Separation and recovery of cadmium from sulphate leach liquors of spent Ni-Cd batteries using TBP, HDEHP (D2EHPA), EHEHPA (PC 88A or Ionquest 801 or P507) have been investigated in a laboratory scale. Cadmium can be extracted into paraffin waxes from acidic solutions in the temperature range of 55–75°C using different extractants. The influence of various parameters on extraction and stripping were studied in detail. The feasibility of separation of cadmium from nickel using these extractants and their combination was studied. The mixture extractant of EHEHPA and TBP was found to be the best for the separation of Cd and Ni. A three-stage counter-current extraction simulation test for cadmium extraction was carried out at an A/O phase ratio of 4:1 and pH 2.5. More than 99.97% Cd2+ was extracted with the organic phase containing 0.7 mol L−1 EHEHPA and 0.5 mol L−1 TBP, while more than 99.97% nickel was left in the raffinate. The cadmium loaded organic phase was stripped with 2 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid in the stripping stage. The present method can be applied to the separation and recovery of cadmium from acidic leach liquor of spent Ni-Cd batteries or related waste liquor.


We report on a new source of coherent red-light with perspective applications in laser photodynamic therapy. The red light is generated through stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) process by acetone of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG nanosecond laser radiation (532 nm). The Stokes transition is found at 630 nm and with spectral line narrowing similar to the pump one. When pumping using the radiation from a Rhodamine-6G Dye laser (560 - 575 nm), tuning between 640 and 670 nm is demonstrated. Conversion efficiencies up to 50% are reported.


BACKGROUND
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) may have an important role in the clinical exacerbation of sarcoidosis.

OBJECTIVE
To treat sarcoidosis with infliximab, a chimeric human-murine anti-human TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody.

DESIGN
Case report.

SETTING
U.S. academic medical center.

PATIENT
A 72-year-old woman with sarcoidosis presenting with severe protein-losing enteropathy, hypoalbuminemia, and proximal myopathy who had not responded adequately to corticosteroid therapy and whose clinical course was further complicated by acute tubular necrosis and renal failure requiring long-term hemodialysis.

INTERVENTION
Intravenous infusion of infliximab, 5 mg/kg of ideal body weight; infusion was repeated at 2 and 6 weeks.

MEASUREMENTS
Clinical response of enteropathic and myopathic symptoms and serum albumin level.

RESULTS
Enteropathic and myopathic symptoms resolved after infliximab therapy, and the serum albumin level also improved. However, the clinical course was complicated by the development of a hypercoagulable state associated with circulating anticardiolipin antibodies, which prompted discontinuation of infliximab therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Infliximab therapy was successful in a patient with sarcoidosis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be an important mediator of clinical disease in sarcoidosis and could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, infliximab may cause adverse effects associated with cytokine cascade manipulation.


Development of a new generation of functional antiage cosmetics is a most important area of cosmetic industry development. An integral part of such products are biologically active substances (BAS) with essential oils, being among the sources of which.

Each essential oil is characterized by a well balanced unique composition of biologically active substances.

Development of new cosmetic products consists of correct selection of the required composition of components with required properties and selection of a suitable package, preserving product properties throughout its shelf life.

During production of cosmetic products in aerosol package a number of issues are solved, unlike with antiage-products in form of creams in customary tubes. The degree of oxidation-reduction reactions, having negative impact on the properties of essential oils, is substantially reduced.

The concentration providing for the optimum degree of evacuation and excess pressure in the packaging are essential issues.

The aim of this research is to determine the degree of evacuation of the contents, excess pressure, and mass fraction of a propellant in the product test samples to find the samples of aerosol package with optimum parameters.

A number of tests to determine the degree of evacuation of the contents from aerosol package, excess pressure and a mass fraction of a propellant have been performed. The greatest degree of evacuation of products was observed with mass fraction of propellant of 13.79%. Based on the results of the tests for excess pressure in aerosol packaging, it has been found, that with mass fraction of a propellant of 13.79% excess pressure is 0.4 MPa, which was taken as an optimum value. The test showed that the mass of a propellant of 16 g evacuates the product from aerosol package to the maximum extent and does not exceed the acceptable limits for excess pressure (0.2–0.6 MPa)


This chapter outlines a holistic approach to higher education program planning for adults in which the potential and limitations of conventional universities to serve adults are considered.


To explore the toxicity and mechanism of cadmium on testes,the structure of testes,the content of testosterone and the activity of LDH in serum,the weight and weight coefficients,lipid peroxidation(MDA) and the activity of antioxidant enzyme of testes in male quail(Coturnix coturnix japonica) by filling stomach with cadmium were studied.The results shows that all the indices were significantly different from the control,these results suggested that cadmium was clearly toxic on testes in quail.The lipid peroxidation,corresponding tissue damage,and haemorhagic inflammation might be the important pathophysiological reason of cadmium toxicity on testes.


Increasingly, the sophistication of rotorcraft flow simulation has become more complex, involving aerodynamically interacting environments such as a helicopter landing on a ship deck. These problems involve solving the NavierStokes equations on various grid types (structured, unstructured, or hybrid). As the complexity increases, the range of length and time scales may vary significantly within the problem domain, making simulations more demanding in terms of computational resources. To make RotCFD an affordable tool at the early stages of the design cycle, RotCFD's paradigm is to provide engineering solutions to complex problems in one computational environment. The key to obtaining an engineering solution is to employ one or more of the following techniques: (a) higher order schemes, (b) complex algorithms that exploit the physics intelligently, (c) error reduction techniques such as multigrid, (d) adaptation automation, and (e) parallel processing. This paper focuses on the development of parallel processing in RotCFD using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and the associated technical details, which show considerable promise for computational efficiency and design.


In this report, we first introduce the Service Level Status (SLS) service, and the main concepts behind it. Then the architecture of the EOS storage service and the different protocols to probe.


With 3-D finite element method, one type of 100?MPa autofrettaged fluid pump end was analyzed. First the stress in performance, then the autofrettaged procedure was analyzed, and the relation between residual stress of intersecting place and autofrettaged pressure was determined. The optimum autofrettaged process pressure is 580?MPa, at this time the residual stress of intersecting place is 1?010?MPa. The fatigue life of fluid pump end was researched before and after the autofrettaged process. It is high cycle fatigue when the autofrettaged process pressure is less than 100?MPa, but it is low cycle fatigue failure when the autofrettaged process pressure is higer than 120?MPa. After the autofrettaged process, the fatigue life can be increased by 4~9 times, the higher the autofrettaged process pressure is, the higher the fatigue life can be increased.


The paper discusses the organizational, technological and economic aspects of the most important indicators of beef cattle production on family farms. Emphasis is placed on explaining the connections and relationships between organizational, economic, technical and technological business segments of family farm. The ultimate goal of this paper is to evaluate the strengths of the business, as well as the ways to eliminate or reduce the impact of those factors whose influence adversely affects the business. The data for this paper were collected from family farm business reports, throughout direct communication with employees, from relevant literature and internet. Several methods were applied, including: a method for content analysis, calculative and balance methods, spreadsheets, as well as method of comparative analysis and principles of business economics. Key success indicators of beef cattle production on the family farm suggest that, considering both observed years, the business achieved satisfactory results. Although there was a decline in productivity, total efficiency measured by the ratio of total income and total expenditure is on an uptrend. An investment turnover ratio show that 100 RSD invested in the production achieves 63 RSD of final product value in 2011, or 55 RSD in 2012. In both years, current assets covered the current liabilities. The family farm was not solvent in either of the observed years, except that in 2012 the solvency increased by 42% compared to the previous year, 2011. Total debt increased by 45%, whereas total operating assets increased by 106%. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the observed family farm provides a good example of how organized and proper process technologies of cattle production may improve the achieved business results. Â


This research tries to measure the effectiveness of religious counseling services on improving psychological well-being of students in SMK Nusantara Wisata Respati Jakarta. The research method used is quantitative research with quasi experimental type, and using purposive sampling technique. The subjects of the study 6 students who had low score in psychological well-being. The instrument used is the psychological well-being scale developed by Ryff. Based on result of data analysis by using sign test, known r = 0,009, so it can be concluded that the use of effective religious counseling can improve psychological well-being on the students of class XII SMK Nusantara Wisata Respati Jakarta. This confirms that religious counseling services are extremely helpful in correcting students' psychological well-being. Enhanced psychological well-being is expected to optimize student performance so that its potential can be applied optimally


he laser beam is a source of radiation with concentrated energy. The characteristics of the laser beam (spot energy, focal spot diameter, spot temperature) are aspects theoretically researched in this paper. The intensity of the laser beam transmitted to the surface of the part has a Gaussian shape. A CO2 laser was used in the processing of parts from a HARDOX400 steel sheet with a thickness g = 8mm. The values of the cutting parameters were established by sample tests. An experimental design with 27 observations was analyzed. The width of the cutting slot at the straight profile was measured. Physical quantities derived from the cutting parameters and working parameters used were calculated. Spot energy, cost and interaction time were determined and evaluated using the mathematical model given by GRAPH. The research findings show that the best values of the factors studied converge to average values in minimizing Kerf.


In this article the description of some types of spatial gear constraints (spur gears, bevel gears, etc.) in absolute coordinates is considered. Instead of the numerical expensive calculation of constraint Jacobian matrix we propose to use the transformed Jacobian matrix, which can be calculated much more efficiently. The proposed methods of description of gear constraints were implemented for the simulation of dynamics of CAD model of KUKA KR 15/2 industrial manipulator.


It was reported that the NNLO correction to the total cross section near the ttbar threshold in e+e- collisions is as large as the NLO correction to it. In the thesis, we improve the convergence of the perturbative series of the total cross section by choosing appropriate expansion parameters for both m_t and alpha_s. With these two prescriptions, the perturbative convergence is much improved. Correspondingly, the resulting ambiguity for the determination of m_t is estimated to be 0.1GeV.
We also study the effect of all types of anomalous top-quark EDM interactions near the threshold for the first time. We show that one can disentangle these EDMs by the dependence of CP-odd observables on the CM-energy and on the degree of initial state polarization. The sensitivity to chromo-EDM at LC turns out to be better than that at LC in the open top region, but to be worse than that at LHC by a factor 1/10. The sensitivities to electroweak-EDMs near the threshold are similar to those in the open top region at LC.


The cation [Fe(NCMe)6]2+ is formed from reactions in acetonitrile of iron metal with WF6, MoF6, PF5, or the NO+ cation and from the reaction of iron(II) fluoride with PF5. Oxidation to FeIII is not observed using binary fluorides or NO+, but [Fe(NCMe)6]2+ is oxidised by chlorine in MeCN to give the tetrachloroferrate(III) anion. The MeCN co-ordinated to FeII is replaced by trimethyl phosphite giving [Fe(NCMe){P(OMe)3}5]2+ as the final product at room temperature. Some of the intermediate complexes in this reaction have been identified in solution by 31P{1H} n.m.r. spectroscopy.


Solutions are found to the wave equations that describe the steady-state propagation of electromagnetic radiation through an isotropic inhomogeneous medium capable of an irreversible exchange of energy with the radiation field. These solutions are obtained for media in which the inhomogeneity consists of a slow variation of the relevant material parameters along one particular direction in space. The mechanism by means of which energy is dissipated in matter may involve the conductivity of the medium, or by magneticor electric-dipole allowed transitions in the medium.


A simple method of optical generation millimeter-wave signal employing optical phase modulator and band-elimination filter is proposed. This simple approach is capable generate millimeter wave signal of quadrupled or sextuple microwave source frequency with extremely high spectral purity. Millimeter-wave signal 26GHz (quadrupled fundamental frequency) or 39 GHz (sextuple fundamental frequency) is obtained respectively using different system chromatic dispersion when the microwave driver signal is at 6.5GHz.


The hard-sphere model has been applied to simple fused salts by taking into account the effect of cohesive energy as a uniform negative background potential which is inversely proportional to one-third of the volume. The temperature dependence of the hard-sphere diameter is also taken into account. By the use of such an improved hard-sphere model, it is possible to predict self-consistently entropy and heat capacity values of fused salts in reasonable agreement with experimental results. The hard-sphere diameter derived in this way is very close to the distance of the first maximum in the experimental pair correlation function of fused salts. This is in marked contrast to earlier results for similar calculations based on simple hard-sphere models such as the scaled-particle theory, in which the diameters obtained were close to those in the gaseous phase. Moreover, it is shown that the self-diffusion coefficients of fused salts calculated from the same point of view are in good agreement with experimental values; calculated values of viscosity coefficients are, however, about half those of experimental results.


Microalgae play a fundamental role in primary and secondary wastewater treatment. In this work the growth, photosynthetic activity and removal of phosphorus from wastewater effluents by indigenous blue-green algal species, Spirulina and Oscillatoria, isolated from Gaborone oxidation ponds was studied. Oscillatoria and Spirulina cultured in wastewater effluents grew as much as the algae cultured in specific medium. The photosynthetic activity for Oscillatoria and Spirulina cultured in wastewater effluents was 91 and 122 mole of O2 evolved mg —1 chlorophyll a h —1 respectively compared to 52 and 92 mole of O2 evolved mg —1 chlorophyll a h —1 respectively when cultured in defined medium, BG110. Oscillatoria removed 100% orthophosphate within six days of culturing while Spirulina removed 86% after eleven days of culturing. The results indicate that these blue-green algal species can grow in wastewater effluents for biomass production and for further reduction of excess nutrients from wastewater effluents before discharge into the receiving streams.
(Botswana Journal of Technology: 2002 11(1): 39-43)


Six kinds of seed coating agents used in this experiment could increase the activities of phosphorylase, cellulase and sucrase in the rhizospheric soil, increase the root system vitality and improve the quality of rice seeding. The difference of activities of soil cellulase and sucrase between Kenong 16, Huanong 3 and ZSB and control was significant at 1 % levels. The difference of activities of soil cellulase between Youfu 8 and control was also significant at 1 % levels. The difference of seedling root system vitality reached the level of 1 % by using seed coating agents ZSB, and reached the level of 5% by using seed coating agents Youfu 8 and Huanong 3.


PURPOSE: A duct type air conditioner for reducing noise by improving the structure of a fan housing is provided to reduce the height of the ventilation fan unit which is installed inside the casing and maintain the amount of ventilation fan. CONSTITUTION: A duct type air conditioner for reducing noise by improving the structure of a fan housing includes a fan housing(130), a casing(110) and a fixing member installation unit. The fan housing is formed in an outlet. The casing accepts the fan housing. The fixing member is installed in the fixing member installation unit in order to fix the casing on the external wall.


H istory is unfolding before us in a way that often means only one thing in the field of infectious diseasesVthe effective rollout of an effective vaccine. In this issue, Baandrup et al. add Denmark to the short list of countries or regions that have documented the population impact of a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program. Although the modelers had anticipated population declines in HPV infection and disease (at least for HPV type 16), everyone likes to see more tangible outcomes. The surveillance strategies vary between these studies, yet they yield consistent resultsVthe slope of the decline in genital wart diagnoses in young women reflects the population coverage of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in young women. Only in populations where the vaccine coverage of young women exceeds 50% has a herd protection effect been documented in unvaccinated young heterosexual men. It is encouraging to see that the Danish authorities have since decided to improve their HPV vaccination coverage by distributing it freely and by expanding the age range of the women to be vaccinated up to 26 years. As in Denmark, in those few countries where it has been measured, the incidence of genital warts had been increasing over recent decades. In the absence of any other effective public health interventions, the arrival of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine seems to have begun to quietly turn around a generalized epidemic that would have otherwise quietly consumed considerably more resources and produced substantial psychosocial morbidity. By contrast, HPV types 16 and 18, the other 2 targets of the quadrivalent vaccine, cause cancers decades after initial infection, so the full protective effect and cost savings will not be realized for many years. That said, in the most highly vaccinated population of young women in Australia, a rapid reduction in high-grade cervical abnormalities has already been documented. Declines in the vaginal carriage of the 4 vaccine target HPV types have recently been described in women transiting family planning clinics in 3 Australian cities, adding biological evidence to these clinical and ecological findings. When several countries originally evaluated the cost-effectiveness of publically funded HPV vaccination programs when the vaccines were first licensed around 2006, they focused on the prevention of one diseaseVcervical cancer. The science, including epidemiological trends, around noncervical cancers and other HPV-related diseases was less well understood at that time. To simplify the model, often only cervical disease attributable to HPV type 16Vthe dominant oncogenic virusVwas taken into account. Since that time, we have learnt that cervical cancer may only account for around half of the HPV-related cancers in wealthier countries, and up to a quarter of HPV-related cancers may be in men. Improved understanding of vulval, vaginal, anal, penile, oropharyngeal, and perhaps other cancers attributable to HPV infections also need to be factored into decisions about implementing and evaluating vaccination programs. Ominously, HPV-related cancers of the oropharynx and anus have been increasing over decades, particularly in men, although the causes for these increases are not entirely clear. The Australian government has seen it as appropriate to expand its national HPV vaccination program to include boys from 2013, despite early evidence of a herd immunity benefit conferred by the high vaccine coverage of young women. That herd immunity has not been shown to extend to gay menVa group that is disproportionately vulnerable to a range of HPV-related diseases. In the EDITORIAL


*Corresponding author: Zahra Sepehrmanesh, Department of Psychiatry, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Tel: 00963112133000, 00963112133020; Fax: 00963112121620; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Abbreviations TES: Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome; OCPs: Oral Contraceptives; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; MD: Major Depression; TCAs: Tricyclic Antidepressants; SSRIs: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; CXR: Chest X Ray; TAH: Total Abdominal Hysterectomy; BSO: Bilateral Salpingo-ophorectomy Introduction Endometriosis is defined as the presence of a normal endometrial tissue, including the stroma and glands, implanted outside the uterine cavity [1]. It affects as many as 10%-20% of fertile females and approximately 50% of infertile woman [2]. Carl von Rokitansky was the first one to identify endometriosis histologically under microscope. It commonly occurs in the genital organs (uterus, ovaries, vaginal fornix, posterior portion of cervix) leading to symptoms like dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea and dysuria [3]. It is presence in sites other than in genital organs is termed extra genital endometriosis and it can be subdivided into pelvic and extra pelvic endometriosis. The most frequently involved pelvic structures are the uterosacral ligaments (70%), vagina (14%), rectum (10%) and rectovaginal septum or bladder (6%). Extrapelvic endometriosis is a rare condition occurring in 8.9% of cases of endometriosis and may be seen in the abdominal wall and diaphragm .Much more uncommon sites for Abstract


The vocabulary carries concrete meaning in the context,so ambiguities occurs.HNC theory puts forward the interactive engine which makes the computer to process natural language like human beings.The disambiguity is also included,which is different from other semantic network methods.Based on overall frame of the HNC theory context hypothesis,this paper elaborates how the computer carries on the disambiguation under the linguistic context frame,and thus enhances the rate of accuracy of the natural language processing.Demonstration shows the method is feasible and realizable.


Nasreen Khan explains a medical specialty that has started to come into its own in the United Kingdom only recently


Eukaryotic cells have various types of cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk). Cdk activity requires binding of an activating subunit called cyclin. Cyclin was discovered as a protein oscillatory during cell cycle; however, subsequent work has revealed that some cyclin maintains a constant level throughout the cell cycle. Therefore, the term cyclin now has a broader meaning: cyclin as a structurally related family of proteins which bind and activate Cdk. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five Cdks are known: Cdc28, Srb10, Ctk1, Kin28, and Pho85. The cyclin partners for Srb10, Ctk1, and Kin28 are Srb11, Ctk2, and Ccl1, respectively. In contrast, Cdc28 has nine partner cyclins (Cln1, Cln2, Cln3, Clb1, Clb2, Clb3, Clb4, Clb5, and Clb6) and Pho85 has 10 partner cyclins (see below). By using these Cdks, cells perform cell cycle regulation and transcriptional regulation. Structure and function of cyclin-dependent Pho85 kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae


The method of primory Component analysis in multidimensional Statistic analysis was applied in comprehensive appraise of Country and town enterprise in Inner Mongolia twelve citys and districts. The Computing results was correct.


Absolute emission cross sections of the Paschen-α line from H (4S,4P,4D,4F) produced in e-H2 collisions have been determined to be 4.31–10.1×10−20 cm2 at 20–100 eV by utilizing the Balmer-α emission cross sections as the standard; these values are about half those of the Balmer-β emission. From these values, the formation cross section of the 4F state has been first determined, together with the angular momentum distributions, which are the fraction of the formation cross sections of the 4S, 4P, 4D, and 4F state. The 4F state had appreciable cross sections at electron energies below 24 eV and was assigned to be produced from the singly-excited states of H2 . In the doubly-excited state channel opening above 27–32 eV, the 4P and 4D states are preferentially produced, and the 4F state is suppressed.


Under the background that the cultural soft power and international competitiveness in China are improving,the intangible cultural heritage protection is developing rapidly in China. However,colleges and universities play a limited role in the intangible cultural heritage protection,so it is of great importance to explore protecting the intangible cultural heritage of colleges and universities. Colleges and universities should strengthen the construction of faculty team,combine in-class education with extracurricular education and cooperate with the government and enterprises in many aspects so as to shoulder the responsibility of protecting the intangible cultural heritage, cultivate the talents for the intangible cultural heritage, inherit and innovate traditional culture and construct the importance platform for protecting and inheriting the intangible cultural heritage.


This paper describes the conception and realization of a fast, robust, and general navigation system for a mobile (wheeled or legged) robot. A database, representing a high level map of the environment is generated and continuously updated. The first part describes the legged target vehicle and the hexapod robot being developed. The second section deals with spatial and temporal sensor fusion for dynamic environment modeling within an obstacle/free space probabilistic classification grid. Ultrasonic sensors are used, others are suspected to be integrated, and a-priori knowledge is treated. US sensors are controlled by the path planning module. The third part concerns path planning and a simulation of a wheeled robot is also presented.


Dynamic resistance measurement (DRM) is an accepted method for diagnosing possible faults or defects in On-Load Tap-Changers and has an increasing use in the business. Variable Shunt reactors (VSR) is seeing an increasing use in the networks to stabilize line voltages.


The invention relates to a clamp capable of rotating positioning and belongs to the field of machining. The clamp comprises an annular disc, a positioning shifting pin, a support, a gear, a gear control part and a positioning part. The positioning part is mounted at the edge, close to an inner ring, of the annular disc and used for clamping a to-be-machined part. The positioning shifting pin vertical to the face of the disc of mounted outside the positioning part. At least three groups of fixed pulleys are mounted in the vertical direction of the support. The bearing points of the fixed pulleys form arc faces. The annular disc falls on the fixed pulleys. The gear is fixed on the support. By the cooperation of the gear and the positioning shifting pin, control of the rotating angles and positions of the annular disc is achieved. The clamp is simple in structure, convenient to operate and worthy of market popularization and application, a large amount of manpower and clamping and positioning time is saved, and work efficiency is increased.


This Article explores how the Louisiana Civil Code uses a few key words to describe what happens when a creditor intentionally extinguishes the obligation of a debtor. While the Code provides fairly detailed rules and even some definitions of contracts and other methods that extinguish obligations, the Code does not do so for the term of art "release," which it nevertheless employs several times in several contexts. Exploring the meaning of this term of art takes us through the process of the revision of the Louisiana Civil Code of 1870, and shows how some important decisions were made, particularly regarding the nominate contract of compromise, whose full effects might not have been fully appreciated. The awkward connection between "release" and "concession" is suggested. Thus, the goal of this Article is to illuminate some of the difficulties, if not embarrassments, that occur in attempting to put law into words, whose meanings we understand, or ought to.


resulting from vertical frost heaving of individual boulders. They were observed in various stages of development on two glacier forelands in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. In their final stage the features comprise a boulder core partially exposed at the surface but retaining a sediment/vegetation capping. Surrounding the boulder is a shallow trough or moat beneath which is a distinct concentration of stones and gravel. Separating this aureole of clastic material from the sides of the boulder is a gap up to 5 cm wide. It is concluded that the 'frost puir mechanism of frost heave is most likely to bring large boulders to the surface. During winter freezing a boulder acts as a heat sink, leading to radial advance of the freezing plane into the surrounding till. Once the boulder has stabilized, the resulting lateral frost sorting concentrates coarser elements of the till diamicton around the embedded portion of the boulder. The formation of boulder-cored frost boils on till surfaces exposed by post-AD 1750 glacier retreat indicates the rapidity of their development and demonstrates the advantages of glacier forelands for the study of periglacial processes and landforms. BOULDER-CORED MOUNDS up to about 1.5m in diameter, and in various stages of development, were observed at sites near the glaciers Boverbreen and Storbreen, Jotunheimen mountains, southern Norway (Fig. 1). These small-scale landforms were found in poorly-drained tills deposited within the 'Little Ice Age' limits of the glaciers. Frost heaving of individual boulders towards the surface is considered to be the main process responsible for their formation. Although up-heaved boulders that have disturbed or partly emerged from the ground surface have been reported in the literature (Dionne, 1966; Washburn, 1969; Price, 1970), little attention has been given to developmental sequences. We describe here a complete sequence, including previously unrecorded forms characteristic of the later stages. Inferences are made concerning the vertical and horizontal frost sorting processes involved in their formation, the significance of which are discussed in the broader context of frost heave, with particular reference to the so-called 'frost push' and 'frost pulL mechanisms. Nature of the sites At Boverbreen, boulder-cored frost boils are associated with a complex 'Little Ice Age' end moraine system (Fig. 1, inset A). The site is immediately adjacent to a lake, dammed by the moraines, which maintains a high moisture content and a high water table in the till. The lake level lies within 0.5m of the ground surface at this site. At Storbreen the boils occur between the two outermost 'Little Ice Age' end moraines, at the foot of the proximal slope of the outermost moraine (Fig. 1, inset B). This site, crossed by ephemeral streams, is characterized by pools of standing water in wet weather. The site at Storbreen was deglaciated after ice retreat from the glacier limit of about AD 1750 (Matthews, 1974, 1977). It is probable that the Boverbreen site


APROCCHSS (the activated protein C and corticosteroids for human septic shock) trial on the combined use of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone for adults with sepsis are 'encouraging' and 'practice changing', according to the principal investigator, who will introduce the trial later today. "For decades, clinicians caring for these patients have been desperate for an effective treatment and it is most likely that starting this weekend, they will have a different perspective on how to manage patients with sepsis," remarked Djillali Annane, (Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, and Dean of the Medical School, University of Versailles, Paris, France), who led the study. "I think these results will change practice for those clinicians who are not currently using steroids, which is about half of them. Among those who do use steroids, only one out of around 25 are using fludrocortisone in combination with hydrocortisone," he added, emphasizing the importance of the combination. The trial aimed to investigate the combination of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone in adult patients with sepsis and hypothesized that corticosteroids would reduce all-cause mortality at 90 days in adults with septic shock. No widely accepted management strategy for sepsis Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide and it affects thousands of patients every day, placing a huge burden on health systems globally. "Apart from anti-infective drugs, and the correction of respiratory Friday 24 March 2017 Day 4 The official daily newsletter of the 37th ISICEM


The forces of screw joints in micron wood fiber molded products were analyzed.The primary hypotheses of dynamic analysis have been put forward.The dynamic model of screw-threads has been established.The distributing function of force in threads has been deduced.The distributing curve of force in screw-threads was described by mathematical method.The percentages of forces in screw-threads of micron wood fiber molded products was proposed.Using the theory of this paper,we can calculate the force in threads quantitatively according to the rigidity of micron wood fiber molded product and various geometric parameters of screw.Further more,the strength of screw joints can be calculated.An important theoretical basis of strength calculation about screw joints of micron wood fiber molded products has been provided.


Although policy priority has always been on economic development in East Asian countries, these countries have also experienced some state intervention in environmental issues. However, explanations for the development of environmental policies in these countries have been relatively sparse compared with those of their industrial policies, The author attempts to widen our understanding of environmental-policy development in East Asia by examining one notable state intervention in pollution issues in South Korea—the evacuation of the pollution victims of Ulsan and Onsan in the mid 1980s under the authoritarian Chun Doo-Hwan regime. This Korean case study shows a pattern of policy development primarily driven by particular 'interests' (the perceived political-survival needs of state elites), with changes in external conditions, policy legacies, and policy efforts playing supplementary roles. In particular, the state intervention is interpreted as an anticipatory concession to the pollution victims by the state elites who aimed to stabilize their regime by alienating the victims from antiregime activists. The author also indicates the possibility of applying the theories established in the context of liberal democracy to authoritarian political regimes, and draws attention to the change and continuity in the development of environmental politics and policy in East Asia.


The restriction and even the abolition of the death penalty, following the trend of the guaranty of human rights, have become the orientation of legislation all over the world. The abolition of death penalty is irreversible in china, but it cannot be accomplished in one move. Now we must stick to a limited reservation of the death penalty, which is associated with the historical traditions, national sentiments and current conditions of our country.


Molecular dynamics calculations are carried out on pure, Al-substituted, and In-substituted LLZO. The calculations show that the tendency of Al to occupy the 24d sites in LLZO lithium ion conductors is hypothesized here to negatively impact ionic conductivity. The room-temperature ionic conductivity of In-LLZO, in which the In resides at the 48g sites, is predicted to be an order of magnitude higher than Al-LLZO. Consideration of the simple tetrahedral topology of the lithium ion conduction network suggests that the increased conductivity arises because the 48g site sits at a bridge in the lithium ion conduction network. An immobile ion residing in this location blocks fewer lithium conduction pathways than an ion, such as Al, that preferentially occupies the 24d site located at a node within the network. In addition, the electronic structure calculations presented here indicate no large difference in the stabilities of tetragonal and cubic phases for the aluminum-substituted and indium-substituted compounds. In both cases, the cubic phase is more stable than the tetragonal phase. This indicates that it should be possible to make a cubic In-LLZO phase with significant conductivity enhancement over the cubic Al-LLZO phase.


Sport talent identification process and its development play a key role in the seek of sport performance excellence. Athletes are characterized by a combination of anthropometrical characteristics, body composition and somatotype, that are believed to affect success probability in specific sports. Because of the importance of these body variables together with nutrition to get the best development of performance and health status in an specific sport, it is necessary to determine the anthropometrical and nutritional profiles in elite athletes with the aim of knowing and establishing a reference framework that could help the coaches in the talent identification process, as well as to improve athletes? performance and also to maintain their health status.
 In this context, the general aim of this PhD dissertation was to determine the anthropometrical characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite athletes in some sport specialties, as well as to establish relations with certain nutritional aspects related to sport performance.
 The main findings and conclusions were: a) a variety of anthropometrical techniques have been used for talent identification in different sports; b) The anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite junior tennis players are presented; c) no significant differences were observed in any measured item for the males between the first and the lower ranked elite male junior tennis players, although his was not the case of the female in which significant differences were observed; d) Anthropometric profile charts for elite junior tennis players are established; e) The anthropometric profiles of male Olympic cross country mountain bikers at different competitive levels are presented; f) physical differences in Olympic cross country mountain bikers have been observed according to their competitive levels; g) Feeding habits of the cadet/junior cyclists of Spanish national mountain bike team are considered inadequate. It is recommended specific work on nutritional formation, control and orientation, especially with the youngest; h) The nutritional intake, body composition, and biochemical profile of the professional cyclists in a four-stage race are presented; i) Intake of all micronutrients, except for folate and potassium, exceeded the recommended dietary allowances; j) variations in body composition and biochemical parameters were observed in a four stage professional cycling tour.


Most previous observations suggest the possibility that sulfhydryl-containing (SH) compunds may play a role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. On the other hand, it is known that alloxan-induced diabetes may be partially prevented by the administration of glutathione and cysteine, which are without effect on streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetes. The present investigation was designed to re-examine whether SH-compounds would affect the diabetogenic action of STZ.Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 gm were used in all experiments. SH-compunds were administered ip or iv 5-30 minutes before an intravenous injection of STZ (65 mg/ kg). There was a tendency to block the development of the STZ-diabetes when cysteine and 2-mercaptopropionyl-glycine were injected ip. The degree of the protective effect, with concomitant elevations of plasma SH content, was markedly enhanced when cysteine (10-1000 mg/kg) was administered iv. Blood SH content was lower in diabetic rats and patients with untreated diabetes mellitus than in controls.Thus the results of the present study clearly demonstrate that SH-compound could partially prevent the diabetogenic action of STZ. The effect of SH-group appears to be mediated through the common protective mechanism, at least in part, to the attacks of alloxan and STZ on the integrity of the pancreatic beta cell membrane.


The carrying capacity for bivalve shellfish culture in Saldanha Bay, South Africa, was analysed through the application of the well-tested EcoWin ecological model, in order to simulate key ecosystem variables. The model was set up using: (i) oceanographic and water-quality data collected from Saldanha Bay, and (ii) culture-practice information provided by local shellfish farmers. EcoWin successfully reproduced key ecological processes, simulating an annual mean phytoplankton biomass of 7.5 µg Chl a l–1 and an annual harvested shellfish biomass of about 3 000 tonnes (t) y–1, in good agreement with reported yield. The maximum annual carrying capacity of Small Bay was estimated as 20 000 t live weight (LW) of oysters Crassostrea gigas, or alternatively 5 100 t LW of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis, and for Big Bay as 100 000 t LW of oysters. Two production scenarios were investigated for Small Bay: a production of 4 000 t LW y–1 of mussels, and the most profitable scenario for oysters of 19 700 t LW y–1. The main conclusions of this work are: (i) in 2015–2016, both Small Bay and Big Bay were below their maximum production capacity; (ii) the current production of shellfish potentially removes 85% of the human nitrogen inputs; (iii) a maximum-production scenario in both Big Bay and Small Bay would result in phytoplankton depletion in the farmed area; (iv) increasing the production intensity in Big Bay would probably impact the existing cultures in Small Bay; and (v) the production in Small Bay could be increased, resulting in higher income for farmers.


Background: Teenage pregnancy represents an important social and public health problem in many countries. From a medical point of view, several morbid situations have been associated with pregnancy in adolescents. Aim: compare pregnancy outcomes among teenage and adult women. Subject & methods: design: Α descriptive design is used. Sample: Α purposive sample of 200 recently parturient women was selected; they were divided into 2 groups, the first (100) their ages more than 20 years, while the second (100) their age not recessed 20 years. Setting: labor unit affiliated to the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Ɓeni-Ѕuef General Hospital. Tools: Α structured interview questionnaire, Summary of labor sheet, and Neonatal assessment sheet. Results: The results showed that teenage women were more likely to have а consanguineous relation with their husbands and living in rural areas. As well as they were less likely to be working women and to have high education. Teenage women were more likely to be primipara and had а history of abortion compared to adult women. Concerning maternal and fetal complication encountered, women in the teenage group had a statistically higher percentage of preeclampsia and anemia and others such as preterm labor and deliver low birth weight babies. Teenage women were more likely to have perineal tears and postpartum hemorrhage, birth injuries, and perinatal death. Conclusion: High incidence of maternal and fetal complications was associated with adolescent pregnancies. Recommendations: Outreach programs to rural areas in Upper Egypt to enhance population awareness regarding proper age of marriage and distribute booklets, pamphlets which illustrate the maternal and fetal complications of teenagers' marriage.


Considers the roots of policy development in secondary school library pro vision in England and Wales, assesses the current policy context, and iden tifies possible future models for school library policy making. Comments on the fact that a lack of lobbying at national level for the adequate funding of school libraries has been a continuing theme throughout their recent histo ry, despite evidence that school libraries are significant assets which merit nationally co-ordinated investment and statutory recognition. Discusses the role of the teacher librarian and the professional recognition of school librar ians. Concludes that nationally led policy has consistently failed and a more pragmatic, incremental approach to school libraries is timely. There is a need to accept the reality that school libraries are more the concern of the local community than national government, and to acknowledge that the history of school libraries in England and Wales favours such a model. While not denying the importance of nationally accepted professional standards and minimum performance indicators, it does free schools and their librarians from the tyranny of a nationally accepted norm at a time when schools are increas ingly defining their own policy priorities.


Reduction of costs and continuous cost control is a necessary element in modern food-service industries. This study explored the application of time and motion techniques to the production of roast beef sandwiches in-volume to establish standard times. For this purpose each specific task was divided into work elements whose beginning and ending points were easily recognized. Continuous stop-watch timing was used for the data collection of work·performed by one person. Standard times were determined for each element and each task. Sequential time data were plotted graphically to illustrate the learning curve demonstrated in representative work elements. A 95 percent con fidence interval was used as the basis for determination of standard times for each element. Through the additivity of the elemental times, total task·time of 0;18 minutes was-established for placing and adjusting roast beef for slicing; 1.26 minutes for cleaning a head of lettuce; and 9.58 minutes for assembling twenty-four roast beef sandwiches. Using the elemental times determined in this study, it could be possible for managers to evaluate present and proposed work methods, standardize procedures and techniques, predict production times, and effectively schedule personnel and equipment.


An experimental study was conducted to study the effects of unsteady upstream forcing on Mach 2 shock wave/boundary layer interactions. Two separate experiments were perfor med. In the first experiment, phase -locked wide -field PIV was used to study how pulsed vortex generator jets affected the interaction generated by a circular cylinder. The jets were pitched at an angle of 60o and skewed at an angle of 90o, and operated eit her continuously or at a frequency of 100 Hz. The jets were shown to increase the velocity in the lower boundary layer, making it more resistant to separation. Additionally, the scale of the interaction was changed as the primary horseshoe vortex became sm aller while the secondary cylinder -root vortex became larger. In the second experiment wide -field PIV and planar flow visualization were used to study the effects of counter -rotating -vane vortex generators at a frequency of 50 Hz on a 20 o unswept ramp int eraction. The vortex generators were shown to energize the upstream boundary layer and had a significant effect on the location and strength of the separation shock. The vortex generators also showed a significant decrease in size of the separation flow scale .


ecent findings may help explain the calcium paradox— the relationship between osteoporosis and atherosclerosis—that plays a large role in aging and is a particular concern in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with CKD have a higher incidence of vascular calcification and a greatly increased risk of cardiovascular death. The mechanisms involved in the accelerated vascular calcification observed in CKD have recently become more clear, leading to the hypothesis that perhaps a lack of natural inhibitors of calcification may trigger calcium deposition. Aging can be seen as a process of calcification, the literal ossification of the body's tiss u e s — i n c l u d ing the arteries, heart, kidney, and brain—while at the same time calcium is lost from bone, resulting in thinning and fracturing of the bones, or osteoporosis. Osteoporosis results when the body removes more bone than it replaces. Calcification outside the bone tissue is due to the body's regulators of calcium metabolism becoming less efficient as aging progresses.


Foucault, Cultural Studies, and Governmentality is an edited volume spawned in the apparently fertile conversational farmland of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's interdisciplinary student/faculty Cultural Studies and Foucault Reading Group (est. 1997). As an edited collection, it is a complicated object for critical review since it comprises dense theoretical expository essays, historical accounts of specific intellectual moments, and applied case studies generally absent from volumes engaged in such theoretical and historical debates. The book is, however, held together by the contributors' collective desire to explore the potential influence for cultural studies of Foucault's writings on governance and ethics. In that light, Foucault, Cultural Studies, and Governmentality is an indispensable contribution to our critical imagination. Over the past twenty-five years, Michel Foucault's work has significantly transformed cultural studies. For example, the intellectual terrain of cultural studies has been marked by the methodological and theoretical shifts entailed by doing less "semiotic inspired ideological criticism" and more "discourse analysis." Accordingly, cultural studies started to study productive (normalizing and disciplining) forms of power. Moreover, an analysis of the reception of Foucault in cultural studies contributed to a critical emphasis on the production and regulation of space. While it would be a mistake to believe that Foucault's ideas go unchallenged, or that his uptake represents the only story of the last twenty-five years, this story is an important piece of the puzzle for understanding what cultural studies is doing today. The editors of this book take the emphasis on discourse analysis, productive power and spatial production/regulation to be their starting points. The stated purpose of this book is to understand the relationship between truth, power, and subjectification (the process of becoming a subject), less through "discipline" (what they take to be the dominant character of Foucault's reception in US cultural studies) and more through governmentality and the ethics/technologies of self-fashioning. Hence, this book cannot be approached as an introduction to Foucault's significance for cultural studies; rather, it is an intervention into an on-going conversation. To their credit, many of the chapters provide important conceptual exegeses and intellectual contexts for approaching Foucault's contribution to the concept of government. For example, those new to Foucault will find the interview with Grossberg and Miller useful for providing historical and theoretical coordinates for mapping Foucault's influence in cultural studies. This interview also provides a sense of the stakes concerning the concept of governance; to wit: should "governance" be approached as a general process of regulating individuals and populations, a process adaptable to multiple institutions (Miller and the editors of the book), or does government describe a specific conjunctural moment when the State took responsibility for the welfare of populations (Grossberg)? Likewise, Tony Bennett's chapter, "Culture and Governmentality," provides an invaluable overview of the primary sites of Foucault's reception in cultural studies, teasing out the theoretical implications that Foucault's thinking about human technologies entails for the study of culture, society and the social. Nevertheless, these instructive introductory essays do not exhaust this volume's intellectual value.


The discount cash flow model must incorporate, in emerging economic systems, a conceptual framework for the inflation and valuation in two currencies treatment. The start point are the parity theories and Fisher effect, adding fuzzy logic for project uncertainty variables: interest rates, inflation, exchange rates and quantities, becoming one of its main contributions. The structure of the paper as follows: they are developed the parity theories and model´s equation at the fuzzy logic framework. Its functioning is illustrated with case of a firm located in an emerging and inflationary economy like Argentina, using spreadsheets. Finally, the results obtained showed the consistency with the parity theories, adding fuzzy logic for the uncertainty treatment, at the comprehensive framework of discounted cash flow model in two currencies.


The  popularity of internet as a communication medium whether for personal or business requires anonymous communication in various ways. Businesses also have legitimate reasons to make communication anonymous and avoid the consequences of identity revelation. The problem of sharing privately held data so that the individuals who are the subjects of the data cannot be identified has been researched extensively. Researchers have understood the need of anonymity in various application domains: patient medical records, electronic voting, e-mail, social networking, etc. Another form of anonymity, as used in secure multiparty computation, allows multiple parties on a network to jointly carry out a global computation that depends on data from each party while the data held by each party remains unknown to the other parties. The secure computation function widely used is secure sum that allows parties to compute the sum of their individual inputs without mentioning the inputs to one another. This function helps to characterize the complexities of the secure multiparty computation. Keywords: Anonymity,Secure multiparty computation


The potential of unmanned systems is vast, but pre-procurement evaluation is challenging. This study explores potential uses of and interaction with unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for dismounted infantry. A remote user study with Swedish Armed Forces personnel is described. Many factors influencing future use and interaction were found. Moreover, this study shows the potential of the innovative mixed synchronous-asynchronous remote evaluation method combining 1) real-world enacted scenario video with 2) overlaid augmented reality virtual prototypes of both a) technical system and b) its interface (Handheld controller, Smartwatch, and Augmented Reality-goggles), with subsequent 3) interaction with a 3D-modeled virtual prototype, and using 4) questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews at various stages of evaluation. This method contributes to the methodological toolkit that the applied human-centred computing research community can employ to investigate future unmanned system use.


We studied cysts and nauplii of 15 bisexual Artemia strains from Shanxi, Inner Mongonia and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China by using the method of numeric taxonomy. Through cluster analysis, cysts and nauplii of Qinghai-xizang Plateau were well separated from other strains. Compared with other strains, cysts of Artemia strains from Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are big, and their shells are thick with the color of purplish red, which are the adaptations to the plateau special environments. Both cyst and nauplius of Lagkor Co are the biggest ever recorded for both bisexual and parthenogenetic species.


CAE technology in injection mold design as the example of television bracket was researched.The design was optimized by using moldflow software,which to determine the location of the gate,predict the flow behavior of the melt in molding windows,and design the cooling system.Finally it designed the assembly diagram in virtue of injection UG moldwizard.


Due to the ever-increasing level of global competition, logistics companies face difficult challenges on a daily basis. In order to survive this competition, they need to develop new technologies. The term ultra-light overhead conveyor system is relatively novel to the logistics industry. It is a rope-based conveying system in which the vehicles can move automatically on the rope using a specific mechanism which drives the vehicle. The concept and design of an ultra-light overhead conveyor system are explained by using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software. The operating time of the vehicles and recharge time of batteries are calculated, a number of assumptions as well as some rope sag calculations are made according to different scenarios. A discrete event simulation model is built using Tecnomatix Plant Simulation in order to test the impact of certain variables on the performance of the system.


Studies were made of the effects of ionizing radiation on the cyanogenation of organic compounds, in which emphasis was placed on: the irradiation of cyanogen-organic mixtures; and the analysis of the irradiated mixtures for cyano products and for unconsumed cyanogen. The organic compounds that were irradiated in admixture with cyancgen are benzene, toluene, n-heptane, cyclohexane, 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-1, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylhexane. Infrared analysis of the irradiated mix tures indicated that radiation-induced cyanogenation occurred with all of the above organic compounds. In two experiments at room temperature in the absence of ionizing radiation, cyanogenation did not occur. Irradiations were conducted in both sealed-glass irradiation tubes and a stainless steel bomb. All irradiations were carried out in the 12-kilocurie Cesium-137 Research Irradiator. An acceptable quantitative methcd was developed for the determination of cyanogen dissolved in an onganic compound. The solubilities of cyanogen were determined in each of the hydrocarbons studied. (auth)


Pine seedling production and pest problems were evaluated in plots fumigated with methyl bromide and nonfumigated plots over a 6-year period at a Georgia nursery. Fumigation increased bed densities...


This report details an investigation in the development of the theory of the design of neural network controllers, and their application to power system problems. The current algorithm for the supervised training of neural networks, backpropagation, is reviewed. Using signal flow graph theory to develop the backpropagation-through-time algorithm, further insight of the training of neural network controllers in dynamic control systems is gained. The strengths of neural networks are brought out in this work, demonstrating that neural networks can solve highly nonlinear problems for which no closed-form, analytical solutions exist. Demonstrating the ability of a neural network to estimate complex processes, the backpropagation algorithm is used to train a neural network to predict void fraction. The results show that the accuracy of t@e neural network estimator is favorable. Demonstrating the ability of a neural network to control dynamic systems, the backpropagation-through-time algorithm is used to train neural networks to solve excitation control problems. Work is performed in developing a neural network controller for regulating load-frequency and terminal voltage for a simplified single synchronous generator model and for two generators linked by a tie-line. Results are favorable and show promise for neural network controllers in power system problems. Volume I containsmore » the results of these applications of neural networks. Volume II contains two Ph.D. theses, which were written, in part, as a result of the research, and are provided as a supplementary reference. These two theses present algorithms and discuss contributions of the research to the science of neural networks, in the areas of control, nonlinear filtering, system identification and prediction.« less


Generally, thoracoscopic resection of peripheral round lesions of the lung is a viable alternative to open surgery. However, due to the lack of tactile sensitivity intraparenchymal lesions often escape thoracoscopic detection and therefore this approach is limited to superficial lesions. The use of thoracoscopic endosonography may be valuable to localize intraparenchymal lesions which are not visible and enable subsequent thoracoscopic wedge resection.


[1] Thermosphere densities near 410 km altitude between ±87° latitude and near 0430 and 1530 local time from the accelerometer experiment on the CHAMP satellite are used to elucidate the response to three coronal mass ejections occurring on 17, 19, and 21 April 2002. Comparisons of the global responses with the NRLMSISE00 empirical model and the NCAR TIEGCM are performed and interpreted. An enhanced daytime response in comparison to TIEGCM on 17 April is found that is suggestive of preconditioning of the atmosphere due to enhanced solar EUV fluxes maximizing on 13 April. Out of several solar wind parameters and geophysical indices that were examined, the highest correlation with thermosphere densities occurred with respect to the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field as measured by the ACE spacecraft. Wave-like structures with scales ranging from 100s to 1000s of kilometers are also revealed in the CHAMP data. These structures are primarily a nighttime phenomena, and the associated total variance is correlated with magnetic activity throughout the 15–24 April 2002 period. The NCAR TIEGCM was utilized to provide the basis for interpreting the equatorward propagation of large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbance (TADs). Following a sudden increase in magnetic activity and high-latitude heating, TADs were launched from both hemispheres, traveled toward the equator with phase speeds of order 800 m s−1, constructively interfered near the equator to produce a total density perturbation of ∼20%, and then passed through each other and into the opposite hemisphere. Perspectives on future applications of CHAMP accelerometer data to elucidate magnetic storm-related perturbations of the thermosphere are outlined.


The structural art of ЧИНГИЗ АЙТМаТОВ'S novel ПЛАХА is exquisite.Its surface layer structure arranges the death of people and wolf and its deep layer structure reveals the root of people and wolf's death.Its art structure embodies the author's planet-like thought and creativity spirit.


Objective To study the effects of Perindopril and Valsartan on expression of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)in brain tissue of atherosclerotic rabbit. Methods Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups randomly: Normal control(Group A);high cholesterol diet(Group B);high cholesterol diet and Perindopril(Group C);high cholesterol diet and Valsartan(Group D).After eight weeks,the expression of NF-κB in brain tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry and the activity of iNOS was measured by chemical colorimetry assay. Results Compared to control group,levels of NF-κB and iNOS in AS group were both significantly increased(P0.05).Levels of NF-κB and iNOS in Perindopril and Valsartan group were significantly lower than in AS group(P0.05),but were higher than that in control Group(P0.05). Conclusions NF-κB and iNOS expression changes in brain tissue of atherosclerotic rabbit may associate with rennin angiotensin system(RAS) activation.Perindopril and Valsartan could interrupt RAS activation,decrease NF-κB and iNOS expression and may mitigate brain injury.


Foreword by Wesley R. Gray, PhD vii Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii CHAPTER 1 World's First Index Fund 1 CHAPTER 2 What Goes Up ... Stays Up 13 CHAPTER 3 Modern Portfolio Theory Principles and Practices 25 CHAPTER 4 Rational and Not-So-Rational Explanations of Momentum 35 CHAPTER 5 Asset Selection: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 45 CHAPTER 6 Smart Beta and Other Urban Legends 71 CHAPTER 7 Measuring and Managing Risk 83 CHAPTER 8 Global Equities Momentum 93 CHAPTER 9 Mo' Better Momentum 115 CHAPTER 10 Final Thoughts 135 APPENDIX A Global Equity Momentum Monthly Results 143 APPENDIX B Absolute Momentum: A Simple Rule-Based Strategy and Universal Trend-Following Overlay 145 Notes 173 Glossary 183 Bibliography 193 Recommended Reading 207 Index 209


Objective To explore a new location method for extraction of intraocular foreign bodies.Methods According to different clock locations and functions of extraocular muscles and vortex vein on the surface of sclera, foreign bodies of 51 eyes of 51 cases with intraocular and eye wall foreign bodies were extracted by means of extraocular muscle and vortex vein localization marking incision on the surface of sclera. The method was compared with the corneal limbus marking method.Results There were great differences ( P 0.05) among the success rates of extraction of foreign bodies by once, incidence rates of complications and blindness free rates.Conclusions The result shows that this method is simple and easily operated, injuries less and location is exact. The radial line positions before and behind eyeballs are more precise and reliable and the method is superior to the corneal limbus marking method.


The design method of MEMS optical switch acting as high optical energy interrupter is investigated by simulations and experiments,it includes the influence of aligning irregularities on transmission efficiency,design methods and guide lines of actuator。The influence of transverse misalignment on the splice loss is more significant than angular misalignment's.The coupling characteristics between fibers are investigated,when 400 μm core diameter fiber connecting with 600 μm core diameter fiber,the coupling performance is steadier than that of 400 μm core diameter connecting with 400 μm core diameter fiber.The fiber cantilever beam model is made;the actuator can be well designed according to the transverse misalignment.The processing technical guidelines of fiber optical's micro actuator are investigated.


Based on the analysis of present situation of dormitory culture in vocational college,introducing the concept of learning organization,then proposing the objective of constructing learning dormitories.Through bringing the function of Party and the League into full play to ensure contemporary college students' dormitory culture entering a new stage.


In this paper, we define p R q polynomial, which is denoted by R n ( z ) . We also discuss some generating functions and recurrence relations for R n ( z ) polynomial and its applications.


The emergence of colon and rectal surgery in the academic medical center landscape was due, in no small part, to colleagues who advanced our field through innovative research and investigation. Their efforts have inspired the next generation of colorectal researchers to answer the important questions that will not only improve the quality of care we provide but will also lead our specialty into the future. Developing a successful research career as an academic colorectal surgeon is challenging, whether you are involved in small single-center retrospective studies, run a basic science laboratory, or lead National Institutes of Health–funded multi-institutional randomized clinical trials. In this issue of Clinics of Colon and Rectal Surgery, I have invited peers who are leaders in our Society and in the field of colorectal research. Nancy You, Matt Kalady, Elizabeth Wick, Alessandro Fichera, Greg Kennedy, and Sharon Stein comprise a group that includes some of our most outstanding academic colorectal surgery colleagues today. These authors have graciously contributed their time to share their wisdom, experiences, and advice. Although the components of a successful research career were compartmentalized by chapter, there is natural overlap between chapters and this redundancy was maintained to highlight their importance. Finally, I owe a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Walter Koltun, one of our academic pioneers, who shares his experiences building one of the most academically focused divisions of colon and rectal surgery in the country. Thank you. Jim Yoo, MD


The influence of polymer layers wrapped around n-type Si nanowires (NW) on their electrical characteristics is investigated. The NWs are fabricated via metal induced excessive oxidation and dissolution of Si, and have a diameter of ~350 nm. Single wires are covered by various polymer layers. The polymers used are both insulating [poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene, and polyethylene oxide (PEO)] and semiconducting poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate). Four-point probe measurements are used to measure the conductivity changes of single NWs. The NW resistivity increases with PE and PMMA coverage, but decreases with PEO coverage. The changes are attributed to carrier exchange between the polymer and NW. The measurements also confirm active electron trapping with PE coverage that is not observed with the other polymers.


Highly skilled immigrants are considered to be "sort after" individuals. They provide countries with skilled labour often, if they originate from developing or least developed countries, with significantly less wage demands than similarly skilled domestic workers. Furthermore they provide an attractive solution to skills' shortages in the labour market of western States. Schemes to encourage this type of immigration have a long history, with the most well-known example supposedly being the US Green Card for labour migrants. Member States of the European Union have also operated similar schemes but it is only recently that the EU itself has entered this field with the adoption of Directive 2009/50/EC , the "Blue Card" Directive. The UK however has opted out of this scheme and has introduced its own points based system for highly skilled migrants .

In fact it is not the US Green Card that should be used as the instrument for a comparative analysis with the EU Blue Card but the H-1B visa . This paper will conduct a comparative analysis of the US , EU and UK schemes for attracting highly skilled migrants . The three schemes will be examined, including the rationale for their implementation, before critically analysing their strengths, weaknesses and likely success in achieving their stated aims, including considering the effects on the migrant's home State. The merits of each scheme will be assessed with the intention of making recommendations for amendments to ensure that their aims can be achieved.


The coefficients of the mass transport equation are often characterized by considerable uncertainty. Where the functional form of this uncertainty is known the transport equation can be solved to yield a solution also characterized by uncertainty. The spatial and temporal dependencies of this uncertainty are dependent upon the variance of the velocity and dispersivity, the magnitude of the dispersivity, the functional form of the probability distribution function, and the number of uncertain parameters considered in the analysis. In general the uncertainty, as measured by the coefficient of variation, is considerably smaller for the solution than for the input parameters. While any finite variance theoretically can be accommodated by the method employed for solution of the stochastic partial differential equations, it is nevertheless essential to select numerical parameters (Δx and Δt) such that certain constraints on the form of the coefficient matrix are not violated.


The B-spline expansion technique and the method of model potential of atom have been applied to study the properties of Stark states of lithium. Our results for Stark maps, oscillator strength distributions, avoided crossing positions and widths for Li are in good agreement with other reported theoretical calculations and experimental measurement. It shows that the method we used can be applied to investigate the properties of alkali-metal atoms in external static electric field. Finally, for the first time, we obtained the evolution of the oscillator strength spectrum of Li with varying static electric field.


m 3 ) during pre-spill decreased significantly (0.8-1.5 mg/m 3 ) during oil spill. The ratios of chlorophyll a / phaeophytin were always >1 (2.7- 8.0) before oil spill which decreased to <1 (0.8-0.9) during the period of oil spill indicating an unhealthy condition of phytoplankton cells. Thus significantly high oil contamination in the region resulted in degradation of pigments and led markedly poor ratios of chlorophyll a / phaeophytin (<1) within a week of oil spill. The subsequent observations (after 16-31 days) showed an exemplary improvement in chlorophyll a (3.4-43.4 mg/m 3 ). The phytoplankton population also revealed an impact of oil, with markedly decreased cell counts within a week (107 X 10 3 - 109 X 10 3 /l) at highly affected areas and increased significantly within a fortnight (17036 X 10 3 - 50488 X 10 3 /l). The continuous presence of Skeletonema costatum as a predominant species followed by Navicula, Thalassiosira, Nitzschia, Chaetoceros and Coscinodiscus revealed no significant alteration in community structure except composition of phytoplankton due to oil spill.


The research focused on verifying that by means of photogrammetric techniques, geometric
characteristics could be obtained for the calibration of this type of tank. The experimentation was carried out in the first two circles of a vertical cylindrical Fuel Oil tank. The measurements were made by the geometric method: Electrooptical method of distances ordered by external measurements; and the photogrammetric technique from the parking
of the camera around the tank and the analysis of the images in the software PhotoModeler Scanner, to finally determine the radii of the circumference by least squares. The investigation showed as a result that the difference between the average radii obtained from the circumference of the tank, at horizontal level, by both methods was not significant, so it was demonstrated that the photogrammetric technique is a real alternative for the calibration of storage tanks vertical cylindrical from their geometric characteristics.


Case-based reasoning (CBR) is based on the use of past experience in finding the solution to a new but similar problem. CBR is composed of five main phases: input of the new problem, retrieval of the most similar cases from the knowledge base, adaptation of retrieved cases, validation of the new solution, and learning of the system by adding the approved solution to the knowledge base. Adaptation is the most difficult and the most important step in the successful use of the CBR strategy. Two adaptation methods that are based on fuzzy and rough sets are presented in this paper. The given example illustrates selection of a vibrofluidized bed (VFB) dryer, determination of a drying time, and evaluation of the final moisture content based on application of both adaptation methods.


A calixarene is a macrocycle or cyclic oligomer based on a condensation product of a phenol and an aldehyde [1].[...]


Abstract Background Clinical benefit of cellular immunotherapy has been shown in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We investigated the immunological response and clinical outcome of vaccination with blood-derived myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDCs and pDCs). Methods In this randomized phase IIa trial, 21 chemo-naive CRPC patients received maximally 9 vaccinations with mature mDCs, pDCs or a combination of mDCs plus pDCs. DCs were stimulated with protamine/mRNA and loaded with tumor-associated antigens NY-ESO-1, MAGE-C2 and MUC1. Primary endpoint was the immunological response after DC vaccination, which was monitored in peripheral blood and in T cell cultures of biopsies of post-treatment delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)-skin tests. Main secondary endpoints were safety, feasibility, radiological PFS (rPFS) and OS. Radiological responses were assessed by regular as well as ferumoxtran-10 enriched MRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT scans according to RECIST 1.1, PCWG2 criteria and immune-related response criteria. Results Both tetramer/dextramer-positive (dm+) and IFN-γ-producing (IFN-γ+) DTH-skin test-derived antigen specific T cells were present more frequently in patients with radiological non-progressive disease compared to progressive patients (5/13 (38%) vs. 0/8 (0%)). In dm+ and IFN-γ+ patients median rPFS was 18.8 months vs. 5.1 months in patients without IFN-γ+ antigen-specific T cells (p = 0.02). The overall median rPFS was 9.5 months. All DC vaccines were well tolerated with grade 1-2 toxicity. Immunological outcomes and clinical correlates will be presented. Conclusions Immunotherapy with primary DC subsets induced functional antigen-specific T cells. The presence of functional antigen-specific T cells correlated with longer rPFS. Clinical trial identification NCT02692976. Legal entity responsible for the study Jolanda de Vries and Winald Gerritsen. Funding This work was supported by Stichting Afweer Tegen Kanker, Dr. Paul A.J. Speth Stichting and H2020 EU grant PROCROP (grant No 635122). Carl G. Figdor received ERC Adv Grant PATHFINDER (269019) and the NWO Spinoza grant. I. Jolanda M. de Vries received NWO-Vici grant (918.14.655). Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


We propose a system to support the human activity of understanding source code, which generates two descriptions : English-language explanations and input-output examples of programs. When the Prolog source code is given to our system, it extracts the basic relations are adjusted, they are converted into formal ones. Our system reconsiders these relations globally and reconstructs them. We have implemented a prototype system and have performed experiments that show the effectiveness of our approach. We discuss an extension of our approach which can be applied to procedural languages.


In his recent article "The Cadential Six-Four as Support for ScaleDegree Three of the Fundamental Line" (1990), David Beach offers an analysis of the opening ten measures of Mozart's Piano Sonata K. 283 that differs from one I published in 1979 (the passage and graphs of both analyses appear in Examples 1, a and b). Although we agree that the descent D-C-B-A-G in measures 8-10 is crucially important in bringing this passage to its conclusion, our analyses place that descent at different structural levels. Beach regards the descent as a structural background for the passage, whereas I regard the descent as a middleground motion connecting and filling in two separate structural melodic registers. An important factor in both our decisions is the status of the cadential 6 supporting the B in m. 9. Because I hear the cadential 6 syntactically as a collection of nonharmonic tones on the arrival on the dominant,' I do not hear this B as being supported strongly enough to participate in a fundamental line. Beach regards the cadential 6 as one of two chords "representing a single harmonic function (V)," and he writes that "the common bass note is root of both chords" (p. 81). I leave it to the reader to evaluate the inconsistency in treating the cadential 6 as two chords, one of which resolves into the other, yet both of which are equal in the fundamental line, a contradiction that Beach openly displays; his remark that "in reality there is no conflict, since the six-four must still lead eventually to the five-three over the same harmony" (p. 82) both denies and asserts the contradiction.


A large literature evaluates how virtual agents impact the lives of people with dementia using perceptions of technology. We assess how a home virtual agent from "Living Well with Anne" impacts the quality of life of elderly with dementia rather than only their perceptions of the technology. Assessing impact on life alongside technology perception is pertinent given the importance of a person's perceived quality of daily home life and that positive technology perception does not always lead to actual use. We propose an approach to evaluate assistive technology for elderly people with dementia by assessing impact on life using semi-structured interviews and the QOL-AD scale. A preliminary proof-of-concept study tests whether perceptions of a virtual agent, actual use of the agent and participants' quality of life are related, and whether a virtual agent improves quality of life.


Having presented the genealogy of Europol, and thus the paradigm within which its
representatives have developed their mission, mandate and strategy, this article then highlights
a number of challenges this body now faces. The organization's legitimacy deficit is of prime
importance. At the same time, shifts in national policing and law enforcement practices are
also having considerable impact upon Europol's objectives and working methods. Overall, the
article presents an inventory of the policy shifts that Europol has experienced, before setting
out different scenarios actors are currently envisaging as possible paths for the future.


The invention discloses a selection method of distributed information retrieval sets based on historical click data, wherein the method comprises the steps: 1), a retrieval proxy server performs preprocessing to a query log to extract historical query and click data; 2, the retrieval proxy server computes correlation degree between the historical query and each information set according to the click data; 3), the retrieval proxy server computes comprehensive similarity between the new query and each historical query; 4), the retrieval proxy server selects the most similar historical query according to the comprehensive similarity and computes correlation degree between the new query and each information set according to the historical query and the selected correlation degree between the historical query and each information set;5), the retrieval proxy server selects a plurality of information sets, sends a retrieval request and combines the result returned by the retrieval proxy server to output to a user sending new query. The method has the advantages of high retrieval result accuracy, low network bandwidth consumption, fast response speed and economic and efficient retrieval.


A lot has happened in the field of infection control since Bennett and Brachman produced the last edition of this classic textbook. A continuous parade of pathogens has emerged that could conceivably be introduced into health care settings and become widespread. In 1998, resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus was possible only in theory. Recent transmission of avian influenza from birds to humans did not result in efficient spread from human to human, which raised hopes that such an event would not recur in one's lifetime. The coronavirus was a common cause of mild self-limited upper respiratory tract infections. Smallpox had become a pathogen of historical interest. Although the use of anthrax for purposes of bioterrorism was well recognized, preparation for such an attack was low on the list of local and national priorities. In hindsight, we recognize only too well that increased vigilance to detect and contain these organisms is required from a health care system that has limited resources. Changes in medical technology and treatments have facilitated the emergence of these infectious agents. More patients receive care in nonhospital settings, and rates of infection continue to rise as the population ages and survives illnesses that were previously fatal. Transmission of infection has become an issue of much wider scale and reaches beyond the walls of hospitals and, in some instances, assumes global proportions. Epidemiologists and infection-control practitioners can no longer confine their practices to within acute care hospitals. A bright new cover announces that the latest edition of this textbook has been extensively revised to meet the needs of the 21st century. The new editor, Dr. William Jarvis, has taken the helm and has conscripted an impressive list of experts with national and international perspectives. Although the book title remains Hospital Infections by necessity, the content of the 5th edition clearly focuses on the bigger picture of health care epidemiology and infection control. New chapters discuss important topics that range from hand hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, sterilization, and disinfection to global issues. Public reporting of rates of health care–associated infection and patient safety and making a business case for infection control are also included as areas of recent and significant concern for the field. Not surprisingly, there is also a proliferation of electronic resources for infection-control surveillance and regulatory issues. The index provides an exhaustive listing of potential pathogens, new and old, that have been associated with health care–associated infection; metapneumovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and West Nile virus are just a few of the newer agents listed. The chapter about blood-borne infections is extended well beyond a discussion of HIV. Fungi have also assumed their rightful place as the cause of increasingly important infections that occur in compromised hosts. This book is well written and organized, with up-to-date references and graphics that help to amplify points made in the text. Overall, a "how to do it" format for the neophyte is liberally interspersed with "pearls" for the experienced epidemiologist and practitioner. Needless to say, there is always room to improve even the best textbook. Omissions from this textbook are few. In recent years, acts of terrorism and natural disasters have prompted health care facilities to develop disaster and epidemic preparedness plans. This new and timeconsuming challenge for the infectioncontrol community is mentioned all too briefly. In future editions, a chapter providing some practical guidance would be most welcome. There is some overlap of information between chapters that could be more extensively cross-referenced; mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and infectioncontrol definitions are some examples of redundancy. In addition, there are only so many ways that infections can be clinically defined, transmitted, and prevented, even if they occur in different health care settings. However, when areas of controversy arise, discussion of a topic from multiple viewpoints is always welcome. In summary, Hospital Infections is a most worthy successor to the previous 4 editions. This authoritative textbook will continue to educate newcomers and to provide advice to both experienced epidemiologists and practitioners as they anticipate new challenges in the ever-changing field of health care epidemiology and infection control.


The variation processes of stable isotopic composition of water in hydrological cycle was investigated in Kherlen River basin, eastern Mongolia. The intensive sampling and analysis were conducted on the water samples of precipitation, water vapor in the atmosphere, soil water, groundwater and stream water. The source of water vapor in the forest site and grassland site was validated using the isotope data.


Two kinds of multiple-light-scattering measurements were performed for porous glass plates of several pore radii from 0.15 to 0.50 \ensuremath{\mu}m. One is the measurement of the angular dependence of the backscattered light intensity, and the other is the measurement of the temporal profile of light pulses transmitted through the sample. The measured curves were in very good agreement with the theoretical ones based on the diffusion model in uniform scattering media, and no features specific to the local geometry of porous glass were found. The pore radius dependence of the transport mean free path ${\mathit{l}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ could be explained well by a Mie scattering calculation based on the independent scattering approximation. The transport velocity of light in the porous glasses in the measured range of the pore size calculated from the obtained values of ${\mathit{l}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and the diffusion constants was around 60% of the phase velocity in the bulk glass.


An expression is derived for the minimum mean square error of an s.s.b.a.m. data signal using class 4 partial response coding when distorted by a channel with group delay slope. This result supplements previously published results which describe the effects of group delay sag and ripple. It is shown that the total minimum mean square error from a combination of all three group delay components can be determined by adding the distortion from each component independently.


This article aims to analyze the cost and effect of the unification in defense sector based on following assumptions. First, the year 2030 is set to be the time of the unification and it will be South Korea-led voluntary absorbing unification. The cost range of two Koreas' military integration is estimated by aggregating the cost of each item including the cost of forces integration, unit relocation, and equipments, ammunitions, and obstacles processing. Similarly, this article examines the economic and non-economic effect of defense sector after the unification. Finally, it points out limitations of this study and concludes with suggestions for the unification of two Korea in defense sector.


BackgroundThe diagnosis of bipolar disorder is still one of the key problems in psychiatric clinic. Although DSM-5 has made some important changes, it has not completely changed the missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder.It was very important that diagnostic scale was used in clinic.But the study results of assist diagnostic scale for bipolar disorder should been concluded and analyzed.Bipolarity index was one of assist diagnostic scale,which should be analyzed comprehensively.MethodsWe searched CBM, CNKI , WANFANG and CSSCI in Chinese to find literature from Julyr 31 2004 to July 31 2020 related to Bipolarity Index in diagnosis for bipolar disorder ,among which results such as comments, letters, reviews and case reports were excluded. The rate of sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value in diagnosis was synthesized and discussed.ResultsA total of 1237 subjects were included in 5 studies. Random effect model is used to account for the data by Revman 5.2. The results showed that the sensitivity of BI in diagnostic was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.93–1.00), the specificity was 85% (95% CI: 0.69–0.96). the positive predict value was 74% (95% CI: 0.53–0.91).the negative predict value was 95% (95% CI: 0.81–1.00).and accuracy was 86% (95% CI: 0.77–0.93). Significant heterogeneity was detected across studies regarding these incidence estimates. ConclusionThe idea diagnostic value of BI was found. although the significant heterogeneity detected in studies.We must interpret the results with caution and also put attention to this result,which include comparison to other diagnostic scale,perfecting sue of BI in clinical psychiatry.


Organic soil is considered as an unfavorable soil for construction. It has high water content, lower solid content, high compressibility and low strength. In case of construction of structures on organic soil, it involves the risk of ground failure and extreme settlement. Due to these reasons stabilization of organic soil is necessary before construction of any structure. This study investigates the influence of fly ash addition on the behavior of organic soils with varying organic contents. The soil is stabilized with the addition of different percentages fly ash such as 10%, 20% and 30%. 10% cement and inorganic silt was also used to stabilize the soils for comparison with fly ash. The increase in strength and stiffness depends on the pozzolanic reactions, water content, characteristics of fly ash, organic content of the soil. Soil organic content is a detrimental characteristic for stabilization. The strength properties were determined by unconfined compression test. The strength of stabilized soil was compared with untreated soil and it was found that the strength was increased. The strength gained because of fly ash was not as much as that of cement but it was greater than strength gained because of inorganic silt or the untreated soil.


This is an attempt towards the understanding of the (birational) Kaehler cone of a compact hyperkaehler manifold in terms of the Beauville-Bogomolov form on its second cohomology. We discuss birational correspondences between hyperkaehler manifolds and their effects on the cohomology. Many of the results are conjectural in as much as they depend on a projectivity criterion for compact hyperkaehler manifolds contained in this paper's predecessor, but in which a serious mistake has oocured. An erratum is given in Sect. 6 and a way to rescue the approach is proposed in Sect. 7.


Time-modulated helium (He) ion energy (e.g. VBias  =  −50  +  25·sin(2πfRF · t), fRF  =  13.56 MHz) is demonstrated to strongly affect the development of tungsten (W) surface morphology that results from He plasma irradiation in the DIONISOS linear plasma experiment. Nano-tendril bundles (NTBs), which appear as isolated 'islands' of nano-tendrils, can rapidly grow on an otherwise smooth W surface. This is in contrast to previously seen full-surface coverage of nano-tendril growth known as 'fuzz'. When tall NTBs form, less than 15% of the surface contains nano-tendrils. The NTB surface coverage changes with growth conditions and the total volume of nano-tendrils in the NTBs is observed to be up to a factor of 16 larger than when fuzz is grown. This indicates that long-range W surface transport underlies nano-tendril formation. Surface temperature 870–1220 K, the DC bias potential  −30 to  −70 V, and the ion flux density 4.4  ×  1021–1.1  ×  1022 He · m−2 · s−1 are varied in the experiments. NTBs form at similar conditions as fuzz with the critical difference being the RF modulation of the ion energy bombarding the W, another indication of the importance of W surface transport. Mass loss measurements indicate net erosion with a yield of 1–8  ×  10−4 W/He when NTBs form; erosion that is not attributable to chemical or physical sputtering by He or impurities in the plasma. The erosion is correlated to the NTB growth, based on post-exposure inspection by electron microscopy indicating that NTBs are prone to loss from the surface. NTB growth is compared to the empirical growth-erosion model of fuzz, showing NTBs grow up to a factor of 100 times taller than the expected fuzz layer depth under DC bias conditions. Insights into nano-tendril growth provided by this new growth regime are discussed. Strategies to mitigate W fuzz growth may inadvertently result in rapid localized nano-tendril bundle growth with a higher probability of dust production.


The introduction of species is an important global threat to native ecosystems and yet little is known about invasion risks of non-native bees. Moreover, urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world with impact on the bee fauna. The city of Curitiba (Brazil) could be considered a model system for studies under this scope, with historical samplings and monitoring programs since the 1940s. This paper aims to quantify the current ecological impact of the non-native bee species present in Curitiba by using an integrative measure of impact and to define their current population status by classifying them into a unified framework for biological invasions. Ten sites were actively sampled in the metropolitan area of Curitiba during ten months. In addition to Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, we found two others non-native species, Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758) and Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811. None of them changed the native bee community structure, but they got different values of impact due to their ranges and abundances. While the honeybee is a known invasive species, A. manicatum was also considered invasive and has persisted in the city since the 1940s, interacting with the non-native plant Leonurus japonicus Houtt. M. scutellaris, a cultivated stingless bee species, had its first record for the city and fits the casual non-native category. We suggest monitoring the non-native bee species and actions centered on beekeepers to avoid future illegal introductions. The honey production or hobby interest on stingless bees can offer additional obstacles for species conservation when decoupled of scientific knowledge. A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 14 January 2020 Accepted 19 April 2020 Available online 08 June 2020 Associate Editor: Eduardo Almeida