Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the synovial membrane of the joints and leads to progressive joint damage, disability and reduced quality of life. Notwithstanding the emergence of more ad-vanced therapeutic strategies that have improved the duration of remission, rheumatoid arthritis is associated with high rates of comorbidities, infections, malignant neoplasms, and cardiovascular pathology. It is known that some existing pathogenic inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis, such as interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ) and tumor necrosis factor, may play a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown that biological therapy, which is widely used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis, may be effective in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, it was proposed to study the involvement of adipocytokines. Adipocytokines are pleiotropic molecules that are primarily released from the white adipose tissue and immune cells. Adipocytokines modulate the function of various tissues and cells, and, in addition to energy homeostasis and metabolism, enhance the process of inflammation, the immune response and tissue damage. Adipocytokines can contribute to the pro-inflammatory condition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the development of bone tissue damage. Moreover, they may be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we considered the already known data on the role of adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, despite the fact that they are also actively involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiovas- cular diseases and are possible biomarkers for predicting the treatment outcomes, as well as in connection with their potential, as a possible new therapeutic target.


Teaching English as a foundation course in our polytechnics hasbecoming dramatically cumbersome and tasking. The use of English is a key course taught not only the polytechnics but in almost all higher institutions in the country. The use of English refers to the formal or conventional English language introduce the newstudents in tertiary institutions the basic of English language as pre-requisite requirement. The approach is general and not geared to any particular group of students notwithstanding the discrepancies in their academic pursuit and language background. In fact, the challenges faces thecourse is enormous. This paper aims at examine these challenges by considering at English and the concept of international language, challenges posed by globalization, problems encountered in teaching and learning ofthe use of English and recommends solutions to these challenges.


One of the key requirements of Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in English Language Arts is that students are able to read and access complex texts across all grade levels. The CCSS authors emphasize both the limitations and lack of accuracy in the current CCSS model of text complexity, calling for the development of new frameworks. In response to this call, our article focuses on complexity found in K-3 picture books as an area in need of clarification and extension. Since K-3 literature primarily relies on illustrations to convey meaning, we extend the CCSS definition of complexity and provide a framework for teachers to analyze picture books with a focus on textual-visual relationships. Further, we offer a rationale for including the reader as part of the qualitative dimension of text complexity. A recommended list of more recent complex literary and informational picture books for students in K-3 is presented.


This paper presents an algorithm which may be used to efficiently search for and retrieve tuples in a distributed tuple space. The algorithm, a core part of the Tupleware system, is based on the success or failure of previous tuple requests to remote nodes in the system, and this data is used determine the relative probability of particular remote nodes being able to fulfil subsequent future requests. The logic of this algorithm is distributed and decentralised: each node dynamically calculates its relationship with other nodes at runtime. The behaviour of the algorithm using two applications is analysed, and shows significant improvement in terms of efficiency and performance compared to comparable tuple space implementations.


Abstract Two low-latitude coronal holes observed by CORONAS-1 in April and June 1994 are analysed together with magnetic field measurements obtained from Wilcox and Kitt Peak Solar Observatories. To estimate the comparable temperature of these two coronal holes, the YOHKOH observations are also utilized. Using this information, we have constructed three-dimensional magnetic field lines to illustrate the geometrical configuration of these coronal holes. The calculated synoptic maps are used to determine the existence of closed and open field regions of the hole. Finally, we have correlated the characteristics of two coronal holes with the observed solar wind speed. We found that the brighter coronal hole has a high-speed solar wind, and the dimmer coronal hole has a low-speed solar wind.


In the paper, two recent Polish movies about motherhood are considered: Tower. A Bright Day (2017) by Jagoda Szelc and The Fugue (2019) by Agnieszka Smoczynska. The authors argue that both movies transform the classic plot of a maternal melodrama to depict its heroines as mothers who can make their decision to leave. Simultaneously both main female characters – Kaja and Kinga – are portrayed as somewhat dysfunctional, "abjective", and monstrous. However, the narration of the movies seems to sympathize with them. As a result, Tower. A Bright Day and The Fugue bring uneasy and provocative images of motherhood as well as the vision of upcoming catastrophe (in social and even extraterrestrial sense).


Research on determination of PV hosting capacity in a specified distribution system or feeder is popular recently because of many factors such as, the energy policy from the government, low capital cost of PV panel and the modern society life style. PV hosting capacity determination should consider not only the potential resource and the economic aspect but also the technical consideration based on the static and dynamic performance of the distribution system. In this paper, the PV hosting capacity determination are calculated based on the existing distribution feeder using an iterative method considering the voltage regulation, system power factor and apparatus loading. The result shows that driving the PV location into the center of the load and adjusting the reactive power support by PV producer may increase the hosting capacity size.


The paper examines Amartya Sen's seminal work Development and Freedom (1999) in relation to his underlying conception of justice and particularly in relation to the tension that arises in the correlation between basic freedom and basic goods. The idea is to address the question as to which of the two elements (basic goods or basic freedoms) takes precedence to the enactment of global justice. The paper advances a particular distinction between a foundational approach and a functional approach when  addressing the question of the priority and primacy of any of the two elements and sheds light on a contentious answer, namely, that basic goods are foundationally primary in relation to basic freedoms and that such a primacy does not rule out the functional priority of basic freedoms.


Detection of pulmonary nodules on chest CT is an essential step in the early diagnosis of lung cancer, which is critical for best patient care. Although a number of computer-aided nodule detection methods have been published in the literature, these methods still have two major drawbacks: missing out true nodules during the detection of nodule candidates and less-accurate identification of nodules from non-nodule. In this paper, we propose an automated pulmonary nodule detection algorithm that jointly combines progressive resolution and hierarchical saliency. Specifically, we design a 3D progressive resolution-based densely dilated FCN, namely the progressive resolution network (PRN), to detect nodule candidates inside the lung, and construct a densely dilated 3D CNN with hierarchical saliency, namely the hierarchical saliency network (HSN), to simultaneously identify genuine nodules from those candidates and estimate the diameters of nodules. We evaluated our algorithm on the benchmark LUng Nodule Analysis 2016 (LUNA16) dataset and achieved a state-of-the-art detection score. Our results suggest that the proposed algorithm can effectively detect pulmonary nodules on chest CT and accurately estimate their diameters.


Domestic violence is repeated in its nature, which means there are a group of victims who who experience a disproportionate amount of violence. These victims are sometimes called 'high frequency victims'. Using data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, an analysis of high frequency victims was produced to compare to other victims of domestic violence. High frequency victims are more likely to be female and experience more harm than other victims of domestic violence.


A 5OOkV cross-linked polyethylene ( XL PE)insulated pcs_cer cable with conductor size of 2000 rn2 and insulation thickness of 35 mn has been designed and developed for the first time in the world. In manufacturing the cable , the exhaustive contaminant elimination , together with other newly developed technologies, was enployed. And it was proven in a series of electricaltests that this cable had superior characteristics for a 500 kV pcower cable. Through analysis of the insulation performance of the developed cable, as well as of. recent XLPE cables, it was confirmed that the design and manufacturing techniques of EHV XLPE cable are well established, and the effectiveness of SF6 gas irpregnation into XLPE cable was studied. The possible reduction of insulation thickness of 500 kV XLPE cable was also discussed.


Abstract Nevus sebaceus is a congenital hamartoma associated with several secondary tumors. We report the case of a 19-year-old woman who presented with changes in a nevus sebaceus lesion on her parietal scalp, which was subsequently excised. Upon pathological examination, both basaloid hamartoma and syringocystadenoma papilliferum were noted within the specimen, which is rare. The primary treatment modalities for nevus sebaceus are either close clinical observation or surgical excision, but no definitive consensus exists on the excision timeline of nevus sebaceus.


Starting with a two-body effective nucleon-nucleon interaction, it is shown that the infinite nuclear matter model of atomic nuclei is more appropriate than the conventional Bethe-Weizsacker-like mass formulas to extract saturation properties of nuclear matter from nuclear masses. In particular, the saturation density thus obtained agrees with that of electron scattering data and the Hartree-Fock calculations. For the first time using nuclear mass formula, the radius constant ${\mathit{r}}_{0}$=1.138 fm and binding energy per nucleon ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{v}}$=-16.11 MeV, corresponding to the infinite nuclear matter, are consistently obtained from the same source. An important off-shoot of this study is the determination of nuclear matter incompressibility ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ to be 288\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}28 MeV using the same source of nuclear masses as input.


The operation of electromagnetic multirail launchers of solids in the mode of rapid-fire sequential launching of several projectiles has been studied by a combined 2-D and 3-D nonstationary numerical simulation. A Sakhalin type pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator is used in the calculations as a power supply for the launchers. Launchers with three or five pairs of parallel rails connected into a series electrical circuit are considered. The acceleration of different numbers of projectiles in a burst and for different masses of projectiles is simulated. It has been found that the heating of the rails is a major factor that limits the operation of the launchers in these modes. An essential feature that determines the rate of rail heating is the nonuniform current density distribution over the rail cross section due to the nonstationary diffusion of the magnetic field into the rails. The calculations taking into account the nonstationary distribution of currents in the rails of a multirail launcher have shown that an appropriate choice of the mass of projectiles, their number in a bursts on the order of five projectiles with a firing frequency on the order of 200 Hz, it is possible to accelerate projectiles weighing up to 800 g to velocities 1.8–2.5 km/s without the rails melting.


This paper assessed the material biocompatibility and investigated the temporal modulation in electrochemical performance of printed thick-film electrochemical sensing devices (ESDs) that can serve as the basis of various enzymatic sensor in detecting an electrochemically potent species. The sensors were placed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), human serum, or implanted subcutaneously in rats, free or in stainless steel cages. The exudate collection allowed the evaluation of inflammatory cell populations, up to 21 days. The ferrous/ferric redox electrode reactions were used to assess the electrode elements performance for up to 49 days. Following testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated cell surface adhesion, while fibrous capsules were examined by histology. It was determined that the exudates leukocyte concentration due to the presence of sensors was comparable to the empty cage controls. For the length of the study, the sensors functionality appeared not to be influenced by the in vivo environment, when tested ex vivo, without the surrounding fibrous capsule. Surface imaging (SEM) indicated temporal focal dissolution of the Ag/AgCl electrodes with no apparent local toxicity. We concluded that the ESDs were biocompatible and their ex vivo functionality was not lost when maintained in vivo for up to 49 days.


A Mars orbital radar mission would use two frequencies to map the planet at 50 m resolution, penetrating 5-10 m. Some areas will be imaged at 5-m resolution. A 50-m resolution topographic map will be acquired, and surface changes detected.


We investigate numerically an influence of the absorption spectrum width and the absorption spectrum central frequency shift on novel type of solitons (chirped soliton) appearence at a femtosecond pulse propagation in a medium with noble nanoparticles. We take into account the TPA of laser radiation by nanorods, and time-dependent nanorod aspect ratio changing due to their melting or reshaping because of laser energy absorption. The chirped solitons are formed due to the trapping of laser radiation by the nanorods reshaping fronts, if a positive or negative phase-amplitude grating is induced by laser radiation. We consider both linear and strong nonlinear dependences of absorption coefficient on the nanorod aspect ratio. We discuss a physical mechanism of the absorption spectrum width influence on the accelerating soliton formation.


Several Academic Social Networking Sites (ASNSs) have been launched in the last few years and their number of members is growing. Researchers using ASNSs come from very divergent scientific backgrounds and academic levels, prompting one to ask the question, What kind of communication and self‐presentation behaviors occur within these structures? The qualitative study presented in this article analyzed the communication behavior of a selected sample on ResearchGate (RG). It investigates how researchers present themselves on their personal‐profile sites and how they interact with other researchers. Overall, the results show that mostly young male academics without previous connections to each other (for example, faculty colleges) use RG for their scholarly exchanges. In general, communication behavior is characterized by an objective, professional, unemotional choice of words and seldom the use of polite salutations or words of farewell. However, there seems to be a correlation between long discussion and an increased use of colloquial and emotional language. Based on our findings, we derived preliminary practical recommendations for communications on ASNSs to improve the relationships in online academic interactions, to foster inclusiveness of gender and culture, and to reduce insecurity in matters of communication, presentation, and the exchange of scientific data.


Much research surrounds the move from publicly owned and operated bus markets to publicly controlled and privately operated markets, or in the case of Great Britain, a fully deregulated market. Little research however exists concerning the counter move and the issues that this may raise. Such a step would be consistent with Gwilliam's regulatory cycle, which suggests that a combination of self seeking behaviour of suppliers and unrealistic aspirations of politicians leads to instability in the regulatory arrangements for the provision of bus services. Consequently, the associated structural and institutional arrangements go through a cycle of private/public ownership and competitive/regulated markets.
The paper discusses some of the measures that are being considered in different parts of Great Britain, and primarily focuses on recent proposals that have appeared for the partial reregulation of the bus industry in Scotland. Trends within the Scottish bus market/industry are examined to establish the background to any possible measures. Analysis is then made up of three components: firstly, a quantitative analysis of any potential savings that could be made in subsidy by introducing competition for the market in Scotland, secondly an examination of experience in New Zealand with bus reregulation, and finally a qualitative analysis of views expressed during the consultation phase of a proposed private member's bill for bus reregulation in Scotland. The overriding conclusion from this analysis is that whilst deregulating the market does not actually break Gwilliam's regulatory cycle, it makes it very difficult to 're-connect', and thus a further long term consequence of bus deregulation in Britain in the mid 1980s is that future policy options have been severely restricted in the very long term.


This research aimed to know how the banker (as principals) interact with customers (as agents) in creating andenforcing a contract of mudharabah, offer an alternative arrangement of mudharabah contract resultingmudharabah rules (institutions) that benefited both parties (principal and agent). With in-depth interviews,two important findings were obtained: character of prospective clients was an important determinant of thecreation of a contract as collateral material. It should not be used as a tool to compensate investment risk,monitoring was a key to the process of contract enforcement. Based on the findings and review of relatedliterature, a design of mudharabah rules (institutions) that were expected more fair and beneficial to bothparties namely the bank / shohibul mal as the principal and client or mudharib as an agent could be developed.


A sealing and stringing device for a sleeve of an oil-water well is composed of an oil tube (1), a hydraulic anchor (2), an upper packer (3), a sleeve cement-squeezing flow controller (4), a lower packer (5) and a double-ball one-way numerical control valve (6). The sealing and stringing device for the sleeve of the oil-water well is characterized in that the oil tube (1), the hydraulic anchor (2), the upper packer (3), the sleeve cement-squeezing flow controller (4), the lower packer (5) and the double-ball one-way numerical control valve (6) are connected in sequence, so cement can be conveniently squeezed in the sleeve of an oil well of an escaped segment by the sealing and stringing device for the sleeve of the oil-water well, and reparation to the damaged sleeve of the oil well can be facilitated.


SUMMARY Breast size andmilksecretion was studied intermandpreterminfants. Breast nodules werepalpable inmostofthematureinfants, bothboysandgirls. In6terminfants without palpable breast tissue there was a highincidence ofcomplications during late pregnancy or delivery. In light-for-gestat ional ageinfants thebreast diameter was generally appropriate forgestation. Noneof theinfants under 31weeks' gestation hadpalpable breast tissue atbirth, butsome inthefirst weeksof life developed breast tissue andsecreted milk. Milkhadbeensecreted bymostofthematureinfants byage7days, andtheonset was earlier inlight-for-dates infants. Thebreast doesnotregressrapidly after birth. Thenodules persist into thesecond half ofthefirst yearbywhichtime sexdifferences have emerged. Clearly thegrowth andactivity oftheneonatal breast cannotbeexplained solely interms oftheinfluence ofmaternal hormones towards theendofgestation. Further studies on early breast tissue development may indicate theother endocrine factors concerned. Breast nodules arepresent inmostnewborn infants, boysandgirls alike, andtowards theendofthe first weekoflife, gentle palpation ofthenodules generally results intherelease ofmilk. Histological studies havedemonstrated thatthenodules are formed ofwell developed breast tissue withlacteals, acini, andactively secreting alveolar cells.1 2Biochemical analyses ofthesecretion haveshownthat it contains carbohydrate, proteins, andfats, andithas beensuggested thatitissimilar tofirst milkin mothers.2 3Detailed analyses havenotbeenmade. There isevidence that oestrogens, progesterone and mammotropic peptides, including prolactin and humanplacental lactogen, takepartinthegrowth anddevelopment ofbreast tissue during pregnancy.4 However there isuncertainty abouttheextent that hormones, which actonthematernal tissues andare present inthematernal circulation, areresponsible forthebreast development inthenewborn infant. Thefailure ofmanypreterm infants todevelop breast nodules orsecrete milkafter birth, indicates theimportance oftheintrauterine environment. On theother hand, thefetus itself produces avariety of hormones which mayinfluence breast developmentforexample prolactin levels intheinfant's blood are high atbirth andinthesucceeding days.5 Ifthefetal breast tissue istheendorganof oestrogen, progesterone, andprolactin activity, its size andbehaviour after birth mayprovide interestinginformation onthedifferences inendocrine environment experienced bytheinfants before birth. Thenatural history ofbreast tissue growth andmilk release inthefirst yearoflife wasexamined in normal, healthy, andmature infants andcompared withthatofthesmall, preterm infant. Theclinical features ofinfants whodidnothavebreast tissue at birth arealso reported.


VICTORIAN STUDIES All three of these sections clearly concern respectability, and all seem deeply concerned about threats from things or people perceived to be "other" within the domestic ordering of the Victorians' world. The editors, in fact, use very similar language to describe the perceived "threats" in their prefaces to each section, which does not help to clarify the differences between the sections. There is a lot of familiar ground here, but the material is held together in some new ways, and it is engaging to read about these diverse manifestations of crime and bad behavior through the lens of print media, as well as to consider the relationships between moral panics and social change. These analyses are at their best when they provide a conversation between discourse and social practice. This collection should be read as a whole: what is often missing in the individual pieces is wider context. Moses's essay on the moral panics engendered by Anglican clergy regarding rural hiring fairs, for example, resonates with simultaneous moral panics concerning the sexual mixing of laboring populations more generally—most obviously those "uncovered" by the factory and public health commissions—yet there is no conversation linking these debates. This case exemplifies a general trend in the collection: overall, the newspaper and legal research is strong, but the secondary references are somewhat thin. While there is good conversation between the collection authors, there is not a lot of conversation externally. Martin Wiener's work, for example, floats on the surface of the volume, but is never engaged. Several authors cite either his articles or his recent book Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness, and Criminal Justice in Victorian England (2004), but the challenges he poses to the legal system's support of male violence toward women need to be probed much more directly by the authors in the third section especially. Additionally, Clive Emsley's new book Hard Men: Violence in England since 1750 (2005), addresses many themes similar to those in this collection, drawing on a different set of "outrages" (although these are not his focus) and a notably different literature. The editors have included an appendix of typescript excerpts and reproductions from Victorian newspapers to give readers the flavor of Victorian reporting on crime. The typescript entries and images provide wonderful examples, but the reproduced print is of surprisingly poor quality. This is a shame. It is also unfortunate that in a collection with this much to offer there should be so many typographical errors and lapses in proofreading. Despite these problems, the authors are very good at reminding us that the boundaries around respectability, acceptability, and indeed criminality are flexible historical ones, and that these are messages we should keep in mind as we evaluate our own criminal conversations. Marjorie Levine-Clark University of Colorado at Denver


In this work, a simple constitutive model simulating the dynamic behavior of elastomeric isolation devices is proposed. This work is part of research activities undertaken at ENEA (Italian National Commission for the Nuclear and Alternative Energies Sources) to analyze the behavior of isolation systems and isolated structures, in view of possible application to the industrial plants, including the innovative nuclear reactors. The research includes both experimental tests and theoretical studies. The activities in this latter field are the following: implementation of high damping elastomeric material constitutive law and its modeling with refined finite element computer codes; simple modeling (1-degree-of-freedom) of the single isolating element; and modeling of isolated structures. In this report, the first results of 2nd and 3rd activities are summarized.


The performance of space-tapered multi-beam arrays with minimized side lobe levels is statistically evaluated in a line-of-sight propagation environment within a cell sector in terms of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the multiple user ends. Comparative analyses are performed to examine the advantages of space-tapered, irregular arrays over the conventional regular array layouts. The system model is formulated with a meaningful link-budget analysis. Two different precoding techniques, conjugate beamforming and zero-forcing, are applied to compute the excitation coefficients at the antenna elements. The effects of several practical factors such as approaches in user scheduling, errors in channel state information estimation and quantization in excitation amplitudes and phases are studied. The simulation results indicate that space-tapered arrays with conjugate beamforming statistically perform better than the regular counterparts and can achieve similar performance to zero-forcing precoding when the impact of non-ideal system conditions is considered.


This paper proposes a novel broadcast scheduling algorithm for wireless large-scale networks based on theory of complex networks. In the proposed algorithm, the network topology is formed based on a scale-free network and the probability of link distribution is analyzed. In this paper, the characteristics of complex systems are analyzed (which are not concerned by the existing broadcast scheduling algorithm techniques) and the optimization of network transmission efficiency and network time delay are provided.


Abstract The X-ray photoelectron spectra of nickel squarate dihydrate and of bis(2,4-pentanedionato)nickel(II) are interpreted in terms of the known crystal structures of these complexes. The comparative degree of pielectron delocalisation over metal and ligand for these complexes is also evaluated from the XPS data.


Novel designs for double-clad fiber-lasers allow power scaling up to several ten watts at high efficiencies. A Neodymium-doped fiber laser operating at more than 30 W is presented.


Peer data management systems (Pdms) consist of a highly dynamic set of autonomous, heterogeneous peers connected with schema mappings. Queries submitted at a peer are answered with data residing at that peer and by passing the queries to neighboring peers. Pdms are the most general architecture for distributed integrated information systems. With no need for central coordination, Pdms are highly flexible. However, due to the typical massive redundancy in mapping paths, Pdms tend to be very inefficient in computing the complete query result as the number of peers increases. Additionally, information loss is cumulated along mapping paths due to selections and projections in the mappings. Users usually accept concessions on the completeness of query answers in largescale data sharing settings. Our approach turns completeness into an optimization goal and thus trades off benefit and cost of query answering. To this end, we propose several strategies that guide peers in their decision to which neighbors rewritten queries should be sent. In effect, the peers prune mappings that are expected to contribute few data. We propose a query optimization strategy that limits resource consumption and show that it can drastically increase efficiency while still yielding satisfying completeness of the query result. To estimate the potential data contribution of mappings, we adopted self-tuning histograms for cardinality estimation. We developed techniques that ensure sufficient query feedback to adapt these statistics to massive changes in a Pdms. Additionally, histograms can serve to maintain statistics on data overlap between alternative mapping paths. Building on them, redundant query processing is reduced by avoiding overlapping areas of the multi-dimensional data space.


Objective:To master the basic drugs availability status of the rural residents in Jiangxi Province.Methods:Stratified random sample survey,the inspection file,the field view and so on are used to obtain information and statistical analysis.Results:The basic drug regulation allocation rate is higher,drug safety is superintended strong,quality is reliable,the farmer gets conveniently,and satisfaction is higher.Conclusion:The availability of basic drugs is in good condition of the rural residents in Jiangxi province.


This research was aimed to find out the effectiveness of Mind Reading Game in teaching grammar. This research was experimental design. The population of this study was the second grade students of MA Darul Kamilin which consisted of two classes. One classes were chosen as the samples, those were XI A Class as experimental group consisted of twenty three students and XI B Class as control group consisted twenty three students. They were chosen by using quasi experimental. Experimental group was treated by Mind Reading Game and control group was treated by Mind Game. The instrument that was used objective test in forms of multiple choices. Then, the scores were analyzed by using statistical analysis. It showed the mean score of experimental group was 20,34 while the mean score control group was 16,34 and the value of t (t test) = -4,756 was higher than (t table) = 2,0154 at the significance level of 5% and the number of degree freedom (df) 44. It meant that alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. It could be conclude that Mind Reading Game was effective in teaching grammar at the second grade students of MA Darul Kamilin.


Rich in deep foundation pit sand gravel and pebble layer under the water,with dense hole pointed cone of light well point pipe,blow into the gravel soil vibration injection well point precipitation,with two artificial dig-hole tube well precipitation,by calculation and field implementation,safe and reliable,cost savings,obtain good effect,meet the requirement of foundation construction.


The aim of this paper is to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti6Al4V/Al-1060 plate by explosive welding before and after heat treatment. The welded interface is smooth and straight without any jet trapping. The disturbances near the interface, circular and random pores of Al-1060, and beta phase grains of Ti6Al4V have been observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Heat treatment reduces pores significantly and generates a titanium-island-like morphology. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis results show that the maximum portion of the interfacial zone existed in the aluminium side, which is composed of three intermetallic phases: TiAl, TiAl2 and TiAl3. Heat treatment resulted in the enlargement of the interfacial zone and conversion of intermentallic phases. Tensile test, shear test, bending test and hardness test were performed to examine the mechanical properties including welding joint qualities. The results of mechanical tests show that the tensile strength and welding joint strength of the interfacial region are larger than one of its constituent material (Al-1060), the microhardness near the interface is maximum. Besides, tensile strength, shear strength and microhardness of heat treated samples are smaller than unheat treated. Smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method is used to simulate the transient behaviour of both materials at the interface. Transient pressure, plastic deformation and temperature on the flyer and base side during the welding process were obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, the numerical simulation identified that almost straight bonding structure is formed on the interface, which is in agreement with experimental observation.


Colour images can be formed by the combination of stimuli in three primairy colours. As a result, digital colour images are typically represented as a triplet of values, each value corresponding to the stimulus of a primary colour. The precise stimulus that the eye receives as a result of any particular triplet of values depends on the display device or medium used. Photographic film is one such medium for the display of colour images. This work implements a software system to calibrate the response given to a triplet of values by an arbitrary combination of film recorder and film, in terms of a measurable film property. The implemented system determines the inverse of the film process numerically. It is applied to calibrate the Optronics C-4500 colour film writer of the UBC Laboratory for Computational Vision. Experimental results are described and compared in order to estimate the expected accuracy that can be obtained with this device using commercially available film processing.


Literature criticism has been gradually snubbed by the mass and its existence value has met with query,with the prevailing of the common mood of science in mid and later twentieth century.Faced with the situation,Jeffrey.Hartman,American famous literature criticism theorist,put forward his own way of remedy to make literature criticism return to literature.Starting from critical language and style,he reflected its orientation of literature criticism,and tried to probe the significance of literature criticism in cultural life.


Fog computing is a non-trivial extension of cloud computing to overcome many inherent limitations, such as huge network bandwidth and high latency. Fog computing involves a significantly large number of fog instances, unlike few centralized cloud servers. This work is an attempt to address two crucial challenges in fog computing systems in an integrated manner, namely the pricing of the resources and offloading of real-time tasks to appropriate fog instances. We propose an integrated framework to devise the pricing of the resources to maximize the social welfare and an offloading mechanism to minimize the cost of execution of the workloads with the timing constraint.


The Land Sales Act 1984 regulates "off the plan" sales in Queensland in conjunction with several provisions in the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997. Together the Acts regulate sales in both unit developments and housing estates. From 2010 to 2013 the Queensland Government undertook a comprehensive review of the Land Sales Act 1984 to identify opportunities to modernise and improve the legislation. Significant changes were recommended by the Review to align the Land Sales Act 1984 (LSA) with current surveying and conveyancing practice and to overcome a number of practical issues faced by developers under the current legislation. A significant outcome of the review is the removal of provisions related to off the plan community title sales from the LSA to the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (BCCMA) and the Building Units and Group Titles Act 1980 (BUGTA).
This article examines the Land Sales and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2014 due to commence in November 2014.


____________________________________________ Introduction & Methods________________________________ Results_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1 – Physical Changes in Appearances of Bioreactors from Day 0, Day 3, and Day 5 Bioreactors from Left to Right: Control A , Control B, 030-A, 030-B, 067-A, 067-B. Lipid Activating Chemical Compounds___________________ Conclusion_________________________________________ Acknowledgments___________________________________ Special thanks to the entire FATTT Lab for supporting and assisting with the research project. Thank you UCARE program for the grant and opportunity to do research. References_________________________________________ (1)Bligh, E. G., and Dyer, W. J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911–917. doi:10.1139/o59-099 (2)Domingo-Almenara X, Brezmes J, Vinaixa M, Samino S, Ramirez N, Ramon-Krauel M, Lerin C, Diaz M, Ibanez L, Correig X, Perera-Lluna A, Yanes O (2016) eRah: A Computational Tool Integrating Spectral Deconvolution and Alignment with Quantification and Identification of Metabolites in GC/MS-Based Metabolomics. Anal Chem 88: 9821-9829 (3)Wase, N., Boqiang, T., Adamec., J., Cerny, R., Black, P., DiRusso, C. (2014). Discovery of small molecule hyperlipid accumulating triggers of algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identified via in vivo phenotype based screen. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, 28(1) 579.1 (4)Wase, N., Boqiang, T., Allen, J. W., Black, P. N., DiRusso, C. (2017). Identification and metabolite profiling of chemical activators of lipid accumulation in green algae. Plant Physiol. 174, 00433.02017. doi: 10.1104/pp.17.00433 Introduction Green algae have been on the rise as a favorable alternative source in biofuel research. Because of their unique structure, green algae can produce and store high amounts of lipids and fatty acids, which makes them an ideal biofuel alternative. Green algae will produce high amounts of lipid when they are in a nutrient stressed environment that is either lacking certain ions, like nitrogen, or other factors. Algal cells in the nutrient stressed environment can become chlorotic. High throughput screening and discovery of lipid inducing small molecules (2) from previous UNL FATTT Lab studies are being implemented in current algal research to increase production of lipids and growth without the need of nutrient starvation/deprivation or severely reducing biomass of algal cells (2). Methods Stock cultures of CC-125 were grown in Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) media in 100mL volume under white fluorescent light at 25C and left on rotary shaker. Once enough stock cultures was acquired, these were spun down into pellet form to create a more concentrated density stock solution to inoculate experimental samples. Bioreactors of 1000mL volume were filled with 1000mL of TAP media. Compounds WD5345030 and WD5234067 were added to each set of bioreactor tank to achieve a concentration of 10 μM of compound, in this case 1mL of compound was added to each tank. A control set was also run with the experimental set. In the experimental set, algal cells were added with 1mL of the vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for a concentration of 10 μM. Control and experimental conditions were run in duplicates. The experiment life was ran for 5 days total. Each day, small amounts of culture were taken from each set to carry out further analytical measurements. 5mL from each tank were extracted and spun down into pellet form, supernatant removed, and stored in -80C freezer. Another 1mL of culture was extracted to perform optical density and Nile Red readings. Of the 1mL sample, 200 μL of culture were placed in 96 well plate tray in duplicate samples. A blank of just TAP media was added in the last column. Algal cells were then treated with the lipophilic dye Nile Red which attaches itself to lipid accumulation in algal cells. 5 μL of Nile Red of 10mM concentration were added to each well. These were then covered in foil and placed in 32C warm oven for 30 minutes. The well plate was then shaken and then read in a microplate reader using the GenSec 5.0 program. The program takes two scans, one at OD600 and a fluorescent scan for the Nile Red treatment. On the third day of the experiment, half (500mL) of the culture was harvested, supernatant removed, and lyophilized. On the 5th day, all cultures were spun down again, supernatant removed, and lyophilized. All dry biomass was then used in analytical techniques to quantify data on lipids and metabolites. Lipid and metabolites were extracted using the Bligh and Dyer Lipid extraction(1) and Domingo-Almenara et. al. Quantification and identification of metabolites in GC/MS (2), respectively. 20 mg of each biomass was used in each analytical processing in order to acquire enough sample for both lipid and metabolite analysis. This study examines the effects of small molecule lipid activating chemical compound, discovered from the high throughput screening (HTS) (2) methods of previous FATTT Lab studies on the growth and production of lipids and metabolites in microalgae. For this study, the effects of two lipid inducing chemical compounds from the HTS method were implemented with the microalgae strain Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-125. This experiment focused on scaling up to large amounts of culture, approximately 1L. These cultures were grown in specially designed large bioreactors that were able to accommodate for such large volume of algal culture. Algal cells were treated with 10 μM concentration of the chemical compounds at initial time of inoculation. A control set was also implemented to be compared against the treatment conditions. Daily samples of algae cultures were taken in order to analyze growth on a time course-based method in addition. After five days, algae cultures were harvested completely, spun down into pellet form to be freeze dried vacuum by lyophilizer machine. The dried biomass was then recorded and used to carry out analytical techniques to quantify total lipids and metabolites of the algal cells. • Analytical analysis of lipid content in algal biomass using FAMES (1) method to identify different types and levels of lipid still need to be performed. • Repeat of experiment testing different lipid activating chemical compounds from high throughput screening. • Repeat of experiments to confirm data. Future Directions Control 030 067 A, B A,B A,B Treatment: Replicate:


Objective: Hypertension and diabetes are a substantial global public health problem. The prevalence of these diseases will further increase in the near future, leading to increased health and socioeconomic costs. Hence efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. It has been previously shown that nutritional approaches including a very-low carbohydrate, or a ketogenic diet potentially decrease body weight, blood pressure and glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes along with an overall significant reduction in their pill burden. However, the detailed physiological mechanisms underlying the observed induction and maintenance of diabetes remission remain largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that the skin could be a buffer system for sodium and that skin sodium content could be both a pathogenic cause and a marker of hypertension and salt sensitivity. Since a nutritionally created metabolic milieu such as nutritional ketosis can lower blood pressure, we hypothesize that this dietary approach also reduces tissue sodium content. Design and method: By using 7-T 23Na MRI technique, we performed an exploratory study and analyzed skin and muscle sodium concentration before, and after a 6-week ketogenic diet in three healthy probands. Nutritional ketosis was verified by frequent check of blood ketone (beta-hydroxybutyrate; BOHB) levels greater than 0.3 mmol/L. Results: Preliminary data of our planned exploratory study (in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy probands) demonstrated that compared to baseline 6 weeks of ketogenic diet decreased tissue sodium content in the skin (16.6 ± 2.1 vs. 12.6 ± 2.1 mmol/L), in the medial gastrocnemius muscle (20.5 ± 0.9 vs. 16.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L), in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (19.7 ± 1.0 vs. 16.0 ± 1.0 mmol/L) and in the soleus muscle (13.1 ± 0.8 vs. 11.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L). Conclusions: Our results indicate a massive reduction of tissue sodium concentration in healthy volunteers in response to a ketogenic diet which might be associated with the observed clinical benefits and be implicated in the anti-hypertensive effects of this powerful dietary intervention. Findings of this study could have an impact on future treatment strategies of various chronic diseases.


During the spring 1997 semester I was on sabbatical at the University of Texas-Austin (UT). There were three finite element method (FEM) courses offered that semester by the Texas Institute of Computational and Applied Mathematics (TICAM) at UT. I attended all three courses, which were cross-listed under TICAM and the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. The courses were an introductory course, Finite Element Methods, taught by a mathematician; an intermediate course, Computational Techniques in Finite Element Analysis, taught by a civil engineer (whose area of specialization was solid mechanics); and an advanced course, Advanced Theory of Finite Element Methods, taught by the institute director, whose degree was in engineering mechanics. Because I was observing all three courses during the same semester, instead of one course each semester, the interplay between the material in one course versus another was more evident. I noted some interesting connections between the material presented in the three courses. Some of the same topics were introduced in each course, but the approaches in the three courses were often different. Depending upon the course, material was introduced from a different perspective and with a different emphasis.


This study examines the effect of paternalistic leadership on Gen-Y employees' turnover intentions, mediated by motivation and satisfaction. The research used 186 samples of Gen-Y employees from BCA Regional Office, Malang as respondents. Research data were obtained through questionnaires and analyzed through SmartPLS. The results indicate that paternalistic leadership affects Gen-Yemployees' turnover intentions through satisfaction.Mediation effect of motivation is not found in the influence of paternalistic leadership on turnover intention.The implementation of paternalistic leadership cannot keep turnover rate low, but only to help.


This paper analyzed refund modes of project loan and discussed how t o determine the refund mode.It is necessary to understand the mode and to master the refund modes of project loan and the methods determining them for those peo ple who take part in project work.


In 1750, Archibald Kennedy condemned New York's legislators for their radical constitutional innovation. "They take upon themselves to be the sole judges," he stormed, and "'insist… that no order for publick money shall issue, till their judgment has been obtained for it.'" Kennedy meant the charge literally. For almost half a century, New York legislators had preserved their power over the purse by determining claims made against the colony for money. In an arrangement sharply at odds with later legal doctrine on the separation of powers, the legislature—not the courts—had since 1706 settled contract claims for services and materials, demands for military pay and salaries, calls for compensation for the impressment of property, petitions for disability pensions, and a range of other claims.


This paper investigates the effectiveness of a Thermal Control Unit (TCU) for portable electronic devices by performing experimental and numerical analyses. The TCU objective is to improve thermal management of electronic devices where their operating time is limited to few hours. It is composed of an organic Phase Change Material (PCM) and a Thermal Conductivity Enhancer (TCE). The TCU can provide a reliable solution to portable electronic devices, which avoids overheating and thermally-induced fatigue, as well as a solution which satisfies the ergonomic requirement. Since the thermal conductivity of the PCM is very low, a TCE is incorporated into the PCM to boost its conductivity. The TCU structure is complex, and modeling an electronic device with it requires time and effort. Hence, this research develops approximate, yet effective, solutions for the TCU. The TCU component properties are averaged and a single TCU material is considered. This approach is evaluated by comparing the numerical predictions with the experimental results. The numerical model is used to study the effect of some important parameters that are experimentally expensive to examine, such as the heat transfer coefficient, the PCM latent heat, the Stefan number, and the effect of the heat source power.


Background Idiopathic and acquired epilepsy are common in dogs. Up to 30% of these dogs are refractory to pharmacological treatment. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that brain immune response and presence of inflammatory mediators decrease the threshold for individual seizures and contribute to epileptogenesis. Hypothesis Dogs with seizures have higher cerebrospinal interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations compared to dogs with no seizures. Methods A prospective double blinded study; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum IL‐6, TNF‐α and total protein (TP) concentrations were measured by a blinded investigator for the study group and CSF IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels and TP concentrations were measured in the control group (CG). Animals Dogs presented with seizures that had enough CSF collected to allow analysis were included in the study group. Twelve apparently healthy, quarantined, stray dogs served as control (CG). Results Cerebrospinal fluid TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations were significantly higher (P = .011, P = .039) in dogs with seizures (0 ± 70.66, 0.65 ± 10.93 pg/mL) compared to the CG (0 ± 19, 0.73 ± 0.55 pg/mL). When assessing cytokine concentrations of specifically the idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs compared to the CG, only TNF‐α concentrations (8.66 ± 62, 0 ± 19 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P = .01). CSF TP concentrations were not significantly higher in the study dogs compared to the CG. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Higher TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentration in the CSF of dogs with naturally occurring seizures. The higher supports the hypothesis that inflammatory processes through certain mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of seizures in dogs.


In this work, a multi-polarized patch antenna operating at 28 GHz is presented covering two senses of circular polarizations (CP) and a single linear polarization (LP). Four loop slots are introduced in the ground plane under the corners of the square driven microstrip patch antenna. These loop slots can be shorted with the aid of 4 p-i-n diodes controlled via external DC biasing lines. Diagonal loop slots guide the formation of circularly rotating current on the driven patch activating one CP mode, while the other diagonal pair activates the opposite CP mode. Shorting all slots results in an almost plain ground plane making the antenna radiates LP waves. To enhance the bandwidth (BW), another square parasitic element on a thicker substrate is mounted on top. For the LP, a 10-dB impedance BW of 1.88 GHz is reported with a gain of 5.8 dB. While the CP's 10-dB BW is 2.07 GHz with a gain of 4 dB and axial ratio BW (ARBW) around 430 MHz. Radiation efficiency for all three modes is above %95.


ABSTRACT Sixty accredited MSW programs were surveyed to determine whether there were significant differences between those programs offering discrete ethics courses and those not doing so on a number of ethics education related variables. Results suggest virtually no significant differences on the variables examined, with the exception that programs offering discrete courses more often expose students to literature on the broad topic of moral philosophy. Also examined was the extent to which all of the programs surveyed were following the pedagogical recommendations of the ethics education literature reviewed. The results suggest that many MSW programs are not following these recommendations in a number of respects. The implications of these findings are discussed, and specific suggestions are offered for those faculty concerned with the ethics component of their course offerings.


This paper presents a critical debate about the extreme selectivity through which the existing body of literature identifies the critical factors in urban development and competitiveness. It highlights the need to establish policies aimed at "ordinary cities" (Amine Graham, 1997) and "ordinary geographies" (Jonas e Ward, 2007). By analyzing the case of Rome, Italy, the paper explores the consequences of such literature for planning choices, especially for those cities that are not supported by a mature system of governance. It is well established that cities and urban regions are considered the most significant organizational and social units in the post-industrial era. The academic focus on urban regions was a result of the convergence between studies on competitiveness and disciplines like Regional Economy and Economic Geography, which tended to focus on the relationship between post-industrial capitalism and the process of regionalization. Since the first studies on industrial de-verticalization and on emerging patterns of production localization, the literature has increasingly related the economic success of firms to specific characters of territories, including face-to-face contacts, knowledge spill over and relationships based on trust. All cities, then, are framed to look like the leaders of the global urban hierarchy: Global City Regions and Mega City Regions, large territories combining hard and soft infrastructures, socializing spaces, multi-culturality, talent, tolerance; cities offering a network structure made up of Marshall nodes of production. The rigidity of current conceptions of urban competitiveness, supported also by international organizations (OCDE, 2006; Territorial Agenda, 2007), often leads to negative consequences for urban planning policies in cities that are not yet supported by a developed system of governance. This is the case for Rome, where planning policy has followed guidelines proposed by existing literature. The article argues that the oversimplification of urban development and competitiveness can result in planning policies divorced from the real issues, thus causing a unique set of social and environmental consequences.


Access control has been used in many systems such as military systems and business information systems. Access control protects sensitive information based on access control policies. Thus, assuring the correctness of policies is important. For this purpose, many access control policy verification (ACPV) tools have been proposed to check the correctness of policies. Since these tools have been designed by different mechanisms, they have different capabilities and performances. However, there lacks a set of standard approaches for evaluating them. Consequently, it is difficult for users to identify an appropriate tool for verifying their security policies. In this paper, we make an initial step towards building standard approaches for evaluating the capability and performance of ACPV tools. Specifically, we propose a set of reference metrics for analytically evaluating, as well as sets of oracles and test cases for empirically checking the run-time capability and performance of ACPV tools. To demonstrate, we apply these metrics, oracles and test cases on existing ACPV tools.


Time-frequency analysis has been carried out for microwave radiation from a virtual-cathode oscillator. The objective is to observe and understand the frequency behavior of virtual-cathode oscillation. The diagnostic results have given clear evidence of mode hopping and frequency shifting. The dependence of mode competition on diode operation parameters is also identified. Initial particle-in-cell simulations using "MAGIC" code have been carried out, and the results were in general agreement with those obtained in the experiments.


Introduction. Gisekia is a small genus of African herbs comprising only five species. One of these, G. pharnaceoides, which forms the subject of the present paper, extends to India. It is distributed over the greater part of the country, extending from Punjab, Sindh and United Provinces to Ceylon. The plants, however, are not common everywhere, and are mostly confined only to certain kinds of sandy soils. The genus is of morphological interest on account of its uncertain systematic position. Bentham and Hooker (1862-67) refer it to the family Picoidea (Aizoace e), where it differs from the rest in possessing an apocarpous gynaecium. Hutchinson (1926) also nearly holds the same opinion and has placed it in his family Molluginaceae, which he has created by splitting the old family Aizoacee into two parts. Baillon (1875) and Engler and Prantl (1889), on the other hand, include Gisekia in the Phytolaccaceee. The present investigation has been undertaken to see if the embryological study of the genus throws any light on its systematic position. Further the justification of the recent division of the old family Aizoaceae into Molluginace e and Picoidaceae by Hutchinson (1926) is also discussed in the light of embryological evidence. Previous Work. No work has been done on the embryology of the genus Gisekia so far, but the families Phytolaccaceae and Aizoace as a whole have been studied as follows : PHYTOLACCACIE. —The earlier contributions to the embryology of the Phytolaccaceae are confined to a single species Phytolacca decandra. The earliest one is by Hegelmaier (1885) who has described the development of the endosperm. Next, Lewis (1905) has worked out the whole life-history, though not every part in detail, with the exception of the development of


Parts to watch to be worn on the wrist including either a dipole antenna (4) or a radiating slot antenna (30; 40) and a first housing (5) comprising organs (7, 8, 10) for the time display, and a micro receiver (6). The timepiece further comprises a second housing (2) for receiving said first housing (5) so that the outer surface of said first housing and the inner surface of said second casing define a mounting slot (25). Said antenna (4; 30; 40) comprises a dielectric substrate (13; 33; 43) and at least one conductive element in the circuit board (11, 12; 31; 41) fixed on said substrate (13; 33; 43) . further, said antenna (4; 30; 40) is disposed in said mounting groove (25) so as to be wound around said first casing (5).


Both reserves assets evaluation and value evaluation are the necessary procedure and premise for right circulation of mining industry,cooperative development,marketing assessment as well as enterprise internal control.Based on calculation of reserves value with cost method,this paper firstly proposes value evaluation model for natural gas reserves(composite model of surplus profit).Social average exploration cost required by obtaining oil /gas reserves is taken as fundamental price for measured reserves,and this model adopts addictive average profit on the basis of social average exploration cost and differential prices in different production conditions as price of oil/gas reserves.Practical application of model has been realized in Changqing Oilfield and Chuanxi Oilfield,basically verifying its advancement and practicability.


The characteristics of cellulase immobilized directly with superparamagnetic nanoparticles was studied.With Fe3O4 nano-particles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation synthesis as the carrier and activated by water-soluble carbodiimide(EDC),the cellulase immobilization was realized.The optimal amount of different enzymes,cross-linking agent,pH value and other factors on immobilization properties of cellulase were determined: enzyme concentration of 9.0 mg/mL,EDC concentration of 3.0 mg/mL and pH of 4.0.At the same time,the activity of immobilized enzyme and free enzyme were studied at different temperatures and pH conditions.We found that,after immobilization,the optimum temperature was 60 ℃ and the range of optimum pH changed increasingly to the alkaline range.


SIR – Meningioma is rarely reported in cattle, and cases reported have been primary intracranial tumours ([Koestner and Higgins 2002][1]). We therefore read with interest the short communication by [Yamada and others (2005)][2] that reported the occurrence of an extracranial meningioma in a dairy


The present research study was carried out at Tobacco Research Station, Khan Ghari, Mardan (34.20°N, 72.05°E) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan during 2004 to assess the efficacy of different chemical insecticides against budworm, Helicoverpa armigera L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum L.). Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco was sown as test crop and six different chemical insecticides viz, Imidachloprid WG70, Thiamethaxan 25WG, Methamedophos 50 SCW, Deltamethrin+Triazophos 350+10EC, Spinosad 240 SC, Lannate 20 EC and un-treated control plot were tested against Helicoverpa armigera associated with tobacco. When the infestation of budworm reached economic threshold level i.e. 10 percent damage on plant leaves, spray material of different treatments were evaluated. Data on mean plants damaged by Helicoverpa were recorded 24h before application of spray and then 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h and 168h after application of first and second spray. The infestation of H. armigera was significantly controlled by application of tracer and methomyl. Highest damage by H. armigera was recorded in confidor and actara treated plots.


The 7 indicators of large field mouse were analyzed by principal component analysis with total 88 individual's specimens which collected from reclaimed green land in Qinghai province.All analyzed indicators were ordered on the first principal component axis and representative degree on growth of large field mouse determined.The results showed: the body weight and corpus weight were the most representative age indicators of large field mouse.On purpose of accuracy,practicability and convenience,we selected body weight as age indicator of large field mouse and classified to 5 age classes.All of the work would be powerful witness which could be used to find out population dynamics and provide effective control in time.


The preparation of food and nutrition is a pervasive techne in the classical Greek world. Indeed, food technology may be a defining characteristic of humanity (Levi-Strauss, 1964). We begin with a glimpse of a tension in the use of the word techne in relation to the preparation of food in Plato's Gorgias 462d-e. Turning to the Presocratics, we discern three distinct perspectives on food, those of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the treatise Regimen (Περὶ Διαίτης). In Regimen, we find an anticipation of the distinctions made by Plato in the Gorgias passage, and trace some of the implications in what we may call the "food technology" of this treatise that manages to be both philosophical and technically informative.


The invention relates to a process for the injection of an alternative fuel to an internal combustion engine (2) of a motor vehicle (1) during operation, wherein the fuel supply to the internal combustion engine (2) is switchable between an alternative fuel and a regular fuel. In this case, it is first determined that a balanced operating state during operation of the internal combustion engine with alternative fuel. Then, a second injection period for the alternative fuel is determined. This is followed by switching the fuel supply of alternate fuel to regular fuel. Then a first injection period is determined for regular fuel. As a next step, the fuel supply of regular fuel to alternative fuel reset, wherein subsequently a second correction of the injection duration is determined in consideration of the ratio of the injection durations with regular or alternative fuel.


Temperature measurements and energy consumption analysis were carried out in an enclosure of the Regional Center of Azuero of the Technological University of Panama during the period of one (1) year, to analyze the effect produced by using materials with potential to thermally insulate in energy consumption. Two commercial materials were considered for this study: expanded polystyrene and gypsum with aluminum foil. For the thermal conductivity measurement, a prototype of thermal conductivity measurement was used, based on the ASTM-C177 standard and the Fourier law of conductive heat transfer. The thermal conductivity measurement was also performed on three materials based on natural fibers and cassava starch: rice straw, cane bagasse and coconut bast. With the data of temperature, energy consumption and thermal conductivity obtained, a relationship is presented that allows predicting the potential for insulation and consumption of new materials, considering first those materials that are considered agroindustrial wastes, with the aim of giving This waste an added value.


Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug AbuseBaltimore, Maryland 21224 and subcortical structures that participate both in drugreward and in more natural motivational phenomena.Forexample,HansBreiter(MassachusettsGeneralHos-At the end of the decade of the brain, the study of pital) showed functional magnetic resonance imagingneural mechanisms has come to dominate the study (fMRI) data implicating a generalized limbic and corticalof addiction. Whereas attention was once on somatic reward circuitry, stressing the nucleus accumbens andwithdrawal symptoms and liver enzymes, it has turned sublenticularamygdala,incommonaspectsofdrug(co-to reward circuitry in the brain and to neuroadaptations caine and morphine) reward and monetary rewards andin that circuitry that can change sensitivity to addictive insubjectiveprobability assessment.Thesefindingsen-drugs and that, it is hoped, can explain the compulsive courage hypotheses about commonalities between thedimensionofdrugseekinginaddicts.Thefocusonbrain brain mechanisms of addiction and gambling. His datamechanisms of reward and addiction began with the implicate this circuitry in drug and nondrug reward ex-discoveries of brain reward circuitry in the 1950s and pectation as well as in drug and nondrug reward. Noraof opioid receptors and endogenous opioid receptors Volkow (Brookhaven National Laboratory) summarizedand peptides in the 1970s. Brain mechanisms have now positron emission tomography (PET) studies that showbecome a major focus of addiction research, and addic- decreased striatal D2 receptors in cocaine abusers, al-tion research has become a major focus of modern neu- coholics, and opiate-dependent human subjects. Sheroscience. The most recent developments in addiction also reported decreased levels of monoamine oxidaseresearch were highlighted at the December 13–15 Juan B, an important enzyme in reward circuitry, in smokers.March Foundation workshop on the Neurobiology of The imaging studies suggested multiple cortical andAddiction; the presented work illustrates how the field subcortical structures participating in drug reward andhas moved—relative to the dominant themes of the more natural motivational phenomena. Such studies fo-1970s and 1980s—beyond classical pharmacology, be- cused attention on structures that evolved long beforeyond reinforcement, and beyond brain dopamine. the emergence of addiction in human history, structuresimplicated in a variety of normal functions and that are


The field of solution‐processed photovoltaic cells is currently in its second spring. The dye‐sensitized solar cell is a widely studied and longstanding candidate for future energy generation. Recently, inorganic absorber‐based devices have reached new record efficiencies, with the benefits of all‐solid‐state devices. In this rapidly changing environment, this review sheds light on recent developments in all‐solid‐state solar cells in terms of electrode architecture, alternative sensitizers, and hole‐transporting materials. These concepts are of general applicability to many next‐generation device platforms.


We introduce a mixed fixed-length coding (FLC) and variable-length coding (VLC) technique to improve the error resilience of the upcoming JPEG2000 image coding standard. Our proposed method operates on quantized subband coefficients, and produces a bit-stream with both FLC and VLC codewords. Higher error resilience is achieved by eliminating the error propagation within FLC sections, which in general comprise the majority of the coded bit-stream. A highly efficient coding technique has been developed to generate fixed-length codewords for groups of quantization indices, and significantly reduce the amount of information to be entropy coded. However, the noiseless compression performance is not compromised. Every effect has been made to minimize the impact of our modifications to the baseline coding structure and the bit-stream syntax defined in the standard, so the proposed technique can be easily integrated into any JPEG2000 compliant system.


The depth-concentration distributions for 20keV titanium ions implanted into color cotton seed and peanut seed were calculated in one and two dimensional models using the Monte Carlo method.Compared with the computational results of TRIM procedure and Gaussian fitting,the computational results of the two dimensional model proposed by this study were well matched with experiment results.The depth-concentration distributions for 110keV iron ion under the different doses implanted into the color cotton seed and the peanut seed were caculated using the two dimensional models.The computational results were analyzed and discussed.The depth-concentration distributions were predicted respectively for iron and nitrogen ions with 20keV energy implanted into color cotton seed and peanut seed using this model,and the results showed that the two dimensional computational model in this study was relatively reasonable and provided a theoretical calculation method for the interaction mechanism of the implantation ions and seed material.


This paper deals with the synthesis of heat integrated mass exchanger networks by mathematical programming approach based on stage-wise superstructure representation.A design strategy was proposed after analyzing all the parameters connecting mass exchanger networks (MEN)with heat exchanger networks (HEN).Those parameters were discretized and then combined to obtain multiple options.In each option,a step-wise method was used.First,MEN was synthesized,targeting minimum total annual cost (TAC)of MEN by the superstructure-based approach.Second,the HEN whose data were obtained from the MEN in the first step was synthesized by solving modified HEN non-linear programming (NLP)based on HEN stage-wise superstructure.Then the TACs of two networks were summed up to obtain minimum TAC of the whole network in each option.Finally the TACs of all options were compared and the option with the lowest TAC of heat integrated mass exchanger network was chosen as the best one.Two examples were examined to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.


Among the various risks associated with CO2 storage in deep geologic formations, wells are important potential pathways for fluid leaks and groundwater contamination. Injection of CO2 will perturb the storage reservoir and any wells that penetrate the CO2 or pressure footprints are potential pathways for leakage of CO2 and/or reservoir brine. Well leakage is of particular concern for regions with a long history of oil and gas exploration because they are top candidates for geologic CO2 storage sites. This review explores in detail the ability of wells to retain their integrity against leakage with careful examination of the coupled physical and chemical processes involved. Understanding time-dependent leakage is complicated by the changes in fluid flow, solute transport, chemical reactions, and mechanical stresses over decade or longer time frames for site operations and monitoring. Almost all studies of the potential for well leakage have been laboratory based, as there are limited data on field-scale leakage. Laboratory experiments show that CO2 and CO2-saturated brine still react with cement and casing when leakage occurs by diffusion only. The rate of degradation, however, is transport-limited and alteration of cement and casing properties is low. When a leakage path is already present due to cement shrinkage or fracturing, gaps along interfaces (e.g. casing/cement or cement/rock), or casing failures, chemical and mechanical alteration have the potential to decrease or increase leakage risks. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have shown that mineral precipitation or closure of strain-induced fractures can seal a leak pathway over time or conversely open pathways depending on flow-rate, chemistry, and the stress state. Experiments with steel/cement and cement/rock interfaces have indicated that protective mechanisms such as metal passivation, chemical alteration, mechanical deformation, and pore clogging can also help mitigate leakage. The specific rate and nature of alteration depend on the cement, brine, and injected fluid compositions. For example, the presence of co-injected gases (e.g. O2, H2S, and SO2) and pozzolan amendments (fly ash) to cement influences the rate and the nature of cement reactions. A more complete understanding of the coupled physical–chemical mechanisms involved with sealing and opening of leakage pathways is needed. An important challenge is to take empirically based chemical, mechanical, and transport models reviewed here and assess leakage risk for carbon storage at the field scale. Field observations that accompany laboratory and modeling studies are critical to validating understanding of leakage risk. Long-term risk at the field scale is an area of active research made difficult by the large variability of material types (cement, geologic material, ca dence time), and leaking fluid circumstances when sealing a likely to fail, and the zone of u © 2016 The Authors. Publis ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com (S. Carroll), firstname.lastname@example.com (J.W. Carey), dzombak L. Li), email@example.com (T. Richard), firstname.lastname@example.com (W. Um), firstname.lastname@example.com ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.010 750-5836/© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access y-nc-nd/4.0/). sing), field conditions (pressure, temperature, gradient in potential, resicomposition (CO2, co-injected gases, brine). Of particular interest are the nd other protective mechanisms are likely to be effective, when they are ncertainty between these two extremes. hed by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). @cmu.edu (D. Dzombak), email@example.com (N.J. Huerta), email@example.com (S.D.C. Walsh), email@example.com (L. Zhang). article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/


Foodborne diseases are one of the main public health problems worldwide, especially due to the consumption of foods that made with poor hygienic practices, such as those prepared on a public thoroughfare. Some factors that contribute to its contamination are the use of non-potable water, inadequate handling, cross-contamination and environmental contamination. This study aimed to perform a sanitary profile with the completion of a survey of 12 food stalls to evaluate their hygienic and sanitary quality and through observation. Four samples of food were taken from each stand, for a total of 48 samples such as hamburger, hot dog, pizza, meat empanada, stuffed potato, stuffed arepa, chicken skewer, chicken finger, fruit salad and orange juice. Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed. 83.3% of the samples exceeded the acceptable limits of coliforms and in the 16.7%, it was detected Escherichia coli . No S. aureus was detected in any sample. Eighty-three point three percent of the vendors do not wear appropriate clothing, 75% use accessories and 83.3% do not use potable water for hand washing. Thirty-three point three percent of the stalls do not have surface with sanitary material, 100% do not have access to sanitary service and drinking water, 58.3% have the presence of animals in their surroundings, 50% have uncovered garbage containers, 91.7% store food at high temperatures and 100% do not have a sanitary authorization of operation. The lack of good hygiene practices in the food stalls on this public thoroughfare affects the quality and safety of food, making it a risk to the health of consumers.


An automatic method for viability assay of a population of cells is described. Cell populations are stained with trypan blue (for dead cells) and fluorescein diacetate (for live cells). A rapid cell spectrophotometer measures changes in light intensity which occur when individual cells pass through the photometric field. Tallies of the number of decreases (absorption and scatter by dead cells) and the number of increases (fluorescence by live cells) in light intensity are recorded and viability percentages are calculated. These automatically determined viability percentages are compared with viability percentages determined by visual counting and classifying of cells from the same populations.


A novel S-band patch antenna system compatible with the CubeSat Standard has been presented. The antenna has been designed on the basis of the specifications of the Tigrisat mission but is suit-able for more general cases. The antenna is fabricated on a square annular-ring substrate that allows hosting of a camera system for Earth observation. Different radiation patterns can be achieved by properly phasing the feeds of the four patches that constitute the antenna. A mission analysis for the nadir-pointing attitude case, which is the case of the Tigrisat satellite, has been performed in order to select the configuration that ensures better link performances. The selected configuration has an "apple"-shaped radiation pattern that resembles the isoflux configuration for which the path loss due to range variation is partly compensated by an increase of the off-nadir gain. The characterization of the fabricated antenna in anechoic chamber in terms of radiation pattern and impedance matching shows a very good agreement with simulation results.


The paper presents the data on lipid fraction extraction from the raw fat of hibernating hunting animals. The processing of valuable raw materials must be maximized. For this purpose, various methods of rendering are used. As a result of temperature exposure, the protein part of raw fat undergoes significant changes. The protein denatures under the influence of temperature, and the dross formed during the rendering process absorbs and retains up to 30% of the fat. The authors propose using proteolytic enzyme preparations for a more complete extraction of fats, as the enzymes will hydrolyze the protein into compounds of lower molecular weight both before and during the rendering process. The experiment proved that the biocatalytic method allows achieving a fat yield of more than 95%. The best result can be obtained if the rendering is carried out at optimal parameters, which can be defined using a mathematical model. Mathematical modeling was carried out using an artificial neural network. During the study, a fully connected neural network was designed; it had eight hidden layers with 64 neurons in each, and its accuracy was measured by mean relative error, which amounted to 5.16%. With the help of the network, the optimal values of applied concentration, temperature and duration of rendering, at which a fat yield of more than 98% is achieved, were determined for each enzyme preparation. After that, the obtained values were confirmed experimentally. Thus, the study showed the efficiency of using artificial neural networks for modeling the biocatalytic method of lipid extraction.


1. Analysis of risk for early detection of preeclampsia in pregnant women, the test biological sample comprising the step of analyzing obtained from the woman, to determine the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptophan, wherein the reduced concentration of 5-hydroxytryptophan concentration relative to the control during normal pregnancy correlates with the risk of preeclampsia in a pregnant women.2. Analysis of claim 1, wherein the analyzed biological sample obtained from women in early pregnancy prior to clinical simptomov.3 normal development. Analysis according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the analyzed biological sample obtained from a women at time of from 14 to 16 weeks beremennosti.4. Analysis of claim 1, wherein the indicator concentration is the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptophan in a biological sample obtained from a subject who actually developed preeclampsia, and wherein the raised concentration of 5-hydroxytryptophan concentration relative to a control correlated with the risk of preeclampsia in a pregnant woman. 5. Analysis according to any one of claims 1-2 or 4, comprising the steps of determining the concentration of substantially all biomarkers: 5-hydroxytryptophan, monosaccharide dekanoilkarnitina, methylglutaric acid and / or adipic acid, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and / or dokozatriinovoy acid, γ- -butyrolactone and / or oxolane-3-one, 2-oksovalerianovoy acid and / or oksometilbutanovoy acid, acetoacetic acid, geksadetsenoileykozatetraenoil-sn-glycerol, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphinganine-1-phosphate derivatives of vitamin D3, and setting the armature elyatsii concentration of biome


Normal renal growth in the mouse was determined by removal of kidneys in mice aged 20 - 50 days. Kidney weight was compared with body weight by plotting on a graph with logarithmic co-ordinates. Kidney weight was linearly related to body weight on this scale. Unilateral nephrectomies were then performed on neonatal (5 days old), juvenile (15 days old) and adolescent (35 days old) animals, with the opposite kidney being removed 15 days later. In a second experiment kidneys were removed 30 or 45 days after neonatal nephrectomy. The kidney weight after compensatory growth was also linearly related to body weight, the regression line being parallel to that of the controls in females, and having a greater slope than that of the controls in males. The kidneys removed after a long interval were not statistically heavier than those after 15 days. These conclusions are contrary to others reporting increased compensatory growth in neonatal animals. However the principles of allometry, which consider the changing forms of the body and organs with growth, have rarely been applied to compensatory growth. This experiment suggests that allometry is a useful technique to study compensatory growth, and the conclusions reached may be more meaningful in understanding compensatory renal growth.


Blood haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, blood cell counts, serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity, bone marrow iron content, sideroblast count, iron absorption and menstrual blood loss were studied in 372 38-year-old women who were representative of the general female population of that age resident in Gothenburg, Sweden. The distributions of serum iron concentration, serum total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were slightly skewed, whereas the distributions of iron absorption, reticulocyte count, sideroblast count, and menstrual blood loss were markedly skewed. The other variables studied were mainly normally distributed. One-third of the women (32 %) had no reticuloendothelial iron and another 14 % only traces of reticuloendothelial iron in smears from sternal bone marrow. Serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity were rather high and menstrual blood loss low in women taking oral contraceptives, while factors such as country of origin, socio-economic group, blood donation, previous oral iron therapy or recent infection seemed to have no or only a slight influence on variables reflecting the iron status.


The wireless links between the nodes together with the dynamicnetwork nature of ad hoc network, increases the challenges of design and implement intrusion detection to detect the attacks. Traditional intrusion detection techniques have had trouble dealing with dynamic environments. In particular, issues such as collects real time attack related audit data and cooperative global detection. Therefore, we are motivated to design a new intrusion detection architecture which involves new detection technique to efficiently detect the abnormalities in the ad hoc networks. In this paper we present the architecture and operation of an intrusion detection technique in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET). The proposed model has distributed and cooperative architecture. The proposed intrusion detection technique combines the flexibility of anomaly detection with the accuracy of a signature-based detection method. In particular, we exploit machine learning techniques in order to achieve efficient and effective intrusion detection. A series of simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed intrusion detection can effectively detect anomalies with low false positive rate, high detection rate and achieve higher detection accuracy.


This paper represents a literature review on the to pic f organizational change. It argues that how we label a specific type of orga niz tional change has an impact on how we both view the change and the potential outcome. The focus here is on transformational change—a change that occurs at the center core of t h rganization and results in substantial change to the center core of the organization, impa cting the currently held beliefs and assumptions. Purpose In the literature, examples of the terms organizational change, organizational development, and organizational transformation can be found to mean a unique set of organizational sequences or events. More often, however, the terms can also be found in the literature to be used almost interchangeably. The use of these terms in a confusing way can be ex plained by several observations: 1) those educators writing about these events often fail to agree comp letely on the definition of the terms and thus, bot h the definition and meaning of the individual terms diff ers from author to author; 2) furthering this quand ry is the evolution of the organizational change field and the alteration of the meaning of the terms as the field has developed; 3) personal choice or preferen ce by the author; and 4) the purpose of the change sometimes influences the phrase chosen to describe it. In this paper I argue that the language of cha nge matters. There exists evidence that to some extent th way that change is labeled has a direct impact on how the change is implemented and most importantly the ultimate result of the initiative. As a result of my literature review, I have charact erized organizational change as an umbrella term for all types of change including that of orga niz tional development and transformation. Organizational change has been around a long time, perhaps since the ince pt on of an organization. The literature frequently discusses organizational chan ge as an umbrella term for all types of change. I have used the terms organizational development to describe change that is initiated by the management within an organization or by a managemen t consultant at the invite usually of the senior management staff. The term organizational development (OD) is a much more specific term which merged during the 1960s as organizational developme nt consultants became popular when they claimed to be able to "fix" or solve organizational problem s, mostly through changes in mission statements, organizational structures, and by using other organ izational processes or methods (Chapman, 2002). OD consultants tend to see organizations as closed sys tems and their role as a change agent who both introduces and manages the change process. Much foc us is on structure versus people or culture. Embedded in this definition is the power associated with management position or the ability to assign a management consultant for the purpose of organizati on l change. For these reasons, much of the change that is a result of these types of interventions I view as planned change and often forced structural change. In addition, inherent in this process is of ten the use of power 'over' strategies and practice s resulting in little or no buy-in or participation f rom the workers in the organization. As a result of this more focused definition, the term organizational de velopment tends to be used in the literature in a m ore specific way. Saying this however, there are still examples of misuse or confusion (See for example, Cacioppe & Edwards, 2004 or Goodstein & Burke, 1990 ). The term organizational transformation (OT) is more elusive. I have chosen to label organizational transformation as that change that may be initiated by senior man agement but takes on a life of its own, spins out of control, and creates its own destiny (Kegan, 1994; 2002). The term organizational transformation is found in some of t he early organizational change literature referring most often to the vastness of a change such as mega change, or changing the center or core of an organization (Rhodes & Scheeres, 2004). Later liter ature uses words such as frame bending, second order, Model II, and others to describe changes to an rganization which impact its foundational structure and culture in a profound way. In more re cent literature, more often then not, transformatio n of an organization tends to deal with both structure a nd people aspects of change, is seen as a more radi cal form of change, and is often a product of organizat ion l survival initiated from either an internal or external source (Fletcher, 1990). While the transfo rmation may be initiated by the management staff of the organization or a management consultant assigne d by the management staff, power is often given to those who create or make the change happen, namely the workers. In many cases these employees must be empowered to do so. At times the only organizat ion l result is a change in how power is distribute d and how decisions are made. This type of change has a chance at changing the existing worldview of the organization affecting the organization's core. Robert Marshak (1990) offers metaphors and language as a way to categorize different the types of change. For example, he argues that most organi zational development interventions use language such as machine metaphors and words that describe f ix ng the machine to run smoother and be more productive. The change agent is seen as the repair man. Resistance comes phrased as, "If it ain't brok e, don't fix it." Conversely, transformational change talks about moving an organization from one state t o another using language such as headed in the right direction. Words of encouragement take the form of phrases such as breaking out of the box, or words such as reinventing, becoming, and liberating. The change agent is seen as the visionary or creator (p p. 48-49). The words organizational change are used throughout his discussion in more of an umbrella ma nner. Disciplinary Perspectives Several perspectives on organizational transformati on appear in the management, human resource development, and adult education literatur e. Most views are set in opposition and exist for individual educators, researchers, and other author s on a continuum. Some situate themselves on these continuums based on their understanding of the mean ing of a specific type of change, some based on strategies or methods of investigating a change, so me based on their philosophical positions, others appear to make a personal choice, and still others avoid insight into their rationale, and as a result , the reasons for their position remains unsaid and unkno wn. Some theorists believe that individuals who learn and transform, create organizations that lear n and transform (Marsick & Neaman, 1996) while others believe that transformational learning is pr edominantly an individual endeavor (Mezirow, 1997). However, currently, emerging from the organizationa l science and management literature is the belief that organizational transformation occurs with simi larity to individual transformation in that it: 1) has no scheduled time table, 2) exists within no change ag ent's control, and 3) with no guarantee that it wil l occur in any particular direction. There is evidenc in the literature of "broad learners" who critica lly reflect on the meaning of their work in the broades t context and who strive to make a difference in th eir workplace and society at large (Woerkom, 2004). Yorks and Marsick (2001) argue that organizations t ransform themselves in ways that are parallel to Mezirow's habits of the mind—namely in the areas of "sociolinguistic, epistemic, psychological and philosophical" dimensions (p. 273 ). They also believe that organizations employ a process of reflection with questioning and change o f assumptions, at the organizational level. Fletche r (1990) cites the use of "dialectical inquiry" in or ganizations as a method to assist in raising confli cting perspectives which inform each other but have no co nsensus agenda. Many researchers describe evidence of transformational learning in organizati ons (Yorks & Marsick, 1989; Marsick & Watkins, 2001; Senge, 1990), including increased critical re flections, changes in habits of the mind, and chang es in worldview. After reviewing the various bodies of literature, it is apparent that practice and theor y building and research could learn from one another. Some of the founding authors and practitioners incl ude: Elaine Romanelli, Michael Tuchman, David Nadler, Andrew Pettigrew, Karen Weick, Kurt L ewin, and many others. While authors often do not agree on the definition of terminology, most ag ree that the confusion in the terms is attributable , to many factors including: the types of change desired (evolutionary or incremental versus revolutionary o radical or frame bending); understanding the focus of change such as in individuals, groups or organization-wide, strategies or methods associated with the change; the desired outcomes of the change; meaning and understanding of the definition held by the author (Camden-Anders, 1999; Goodstein & Burke, 1990). According to Nutt and Bac koff (1997) the problem with the overlap in definitions is centered on the "what" (definition) of the change often being confused with the "how" (strategies and purpose) of the change (p. 233). An other thing that makes the literature confusing is the analysis of change types is often presented free of context (Mitzberg & Westley, 1992). For this reaso n, Newhouse and Chapman (1996) argue that analysis of change should be conducted using process, context, and content. This is similar to Pettigrew (1985) who argued for a more holistic analysis of change using these same three elements. Implications for Practice Hedberg (1981) says that "organizations develop wor ldviews and ideologies as individuals develop personalities, personal habits, and beliefs over time. The questions that rema


Two Galileo dynamic models were developed to simulate the spinup, the main engine burn and the spindown maneuvers for the critical events of the Jupiter orbit insertion and perijove raise maneuver. The dynamic interaction between the spin thruster pulsing frequency, the science magnetometer boom flexible modes and the propellant slosh modes were studied. The prediction of safe orbit insertion was validated in flight. For the perijove raise maneuver, the simulation results indicated that propellant unporting would occur if the original spin thruster duty cycle was not updated. Based on further simulation results, a new duty cycle was selected to prevent propellant unporting. Subsequent Galileo flight data indicated that the perijove raise maneuver was successfully executed.


Quoting the average covalent factor and adopting the Point-Charge Model, this paper studies the absorption spectra and g-factor for SrAl12O19: Mn(superscript 2+) crystal, and the calculated results demonstrate they are in good agreement with the experimental results. Additionally, exploiting the value of g-factor at 110K, we obtain the relationship between bond length and temperature variation.