Background: Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) was found to be major contributing factor towards perinatal morbidity and mortality. This condition is mainly accompanied with respiratory failure, pulmonary air leaks and pulmonary hypertension in neonates. A conservative approach of obstetrician-paediatrician combination moderates incidence of MAS and its complications. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence, determinants and co-morbidities associated with MAS in both intramural and out born admitted to the NICU and SNICU of a Chandulal Chandrakar memorial hospital located in Bhilai, Chattisgarh, India. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in Chandulal Chandrakar memorial hospital, Bhilai from 1 st September 2013 to 31 st February 2015, in newborns with history of meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) in both out-born and inborn units. Neonates who met inclusion criteria they were included in the study. The data were recorded in predesigned proforma. The data was analyzed using Chi square test. Level of significance of this data was set at p 2.5 kgs (80%) and common in primiparous mothers (60%) with lower segmental caesarian sections. MAS commonly seen in post -term babies (53.33%) than those of term (36.66%) or pre-term (10%) gestation. Fetal distress was the common complication observed in most of the cases (91.1%) and one death related to this was noted. At the end of 1 year there were predominantly more children (40%) who developed respiratory morbidities. Delayed development was seen among 13.3% children and transient tone abnormalities were noted in about 2% of infants. Conclusions: The overall incidence of MAS was found to have been 30% among cases of MSAF, which was relatively higher due to delayed referral. This percentage could have been reduced along with associated co-morbidities with appropriate antenatal check-up's and timely referral.


A patent for the apparatus and method for coating discrete solids by means of air suspension and a modification of the basic Wurster design has recently been issued. Experience with this new apparatus and its differences from previously reported air suspension coating equipment are discussed.


Concentrations of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe in the street dust from Camaguey city were studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The mean Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb contents in the urban dust samples (97 ± 30, 14 ± 2, 35 ± 36, 94 ± 26, 199 ± 87 and 42 ± 29 mg.kg-1 dry weight, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations in other cities around the world. Spatial distribution maps indicated the same behaviour for Cr–Ni and Pb–Zn–Cu, respectively, whereas the spatial distribution of Co differs from other heavy metals. The metal-to-iron normalization, using Cuban average metal soil contents as background, showed that street dusts from Camaguey city are moderately or significantly Zn-Pb enriched in those areas associated with heavy traffic density and metallurgic plant location. However, the calculation of the potential ecological risk index shows that metal content in Camaguey street dust does not represent any risk for the city population.


Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the connected object detection for better performance. One of the most interesting fields is learning from multiple resources in a connected fashion. In this paper, we present a connected object detection method using multiple cameras for the smart transportation system. The proposed architecture consists of three parts: an alignment framework, a deep multi-view fusion network and an object detection network. Experiments are conducted to illustrate the performance of our proposed architecture.


Mexico's basin is one of the most altered in the country, owing to the presence of the megalopolis of Mexico City. Lake Texcoco, which had the basin's biggest extension, dried up almost completely. The basin's evolution over time led in the formation of a megabasin in which water is transported from one source to another to serve the urban region and subsequently drained to prevent flooding. The major hydrotechnical works in Mexico Basin have been interpreted as a solution to the problem of flooding in Mexico City, but they were actually part of a much larger strategy of territorial appropriation by the Spanish colonists. The ecological imbalance that has resulted has sparked a variety of social issues. For the purpose of analyzing the environmental transformation of Lake Texcoco over the last 500 years, actors and processes that influenced specific moments in the country's history were identified; these elements showed the inexorable relationship between the lake and Mexico City. Subsequently, they were grouped by periods with similar trends in terms of the way in which society relates to and appropriates the natural environment of the lake. It was found that the critical moment for the desiccation of Lake Texcoco occurred during the Spanish colonial historical period as part of the redesign of the city; from then on, the same environmental imaginary prevailed century after century, shaped by social and economic factors. This study contributes to the literature on how urbanization affects natural resources by making an original theoretical contribution through an analysis based on political ecology, and it adds to the literature on how people use the prevailing federal area of the lake.


The report presents the results of a review of the fire safety characteristics of the prototype BART "C" Car. Initiated in response to a request from the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) Region IX Administrator, the review has been structured to address the concerns expressed by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). This review addresses the prototype "C" car fire safety characteristics, and it specifically highlights the ignition prevention and fire containment stages of a transit vehicle fire. The review examines the BART fire experience, vehicle documentation (revisions available as of December 1986), materials, fire testing, and undercar equipment. Interior materials and undercar equipment are described, ignition sources identified, and an evaluation of BART's effort to address potential fire hazards is presented. The final section of the report presents the conclusions and recommendations.


The following method and the corresponding device are proposed for producing ascending air flow in the free atmosphere to adjustable height which is capable of overcoming temperature inversion layers in an anticyclone. The main goal is to artificially create the clouds and stimulate rainfall (precipitation). The proposed method and the device can also be used for the dispersion of fog and general industrial air pollutions such as smog or mining dust. The device can also be used for meteorological studies of atmospheric processes under controlled conditions. The problem definition: In order to cause precipitation, it is necessary to displace ground-level air to a required altitude (to the cloud-formation level) and to provide this air with the condensation centers. On the path of the raising air, it is necessary to punch through the levels of temperature inversion, to overcome the downward air fluxes in anticyclone, and to trigger the powerful self-sustaining process of cumulonimbus clouds formation by condensation of atmospheric vapor causing the formation of a rainfall. The method: At several levels, ascending air is heated, (as soon as the air cools), by a system of tethered aerostats with blackened balloons, which make use of the solar-radiation energy. Additionally, the ascending air is saturated with negative ions. Description of the device. The device (called HELIATOR) consists of a multi-tiered system (garland) of tethered blackened balloons. At each tier, the blackened balloon surface is heated by the Sun and transfers its heat to the surrounding air by convection. Ascending and expanding air is cooled and then reaches the next level. As a result of the process repeated for all tiers, flexible and adjustable ascending flows of heated air are formed. The required altitude corresponds to the dew point, where there occurs the condensation of water vapor into cumulonimbus clouds causing precipitation. There is also a system of grounded electrodes emitting electrons located at the tiers. The emitters produce the corona discharge which develops in the Earth electric field and supplies ascending air flows with negative ions, i.e., with efficient centers of condensation. The altitude of the upper and the lower tiers, their shape, size and spacing between them are determined by both the weather conditions and the task to be solved. The energy consumed by the device is provided by the solar radiation and by the stationary Earth electric field. There is no need in additional energy sources and expense materials. Full environmental cleanness is also provided. There are no known analogs of any similar multilevel clean activation of the raising air flow by solar radiation and the electric field of the Earth in the world. This method and design are protected by the Patent No. RU 2462026, author V.P. Pavlyuchenko (email@example.com), the patent holder is P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS


The automotive industry is experiencing tightening emission legislations together with high demands on performance and driveability. As a counteraction, controller software tends to become more and more complex. Intricate controller software has several downsides, the large number of controller parameters yields an exhaustive calibration task, often performed through costly experiments. In addition, to guarantee reliability, validation and verification analysis is performed on the controller in combination with the engine. This task would also greatly benefit from a less complex controller structure. Here a novel model reduction method of nonlinear discrete-time systems is introduced and applied to an engine controller used in current production cars. The result is a nonlinear piecewise affine system with improved simulation speed.


Based on the experiments, the beam theory and FEM, followings are clarified in this report. (1) The ideal point of the movement with error of dimension does not deviate from the middle point of two springs as long as two springs are symmetric regarding to y-axis passing through the middle point. Strict analysis, however, gives a small amount of deviation. (2) The error rate of displacement at the ideal point can be written as (3/2)(Δl/l0-Δt/t0), using two error rates of dimension in length and thickness, Δl/l0 and Δt/t0. This means that the error of dimension causes the error rate of displacement, or error of mass to be measured by using the movement as balance, independent of loading and measuring position s and x. There exists no error rate of displacement if the movement is adjusted so that Δl/l0 is equal to Δt/t0.


Our aim in this paper is to improve the efficiency of a learning process by using learners' traces to detect particular needs. The analysis of the semantic path of a learner or group of learners during the learning process can allow detecting those students who are in needs of help as well as identify the insufficiently mastered concepts. We examine the possibility of using a student's browsing path during a learning session, based on his navigation traces, to update the learner model. We assume that the domain concepts examined outside the learning platform but that are related to the course concepts are problematic to the learner. Knowing about these concepts may allow the course's author to adapt the course to the learner's needs regarding these concepts, as well as allow the tutor to help and assist the learner on these problematic concepts. We rely on Web data mining methods to filter, organize, and analyze the student's browsing path. More precisely, we use a domain ontology of the course and the similarities that exist between external documents (visited pages) and the domain concepts (the course keywords). This analysis process makes it possible to detect students' learning difficulties and to adapt the course based on the learner's model.


Bottlenecks to the flow of phase points in the classical phase space of a triatomic molecule are discussed and approximated for the example of van der Waals predissociation of HeI/sub 2/. An alternative form for the usual transition-state theory of unimolecular reactions, RRKM theory, is developed by approximating the intermolecular (separatrix) bottleneck and using it as a basis for the transition-state surface. The rates obtained with the theory are in surprisingly good accord with dynamical rates form classical trajectory studies.


This article takes a comparative approach and deals with the issue of the death penalty in Austria and Czechoslovakia after the First World War. Whereas both successor states strived for progressive reforms that would delimit them from the discredited old regime, each of them found a different response to the experience of extreme violence and massive use of the death penalty during the First World War. While Austria abolished the death penalty by law in 1919 and anchored this abolition into its constitution in 1920, Czechoslovakia, despite expectations to the contrary, gradually embedded this punishment within the process of national state consolidation in the post-war chaos. This article argues that this difference was not only a result of an actual dominance of retentionists or abolitionists, but it had its deeper roots in the relation of the new states to the vanquished empire and the values of the regime change. Austrian Social Democrats, alongside other politicians, saw a way out of the state collapse and the post-war legal nihilism through laying down the state's new foundations and by the abolishing the death penalty, which they regarded as unjustifiable. In Czechoslovakia the death penalty was dismissed as a means of national repression under the Habsburgs but it proved useful in maintaining military discipline in the Czechoslovak Army and managing its peripheral regions where the state had little representation. It also served as a penal instrument to control the skyrocketing criminality that occurred amidst the post-war chaos. While the misery of defeat called for a fresh start in Austria, the death penalty turned out to be irreplaceable for securing the national independence and future prospects in victorious Czechoslovakia.


An apparatus is described for automatically collecting and storing optical transmission data from the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region. A sample positioning apparatus which has been used in a study of the optical transmission properties of thin solid films is described together with the modifications which were made to a commercial monochromator in the development of the automated system. The transmission spectra of fused quartz and polyethylene samples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system.


This paper presents an overview of railway traction systems. Railway vehicles are characterised by low rolling resistance, and high inertia, therefore the traction drives must have suitable capabilities to deliver the required vehicle performance. Both AC and DC motors are in common use in the railway sector, but have very different power delivery requirements, and there are a multitude of power conversion stages that are necessary to transfer the power from the network to the wheels of the vehicle in a smooth manner. These power converters have evolved from simple camshaft controlled mechanical switches, through to compact power electronic converters. State-of-the-art systems are able to regenerate high quality power back into both DC and AC power systems. For those routes which are uneconomic to electrify, the use of on board energy storage offers a means to improve energy efficiency, by providing a store for braking energy which can then be released during acceleration. These types of systems are currently in the development phase, but are expected to enter regular passenger service in the future. Energy storage on the wayside is also being implemented to improve the power performance of existing systems, and to improve the overall energy efficiency by improving the receptivity of the line to regenerated power.


Objective To investigate the misdiagnosis reasons and prevention methods of colon cancer.Methods The data of 49 patients who were misdiagnosed in 218 cases of colon cancer from January 2007 to November 2012 in the second people's hospital of Zhaoqing were retrospectively analyzed.Results Forty-nine cases of colon cancer were misdiagnosed before colonoscopy or surgical diagnosis.Twenty-one cases were misdiagnosed as carcinoma of colon,12 cases were misdiagnosed as pelvic inflammation,8 cases were misdiagnosed as piles,5 cases were misdiagnosed as gastritis merger iron deficiency anemia,4 cases were misdiagnosed as colon polyps,2 cases were chronic appendicitis and 1 case was diagnosed as ileus.Four patients existed secondary misdiagnosis.Of the 49 cases,18 cases were tubular adenocarcinoma,17 cases were papillary adenocarcinoma,13 cases were mucous adenocarcinoma and 1 case was anaplastic carcinoma.According to the Dukes staging,there was none of stage A,10 cases of stage B,35 cases of stage C,4 cases of stage D.Conclusion The patients who have a change of the habits and characteristic in feces and the medical treatment has no effect may be suffered from colon cancer,and examined by colonoscopy as soon as possible.For the patients with clinically suspected colon cancer,while having negative colonoscopy result,the diagnosis should not be easily precluded and take the repeated examination to avoid missed diagnosis.


Globalization causes high mobility of human and livestock, hence increase the transmission of infectious diseases, including avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and swine influenza. Therefore, prevention of those diseases is required. Vaccines are effective to prevent infectious diseases; however, their development takes a long time and they cannot provide immediate protection in pandemic cases. This paper describes several gene silencing technologies including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), RNA interference (RNAi) and single strand-small interfering RNA (ss-siRNA) for controlling diseases. The primary mechanism of these technologies is inhibition of gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific RNA molecule of the pathogen. The use of gene silencing technologies is expected to give new alternative that is more effective in eradication of infectious diseases in animals before threaten human being. Key words: Gene inactivation, antisense oligonucleotide, RNA interference, single strand-small interfering RNA


ABSTRACT The sport of football cannot be represented holistically with a quantitative approach. The basis for this analysis was the construct of dynamic system theory. Based on the method of systematic game observation, a perturbation (= triggers that transfer a system into a state of instability) sign system was made, distinguishing between offensive (oP) and defensive perturbations (dP). The subject of the study was goal critical situations five minutes before and after goal scoring. The present study is a partial survey of the 1st Bundesliga season 2019/20, insofar as game Days 1.-17. (n = 153 games) were evaluated by video according to two independent raters. The average number of perturbations required to score a goal was 1.69 perturbations (on average 1.52 oP & 0.17 dP), while an average of 1.30 perturbations (on average 1.15 oP & 0.15 dP) was sufficient to create a goal scoring opportunity. The group technical tactical offensive perturbation low pass revealed the largest proportion of all perturbations, at 28%. Therefore, a game plan should be designed to create superior numbers close to the ball to avoid the loss of stability.


the logical data independence and physical data independence are necessary for data mining particularly for BIG DATA. The data base defining inherency with fuzziness will reduce the time in Information retrieval. The Data Mining is very fast using the fuzzy log for BIG DATA. In this paper, fuzzy data mining is studied and fuzzy association dependency is defied. The fuzzy MapReducibg algorithm is studied for BIG DATA to reduce the retrieval time for BIG DATA. This algorithm wills qick reference to perticular information and actual information will be secured.


Abstract: While previous scholarship examining the U.S. Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program has focused on its cost-effectiveness and health outcomes, this article analyzes the social implications of WIC policy. Extending theories of neoliberal welfare and biomedicalization, I argue that WIC aims to produce health-conscious, self-surveilling subjects. Primary document analysis and interviews with WIC staff and clients reveal how WIC counselors pursue these aims through tactics of habituation, responsibilization, and empowerment. This multi-pronged strategy increases mothers' inclination to adopt WIC-approved health norms and practices as their own, and it disguises (but does not eliminate) the workings of state power.


Looking back over the past 6k years it is seen that great progress has been made by Michigan farmers organized as the Michigan State Farm Bureau. These farmers have worked out a regular program of agricultural advancement from legislative, co-operative marketing, transportation, public improvement, educational and community building standpoints, and the thing is going. The Farm Bureau movement has completed a number of the tasks to which it set itself, principally matters of legislation and transportation. It has established in Michigan the principles of truth-in-feeds and truth-in-seeds and has made quality the keynote of co-operative business. These principles have grown into great co-operative services, available to farmers throughout the state. Many problems have been worked out; others are in the process of being worked out, and there are many farm problems awaiting the time when organized effort can get to them. Below is a statement of what farmers in the Michigan Farm Bureau movement have established for the betterment of their business and home life:


The aggressiveness issue among adolescents affects the whole society, arouses the scientific and practical interest of researchers and the deep concern of teachers and parents. However, attempts to explain the aggressive actions of young people are hampered by the fact that not only in everyday consciousness but also in many theoretical concepts, the phenomenon of aggression receives very contradictory interpretations, interfering with both its understanding and the possibility of influencing aggressiveness. The methodological basis for the study of student-athletes and children not involved in sports to determine the presence, type and level of aggressiveness of a student is methods of observation, expert assessments and questionnaires. Signs of aggression in a child: often loses control of himself; often argues, swears with adults; often refuses to follow the rules; often irritates people on purpose; often blames others for their mistakes; often gets angry and refuses to do anything; often envious, vindictive; sensitive, reacts very quickly to various actions of others (children and adults), which often irritate them. The method of expert assessments allows to determine the child's aggression level in the monitoring process by various experts. Verbal methods involve the use of questionnaires, questionnaires, personality tests. Among the latter, the most popular is the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory, Freiburg Personality Inventory. Aggressiveness as a personality trait is manifested in all students, 10 out of 18 non-athletes (14–15 years old) are more aggressive and 6 out of 12 (11–12 years old) are equally aggressive athletes. The hostility level (aggression as an act of behavior) is largely predominant in non-athletes (14–15 years old), and also manifests itself noticeably at the age of 11–12 years. Students who do not play sports, in participating in school competitions as part of a class team, experience the tragedy of losing, unsuccessful performance, as a result, hostility arises in the post-competition period during everyday communication with peers, sometimes turning into a fight.


Objective This study aimed to examine the effect of specially designed safety belts on standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality in a manikin and to determine whether straddle (STR) CPR is equivalent to standard CPR in a moving ambulance. Methods Thirty-five emergency medical technicians were recruited and divided into two groups. The first group subjects were randomly assigned to perform standard CPR with or without safety belts. The second group subjects wore safety belts and were randomly assigned to perform STR or standard CPR. Chest compression quality was evaluated by measuring the average rate, depth of compressions, the hands off time and incorrect hand position. Results The compression rate was significantly higher in the safety belt group (114.0/min vs. 106.5/min, p=0.001), but the compression depth was not significantly different. The hands-off time was also shorter in the safety belt group (24.5 seconds vs. 40 seconds, p=0.003). When STR CPR was performed, the compression depth was significantly deeper (42 mm vs. 36 mm, p=0.004), and the hands off time was shorter (6 seconds vs. 10 seconds, p=0.039) than with standard CPR. A follow-up questionnaire revealed that 65.7% of the respondents had stopped CPR in the past due to safety reasons, and 48.6% had been injured during CPR. Conclusions Wearing belts in a moving ambulance situation can increase the quality of CPR. If an appropriate belt can be designed, the STR method may be used effectively. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2015;22:145-153)


Software process simulation (SPS) has become an active research area for managing and improving software development processes since its introduction in the last two decades. Hybrid simulation, the combination of simulation paradigms to address a problem, is becoming more popular as the problems we are presented with become more complex. However, integrating multiple simulation paradigms faces the issues of compatibility, interoperatability and synchronization when executing simulation. The objective of this research is to present the state-of-the-art of this research area, the hybrid mechanism when integrating paradigms, and more importantly provide practical support for the effective adoption of hybrid simulation in SPS context. Based on an extended systematic literature review, this paper presents the preliminary results by answering the research questions. Depending upon the way these simulation paradigms represent different aspects and levels of software process and the context in which they can be modeled by SPS, two hybrid mechanisms: Hierarchical Mechanism and Interlinked Mechanism, have been frequently employed. The detailed discussions of integration strategies and recommendations when applying hybrid simulation may offer reference value to the SPS community.


The primary problems of weight designing of power structures of wings are considered. The accuracy of the known weight formulas is analysed. The new dimensionless criterion of power efficiency of designs is considered in detail. The new approach to the weight analysis at early stages of designing with usage of special models Final Element Method is offered. The examples of calculations are resulted.


IN LIGHT OF RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL advances in the creation, storage, and dissemination of information, preservation managers must reevaluate the broad principles which have guided the field. These principles have tended to be oriented toward the treatment of individual items, yet the field has shifted more toward such largescale measures as reformatting and mass deacidification. With electronic formats of books on the increase, there is further impetus to reexamine preservation principles especially when one considers present electronic forms of communication.


Discrete trial training (DTT) is a method for individualizing and simplifying instruction to enhance children's learning. For children with autism, DTT is especially useful for teaching new forms of behavior (e.g., speech sounds or motor movements that the child previously could not make) and new discriminations (e.g., responding correctly to different requests). DTT can also be used to teach more advanced skills and manage disruptive behavior. However, several cautions about DTT are noteworthy: First, the method must be combined with other interventions to enable children to initiate the use of their skills and display these skills across settings. Second, early in treatment, children with autism may require many hours of DTT per week, although controversy exists over precisely how much is appropriate. Third, to implement DTT effectively, teachers must have specialized training. Despite these limitations, DTT is one of the most important instructional methods for children with autism.


There is a growing concern to be self-sufficient and reduce the dependency on external power generating sources to satisfy the energy demands. Issues such as integrated operation of these power sources without having a dedicated storage system with enhanced frequency regulation is to be addressed. In this paper, the distributed generating sources like solar photovoltaic, diesel generator, fuel cells and electric vehicles are considered. Electric vehicle participation in the frequency regulation comes with constraints on state of charge of the battery and availability of the vehicle. An adaptive-additive algorithm is proposed for performing energy resource management and to maintain the frequency within the allowable band during transient and steady state system conditions. Load variation and EV-fleet availability variations are considered in the paper for understanding the system's response to frequency changes by performing small-signal-analysis. The results show coordinated and satisfactory response of the system to maintain frequency regulation. Economic viability is also focused in the paper.


The contemporary cultural context is shaped by hyperlinks as a tool for establishing references that form our interpretations of notions, concepts, and phenomena into a cohesive narrative. This paper aims to examine the practice of visual citing in the architectural discipline as a methodology that takes the principle of intertextuality from the discourse of literary art and introduces it into the design process. Furthermore, the work intends to conceptualize a framework of stylistic functions that references serve in the design process relative to aesthetic qualities valued within different cultural and social conditions. Concerning examples of the analogical method in postmodern stylistic expression, the paper tries to translate the principles inherently found in the architectural discipline into the context of contemporary practice. In the process, the question of anonymous reference sources is posed due to the lack of a unifying method for their notation. Finally, by comparing the notions of hypertext and intertext, the intention is to understand the semiological relations established between the works of independent authors and the causes of the disparity between references used in the design process and those subsequently created.


In the last decade spatially distributed hydrological models have become increasingly versatile due to the improvements in computational capabilities, the availability of digital data, and the use of Geographical Information System (GIS). Keeping up with technological development and new data types is becoming a challenge. Moreover, models are often developed to answer a specific need and thus lack flexibility, making it nearly impossible to further develop them. Using the principle of adaptability and expandability, we discuss an object oriented, modular model that is based on the fully distributed and physically based hydrological model WetSpa. The original WetSpa model has been disassembled into smaller and independent modules and it has been rewritten using the open source computer language Python. In the new structure three main components are identified: (1) a pre-process component for GIS maps preparation; (2) a Unit Class, representing the watershed discretized in raster cells or physical based objects; and (3) a Model Control Class, which organizes input/outputs and gives commands to the objects unit. The physically based processes, such as runoff, infiltration, interception, etc., are coded in separate scripts and organized via the Model Control Class. This approach allows the user to select which processes will be simulated and in which order, as well as to evaluate the impact of different parameterizations of the same process. The new model, WetSpaOO (Object Oriented) has been successfully tested on a theoretical case and, thanks to this new flexible structure, it has been coupled with the groundwater flow model MODFLOW.


This study aims to determine and analyze effect of tourism product and tourism promotion on interest in visiting tourist attractions. This research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Population is tourists who are or have made tourist visits in Medan City. Sampling method used in this study is a sampling method based on convenience. Sample that will be required is 100 to answer the questionnaire so that the answers obtained are more representative. This study uses multiple linear regression model. The results show that tourism product has a positive and significant effect on interest in visiting tourist attractions. Tourism promotion has a positive and significant effect on interest in visiting tourist attractions.


Percent correlation of traumas is in-process certain got in different parts of training employment, character of traumas and subjective estimation of reasons of their origin. It is established, that the greatest quantity of traumas has been received by sportsmen in the basic part (86,3 %), is significant smaller in a preparatory part (10,6 %) and insignificant quantity in a final part (3,1 %). The most typical traumas appeared: bruises of fabrics of a body (63,0 %), grazes of a skin (16,4 %), a stretching of muscles and ligament (15,2 %). Among traumas of the head and a neck sections of soft fabrics of the person (43,6 %).


Background: Efficacy and tolerability of intranasal ketorolac (SPRIX) was assessed in abdominal surgery patients. Methods: Adult patients were randomly assigned to receive ketorolac 31.5 mg (n ¼ 214) or placebo (n ¼ 107) every 6 hr after surgery for 48 hr, then up to 4 times/day for up to 5 days. Morphine sulfate via patient controlled analgesia was available in both groups as needed. Results: Least square mean 6 hr summed pain intensity difference scores were significantly greater in the ketorolac group indicating better analgesic efficacy compared to placebo (117.4 vs. 89.9,p ¼ 0.032; difference 27.6, 95% CI 2.5–52.7). Pain intensity difference indicated significantly better pain relief in the ketorolac group at 20 min after the first dose (p ¼ 0.01). Morphine use over 48 hr decreased 26% in the ketorolac group compared to placebo (p ¼ 0.004). Day 1 global pain control scores were significantly higher in the ketorolac group compared to placebo (p ¼ 0.009). Quality of analgesia was rated significantly higher (p ¼ 0.009) in the ketorolac group by 20 min after first dose. Adverse event and serious adverse event incidences were similar in both groups. Rhinalgia and nasal irritation, generally mild and transient in nature, occurred more frequently in the ketorolac group.


Background and aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate the pattern of alcohol consumption and its related factors in the patients referring to hospitals. Methods: A hospital-based case control study was carried out in Shahrekord during 2016-2017. A total of 150 individuals who had self-report of alcohol consumption and history of alcoholism entered into the case group based on the convenience sampling method. Likewise, 300 individuals who did not have self-report of alcohol consumption entered into the control group. Group matching was performed based on the date of admission to the hospital, type of disease, complications, and duration of the disease. This study explored the pattern of alcohol consumption variables, spiritual health, quality of life, and general health. Odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as well. Results: The causes of onset of alcohol consumption were curiosity (41.40%), social class and imitation of others (17.40%), and life problems (15.30%). Further, the causes of continued alcohol consumption were attributed to the interest in taste and smelling (23.30%), emotional problems (20%), as well as loneliness feeling and life problems (12.60%). The mean of general health scores in the case and control groups were 29.8± 5 and 29.3± 4, respectively (P=0.296). The mean of the quality of life in the case group and control group were 32.13± 7 and 32.11± 5, respectively (P=0.98). The differences in the scores of spiritual health in two groups were not statistically significant (P=0.96). Conclusion: An attempt should be made to improve the strategies to satisfy the emotional sense and health recreations of society.


There are investigated sorption properties of wood waste for collection of oil products spilled on the water surface with the subsequent development of boom barriers. Sorption properties of wood waste for utilization of spilled oil products are substantiated and experimentally confirmed. The factors influencing their sorption properties are found. It is shown principal possibility of using waste wood of various tree species to capture oil products with subsequent utilization of them in the form of briquettes with elevated combustion heat.


Filial ethics is an important part of the Confucian
culture. As the corner-stone of the feudal ethics and morals, even with a strong
color of feudalism, filial ethics is useful for the standardization of words
and deeds in the modern world. Coming into the new era, we should take a
dialectical and critical view of the Confucian filial ethics and inherit its
positive elements. It will be of great significance in improving individuals'
moral cultivation, strengthening the ethical ties of both the family and
society, and spreading the Chinese traditional virtues.


(57) Abstract: The present invention describes a method of chromatography to separate improved separation and efficiency polynucleotide. The method uses a non-porous polymer beads made from non-reactive having a nonpolar surface and a variety of different polymerizable monomers.


We demonstrate a general method for the preparation of diverse N-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one compounds through an overall three-step cross-coupling/cyclization/N-deprotection/N-alkylation sequence. In the first step, ethyl 2-bromobenzoates and 2-bromo-1-carboxyethyl heterocycles are cross-coupled with commercially available potassium (2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl)trifluoroborate to produce (hetero)aryl-substituted 3-[(N-Boc-2-carboxyethyl)phenyl]ethylamines. In a subsequent two-stage process, these (hetero)arylethylamines undergo base-mediated ring closure followed by N-deprotection and N-alkylation to produce N-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and heteroaryl-fused N-benzyl 3,4-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-ones. Mechanistic work was performed to elucidate the order of transformations for the latter two-stage process. The method was also extended to the production of N-benzyl isoindolin-1-one and N-benzyl 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[c]azepin-1-one.


Chickpea is an important crop with a view of food and nutritional value and also income and employment generation ability, possibility to raise the cropping intensity due to its nature of best fit with food grain production system. Keeping in view the importance of the chickpea a study on An Economic study of farm structure, cropping pattern and cropping intensity of chickpea farms in Auraiya District of Uttar Pradesh was specifically carried out. District Auraiya was purposively selected and one block, namely, Auraiya having highest acreage under gram was selected purposively for the study, a List of the villages of selected block was prepared along with acreage under Chickpea cultivation and 5 villages were selected randomly for study. Ultimately 100 respondents were selected following proportionate random sampling. Finally 45 marginal (below 1 ha), 35 small (1-2 ha) and 20 medium (2-4 ha & above). The data were collected by personal interview technique with the help of pre-tested structured schedule. The period of enquiry pertain to the agricultural year 2017-18. The average size of holding of marginal, small, and medium, farms were found 0.64, 1.41, and 3.06 hectares, respectively with an overall average size of land holding was estimated as 1.39 hectare. Overall per farm investment was observed Rs. 211801.35 and per hectare investment rs. 190780.79 in the study area. Per farm investment revealed direct relationship with the farm size while per hetare investment gives in direct relationship with the farm size. Bajra, wheat and moong were the major crops of kharif, rabi and zaid season, respectively. The overall average cropping intensity on sample farms observed 210.79 per cent. Cropping intensity was found highest on marginal farms 215.63 per cent followed by small 211.35 per cent, and medium 206.53 per cent, respectively. Cropping intensity was inversely related with farm size. Investment per farm and per hectare on building and livestock were inversely related with farm size.


Abstract Chrome pyrope, with 64.8 % of the pyrope molecule and 8.6 % of the knorringite molecule, has been found in an alnoitic dyke north of Sundsvall. The garnet is obviously of upper-mantle origin. In its composition, it shows similarities to both garnets associated with diamonds and garnets from ultrabasic nodules in kimberlite.


Study Current situation of 2012 Qiqihar snow football sports,through investigating three football matches held in Qiqihar.By the methods of documentation and investigation,summarize the main factors that influencing the snow football sports,and offer proposals like create a good snow football atmosphere,get support from the society and government and improve the quality of the snow football player.


THERE is perhaps no disease that illustrates the association of zoology with pathology-both human and veterinary-more tragically than African trypanosomiasis or tsetse-fly disease. the natural history of which· has been under continuous investigation since the classical discoveries of Bruce t,hirty-five years ago.. . Re,search on the tsetse-fly ptoblem continues and reliable data, slowly acquired by experiment and observation over vast regions of Africa, are accumulating to bridge the remaining gaps in our knowledge of the subject,. • .... Now, 'in the light of such knowledge' accumulated during the last seventeen years I can no longer hold the opinion to which I subscribed in the recommendations of the Royal Society's Commission on Sleeping Siokness in 1913, advising the extermination of wild anim,alsin the "fly" country. The alleged role of the great African Fauna in maintainiIlgthe tsetsefly popUlation and the incidence of human trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is still a debatable point and, as it' is 'of special interest to zoologists, I propose to state the case for and against the game very


Through the present work we succeeded to prepare live attenuated and inactivated canine distemper (CD) using Snyder Hill strain and canine parvo (CP) vaccines using CPV type 2a strain either in mono or bivalent formulae aiming to establish the most safe and potent vaccine formula that enable puppies to withstand both virus infections. It was found that monovalent and bivalent attenuated vaccines induced higher and longer duration of immunity, showed protective CD antibody titers (64-128 by SNT and 2.4log10 by ELISA) up to 12 months post vaccination while inactivated ones induced lower and shorter protective immune levels (32 by SNT and l.8 log10 by ELISA) for 10 months post vaccination. Also, CP antibody levels remained with high levels (64-128 by SNT and 2.5 by ELISA) up to 12 months as induced by attenuated mono and bivalent vaccine and with lower protective values (32-64 by SNT and 1.51.9log10 by ELISA) by inactivated vaccines up to 11 months. Anyhow, it could be said that the bivalent CD and CP attenuated, or inactivated vaccines can provide vaccinated puppies with specific protective antibodies against the two viruses. Canine distemper virus vaccine Canine Parvovirus vaccine


The problem of sequential multiple hypothesis testing in a distributed sensor network is considered and two algorithms are proposed: the Consensus + Innovations Matrix Sequential Probability Ratio Test $(\mathcal{CI}\mathrm{MSPRT}$ for multiple simple hypotheses and the robust Least-Favorable-Density- $\mathcal{CI}\mathrm{MSPRT}$ for hypotheses with uncertainties in the corresponding distributions. Simulations are performed to verify and evaluate the performance of both algorithms under different network conditions and noise contaminations.


The main objective of this paper is to review of the evolution of management science, overview of grand strategy and its linkage with the techno – economic as a tactics to trigger  productivity to win global competition.  A review of the relevant literature was conducted and a connection between management science, grand strategy and techno – economic based on the linear programming can be applied in the textile industry.  It was found that the industrial world in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on the market which is increasingly shrinking and is plagued by a quite severe sluggishness. Simultaneously the labor productivity is getting weaker. This is what is known as the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Will the Indonesian nation be able to maintain the momentum of economic growth amidst the tsunami waves of the global financial crisis? A grand strategy that combines the roles of technology and economy (techno-economic) strategy based on linear programming needs to be implemented immediately. The success of the techno economic strategy cannot be separated from the role of three pillars, namely mastery of technology, productivity and competitiveness.


Many prognostic factors for HL have been proposed in the past and some of these were included in several prognostic scores. Tumor stage and spread, age, gender and various biological parameters are considered to have an effect on disease evolution, with the prognostic scores stratifying patients into risk groups and guiding the course of treatment. In the present study we have enrolled 54 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma admitted in the Hematology Department within the City Emergency Clinical Hospital Timisoara over a 4-year period. We aimed to see if a statistically significant correlation can be made between hemoglobin, white blood cell, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte and platelet levels at the time of diagnosis on the one hand, and response to treatment and patients' survival, on the other hand. Patients' response to treatment was evaluated according to Cheson criteria, with best response to the combination of ABVD(doxorubicin C27H29NO11, bleomycin C55H84N17O21S3, vinblastine C46H58N4O9, dacarbazine C6H10N6O) and radiation therapy. Response to treatment was also influenced by eosinophil levels at diagnosis and this has effects on survival. Finally, lymphocyte and platelet levels at diagnosis correlated with survival times in our study group. Therefore, eosinophil, lymphocyte and platelet levels at diagnosis could be considered as prognostic factors for HL, although further studies are needed to validate our findings.


THE danger of pestilence following war and of resulting hardships among the people, with famine conditions in certain areas, was discussed in our editorial notes in this section of the Review in March. The following excellent, brief statement will be of interest to our readers:' The ravages of typhus fever during the World War, and the civil disturbances following it, form a classic but grim chapter in the history of epidemics. How many succumbed to typhus then can never be known at all accurately because of the utter breakdown of whatever health and statistical services existed in the countries through which this disease swept. As early as 1915 Serbia experienced an epidemic that took hundreds of thousands of lives of her citizens and of Austrian prisoners of war. So severe was this outbreak that an Austrian offensive against the country was reported to have been delayed largely on its account. Later, with the military operations in Russian territories and some Balkan countries, typhus fever, normally endemic there, increased rapidly. Eventually the disease spread like wildfire through many parts of eastern Europe. Populations were exhausted by famine and the hardships of foreign and civil wars. The means to fight the disease were almost wholly lacking. As a result, Russia alone, during 1917-1921, is said to have lost 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 lives. This is a conservative estimate. There are grave fears that the frightful losses of life from typhus will be repeated in the present war. One after another the areas through which the disease swept a generation ago have now been drawn into the conflict, and many of the conditions which prepared the way for the spread of the disease then are now being duplicated. The "scorched earth" policy of the Russians is one such condition, because probably only a fraction of the population of the invaded section of Russia were evacuated. Even if the Russians have been unable to carry out, to the limit, the policy of destroying or removing food and fuel supplies, the commandeering of such supplies by the German authorities in occupied areas has made desperate a situation that was already grave. The cruel conditions now existing in eastern European countries are ideal for the spread of a typhus epidemic. So far, in certain parts of eastern and southeast Europe, typhus has remained under some measure of control during the current conflict, according to data collected by the League of Nations and the United States Public Health Service. Unfortunately, however, for most localities in this region-many of which nor-


36 Objectives : To identify biopsychosocial factors associated with participation outcomes for adults 37 with stroke and to investigate factors associated with participation at different time points post 38 stroke. 39 Data sources : Medline, CINAHL, AMED, PyschINFO and Web of science were systematically searched using key words "stroke", "participation" and and their synonyms 15th Study selection : observational studies reporting on biopsychosocial factors and participation outcomes for community dwelling adults with stroke were selected. Studies were eligible for inclusion if participation outcomes were measured using indices that mapped to the participation domain of the ICF. Intervention studies were excluded. A second reviewer checked all studies against eligibility criteria at each stage. 47 Data extraction : Data were extracted on any statistically determined association between 48 biopsychosocial factors and participation outcomes. 49 Data synthesis : The proportion of studies reporting significant associations with variables were 50 classified according to the ICF. The exact binomial test was used to determine the probability 51 that the proportion of studies reporting significant associations was due to chance alone. 52 Qualitative descriptive summaries of each study allowed consideration of interactions between 53 variables and changes in participation over time points. 54 Conclusions : Many biopsychosocial factors are associated with poor participation outcomes. 55 Stroke severity, age, depression, cognitive functioning, mobility and activity limitations were 56 most frequently and consistently associated. There is an urgent need for consensus on a core set 57 of outcome measures to be used in the long-term evaluation of participation in life situations 58 after stroke. 59


University is the result of civilized institution. Germany is a country that enjoys a long history of higher education. The birth of Berlin University in the 19th century produced patterns of university institution that adapted to the demands of social development at that time, and set up models for the establishment of university institution of our human beings. With the arrival of the knowledge economy in the 20th century, many defects of this institution begin to emerge. Therefore there comes the reform of higher education up and down this country. Modern university institution that adapted to the requirement of knowledge economy are gradually established. The study of the reform of German higher education and the establishment of modern university institution is quite beneficial to the deepening of higher education reform in our country.


PURPOSE
This study aimed to assess anxiety, depression, and knowledge level in postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 212 postpartum women using a web-based online survey in Ankara, Turkey.

FINDINGS
The prevalence of depression was 34.0%. The mean anxiety and COVID-19 knowledge scores were 42.69 ± 9.93 and 9.69 ± 1.94, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the anxiety scores and depression status (p < 0.001) of women. There were statistically significant differences between fear about being infected with COVID-19 for themselves (p = 0.01) and for babies (p = 0.01) and the postpartum depression (PPD).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
During the COVID-19 pandemic, early detection and appropriate and timely intervention to prevent and detect anxiety and PPD are crucial to the well-being of a woman.


Attitudes towards social groups that have traditionally been marginalised or discriminated against have changed markedly in Britain over the past three decades. This change is particularly marked in attitudes towards homosexuality and racial diversity which, as public opinion surveys have regularly shown, have become more accepting over time. This change is often attributed to older, less tolerant generations being replaced by young cohorts who are more inclusive and open minded in their attitudes to cultural others. The paper explores this argument by examining trends in people's attitudes towards a variety of minorities, including the said groups, but also immigrants and foreign workers. It starts with a discussion of several perspectives predicting different trends with regards to these attitudes. A distinction is made between optimistic ones (i.e. those anticipating rising levels of tolerance) and pessimistic ones (i.e. those expecting stable or declining levels of tolerance). Subsequently, the paper presents trend analyses and an analysis of age, cohort and period effects to broadly assess the explanatory power of these perspectives. Using these approaches, we find that tolerance towards racial minorities and homosexuality has indeed risen across the board, and that young people are also more accepting of these groups than their parents or grandparents and previous generations of young people. These trends broadly support the optimistic perspectives. However, we also find that prejudice has not disappeared from youth attitudes altogether; for a sizeable minority of youth, it has merely shifted its focus to immigration. Not only have unwelcoming attitudes towards immigrants generally become stronger, young people are not always the most tolerant age group regarding this social group. These findings are thus more in line with the expectations of the pessimistic perspectives.


We conducted three years of fish surveys in rice and sugarcane fields of the Everglades Agricultural Area. Canals and ditches, as well as rice fields, were included in the survey. We observed 22 species of fish, of which eight were non-native species. Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) dominated the catch numerically (77%). Other small fishes made up most of the remainder, and included flagfish (Jordanella floridae) (5%), bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei) (2%), least killifish (Heterandria formosa)( 4%), and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) (10%). Species composition of fish communities were similar to those found in other studies in south Florida in rice fields and in ditches and canals. While there were a number of non-native species caught they did not dominate the communities in numbers or species richness.


The quality of the feed water under AVT(O) and AVT(R) treatments is analyzed,and a comprehensive comparison of the chemical parameters obtained was carried out to study the influence of each treatment.The conclusion indicates that the iron concentration of the feed water under AVT(O) is lower than that under AVT(R),and the results of the metallographic analysis also show that the oxidized film formed under AVT(O) is more compact than that under AVT(R).


Heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP) are prognostic markers in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Their combination in rate pressure product (RPP) as well as their role in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains unclear.


This paper summarizes an EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tools-based microelectronics training experience accomplished in the context of IC-Brazil Program. Representing a professional certification proposal in the fields of physics and engineering, the program involves two training phases and a final microelectronics project to be developed through an IC design environment generated for educational purposes from the real conditions of the industry. Supported through financial resources from federal government, IC-Brazil Program experience has promoted the manpower generation with proper knowledge and design skills to attend the electronics design-based semiconductor market.


The learning environment must change if we are to encourage learners to engage with learning opportunities and develop effective learning solutions which meet all of our needs. This book considers policy, pedagogy and practice to address how we might achieve this critical transformation.


At the end of the last century, Population and Development Review (PDR) published an article with the visionary title "Demographic dimensions in forecasting: adding education to age and sex" (Lutz et al. 1999). In this contribution the authors (W. Lutz, A. Goujon and G. Doblhammer-Reiter) systematically discuss the criteria governing the choice of particular dimensions (i.e. covariates, breakdowns or sources of heterogeneity) that should be explicitly and routinely addressed in demographic analysis. The three criteria were: (1) "To the users the dimension is interesting in its own right and therefore desirable as an explicit output parameter"; (2) "The dimension is a relevant source of demographic heterogeneity with an impact on the dynamics of the whole system and therefore on the resulting population size"; and (3) "It is feasible (in terms of data and methodology) to consider the dimensions explicitly" (Lutz et al. 1999: 42). Each criterion is then applied to a series of candidates: age, sex, legal marital status, place of residence, educational attainment, ethnicity, region of origin and others. While many of these dimensions seem to be of great substantive importance for specific research questions, only three are seen to meet all three criteria and are hence considered candidates for standard demographic analysis. Not surprisingly, age and sex are among them, while the third recommended standard dimension is the level of educational attainment. As discussed in detail in the PDR paper, educational status is considered of paramount substantive interest for a large array of social, economic and healthrelated questions in developing and industrialised countries alike (criterion 1). Its inclusion may change aggregate population projections significantly, particularly in the presence of pronounced fertility and mortality differentials by education together with strong changes in educational attainment across cohorts (criterion 2). Finally, formal educational attainment can be rather unambiguously defined


UV spectrophotometry was adopted to measure and compare the content of vitamin C in common fruits in Yaan,including strawberries,oranges,kiwis and apples.With the preparation of standard solution of vitamin C,the standard curve was drawn at UV wavelength of 243nm.According to the linear equation of standard solution of vitamin C,the content of vitamin C was calculated in the four kinds of fruit.The results showed that the contents of vitamin C in common fruits in Yaan City were as follows:strawberry 37.1mg·100g-1,orange 52.6mg·100g-1,kiwi 95.5mg·100g-1and apple 4.9mg·100g-1.The content of vitamin C in fruit samples were kiwi orangestrawberryapple.Thus,the measurement and comparison of vitamin C content in common fruits in Yaan could provide a theoretical basis for people to obtain vitamin C properly and nutritionally.


been associated with prose and metaphor with poetry. "Whitman began essentially," Hollis says, "as a metonymic poet and ended as a metaphoric poet" (p. 186). No evidence is offered for this statement. Essential theoretical preliminaries such as the relationship of metonymy and synecdoche, the status of simile, and the difficulty in some cases of distinguishing metonymy and metaphor are not tackled. It is not clear why personifications are considered metaphoric rather than metonymic, why lines 633—41 of Myself ("The sentries desert the headland... ") or the lines from So Long! "Camerado, this is no book, / Who touches this touches a man " are taken to be metonymic rather than metaphoric. The promise of objectivity may make linguistics look very attractive for the literary critic. This book affords striking illustrations of some of the attendant pitfalls. One is the lack of precision in the use of terms, and this is apparent here throughout, but particularly in the chapters on speech acts and metonymy. When indeed " All this I swallow, it tastes good" is explained as metonymy on the basis of Lacan's account of the child's earliest exploration of things as motivated by instinct leading to desire, it is clear that the term has lost all usefulness for the description of language. A little knowledge of grammatical structures would have helped Hollis with his pages on premodifiers and postmodifiers in the noun phrase, and an awareness that there are problems in delimiting varieties of English would have made clear the absurdity of suggesting that the complex noun phrase as such is a feature of journalistic language. But more serious perhaps than this, the task of responding sensitively to the text may be laid aside in the quest for a system. For instance, the characteristic ambiguity of the simple present tense in poetry is easily disregarded by the reader intent on spotting performative verbs. Is " I contradict myself" (not incidentally a performative) equivalent in meaning to the progressive "I am contradicting myself"? Can "I stop somewhere waiting for you" have an "habitual" interpretation? An extreme example of the sacrifice of responsiveness to a spurious objectivity occurs in Hollis's last chapter, on rhetorical figures. Intending to draw attention to syntactic parallelism in Who learns my lesson complete?, he writes out the poem in a code consisting of letters, numbers and dashes. But a rhetorical device has no such objective existence; it is apparent in a text, and by virtue of the reader's response to it in its context. Finally, impressionistic descriptions of style can be vague and misleading, but one may question whether it is in principle a useful exercise for Hollis to examine selected linguistic features to demonstrate only what he already feels to be the case as a reader of Whitman's poetry: that the earlier style is generally more informal and conversational than the later.


During the energetic solar particle event that began on January 24, 1969, the ratio N/S of the intensity of protons Ep>0.3 Mev over the earth's north (N) polar cap (Λ>80°) to that over its south (S) polar cap (−Λ>80°) varied from a value greater than 20 to about 1, as observed with satellite Injun 5 in a low-altitude polar orbit. The interplanetary intensity of protons was measured simultaneously with similar detectors on Explorer 33 and 35 in two nearly orthogonal planes and in 8 different directions on the unit sphere (some overlap). High values of the N/S ratio early in the event corresponded to an extraordinarily strong anisotropy of intensity in interplanetary space with the anisotropy vector pointing dominantly southward. The N/S ratio dropped toward 1 as the interplanetary beam relaxed toward isotropy. Similar, although less well determined, findings applied to protons Ep>3.4 Mev and α particles Eα>1.18 Mev. The directions of interplanetary field lines that connect with the respective polar caps are uniquely identified by intensity considerations. The interplanetary magnetic vector was measured on Explorer 35 also. Early in the event, the earth was in a solar positive (B outward from the sun) magnetic sector (ϕSE≈140°), with a dominantly southward direction (θSE≈−40° to −70°). The anisotropy vector was approximately parallel to the magnetic vector and in the same sense. The composite evidence favors the direct access of energetic particles to the earth's polar caps via magnetic field lines interconnected between the terrestrial field and the interplanetary medium; it strongly contradicts models that contemplate diffusion across the magnetospheric tail as an important feature of particle access.


A total of 959 Taiwanese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis—102 underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), 492 normal weight (BMI 18.5–22.9 kg/m2), 187 overweight (BMI 23.0–24.9 kg/m2), and 178 obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were recruited into this three‐year, multicenter longitudinal study. It was found initially that the underweight group had more females, longer hemodialysis durations, less use of a biocompatible membrane (BCM) dialyzer, higher erythropoietin doses and Kt/Vurea, and lower white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, serum creatinine and phosphate, and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) than other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a χ2‐test demonstrated that underweight patients had poorer nutrition (P = 0.023), but less systemic inflammation (P < 0.001) than other groups. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis established that age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hemodialysis duration, use of BCM dialyzer, Kt/Vurea, creatinine, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hsCRP were significant risk factors associated with BMI (P < 0.001–0.002). After three years, 149 (15.5%) patients had died, including 22 of 102 (21.6%) underweight patients, 64 of 492 (13.0%) normal weight patients, 38 of 187 (20.3%) overweight patients, and 25 of 178 (15.5%) obese patients. The primary causes of mortality were cardiovascular (52.3%) and infection (39.6%). A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, diabetes mellitus, BMI, albumin, hsCRP, and cardiothoracic ratio were significant risk factors associated with all‐cause mortality over three years (P < 0.001–0.022). Finally, Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed that underweight patients suffer higher mortality than other groups (Log rank, P = 0.0392); therefore, the data have demonstrated a survival disadvantage of low BMI in Taiwanese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.


The utility model provides a converter transformer lower-valve side-lead support mechanism, relating to the transformer technology field. The structure is characterized in that the lower part of a lower clamp of the converter transformer core is connected with a support plate and a lead support used for supporting the lower-valve side-lead is arranged on the support plate. The structure is characterized in that the defects of the prior art can be overcome and the problems of the supporting and fixing of the lower-valve side-lead of the converter transformer can be effectively solved in a limited space; the structure is simple and the occupied space is small; the integral height of the converter transformer is lower, and materials are saved; and the supporting and fixing are firm and reliable.


Dosing and supply system for the dosed supply of hydrogen peroxide to treatment heads (6) a device for H g (10) recirculated hydrogen peroxide is provided and can be acted upon to produce a dispensing pressure required of the supply container (14) with a controlled pressure.


In the post-epidemic era, international Chinese online teaching still faces four problems in classroom interaction: implement difficulties, single interactive form, insufficient interaction design, and unsatisfactory interaction effects. Interaction, which plays a very important role in second language acquisition, is an inevitable path to realize communication goals and improve the effectiveness of international Chinese online teaching. Therefore, we can improve the classroom interaction of international Chinese online teaching from five aspects: teaching content, teaching process, teaching medium, learners and teachers.


In Ecuador foreigners living in refugee situations by internal conflicts of those who request it, in which our country welcomes them, what comes to constitute a situation of humanity, question welcomed by the international community. But it happens that these people can not get a decent job, because among the requirements demanded by employers is to have work experience or have a professional or technical degree, but these people do not have it because they have fled their homes and can not attend their countries to request documents proving them work experience, making it impractical to hire them for activities they know and have experience. In this respect the labor law says nothing about the matter of hiring people who are in refugee situation, so do not hold the full enjoyment and exercise of rights, being necessary to determine mechanisms for refugees can be considered equal in situations of equality and rights.
They are given jobs to people refugees does not mean you remove our citizens the right to work, but a small percentage is established that the employer can accommodate refugees in their companies, to thereby protect, respect the right to work of refugee claimants


Recently there is an urgent necessity for the enhancement of the level of science education. In order to accomplish this purpose, science teachers should devise that equipment which enables their students to take a keen and abiding interest in science itself. Nowadays the students tend to obtain ready-made equipment, because they do not know how to make it by hand. Explaining the process of introduction of equipment is now available. Teachers are required to demonstrate advisably how to create hand-made equipment from such ordinary utensils as can be easily found around them. In addition to being handy, those new devices must be time-saving, not only to be made but also to be cleaned after use. In the twentieth century, it is generally acknowledged, theories have directed the methods of experiments. In the twenty-first century, on the contrary, theories will be established, as expected, in accordance with their proceeding experiments.


This paper aims to discuss the following two phenomena in Wong Kar-wai's "I Travelled 9000 km To Give It To You": first, by examining the quotation of Godard's film in "I Travelled 9000 km To Give It To You", this paper analyzes how the text of others grafts into the text of "my," and how Cinema confronts the heterogeneous voices from other places? Secondly, this paper seeks to establish the aesthetic from the film's fragmentary editing, temporal and narrative uncertainty, and excessive ellipses. Are they the results of interruptions between shots? Or they are deliberately arranged raptures. Does Wong Kar-wai, form the uses of ellipsis, interruption, and rapture, open up a new possible form of editing-the syncope editing? By adopting film theories and contemporary thoughts as a footstone for film textual analysis, the main purpose of this paper is to discover a new path for aesthetics of Cinema through the close examination of the quotation, ellipsis, interruption, rapture, and syncope in Wong Kar-wai's "I Travelled 9000 km To Give It To You".


Aims: To investigate women's perceptions of miscarriage and its complications. Study Design: A qualitative design was used with data collected through semistructured interviews. Place and Duration of Study: Gynaecology ward of the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, during February and March 2012. Methodology: Sample: We included 30 patients (aged between 18 and 39) admitted to the gynaecology ward for surgery following miscarriage. Inclusion criteria were: (a) Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(2): 699-710, 2014 700 diagnosis of miscarriage (b) aged over 18. Semi-structured interviews were conducted through a translator and lasted an average of 30 minutes (range 14 – 46minutes). Results: 14 of the women interviewed knew what a miscarriage was. Perceived causes included contraceptives, prohibited medicines, hard labour, stress, HIV, malaria, witchcraft, traditional medicines, lack of child spacing and abuse by their male partners. Women obtained knowledge from their own experience of miscarriage and through the shared experiences of female family members and friends. Women were found to have concerns about death from miscarriage; facing stigmatising attitudes of community and health workers; and the treatment they would receive in hospital, particularly the surgical procedure. Conclusions: The women had poor knowledge of the causes and symptoms of miscarriage. They were concerned about the treatment that they would receive in the hospital and how their miscarriage would be perceived by both the hospital staff and within their communities. Women who have miscarriages should be encouraged to discuss this with female friends and relatives to improve knowledge on miscarriage and help dispel the stigma surrounding it. Providing information on the treatment they would receive whilst in hospital may help to allay women's concerns. Incorporating education about miscarriage into the school syllabus may help to improve women's awareness and understanding.


IPS-type liquid crystal display device having a high luminance And to improve the general IPS type liquid crystal display device, a fatal disadvantage of reduction in the brightness due to a low aperture ratio caused by forming the pixel and common electrodes using a non-transparent metal. In the present invention, by forming, using a transparent conductive material on the same insulating layer with the pixel electrode and the common electrode at the same time, to increase the opening through which the backlight light can transmit and improves the brightness.


We report the fabrication and characterizations of integrated distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) thermally tunable buriedheterstructure (BH) quantum-cascade-lasers (QCLs) emitting at λ ~ 4.7 μm. We implemented a special device bonding technique utilizing two submount heatsinks that allow us to separately control the temperatures on the gain and DBR grating sections, respectively. With a thermoelectric (TE) cooler dedicated for the grating section, a tuning range of 65 nm, equivalently 29.831 cm-1, was achieved while the gain section was maintained at 293K under pulsed mode operation. This corresponds to a tuning efficiency of 0.0325 nm/mA. We also established a 2D thermal model to simulate the temperature profiles and the heat flows within two sections as a function of TE cooler and gain-section temperatures. The thermal response time as the TE cooler temperature changed was also investigated.


Porometry and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the microstructure in barium zirconate and barium cerate samples synthesized using cryochemical freeze drying or spray drying. Intergrain pores in these samples have been found to have surface fractality. The fractal dimension ranges from 2.07 to 2.24; the self-similarity range reaches one order of magnitude.


Abstract. This study aims to examine the effect of Earning Per Share and Deviden Per Share on stock prices. The object of research used in this research is earning per share, deviden per share, stock prices. The subject in this study is a manufacturing company in the consumer goods industry sector which is listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The research method used is descriptive and verification with a quantitative approach. This study uses secondary data with a purposive sampling method with a sample of 20 manufakturing companies in the consumer goods industry listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2017-2019 observation period or 78 observations. Hypothesis testing in this study using multiple linear regressions analysis. From the results of the tests carried out, the results showed that Earning Per Share and Deviden per share had and effect on stock prices. Suggestions for further researchers are to add independent variables such as Debt Equity Ratio (ROA), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Price Earning Ratio (PER).
Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh earning per share dan deviden per share terhadap harga saham. Objek penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah earning per share, deviden per share, harga saham. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dan verifikatif dengan pendekatan kuatitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan metode purposive sampling dengan sampel sebanyak 26 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia untuk rentang waktu pengamatan 2017-2019 atau sebanyak 78 pengamatan. Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa earning per share dan deviden per share berpengaruh terhadap harga saham. Saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya yaitu menambah variabel independen seperti Debt Equity Ratio (ROA), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Price Earning Ratio (PER)


Pseudocubic α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals were grown by a surfactant-free, low temperature, solvo-hydrothermal process and characterised by XRD, FESEM, TEM, FTIR, Raman, XPS and UV-vis analysis.


A branching point of the reaction path NO2O2N→O2NNO2 has been found by a quantum-chemical study of the nitric oxide oxidation reaction. It has been shown that the bifurcation point is a valley-ridge inflection point on the potential-energy surface (PES). Bifurcation point search procedures are considered. Restrictions on the intrinsic reaction coordinate method are discussed, as well as some physical-chemical effects occurring due to bifurcation points.


Abstract Electronic Health (eHealth) denotes the practice of information communication technology within healthcare. In the health care sector, eHealth has received countless criticizing from nurse ...


Many low-income children with mental disorders are not receiving federal benefits despite likely being eligible, according to a new report.

Still, the number of these children who are receiving funds is growing and doing so at a pace consistent with the mental health trends in the general


The concept of sustainable development not only strengthens but also extends the main principles and policies of water resource management. In sustainable and integrated water resource management, risk analysis/ management for floods and droughts has received much attention. Risk and uncertainty in hydrological processes have been intensively studied, and many significant achievements have been made. This paper presents two case studies of risk assessment for flood and drought. A stochastic point process model for flood risk estimation is first derived by using a clustering stochastic point process. Then, several risk indices including reliability, resilience, vulnerability and risk plane for drought assessment are introduced. The proposed methodology is applied to an example water supply system with the combination of a decision support system.


In most multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) based on aggregating objectives, the weight vectors are user-supplied or generated randomly, and they are static in the algorithms. If the Pareto front (PF) shape is not complex, the algorithms can find a set of uniformly distributed Pareto optimal solutions along the PF; otherwise, they might fail. A dynamic weight design method based on the projection of the current nondominant solutions and equidistant interpolation is proposed in this paper. Even if the PF is complex, we can find evenly distributed Pareto optimal solutions by this method. Some test instances are constructed to compare the performance of the MOEA/D using dynamic weight design method with that of MOEA/D. The results indicate that the dynamic weight design method can dramatically improve the performance of the algorithms.


The optimal side-tracked horizontal well completion method in heavy oil and high pour point oil reservoir has been researched, sand control and borehole stability criteria have been obtained, and the flow chart for the optimal side-tracked horizontal well completion methods have been derived. The permeability of packed sands outside the slotted liner has been measured by experiment, 16 kinds of mathematical models for calculating productivity of side-tracked horizontal well have been developed. The performance analysis method of production of horizontal well and the economic evaluation model are studied, and the computer software for the side-tracked horizontal well completion method have been established ,the software is commercialized.


Previous work has debated whether humans make use of hierarchic syntax when processing language (Frank and Bod, 2011; Fossum and Levy, 2012). This paper uses an eye-tracking corpus to demonstrate that hierarchic syntax significantly improves reading time prediction over a strong n-gram baseline. This study shows that an interpolated 5-gram baseline can be made stronger by combining n-gram statistics over entire eye-tracking regions rather than simply using the last n-gram in each region, but basic hierarchic syntactic measures are still able to achieve significant improvements over this improved baseline.


Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects more than one‐quarter of adults worldwide, with 60% in diabetic patients and 90% in obese people. Epigenetic modifications are highly associated with NAFLD development. It has been reported that the 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) epigenetic modification and its catalyzing enzymes, the Ten‐eleven translocation (TET) family dioxygenases, are involved in NAFLD progression. However, it remains unclear how the TET family enzymes participate in NAFLD development. The current study was aimed to clarify the involvement of TET family proteins in NAFLD.


INTRODUCTION Recently, the backlighting system which has high efficiency and high luminance has been required, as Liquid-Crystal display (LCD) becomes popular. However, most backlighting system, which control the intensity distribution of the light from a lamp and irradiate the display unit, has been designed experientially up to date. For example, the traditional cylindrical reflector has the efficiency of up to 50%, because a half of light rays emitted from the fluorescent tube may come back to the tube and is supposed to be lost partially. The reflector for sidelight type backlighting system should be designed to reduce the loss caused by the absorption of light rays which come back to the fluorescent tube. In this study, for the development of highly efficient and high luminous backlighting system, a geometrical shape of the reflector for sidelight type backlighting system is designed by using the elliptic curve and special functions. The light intensity distribution and the efficiency of the reflector are estimated by computer simulation, and these optical characteristics of the designed reflector are compared with those of the cylindrical reflector.


Fossil fuels are compressed organic matter with the potential to provide energy. But these sources are depleting due to energy demand and non-renewability of fossil fuels. Therefore, need of the ho ...


We investigated response of electroencephalogram (EEG) to acute aerobic exercise with low intensity after performing mental task with listening to sound in order to measure a recovery effect of the acute exercise on the EEG. The mean amplitude of the low-alpha wave (8–10 Hz) was reduced during performing mental arithmetic and/or listening to 5 KHz unpleasant tone by 7–17 %. In particular, the mean amplitude in the low-alpha wave showed statistically significant difference between the mental arithmetic during listening to the 5 KHz tone and the resting state prior to stress experiments. On the other hand, the low-alpha wave was fixed after an acute exercise of 20 min; the mean amplitude exceeded up to 29 % of the amplitude in the pre-stressed resting. Similar results were obtained for the theta wave. Contrastively other EEG rhythms with higher frequency (high-alpha (10–13Hz), beta (15–30Hz) and gamma (30–45Hz) waves) showed no significant main effect of experimental conditions. The observation indicates that the acute exercise with low intensity may be responsible for the recovery / enhancement of the low-alpha and theta waves.


In this work a quantum‐theoretical calculation of ferromagnetic domain walls in 3d transition metals is presented. The model is based on a tight‐binding description of the system and the 3d electronic structure is obtained self‐consistently by use of the real‐space recursion method. A salient feature of this model is that both the orientation and the magnitude of the atomic magnetic moments are free to vary. This is in sharp contrast with classical studies which are based on the a priori assumption that the magnitude of the moment is constant. Preliminary numerical results for a ferromagnetic chain are given.


Sequence and timing of cranial bones appearance and metamorphic transformation were compared in larvae of Siberian newt, Salamandrella keyserlingi (Urodela, Hynobiidae), reared under different levels of thyroid hormone (TH): i) normal, ii) high (in 1 and 10 ng/ml T 3 ), and iii) low (in 0.02% thiourea, TU, which inhibits thyroid gland activity resulting in TH deficiency). Cranial bones exhibit differential reaction to changes in TH level. Bones appearing in early larval ontogeny display no or only slight response to TH changes. At different TH regimes, they arise at the same stages and at the same age. Bones appearing later show reaction to TH changes: their appearance is accelerated and retarded in TH- and TU-treated larvae, correspondingly. The major response to TH alterations is displayed by ontogenetic events involved into metamorphic remodeling: they are greatly accelerated under TH-treatment and retarded in TH-deficiency. Most metamorphic events fail to occur under TH-deficiency. Comparison of TH-related changes in skull development of Ambystoma mexicanum ( Ambystoma tidae), Triturus vulgaris (Salamandridae), and S. keyserlingi showed that in these species the same bones differ in reaction to TH changes. A corollary of these differences is that in urodeles TH-dependence and TH-sensitivity of cranial bones change both in ontogeny and phylogeny.


A fast identification method of membrane structure parameters is investigated for an early stage of the manufacturing process. The approach consists of performing optical measurement of the modal responses of the membrane structures. This information is used in an inverse identification algorithm based on a FE model. Device characteristics can be determined by measured modal frequencies which are fed into a model based on the FE simulations. The number of parameters to be identified is thereby generally limited only by the number of measurable modal frequencies. A quantitative evaluation of the identification results permits furthermore the detection of defects like cracks which cannot be classified within a FE model. The approach is validated by first measurements which have shown a good correlation between simulated and measured modal frequencies.


The paper describes the models for opening accounts in the national budgetary payment transaction system. The choice of the most effective model is an issue in the science of budget law. Therefore, the author describes different models for opening of accounts. The first model is personal accounts, which has many similarities with bank accounts. This model used now. The second model is treasury accounts. This model is new to the national system of budget payments. The paper describes the features and benefits of both models. The author reaches to the conclusion that the system of budget payments has elements of both models. Therefore, the Treasury of Russia has more effective financial management tools. In turn, Treasury's clients can conduct transactions faster and easier.


The invention discloses a supported catalyst and a preparation method thereof and a synthesis method for catalyzing long-chain alkylphenol, and aims at providing the supported catalyst which is high in catalytic activity and longer in life and the preparation method thereof and the synthesis method for catalyzing the long-chain alkylphenol through the catalyst. The acid value of the long-chain alkylphenol catalytically synthesized through the catalyst is small, the product property is good, and subsequent distilling and separating are easy to perform. According to the technical scheme, the supported catalyst is prepared by taking a Zn-modified MCM-22 molecular sieve as a carrier and phosphotungstic acid as the loading component, wherein the content of the phosphotungstic acid accounts for 10%-40% of the total weight of supported catalyst.


The utility model relates to a novel solar energy heating system, including a heat collector, a water source heat pump, a heat-accumulator tank, a heat-insulation layer, a pebble heat-accumulator pile and a ground heating water separator, wherein the heat collector is connected with a heat exchange water tank through a pipeline; a circulating pump is arranged on the lower end of the heat exchange water tank; a large number of pebbles are disposed in the heat-accumulator tank; the heat-accumulator tank is connected with the water source heat pump through a hot water pipeline; a hot water pipeline turning valve is arranged on the lower end of the water source heat pump; and the ground heating water separator is disposed on one side of the water source heat pump. The utility model is applied to schools, offices, units and residential houses, is economic, practical, energy saving and environment friendly, reduces the conventional energy consumption and the carbon monoxide emission and is suitable for popularization and utilization in wide areas.


This paper summarized the cases of the flatfoot with the documentation method from several aspects such as definition,classification,evaluation and gradation,causes,harm and therapy of the flatfoot,aiming to offer reference for the systematic study on flatfoot.


Abstrak In the Qur'an, the marriage relationship is described as one with "tranquility," "love" and "mercy." Elsewhere in the Qur'an, husband and wife are described as "garments" for each other (2: 187). Islamic marriage is thus structured through legally-enforceable rights and duties of both parties. In an atmosphere of love and respect, these rights and duties provide a framework for the balance of family life and the fulfillment of both partners. Although many Muslims may right now be in failing marriages and on a fast track to divorce and its terrible consequences, there are many ways to put their marriage back on the right track if the husband and wife are sincere in their desire to reconcile. The Prophet Muhammad SAW never mistreated his wives. He is reported to have said: 'How could they beat their women in daytime as slaves and then sleep with them in the night?" The Prophet Muhammad SAW, is the most excellent example as father and husband. He was very kind and tolerant towards his wives. We can see that the Messenger was the perfect head of family. Managing many women with ease, being a lover of their hearts, an instructor of their minds, an educator of their souls, he never neglected the affairs of the nation nor compromised his duties. The following is a discussion of the guidelines in protecting the integrity of the family against various problems and shock as well as how to cope, according to the prophetic tradition ( hadits ) of Muhammad SAW with a thematic approach. Kata Kunci: Hadits, Konflik, dan Nusuz


Nursery rhyme, rhythm, and the story of the infant 's experience, as well as adults who suffered childhood is really important. Shaking the child to realize the beauty that do have an aesthetic experience, and feeling the joy and excitement by changing the inner spiritual world is getting out of an impact. Nursery rhyme and enjoy language play in the expression patterns of playful behavior that can be divided into play. Jung symbolism and space of objects based on the symbolism of the nursery rhyme this diversity alive and discover the identity of the child to play can also realize the nature of things is helping. Nursery rhyme is the activity of language and behavior. Reported the activity of such activities and picture book illustrations of the activity of research to indicate that there are important implications. represented by the picture book illustrations in picture books is limited. Nursery rhyme and symbolism in the play cursor to the process of searching later, the children grow into adults when the nursery rhyme, so a lot of influences is needed is when trying to analyze.


This paper presents an adaptive fuzzy backstepping control (AFBC) for multi-input and multi-output uncertain discrete-time nonlinear systems. It is assumed that the systems are described by a discrete-time state equation with nonlinear uncertainties to be viewed as the modelling errors and the unknown external disturbances, and the observation of the states is taken with independent measurement noises. The proposed AFBC is simplified in a structure by removing the explosion of complexity problem due to repeated time-differences of nonlinear functions. The modelling errors are approximated by using the fuzzy inference approach based on the extended single input rule modules, and the unknown external disturbances are denoted as unknown time-invariant parameters, and these estimates are derived by using the proposed simplified weighted least squares estimator. It is proved that the errors between the states and the virtual controls, and the estimation errors, are ultimately bounded. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is indicated through the simulation experiment of a simple numerical system.


The purpose of this study is to examine the expressions and usage of idiomatic phrases used in the Chinese. The idiomatic phrases that can be used and referenced in the Chinese reading comprehension professor and the learning method are the expression and idiomatic expression of 'negative sentence', 'sentence expressing the meaning of comparison' and 'the sentence and object' arranged and presented the structural principles expressed by the explanatory and idiomatic phrases and predicates. Also, this study is on the collocation of Chinese, and it extracts the correlative phrases of Chinese sentences that express certain meanings by combining the word which are always appropriate, and presents analysis contents about the principle and meaning. It can be used as a basis to easily understand the difficulties of reading due to in significant function words in the reading of Chinese texts, and directly in the field of reading comprehension of Chinese texts and in the production of study books and reference books related to Chinese text reading.


Summary Elevated CO 2 effects (a press perturbation) on plants communities may alter community dynamics and as such the response to extreme climatic events (pulse perturbation). The ongoing Giessen FACE experiment (GiFACE) in Germany in a high diversity permanent grassland presents a unique opportunity to study the combined effects of a press perturbation with a pulse perturbation. The experiment was set up in 1998, and in 2003 the area was subject to a severe drought that significantly reduced biomass production. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of species diversity in the recovery of primary productivity after drought under elevated CO 2 . It can be shown that due to the high diversity in this grassland, biomass production had recovered one year after drought to at least pre-drought levels. However, the community effects of the drought were much longer lasting, with increased effective diversity, as expressed through species turnover and variation in species abundances, for three years after the drought. While the recovery of primary productivity in 2004 was related to species richness, species richness tended to be negatively associated with variation in biomass production in subsequent years, and a variation in primary productivity was better explained by effective diversity. In conclusion, while there were small effects of elevated CO 2 on community structure observed over the course of the experiment, these effects did not influence the recovery of primary productivity in elevated CO 2 plots after the drought.