Results of a study of the content of radium-226 in plants growing on inactive uranium mill tailings sites in the Four Corners Region of the southwestern United States and in plants grown under greenhouse conditions with minimal surficial contamination are reported. Field plant samples and associated substrates were analyzed from two carbonate tailings sites in the Grants Mineral Belt of New Mexico. Radium activities in air-cleaned samples ranged from 5 to 368 pCi/g (dry weight) depending on species and location: activities in plants growing on local soils averaged 1.0 pCi/g. The talings and local soils contain 140 to 1400 pCi/g and 2.1 pCi/g, respectively. An evaluation of cleaning methods on selected samples showed that from 17 to 79% of the radium activity measured in air-cleaned samples was due to surficial contamination, which varied with species and location. A survey of 18 inactive uranium mill sites in the Four Corners Region was performed. Radium activity in plant tissues from nine species ranged from 2 to 210 pCi/g on bare tailings and from 0.3 to 30 pCi/g on covered tailings The radium content in most of the soil overburdens on the covered tailings piles was 10 to 17 pCi/g. An experiment was more » performed to measure radium-226 uptake by two species grown on tailings covered with a shallow (5 cm) soil layer. A grass, Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton) and a shrub, Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush), were studied. The tailings were a mixture of sands and slimes from a carbonate pile. The tailings treatments were plants grown in a soil cover over tailings; the controls were plants grown only in soil. Three soil types, dune sand, clay loam, and loam, were used. The radium activity of the plant tissue from the tailings treatment compared to that of the appropriate control was 1 to 19 times greater for the grass and 4 to 27 times greater for the shrub. « less


To determine relative diagnostic value of MR diffusion and perfusion parameters in detection of active small bowel inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease (CD).


Our goal is to evaluate the grammatical coverage of the surface realization component of a natural language generation system by means of target suites. We consider the utility of re-using for this purpose test suites designed to assess the coverage of natural language analysis / understanding systems. We find that they are of some interest, in helping inter-system comparisons and in providing an essential link to annotated corpora. But they have limitations. First, they contain a high proportion of ill-formed items which are inappropriate as targets for generation. Second, they omit phenomena such as discourse markers which are key issues in text production. We illustrate a partial remedy for this situation in the form of a text generator that annotates its own output to an externally specified standard, the TSNLP scheme. 1. Test suites and target suites The evaluation of natural language generation (NLG) systems is an issue that few authors have addressed seriously to date. Among the principal reasons is the difficulty of defining what the input should be and, indeed, of assessing the quality of the output (cf., (Sparck-Jones and Galliers, 1996)). Evaluations conducted to assess the adequacy of a system for a particular application have tended to focus on the quality of the output text, particularly its fluency or intelligibility (cf., (Coch, 1996; Lester and Porter, 1997)). While accepting that evaluation will inevitably bear on the output, (Mellish and Dale, 1998) suggest a finer-grained approach which aims to tease out the contribution made by a particular sub-task in the generation process to the quality of the final output. We propose here to take up that suggestion and to consider the final task in the line–surface realization. There is a general recognition that a crucial question about a surface realization is its grammatical coverage (cf. (van Noord and Neumann, 1997; Mellish and Dale, 1998)). This question poses itself not only for adequacy evaluation intended to assess applications potential, but also diagnostic and progress evaluation. In other words, it is relevant at all stages in a system's life-cycle, from conception to fielding. A favoured means of gauging the coverage of NLP systems designed for analysis tasks is test suites, which consist of controlled and systematically organized data (cf., (Lehmann et al., 1996; Oepen, Netter and Klein, 1997; Netter et al., 1998), in contrast to naturally occurring text corpora. It is, then, sensible to see whether any of these existing suites can be re-used or re-purposed for the benefit of systems designed for generation. Test suites as currently conceived are intended as input data. For some tasks where the output can be well-defined – such as message or speech understanding – test collections provide both input and output data. For NLG evaluation, we propose the use of target suites that specify a useful set of outputs for a generator (typically sentences showing particular syntactic structures), while remaining agnostic on the inputs. Practically, however, particular generation systems are then encouraged to provide corresponding inputs so that both coverage and structural treatments can be readily compared. A first step towards this is reported in (Henschel, Bateman and Matthiessen, 1999) for an extensive set of nominal referring expressions; input specifications are provided for two of the broadest coverage generators for English currently available–the KPML/Nigel and FUF/Surge generators. We are now developing further target suites both for other languages and for other areas of grammar, using the mechanism described below. Two questions arise. Which of the test items already available are relevant target items for NLG? What phenomena important for NLG are missing and need therefore to be added to the target suites in order to cater for this application? This second question is addressed later in the paper. We have taken as our reference here the TSNLP test suites (Lehmann et al., 1996; Oepen, Netter and Klein, 1997). Paradoxically, the relevance for NLG of the items in the TSNLP suite turns out to be diminished by both their generality and their application-specificity. On the one hand, the compilers of the suite were motivated by the desire to ensure that the data should be reusable and not tailored to a single type of application (Estival et al., 1995). Thus, they mostly applied general guidelines for creating the data set, although they did not adhere to them in all cases. These guidelines strongly favour, therefore, unmarked word order and declarative, active, indicative sentences in the present tense with a 3rd person singular subject–to mention just a few constraints which mean that any NLG system would be seriously under-exercised by the suite in its current state. On the other hand, the designers targeted three specific applications–parsers, grammar checkers and controlled language checkers–whose evaluation requires ungrammatical data not systematically available in text corpora. Indeed, over 35% of the 14817 English, French and German items in the TSNLP suite are ungrammatical and as such irrelevant as target items for NLG. A more recent project aimed at producing a more efficient environment for test suite construction, DiET (Netter et al., 1998), is validating its data on checkers, MT systems and translation memories. While referring to 'NLP systems' generally, the researchers make no mention of NLG applications. In the next section we describe the implementation of a novel approach to producing resources for assessing the coverage of NLG systems. 2. Implementation of automatic annotation A key feature of all test suites is a suitable annotation scheme that allows extraction of sets of items appropriate to particular evaluation goals. The fact that NLG is goaland content-driven requires a scheme that relates items not only formally but also semantically. In this section, we show how an existing text generator–KPML (Bateman, 1997)– has been adapted so as to automatically annotate its own output with an externally specified annotation scheme–provided by the TSNLP project (Oepen, Netter and Klein, 1997). Such annotations, which are both formal and functional in nature, make it easier to assess the coverage of the generator and to compare its coverage with that of other systems. Moreover, these annotations can provide an essential link to corpora, insofar as they establish–using a widely understood metalanguage–links between suite items and domain-specific corpora (cf. (Netter et al., 1998)). We propose that such facilities should become a standard part of generator design in order to ensure reliability and appropriate documentation of coverage. As we have noted, work on test suite design has been oriented, until now, to the evaluation of NLP tools for analysis. Nevertheless, many classifications developed in that work remain useful for generation. In addition, the adoption by the NLG community of test suite categories that are already to some extent in use within the Language Engineering and NLP communities will also aid comparability between linguistic resources designed for analysis–such as TS-GRAM–and those designed for generation–such as FUF/Surge (Elhadad and Robin, 1996), KPML/Nigel (Bateman, 1997) and RealPro (Lavoie and Rambow, 1997). 2.1. Exploiting the generation history There is an interesting difference between the construction of test suites and the construction of target suites, as we have noted above. Whereas the items included in test suites need to be first selected and then marked up, the test items in target suites are themselves being generated. This is significant since we can then make use of the complete history of the construction of any item. This history includes the grammatical constituency structure, as well as all of the semantic-functional decisions that were taken in order to reach the result. It is then possible that a substantial proportion of the information needed to create a properly annotated test suite item is already available somewhere in the generation history. Indeed, this opportunity has long been exploited in the development of NLG systems. Most large-scale systems provide sets of examples that show input-output pairs. Even if the inputs to different systems ranges from high-level semantic specifications, via abstract syntactic structures to rich syntactic specifications (cf. (Mellish and Dale, 1998)), the act of making them systematically available permits comparisons that would otherwise be obscured. The output is, minimally, a string corresponding to the input specification; we show below how it can be enriched as a by-product of the generation process. One of the earliest such sets that was intended to show definitively the coverage of a grammar was the "Exercise Set" developed for the Nigel grammar of English within the Penman generation system. In current environments for the development of generation grammars, such as KPML, the role of the example set has been enhanced to make it a major development tool. Users seeking to extend linguistic resources typically work from examples that come close to their required output. Then, since the generation system actually generates the strings given in the example, the complete decision path and resulting grammatical structures created for that example are open to inspection. The example therefore indexes precisely those resources that have been activated in the course of generating that particular example. This information can then serve directly to provide automatic target suite annotation. As an example that will run throughtout this section, consider the following simple sentence from the TSNLP documentation (Estival et al., 1995)–page 42:


In order to analyze the reason of the fracture of a composite insulator in service in China Southern Grid,we investigated the appearance inspection,material test and anatomy of the AC 500kV line fracture composite insulator.The results show that the fracture is caused by long-term partial discharge between the core rod and housing,making the core rod serious aging,while the poor adhesion of the interface between the core rod and housing is the main reason for partial discharging.The eclipse hole appears on sheath surfaces under the action of long-term partial discharge.The aging of the core rod is intensified after the moisture enters,leading to the fracture of the core rod.For evaluating the adhesion between the rod and housing,a new five-class evaluation method was proposed.Using this evaluation method,six insulators in service were grading evaluated.Through the classification evaluation,it is known that there are two factors to affect the adhesion between the rod and housing of composite insulators:the adhesion quality of composite insulators during the manufacturing process and long-term high field strength.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the mixing condition
of high strength concrete according to partial replacement
of cement by fly ash. The experimental factors selected in
this study are types of sand-aggregate ratio with two levels
(40%, 50%), and fly ash contents with five levels
(0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), and with partially silica fume (10%).
The result of this experiment is the fact that optimum mixing
conditions were the case of adding ratio of fly ash 20%, silica
fume 10%.


Haematological biochemistry indices of Acipenser schrenckii cultured at different salinities(0,10,20,25,28) for 20 days respectively were measured.The results showed that the values of total protein(TP) increased first and then declined with the growth of the salinities.The values of T-BIL increased gradually with the addition of the salinities.The varieties of TRIG was consistent with that of the TP,the values of cholesterin(CHOL) had no significant variations with the increase of the salinities,and high density lipoprotein cholesterin(HDL-C) first decreased slowly then increased slightly with the enhancement of the salinities,and the values of blood glucose(G) first reduced then increased with the growth of the salinities.The values of CREA increased first and then declined,The values of BUN increased first and then declined.With the growth of the salinities,the values of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) declined gradually,and the values of amylase(AMY) first dropped then rose,and the values of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) first increased,then dropped and added in the end,which was similar to the varieties of the alanine aminotransferase(ALT).Na+ concentration first increased,then declined and kept stable finally,which was similar to the changes of Cl-and P,and K+ concentration first increased and then decreased,yet Ca2+ concentration had no significant changes.By analysing the haematological biochemistry indices after salinities domestication,Amur sturgeon possessed better osmoregulation abilities and could live in the 28 salt water after domestication.


Duarte, Nathalie F. S. de Melo and Leonardo F. FracetoCarregaro, Thais S. Farnesi-de-Assuncao, Poliana M. Marcelo H. Napimoga, Carlos A. T. da Silva, Vanessahttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/189/2/1043doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200730June 2012;J Immunol€2012; 189:1043-1052; Prepublished online 15Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/189/2/1043.full#ref-list-1This article cites 46 articles, 12 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:


In practice, fault diagnosis of power transformer is often performed on the basis of limited data and many various uncertainties factors. Under this circumstance, there are practical difficulties in identifying unique distributions as input for fault diagnosis. In order to solve the problem and improve the diagnosis ability of power transformer by analyzing the dissolved gas, a new method based on probability boxes theory was proposed. Firstly, the raw percentages of dissolved gas were used as the information source to construct the tow pboxes about H2 and C2H6 gas content. Then, to take advantage of the complementation of the information source, the tow pboxes about H2 and C2H6 gas content were fused. Finally, the SVM features database was established by extracting different types of cumulative uncertainty measures from p-boxes. The analysis result shows that the proposed method has high degree of diagnosis accuracy and is characterized by fast diagnosis and good real-time, demonstrating the model is practical and effective. ; Power transformer; Uncertainty; Probability box; Fusion


Aim:To explore the changes of fibrinolysis system in experimental diabetic rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R). Methods:Fifty diabetic male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats made by injection of streptozotocin were used for cerebral ischemic model, which was performed with intraluminar filament under monitoring regional cerebral blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry technique. After being ischemia for 1h, reperfusion was followed for 1h, 2h, 5h, 11h and 23h respectively. The activity of plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) in ischemic rat brain was detected by spectrophotoetric methods. Results:The infarction volume was significantly increased in diabetic rats in comparing with control rats. The blood flow in the ischemic core and penumbra reduced more greatly in diabetic rats than that in control rats during reperfusion. After I/R, PA activity and PA/PAI ratio increased in diabetic and control rats, but PAI activity had no changes. Reperfusion 5 h after 1 hour ischemia led to more significantly increased PA activity and PA/PAI ratio in control rats than the in diabetic rats.Conclusion:There were increases and dynamic changes of PA activity and PA/PAI ratio after cerebral I/R. The actual profibrinolysis after cerebral I/R was decreased in diabetic rats.


Two CuII complexes [Cu3(2,2′-bipy)2(pdc)2)(H2O)2]·2H2O (1) and [Cu4(2,2′-bipy)2(pdc)2(OH)2]n·2nH2O (2) (2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine; H3pdc = 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid) were synthesized under hydrothermal reaction conditions. Because of different experimental conditions, the structure of complex 1 is built up of a trinuclear CuII unit and solvate water molecules, whereas complex 2 has an novel one-dimensional coordination polymeric structure linked by three kinds of bridging groups in an alternating manner. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of the compounds were performed and indicated antiferromagnetic interactions in 1 and ferromagnetic interactions in 2.


For the search for HIV immunogens with the capacity to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) we have recently developed a technique allowing for the fine mapping of epitopes on the HIV1 Envelope protein (Env). Utilizing this tool, an alanine permutation library based on the extracellular part of the Cclade Env 96ZM651 was investigated. 550 Env variants were expressed in HEK293 cells and analyzed by flow cytometry for improved or reduced binding to (i) bnAbs PG9 (quaternary structure), (ii) VRC01 (CD4 binding site) and (iii) soluble CD4. With this, several critical positions for either of the 2 bnAbs as well as for sCD4 have been identified. Based on these data, we now aimed towards generating native Env trimers that show enhanced binding to both PG9 and VRC01 by combining gain of binding mutations (GOB). Moreover, we intended to reduce the binding to CD4 by introducing sCD4 loss of binding mutations (LOB). This will possibly be beneficial for Env variants used for vaccination due to increased availability of the immunogen and reduction of CD4 induced conformational changes. For this purpose, Env-variants with different combinations of LOB/GOB mutations were expressed on the surface of HEK293T cells and their binding affinity to a panel of bnAbs was measured by the FACS based screening approach. Thereby we were able to generate Env variants with enhanced binding properties to several bnAbs, while sCD4 binding is prevented. Noteworthy these variants show reduced binding to nonneutralizing Abs. In summary, we generated Env variants which may represent promising candidates for future testing in rabbits to further elucidate the immunogenic properties of the optimized Env variants.


To develop a shortcut nitrification process for treating anaerobic digested piggery wastewater with a high ammonia concentration,a sequencing batch reactor( SBR) was introduced,and the temperature,ammonia nitrogen loading rate( Rnl) and aeration time were investigated as the significant influence factors of the shortcut nitrification. The shortcut nitrification process could be established in the SBR at 28 ℃ or 15 ℃ with the identical dissolved oxygen( DO),ranged from 1 to 2 mg·L- 1. But the ammonia removal and nitrite accumulation rate Rna were decreased from 71. 1% and 96. 7% to 52. 8% and 85. 4%,respectively,when the temperature was dropped from 28 ℃ to 15 ℃. Though the ammonia removal rate was decreased to 48. 6% since the Rnlhad been increased from 0. 56 to 2. 18 kg·m- 3·d- 1at 28 ℃,a Rnaas high as 96. 8% was obtained,indicating that an excellent shortcut nitrification occurred in the SBR. To obtain a superior ammonia oxidation with a higher Rnl,extension of aeration time would be supportive. But an excessive aeration could result in an increase in nitrate and a decrease in Rna,which was unfeasible for the shortcut nitrification process in the SBR.


In this paper the theoretical and substantial analyses are applied to analyze the enterprise network effects. The agglomeration effects express in the process of cluster and division of labors between enterprises in theory and show that the regional Gini coefficients of zhejiang industries are bounded up with the ratio of labor efficiencies in practice. The conclusion is that the industrial agglomeration is also the path of promoting the industry competition ability, and the government must stress the quality of products in order to make good use of the increasing agglomeration effects, and promote the development of some industries in order to produce network effects.


To compare the electromyographic signal of different surface electrodes and to identify the channel that presents the highest level of electromyographic activity through the mean and peak of Root Mean Square (RMS).


Roy et al. (NEJM 2000;342:913) compared the efticacy of amiodarone (200 mg/day after loading), sotalol (160 to 320 mg/day in divided doses), and propafenone (450 to 600 mg/day in divided doses) in preventing recurrences of atrial fibrillation (AF). The primary endpoint was first ECG documentation of recurrent AF. Over a mean follow-up period of 468 ± 150 days, 71/201 (35%) patients assigned to amiodarone had first recurrences of AF, as did 127/ 202 (63%, P < 0.001) of the patients assigned to sotalol or propafenone. There were 9 deaths in amiodarone group and 8 deaths in sotalol/ propafenone group. In 18% of the patients receiving amiodarone and in 11 % of those treated with sotalol or propafenone (P = 0.06), the drugs were discontinued due to adverse events. The authors concluded that amiodarone is more effective than sotalol or propafenone for prevention of AF recurrences.


The present article assesses the substantial impact of Weber's sociology upon studies of Theravada Buddhism. In doing so, it reviews several important works on Theravada Buddhism with a view to analysing the use, influence and implications of Weber's sociology in Buddhist studies. After providing a broad overview of this influence in Theravada studies the discussion culminates with a more detailed discussion of the impact of Weber's sociology on the study and representation of Thai Buddhism.


In this thesis, we describes the anionic cycloaromatization of 1-aryl-3-decen-1,5-diynes initiated by methoxide addition. We found that reaction of 2-(3-undecen-1,5-diynyl)benzonitrile with sodium methoxide in the presence of polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, HMPA, THF or crown ether gave phenanthridinones in good chemical yields. On the other hand, under the same reaction conditions, methanolysis of 1-aryl-3-decen-1,5-diynes in the presence of tetra-butylammonium iodide in refluxing methanol gave biaryl products, yields ranging from 14﹪to 52﹪.The results suggest that addition of polar aprotic solvent would increase the nucleophilicity of methoxide and also the regioselectivity for the methoxide addtion to the cyano group.


Masked autoencoder (MAE) is a promising self-supervised pre-training technique that can improve the representation learning of a neural network without human intervention. However, applying MAE directly to volumetric medical images poses two challenges: (i) a lack of global information that is crucial for understanding the clinical context of the holistic data, (ii) no guarantee of stabilizing the representations learned from randomly masked inputs. To address these limitations, we propose the \textbf{G}lobal-\textbf{L}ocal \textbf{M}asked \textbf{A}uto\textbf{E}ncoder (GL-MAE), a simple yet effective self-supervised pre-training strategy. In addition to reconstructing masked local views, as in previous methods, GL-MAE incorporates global context learning by reconstructing masked global views. Furthermore, a complete global view is integrated as an anchor to guide the reconstruction and stabilize the learning process through global-to-global consistency learning and global-to-local consistency learning. Finetuning results on multiple datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method over other state-of-the-art self-supervised algorithms, highlighting its effectiveness on versatile volumetric medical image segmentation tasks, even when annotations are scarce. Our codes and models will be released upon acceptance.


In this Perspective, Wayne D. Hall & Michael Farrell discuss the current need for alternative strategies in the rising opioid crisis in the US and the necessity to fund evidence-based treatment initiatives to reduce the death toll.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of extrinsic motivation, workplace learning, employer trust and self-efficacy on foreign laborers' cross-cultural adjustment.,This paper uses structural equation modeling to analyze the data from a sample of 258 Vietnamese laborers in Taiwan.,The results show a significantly positive impact of extrinsic motivation, workplace learning, employer trust and self-efficacy on cross-cultural adjustment.,The findings of this study provide important implications for academic researchers and organizations concerning management and development of successful foreign laborers. From a theoretical aspect, this study shows new evidence on the impacts of extrinsic motivation, workplace learning, employer trust and self-efficacy on foreign laborer cross-cultural adjustment. In addition, this study enriches theories in the field of self-determination motivation, workplace learning, trust and self-efficacy literature. From a practical aspect, this study provides implications for business managers to make better policies in training and managing foreign laborers.


The influx of migrant workers into the Malay Peninsula during the British administration of the Straits Settlements and the Malay States forms the basis of this chapter. Reference is made to the introduction of the labour legislation to accord protection of these workers against exploitation and abuse by the employers. It is noteworthy that the inflow of international migrants into the Malay Peninsula is not a recent phenomenon. It started during the British colonial rule when the capitalist economic enterprises were introduced together with necessary
infrastructures. Apart from the above, it is also worthwhile to briefly note the abolishment of serfdom and slavery in England. The above discussion is relevant in so far as the treatment of migrant workers during the British administration of the Straits Settlements and the Malay States is concerned.


Agriculture has a very important place at the point of feeding the population itself. With the development of Agriculture, humanity continues its progress. Soil fertility enhancing planting, spraying, fertilizing methods, the mechanization of agriculture, high-yield hybrid seeds has provided to be sufficient to meet the food needs of the population in agricultural production. Especially it was dramatically saving time and effort with mechanization. Excess labor occurred in the agricultural sector has created the phenomenon of migration from rural to urban glides to other sectors. In this study, the efficiency of mechanization in agriculture and agricultural production in Turkey, is being investigated its impact on agricultural employment. In this context, 2009Q1-2018Q2 period between the level of mechanization in Turkey, the number of employed in the agricultural sector, agricultural Gross Domestic Product values and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model analysis was performed with statistical data on agricultural land in the same period. The findings of this study show that there is a significant relationship between the level of mechanization in agriculture and the rate of agricultural employment in the long run. Another result is the effect of productivity on agricultural employment. According to findings, there was no long-run relationship between productivity and agricultural employment. However, productivity in the short run affects the rate of agricultural employment. Finally, it is observed that the average income affects the employment rate negatively in long run in agriculture sector in Turkey.


Popular matching and was extensively studied in recent years as an alternative to stable matchings. Both type of matchings are defined in the framework of Stable Marriage (SM) problem: in a given bipartite graph G = (A,B;E) each vertex u has a strict order of preference on its neighborhood. A matching M is popular, if for every matching M ′ of G, the number of vertices that prefer M ′ to M is at most the number of vertices which prefer M to M ′. In this paper we prove that every maximum cardinality popular matching saturates the same set of vertices. This property is similar to that of stable matchings: any such matching saturates the same set of vertices.


Senna ( Senna italic Mill) one of the famous medicinal plants in many Arabic countries. In this study, the antibacterial activity of Senna and its synergistic effect with antibiotics were investigated. Different bacterial groups were used in this study including: Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia), Acinetobacter baumannii ( A. baumannii ) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and Salmonella spp. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against E. coli , S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were assessed using microdilution method. The synergistic effect between plants and extraction of antibiotics was evaluated using disk diffusion method. The results indicated that Senna plant has antibacterial properties against the tested bacteria with various degrees; this could be attributed to the plant active ingredients. Moreover, the zones of inhibition of all tested microorganisms resulted from plant extract-antibiotic combinations were greater than those resulted from antibiotics solely. The results also showed that methanolic extract of the plant has more inhibitory effect than that of the water extract. Further investigation of the plants extract to isolate and identify the active ingredients is recommended.


Presented is the design and measurement of an optically controlled modulator implemented in waveguide at WR3.4. The symmetric device consists of offset input and output waveguides bridged by a microstrip transmission line with radial waveguide probes patterned onto a thin silicon chip. Optical illumination of the chip at photon energies larger than the silicon bandgap generates free charge carriers in the silicon substrate, modulating its conductivity and dielectric constant. This photoconductive effect allows for the modulation of the millimeter-wave loss along the microstrip transmission line. Initial testing of the device has demonstrated up to 40dB of attenuation, with less than 1.5dB insertion loss in the off-state. A modulation bandwidth of 2MHz has been demonstrated, indicating a sub-100ns fall time when operated as a fast switch.


The influence of polymer solution concentration on the performance of chlorobenzene- (CB-) and chloroform- (CF-) based inverted-type organic solar cells has been investigated. The organic photoactive layers consisted of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) and (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were spin coated from CF with concentrations of 4, 6, and 8 mg/mL and from CB with concentrations of 6, 8, and 10 mg/mL onto Eosin-Y-coated ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs). Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) and silver (Ag) were used as electron collecting electrode and hole collecting electrode, respectively. Experimental results showed that the short circuit current density and power conversion efficiency increased with decrease of solution concentration for both CB and CF devices, which could be attributed to reducing charge recombination in thinner photoactive layer and larger contact area between the rougher photoactive layer and Ag contact. However, the open circuit voltage decreased with decreasing solution concentration due to increase of leakage current from ZnO NRAs to Ag as the ZnO NRAs were not fully covered by the polymer blend. The highest power conversion efficiencies of % and % were achieved at the respective lowest solution concentrations of CB and CF.


Abstract Pleistocene marine terraces along the Marlborough coast, South Island, New Zealand, have been re‐examined with detailed stratigraphic observations, accurate height data, and amino acid and thermo‐luminescence (TL) geochronology. Marine terraces range in age from c. 220 ka (oxygen isotope stage 7) to c. 60 ka (oxygen isotope stage 3), in the area from Cape Campbell to Conway River. At Kaikoura Peninsula, five marine terraces are preserved. The marine fauna, loess stratigraphy, and amino acid dating of Tawera spissa, from the Kaikoura I (highest) terrace and from the highest terrace at Haumuri Bluffs (Tarapuhi Terrace), indicate a correlation to oxygen isotope substage 5c, with an age of 100 ka. North of the Clarence River, marine terraces (including the Parikawa Formation) are correlated to oxygen isotope substage 5e of the last interglacial. TL dating of loess supports this interpretation. The Winterholme Formation terrace at Kekerengu is reinterpreted as a last glaciation fluvioglacial terrace g...


Modern 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets) require hybrid multiple access technology for optimal performance. The feasibility of a hybrid power domain sparse code nonorthogonal multiple access (PD‐SCMA) that integrates both power domain nonorthogonal multiple access (PD‐NOMA) and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) for an uplink hierarchical HetNet system is demonstrated. Hybrid schemes namely: Successive Codebook Ordering Assignment (SCOA) for codebook assignment (CA), opportunistic MUE‐SUE pairing (OMSP) for user pairing (UP), and a QoS‐aware power allocation (QAPA) for power allocation (PA) are developed. The SCOA algorithm is based on channel quality ordering metric, OMSP algorithm is based on channel quality diversity and pairing interference metric while the QAPA algorithm features a QoS awareness metric. A joint energy efficiency (EE) resource allocation (JEERA) algorithm that iteratively performs CA, UP, and PA for small cell user equipment (SUE) and the macro user equipment (MUE) to limit interference, improve spectral and energy efficiency is presented. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonconvex system EE resource allocation optimization for the small cells under QoS constraints of minimum sum‐rate, interference temperature, maximum power, and SCMA structure for a hybrid low complexity joint SIC‐Log‐MPA receiver. A modified near‐optimal dual decomposition analytical methodology featuring Dinkelbach fractional transformations is utilized to assess the system's performance on an imperfect wireless channel. Through numerical results, the proposed schemes are shown to improve the EE of the small cells in comparison with the prevalent schemes.


Allison Manning's school is about to begin delivery of the Diploma in hair and beauty studies. She discusses some of the challenges the preparation for this new qualification has thrown up


Most of geosynthetic are usually employed as a thin sheet-like membrane and reinforce an embankment structure or a poor ground. A geocell mattress, which is one of the reinforced earth construction methods, is assembled in a three dimensional slab structure such as a honeycomb and filled with soil materials. This can improve the mechanical properties of soil structure. The geocell can confine the deformation of soil particles in each cell and a result the geocell slab has a high bending rigidity and shows high stress distribution effects and a restriction of flow deformation of foundation soils. In this study laboratory model tests are carried out using a two layer system composing a geocell slab placed on a EPS resilient subbase layer. An elastic analysis of the layer under a circular load are made. Experimental and theoretical results are compared and discussed.


: At present, the copper bonding wires are widely used in integrated circuits, electronic packaging and other fields, but the fatigue problem will be inevitably produced by the local stress and the swing in the manufacturing and bonding process. The fatigue behavior of micron scale copper bonding wires with different diameter are examined by using a new device for micro-cantilevers based on self-excited vibration principle. The results show that symmetrical bending fatigue performance of micron scale copper bonding wires can be successfully measured by this device, tensile test indicate that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus of copper wire with diameter of 20 μ m are higher than those of the diameter of 30 μ m and 40 μ m, which significantly performs size effect. Fatigue life of copper wires is about 10 4 -10 7 cycles. Under the same stress condition, fatigue life of copper wire increases with the decreasing of the diameter. Fatigue strength ( N =10 6 ) of copper wires ( d =20 μ m, 30 μ m, 40 μ m) is 140 MPa, 97 MPa, 70 MPa respectively. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) images show that fracture surface of tensile sample is Chisel-shaped peak, the surface around the fracture appears many strip drawing traces, while fracture surface of fatigue sample is flat and two cracks almost simultaneously originate from the surface, final rupture region is like narrow sheet.


On 17 July 2012, the Commission announced that it had opened proceedings against Microsoft in order to investigate whether the company has failed to comply with its 2009 commitments to offer…


Along with the development of high-rise buildings and high-speed railways, the straightness and sizing accuracy of PC steel bars is highly demanded. The addition of precision straightening process between traction and shear in the production line of PC steel bars can improve the application performance of products effectively. Moreover, the traditional shear mode is changed to realize high precision sizing and cutting purpose in high-speed production (90m/min). A straightening scheme with large deformation and equal curvature was proposed in this article, which can realize circumferential standstill locking of bars in the perpendicular straightening planes and guarantee straightening precision. Based on mechanical-electro-hydraulic integration technology, optical-mechanical-electrical sizing and conjugate cam cutting method were presented. 9/13 numerical control sizing cutter for PC steel bars is developed in the production line of PC steel bars, which has high automation, better straightening effect, and minor sizing error.


A new kind of composite coagulant called FO coagulant was used to improve sludge dewaterability.The FO coagulant is composed of three agents.The experiments of sludge settleability and filtration performance show that the mixture of three agents at the ratio of 1 ∶2 ∶0.05 has the best effect and the optimal mass fraction is 9.15%(the proportion of dry sludge).The FO coagulant has a better effect on improving the sludge settleability.It can reduce the sludge specific resistance from 2.03×109 s2/g to 0.29×109 s2/g,thus improving sludge dewaterability to a great extent.The pilot test result shows that the water content in filter cake can reach 73.21% after using FO coagulant in the process of sludge dewatering,and the solid recovery rate approaches 95%.The agent cost is 1.95 yuan for disposal of 1 t wet sludge.


Integration of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in a three-phase four-wire distribution network cause voltageviolations namely voltage-rise and voltage unbalance. This study investigates the factors that affect both the voltage-rise and voltage unbalance in low voltage distribution network integrated with the rooftop PV systems. The concerning factors are classified into active factors such as; loads active powers, PV active powers, and bus reactive powers, and passive factors such as; numbers of feeder buses and neutral-grounded resistances. The study also determines the factors conditions at which the highest values of both voltage-rise and voltage unbalance occurred. Moreover, the most and least significant effects of individual factors on both voltage-rise and voltage unbalance are studied. The studied system is simulated and implemented in MATLAB software environment and the feeder loads are modelled based on Back–Forward Sweep method. The simulation results identify that the conditions of the worst voltage-rise and voltage unbalance cases depend on the collective influence of the studied factors.


In MOOC education, users often have difficulty understanding courses due to insufficient prerequisite knowledge, which makes it easy to give up learning. Therefore, when recommending MOOCs to users, they also want to be told in what order these courses should be taken. However, the learning pathways of courses generally need to be determined by professionals, which is lacking in online education such as MOOC. In this paper, we propose a MOOCs learning pathways recommendation method based on sequence alignment, which runs without any prior knowledge from professionals. The method analyzes historical behavior data of users in the learning platform, obtains the common choice of multiple users on the order of course learning through sequence alignment, and constructs a graph of MOOCs learning pathways. We verify that our work is useful by conducting experiments based on real data from an online learning platform, and the results show that the learning pathways recommended by our method are in line with experts' teaching experience.


The problem of range spread target detection embedded in subspace interference and compound Gaussian noise with gamma texture is dealt with. The interference belongs to a known subspace but the coordinates are unknown. Exploiting the persymmetric structure of noise covariance matrix, a persymmetric generalized likelihood ratio test is proposed. The performance assessment demonstrates the superiority of the proposed detector.


This paper presents a design of boundary controllers implemented at the top end for global stabilization of a marine riser under environmental loadings. Based on the energy approach, nonlinear partial differential equations of motion including varying tension and rotational inertia for the riser are derived. The Lyapunov direct method is used as a design tool to design the boundary controller comprising of forces and moments to compensate rotational effects. It is shown that the proposed boundary controllers can effectively reduce the riser's vibrations. Proof of the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of closed loop systems are provided based on the Galerkin approximation method. Stability analysis of the closed‐loop system is performed using the Lyapunov direct method. Numerical simulations illustrate the results.


Heart sound is one of the most important physiological signals of our body, including a large number of physiological and pathological information that can reflect the cardiovascular status. This study aims to develop a heart sound signal quality assessment method. In view of the 3
 common noises (deep breath, speaking and cough) in clinical data collection, a total of 72 features were extracted from 6 domains, i.e., time, frequency, entropy, energy, high-order statistics and cyclostationarity. Then information gain, which was used as feature selection method, as well
 as statistical analysis were employed for dimension reduction. A SVM with radial basis kernel function was trained for final signal quality classification. The best effect was obtained on distinguishing resting from cough and the result showed that the classification performance was significantly
 improved after feature selection. In contrast, statistical analysis had little effect on the improvement of classification results. The best accuracy in distinguishing between resting and deep breath, resting and speaking, resting and cough is 87.73%, 95.00%, 98.64%, respectively. These results
 indicate that the proposed method is effective for identifying different noise states, namely cough, speaking and deep breath.


Category theory deals in an abstract way with mathematical structures and relationships between them. Fuzzy graph is a result of an application of fuzzy characteristics into a crisp graph. In this paper, we discuss the Category of Fuzzy Graph. In addition, the Subcategory of Fuzzy Graph Type-3 is revealed and some types of morphisms on Category of Fuzzy Graph were studied.

 Keywords: Fuzzy graph; Category theory

 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification 05C72; 18A05


University of Science and Technology of Advanced Mathematics is a compulsory basic course.The traditional exam-oriented teaching methods of teaching mathematics directly affect the quality and overall quality of training students,reforming teaching methods of Advanced Mathematics Teaching in the University,changing concepts of education,improve the comprehensive quality.


Despite the effort made in the eye tracking community, the eye position tracking problem remains unsolved completely, due to the large variations in the eye appearance. This paper describes a multi-modal eye position tracker in dark/bright pupil image sequences. The tracking algorithm consists of detecting meaningful particles that correspond to IR-Pupil responses and eye motion, altering of particles through appearance models in the local invariant descriptor space, and matching of eye neighbors. Experimental validations have shown satisfactory performance in term of precision of eye position estimation, and robustness to 2D head rotations, translations, closed eye states, and reasonable out-of-plane rotations.


We present high-resolution 2.5D MHD simulation results of magnetic breakout-initiated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) originating from a coronal pseudostreamer configuration. The coronal null point in the magnetic topology of pseudostreamers means that the initiation of consecutive sympathetic eruptions is a natural consequence of the system's evolution. A generic source region energization process—ideal footpoint shearing parallel to the pseudostreamer arcade polarity inversion lines—is all that is necessary to store sufficient magnetic energy to power consecutive CME eruptions given that the pseudostreamer topology enables the breakout initiation mechanism. The second CME occurs because the eruptive flare reconnection of the first CME simultaneously acts as the overlying pre-eruption breakout reconnection for the sympathetic eruption. We examine the details of the magnetic and kinetic energy evolution and the signatures of the overlying null point distortion, current sheet formation, and magnetic breakout reconnection giving rise to the runaway expansion that drives the flare reconnection below the erupting sheared field core. The numerical simulation's spatial resolution and output cadence are sufficient to resolve the formation of magnetic islands during the reconnection process in both the breakout and eruptive flare current sheets. We quantify the flux transfer between the pseudostreamer arcades and show that the eruptive flare reconnection processes flux ∼10 times faster than the pre-eruption breakout reconnection. We show that the breakout reconnection jets cause bursty, intermittent upflows along the pseudostreamer stalk, as well as downflows in the adjacent pseudostreamer arcade, both of which may be observable as pre-eruption signatures. Finally, we examine the flux rope CME trajectories and show that the breakout current sheet provides a path of least resistance as an imbalance in the surrounding magnetic energy density and results in a non-radial CME deflection early in the eruption.


Concept of disinfection or fumigation is very important as every host has not optimum level of immunity to defence himself against pathogens causing diseases and so it is commonly practised in many developed nations to prevent transmission of viral diseases which are airborne in nature such as COVID -19. However various review of modern fumigating physical & chemical agents e.g. Formalin  which are expensive, having crumblesome technique & toxic nature are generally used for this purpose.Therefore, current situation of COVID pandemic demands for the replacement  in Ayurveda  e.g. Dhoopana Karma for  such techniques.As  it is  cost effective, safe, convenient, effective, and lucrative  method of sterilizaion. Main aim of this paper is to compile all scattered information regarding Dhoopana Karma from different Ayurvedic sculptures. All information of these karma which is in dispursed form is complied & described under different heads such as history pf Dhoopana Karma, synonyms, classification, indications (general & specific), various drugs useful for Dhoopana, their period for collection, different formulations for Dhoopana, instruments for Dhoopana, different modes of administration / procedure, method of storing and preservation of Dhoopana Dravya & duration of procedure in descriptive manner & tabular form. Extensive review related with Dhoopana Karma shows that that Dhoopan Karma which is a most common method of sterilization described in an ayurveda & it is categorised under topical (Bahiparimarjana) treatment.Broad spectrum utility of these different formulations of Dhoopana  suggests demands for researches in future to study their various  pharmacological properties & actions such as bacteriostatic or bactericidal, wormicidal, anti-inflammatory ,antiseptic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal anti –pyretic. Suchpe of vivid research may become helpful to prevent the need for medical intervention in entities such as COVID-19. On the basis of this review, it can be concluded that Dhoopana Karma can be used as a type of fumigation for massive & local sterilization in current dreadful outbreak of COVID-19.


Introduced in 2005, the Golden Space‐Time Block Codes (STBC) is a full‐rate, full‐diversity perfect STBC that has a maximum coding gain for an asynchronous MIMO system and helps improve its bit error performance. In this project, an effective scheme is proposed to achieve asynchronous distributed transmission with the Golden Code, over a two‐hop MIMO relay channel. And also two detection methods are adopted i.e. maximum likelihood (ML) decoding and sphere decoding (SD) within the asynchronous relay network.In addition, full maximum‐ likelihood (ML) decoding and sphere decoding (SD) is adopted as the detection approach within the asynchronous relay network. Simulation results based on end‐to‐end bit error rate confirms that this approach gives the positive results. Keywords— Golden code ,full rate, full diversity, maximum‐likelihood decoding, sphere decoding.


Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the long-run and short-run impact of demographic structure and human capital on the economic growth of Turkey.

Theoretical framework: The shift in demographic dividend which witness shifts in age structures, have led to positive prospects, which have resulted in the decline in rate of births leading to a decline in a country's young dependent group, and subsequently caused an increase in the percentage of the workforce working-age numbers. In the past few decades, there has been a noticeable substantial shift in the population structure with regard to the percentage of the cohort of working age population in Turkey that could have consequences on the economy.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The annual time series data of Turkey for the time period 1990 to 2020 was employed through the utilization of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to investigate the association between the demographic structure, human capital and economic growth.

Findings: The results revealed that variations in the age structure, as manifested by the variations in the age cohorts of the working-age population, possess substantial favorable impacts on economic growth in the short and long run. The research also revealed that human capital impacts on economic growth in a positive way in the short run.

Research, practical & social implications: The study revealed that there is a substantial shift in the population fabric in Turkey. The ongoing changes that have transpired relatively rapidly might have significant economic consequences for the country in the future. Hence, it is therefore recommended that Turkey acquire demographic and economic measures which will stimulate the population to be intensively involved in the workforce. This is to garner the gains of demographic and educational returns as a major method towards the attainment of a high level of economic growth.

Originality/Value: This study utilizes working age population more broadly than most of the literature, using disaggregated age groups based on age. The key motivation for this is to ascertain the role of each age group, and its effect on economic growth.


Use of plasma in water for water treatment and medical treatment is growing and raises expectations of finding advanced functions such as an increase of biological compatibility. In the present study with a focus on the variation of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), relationships between the electrode polarities of plasma in water and the change of water quality such as conductivity, H2O2 concentration, dissolved hydrogen concentration, pH and ORP were revealed. Similar line spectra of radiation at the electrode tip were observed for each case of positive and negative electrode polarity. The emission intensities of OH (309 nm), Hα (656 nm), and OI (777 nm) for the positive discharge were significantly higher than those for the negative one, though the energy consumption during the discharge period of both cases was nearly the same. Positive electrode polarity was found to be more suitable than negative electrode polarity for increasing dissolved hydrogen gas and hydrogen peroxide. The ORP for the posit...


: Multiobjective design of a laminated cylindrical shell is obtained with the objectives defined as the maximization of axial load and external and internal pressures subject to a strength constraint. The failure under axial load and external pressure may occur by buckling. The ply angle is taken as the design variable. The weighted global criterion method is employed to solve the vector-optimization problem, which involves minimization of the distance to ideal solution vector in L2 metric. A symmetrically laminated and balanced shell is considered as an example. Pareto optimal solutions are given for two- and three-objective design problems, and numerical results are presented in the form of tradeoff curves and surfaces. The effects of problem parameters are investigated, and the results are given for various weighting factors and shape parameters.


License plate location is one of the key to License Plate Recognition Technology.Using image of Edge analysis and binarization processing,combined with texture information statistics to conduct license plate location,this can overcome the impact of the weak edge information in complex background and noise interference,it can also filter the region of suspicious license plate.Experimental results show that this method can be reasonable to achieve license plate location.


The literature on the three concepts named in the title of this book is vast. In this introduction, I simply provide a sketch (in §1.1-1.3) of the issues that set the scene for the papers in the volume. My discussion is judiciously larded at appropriate points with brief references to those papers, and each paper is summarized in §1.4. In §1.5, I discuss the papers in relation to each other, and then summarize some of their shared assumptions. 1.1. Subjects The subject occupies a precarious position in generative linguistics; on the one hand it is an indispensable concept at a descriptive level, and is accorded basic sta - tus as a primitive notion in some frameworks (along with other grammatical rela - tions); on the other hand it has defeated all attempts at a cross-linguistically valid definition and a substantial part of the field takes it to be no more than a descrip - tive label for an epiphenomenal collection of properties (cf. McCloskey 1997 for a clear overview of the issues). Traditional grammarians distinguish between grammatical or formal subject s and logical or notional subjects; for example Jespersen notes (1927:227-228, 1949:107-110) that in a raising construction like (1a), the grammatical subject is he, but the notional subject of the main clause is the (discontinuous) infinitive clause he to fall; while in the most deeply embedded clause in (1b) (from Dickens), the grammatical subject is there while the logical subject is what.


Pregnancy in rudimentary horn is an extremely rare ectopic pregnancy,which is associated with the most significant risk of life threatening intra-abdominal bleeding caused by rupture during the second trimester of gestation.Because it is rare without definite clinical symptoms,the misdiagnosis rate is higher.This paper reviews its pathogenesis,outcome,diagnosis and treatment in order to lower its misdiagnosis rate.


A new flash EEPROM cell and a novel erasing scheme on SOI substrates are reported. This flash EEPROM cell incorporates two separate control gates, located an opposite sides of the silicon film. One is a conventional control gate fabricated on top of the film as in bulk cells. The second control gate is the back gate itself, which is located underneath the silicon film and is inherent to all SOI MOSFET structures. As usual, the front control gate is used to WRITE the cell. By contrast, the back control gate is used to ERASE the cell in a new erasing scheme arrangement. In this scheme the back gate and the drain are used to invert the back channel and operate it in the impact ionization regime, such as to produce electron/hole pairs. Most of the generated electrons flow into the drain and some are injected into the back (buried) oxide. The holes, however, are accelerated towards the front gate, and many are finally injected into the floating gate, sandwiched between the front gate dioxide and front control gate. A prototype flash EEPROM cell was fabricated using a standard 1-metal, 1-poly CMOS SOI process and tested for concept proof. The cell was programmed via avalanche channel hot-electron injection from the drain pinch-off region, same as in bulk cells.


This work proposes gallium oxide grown by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition, as a surface passivation material at the CdS buffer interface of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. In preliminary experiments, a metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) structure is used to compare aluminium oxide, gallium oxide, and hafnium oxide as passivation layers at the CIGS‐CdS interface. The findings suggest that gallium oxide on CIGS may show a density of positive charges and qualitatively, the least interface trap density. Subsequent solar cell results with an estimated 0.5 nm passivation layer show an substantial absolute improvement of 56 mV in open‐circuit voltage (VOC), 1 mA cm−2 in short‐circuit current density (JSC), and 2.6% in overall efficiency as compared to a reference (with the reference showing 8.5% under AM 1.5G).


Misophrioids are not common, indeed most copepod workers have probably never seen one. At present only three species have been described, Misophria pallida Boeck, 1865 (a neritic species with a wide distribution in the N.E. Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Red Sea), Benthomisophria palliata Sars, 1909, and B. cornuta Hulse mann & Grice, 1964 (both bathypelagic but widespread, occurring in both N. Atlantic and N. Pacific Oceans). The true number of mi sophrioid species is certainly considerably greater than this (see below). Misophrioids have always attracted interest because of their peculiar combination of characters drawn from both gym noplean and podoplean lineages within the Copepoda. I propose first to consider briefly three important aspects of their func tional morphology, then consider the evolution of the group and its affinities with the other copepods.


PURPOSE: To provide a function diagnosing method for automobiles which permits various kinds of failure inspections or functional inspections by a control device provided with a microcomputer without a huge additional cost. CONSTITUTION: Predetermined signals are inputted to input terminals 24, 25 of a controller 11, and an output signal which is set beforehand is generated from the controller 11 to an electric device corresponding to the predetermined signals. The electric device 26 is accumulated by the output signal, and a function of the electric device 12 is diagnosed without feeding back the signal from the electric device 12 to the controller 11. Since the electric device 12 is diagnosed without feeding back the signal from the electric device 12 to the controller 11, the number of terminals of the controller 11 is reduced.


ON the initial distinction made in Eth. Nic. v. between ' General' and ' Particular' Justice there is no dispute. General Justice is Righteousness or Rightness of conduct; it is the fulfilling of the whole law, written and unwritten. We call virtuous conduct ' just' in this wide sense when we look at it in relation to its effect on others (c. 1 § 20, 1130a 12): the coward or the debauchee may be called, in this wide sense, ' unjust,' when we consider how his conduct affects others. Particular Justice, on the other hand, is a special virtue alongside of such virtues as Courage and Temperance ; there may be unjust acts which are not acts of cowardice or debauchery or of any of the special vices. Of Particular Justice we are told (c. 2 § 12, 11306 30) that there are two species—' one which is exhibited in distributions of honour, property or anything else which is divisible among those who share in the commonwealth, another which is corrective in the case of contracts (TO iv rots o-waXKay/Kuri iiop6u>TiKov). Of this latter there are two divisions; for of contracts some are v voluntary, and some are involuntary. Voluntary contracts are e.g. buying, selling, lending at interest, pledging, lending without interest, depositing, letting for hire : and they are called voluntary, because they rise out of voluntary acts [i.e. voluntary on the part of both the parties to the contract]. Of involuntary contracts some are furtive (Xa$pa7a), e.g. theft, adultery, poisoning, procuring, enticement of slaves, assassination, false witness ; others violent (j3taia), e.g. assault, imprison-


Turbulent duct flows in a uniform magnetic field are examined at low magnetic Reynolds number. Large-eddy simulation is conducted to reveal a sidewall effect on the skin friction. The duct has a square cross section and entirely insulated walls. The duct flow has two kinds of boundary layers: Hartmann layer and sidewall layer. The Hartmann layer is located on the wall perpendicular to the magnetic field, while the sidewall layer exists on the wall parallel to the magnetic field. As the magnetic field increases in the range of turbulent flows, the Hartmann layer becomes thin because of the "Hartmann flattening"—a flattening effect of the flow by the Lorentz force. The sidewall layer, however, becomes thick because of the turbulence suppression until the laminarization takes place. When the Reynolds number, Re, based on the hydraulic diameter, molecular viscosity, and bulk velocity is 5 300, the Hartmann and sidewall layers are laminarized at the same Hartmann number that is proportional to the magnetic fie...


We microscopically derive the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional for a noncentrosymmetric superconductor with a large spin-orbit splitting of the electron bands, in the presence of nonmagnetic impurities. The critical temperature is found to be suppressed by disorder, both for conventional and unconventional pairing, in the latter case according to the universal Abrikosov-Gor'kov function. The impurity effect on the upper critical field turns out to be nonuniversal, determined by the pairing symmetry and the band structure. In a BCS-like model, Tc is not affected, while Hc2 increases with disorder. For unconventional pairing, both Tc and Hc2 are suppressed by disorder.


ABSTRACT:  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an etiologically and clinically heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders, diagnosed exclusively by the behavioral phenotype. The neural basis of altered social, communicative, somatosensory, and restricted and repetitive behaviors remains largely unknown. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides a vital method of inquiry to identify the neurophysiological mechanisms of ASD, better illuminate etiologically distinct subgroups, understand the developmental trajectories of aberrant connectivity and track outcome. MEG is a neuroimaging methodology that can localize sources of electrical activity within the brain with millisecond resolution by noninvasively measuring the magnetic fields arising from such activity. This review addresses the central MEG findings exploring auditory, visual and somatosensory processing, higher-order/executive functioning, and resting state in individuals with ASD over the past decade and a half. We offer a summary of emerging tre...


The use of 1 N hydrochloric acid at 60°C for 6 min to selectively extract RNA from bacteria (Robinow, 1945), animal cells (Deane, 1946; Vendrely-Rendavel, 1949) and plant cells (Taylor and McMaster, 1954) is a well known procedure. Perchloric acid in low concentration has also been used at cold temperatures for selective extraction of RNA from animal materials (Erickson, Sax and Ogur, 1949; Seshachar and Flick, 1949; Sulkin and Kuntz, 1950; Koenig and Stahlecker, 1951). Fisher (1953) reported that differential extraction of RNA from fixed mammalian tissues is possible through the use of 2 M solution of sulphuric, nitric or hydrochloric acid for 16 hr at 3°C. Deitch (1964) has used 1 N HCl at 60°C for 6 min to extract RNA from acetic acid-alcohol or 10% neutral formalin-fixed animal materials. Dutt (unpublished) has obtained very satisfactory results utilizing phosphoric acid, either concentrated or a 9 M solution for 20 and 50 min respectively at 5°C, which removes RNA selectively. A major drawback in the methods of Erickson, Sax and Ogur (1949), Seshachar and Flick (1949) and Fisher (1953) is the length of time recommended for complete extraction of RNA. This report furnishes results which indicate that rapid extraction of RNA from formalin-fixed mammalian tissue sections is possible through the use of sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids.


To introduce administrative survey of European functional foods and health claims.The main contents of rules and regulations of European health claims were summarized.The main proposals and research results of Functional Food Science in Europe(FUFOSE) were reviewed.Classified administration systems are adopted in European health claims.The procedure of Process for the Assessment of Sciences Support for Claims on Foods(PASSCLAIM) is proposed in the fields of scientific substantiation of health claims.Classified administration systems and scientific substantiation of European health claims could provide evidences and references for evaluation of function of health foods and reform of administrative examination and approval system in China.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to define some new operation laws for the trapezoidal linguistic cubic fuzzy number and Hamming distance. Furthermore, we define and use the trapezoidal linguistic cubic fuzzy TOPSIS method to solve the multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method. The new ranking method for trapezoidal linguistic cubic fuzzy numbers (TrLCFNs) are used to rank the alternatives. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify and prove the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method.


Open Sesame! is the first commercial software product that learns user's behavior, and offers automation and coaching suggestions to the user. The neural learning module looks for repetitive patterns that have not been automated; when it finds one, it creates an observation and, upon approval, automates the task. The manufacturer, Charles River Analytics, credits Langley Research Center and Johnson Space Center Small Business Innovation Research grants and the time the president and vice president spent at the two centers in the 1970s as being essential to the development of their product line.


Several Canadian workers have reported various results in the control of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), with chemicals applied to the soil surface (Dustan, 1938; Matthewman et al., 1942; McLeod, 1946; Perron et al., 1953; Finlayson and Handford, 1954). In these tests, the date of the first application of insecticide coincided with early oviposition of the insect, the second and third applications following at weekly or ten-day intervals. Satisfactory control was therefore dependent to a great extent on the grower's ability to recognize the beginning of oviposition by the pest in the field. However, many growers find this recognition difficult and poor control often results from the three-application program.


Rocket propellant research had its heyday in the mid-20th century, when the space race and the Cold War meant chemists had plenty of money and long leashes. Only a few of their most interesting ideas ended up in working rockets, but they charted new areas of chemical space, some of which, like boron chemistry, have proved useful in other fields. Geopolitical shifts, along with a growing emphasis on health, safety, and the environment, put a damper on propellant chemistry in the last decades of the 1900s. But the need for high-performance propellants hasn't gone away, and neither has chemists' interest in pushing the envelope. In this episode of Stereo Chemistry, we hear from chemists who lived through the heady days of the '50s and '60s and the ones carrying rocket chemistry's torch today. Listen at cenm.ag/rocketfuel.


The purpose of this study is to validate the dynamic centrifuge model tests carried out for liquefiable foundation soil layer of light structure with and without countermeasure technique. The soil characteristic of Kathmandu valley was studied thoroughly based on the available in-situ borehole details. The centrifuge models in this paper represent a typical soil condition and low-story buildings in Kathmandu valley. In the centrifuge model tests the newly developed "desaturation by air injection technique" was used as a countermeasure for foundation soil layer. The mechanical properties of the soil in the saturated and the desaturated zone was exactly the same with an exception of degree of saturation. Having been the mixture of water and air, the pore in the desaturated model had significantly lower bulk modulus as compared with that of the saturated. In this study, an attempt was made to simulate the desaturated soil by changing the compressibility of the pore. Effective stress analysis was conducted to simulate the centrifuge models numerically. It was found that analytical results were quite comparable with the test results for both saturated and desaturated model.


The present work evaluated and compared the lipid oxidation of charque, taken from, the semi-tendinosus muscle of animals from the Nelore breed (Bos taurus indicus), supplemented with α-tocopherol. Charque was produced submitting the samples to salt moisture, salt drying and exposition to the sun for dehydration until water activity values (Aw) reached 0.75. The statistical analysis of the results showed that there were no significant differences in the values of cholesterol, total lipids, fatty acids and substances relative to tiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and tocopherol as the samples were controlled and supplemented, respectively. Despite this, the values of TBARS and cholesterol were lower in the samples with the supplement of α-tocopherol. The supplementation, at the levels used showed no significant result in the addition of α-tocopherol in the feeding of animals destined for the processing of charque.


In this paper, we derive f(R) gravity field equations with the help of a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-III space-time, in the presence of a bulk viscous fluid, containing one-dimensional cosmic strings. Here we obtained the solutions of the field equations to both, in the presence and in the absence of cosmic strings under some specific plausible physical conditions. In particular, cosmological models with bulk viscous strings in f(R) theory of gravity, is obtained by using special law of variation for Hubble's parameter proposed by Berman (Nuovo Cimento B74:182, 1983). Various physical and kinematical properties of the models are, also, discussed.


Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of TENS in reducing neuropathic pain in patients with Diabetic Neuropathy. Design: Prospective Experimental Study. Participants and Outcome Measure: 20 Patients with a diagnosis of Diabetic Neuropathy were included in the study and they were explained regarding the treatment & its duration. Outcome measures were recorded before & after the treatment session using numerical pain rating scale. Result: After collecting data statistical analysis was done using Student's paired t test to determine the effect of TENS and it showed a significant difference in reduction in pain post treatment. Conclusion: It can be concluded that High frequency TENS can be given to Diabetic Neuropathy patients for three weeks to achieve pain reduction.


Spin-lattice relaxation measurements were made of the ethyl sulfates of Nd, Dy, Er, and Yb at temperatures in the liquid helium range to discover if the relaxation mechanism is by direct phonon transitions between the ground doublet state and a low-lying excited state of the magnetic ions. The Dy and Yb salts showed the relaxation time T/sub 1/ is proportional to DELTA /kT where DELTA is the energy of the excited state. Nd and Er showed a quite different temperature dependence. It appears that the probability of phononinduced transitions in Nd and Er is small. (J.S.R.)


This paper examines the productivity e¤ect of two categories of core infrastructure investment in China, by matching a panel of manufacturing …rmlevel production data with province-level infrastructure investment data. Crossindustry variation in infrastructure reliance using input-output table information is employed to address potential endogeneity issues. We …nd that …rms in an industry that relies more heavily on infrastructure experience higher productivity growth from more infrastructure investment. On average …rm's productivity increases by 4.57% annually due to infrastructure investment in the category of electricity, gas and water, and by 3.07% annually due to infrastructure investment in the category of transport, storage and post. JEL Classi…cation: D24, H54, O18, R15, R53


A theoretical analysis is presented to investigate fully developed (both thermally and hydrodynamically) forced convection in a duct of rectangular cross-section filled with a hyper-porous medium. The Darcy-Brinkman model for flow through porous media was adopted in the present analysis. A Fourier series type solution is applied to obtain the exact velocity and temperature distribution within the duct. The case of uniform heat flux on the walls, i.e. the H boundary condition in the terminology of Kays and Crawford [1], is treated. Values of the Nusselt number and the friction factor as a function of the aspect ratio, the Darcy number, and the viscosity ratio are reported.


Based on the lumped parameter model of single heat exchanger,the heat exchanger network dynamic model using Grossmann′s stage-wise superstructure model and its solution algorithm were set up,and it can identify the structure of heat exchanger network and get the solving algorithm automatically.The dynamic simulation of heat exchanger network was realized.In order to improve the precision of the dynamic simulation of heat exchanger network,the influence of fluid temperature on its physical property and heat transfer performance were studied,thus improving the solving speed and precision for the dynamic simulation of heat exchanger network by using both inside and outside solving algorithm.The applied instances show that the heat exchanger network dynamic model based on Grossmann′s stage-wise superstructure model and its solving algorithm are correct and reliable,which can simulate the actual run of heat exchanger network when its operation conditions are changed.


Performance test-bed of heat pump unit in central air-conditioner needs the intelligent and multifunctional software. So the monitoring software is designed with a good human-machine interactive interface, based on Visual C# development platform. The software can dynamically configure channels and measurement points to improve the defects of fixed channels for all measuring points in the traditional monitoring systems, which enhanced the flexibility and reliability of system. In order to increase the data accuracy, the improved digital filter algorithm was adopted. In addition, multi-threading mechanism was used to achieve serial communication and data processing, which meets the requirements of monitoring program for multi-tasking and real-time. The results show that monitoring software is powerful, easy to operate, reliable, high fault-tolerant and good user-friendly. It is suitable for using in other monitoring systems.


This project seeks to advance the fundamental understanding of the physicochemical processes occurring at the pyrite/aqueous interface, in the context of coal cleaning, coal desulfurization, and acid mine drainage. A novel approach to the study of pyrite aqueous electrochemistry is proposed, based on the use of both synthetic and natural ( i.e. coal-derived) pyrite specimens, the utilization of pyrite both in the form of micro (i.e. colloidal and subcolloidal) and macro (i.e. rotating ring disk) electrodes, and the application of in-situ direct electroanalytical and spectroelectrochemical characterization techniques. The work performed during this quarter focuses on the synthesis of pyrite in aqueous solutions at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The experimental results show that the initial product from the reaction between ferrous ions and sulfide ions is X-ray amorphous iron sulfide, and the final product is mackinawite from this reaction. Both amorphous iron sulfide and mackinawite in wet states are oxidized quickly in air to {gamma}-FeOOH. Pyrite can form in aqueous solution through a simple path from a reaction between ferric ions and sulfide ions at room temperature within 9 days. It is believed that a redox reaction occurs between ferric and sulfide ions to form ferrous ions and elemental sulfur.more » The Fe{sup 2+}, S{sup 2{minus}} ions and elemental sulfur, S{sup o}, in the system can then react with each other to form pyrite. This pathway of pyrite formation can be used in synthesizing nanoparticles of pyrite in microemulsions.« less


The stack was operated for two months under conditions such that it was sensitive to particles of charge 2/3e. At a depth of 60 m.w.e. the rate of such particles was not greater than 0 005 m-2 sterad-1 h-1.


Groups have been subject to a number of weaknesses and problems that interfere with their effectiveness. One notable destructive group tendency has been labeled "groupthink"-a defective decision-making process afflicting highly cohesive and conforming groups (Janis, 1972, 1983). One contemporary type of group that appears particularly vulnerable to groupthink is the self-managing or self-directing team (Manz & Sims, 1982). In this article we examine the vulnerability of self-managing teams to groupthink and propose a theory regarding the establishment of constructive synergistic team thinking and problem solving-"teamthink."


Banks are unique in designing loan contracts. Contract design determines liquidation and continuation decisions of firms. Smaller firms are often the weaker party when interacting with their banks. We study a legal reform that aims to improve small firms' bargaining position by altering the contractual environment. The new law gives small firms the right to prepay loans against a contractually specified penalty and requires banks to offer firms' best-suited loan type. Using this quasi-natural experiment, we show that, while the legal reform increases overall credit availability, banks dampen the effect of the act by tilting their credit supply to loans that are unaffected by the legal change, i.e., credit lines. Using bank-firm-credit-type data, we show that banks reduce the supply of term loans by 0.7% while credit lines increase by 4%. This effect is more pronounced for borrowers with longer relationships. Our results show that reforms generate unintended consequences since banks strategically try to undo part of the regulation.


Labyrinth weir was improved structures of existing linear Dam. The improved structures made by arranging triangle, rectangle or trapezoid, etc. repeatedly to increase the overflow discharge. Labyrinth weir remarkable not only increase overflow discharge but also energy dissipation and aeration effect. However, weakness of sediment deposition still existed in upstream of weir. If the severance of sediment transport occurred, it was possible to cause the ecological disturbance by affecting the ecosystem in downstream of weir. In this study, Slope type and Reverse-wedge hole type were changed from ordinary trapezoid labyrinth weir(Normal type). Using velocity distributions and turbulence characteristics due to changed shapes, the cause of the increase of sediment exclusion efficiency was examined. The upstream boundary condition(BC) was set to steady water surface elevation and the downstream BC was set to outflow. After steady flow, generating sediment particle at upstream BC and the sediment exclusion efficiency was estimated by counting remained sediment particles in upstream of weir. As a result, sediment exclusion efficiency increased 10.1 times for Slope type and 5.6 times for Reverse-wedge hole type compared with Normal type. And the hydrodynamic characteristics inside weir was analyzed. The increase of bottom velocity made sediment exclusion efficiency increase for Slope type and the increase of swirling strength near walls help sediment to exclude for Reverse-wedge hole type. In the case of the sediment exclusion labyrinth weir, the sediment continuity can be to enhance by changing shape simply. And it will be expected that it have the greater availability because there is an positive role in improving ecosystem health.


A Riemannian metric is of constant curvature if and only if it is locally projectively flat. There are infinitely many locally projectively flat Finsler metrics of constant curvature, that are special solutions to the Hilbert's Fourth Problem.
In this paper, we use the technique in the paper titled "Finsler metrics with K=0 and S=0" (math.DG/0109060) to construct infinitely many Finsler metrics on the 2-sphere with constant curvature K=1 and infinitely many Finsler metrics on the 2-disk with constant curvature K = -1. These metrics are not projectively flat. So far, the classification of Finsler metrics of constant curvature has not been completely done yet. These examples are important to the classification problem.


BiVO4 is a well-known visible-light-active semiconductor photocatalyst. Here, we report BiVO4 as a highly efficient host material for near-infrared (NIR) to visible frequency upconversion. Various lanthanide ions (Yb, Er, and Tm) doped BiVO4 upconversion phosphors were successfully synthesized through a facile microwave hydrothermal method. As-synthesized samples exhibit intense green, red, and NIR upconversion emissions under 980 nm excitation at power density as low as 0.02 W cm−2. The quantum efficiency for Yb, Er, and Tm triply doped BiVO4 under 2.0 W cm−2 was as high as 2.19% in the 500–850 nm range. Moderately low phonon energy (824 cm−1) of BiVO4 was found to be responsible for the existence of long-lived metastable energy levels leading to efficient upconversion emissions. Potential application of the material for producing latent images and security printing has been demonstrated. The high quantum efficiency of BiVO4 offers an opportunity to develop alternative upconversion materials based on the BiVO4 host for various optical applications.BiVO4 is a well-known visible-light-active semiconductor photocatalyst. Here, we report BiVO4 as a highly efficient host material for near-infrared (NIR) to visible frequency upconversion. Various lanthanide ions (Yb, Er, and Tm) doped BiVO4 upconversion phosphors were successfully synthesized through a facile microwave hydrothermal method. As-synthesized samples exhibit intense green, red, and NIR upconversion emissions under 980 nm excitation at power density as low as 0.02 W cm−2. The quantum efficiency for Yb, Er, and Tm triply doped BiVO4 under 2.0 W cm−2 was as high as 2.19% in the 500–850 nm range. Moderately low phonon energy (824 cm−1) of BiVO4 was found to be responsible for the existence of long-lived metastable energy levels leading to efficient upconversion emissions. Potential application of the material for producing latent images and security printing has been demonstrated. The high quantum efficiency of BiVO4 offers an opportunity to develop alternative upconversion materials based on the...


It is hard for traditional current protection to solve problems of distribution networks with highly penetrative DGs. The fault information required by the most protection methods cannot be provided by the poor infrastructure of distribution networks. A novel feeder partitioning strategy is proposed to promote selective configuration of protection scheme. This strategy divides distributed networks into three zones by analyzing the incorrect operation and no-operation of traditional current protection caused by the increase and decrease of short circuit currents caused by IIDGs (Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generators) connected to buses, which is practical and economical.


The path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics has promoted the study of classical periodic trajectories. In this spirit, the three-body Coulomb problem with a nucleus of infinite mass is considered in the special case of a rigid rotation. Using only Newton's fundamental law for a classical atomic system, one can show that both electrons must be equidistant from the nucleus, and one obtains the solutions previously derived by Klar [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 66 (1986); Z. Phys. D 3, 353 (1986); J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 788 (1987)]. Nevertheless, if one allows the charge at rest to be arbitrary, one finds that for Z less than unity unsymmetrical solutions may exist. The stability of each of these configurations is considered. In each case an exponentially increasing solution is present, but the unstable character is less marked in the unsymmetrical configuration. Possible consequences for atomic systems are discussed.


A thin volume with a profusion of information, Psychology and Women: In Transition, belongs in the library of every feminist and every psychologist, feminist or not, as a timely, major reference work. It is an eclectic collection of eight papers that have been expanded since their presentation in 1977 at a Michigan State University conference. The topics range from a review of the current research on sex-related factors in brain lateralization (Gullahorn) to an analysis of a study on stress and coping in divorce (Hetherington, Cox, and Cox). The approaches range equally widely from a theoretical critique of women's heritage as seen by the sociobiologists (Maccoby) to a detailed comparison of' two empirical studies of the American family, the first conducted in 1957 and the second by the authors in 1977 (Douvan and Kulka). It is refreshing to note that, though all of the contributors are well published in this area of psychology, most have presented fresh ideas rather than simply rehashing those in their earlier works. All the papers are equally worth reading, but space allows for comments on only a few. In view of the popularity of the sociobiologists' theories, and, in particular, their refurbishing of Freud's "women's anatomy as destiny" concept, Maccoby's cogent analysis and refutation should be required reading for every psychology (and biology!) major. Maccoby includes anthropological as well as genetic data, both of which when taken together, provide a strong buttress against sociobiological theories pertaining to women's heritage. Maccoby also points out that we have created for ourselves a new sociobiological dilemma: human sexual life in advanced societies is becoming uncoupled to a large extent from reproduction, and this, in turn, is drastically changing all aspects of male-female relationships and creating new modes of social organization. Gullahorn further underscores Maccoby's conclusions that genetically determined characteristics are not necessarily immutable but predispose rather than predetermine. Masculinity-femininity, she points out, has now been found to be a multidimensional phenomenon and not a simple matter of bipolar "opposites" on a single continuum. Sexes differ quantitatively and not qualitatively on psychological as well as on biological measures.


CONCLUSION The sternum lifting technique is very useful for ITA harvesting. Our novel ESLS provides a good operative field of view and allows robotic ITA harvesting without induced capnothorax. REFERENCES 1. Ishikawa N, Watanabe G, Iino K, et al. Robotic internal thoracic artery harvesting. Surg Today. 2007;37:944Y946. 2. Srivastava S, Gadasalli S, Agusala M, et al. Use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries in CABG through lateral thoracotomy with robotic assistance in 150 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:800Y806. 3. Matsumoto I, Oda M, Tamura M, Simizu Y, Watanabe G. Endoscopic thymectomy for thymoma using novel automatic sternal lifting system. Jpn J Chest Surg. 2010;24:507.


Archive services and documentation center often lead to misunderstandings as to distinguish their purposes, since both work with documents and information. From this, we sought to develop this work in order to present the differences between these two information services. Through the theoretical framework of the area of Information Sciences, sought to concepts of these two services to distinguish each desktop. The research instrument used was a questionnaire applied to a Archive and a documentation center taken as study object for this work. The order to ascertain compliance with the theory in practice. It was found, with the data obtained, both information services have similarities but are distinct and have unique purposes. However Both the Archive as the documentation center are useful services to the institutions to which they belong, like society, contributing their way of access to information.


We introduce a novel two carrier (electro) hydrodynamic model, which incorporates higher dimensional geometric effects into a one dimensional model. A rigorous mathematical analysis is carried out for the evolution system in the case of piezotropic flow, including realistic carrier coupling. The proofs are constructive in nature, making use of generalized Godunov schemes with a novel fractional step, steady-state component, and compensated compactness. Two important applications are studied. We simulate: (1) the GaAs device in the notched oscillator circuit; and, (2) a MESFET channel, and its steady-state symmetries. The first of these applications is the well known Gunn oscillator, and we are able to replicate MonteCarlo simulations, based upon the Boltzmann equation. For the second application, we observe the effect of a symmetry breaking parameter, the potential bias on the drain.


The article covers a poorly studied topic about the sources of museum science study. The authors of the article rely on the prominent Russian researcher S.O. Schmidt' opinion that the elaboration of source study is a guarantor of the accuracy of historical knowledge. They used Schmidt's scientific classification of sources and applied it to identifying and systematizing the sources of study of Liaoning Paleontological Museum in China. The article deals with such typological groups of sources as written, material, visual and electronic sources. The group of written sources includes legislative acts and documents of office-work. Such important act documents as the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics contain the information on museum work and protection of cultural values. Orders and resolutions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China, and the National Administration of Cultural Heritage Regulations include this information as well. The administrative documents of the leadership of Shenyang Pedagogical University, in which the Liaoning Paleontological Museum was opened in 2011, have no small importance too. The Charter of the Academic Committee of the Liaoning Paleontological Museum has direct relation to the creation and activities of the museum at Shenyang University. Documents of officework were deposited in the archival funds of the Liaoning Museum. They include planning materials, and reports on the activities of the museum departments. The reports on the search and conservation of fossils, on work with museum visitors, on cooperation between the museum and schools in Liaoning Province contain an important information about Liaoning Museum. The article characterizes a group of material sources that play a major role in the formation of the source base for Liaoning Museum study. These are paleontological fossils – samples of flora and fauna of antiquity. The museum contains 30158 paleontological fossils. The author reported that 707 fossils are of unique scientific value and are authentic sources of study of the museum. Visual sources include photographs, restoration drawings and sculptures made of resin of fossil samples. These historical monuments are used in the museum exposition; contain important information about the activities of the museum. Electronic sources and multimedia resources are created in order to popularize scientific knowledge about the ancient world of China, they are used in working with visitors, contain important information about the museum and its collections. The identified and characterized sources have a high degree of reliability, they are distinguished by information saturation. They provide a solid documentary base for the study of the Liaoning Paleontological Museum.


This paper examines relationships among different currencies in two different regimes, i.e., floating and pegging (fixed) regimes. Daily rates for five foreign exchange rates (Great Britain Pound, Singapore Dollar, Japanese Yen, Chinese yuan, Germany Deutsche mark) for the period from 1990 to 2001 are used. The study finds that volatility of the currencies under investigation shows large differenence between these two periods. This is expected since the two subperiods are in two different regimes with very different economic conditions. The results also show that there is a significant relationship between the currencies of countries for only three cases in subperiod one, and one case in subperiod two. In both the cases, the relationship is between the currencies situated in the same region, i.e., Yen, Yuan and Dollar (Singapore). This suggests the dominance of the Japanese and surprise emergence of new economic power of China in distributing information to other part in the same region.