle size and its distribution are controlled precisely, which is difficult to achieve with other alumina production methods.

Les eaux usees provenant des differentes usines de traitement de l'aluminium contiennent de differents liquides de traitement de surface. Ces liquides sont strictement interdits d'etre decharges directement a l'environnement en raison de leur forte acidite. Des differentes usines et entreprises ajoutent de l'eau pour les diluer ou les neutralisent avec l'alcali. Ces traitements provoquent non seulement la decharge d'une partie des ions d'aluminium, mais egalement la liberation d'un grand nombre d'ions metalliques nocifs et d'ions de metaux lourds. Dans ces cas, des grandes quantites de l'eau et de l'alcali sont consommees; en meme temps, les eaux de surface, les eaux souterraines et le sol sont pollues par un grand volume d'eaux usees et de differents ions metalliques. Les objectifs principaux du projet sont : 1) d'extraire les ions d'aluminium ultra-purs des eaux usees et d'etudier l'effet de differents parametres sur l'efficacite du procede; 2) de produire la nano-alumine ultra-pure a partir des eaux usees en utilisant un modele organique et d'etudier l'effet de differents parametres sur la distribution granulometrique et la morphologie des nanoparticules; 3) d'explorer differentes applications des differents types des particules d'alumine. Dans ce travail, l'aluminium a ete extrait des eaux usees sous forme d'alun en utilisant un modele simple. Cette solution d'alun a ensuite ete utilisee pour produire des particules de nano-alumine pur a 99,999% (5N). La solution d'alun a ete hydrolysee pour produire une bohemite qui a egalement ete utilisee pour produire des nanoparticules d'alumine spherique pure a 99,999% (5N). Ces microparticules d'alumine ont ete utilisees pour produire des cristaux de saphir. Une approche basee sur la separation induite par evaporation a double modele a ete utilisee pour produire des nanoparticules mesoporeuses spheriques avec une distribution de taille uniforme. Ces particules ont ete utilisees pour la tomographie photoacoustique. L'originalite du projet est l'utilisation de nouvelles sources des matieres premieres (l'eau usee des industries) et des polymeres chelatants et des additives afin de developper une nouvelle methode ecologique pour la production de l'alumine de haute purete. De plus, la taille des particules de l'alumine et sa granulometrie sont controlees precisement, ce qui est difficile a atteindre avec d'autres methodes de la production de l'alumine.


Starting from the theoretical discussion on routines and building on informal and interpretative perspectives on strategizing and organizing the paper analyses how interplay through communication between routines and strategizing, explicitly and tacitly, takes place. This is done through a study of how management in 15 small and medium sized Danish firms strategizes on a daily basis and by an in-depth longitudinal study in one of those firms. This study reveals how routines influence strategizing and how some routines create a specific framework for these processes. It also looks upon how routines occur, are reformed, and created through strategizing in a natural becoming process, and how strategic routines in some situations do not have the same influence on strategizing as non-strategic routines. Key concepts: Strategizing, routines, sensemaking, becoming. Defining routines and strategy Foci for this paper are two forms of routines – strategic and non strategic. A routine is defined following the classic definition of Winter (Winter, 1964: 263): "pattern of behavior that is followed repeatedly, but subject to change if conditions change", (se also Becker 2004:664). At the same time we will discuss if an alternative definition of Hodgson and Knudsen might be more relevant: "Routines are dispositions rather than sets of behaviors" (Hodgson and Knudsen 2004:289) to enlarge the range of routines. By characterizing routines as dispositions we argue for a process approach and understanding of routines where also potentials are included. At the same time we argue that routines represent more than repeated behavior, routines are part of and elements to maintain or develop how we conceive the world and make sense of our behavior. These actions are constantly changing since every encounter we take part in is different and therefore naturally modifies the routines we use. In addition to both these definitions routines are seen in the following way: "Historically the term 'routines' clearly referred to recurrent interaction patterns, that is, collective recurrent activity patterns." This might be supplemented in the following way by the same authors: "By "organizational routines", we mean patterned sequences of learned behavior involving multiple actors who are linked by relations of communication and/or authority" (Cohen & Bacdayan 1994:555). Both these quotations underline the interpersonal content of the kind of routines discussed here. This is also the case in the following: "Routines depend on a group of individuals..." (Hodgson & Knudsen 2004:290). On the function of routines a number of quotations point at: "routines offer a powerful concept that accounts for much of what happens – both good and bad – in organizations..." (Cohen & Bacdayan 1994:556), "routines are a major source of organizational competence." (op. cit:555), and "without routines, organizations would loose efficiency as structures of collective actions." (op. cit. 554) Other writers have been on the same track: "These explanations suggest that routines arise because they are functional; they minimize costs and increase managerial control, while maximizing the legitimacy of the organization." (Feldman & Pentland 2003:97).


Robert Manne numbers amongst Australia's most influential public intellectuals. Though his politics have moved leftwards, Manne remains critical of the left's so-called neo-Stalinist interpretation of Cold War history. Of particular concern is the left's defence of the radical Australian journalist, Wilfred Burchett, who was widely regarded as a communist propagandist and traitor. Manne's 1985 Quadrant essay, "The Fortunes of Wilfred Burchett: A New Assessment", lent considerable academic weight to this view. Though Manne has since acknowledged some errors, he still maintains that Burchett was a communist "hack" and traitor. But Manne's argument remains selectively based and erroneous. It uncritically accepts security-based intelligence, while sidestepping the abuse of Burchett's civil liberties by Liberal governments. Manne uses and abuses Burchett's life to push his ideological agenda about Stalinism's evils.


Our research takes the perspective of how to establish resist structures for nanolithography, we prepared nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm by intramolecular self-crosslinking of methylmethacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and tert-butyl methacrylate (t-BMA) terpolymer (MMA:HEMA:t-BMA=50%:20%:30%) in an ultradilute solution. As shown in images of pattern side walls by AFM, the chain entanglement of linear polymers made pattern edges and side walls extremely rough.


The flowers, string beans, seeds, and pods (without seeds) of Erythrina americana were studied in connection with the protein nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen content, and type of alkaloid at different stages of development of the fruit. The protein nitrogen from flowers to mature seeds increased, while the levels of non-protein nitrogen decreased with maturation. The alkaloids accumulated not only at the end of maturation in the seeds but also in young tissues. On a dried basis, a high content of alkaloids was observed in flowers and dry seeds in comparison to low levels in dry pods. The highest concentrations were found in the mature seeds. The GC/MS analysis showed the presence of β-erythroidine, which was the major alkaloid in all the tissues examined. Erysodine and erysovine were found in the mature and dry tissues but not in flowers. N-Oxide alkaloids were only found in mature tissues. Keywords: Alkaloids; development; erysodine; erysovine; Erythrina americana; gas chromatography−mass spectrometry; Le...


This research aims to study the concept of state in Hegel and to show how this institution is essential for the individual and whole community to gain freedom. Throught this investigation, logic and dialectic criteria are used, which are peculiar to this philosopher. In studies about Hegel"s philosophy of law, the principle of freedom is the foundational concept and it pervades the logical-dialectical moments of the philosophy of law, from the abstract right to its ultimate fulfillment in the ethics and, more specifically, in the State. The state, in turn, enables the completion of the individual, without, however, destroying the family and bourgeois society, because they form the basis of the State. The organization and citizen involvement with the state is so deep that he feels responsible for ensuring not only his freedom but also that of each member, through the promulgation of the Constitution arising from the habits and customs of a people. In this case, only when the state is in its logical-dialectical moment, the citizens feel fully free and fulfilled in the society. So if this happens, the citizen enjoys moments of happiness. Key-word: freedom; State; citzen.