Abstract The 'resource charge" and "abatement subsidy" approaches to industrial pollution control are assessed as alternatives to the current policy of "judicial action." Economic theory, which approaches abatement from a "non-crisis" position tends to support the charge alternative due to its economic efficiency. When assessing abatement from a "crisis" perspective, however, such non-economic factors as time, political manipulation, and public support become important. Behaviorist literature suggests that policy based on positive rather than negative reinforcement (or incentive) may be more applicable under crisis conditions. Thus, it is concluded that a subsidy program (based on positive reinforcement) may be the more adequate policy for bringing about short-run change.


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The author of the article speaks about the necessity to improve Russian system of state accreditation experts training. The author gives recommendations on changing the system of experts training, i.e. its contents, duration, forms and methods, informational, training and methodological support; the given recommendations are based on the best European practices in this sphere, current legislation framework in Russia, main educational tendencies and experienced experts' opinion.


The influence of tension on the Thomson effect in wires has been investigated by Nettleton's method. For pianoforte steel, charcoal iron, constantan and nickel, the Thomson coefficient numerically decreases with tension until the elastic limit is reached, after which it increases. With removal and restoration of tension a new definite cycle is followed. The Thomson effect in tungsten, here measured for the first time, increases with tension and also follows a cycle. No change in the Thomson effect is noticed in brass or German silver. Heterogeneity was not present in the specimens investigated.


Discussions about the ethical and social impacts of the new reproductive and genetic technologies have tended to be dominated by concerns that have originated in European and North American societies. In this paper, we explore perspectives on these issues from a distinctively Asian perspective. Using a questionnaire-based descriptive study, we examined the attitudes of 36 Sri Lankan Medical Officers following a course preparing them for the Master of Surgery (Obstetrics and Gynaecology) Part I examination in Colombo. The survey highlights an extremely positive response to many aspects of the new technologies in contrast to the long-standing ambivalence towards prenatal diagnosis and the prospect of therapeutic termination. We end by discussing some of the ways in which ideas about re-birth and fate may influence the reception of the new technologies among some doctors.


In the 16th century, the Portuguese medicine underwent changes that reflected the experimentalism provided by the Iberian overseas expansion. Inheritors of the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition, Portuguese doctors insisted on the reproductive functions of women's bodies and created explanations and remedies for problems related to menstruation and childbirth. This tradition was transplanted and adapted to Brazil, where it was confronted with new practices of cures. In this article, I will analyze the ways of thinking the body of women in this colonial encounter based on the official discourse of medical treaties. Afterwards, I confront this discourse with the medical practices used in the Captaincy of Paraiba, based on manuscripts of Portuguese and Brazilian archives.


The research has proved that the spectrum of methods of psychological defense considerably varies depending on the degree of religiosity of a person. The work shows that religiosity has a function of additional protection for a person and fulfills a compensatory function.


Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Yiqi Jianxin Decoction(decoction for reinforcing qi to promote functions of heart) on patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy(PPCM).Methods Seventy patients were randomly divided into 2 groups,35 in each.The control group was administered standard western medical therapy,and the treated group was administered both Yiqi Jianxin Decoction and western medicine.Symptoms,signs and heart function before and after treatment were observed for comparison.Results In the treated group,the improvement of clinical symptoms and signs,such as chest distress,palpitation,asthmatic breathing,fatigue and arrhythmia,and parameters of heart function about cardiac output(CO),stroke volume(SV),cardiac index(CI),left ventricular eject fraction(EF) and gradation of heart function was significantly superior to that in the control group(P0.05).The total effective rate in the treated group and control group was 94.29% and 77.14% respectively with a significant difference(P0.01).Conclusion The effect of Yiqi Jianxin Decoction on PPCM is suppurior to that of routine western medical therapy.


Blood culture is one of the most important tests performed in clinical microbiology laboratories. However, blood culture contamination remains a problematic cause of diagnostic errors for laboratory diagnosis and patient management. This aim of this study was to determine blood culture contamination rates and tendency at Westchester Medical Center (WMC), a tertiary teaching hospital in suburban New York City.

 All blood culture tests at WMC received from January 2017 to December 2018, as well as some historical data from 2007 to 2014, were retrospectively retrieved. Blood culture contamination rates were determined according to the laboratory's predefined criteria.

 From 2007 to 2014, a total of 209,750 blood cultures were performed with an average contamination rate of 1.6% (ranging from 0.4% to 3.5% monthly). The total numbers of blood cultures performed in 2017 and 2018 were 27,863 and 28,047, respectively. The overall positive rate of blood culture was 6.8% in 2017 and 7.6% in 2018. The contamination rate of blood culture was 0.6% in 2017 and 0.9% in 2018 with very few variations among different months of the year, which was significantly lower than that of the national benchmark (~2.5%) on blood culture contamination. The majority of contaminants were Staphylococcus epidermidis, accounting for 87% of source contamination, followed by Corynebacterium species (5.5%), Bacillus species and Micrococcus species (3.5% each), and Propionibacterium species (0.5%).

 Adherence to current guideline on appropriate blood collection techniques and monthly monitoring and timely feedback to phlebotomists should be continued to keep a low contamination rate for blood culture, which is not only from the perspective of individual patient care but also from the standpoint of hospital epidemiology and public health.


We have now seen how to calculate the average velocity between two positions. However, since objects in the real world move continuously through space and time, we would like to find the velocity of an object at any single point. We can find the velocity of the object anywhere along its path by using some fundamental principles of calculus. This section gives us better insight into the physics of motion and will be useful in later chapters.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for identifying and evaluating arteries of the distal calf and foot in diabetic patients with severe arterial occlusive disease who will undergo distal bypass surgery.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Twenty-four feet of 24 consecutive patients with diabetes and limb-threatening lower extremity ischemia were prospectively imaged using an ultrafast three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequence on a 1.5-T MR scanner. All patients also underwent DSA of the diseased extremity within 5 days. Images were interpreted in a randomized manner by two observers in conference. Each lower extremity was divided into seven potential arterial segments. Image analysis included the detection of patent, stenosed, or occluded vessel segments. A vascular surgeon formulated treatment plans on the basis of findings from DSA and then formulated treatment plans on the basis of findings from both DSA and MR angiography.

RESULTS
MR angiography was significantly better than DSA in revealing peripheral runoff vessels (p < 0.001). In nine (38%) of the 24 patients, MR angiography showed patent pedal vessels suitable for distal bypass grafting that were not revealed by DSA. Because of the results of MR angiography, treatment plans changed in seven of the nine patients in whom patent vessels were subsequently used as target vessels for distal pedal bypass grafts.

CONCLUSION
Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography is superior to DSA in revealing patent vessel segments of the foot in diabetic patients with severe arterial occlusive disease. Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography should be part of the diagnostic algorithm for patients in whom pedal bypass grafting is a therapeutic option.


In this paper the second and the third generalized Hamming weight of Melas codes are computed and results on the second generalized Hamming weight of dual Melas codes are obtained. The authors' main tool is the theory of elliptic curves over finite fields.


Experts' attention has recently shifted to sentiment classification because of its applications in a variety of fields. In the past two decades, scientists have developed various multidisciplinary methodologies for sentiment analysis (SA) to enhance classification accuracy. Initial studies in sentiment analysis concentrated mostly on structured customer product and service reviews. However, academics have abruptly shifted their focus to unstructured data because of the availability of real-time messages via Twitter. Information considered to be more valuable is taken from tweets that express a point of view. There are a variety of programs, such as sentimentor, designed expressly for assessing the feelings of tweets. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the several available SA methodologies, from the earliest to the most recent and accurate. Further the paper presents emotion detection in political tweets about an individual using various supervised machine learning (ML) approaches under different training rates. Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM) by incorporating it with the Salp swarm optimization algorithm (SSA) is investigated under different training rates and with different data sets. Experimental results depicts that proposed KELM optimized by SSA attains improved performance compared to KNN, SVM, and Ensemble Classifiers.


  Darío Baptista and Fernando Morgado-Dias  Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute and Centro de Competências de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira Campus da Penteada, 9000-039 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. Tel:+351 291-705150/1, Fax: +351 291-705199  Abstract: This paper describes the development of an artificial neuron using the blocks from the library of System Generator. The advantage of using System Generator's block is the ease of conversion to HDL language and the facility of implementation into FPGA. The first solution presented here consists of an efficient method of "query-by-table" (lookup table). In this method, the function's values are pre-calculated and stored in a table. The second set of solutions consists in implementing third degree polynomials. For the polynomial implementation three methods were developed using different hardware for the multiplication: Booth's algorithm, 2's complement and Digital Signal processors. The best solution describes the hyperbolic tangent with an error equal to 1x10. Copyright CONTROLO2012


Abstract : The article discusses the super-radiation (1760 A) of liquid xenon which has been excited by a powerful electron beam.


Identification of extremely high levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence divergence within reptiles from North Africa is commonplace. This high divergence often compares with interspecific levels among widely accepted species, leading to the hypothesis of the occurrence of species complexes. Indeed, in many examples, data from nuclear markers support such taxonomic recognition. Such is the case of two recently recognized ocellated lizard species of the genus Timon, T. nevadensis, from Spain, and T. kurdistanicus, from the Middle East, which both showed notable genetic differentiation from their sister taxa. In North Africa, highly divergent mtDNA lineages of Timon tangitanus were previously identified but not corroborated with nuclear markers. Here we expand geographic sampling across the range of Timon tangitanus and complement mtDNA sequences with data from nuclear markers (MC1R and ACM4). We identify four divergent mtDNA lineages, at a level similar to some reptile species. However, the nuclear markers show limited differentiation and lack of lineage sorting. This and some other recent assessments within reptiles discourage the use of mtDNA data alone as a proxy for taxonomic units, demonstrating once more the need for integrative taxonomic approaches.


This article presents the results of the analysis of a number of linguistic metaphors found in a corpus of opinion articles published in the Spanish newspaper El País. The authors included in the corpus, who tend towards the left of the political spectrum, use metaphor to express moral judgements on the actions and decisions of the conservative, centre-right People's party (Partido Popular or PP), which governs Spain with an overall majority. With the aim of describing this discourse, we have undertaken a qualitative analysis with a conceptual framework deriving from CDA and cognitive linguistics. First, therefore, we have made use of the methodology developed by Steen and the Pragglejaz group to extract the discourse units that could be considered as the lexical expression of an underlying mapping between domains, that is, the metaphors; second, according to the descriptions of Talmy, Croft, Sweetser, Sullivan, and Dancygier and Sweetser, we have verified that the different types of grammatical structure in which the lexical items appeared also indicated the existence of a metaphorical thought process; and third, in the words of van Dijk, we have studied the ideological semantics underlying conceptual structures and conceptual content. As we have demonstrated, all the samples of linguistic metaphors found led readers to construct the same interpretation of the meaning: The Spanish People's party government is the past, a past that provokes rejection and which was thought to be definitively ended.


and adjustments. This was a risk the Iraqi regime could ill afford. With an eye toward keeping his high command content after the costly and indecisive war with Iran, Saddam needed a quick and tangible victory. His self-declared, charismatic mantle also needed another rallying cause if it was to survive. Thus came the Kuwaiti invasion. If there indeed was a conspiracy to lure Iraq into a war with the United States, Rezun, or anyone else for that matter, has yet to offer concrete evidence of it. To the observer not privy to secret intelligence data, the whole conflict appeared more like a series of miscalculations on the part of all of the countries involved. Iraq miscalculated the international resolve to liberate a country it saw as artificial and ruled over by a bunch of corrupt cousins. The United States and its allies, on the other hand, mistook Iraq's determination to hold onto Kuwait, thinking that Saddam would be intimidated at the sight of the overwhelming armada that was beginning to gather in the deserts of Saudi Arabia. But Saddam would not be deterred, for backing off against the United States was tantamount to political suicide, even if it was militarily prudent. "The mother of all battles," which never came, was the final miscalculation. Despite its shortcomings as a serious work of scholarship, Saddam Hussein's Gulf Wars does offer a brief and lucid journalistic account of Iraq's two recent wars. By highlighting the dates, events, and personalities involved in both, the book serves as a useful source for quick reference. On page 96, however, the French president, Francois Mitterand, is mistakenly given the rank of prime minister.


The emerging coding standard H.264 is mainly intended for video transmission in all areas where bandwidth or storage capacity is limited (e.g. video telephony or video conferencing over mobile channels and devices). Since its main applications concern video communication over time-varying bandwidth channels, the bit rate has to be controlled with scalable algorithms that can be implemented on low resource devices. The paper describes a rate control algorithm that needs reduced memory area and complexity compared to other ones. The number of coded bits for each frame can be accurately predicted through the percentage of null quantized coefficients. It is possible to reduce the hardware requirements of the original technique through a parametric model: in this way coefficient statistics storage is not needed and the whole rate control algorithm becomes more suitable for low-resource devices.


The Forfas report, Sharing Our Future: Ireland 2025 provides a long term assessment of what is required to develop a competitive sustainable enterprise sector. It identifies the forces of change that should influence the choices we make, outlines key trends and uncertainties facing the enterprise sector in Ireland and proposes key strategic policy areas for action.


Defining the requirements is the first step in the system design process. It is important to determine the successful or failure of the system. Requirement model is one of the techniques used to model out the requirements. This model will give a complete view of the system and represent idea without have to build an actual system. This project aims to create a requirement model for circular document management system (CDMS) using
Unified Modeling Language (UML) based document and made up the necessitate validity through the prototype. Suggestion of CDMS is to solve the problem occur in circular document management in organization. Three main phases are involved in this project to create the requirement model, which are define requirements, analyze requirement and validate requirement model. In addition, a set of analysis result of
existing requirement models are produced. Based on the analysis done, requirement for CDMS are produced. Beside that, requirement model of CDMS , which is consists of
use case diagram, use case specification, class diagram, interaction diagram, activity diagram and requirement list of CDMS also been created. This requirement model provides a guideline in developing others document management system by specifies a solution that is right for the user's needs.


The objective of this study was to explore a new method of using thermography to analyze the local climate of industrialized areas by observing the main source of pollution and finding correlations between pictures from a thermographic camera and selected climatic conditions and pollution data. We converted pictures into numerical data expressing the number of pixels in different shades of greyscale. We used these to create a ratio and observed its relation to selected climatic conditions including aerosols, humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, carbon oxide, sulphur dioxide, benzene, nitrogen dioxide, and surface ozone. The detection of significant correlations suggests that this method is applicable in the area of environmental research.


Based on two sets of dynamic equilibrium differential equations for plates under initial load effect,which were respectively expressed as general and polar coordinate forms to fit different boundary conditions. The approximate solutions of fundamental frequencies under initial load effect for the simply supported rectangular plate,the clamped rectangular plate,the simply supported equilateral triangular plate,the clamped elliptic plate,the clamped circular plate and the simply supported circular plate,were derived with the Galerkin method. These approximate solutions were verified with the finite element method under initial load effect,which clearly illustrated the initial load effect and corresponding factors that influence the plates' fundamental frequencies. Initial load effect on fundamental frequencies of the above 6 typical plates was analyzed with these solutions. Due to initial load effect,bending stiffnesses of the plates increased,and their fundamental frequencies rose. The key physical factors governing the initial load effect on the plates are the initial load magnitude,the ratio of span to thickness and the boundary conditions,etc. The bigger the initial loads and the smaller the bending stiffnesses of the plates are,the higher the initial load effect on the fundamental frequencies is. This initial load effect is obvious and should not be neglected in the design and analysis of plates.


In this experiment, the question if the emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from transport in Austria have an influence on the yearly average temperature in Innsbruck will be treated. This is done by comparing the trends of transport emissions and average temperature, as well as obtaining the correlation between those two variables.


The purpose of this study is to verify the learning effect of domestic flipped learning in meta - analysis. We collected a total of 95 studies on flipped learning effectiveness published in Korea by 2017, of which 59 are dissertations and thesis and 36 are academic papers. The results were analyzed using CMA program. First, the learning effect of flipped learning was .58, which showed that the learning effect was higher than the lecture class. Second, the effect size of cognitive, affirmative, and interpersonal domains showed significant effects of flipped learning in all three domains. Third, the learning effect of flipped learning is influenced by the type of publishing, school type, core subject, when the type of publication are dissertation and thesis, when the type of school is high school. Based on the results, this study suggested implications for the design and implementation of flipped learning in Korea.


Here we describe effects of neuroactive peptides, vasopressin, vasopressin fragment, and its analog, NC-1900, on cognitive functions and CO2-induced amnesia. Vasopressin (AVP1-9 ) and its fragments are synthesized in the central nervous, and it is well known to regulate diuretic action. However, vasopressin receptors are distributed not only in the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus but also throughout the central nervous system. This fact shows that an action of AVP1-9 is not restricted to the anti- diuretic action, and it is suggested that AVP1-9 and its metabolites regulate cognitive function such as learn- ing and memory. In order to determine the mechanism of action of a new AVP4-9 analog, NC-1900, on memory process, we investigated the facilitative effect of NC-1900 on memory performance in eight-arm radial maze and in passive avoidance (PA) tasks in nonamnesic and amnesic mice. The improved effect of NC-1900 on the CO2 -induced amnesia was caused by V1A receptor but not V2, and the effect of NC-1900 on memory retention test performance appeared to be due to activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway via V1A receptors.


Purpose: LungCancer represents the major reason for mortality in the modern society. The disease is usually diagnosed in the advanced stage. External beam radiation therapy is the essential component in the treatment of stage 3 Non Small Cell and Small Cell Lungcancer patients. IMRT proved as preferred technique above conformal 3 D in term of sparing lungtissue and subsequent radiation pneumonitis. In our work we investigated the impact of innovate technique of combination of 3 D and IMRT on dose distribution in centrally located lungcancer patients. The rational of combination is based on the inability of IMRT technique to provide the oppositional fields arrangement desired in order to avoid the additional lungtissue Methods: Three treatment plans were generated for seven patients with lungcancer. For every patient 3 D conformal, IMRT and combined 3D and IMRT plans were compared for V5, V10, V20, V 30 and mean dose of the lung DVH, maximal dose to the esophagus and spinal cord Results: The DVH of the lung in three comparative plans for 3D, IMRT and combined plans for the total lung ‐GTV was as follow: V5‐63.2±8.6%, 63.9± 9.2%, 56.6± 11.4%; V10‐53.07± 10.1, 52.3± 11.2, 38.8± 9.6; V20‐27.6± 6.7, 31.1± 7.0, 20.6± 2.3; V30‐14.3±4.6, 13.36± 0.37, 14.96± 1.22 respectively. The maximal doses to esophagus was 53.21± 3.05, 54.4± 4.67, 52.3± 4.5 Gy respectively. Maximal dose to the spinal cord was 42.5± 2.9, 39.58± 1.2 and 43.7± 4.5 Gy respectively Conclusions: Combined 3 D and IMRT technique results in better lungtissue sparing comparing to other treatment plans


Within the general objective of analyzing and modeling the processability of polypropylene and of its short fiber composites, a statistical analysis of the relationship between processing conditions and final properties has been performed applying modern experimental design concepts. In order to gather the largest amount of information with a manageable quantity of experiments, Taguchi methods were used for the design of injection molding tests and for the analysis of experimental fiber orientation and impact strength results. Two levels of each variable of interest were selected, and the results of the analysis not only show which of the processing variables are predominant but also show that interactions between variables must be taken into account. The approach presented here offers a viable route to the scaling-up of the injection molding process through the reduction of the number of variables in the prediction of the processing behavior of semicrystalline polymers and of their composites.


, Abstract Purpose— To assess in children with optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) whether newborn screening (NBS) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements can detect central hypothyroidism and whether newborn TSH or subsequent thyroidal status is associated with visual function. Methods— A subset of patients in the registry of children with ONH at Children's Hospital Los Angeles who were born in California was used to make a retrospective comparison of NBS TSH levels and subsequent postnatal thyroid status. Another subset of registry subjects with vision and thyroid status data at age 5 years was assessed for the relationship of vision to NBS TSH levels and ultimate thyroidal status. Results— A total of 135 subjects from the ONH registry were included in this study. Approximately 50% of subjects in each analysis were hypothyroid. Those diagnosed with hypothyroidism had lower median NBS TSH levels than did euthyroid subjects (3.2 vs 4.5 μ IU/ mL; P = 0.006) and significantly worse quantitative vision outcomes (median visual acuity, logMAR 3.0 vs 1.0; P = 0.039). Receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested an optimal NBS TSH cut-point of 3.3 μ IU/mL. Serum TSH over this level (30/43) was associated with relatively better vision outcomes (median visual acuity, logMAR 1.2 vs 3.3; P = 0.04). Conclusions— Children with ONH and lower NBS TSH levels are more likely to have central hypothyroidism and less likely to experience good vision than those with higher NBS TSH levels.


Background: This study purposed to construct a widely accepted prognostic nomogram in Chinese high-grade osteosarcoma (HOS) patients aged ≤ 30 years to provide insight into predicting 5-year overall survival (OS).

Methods: Data of 503 consecutive HOS patients at our centre between 12/2012 and 05/2019 were retrospectively collected. The 84 clinical features, routine laboratory haematological and biochemical testing indicators of each patient at the time of diagnosis were collected. A prognostic nomogram model for predicting OS was constructed based on Cox proportional hazards model. The performance was assessed by concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic curve and calibration curve. The utility was evaluated by decision curve analysis.

Findings: The 5-year OS was 52.1% and 2.6% for the nonmetastatic and metastatic patients, respectively. The nomogram included nine important variables based on a multivariate analysis: tumour stage, surgical type, metastasis, preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycle, postoperative metastasis time, mean corpuscular volume, tumour-specific growth factor, gamma-glutamyl transferase and creatinine. The calibration curve showed that the nomogram was able to predict 5-year OS accurately. The C-index of the nomogram for OS prediction was 0.795 (range, 0.703-0.887). Moreover, the decision curve analysis curve also demonstrated the clinical benefit of this model.

Interpretation: The nomogram provides an individualized risk estimate of the 5-year OS in patients with HOS aged ≤ 30 years in a Chinese population-based cohort.

Funding Statement: This work was financially funded by the National Science Foundation of China (No. U1702283, 81972764, 81960488, 81760520, 81560471), the Joint Special Funds for the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province-Kunming Medical University (No. 2017FE467-073, 2018FE001-060, 2019FE001-152, 2019FE001-078), the Scientific Research Projects of Internal Research Institutions of Medicine (Nos. 2017NS196, 2017NS197, 2018NS069, 2018NS070), the Medical Leaders of Yunnan Province (No. D-201603), the Foundation of the Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders of Yunnan Province (No. 2017HB051), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M643798XB), Training program for 100 Young and middle-aged Academic and technical backbones of Kunming Medical University and the Major Scientific and Technological Achievement Cultivation Project of Kunming Medical University (No. CGPY201703).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics Approval Statement: All human tissue experiments were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital). Written informed consent forms for the experimental studies were obtained from the patients or their guardians.


Overweight and obesity affects approximately 20% of Australian pre‐schoolers. The general practice nurse (PN) workforce has increased in recent years; however, little is known of PN capacity and potential to provide routine advice for the prevention of child obesity. This mixed methods pilot study aims to explore the current practices, attitudes, confidence and training needs of Australian PNs surrounding child obesity prevention in the general practice setting.


Abstract Background The development of the ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria for psychosis over 20 years ago created a new framework for research into subthreshold states in psychiatry. Since (i) early clinical phenotypes are overlapping and non-specific, and (ii) prevention research faces the challenge of achieving adequate statistical power when focusing on low incidence syndromes such as schizophrenia, we introduce an extension of the UHR approach in order to encompass trans-diagnostic targets. The 'CHARMS' (Clinical High at Risk Mental State) study aims to validate a set of pluripotential criteria to prospectively identify help-seeking young people at risk of developing a range of serious mental disorders. Methods The CHARMS study is a cohort study of help-seeking young people aged 12–25 attending youth mental health services in Melbourne, Australia. New referrals meeting the CHARMS criteria are allocated to the CHARMS+ group; referrals under CHARMS threshold are allocated to CHARMS- (control) group. Transition status and clinical/functional outcomes are re-assessed at 6 and 12 months. The CHARMS criteria consist of subthreshold states for psychosis, mania, severe depression and borderline personality disorder. A range of clinical predictors, including anxiety, stress, sleep/circadian disturbance, and cognitive biases are being assessed as well. Results To date, a sample of N=73 participants have been recruited: N=49 (67%) met CHARMS criteria (CHARMS+) at baseline with N=24 (33%) allocations to the control group (CHARMS-). Of these, N=48 participants have been followed up to 6 months and a sample of N=35 has been followed up to 12 months. At 6 months, 32% of the CHARMS+ group have transitioned to a full-threshold mental disorder which increased to 37% at 12 month follow-up. 0% of the CHARMS- control group has transitioned. Discussion Our initial results indicate that the CHARMS criteria can be applied in the context of a youth mental health service and validly identify help-seeking young people at substantial risk of progressing to serious mental disorder over a short time frame (within 12 months). This study is the first to introduce and validate a set of clinical criteria to identify a broader 'at risk' patient population, and represents an important advance from the UHR for psychosis approach. It will foster understanding of risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms that drive the onset of severe mental disorder transdiagnostically and introduce a new case identification paradigm for the next generation of preventive intervention trials.


Objective It is to observe the preventive effect of fibrinogenase on experimental cerebral infarction and the influence on the level of plasma thrombus precursor protein( Tp P). Methods 50 SD rats were divided into sham-operation group,model group,and Low,Middle and High dose of fibrinogenase group with 10 rats in each; in which pre-operative treatment for 30 min,a single iv dose of 1,2 and 4 IU /10 g of fibrinogenase was given for the three groups( Low dose group,Middle dose group,High dose group) respectively,and sham- operation group and model group were given normal saline as same capacity. At 6- hour after operation,the blood and brain were taken to measure the infarct area and the concentration of Tp P.Results The percentage of cerebral infarction area of Low,Middle and High dose of fibrinogenase group was( 13. 12 ±5. 26) %,( 10. 60 ± 4. 01) % and( 5. 31 ± 2. 53) % respectively,and for model group was( 30. 75 ± 6. 23) %. The concentration of Tp P Low,Middle and High dose of fibrinogenase group was( 29. 10 ± 6. 31) μg / m L,( 23. 96 ± 4. 25) μg / m L and( 12. 33 ± 4. 02) μg/m L,for model group was( 46. 09 ± 10. 52) μg/m L. The percentage of cerebral infarction area and the levels of Tp P of Low,Middle and High does of fibrinogenase group were significantly lower than those of model group( all P 0. 05),and the percentage of cerebral infarction area of High does of fibrinogenase group was markedly lower than that of Low does of fibrinogenase group( P 0. 05),and the Tp P concentration was markedly lower than those of Middle and Low does of fibrinogenase group( all P 0. 05). Conclusion Fibrinogenase has a preventive effect on cerebral infarction and can reduce the Tp P concentration in blood.


Recent couple counseling research has identified the common factors in long-term relationships. With this increased understanding of common factors, couple counselors can focus on interventions that affect common factors to improve couple relationships. Researchers have found the focus on improving common factors in couple relationships is effective in improving couple stability and satisfaction. Although researchers have not considered couple play as an intervention to affect common factors, couples counselors and theorists have proposed a strong relationship between play and successful, long-term couple relationships. The research on adult play and humor also support the possibility for couple play as an intervention in couples counseling. The possible positive effects of couple play on common factors and implications for interventions are discussed.


Because of the reactivity of oxygen with biologically impor tan t compounds, e.g. unsaturated lipids, SH-conta in ing proteins and cofactors, and redox compounds (see review by Haugaard , 1968), cells in aerobic envi ronments require some mean(s) for protect ion from indiscr iminate oxidation. Since the superoxide free radical, O2, is apparently a major product of the reaction of 02 with reduced compounds (Misra and Fridovich, 1972), Fridovich and co-workers have proposed an 02 protective mechanism based on the O~--scavenging enzyme, superox ide d i s m u t a s e (SOD) (McCord and Fridovich, 1969; McCord et al., 1971; Gregory and Fridovich, 1973 a). This report describes the combined occurrence of the following physiological characteris t ics in a m u t a n t s t ra in of the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana (Shihira and Krauss): (a) resistance to high part ial pressures of 02, (b) resistance to the O~--genera t ing antibiotic, streptonigrin, and (c) resistance to UV irradiat ion. The mutan t also contained a 3.5-fold higher level of SOD when grown under air than did the wild-type strain. These correlat ions provide substantial evidence tha t an 02 detoxification system (probably involving SOD) functions to protect the mutan t s train from, not only 02 toxicity, but also, some fract ion of UV-media ted damage.


Background : The aims of this study were to evaluate whether genotypes of Helicobacter pylori are different between the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb in order to assess the roles of duodenal H. pylori strains in development of duodenal ulcer. Methods : Forty-eight H. pylori infected patients (duodenal ulcer 28, chronic gastritis 20) were included for the study. Biopsy specimens were taken separately from the antrum and duodenal bulb for the histologic examination and H. pylori culture. cagA, vacA, and iceA genotypes of H. pylori were examined by polymerase chain reaction and H. pylori DNA subtypes by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Results : H. pylori genotypes were not significantly different between antrum and duodenal bulb of the duodenal ulcer and chronic gastritis. RAPD fingerprinting showed different H. pylori strains between the gastric antrum and duodenal bulb in 2 patients with duodenal ulcer. Most prevalent genotype was cagA+ vacA s1/m1 iceA1 in duodenal ulcer (15/16). Conclusion : The host factor or other genotypes may play the major roles in duodenal ulcerogenesis compared with H. pylori genotype itself.


Because of the limitation in the imaging system, videos captured by mobile devices are usually noisy. In this paper, a noise robust fast video encoding scheme is proposed based on Retinex theory. The reflectance image is estimated in a co-analysis module by Retinex theory, within which the content similarity is detected to conduct the encoding process. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed encoding scheme provides an average of 18.42 times higher encoding speed relative to the existing approaches without sacrificing the subjective quality.


With the proposition of experimental economics, for solve the problem that the research on the evolution of enterprise clusters has been mainly in theoretical and empirical research for a long time, it makes us study the evolution of enterprise clusters possible through building the mathematical model and the advanced simulation tools. Based on the theory of MAS and the ACE model, a multi-Agent model to simulate the evolution of enterprise clusters has been built and the agglomeration effect and Matthew effect about the enterprise clusters has been researched. At last, it is verified that this model has a high degree of fitting with the evolution process of the enterprise clusters in reality by NetLogo Simulation test.


The fundamental modes of conservation tillage are little tillage,no-tillage and the remnant stubble coverage.The definition and advantages of conservation tillage were discussed,the developing process of conservation tillage in peanut production was reviewed,and the problems and solutions of peanut conservation tillage were put forward.Finally,the developing prospects of conservation tillage in peanut production were also discussed.


The article first proposed the concept of "green demographic bonus".The purpose is to analyze whether the "demographic dividend" brought about environmental problems and in economic development and to put resource costs into the demographic dividend in order to eliminate the environmental costs of "demographic dividend".Through qualitative analysis,it is determined that demographic dividend contains the "environmental costs";that is,the demographic dividend caused resource degradation,environmental pollution and ecological damage,resulting in economic losses.Using the framework of Hartwick-Solow model and optimizing production function of neoclassical growth model designed a summary model which can adjust "demographic dividend" for "green demographic dividend";the results of adjusting show the true economic growth effect arising from the restructuring of population reproduction.Several issues should be noticed: ① Expenditure of pollution control.On the basis of taking environmental service as the environmental output,environmental pollution value is treated as the reduction of the output and should be removed from the output.② Transnational pollution problems.Countries in the world should calculate by the same way and the expenditure of pollution control should not be included in population dividend.③ Influence of technology change.If technology change elements are not included in the mode of adjusting population dividend,green population dividend will be underestimated.④ Newly found resources problems.We suggest that newly explored resources will be included in green population dividend according to the current marginal cost pricing.


Introduces a feature dimension reduction method called channel fusion, and a criterion for redundant channel detection called effective map distance. Channel fusion locally reduces the feature dimension by replacing the redundant channel pair with a single channel, suppressing the map distance between the two models. It is applicable to network model switching such as pruning hidden layer units and reducing input channels. Effective map distance is a measure of discrepancy in the models before and after the channel reduction, which can be defined for any dimension reduction strategy. The two methods were applied to the feature extraction layer of a network for image texture classification. Improvements both in the classification rate and the training speed were observed when the methods were used during the training, which dynamically enabled us to switch the model for efficient feature extraction.


Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a progressive and most often, irreversible decline in renal function. Changes in the oral cavity, such as periodontitis, oral candidiasis, xerostomia, halitosis, dental caries and other manifestations, are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. Only a few studies have been done to establish the relationship between different oral manifestations in various stages of CKD. Hence this study was conducted to analyze the presence of oral diseases in adults with CKD and explore the association between the various oral manifestations in different stages of CKD. Methods: 100 patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in various stages grouped by Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) were screened. 89 patients who met the selection criteria were enrolled in the study. After history and physical examination, detailed oral examination was done along with collection of saliva. The results were correlated with various stages of CKD. Results: In our study, we have examined 89 patients who are having various stages of chronic kidney disease. On which, decay was present in 34% of patients, xerostomia was present in 19% of patients, periodontitis was present in 99.4% of patients which is highly significant, and oral candidiasis was present in 31% of patients. Conclusion: There is an increased risk of periodontal disease in patients with CKD. There is an inverse relationship between the periodontal disease and GFR. Oral manifestations such as decay, oral candidiasis, and xerostomia are also noted with increased frequency in Chronic Kidney Disease patients.


During the last half of the 20th century, married women with children moved into the labor force in large numbers. This change, which occurred throughout the industrialized world, dramatically altered work, family, and gender roles. Working parents today juggle demanding jobs and busy family lives and find it increasingly difficult to balance these activities. Work-family conflict has become a pressing social issue. This article examines four areas of social science research on work and family, including: work-family conflict, spillover, and multiple roles; work-family policies in organizations; effects of work on family life; and cross–national research on work and family. Although much is known about all of these topics, more research is needed to address the work-family challenges of the 21st century.


This chapter contains sections titled: Tracking Control with a Mamdani Fuzzy Cascade Compensator Tuning for Improved Performance by Adjusting Scaling Gains Effect of Input Membership Function Shapes Conversion of PID Controllers into Fuzzy Controllers Incremental Fuzzy Control Summary Exercises


ATLAS is a large multipurpose detector, presently in the full operational phase at LHC, the CERN Large Hadron Collider accelerator. The ATLAS Muon Spectrometer has been designed to provide standalone measurement of the muon momentum up to a few TeV with a relative precision better that 10% and to trigger on single muons with transverse momentum down to a few GeV, and an efficiency close to 100%, taking into account the high level background environment, the inhomogeneous magnetic field, and the large size of the apparatus (24 m diameter by 44 m length). ATLAS MS detector has being commissioned using all types of physics data available: cosmic rays and events produced during a few days of LHC single beam operations. This first year of data taking has been of great interest, not only for the physics outcome, but also for operating the system under the environment it was designed for. This paper is describing the design, the implementation as well as the data quality performance achieved during this first year of data taking. We also describe how to reduce the cosmic background contamination in early collisions data.


The purpose of this research may be summarized as follows: Through collective research and analysis of Korea wide folktale named "stone Stack tale type(돌노적 설화, 石露積說話)" with ten tales as materials, I studied what is traditional meaning of the poor, the rich, stone stack: and a gold nugget, or a lump of gold on the top of the stone stack. A The story is that 1. beginning part (1-1) Once upon a time there lived a very poor man and his family, and a very rich man next door to poor man. (1-2) This rich neighbor had a big grain stack: that stirred the poor man want to be rich man alike the rich neighbor, pitifully even so the poor man had only a hope to become rich man, but had not ideas to realize a rich man because of what he could not confirm his determination. 2. advanced part (2-1) One day his youngest son proposed a plan to build a stone stack: in his house garden gathering much stones from here and there, from near village, field far mount. The boy said, " this stone stack we can become rich man as rich neighbor, and get many things by imitation that was modelled on grin stack of rich neighbor." (2-2) Receiving his idea, parents and family gathered stones hardly, built stone stack earnestly alike the grain stack of rich neighbor. Anyone could not stopped from their resolve to build. (2-3) As time went by the stone stature was completed well, at last the family satisfied through their works during several years beside their stone stature. (2-4) Many neighbors was deeply stirred. 3. last part (3-1) At just time in night rich neighbor found a glittered lump of gold on stone stack of poor man, and in order to get that gold secretly in his greedy he proposed poor man to exchange his grain stack into poor man's stone stack. So the poor man did not know gold, he okayed. (3-2) At the exchange time rich man take a rice bag out of the top of grain stack owing to traditional folk belief that the very first rice bag is a fortune thing in his house, so poor man's new child patriarch take a stone out of stone stack alike rich man deed. (3-3)The exchange event of two stacks, grain stack and stone stack became the exchange event of two men, rich man and poor man. Then what happened? Now the poor man is rich man unhappily, now the rich man is poor man happily. B. Analysis of structure and plot following as- 1. Father, patriarch means that (1) only dream to be rich man by envy mind to rich neighbor. poor situation (2) have no determination. 2. Youngest son, new patriarch means that (1) new idea man for reaching a rich man (2) strong leadership to finnish building a stone stack (3) peace maker in home (4) at last making his family in rich situation. (5) doing neighbors good. 3. Rich neighbor means that (l) from his parents, he is rich (2) unsatisfied himself even so rich (3) greedy (4) decision without deep thoughts 4. Many neighbors means that (1) in first they show the opposition (2) in last agreement (3) common people as beside 5. Stone stack means that (1) the realizing poor man long cherished dream (2) the practise of good creative idea and plan (2) the gathering valueless things as mount change valuable things (3) the result of endurance from hard works (4) making good the field for planting and the road to walking 6. Lump of gold on stone stack means that (1) miracle (2) succeeding (3) God'help (6) all last finishing are good. C In conclusion, this stone stack tale type give us two lessons, how to become rich man and how to fall into poor situation as teacher.


The maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCPs) and functional urethral length (FUL) obtained with water‐filled and air‐charged catheters during urethral pressure profile (UPP) determination was compared in a single, blind, randomized, and prospective trial.


Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are key components in the short and medium range 1310 nm wavelength domain optical transmission systems utilized in e.g. high speed Ethernet. In this paper, by means of simulation we investigate the influence of an SOA on the transmission quality in the 1310 nm wavelength domain high capacity 10×40 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system. It occurs, that the maximal channel spacing for such system is 400 GHz for which the differences in gain of the channels do not exceed 1.5 dB, and the sensitivity differences resulting from the SOA bandwidth are below 1 dB.


(1) Synthesis of mixed-metal coordination polymers under hydrothermal conditions. Treatment of Mg(NO3)2•6H2O 、 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid with CuCl2•2H2O、Ni(NO3)2•6H2O or CoCl2•6H2O in aqueous solution under hydrothermal conditions led to the formation of compounds [MgCu(2,4-pydc)2(H2O)4]n (1), {[MgNi(2,4-pydc)2(H2O)6]•2H2O}n (2), [Mg(H2O)6][Co(2,4-pydc)2(H2O)2] (3), [Mg0.25Co0.75(2,4-pydc)(H2O)2]n (4), respectively. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibit different architectures and morphologies. Compound 1 adopts a 2D structure, 2 exhibits a 1D chain. Compounds 3 and 4 were obtained by modulating the molar ratio of metal ion to ligand. Compound 3 is a discrete molecule, while 4 adopts a 2D structure. (2) Synthesis of coordination polymers tuned by structure directing agent under hydrothermal conditions. Treatment of metal ions and 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid along with three types of nitrogen-rich-ligands afforded coordination polymers 5–7 under hydrothermal conditions. Mixing of Mg(NO3)2•6H2O, H2-2,4-pydc and 4,4'-dipyridylpiperazine (2N-DPyP) produced [Mg(2,4-pydc)(H2O)2]n (5). Compound {[Cu2I(2bpm)2CuII(2,4-pydc)2]•4H2O}n (6) was obtained from the reaction of Cu(NO3)2•3H2O, H2-2,4-pydc and 2,2'-bipyrimidine (2bpm); Treatment of CoCl2•6H2O, H2-2,4-pydc and 5,5'-bipyrimidine (5bpm) led to the formation of {[Co3(2,4-pydc)3(EtOH)(H2O)3]•EtOH}n (7). The structure directing agents, such as 2N-DPyD and 5bpm, play key roles in tuning the final topologies of compounds 5 and 7. Compound 5 adopts a 2D layer structure and 7 exhibits a 1D chain structure. The concept of green chemistry was applied on the synthesis of compounds 1–7 by using water and ethanol as solvents under hydrothermal reactions. To develop efficient, one-step synthetic strategies with environtally benign solvents for the preparation of functional materials is another goal of this study.


Neurons typically express many different types of voltage-gated channels. The density of these channels, their kinetics, and their spatial distribution determine how the neuron behaves. While the density of channels in a particular identified neuron can vary widely, the behavior of that cell in a network is often tightly conserved [1]. Naively, this seems paradoxical. However, if different conductances are correlated, this could resolve the apparent paradox. In the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab, Cancer borealis, recent work has shown that the expression levels of many voltage-gated channels are correlated [1,2,3]. While it is tempting to conclude that these correlations are necessary for the cell's behavior to be tightly constrained, it is not at all clear that this is the case. We wanted to understand whether the observed correlations are necessary for these neurons to function properly.


A broadband frequency doubler using left-handed nonlinear transmission lines (LH NLTLs) based on MMIC technology is reported for the first time. The second harmonic generation on LH NLTLs was analyzed theo- retically. A four-section LH NLTL which has a layout of 5.4 0.8 mm 2 was fabricated on GaAs semi-insulating sub- strate. With 20-dBm input power, the doubler obtained 6.33 dBm peak output power at 26.8 GHz with 24-43 GHz 6 dBm bandwidth. The experimental results were quite consistent with the simulated results. The compactness and the broad band characteristics of the circuit make it well suit for GaAs RF/MMIC application.


Motivated by the definition of nominal in cognitive grammar,this paper makes an analysis of English unit nouns construed as a quantifier in the structure of "a + unit noun + of".In the quantifying structure,the unit noun designates a general mass,schematically characterized on the scale of magnitude.Normally,the unit noun is charged with the meaning of "an expanse of space" or "a length of time" which contributes to the quantifying concept of the unit noun.


Fetuin-A (ahsg) is a Major Serum Adhesive Protein that Mediates Growth Signaling in Breast Tumor Cells. Amos M. Sakwe, Rainelli Koumangoye, Shawn J. Goodwin, and Josiah Ochieng Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Meharry Medical College Nashville TN; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN. Running title: Fetuin-A, a cell attachment and growth factor in serum. Corresponding Author: Josiah Ochieng, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208. Phone: 615-327-6119; Fax: 615-3276442; E-mail: email@example.com


A systematic formulation of multicomponent/multiphase phase equilibria as a linear algebra problem in the fugacities, mole fractions, partial molar volumes, and partial molar enthalpies is given. The algorithm takes advantage of the Gibbs-Duhem relationships for each phase and a modified Gaussian elimination technique to reduce the system of equations. These algorithmic steps allow current symbolic manipulation packages to generate useful partial derivative relationships in terms of measurable thermodynamic quantities. Features of the algorithm are demonstrated by applying a computer implementation of the method to a simple two-phase/two-component system and to the more complicated examples of a two-phase/three-component supercritical fluid chromatography experiment and a mass-conserving closed system.


Major types,original cause and treatment research purpose of road disease in saline soil area are discussed in this paper; Aiming at practical geology and hydrology situation,and construction condition in saline soil area,a great variety of road disease treatments are introduced.


Noise contamination in a magnetic resonance (MR) image could occur during acquisition, storage, and transmission in which effective filtering is required to avoid repeating the MR procedure. In this paper, an iterative asymmetrical triangle fuzzy filter with moving average center (ATMAVi filter) is used to reduce different levels of salt and pepper noise in a brain MR image. Besides visual inspection on filtered images, the mean squared error (MSE) is used as an objective measurement. When compared with the median filter, simulation results indicate that the ATMAVi filter is effective especially for filtering a higher level noise (such as noise density = 0.45) using a smaller window size (such as 3 3) when operated iteratively or using a larger window size (such as 5 5) when operated non-iteratively.


Dear Sir, I read with interest the communication from Nelson Encarnacion and colleagues questioning whether there was a 'need' for 'another modality for truncal vein ablation'. Although the authors discuss the advantages of endovenous ablation both thermal and non-thermal over stripping, they have not identified why High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) has the potential of being a disruptive technology in the treatment of truncal venous reflux. All the other endovenous treatments quoted require the cannulation of the target vein, and then introduction of the device or substance into the vein lumen. The chance of this ever being performed remotely or being automated and guided by artificial intelligence is minimal. Conversely, HIFU treatment of varicose veins is completely non-invasive. The target vein is not cannulated and nothing is passed into it. Indeed, the ultrasound head that is applied to the skin contains both the imaging system to identify the target vein, and the dome-shaped ultrasound transducer to produce the high-intensity focused ultrasound beam. Although the authors note this can be performed in the office, they do not note the potential of remote procedures or automated procedures guided by artificial intelligence guiding the treatment. It is true that studies and long-term results need to be published to show the efficacy of the treatment. However, as the target vein has been shown to be ablated by HIFU in much the same way as produced by other thermal ablation methods, we already have a clear indication of what the results are likely to show. However, returning to the published article, considering HIFU as just another modality for truncal vein ablation without acknowledging the immense leap forward achieved by disposing of venous cannulation, and the potential of remote or artificial intelligence guidance, fails to recognise the potential for this technology to be as disruptive to endovenous ablation, as endovenous thermal ablation was to stripping at the end of the 1990s.


Recent improvements in the technology of handheld computers and mobile communications have made the task of exploring handheld mobile video conferencing feasible. Handheld mobile video conferencing introduces a number of constraints that affect the type of coders and protocols that are used. This research project has explored audio and video coders that are suitable for use in a handheld wireless environment. Six different video coders, both existing and new, were evaluated in the areas of computational complexity, stability of bit-rate and quality. Of these, two coding schemes that have not previously been applied to video coding were designed and evaluated. The first is based on the forest of Quadtrees coding technique which improves the stability of the bit-rate of the Quadtree coding technique. The forest of Quadtrees offers low computational complexity making it suitable for handheld computing. The second is a block-based conditional replenishment SPIHT coding scheme that uses the S+P wavelet transform. This scheme localises errors and artefacts that are produced by the S+P transform SPIHT video coder. This research shows that this block-based conditional replenishment technique both reduces coding times and improves quality over the standard S+P transform SPIHT coding technique. A robust protocol was developed that is designed for low bandwidth environments with low signal-to-noise ratios. The protocol contains minimal overhead and contains a number of features that allow it to recover from the errors that are produced by wireless networks. A video conferencing framework based on C++ was developed that can be implemented on the wide variety of handheld computing platforms currently available. This framework including the audio and video coders was implemented and tested on four platforms including Newton OS, Windows CE, Mac OS and Win32. This project demonstrates that video conferencing with handheld devices over wireless networks is possible and identifies areas for further research.


The Safety Performance of Airborne Separation (SPAS) study is a suite of Monte Carlo simulation experiments designed to analyze and quantify safety behavior of airborne separation. This paper presents results of preliminary baseline testing. The preliminary baseline scenario is designed to be very challenging, consisting of randomized routes in generic high-density airspace in which all aircraft are constrained to the same flight level. Sustained traffic density is varied from approximately 3 to 15 aircraft per 10,000 square miles, approximating up to about 5 times today's traffic density in a typical sector. Research at high traffic densities and at multiple flight levels are planned within the next two years. Basic safety metrics for aircraft separation are collected and analyzed. During the progression of experiments, various errors, uncertainties, delays, and other variables potentially impacting system safety will be incrementally introduced to analyze the effect on safety of the individual factors as well as their interaction and collective effect. In this paper we report the results of the first experiment that addresses the preliminary baseline condition tested over a range of traffic densities. Early results at five times the typical traffic density in today's NAS indicate that, under the assumptions of this study, airborne separation can be safely performed. In addition, we report on initial observations from an exploration of four additional factors tested at a single traffic density: broadcast surveillance signal interference, extent of intent sharing, pilot delay, and wind prediction error.


This study aims to to know consideration the judge in charge of cutting off and check the matter an annulment of a marriage by reason of polygamy without permission based on the award number 0132/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Yk, due to law after marriage be revoked and also to the government and the community in improving observance of laws in order to maintain the unity of household. The methodology that was used methods of descriptive. normative with the approach. The type and of the source of data consisting of primary data in the form of interviews and secondary in the form of the literature study. Based on the results of research that in consideration of the existence of, judge based polygamy without permission the religious court In which there is no approval from the first wife of the identity of, and counterfeits, so that the violation of the provisions of Article 24 of the law of marriage and Article 71 letter a compilation of mohammedan law. Due to law after marriage annulled based on the decision of number 0132/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Yk is marriage void and law and marriage is considered there had never been any, but not retroactive of children was born, husband or for wife by good faith, except for the benefit of your other with if the cancellation of the third person as long as they have the rights of with good faith before the decision about the cancellation have a law fixed. While the efforts by the government and the community in improving the unity of households through the agency of the government and the preservation of counselor marriage (BP4) as the only the advisory board of marriage and prevention divorce.


This paper highlights ongoing efforts to validate performance, reliability and robustness of GE SiC MOSFETs for Aerospace and Industrial applications. After summarizing ruggedness and reliability testing performed on 1.2kV MOSFETs, two application examples are highlighted. The first demonstrates the 1.2kV device performance in a prototype high frequency 75kW Aviation motor drive. The second highlights the experimental demonstration of a 99% efficient 1.0MW solar inverter using 1.7kV MOSFET modules in a two-level topology switching at 8kHz. Both applications illustrate that SiC advantage is not only in improved performance, but also in significant system cost savings through simplifications in topology, controls, cooling and filtering.


Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions of three types of Jojoba nuts residue were determined at 30, 40 and 55 °C. Types I and II were the residue after extracting the oil by leaching or by a pressing process, respectively. The third type was obtained by thermally treating the residue remaining after pressing. The phenol concentration ranged from 0-100 ppm in the aqueous solutions. A low adsorption capacity relative to activated carbon was obtained on types I and II, while the adsorption capacity of type III was much higher than types I and II. The results show that Jojoba nuts residue show good potential for adsorption of phenolic compounds if subjected to some type of treatment (activation). As the temperature increased from 30 to 55 °C, the adsorption capacity of types I and II decreased, but the increase had a negligible effect on type III. The experimental data were fitted to the appropriate adsorption models. The models used were Langmuir, Freundlich, Koble-Corrigan and Redlich-Peterson.


Advancements in tissue clearing approach with volumetric imaging has greatly facilitated high-throughput spatial profiling of organ-level cellular distributions and interactions [1-2]. To meet versatile and challenging applications, we have engineered and optimized tissue clearing protocols through iterations (iDISCO, iDISCO+, and AdipoClear) to enable facile and robust whole mount labeling and imaging, while preserving tissue morphology for reliable histo-anatomical analysis [3-5]. We have improved upon i) tissue delipidation and tissue refractive index matching to achieve homogeneous optical clearing for optimal volumetric imaging; ii) compatibility with diverse tissue type and size; iii) reliable and quantitative molecular labeling, with dedicated efforts on curating compatible monoclonal antibodies to ensure reproducibility and scalability. These improvements enable easy and reliable translation of traditional histological assays from sections to whole-mount tissues while maintaining or even improving sensitivity and coverage for quantitative analysis in broad applications.


Sir, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S.) serovar Typhimurium is of major zoonotic importance, whereas its O:5-negative variant, designated variant Copenhagen (v.c.), has rarely been detected in connection with diseases in humans. In pigeons however, S. Typhimurium v.c. causes various clinical symptoms depending on the age of the infected animals, such as fatal septicaemia or meningoencephalitis in young pigeons or arthritis affecting joints in wings and legs in older pigeons. Although S. Typhimurium v.c. infections are mainly seen in pigeons, these bacteria have also been isolated from salmonellosis cases in other animals, such as cattle and swine, at high frequencies. Occasionally S. Typhimurium v.c. isolates have also been detected in dogs and cats.


SUMMARYPartial separation and tentative identification of the organic phosphates present in the phosphate fraction of honey have been accomplished by using a silica gel column and several paper chromatographic procedures. The organic phosphates identified were glucose 6- phosphate, 2- or 3-phosphoglyceric acid and α or β-glycerophosphate. Inorganic phosphate was also found. One organic phosphate was not identified.


interactions at the level of G105-G106 (ion 1) and G75Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to G76 (ion 2). Ion 3 is pentahydrated and forms a direct investigate the binding of Mg2 ions to the deep groove contact with (G98)O6. Ions 4A and 4B have been deof the eubacterial 5S rRNA loop E. The simulations scribed as being part of a binuclear metal cluster in suggest that long-lived and specific water-mediated which three water molecules bridge the two ions that interactions established between the hydrated ions form 4A...OR(A101) and 4B...OR(G100) direct contacts and the RNA atoms lining up the binding sites contrib(note that OR corresponds to O1P in the standard PDB ute to the stabilization of this motif. The Mg2 binding nomenclature and to O2P in the PDB files listed in Taspecificity is modulated by two factors: (i) a required ble 1). electrostatic complementarity and (ii) a structural corFrom the methodological point of view, it has been respondence between the hydrated ion and its binding demonstrated that MD simulations are successful tools pocket that can be estimated by its degree of dehydrafor the identification of sequence-specific monovalent tion and the resulting number and lifetime of the inion binding sites in nucleic acids [20–25]. Furthermore, tervening water-mediated contacts. Two distinct bindMD simulations have been used to evaluate the strucing modes for pentahydrated Mg2 ions that result in tural effects of highly charged Co(NH3)6 ions on DNA a significant freezing of the tumbling motions of the helices [26]. Yet, despite their major structural and bioions are described, and mechanistic details related to chemical implications, the dynamical behavior of hythe stabilization of nucleic acids by divalent ions are drated Mg ions associated with nucleic acids has been provided. relatively rarely investigated [27–35] mainly because of


The job description of caches is to speed up memory accesses in the average case. Their intrinsic unpredictability however can seriously hamper the practicality and trustworthiness of system analysis and validation. In effect, this conflict asks system designers to take side between best average-case performance and maximum assurance, since both can't be had. In this paper we study the I-cache predictability problem from a system-level perspective. We identify some sources of cache-related variability that can be addressed whilst considering the architectural specification of the system and thus at an early stage of development. We discuss an example of what we call a "cache-aware" software architecture and experimentally evaluate its effectiveness on a representative application.


Red sediments are of a unique feature that exists in the east coast near Visakhapatnam. The Origin has been debated for over the years, most accepted is formed by the denudational remnants of a great sandbank of Pliocene times or isolated banks formed around sunken hills. Red sediments are formed by the cumulative work of wind and running water, where the red colour pigment is being preserved by the digenetic breakdown of iron-bearing minerals. Iron oxides derived from the red soils in the sources area (Khondalite terrain). Favorable environmental conditions for the preservation of the pigment in the depositional basin. The colour of the red sediments is mostly moderate reddish brown and moderate red. Moderate yellowish brown and dark reddish brown sediments are occurring in certain parts of Visakhapatnam region. The upland soils are pale reddish brown to moderate reddish brown. Many geomorphic features are observed like gullies, buried channels, Lineaments, beach ridges, sand dunes, wave-cut terrace, knick points and waterfalls, yellow sand unit, reddish-brown concretion bearing sand unit, brick-red sand unit, light yellow sand unit, duricrust, and pebble beds. Textural analysis has been made in these areas; results show that these are originated from under fluvial environment.


 To ensure the protection and optimal management of acid grassland and its associated wildlife within the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.  To improve on existing local knowledge of its ecological value in the local and regional context.  To develop local appreciation of the habitat and its wildlife, and secure the involvement of local residents in its conservation.  To establish and implement an appropriate management system for all significant sites of acid grassland found within LB Richmond.


Abstract To compare the safety and efficiency of simple corneal topography-guided (T-CAT) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and T-CAT PRK combined with crosslinking (CXL) to correct myopia with borderline suspicious tomography. Eyes with suspicious tomography (not classified as forme fruste keratoconus) underwent PRK combined with CXL. The suspicious tomography showed irregular posterior corneal morphology or maximum elevation value of the central 6 mm zone of the posterior surface (MEL) >15 μm, or Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Index (BAD-D) was >1.6. The PRK group was generated and matched within 2 μm for MEL, 0.3 for BAD-D value, and 0.5 D for manifest refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) compared with the PRK-CXL group. PRK-CXL exhibited a larger MRSE (0.09 ± 0.22 D vs −0.03 ± 0.24 D, P = .02) and a larger sphere (0.14 ± 0.22 D vs 0.01 ± 0.21 D, P = .002) compared with PRK alone at 18 months postoperatively. The magnitude change and relative change rate of stiffness parameter A1 in the PRK-CXL were smaller than in the PRK group (−15.72 ± 14.56 vs −19.95 ± 14.37, P = .04, for magnitude change and −0.16 ± 0.15 vs −0.20 ± 0.14, P = .02, for relative change rate). In the PRK-CXL and PRK groups, 4.8% and 6.9% of eyes suffered grade 0.5 haze at postoperative 18-month. No cases of ectasia were reported in either group. PRK in combination with prophylactic crosslinking showed comparable safety and efficacy, but higher biomechanical stability compared to PRK alone, thus, the additional CXL plays a measurable role in reducing the change in corneal biomechanical properties after PRK in suspicious eyes.


The real-time measurement of phasor is a difficulty in power system dynamic monitoring,protecting and controlling.This paper uses GPS which can provide the clock signal times accuracy of less 1μs,to establish the same reference for measured TMS320LF2406A embedded DSP chip.The analyzed experimental data improves better precision and veracity.It is a significant evidence for the power systems in rapid,on-line and dynamic monitoring-controlling,and is valuable for practical use.


Objective To explore the incidence and severity of cancer-related fatigue (CRF),and to analyze the correlation between CRF and quality of life in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.Methods This was a cross-sectional study.72 lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were investigated by the Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS) and the 36-item short form of the Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire (SF-36).Results The rate of fatigue for lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy was 76.4%.The incidence of moderate and severe fatigue in total fatigue,behavior/severity dimension,affective dimension,sensory dimension was 68.1%,63.9%,76.4% and 65.3% respectively.The incidence of mild and moderate fatigue in coguitive/mood dimension was 41.7%.The fatigue dimension scores ranked in a descending order,affective,behavior/severity,sensory and cognitive/mood.There was significant negative correlation between CRF and quality of life for lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.Conclusions In lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy,the incidence and degree of fatigue was high.CRF and QOL affect each other.The health care providers should take measures to alleviate lung cancer patients' fatigue in order to improve the QOL of them.

Key words:
Lung cancer,Chemotherapy; Cancer-related fatigue; Quality of life


Mechanical and tribological properties of the hard-multilayer TiN-AlTiN/nACo-CrN/AlCrN-AlCrO-AlTiCrN coating deposited on WC-Co substrate were investigated. The sliding tests were carried out using ball-on-disc tribometer at room (25 °C) and high temperatures (600 and 800 °C) with Al2O3 balls as counterpart. Nano-scratch tests were performed at room temperature with a sphero-conical diamond indenter. The surface morphology and chemical composition were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). The phase transition from fcc-(Al,Cr)2O3 into α-(Al,Cr)2O3 was observed at about 800 °C. The results of the tribological tests depends on the temperature, the lowest apparent and real wear volumes were observed on the coating after the test at 800 °C along with the smallest coefficient of friction (COF). The plastic deformation of the coating was confirmed in sliding and nano-scratch tests. The nano-scratch tests revealed the dependence of COF value on the temperature of the sliding tests.


Epoxy-based polymeric azo dyes with different colour and T_g were synthesized via one-step azo-coupling reactions between an epoxy-based precursor polymer and the two kinds of diazonium salts in(varying ratios.) The ratios of the diazonium salts in the polymeric dyes were determined from()~1H-NMR spectra.The thermal properties of the polymers were characterized using DSC.The colour of the polymers was characterized using sphere spectrophotometer and recorded in the CIE 1931 Yxy chromaticity diagram.Results show that these polymers with good solubility and film formability show potential applications in the fabrication of colour filters.


Trypsin and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) were separately immobilized on different acrylic acids containing polymer latices and the interactions between trypsin and STI on the latices were observed kinetically. The enzyme activity of free trypsin was inhibited completely by the addition of free STI, whereas only 30% of the activity of the immobilized trypsin was inhibited by the addition of an excess amount of free STI, which suggested sterical protection of the active site of the immobilized trypsin from the binding with STI. The enzyme activity of free trypsin was inhibited completely by the addition of the immobilized STI, whereas no inhibition was observed when both trypsin and STI were immobilized, which suggested considerable difficulty in the recognition of the surface protein by the complementary surface protein in the polymer latex system, although turbidity measurements suggested association of trypsin-binding latex with STI-binding latex. The inhibitory effect of thionine was also examined for comparison Etude des systemes de reconnaissance cellulaire a l'aide d'un modele constitue par des proteines, comme la trypsine et son inhibiteur, immobilises sur des latex de polymeres de forme presque parfaitement spherique et de dimensions proches de la cellule vivante


The cDNA and genomic probes for apolipoprotein C2 detect two restriction fragment length polymorphisms on chromosome 19. The combined estimated percentage of heterozygosity, assuming equilibrium, is approximately 75%, ie, apolipoprotein C2 is informative in 75% of matings. We have analyzed over 350 individuals in large multigenerational families for linkage of apolipoprotein C2 to myotonic muscular dystrophy. The maximum lod score was 16.29 with the maximum recombination fraction (𝛉) of 0.02, with 95% confidence limits for 𝛉 of 0.001 to 0.065. Thus, apolipoprotein C2 is useful in carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis with an accuracy of about 98%.


The morphology ofAlexandrium minutumHalim from Denmark was studied and compared to the morphology of material from Portugal, Spain, France and Ireland. Strains from Denmark and the French coast of the English Channel differed from the typicalminutummorphotype by the absence of a ventral pore. Cells without a pore also dominated field material from Ireland but a small fraction (6%) did have a pore. Many cells had a heavily areolated theca. In the exponential growth phase, the PSP-toxin profile of the Danish strain of A. minutumwas dominated by C1 and C2 (up to 70%), whereas GTX2 and 3 made up more than 17%, and STX almost 13%. Cells entering the stationary phase contained 30% STX with a concomitant decrease of the other toxins. Partial large subunit rDNA sequences (664 bp) confirmed that the Danish A. minutumstrain clusters together with other European strains of this species, and a strain from Australia. However, sequencing of this part of the gene did not resolve intraspecific relationships and could not differentiate populations with or without pore and/ or different toxin signatures. A strain from New Zealand had a remarkably high sequence divergence (up to 6%) compared to the other strains of A. minutumand its identity should be further investigated. A distribution map of A. minutumhas been compiled and it is suggested that A. minutumandA. angustitabulatumTaylor are conspecific. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


A direct competitive ELISA with anti-ZEN McAb for screening the Zearalenone(ZEN) producing strains in Barley was developed.This dc-ELISA method, the recovery ratio is 99.3%~152.3%, on which spiked more than 30, 50, 100, 500, 1000 mg/mL ZEN.The isolates Fusarium spp.Were inoculated on 1% peptone czapek medium, cultured on 28 ℃ for 14days and investigated zearalenone producing strain by dc-ELISA with cultured medium, directly.


In order to solve the multiobjective optimization problems efficiently, this paper presents a hybrid multiobjective optimization algorithm which originates from invasive weed optimization (IWO) and multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), a popular framework for multiobjective optimization. IWO is a simple but powerful numerical stochastic optimization method inspired from colonizing weeds; it is very robust and well adapted to changes in the environment. Based on the smart and distinct features of IWO and MOEA/D, we introduce multiobjective invasive weed optimization algorithm based on decomposition, abbreviated as MOEA/D-IWO, and try to combine their excellent features in this hybrid algorithm. The efficiency of the algorithm both in convergence speed and optimality of results are compared with MOEA/D and some other popular multiobjective optimization algorithms through a big set of experiments on benchmark functions. Experimental results show the competitive performance of MOEA/D-IWO in solving these complicated multiobjective optimization problems.


Since September 11 attack, Islam has always been getting the spotlight whenever news of terrorisms are reported in the media. The issue of terrorism is further heated when it was held responsible by Muslims. Media has a major influence in framing the issues while reporting the news. This paper aims to provide insights into two different international online news reports on Manchester Bombing in United Kingdom on 22 May 2017. The reports were examined using a discourse analysis approach centring on Rhetorical Structures, and Grammatical Analysis. While both articles seem not taking side and being bias towards each group of interest, The Washington Post appears to be more inclined towards dragging the trivial info regarding the perpetrator (i.e family and faith) and what is called as supposition of the ongoing investigation into the news report. Meanwhile Aljazeera is seen to be stressing more on the outlook of Muslims concerning the act of terror by pointing out multiple voices from Muslim community to make sure the audience knows where Muslims stand on this matter. The analysis shows that the online news reports in Washington Posts has the propensity to report the news in singular perspective in which the focus is merely on the suspect and anything that come with him so, it opens the path for readers to construct their own interpretation of the whole situation. Meanwhile, Aljazeera leans on illuminating the issue in broader perspectives by providing multiple insights into the issue be it from the Muslim and the heterogeneous community in Britain to come together in the wake of the horrific incident.


Many proteins once thought to be exclusively intracellular have been shown to be secreted into the extracellular space via unconventional pathways. SOCS proteins serve as critical brakes on immune activation by targeting STAT proteins, and have never been identified in the extracellular space. Here we investigated i) if SOCS proteins are secreted by AMs in vitro and in vivo; ii) if secreted SOCS proteins are biologically active; and iii) if their secretion proceeds by conventional or unconventional pathways.


Some engineering heat transfer problems cannot be solved directly as certain parameters influencing heat transfer are unknown. This is where the solution of inverse heat transfer problems might be utilized. The paper explores application of the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) method to heat transfer problems with phase change. In order to assess the robustness and accuracy of the method, the study was conducted on simulation results. The explored case is an air-PCM heat exchanger. In the first step, the simulations with various values of parameters influencing heat transfer were performed. All cases were simulated as transient with timedependent boundary conditions. In the second step, some of these parameters (phase change temperature, density, thermal conductivity, etc.) were assumed to be unknown and they were obtained from the simulation results with the use of the PSO method. The cost function was defined in the form of a root mean square error between the simulation results (the outlet air temperature from the heat exchanger) and the results of the optimized scenario. The number of unknown parameters varied from one to seven (in case of the description of the relationship of effective heat capacity on temperature, which was parameterized in the form of an asymmetric Gaussian function). The results have shown that the PSO is a robust and accurate tool with only up to 2 % difference in the enthalpy of fusion and no significant discrepancies during the higher dimension optimisation.


: Motion planning tasks like catching, interception, and manipulation re- 1 quire high frequency perception and control to account for the agility required to 2 complete the task. Reinforcement learning (RL) can produce such solutions, but 3 can often be difficult to train and generalize. However, by exploiting the intrinsic 4 geometric properties of agile task workspaces, we can enhance the performance of 5 an RL and generalize it to new tasks. In this work we leverage geometric symme- 6 try to enhance the performance of a value estimation policy (Actor Critic, A2C). 7 Our method involves applying a geometric transformation to the observation dur- 8 ing execution to provide the policy an alternate perspective of the current state. 9 We show the effect of the symmetry exploitation policy on a trained A2C model 10 on a WidowX reach task. The results show that by using symmetry exploitation, 11 a trained model improves its performance, and generalizes to new tasks. 12


This Study focus on the impact of student Experience in Academic and Social Environment at Limkokwing University Cyberjaya in the academic and social setting with the introduction and the problem statement has been identified research objectives, Literature Review Theoretical Framework are then described based on the problem statement as well also discussed previously related to the impact of the student experience in academic and social environments. This study is intended to explore and analyse student experience in the academic and social climate; academics and educational institutions have long drawn attention to the student academic environment. This research is considered important in assessing the level of student performance at the University of Creative Technology in Limkokwing, based on their study experience. This research is specifically aimed at exploring and examination of the effect on academic limkokwing experiences of the students. It speaks of Malaysia's schools and education. Owing to the rapidly evolving environmental challenges and highly intensive competition within society, demand for skills and professional workers is on the rise. In the end of this paper will mention Future scope, recommendation and conclusion


The invention relates to lockset, in particular to a mechanical coded lock. The mechanical coded lock comprises a lock body, a lock cylinder, a code device, a decoding device and a lock hook, wherein the lock hook comprises a first linear section, an arc section and a second linear section; the lock body is formed by splicing a first shell and a second shell; a mounting groove for mounting the code device is arranged on the left middle part of the lock body; the code device comprises at least one code setting mechanism; the code setting mechanism comprises an inner sleeve and a rotary wheel sleeved outside the inner sleeve; the code device is fixed on the left middle part of the lock body, and the rotary wheel is exposed; the upper end of the left side and the upper end of the right side of the lock body are respectively provided with a mounting hole for inserting the first linear section and the second linear section of the lock hook; the decoding device is arranged at the middle part of the lock body; the middle part of the right side of the lock body is provided with a core column, and the lower end is provided with the lock cylinder connected with the core column; and the side surface of the core column is provided with a push rod for pushing the decoding device. The mechanical coded lock provided by the invention can be unlocked by use of codes or real keys, thereby being convenient to manage and use.


The article is devoted to the analysis of Francion's dream from the point of view of the symbolic imagery, as well as to the problem of the existence of the novel "La Vraie Histoire comique de Francion" by Charles Sorel (1623–1633) in three editions. The events of the dream narrated by the main character are analysed, as well as the changes made to the text in the second and third editions – the removal and rearrangement of some episodes in order to adapt the text to the requirements of censorship due to the high-profile trial of the French poet and representative of the libertinage of the 17th century Théophile de Viau who was ideologically close to Sorel; the commentary of Raymond, which appeared in the second edition, which is a conditionally "correct" interpretation; the moralizing comment of "author", embedded in the text only in the final version, as well as the indication in the introduction of his name – Nicolas De Moulinet sieur Du Parc, who died in 1625. In the process of analysis, we observe a change in the boundaries of the symbolic imagery of this episode under the influence of self-censorship, which are significantly narrowed in the third edition, leaving the reader much less space for critical examination and independent deciphering of the meanings inherent in the presented dream.


1. Budgeting as Conflicting Promises. Budgets Are Conflicting Commitments. Tax Preferences. Appropriations: The Power of Congress and Power Within Congress. The President is Both Rival and Partner of Congress. Conflicting Promises: The Multiple Meanings of Budgetary Control. 2. Budgets as Struggles for Power: The Evolution of Classical Budgeting. Colonial Origins. Turning Points: Civil War through World War I. The Executive Budget Movement. Dislocation and Continuity: Depression, War, and the Postwar Interlude. 3. The Dance of the Dollars. Calculations. Complexity. Aids to Calculation. Incremental Budgeting. Roles and Perspectives. The Agency. The Bureau of the Budget. The Appropriations Committees. Strategies. Be a Good Politician. Clientele. Confidence. Congressional Committee Hearings. Strategies Designed to Capitalize on the Fragmentation of Power in National Politics. 4. The Collapse of Consensus. The Growth of Entitlements. Economic Activism. Priorities. Impoundment. The Budget Act: More Checks, More Balances, but Not More Control. Impoundment Again. Congressional Budget Office. Senate Budget Committee and House Budget Committee. Scheduling. Resolutions. Reconciliation. Complexity. A Congressional Budget, or Merely More Budgeting? The Budget Process, 1975-1979: The Struggle to Relate Totals to Detail. Economic Management. Did the Budgetary Process Have a Pro-Spending Bias? On Again, Off Again, Federal Credit. Polarization: Classical Budgeting Withers Without Quite Disappearing. 5. The Politics of Dissensus. Why Budget Decisions Became So Difficult. The End of Economic Management. Dominance of the Deficit. Polarization of the Parties. Evolution of the Congressional Budget Act. R and R: Resolution and Reconciliation. Deferral and Rescission Redux. The Shifting Budgetary Base. Continuing Omnibus Resolutions. OMB in an Era of Perennial Budgeting. Dissensus in Congress. Role Reversal. Rolled on the Floor. Budgeting Penetrates Congress. Gimmicks. 6. The Politics of Balancing Budgets. Gramm-Rudman-Hollings. Why GRH Passed. How GRH Was Supposed to Work. Why Didn't GRH Work? The Origins of the 1990 Budget Enforcement Act. The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990. The Parts Versus the Whole. The Clinton Budget of 1993. 7. The Politics of Radical Reversal. The Politics of Radical Reversal. Prologue: Constitutional Amendment and Rescission. Budgets and Counterbudgets: The President's Budget and the Congressional Resolution. Balancing Revenues and Expenditures. Mandatory and Discretionary Spending. Defense and Domestic Spending. Domestic Discretionary Spending. Substance Versus Rhetoric. Incrementalism in Mirror Image: Appropriations. Complex Coalitions. The Survival of Pork. Balancing Acts. Economy and Ideology. Targeting Programs. Swallowing Whole Departments. Critical Issues. Confrontation: Continuing Resolutions and the Debt Limit. Reconciliation and Intransigence. Unfinished Business. 8. The Politics of the Entitlement Process. The "Ought" and "Is" of Entitlements. Entitlements and Budgeting. Why Do Entitlements Start? Why Do Entitlements Grow? Maintaining Commitment: Social Security. Demography and Costs: Medicare. Expanding Eligibility: Medicaid. Provider Pressures: End Stage Renal Disease. How Have Entitlements Been Controlled? Declining Need: Black Lung Disease. Cutting Provider Payments: Medicare. Ending an Entitlement: Welfare. The Corners of the Field. Appropriations: Head Start and WIC. Tax Expenditures: Earned Income Credit (EITC). Formula Grants to States: Adoption Assistance Program, Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, and the Ryan White Care Act. 9. Budgeting for Defense. Dimensions of Defense. Mission and Strategy. The Internal Budget Process. Planning, Programming, Budgeting. Acquisitions. The Congressional Budget Process. Reprogramming. Secrecy. Cuts. Contingencies. 10. Reform. Norms of Budgetary Behavior. Forms of Budgeting. Reform Without Conflict. The Politics in Budget Reform. Unit of Measurement: Cash or Volume. Time Span: Months, One Year, Many Years. Calculation: Incremental or Comprehensive. Management Reforms. Performance and Budgeting. Centralization and Decentralization. Credit Reform. Financial Management. Capital Budgeting. Limits. The Line-Item Veto. Overloading Budgeting. 11. Deficits and Surpluses. Who Done It? The Deficit Panic. The Disappearing Deficit. 12. A Budget of Opposites. The Budget Process. The President's Budget. The Congressional Budget Resolution. Reconciliation. Authorizations. Appropriations. Characteristics of the Budget Process. The Budgetary Process Is Powerful Yet Impotent. The Budgetary Process Is Structured Yet Formalistic. The Budgetary Process Is Complex Yet Segmented. Budgetary Politics Are Polarized but Moderated. Glossary. Guide to Acronyms. Select Bibliography. Credits. Index.


Process for the preparation of a metal salt of a fatty acid medium chain, wherein the method comprises solubilizing at least one free fatty acid in solvent, wherein said free fatty acid has a chain length from six to twelve carbon atoms; and reacting said free fatty acid with at least one metal salt, to produce a metal salt of a fatty acid.


In order to extract interesting knowledge from large amounts of rules produced by the data mining algorithms, visual representations of association rules are increasingly used. These representations can help users to find and to validate interesting knowledge. All techniques proposed for visualisation of rules have been developed to represent an association rule as a whole without paying attention to the relations among the items that make up the antecedent and the consequent and the contribution of each one to the rule. In this paper, we propose a new visualisation representation for association rules that allows the visualisation of the items which make up the antecedent and the consequent, the contribution of each one to the rule, and the correlations between each pair of the antecedent and each pair of consequent.