Existing deepfake detection methods fail to generalize well to unseen or degraded samples, which can be attributed to the over-fitting of low-level forgery patterns. Here we argue that high-level semantics are also indispensable recipes for generalizable forgery detection. Recently, large pre-trained Vision Transformers (ViTs) have shown promising generalization capability. In this paper, we propose the first parameter-efficient tuning approach for deepfake detection, namely DeepFake-Adapter, to effectively and efficiently adapt the generalizable high-level semantics from large pre-trained ViTs to aid deepfake detection. Given large pre-trained models but limited deepfake data, DeepFake-Adapter introduces lightweight yet dedicated dual-level adapter modules to a ViT while keeping the model backbone frozen. Specifically, to guide the adaptation process to be aware of both global and local forgery cues of deepfake data, 1) we not only insert Globally-aware Bottleneck Adapters in parallel to MLP layers of ViT, 2) but also actively cross-attend Locally-aware Spatial Adapters with features from ViT. Unlike existing deepfake detection methods merely focusing on low-level forgery patterns, the forgery detection process of our model can be regularized by generalizable high-level semantics from a pre-trained ViT and adapted by global and local low-level forgeries of deepfake data. Extensive experiments on several standard deepfake detection benchmarks validate the effectiveness of our approach. Notably, DeepFake-Adapter demonstrates a convincing advantage under cross-dataset and cross-manipulation settings. The source code is released at https://github.com/rshaojimmy/DeepFake-Adapter


This book covers the phenomenon of animal communication from mechanisms to the evolution of signals. There are seven chapters, each covering a different aspect of communication. In the first, the authors discuss how we define communication. However, they do not detail the theoretical problems in defining communication, but rather different aspects of studying it. They give a number of examples of communication through different sensory modalities (vision, acoustics, etc.), the methods used in the study of animal communication and problems encountered in sending signals through different environments. Their examples are very different from those found in the majority of textbooks, which makes it an interesting read. However, I would like to have seen more discussion of the number and the usefulness of definitions of communication used by researchers. In the second chapter the authors discuss whether signalling is intentional. However, I would say the chapter is not about this aspect of communication. The authors discuss the effect of receivers upon signals, in terms of an audience effect, deception of receivers and alarm calls and take this as evidence that animals do not signal in an uncontrolled manner but respond intentionally to the environment. However, they do not discuss the major theoretical problem, the difference between a 'cue' and a signal. The chapter then details the role of emotions and cognition in signals, and ends with a discussion about animals that can learn human language. In essence the chapter discusses whether animals have minds rather than the intentionality of signalling. The next two chapters are about communication in birds and mammals. The examples given concern species that are not well known or usually discussed, which makes it very interesting. The chapters are a nice summary of general bird and mammal communication that is mostly descriptive. The role of learning in bird and mammal communication is left to chapter 5, which is a good brief summary of the general principles of learning to communicate. However, most of the bird work reported is somewhat old. Chapter 6 is concerned with the evolution of communication, the role of displacement behaviours and intention movements, and ritualization. There is an extremely brief discussion of the role of the handicap principle, which is odd given that it has a major role in the evolution of signals. The last part of the chapter discusses the role of sensory systems in the evolution of signals. This is full of interesting examples again, such as the platyrrhine monkeys where males are dichromates and females trichromates. In the final chapter, different types of human–animal contacts are discussed, including the mythology and history of this interaction. It is nice to see such a chapter included in a book on animal communication and brings out the authors' love and fascination with animals. I am not sure at what level the book is aimed; it is too simple for undergraduate courses, so perhaps would be used as a school textbook, or an introduction to the subject for nonscientists. As an undergraduate text, there are many shortcomings, for example, the theory behind the evolution of communication is explained very simplistically. However, the examples used to illustrate points are unusual and interesting and give insight into a number of little-known species. On this basis, I think this book would interest people in the area of animal communication.


In this article two miniaturized artificial magnetic conductor(AMC) unit cells have been designed to reduce the RCS of microstrip patch antenna at X-band. The scattering performance of the patch antenna has been determined by using one checkerboard metasurface and one aperiodic metasurface to improve the scattering performance of the antenna. The antenna provides the wide impedance bandwidth of 26%. Because of the AMC metasurface's effectiveness in reducing surface waves, the antenna's radiating performance has been significantly enhanced as a result. While the results of the simulation show a remarkable RCS reduction of 14 dB throughout the X-band for both the polarizations, the results of the measurement show that they are in good agreement with simulated response. In order to facilitate a deeper comprehension of the scattering performance, 3D RCS plots have also been presented. The radiation performance of the antenna has been measured, and the results show a pattern that is almost identical to the one that was simulated.


This paper considers what types of knowledge one must possess in order to reason about actions. Rather than concentrating on how actions are performed, as is done in the problem-solving literature, it examines the set of conditions under which an action can be said to have occurred. In other words, if one is told that action A occurred, what can be inferred about the state of the world? In particular, if the representation can define such conditions, it must have good models of time, belief, and intention. This paper discusses these issues and suggests a formalism in which general actions and events can be defined. Throughout, the action of hiding a book from someone is used as a motivating example.


This unique collection of six detailed case studies introduces preservice and inservice teachers to the concept of whole language. The cases reflect classrooms at three developmental levels - early childhood, primary and intermediate. Part 1 prefaces case studies with a discussion of whole language and the major issues in a whole language curriculum, including assessing growth and development. This book translates whole language theory into practical advice on how to plan, deliver, manage, and sustain whole language instruction in classrooms. In-depth actual classroom case studies demonstrate how whole language works, in contrast to the usual analysis of why it works offered in other texts.


The cognitive framework is based on human psychology and consists of a set of unique psychological elements
consistent with feelings, concepts, opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. Cognitive framework is the instinctive way that
human beings use to recognize new things. Cognitive framework greatly affects people's learning process and learning
effect. If teachers can make full use of a consistent cognitive framework in teaching, students will get twice the result with
half the effort. This article uses three cognitive models, namely electric current, photon, and the world line in the theory of
relativity, to illustrate the importance of the consistency of the cognitive framework in physics teaching.


In this paper, multiple approaches were attempted to improve the performance of PECVD SiO2/Si3N4 double-layer electrets on glass, including different electrode structures, as well as various corona charging conditions. Both chargeability and charge stability of the PECVD SiO2/Si3N4 double-layer electret at high temperature and high humidity were investigated. It is proven that samples with both lower and back electrodes has simpler process but exhibits similar chargeability and charge stability to those having lower electrode contact with ground directly by welding lead. High charging temperature can increase chargeability but has no effect on charge stability melioration. Long-term observation implies that if the electrets have to work outside properly, heat treatment will be necessary, although hermetic packaging is the best option. PECVD SiO2/Si3N4 double-layer electrets can endure high temperature lower than 250°C and shows good charge stability under high humidity.


The aim of the work is to see the interaction and interdependence of musical and verbal levels in chamber and vocal music as a factor of artistic integrity. This perspective of the problem allows us to identify the prerequisites and ways to study the phenomenon of artistic image in the art of music. The research methodology is based on a combination of genre and style, textual, semantic and musicological analytical approaches, which form a single methodological basis for the study in accordance with the main aim of this work. The scientific novelty of the article is to identify and significantly update approaches to the study of the relationship of musical and verbal levels in chamber and vocal music in their interdependence with the problems of artistic and musical creativity. Conclusions. Comparing the characteristics of verbal and musical levels in chamber and vocal music, it should be noted that the general genesis of musical culture is associated with a strong relationship with the phenomenon of speech intonation. According to many researchers, it is from the linguistic intonation that most of the semantic possibilities of music begin, which explains the closeness of music and language in their external embodiment and at the level of the principles of organization of the intonational process. However, despite these common features, both systems, as a means of communication, received further autonomous directions of development. If verbal semantics was moving by fixing the results of cognition, then music forms its own forms of expression of cognitive processes, which are largely related to psycho-emotional evaluations and artistic parameters. Considering the specifics of the coexistence of verbal and musical levels in chamber and vocal music, it is necessary to determine the principles of existence of each


Substance usually rules over form, but form is a very necessary and critical component of any tax practice. This maxim is especially true when taxpayers claim tax deductions for the FMV of their noncash charitable contributions. As the recent Tax Court decision in Hewitt v. Commissioner, 109 T.C. 258 (1997), and that decision's subsequent affirmation, 166 F.3d 332, 98-2 U.S.T.C. (CCH) P50,880 (4th Cir. 1998), demonstrate, taxpayers must follow very detailed and technical rules to substantiate deductions for charitable contributions of property. The Internal Revenue Service and the courts have confirmed that unless taxpayers (and their tax attorneys) follow the letter of the law, their noncash charitable contribution deductions may be limited to the taxpayers' cost basis in the property. Tax attorneys should use this clearly stated position to support and not undermine their clients' noncash charitable deductions.


Objective To perform the chemical modification of carbon 3,11,18 and 30 positions of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid(18β-GA) for optimizing its liver targeting potency,and to elucidate the structural characteristics.Methods The methods of modification include the esterification or amidation of C3-OH and C30-COOH groups;deoxification of C11-keton group;optical conversion of 18β-H configuration,for preparing series of ester and amid derivatives,and for structural characterization.Results 14 glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives were synthesized with optimized preparation process;their spectrometric characteristics and physico-chemical properties were described systematically.Conclusion This works may have reference values for the progressive chemical modification of licorice triterpenoid skeleton and for studying new liver targeting drug carriers,as well as for designing small molecule carrier-mediated hepatic targeting anticancer drug candidates.


This paper brings forward a plate tectonic model in the study on real-time and fast rendering of 3D terrain.To achieve real-time rendering between the terrain plates transition,it brings forward slot algorithm.By experiments this model does well in solving the rapid access and rendering of the very large scale terrain.And it is appropriate for distributed application.


The process of high-precision asphalt foaming with multi-field condition and multi-phase object is a nonlinear kinetic process.To quantify the kinetics relation between design parameters and asphalt foaming result,an engineering method for parameter sensitivity analysis of asphalt foaming was proposed.Based on the theory of multi-phase fluid kinetics,modeling the asphalt foaming process with design parameters and coupled field,analyzing the coupled field under different dimensions of asphalt foaming chamber,it has been found that the statistic data of coupled field and experimental data are correlative,which means this model can represent the result of asphalt foaming to some degree.This kinetics model may be used for parameter sensitivity analysis of asphalt foaming and obtaining the sensitivity factors of design parameters.


Taking artificially prepared high ammonia nitrogen wastewater as the research object,on the basis of full nitrification denitrification sludge,through controlling the aeration and the pH of influent water,short-cut nitrification-denitrification sludge with low DO and high pH was achieved.The nitrite nitrogen accumulation rate could above 95%.Then to gradually increase the aeration rate and lower the influent pH,the phenomenon that short-cut nitrification was not destroyed was found.When real time control was changed to fixed time control,on the 6th day after excessive aeration,accumulation of nitrite fell to 43.7% and the style of nitrification from short-cut nitrification changed to full nitrification with 6 d excessive aeration.


Mathematical description of water heating process in the apparatus for thermal feed processing is given. Polynomial dependence of energy work indexes of apparatus is given. Parameters of apparatus regimes under which minimum of overload coefficient and heating time with limit maximum power consumption are described.


With a population of about 18 million, and one of the highest growth rates worldwide (2.4 percent—with previous estimates of even 3.3 percent), 52.2 percent of Syrians are between 15 and 54 years of age, and 44.8 percent are under the age of 15. The unemployment rate of the youth between the ages of 20 and 24 is offi cially 34.4 percent, but unoffi cial sources claim that unreported cases, if added, would greatly increase this percentage. Teaching outside of the state curricula has become ever more unthinkable. The number of attractive learning opportunities is severely decreasing for an ever growing group of young people. Syrian's contemporary educational institutions are falling behind in respect to modern curricula and teaching methods around the world. By contrast, the number of expensive, private universities is growing steadily, although there are no established standards for their curricula. Membership in the Revolutionary Youth Organization and in the National Union of Syrian Students is compulsory and monitored by offi cials. Students in schools and universities are rarely able to refuse to become members of the Baath Party. For university students, political activities beyond the Baath-organized National Front of Progress have been forbidden since 1972, even for the parties of the Baathcontrolled Progressive National Front. One result of this situation is that Syrian youth overwhelmingly dream of emigrating.


The study of gas-solid flow of slender particles is one of the key issues of that of gas-solid two-phase flow. The modeling of motion and force of slender particles in a flow field and the establishment of two-way coupling relation between slender particles and flow field are one of the key researches of gas-solid flow of slender particles. In this paper, on the basis of earlier created models of motion and force of slender particles based on rigid dynamics, in combination with the coupling correlation between Lagrangian time scales and κ-e model, and with the modified inter-slender particle collision model, a high Reynolds number semi-dense or dense gas-solid multi-way coupling model of slender particles was established. A gas-solid two-phase flow field of slender particles in a riser was simulated using this model. It was shown that there is an evident randomness on the residence positions of slender particles in a riser at different time. The residence of slender particles resulted in the evident decline of pressure and velocity of local flow field. It was also found that there was an evident orientation selectivity of slender particles in the process of fluidization.


The utility model relates to a portable cleaning machine without connecting a power source and a water source, which comprises a shell, a water tank and a nozzle. The portable cleaning machine is characterized in that a pressure boosting air pump is arranged in the shell and connected with the water tank; a water inlet pipe and a water outlet pipe are arranged on the water tank; two branches are arranged on the water outlet pipe, wherein one branch is connected with the nozzle, and the other branch is connected with a steam generator; and a gas outlet pipe of the steam generator is connected with the nozzle; the steam generator consists of a combustion chamber and a water cavity, wherein the combustion chamber is connected with a butane gas tank as well as an igniter; the water cavity is connected with one branch of the water outlet pipe of the water tank; the nozzle consists of an outer ring and an inner nozzle, wherein the outer ring is connected with one branch of the water outlet pipe of the water tank, and small holes are densely distributed on the outer ring; and the inner nozzle is connected with the gas outlet pipe of the steam generator. The utility model has the advantages that dirt can be cleaned by utilizing high-temperature steam, the water and energy are saved, and the power source and the water source need not to be externally connected.


JEC 301—2013 for evaluation of deodorant textiles is developed by Japanese Association for the Functional Evaluation of Textiles(JAFET) and is a more comprehensive deodorizing evaluation criteria of functional textiles.It includes general deodorization and photocatalytic deodorization.Deodorizing evaluation tests include detecting tube method,GC-MS method and olfactory method,and each method has its basis for evaluation.


NOTES ON THE ALOPECIA OF INFLUENZA. A. PASINI. (Giorn, Ital d. Mai Vtit. e della Pelle, li»19, fasc. i, p. 53.) AFTER describing the fall of the hair after influenza and contrasting it with other forms of alopecia, Pasini points out that the temples and occiput are the areas usually chiefly affected. He attributes it to the toxsemia, and thinks that as the alopecia is not general, probably it is indirectly due to the toxaemia affecting the troi3hic nerves to certain areas of the scalp. He does not recommend cutting the hair unless that is necessary to carry out any special form of treatment. RC. L.


An underwater closed-circuit video system was used to remotely monitor and record the behavior of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) guarding their nests before, during, and after applications of aquatic herbicides. Nests were sprayed to achieve a nominal concentration of 4 mg/L of either a dipotassium salt of endothall (Aquathol-KD), a dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or water (control). No significant differences in rates of nest abandonment existed among the three treatments (p > 0.10). Abandonment averaged 5.17 min for both species and herbicide treatments, whereas the herbicides persisted in the water column for at least 45 min. When abandonment occurred, congeners nearly always intruded on the nest to feed on eggs or fry. After spraying, the adjusted mean frequency of rim circling, fanning, and agonistic behaviors exhibited by bluegills guarding eggs did not differ among the three treatments (p ⩾ 0.35). These results suggest the two herbicides will not elicit pronounced shifts in reproductive behavior of sunfish when they are properly applied.


Applying impinging stream- rotating packed bed (IS-RPB) as extractor and reverse extractor, tri-butyl-phosphate (TBP) as complexing extractant, coal oil as diluent, and sodium hydroxide solution as reverse extractant, the single stage research for treating phenol-containing wastewater is made. Based on the research of the effects of initial velocity v_o, rotate speed N, ratio of oil to water R, and volume fraction of TBP in the oil phase on the stage distribution ratio D, the optimum process conditions are obtained, and under the optimum conditions, the phenol removing rate reaches more than 95%.


This is an electronic version of an article originally published as: Bortolin, K. (2011).
Serving ourselves: How the discourse on community engagement privileges the
university over the community. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 18(1),
49-58.
More information about the Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning can be
found at: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mjcsl/ and this article can be found at:
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3239521.0018.104.


Reviews with matters of minor importance, and in no way materially detract from the value of the work. The author has brought to his task the fruits of a wide and long expeANATOMY IN THE LIVING MODEL rience as well as of careful and considered thought, and Anatomny in the Living Model,' by Professor DAVID has succeeded in producing a volume of much originality WATERSTON, is the outcome of a desire to link together and suggestiveness. the facts of anatomy as displayed in the dissecting room with the facts to be observed in a living model, both at FIRST LINES -IN ANAESTHESIA rest and in action. It is, however, something more. It Dr. W. S. SYKES -has written a somewhat unconvenis the outcome also of a desire to explain various phenotoa so tb in his Anaetthesia,2mwhi s the mena-as, for instance,' the restriction in certainl movetional short textbook in his A naesthesia,2which is the men-as fointane, h o a ve latest addition to Dr. Crookshank's Modern Treatment ments of the fingers, the cutaneous lines of cleavage to Seres but th is noouthat his methdwl which Langer has drawn attention, the mottling frequently S noticed of the skin-by references to macroscopical or impress first principles very clearly upon the minds of noticd ofthe sin-b refrence to 1..~ his readers. He begins with a chapter called " The microscopical anatomy. Such features, but particularly Foundation Se of Sfty,ahcha(ie theL of the attention paid to the change which takes place in Foundation Stones of Safety," which (like the Lamps of surface form in passing from rest to action, serve to Architecture) are seven in number. All seven are cerdifferentiate it somewhat sharply from mnost if not all of tainly fundamentals, but we should have liked to see the' publications with which we are acquainted on the a keystone added, ilipressing the young anaesthetist with subject of surface anatomy. the importance of choosing the safest method which will The volume is divided into three parts: a relatively afford the surgeon proper facilities for the procedure he short but interesting chapter on the skin, in which such is about to employ. Elsewhere the author is properly matters as the intimate structure of this covering, the emphatic on this very important principle but he omits question of nerve and arterial areas, and the localization itoin this chapter, where, above all, it should be mad. of touch, pain, and warm and cold spots are discussed; a prominent. The instruction offered to the student and the very final short appendix of practical exercises on subjects like The praction or to the book andesvedy the taking of finger-prints and the electrical stimulation junior practitioner, for whom the book has been designed, of nerves; and an intermediate section, forming by far t clear and practical, as well as thoroughly up to date. the major portion of the work, subdivided into four It is a pity, however, that a piece of lint, or a doubled sections dealing respectively with the topographical up corner of towel, should be put forward as adequate onneck, and the vehicles for the administratioin of chloroform; they may anatomyof the abomthen leg,sthes head and tion whi be traditional makeshift substitutes for a proper mask, thorax and domen. It is this last sec ch but sueysol not be held out as anything more than conforms most closely to what we regard as orthodox urely should anatomy. It will be noted that the author has carefully rather risky improvisations which are occasionally useful refrained from describing his work as an " applied in emergencies. How many face burns, or even corneal anlatomy." and throughout has approached his subject ulcers, to say nothing of still more serious anaesthetic anatmy," adtrougo'u aproaced i ubjct atastrophes, theeVcoinotrvneshecaeI from the standpoints of the anatomist and physiologist ese Victorian contrivances have cause(l rather than from those of the surgeoin and physician. one shudders to think of; but they still seein to hax-e The two latter, particularly the orthopaedist and neuroadhetents, judging by some recent textbooks. Theit, ilatthowever, find in the book indaneof Dr. Sykes is rather sceptical about one or two fashion-


Probably the most interesting example of this mixture is that given by Mr. R. Steele in the Introduction (p. xvii) to The Earliest Arithmetics in English, where he quotes from a British Museum MS. (Harl. 4350) a set of dates of successive births These form an early example, for Britain, of the transition.


Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXFS) is an age-related, generalized disorder of the extracellular matrix characterized by the excessive production of elastic microfibrils and their aggregation into mature pseudoexfoliation fibrils [1]. It accounts for a majority of glaucoma cases in some countries and for approximately 25% of open-angle glaucoma cases worldwide [2]. Progressive obstruction of the aqueous humor outflow pathways by abnormal pseudoexfoliation material deposits cause chronic pressure elevation, optic nerve damage and subsequent development of open-angle glaucoma in eyes with PXFS, a condition known as pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXFG) [3]. Moreover, pseudoexfoliation deposits are found in a multitude of intraand extraocular tissues, including conjunctiva, skin, and connective tissue compartments of visceral organs [1]. As shown by biochemical and immunohistochemical studies, pseudoexfoliation fibrils predominantly contain elastic fiber components, such as elastin, fibrillin-1, latent transforming growth factor binding proteins (LTBP-1/2), and fibulins (fibulin-2/4), as well as lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) [4-7], a key cross-linking matrix enzyme normally required for proper elastic fiber formation and stabilization [8]. However, the exact composition of the abnormal extracellular material as well as the mechanisms responsible for its excessive production and accumulation still remain elusive.


The first Magnetic Resonance While-Drilling (MRWD) tools have been built and field tested. The hardware was designed to provide data compatible with the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log (MRIL®) wireline tool in terms of processing and interpretation. The paper discusses the theory of robust MRIL measurements in the drilling environment and reviews the theory of T 1 measurements. We report on the results of a field test in the Gulf of Mexico. The MRWD device logged the entire TD run from casing to TD and provided additional hydrocarbon-typing data in wiping mode over the target zones. Wireline MRIL data and conventional logs were used to verify the MRWD measurements.


In earlier studies the same authors presented data which appears to support their assumption of a personality-related variable, &dquo;time perspective&dquo; (Back and Gergen, 1963, pp. 427-42). Briefly, the variable is viewed as a process closely associated with aging, that is, as an individual ages his time perspective tends to affect his attitudes. Specifically, this effect is manifested in the con-


1. Landlord abolition and the rural order: Egypt, India 2. Richer peasants and the state: East Africa, Papua New Guinea 3. Rightest regimes and peasant societies: Iran, Southeast Asia 4. Leftist regimes and their peasantries: Ethiopia, China, Vietnam Index.


Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station on the first regrowth of third year 'Pacer' alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft X 52 ft in size, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 8 Jim in 38 gal/acre at 300 psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 3 days posttreatment, and 14 days posttreatment using a 15-inch diam sweep-net and taking 20 pendulum sweeps per plot.


ABSTRACT Bitter almond (Prunus dulcis var. amara) seed oil was tested as new non-edible feedstock for producing ethylic biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification with ethanol. The oil was extracted from bitter almond seed with maximum yield of 42.0 wt%, which can be considered as significant feedstock for biodiesel production. The experimental parameters involved in the optimization process were the type and concentration of the catalyst, ethanol-to-oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and rate of stirring. The maximum yield of biodiesel (97.1% w/w) was obtained using 0.60 wt% KOH, 7:1 ethanol-to-oil molar ratio, 65°C reaction temperature, 60 min of reaction, and 700 rpm rate of stirring. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were within the acceptable limits prescribed by ASTM D 6751. The 1H NMR spectroscopy assured the conversion of bitter almond oil into biodiesel. Based on these results, it was concluded that bitter almond seed oil is an acceptable non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production.


entilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infectionthat develops within 48 hours or more after theimplementation of mechanical ventilation (MV) and,depending on the place where the study is conducted and onthe age of the patient, it may be the first or second mostfrequent cause of nosocomial infection in the PICU.


Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. A recent study showed that GLP‐1 directly protects against myocardial infarction via inhibition of apoptosis or the activation of survival factors. Furthermore, caveolin‐3 (Cav‐3) is necessary in cardiac preconditioning. In this study, we focused the effects of Cav‐3 on GLP‐1 induced cardiac preconditioning. Mice were exposed to 30 min ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion (control). Some mice were assigned to Exendin‐4, GLP‐1 receptor agonist or GLP‐1 receptor inhibitor, exendin. Exendin‐4 preconditioned significantly reduced infarct size compared to control group (24.7 ± 8.9% [n = 6] vs. 41.6 ± 4.6% [n = 8] respectively, p<0.05) and exendin eliminated the protection produced by exendin‐4 (38.8 ± 7.2% [n = 7]). Additionally, exendin‐4 induced cardiac protection was not observed in Cav‐3 knockout mice (43.2 ± 6.9% [n = 7]). These results reveal that GLP‐1 produces cardiac protection in mice in association with caveolin‐3 expression.


Low leakage power, high endurance and non-volatile storage capabilities have made memristive devices, such as Resistive RAM (ReRAM) popular. ReRAMs also offer in-memory computing capabilities by means of stateful logic operations. However, there are no standard libraries for floating point operations on ReRAM-based in-memory computing platforms. In this paper, we propose a mapping for one such mathematical function, namely multiplication for floating point numbers. We undertook a detailed study to derive a mapping with low memory footprint on ReVAMP architecture, which is an in-memory computing platform based on ReRAM crossbar arrays. For multiplication of two IEEE-754 compliant single (or double) precision numbers, the proposed mapping requires 1.944 Kb (or 8.904 Kb) of computation memory, 374.4 Kb (or 3457 Kb) of instruction memory while consuming an energy equivalent to 5.6 pJ (or 471 pJ).


Introduction: It is well established that starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases a patient's life expectancy among HIV-positive individuals. Considering the HIV pandemic, the major concern is initiation of ARTs to the large segment of HIV infected population, not adverse events from immune restoration. The prevalence of HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is poorly estimated due to Africa's underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in Eastern Africa. Therefore, this study compiled data regarding the magnitude and associated factors of IRIS in the context of Eastern Africa. Methods: The electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and free Google access were searched till 5 June 2021, and the search was lastly updated on 30 June 2022 for studies of interest. The pooled prevalence, and associated factors with a 95% confidence interval were estimated using the random effects model. The I 2 and Egger's tests were used for heterogeneity and publication bias assessment, respectively. Results: The development of HIV-associated IRIS in Eastern Africa was estimated to be 18.18% (95% CI 13.30–23.06) in the current review. The two most common predictors of IRIS associated with Eastern Africa were the lower pre-ART CD4 T-cell count of 50 cells/ µ l and the low baseline body mass index level. Therefore, attention should be focused on the early detection and care of HIV-associated IRIS to reduce the morbidity and death caused by IRIS.


Few subjects in recent years can have aroused more controversy than the treatment of hasmatemesis and particularly that variety which complicates ulcerative lesions ot the stomach and duodenum. There are, of course, many other causes for gastric hemorrhage, e.g., lesions of the spleen and liver, thrombocytopoenia, etc. but as there is little difference of opinion as to the proper treatment of these, once they are recognized, I propose to confine my remarks to that form of haematemesis which is, or appears to be due essentially to local lesions in the stomach and duodenum. It must be admitted that even within this restricted field there is still scope for error since there are cases of bleeding, sometimes severe and frequently recurrent, without any demonstrable evidence of ulceration, acute or chronic, or of any neoplastic change in the gastro-duodenal tract. These cases of gastrostaxis usually occur without warning in patients lacking any of the characteristic symptoms pointing to gastric or duodenal ulceration, a feature which might be considered sufficient to render this class clearly differentiable, were it not that occasionally "silent" forms of gross ulceration occur with profuse haemorrhage, particularly in the duodenum. It is possible that in gastrostaxis the bleeding comes from single, or more probably, multiple small erosions of the mucosa, but this is certainly not always true. Many surgeons in the past (including myself) before this class of case became better understood have been induced, not only to open the abdomen expecting to find a palpable ulcer, but on failing to do so have looked inside the stomach and duodenum without, however, finding the slightest trace of even superficial ulceration. Even in those cases where it is likely that acute superficial ulcers are the source of the hemorrhage they have rarely been proved to exist, for few come to autopsy, and I do not know of any examined by modern gastroscopic methods soon enough after the bleeding to preclude the possibility that healing in the meantime had already occurred.


A systematic study of the insertion reactions between (P−P)Pd(Me)Cl (where P−P = dppe, dppp, dppf) and CNR (where R = 2,6-dimethylphenyl, tert-butyl) is presented. The results have demonstrated that the insertion of CNR into the Pd−Me bond is highly dependent on the nature of the chelating phosphine. For the more strained complex formed with dppe, the insertion of isocyanides is slower and multiple insertion is not observed. This is in contrast to (dppp)Pd(Me)Cl, which reacts readily with isocyanides to produce single-, double-, and multiple-inserted products. Results analogous to those of dppp have been observed for the complexes with dppf, although the reactions are more controllable, indicating a less reactive complex. In an attempt to establish some structure−reactivity correlations, structural characterizations of (dppe)Pd{C(Me)NXyl}Cl (1) and (dppp)Pd{(CNXyl)(C(Me)NXyl)}Cl (3) have been carried out. The structural parameters obtained are consistent with the observed reactivity. The reactions between...


This paper discusses supercapacitor based power unit for event-driven wireless sensor network node. In such nodes, most of the energy is consumed when transmitting or receiving data. Sleep-wake scheduling mechanism is an effective way how to prolong node's lifetime. However, this mechanism can result in delays because a transmitting node has to wait until his neighbor wakes up. Another solution is event-driven communication model, where nodes communicate in case an event occurs. Although, events occur asynchronously, the node needs to send a keep alive message periodically. An event can be caused by very high temperature (indicating fire), or presence of movement in a surveillance system. Good communication pattern can reduce energy consumption. However, the main issue remains the design of network node power unit. We propose supercapacitor power unit circuit which is charged from solar cells and discuss a sensor node energy balance.


Figure 1. CT images. (A) Subglottic extension and (B) thyroid cartilage invasion by SCCA larynx. Objective: To evaluate predictors for thyroid gland invasion in patients undergoing laryngectomy for SCCA of the larynx. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of a single tertiary care hospital. Methods: One-hundred forty-one charts were reviewed. Ninety patients underwent total laryngectomy for laryngeal SCCA between January 1993 and February 2009. Subjects were assessed based on tumor stage, preoperative evaluation (direct laryngoscopy and CT scan), and pathologic analysis. Outcomes included factors suggesting need for thyroidectomy. Results: Thyroidectomy was performed in 36/90 (40%) of patients and thyroid gland invasion by SCCA occurred in 7/36 (19%) cases undergoing thyroidectomy. In those specimens with thyroid gland invasion, 5/7 (71%) demonstrated both subglottic extension and thyroid cartilage invasion. Direct laryngoscopy had high specificity in identifying subglottic extension (p < 0.0001, 100% specificity), but poor sensitivity (60%). Computed tomography proved to be highly sensitive (100% sensitivity) in predicting subglottic extension (p = 0.01), thyroid cartilage invasion, and thyroid gland invasion, but was limited by its specificity (34%, 41%, and 36% respectively). Conclusions: Routine thyroidectomy in conjunction with laryngeal SCCA is unnecessary. Findings of both subglottic extension and thyroid cartilage invasion correlate positively with thyroid gland invasion, and suggest the need for thyroidectomy. However, preoperative prediction of these findings can be difficult. Abstract


Up to now, experiments involving M\"ossbauer nuclei have been restricted to the low-excitation regime. The reason for this is the narrow spectral line width of the nuclei. This defining feature enables M\"ossbauer spectroscopy with remarkable resolution and convenient control and measurements in the time domain, but at the same time implies that only a tiny part of the photons delivered by accelerator-based x-ray sources with orders-of-magnitude larger pulse bandwidth are resonant with the nuclei. X-ray free-electron lasers promise a substantial enhancement of the number of nuclear-resonant photons per pulse, such that excitations beyond the low-excitation (LER) regime come within reach. This raises the question, how the onset of non-linear excitations could be experimentally verified. Here, we develop and explore a method to detect an excitation of nuclear ensembles beyond the LER for ensembles of nuclei embedded in x-ray waveguides. It relies on the comparison of the x-rays coherently and incoherently scattered off of the nuclei. As a key result, we show that the ratio of the two observables is constant within the LER, essentially independent of the details of the nuclear system and the characteristics of the exciting x-rays. Conversely, deviations from this equivalence serve as a direct indication of excitations beyond the LER. Building upon this observation, we develop a variety of experimental signatures both, for near-instantaneous impulsive and for temporally-extended non-impulsive x-ray excitation. Correlating coherently and incoherently scattered intensities further allows one to compare theoretical models of nonlinear excitations more rigorously to corresponding experiments.


This paper presents a novel approach to mobile robot environment representation to hold information on detected obstacles. The method is inspired by fuzzy signature-based formalism and is based on classical quadtrees as a data indexing structure. Each detected feature point is evaluated by a fuzzy-ruleset defining the presumed significance of each detected object. Feature points and their fuzzy-mapping are indexed in a classical quadtree-based fashion. During the reconstruction of the environment representation, inference is done by the traversal on the constructed tree using accumulated fuzzy-ruleset. Our goal is to use this representation format for further robotic tasks such as obstacle avoidance in a distributed computational environment.


This work presents the fabrication of a portable and simple three-dimensional stereoscopic projection device,which is assembled by four transparent trapezoidal reflecting plates to form a hollow tetrahedral cage where the optical line of sight can penetrate from all the side panels.By placing a video playback device on the upper side of the cage to play images,visible three-dimensional images are formed inside the hollow chamber of the cage due to the surface reflection.This device is easy to make and carry,achieving the well-displaying of the images or videos that played by the portable electronic devices such as mobile phones in the form of threedimensional stereoscopic projection.


A programme was written to detect flow in a sequence of MR images and to construct 3-D vessel maps from the detected flow regions. Reduction in first echo intensity and prolongation of calculated T2 value were used as flow-detection criteria. The programme was used to image the aorta in 6 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and 5 patients with aortic dissection. Results were compared with contrast angiography in 9 cases and X-ray CT in 2. The images obtained by the two techniques were comparable in 9 cases. In 2 cases of aortic dissection, where flow in the false lumen was slow, the false lumen could not be demonstrated by angiography, but was clearly seen in the reconstructed MR images.


Human rights claims arising out of attacks on intellectual-human rights defenders (hrds), if brought, typically do not include claims for violations of academic freedom. As a result the standards are underdeveloped relative to other human rights claims and the scope of academic freedom violations globally. This may be in part due to a negatively reinforcing lack of familiarity with issues of academic freedom and the available standards for protection among human rights advocates, and in part to the fact that attacks on academic freedom often manifest as violations of other rights under which claims are brought (e.g. wrongful detention or torture). This article argues that existing human rights law would sustain claims for violations of academic freedom as independently and interdependently derived from the rights to freedom of opinion and expression and the right to education. The article argues that including academic freedom claims in such cases has the benefit of providing an additional basis for relief while strengthening the claim for relief on a manifested violation by providing evidence of motive and intent. Including academic freedom claims also has the independent value of addressing the wider harms to the claimant-victim and society that result from attacks on intellectual expression and are not reached by relief on the manifested violation alone, including harms to a claimant-victim's creative, intellectual or expressive work, and widespread chilling effects on creativity, teaching, publication and the free exchange of ideas in society.


With the research on the social recovery and social behaviour in Tangshan earthquake area,the authors make a statistic arrangement to the 2000 questionnaires on seismically social problems and sort out the relevant contents about earthquake-caused psychological traumas.The authors as the survivors in the earthquake together with the victims and help those who necd psychological rescue.investigation shows the degree of the wictim's psychological trauma from the earthquake.Meanwhile a statistic analysis is made on disaster psychology and various experiences and lessons are studied and presented.


There has been a considerable amount of reduction in transaction costs and decrease in stock shortage with the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in automation. Most of the RFID networks include a wide range of automation technologies. These technologies are RFID readers, RFID writers, RFID barcode scanners, RFID smart sensors and RFID controllers. In this study, a solution has been provided for the problems encountered in parking-lot management systems via RFID technology. RFID readers, RFID labels, computers, barriers and software are used as for the main components of the RFID technology. The software has been handled for the management, controlling, transaction reporting and operation tasks for parking lots located on various parts of the city. Check-ins and check-outs of the parking-lots will be under control with RFID readers, labels and barriers. Personnel costs will be reduced considerably using this technology. It will be possible to see unmanned, secure, automized parking-lots functioning with RFID technology in the future. Check-ins and check-outs will be handled in a fast manner without having to stop the cars so that traffic jam problem will be avoided during these processes. Drivers will not have to stop at the circulation points and parking tickets will be out of usage during check-ins and check-outs. It will be avoided ticket-jamming problems for the ticket processing machines as well. Vehicle owners will not have to make any payments at each check-out thus a faster traffic flow will be possible. Since there won't be any waiting during check-ins and check-outs the formation of emission gas as a result of such waiting will be avoided. An automized income tracking system, a car tracking system for charging and a central parking-car tracking system have been developed and utilized. Instead of cars' parking on streets, a more modern and a fast operating parking-lot system have been developed.


The article highlights the main directions of development and measures to support public-private partnership in the context of the introduction of new anti-Russian sanctions. In the context of economic turmoil, the need to optimize and search for additional points of contact between the state and business is increasing, which can serve as a catalyst for restoring the economic balance. The article assigns the leading role to the state in partnership with business as a guarantor of state and economic security. It was noted that in the current economic situation, PPP projects for the development of the social sphere, infrastructure, IT-sphere, and tourism acquire particular relevance.


The present invention relates to a tomography apparatus for generating multi-energy image (H, L) and a method for the tomography apparatus, wherein by adjusting the alternating voltage (U) and another adjustment parameter, i.e. the current (I ) or exposure time (B), to collect a high energy projection (h) and a low-energy projection (1), such that a first adjustment value at a first voltage (U1) and provided another adjustment parameter (I, B) of a second adjustment value (I2, B2) the lower value (I1, B1), and a second set voltage value (U2) and another adjustment parameter (I, B) by the X-ray emitter (1) X-ray radiation having substantially the same X-ray dose or photon stream.


The main subject of the thesis is a concept of the will according to a philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. The thesis is enlightening Nietzsche's rejection of the Western metaphysics tradition, which is accepted by Schopenhauer and is showing if the rejection is only declared or authentic. The essential part of the thesis is art that surrounds both of the philosophers and though they see it in a different way, both of them take art as the way out of the life suffering.


An intensive search continues for effective, nontoxic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Of the newer drugs, indomethacin appears of most value so far. Other agents, such as dimethylsulfoxide, an indomethacin analogue, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressive agents and anthranilic acid derivatives, are still experimental. Older drugs still have a definite place. In certain cases of gout, both indomethacin and allopurinol have proved useful.


【Objective】 To investigate the prevalence of school bullying behavior of migrant children and its relation to school's psychosocial environment.【Method】 The past and current victimization and self-perceived school psychosocial environment were asked by questionnaires administered to 511 migrant students of 4th and 5th grade from 5 migrant elementary schools in Shanghai by random cluster sampling.【Results】 28% of the students reported being bullied before and 5.5% of the students were being bullied in this semester.Students involved in bullying behaviors reported a higher percentage of feeling insecurity,self-perceived school violence,discrimination from teacher.Bully-victims score was highest in trouble score.【Conclusions】 School bullying and victimization is closely related to students' self-perceived psychosocial environment.A focus on school-based intervention and surveillance on bullying behaviors is critically needed.


For the materials of the former Paper I was indebted to Mr. Bullock, who has in his possession the skull, a great number of the vertebrae, many mutilated ribs, and other bones of this animal, in a fossil state. These now brought forward are in the collections of the Rev. Mr. Buckland, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and of Mr. Johnson of Bristol, who have very kindly allowed me to make use of them upon this occasion. Mr. Johnson has been a collector of specimens of fossil remains for 25 years; during several summers, he devoted five or six weeks at a time to a close inspection of the cliffs and beach at Lyme. In the summer of 1814, with the assistance of a friend, at great personal risk, he dug out of the cliff, the bones of the pectoral fin; the single bone, he states, was immediately connected with the scapula, and was imbedded in marle; a representation is annexed.


Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) of a new Alkaliphilus bacterium, NP8, of the Clostridiaceae family. This bacterium was isolated from polluted sediment collected from an abandoned industrial site located in the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea) as part of a microbial consortium. ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) of a new Alkaliphilus bacterium, NP8, of the Clostridiaceae family. This bacterium was isolated from polluted sediment collected from an abandoned industrial site located in the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea) as part of a microbial consortium.


In this paper, encryption/decryption of color image is proposed by using Linear Canonical Transform (LCT). The color image is to be encrypted, firstly separated into its three primary channels: red, green, and blue and then each channel are encrypted independently using double random phase encoding technique. The parameters which generate the LCT domain during encryption / decryption are considered as secret keys and formed encrypted color image is used to transmit on the channel. Simulations results show that the proposed technique is robust and imperceptible against the malicious users.


The Tallaght Rehabilitation Project (TRP) is a community-based programme for recovering drug users. The project's background is described. It is an independent legal entity set up to offer a therapeutic programme to assist drug users in dealing with their addiction and to become drug free. The aims of the review were: to examine the impact and effectiveness of the TRP with particular attention to how it meets its own stated aims and objectives; to analyse the perspectives of TRP participants with respect to their engagement and satisifaction with the programme; and, to examine TRP's wider policy and practice contexts with particular attention to assessing its integration with local developments.


Despite advances in team tutoring, creating and maintaining these systems remains costly and time-consuming. Authoring tools accelerate learning systems development by supporting instructional design tasks like sequencing, feedback, adaptation, and assessment. To scale learning to meet team training needs, however, tutoring systems must be capable of incorporating content that is broad and readily adaptable as learning needs shift in response to equipment upgrades, changes in tactics, evolving threats, and operations in new theaters. An additional and significant challenge is the emerging emphasis on team training. Authors of team tutoring face complicated content management tasks related to distinguishing content that supports individual skills and content aligned with team skills, as well as identifying content associated with specific roles within a team. To help developers of team training more efficiently find and maintain relevant content, automation is needed that supports the analysis of information and its alignment with team and individual learning objectives (LOs). In this paper we introduce Machine-Assisted Generation of Instructional Content (MAGIC), a new authoring aid to help training developers find, organize, and curate resources aligned with desired LOs. MAGIC analyzes source documents and extracts content that aligns with specified learning objectives, lending much-needed support for team training development by distinguishing between individual and team LOs. Moreover, MAGIC identifies content associated with specific roles within a team. We present promising early findings and discuss work in progress extending MAGIC to analyzing task lists, game scenarios and orders.


We present the results of astrometric observations with VERA toward the H2O maser sources in IRAS 05137+3919, which is thought to be located in the far outer Galaxy. We have derived the parallax of \pi = 0.086 +/- 0.027 mas, which corresponds to the source distance of D=11.6+5.3-2.8 kpc. Although the parallax measurement is only 3-sigma level and thus the distance uncertainty is considerably large, we can strongly constrain the minimum distance to this source, locating the source at the distance from the Sun greater than 8.3 kpc (or 16.7 kpc from the Galaxy's center) at 90% confidence level. Our results provide an astrometric confirmation that this source is located in the far outer Galaxy beyond 15 kpc from the Galaxy center, indicating that IRAS 05137+3919 is one of the most distant star-forming regions from the Galaxy center.


A gel film technique has been developed for the histochemical localization of phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase and triosephosphate isomerase. The staining reaction consists principally in coupling the specifically catalyzed reaction to a NADH2- or NADPH2-producing dehydrogenase reaction, which can be visualized by the phenazine methosulfate-mediated reduction of nitro-blue tetrazolium. The intracellular distribution of the respective enzymes was investigated in white and red rabbit skeletal muscles. Hexokinase was found to be associated with the mitochondria, and possibly also with the sarcolemma. A different type of location was observed for the other enzymes. These enzymes were found to be located at the site of the isotropic bands. Although it is suggested that these enzymes are located within the interfilamentary sarcoplasm of the actin filaments, no definite conclusion could be made on the basis of the presented histochemical findings. Especially, it could not be excluded that these enzymes might as well be associated with the transversal sarcotubular system. The very high concentration of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes within the interfilamentary sarcoplasm or the transverse sarcotubular network suggests that these enzymes occur in the state of a labile multienzyme system.


Abstract The purpose of this article is to explore how families with low income experience network supplements when income does not cover the daily expenses, and to discuss how people look at this supply. The article is based on qualitative data from the Norwegian 'Children's level of living – study'. One child and one parent in 26 low income families were interviewed individually about their daily life. This article is based on interviews with the parents, and the analyses are inspired by grounded theory. Results: Despite a universal welfare system, people firstly turn to family and social network when they are in need. This is, however, an ambiguous experience and the informants are concerned about being able to reciprocate the help, although this can be a challenge when you are the weak part in a relation. The results are discussed in the light of social exchange theory and social capital.


Draft agreed by Modelling and Simulation Working Group April 2016 Draft agreed by Pharmacokinetics Working Party May 2016 Adopted by CHMP for release for consultation 21 July 2016 Start of public consultation 29 July 2016 End of consultation (deadline for comments) 31 January 2017 Agreed by Modelling and Simulation Working Group October 2018 Agreed by Pharmacokinetics Working Party October 2018 Adopted by CHMP 13 December 2018 Date of coming into effect 1 July 2019


Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Japan Condylar hyperplasia is taken to mean a progressive unilateral or bilateral hyperplasia of the mandibular condyle of unknown etiology , causing facial deformity and malocclusion . Condyle hyperplasia llas been known since 1836 when Adams reported a case of enlar ・ gement of condyle 。 We encountered on September 1,1970, a 41 − yea 卜 01d male suffering from hyperplasia of right condyle . The patient has no history of familial mandibular defor皿 ities・Roentogenograms showed enlargement of the right condyle , but not on the side . The external incision was applied according to K her ' s operation . The condyle was removed under full vision with a pointed HalPs surgeairto 皿 e fissure burr. After the removal , the mandible was repositioned  fixed with dental wiring . Histological examination of the excised proved evidences of " condylar hyper −


Occupational stress (Job stress/Work stress) relates to one's job. The objective of this paper is to present an

exploratory study on occupational stress, to bring out its causative factors and impacts. Occupational stress

has been viewed as a strong work hazard. It is found to be a multivariate phenomenon. Work related stress

emerges to be a pattern of emotional, cognitive, behavioural and physiological reactions to adverse and noxious

aspects of work content, work organization and work environment.


There is only one doctor per 70000 people in distant areas of Ghana but an estimated 75% of the population have access to health care within 5 miles of their homes. The government is committed to deliver primary health care (clean water sanitation immunization and family planning) to 80% of the population. From July 1988 to August 1989 the author worked in a rural area of north-east Ghana afflicted with disease poverty seasonal hunger and regular droughts. Bawku the district capital had a hospital with 230 beds. The main diseases are malaria with resulting anemia diarrhea measles filariasis and cerebrospinal meningitis. In 1987 maternal mortality in Bawku district was 1.12% and the perinatal mortality rate was 110/1000 deliveries. The introduction of boreholes in the 1970s have eradicated guinea worm and onchocerciasis was obliterated through chemical spraying of rivers. An average 20% of the population undergoes starvation every year and malnutrition affects all ages. In children marasmic malnutrition is more common than kwashiorkor. The mother and child health clinic receives assistance from staff at a health post 10 miles away that has 2 or 3 nurses a midwife a nutrition fieldworker and a driver. Rural people face problems of accessibility and lack of money and knowledge. At the pharmacy aspirin vitamin B complex chloroquine and paracetamol tablets are dispensed. 4 mass immunizations were held during 1988 in 40 clinics across Bawku District. Immunizations were offered against tuberculosis measles diphtheria whooping cough polio tetanus yellow fever and cerebrospinal meningitis. UNICEF supplied vaccines needles and syringes which were used once only. Measles outbreaks alone cause an estimated 50000 child deaths each year in ghana. However measles admissions at Bawku hospital have decreased from 526 in 1984 to 163 in 1988. Meningitis admissions have also dropped and tetanus admissions average about 18 a year. In general the main preventable childhood diseases have shown an encouraging decline.


Characterization of the organic and inorganic constituents of water and oil condensate phases produced during an in-situ coal gasification test at Hanna, Wyoming is presented. Over two hundred compounds were identified and quantified. It was found that phenols constituted the major portion of the organic material. Inorganic constituents included high concentrations of alkalinity, ammonia, sulphur species, dissolved solids plus traces of many other constituents. Total quantities of condensed oil and water were determined as a function of gas production, injection air rates, and coal consumption.


This article summarizes a study designed to develop an instrument measuring the extent to which social workers perceive that they integrate spirituality in the workplace. Input from a focus group, individual interviews, and expert judges led to a preliminary scale titled the Integration of Spirituality in the Workplace Scale (ISWS). The Integration of Spirituality in the Workplace Scale was then field tested with a nonprobability sample of 574 social workers. After factor analysis and subsequent factor refinement, the Integration of Spirituality in the Workplace Scale was reduced to a final 21‐item version comprised of three subscales. Statistical analysis collected from this field test provided promising evidence that the Integration of Spirituality in the Workplace Scale and its three subscales provide reliable, valid measures of social workers' perceptions regarding the degree to which that they integrate spirituality in the workplace.


: The present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the modeling strategy in developing the habits of mind in Hadith course among the first-year secondary school female students, in Bisha governorate. In order to achieve this aim, the experimental approach, which is based on the quasi-experimental design of the two groups and the pre-post measurements, was used. Regarding the study sample, it consisted of (36) female students in two schools. The students were selected with the cluster random sampling method, and then divided into two equal groups: one of them is an experimental group, taught using the modeling strategy, and the other is a control group, taught in the normal method, in the second semester of the year 1441-1442 AH. The researchers designed the research materials and tools, namely: preparing a list of the selected mind habits which are appropriate for first-year secondary school female students, building a content analysis card to analyze the habits of mind existing in Unit 3 (Islamic culture) of the Hadith (1) course, preparing a teacher's guide in developing the habits of mind according to the modeling strategy, for the female teachers, as well as preparing a multiple-choice type test to measure the achievement of habits of mind development. After the experiment, the post-test of the habits of mind was applied to the two groups. The researchers used a set of statistical packages (SPSS) to analyze the results of the research. Thus, the researcher came up with the following results: There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the two mean scores of the female students of the experimental and the control groups in the post-application of the Habits of Mind scale, attributed to the experimental group. There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the two mean scores of the experimental group female students in the pre and post applications of the Habits of Mind scale, attributed to the post application with a high effect size, in addition to the effectiveness of the modeling strategy in developing the habits of mind among the first-year secondary school female students; The effect size has reached (1,31) in accordance with Black's equation standard, which is (1,2).Eventually, in light of the results, the researchers recommended a number of recommendations, including: the necessity of including the habits of mind in the curricula of Islamic Education in all its branches, developing the female teacher's guide, attaching appropriate activities and exercises as well as training the female teachers on using the metacognitive strategies.


Challenges in the provision of care and patients' reluctance to access healthcare services and adhere to drug prescriptions in course of COVID-19 pandemic undermine the fundamental principles of early diagnosis and treat to target, which have revolutionised the natural history of many chronic inflammatory diseases starting from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although most rheumatologists have the impression that the intervals between symptom onset and first consultation have increased, no data currently indicate whether and to what extent the picture of early RA has changed during COVID-19. Here, we analysed data from the Pavia Early Arthritis Clinic (EAC) inception cohort. Referral criteria have been described previously, and include the presence of signs and symptoms of suspected inflammatory arthritis for <12 months of duration. By 31 December 2020, the EAC collects information on 2.508 patients. The service has undergone complete closure during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic from 9 March to 18 May 2020. In this period, emergency visits were guaranteed through the general rheumatology outpatient clinic. For this study, baseline characteristics of patients referred in the semester following the lockdown (July to December 2020) were compared with: (1) patients referred in the semester immediately preceding the lockdown (July to December 2019); (2) patients referred in a semester of routine use of the 2010 RA criteria (July to December 2015); (3) patients referred in the semester following the dissemination of the 2010 RA criteria (July to December 2011); and (4) patients referred in the semester preceding the publication of the 2010 criteria (July to December 2009). Data were extracted from 452 patients. Overall, the access of patients with newonset suspected inflammatory arthritis was relatively stable over the years until 2019, while COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a marked reduction in new referrals (−25.9%) and in the proportion of patients fulfilling RA criteria at presentation (36.1% vs 45.4%, p=0.19) (figure 1A). Furthermore, while the ratio between autoantibodypositive and autoantibodynegative RA was well balanced before the lockdown, and in line with the prevalence of autoantibody negativity recognised over the past decade, nearly 70% of patients with RA referred in the second semester of 2020 were autoantibody positive (online supplemental table S1). As shown in figure 1B–F and in online supplemental table S2, restriction measures imposed by COVID-19 profoundly impacted on the clinical presentation of autoantibodypositive RA. The introduction and progressive consolidation of the 2010 classification criteria had indeed favoured a reduction of the diagnostic delay until 2019, with 55.7% of the patients seen within the 'window of opportunity' of 12 weeks compared with 37.5% of those classified according to the 1987 criteria in 2009 (p=0.20). Furthermore, autoantibodypositive RA had become progressively milder, with lower levels of objective parameters of inflammation. In contrast, in patients seen during the pandemic, the diagnostic delay was significantly longer, with only 5.6% of the patients captured within 12 weeks (p<0.001 vs 2019, 2015 and 2011 semesters grouped together; p=0.04 vs the 2009 semester). Overall disease activity was increased as a result of an inversion of the trend towards lower levels of inflammatory features as well as further increase in the historical trend towards worsening of patientderived measures. The proportion of erosive RA was not significantly different, likely due to the latency between disease activity and its effects on radiographic progression. The introduction of the 2010 criteria had instead produced smaller changes in the pattern of presentation of autoantibodynegative RA (online supplemental table S3). Yet, COVID-19 pandemic also impacted on this autoantibody serotype by selecting fewer patients with more frequent polymyalgic involvement (50% vs 21.1% in 2019, 2015 and 2011 semesters grouped together, p=0.17) and higher inflammatory features, and more urgent need of medical advice, as expressed by the lower diagnostic delay. No significant changes neither in the rates of new referrals nor in disease characteristics were Letter


Injection phase locking of an AlGaAs double heterostructure laser was studied with respect to visibility. The maximum value of visibility measured by interference experiment with the injecting wave was 0.87. Causes of the visibility degradation were attributed to the light from a heat sink plane and to spurious modes other than the locked central mode.


An investigation of microindenter-induced crack evolution with independent variation of both temperature and relative humidity has been pursued in PV-grade Si wafers. Under static tensile strain conditions, an increase in subcritical crack elongation with increasing atmospheric water content was observed. To provide further insight into the potential physical and chemical conditions at the microcrack tip, micro-Raman measurements were performed. Preliminary results confirm a spatial variation in the frequency of the primary Si vibrational resonance within the cracktip region, associated with local stress state, whose magnitude is influenced by environmental conditions during the period of applied static strain. The experimental effort was paired with molecular dynamics (MD) investigations of microcrack evolution in single-crystal Si to furnish additional insight into mechanical contributions to crack elongation. The MD results demonstrate that crack-tip energetics and associated crack elongation velocity and morphology are intimately related to the crack and applied strain orientations with respect to the principal crystallographic axes. The resulting elastic strain energy release rate and the stress-strain response of the Si under these conditions form the basis for preliminary micro-scale peridynamics (PD) simulations of microcrack development under constant applied strain. These efforts will be integrated with the experimental results to further inform the mechanisms contributing to this important degradation mode in Si-based photovoltaics.


Aiming at masonry structure housing, establish the structure reliability evaluation index system. Subsidiary factors index dimensionless processing, the traditional matter-element model is analyzed, and based on this, the article puts forward an improved correlation functions, establish correlation function of the correlation factors of the index layer. Consider the weight coefficients of members,gave the extension index,combining analysis of the structural member reliability and extension comprehensive evaluation of the integral structural reliability, establish the masonry structure housing reliability assessment method framework. And prove the feasibility of this method through engineering examples.


Public textual cyberbullying has become one of the most prevalent issues associated with online safety of young people, particularly on social networks. To address this issue, we argue that the boundaries of what constitutes public textual cyberbullying needs to be first identified and a corresponding linguistically motivated definition needs to be advanced. Thus, we propose a definition of public textual cyberbullying that contains three necessary and sufficient elements: the personal marker, the dysphemistic element and the cyberbullying link between the previous two elements. Subsequently, we argue that one of the cornerstones in the overall process of mitigating the effects of cyberbullying is the design of a cyberbullying lexical database that specifies what linguistic and cyberbullying specific information is relevant to the detection process. In this vein, we propose a novel cyberbullying lexical database based on the definition of public textual cyberbullying. The overall architecture of our cyberbullying lexical database is determined semantically, and, in order to facilitate cyberbullying detection, the lexical entry encapsulates two new semantic dimensions that are derived from our definition: cyberbullying function and cyberbullying referential domain. In addition, the lexical entry encapsulates other semantic and syntactic information, such as sense and syntactic category, information that, not only aids the process of detection, but also allows us to expand the cyberbullying database using WordNet (Miller, 1993).


My previous piece (Language 78.2.217–20) began an explication of the inner workings of the journal, giving an account of the varied types of contributions considered for publication. As noted there, by far the most important type is the article, to which in the usual case at least half of each issue—and often far more—is devoted. All articles submitted to Language are subjected to a rigorous review process, something I see—as indeed my predecessors have seen—as absolutely crucial to quality control, to guarantee that only articles exhibiting the very best scholarship and research in linguistics are published in the pages of this journal. In this column and the next, I provide a demystification, so to speak, of this review process and give an in-depth look at what's inside the black box of a submission to Language. I discuss here what is done with new submissions; the question of resubmissions is taken up in the next installment. First, the paper arrives at the Language Editorial Office (n.b. it should NOT be sent to my departmental office; that only delays our handling of the paper) in four copies together with an abstract. If there is no abstract or if there are fewer than four copies, we typically contact the author and do not consider the paper officially submitted until we get that. Language does not accept electronic submissions at present; this may change but for the moment we require hard copy. The office acknowledges receipt of the paper and the review process proper begins. The first review phase is a decision as to review-worthiness, in which I decide, sometimes with input from the associate editors, if the paper stands a chance in the review process. In some instances, a 'summary dismissal' is appropriate, if, for example, the topic is clearly not within the scope of the journal (perhaps, say, presenting some practical tips for the teaching of subjunctive mood forms in Hindi). I intend to err on the side of including more rather than less at this point, so that if in doubt, I plan to give the paper a chance in the review process. Any problems that might get in the way of the review process are dealt with at this point, for example, if the paper is far too long (as noted in my previous column a long paper might make it difficult to find reviewers since it entails more work, …


HYPER is a high level synthesis system, targeted at numerically intensive applications. By shifting the emphasis from the traditional high level synthesis tasks (such as scheduling and assignment) to the domain of transformations, new venues for high level synthesis are opened. One of the most exciting among them, with potentially the largest impact on the quality of the design, is design and selection of the algorithms for a given application. After a brief overview of the HYPER system, the authors concentrate on the exploration of the algorithmic design space. They show how HYPER can improve the performance or cost of real life applications with orders of magnitude by guiding and conducting a proper algorithmic design selection process.<<ETX>>


Abstract: There is a growing sense that if the EU is to avoid disintegration, it needs a constitutional renewal. However, a reform negotiated between executives will hardly revitalise the European project. In light of this, commentators have suggested that the EU needs a democratic refounding on popular initiative. But that is easier said than done. Shaping the EU has been an elite enterprise for decades and it is hard to imagine how things could be otherwise. In this article, I map four public narratives of constituent power in the EU to sketch out potential alternatives. Political actors increasingly call into question the conventional role of the states as the 'masters of the treaties' and construct alternative stories as to who should be in charge of EU constitutional politics, how the respective subject came to find itself in that position, and how it should invoke its founding authority in the future. These public narratives represent a promising starting point for a normative theory that outlines a viable and justifiable path for transforming the EU in a bottom-up mode.


Among the many theories of myth and many theories of ritual, the myth and ritual theory is distinctive in connecting myths to rituals. The myth and ritual, or myth-ritualist, theory maintains that myths and rituals operate together. The theory claims not that myths and rituals happen to go hand in hand but that they must. In its most uncompromising form, the theory contends that myths and rituals cannot exist without each other. In a milder form, the theory asserts that myths and rituals originally exist together but may subsequently go their separate ways. In a still milder form of the theory, myths and rituals can arise separately but subsequently coalesce.


During the last part of this decade, the Internet has exerted a major influence on the business environment. To compete effectively, more and more companies use the Internet in their daily busi ...


In this paper we have investigated the Burstein-Moss shift in quantum wires and dots of III-V and II-VI materials on the basis of Kane and Hopfield models for the appropriate carrier dispersion laws. It is found taking Hg 1−x Cd x Te, In 1−x Ga x As y P 1−y lattice matched to InP and CdS as examples that the Burstein-Moss shift exhibits oscillatory dependences for quantum wires and dots of the said materials with respect to doping and film thickness respectively. Besides, the numerical value of the same shift is greatest in quantum dots and least in quantum wires. In addition, the theoretical analysis is in agreement with the experimental datas as given elsewhere.


It is increasingly clear that Sciencetechnology is the first producti vity in 21st century.Sciencetechnology resources is becoming the focus that be scrabbled by every country or region. That one region allocates Sciencetechnolo gy resources logically is one of the reasons to form regional feature and the dr ives to facilitate the development of regional economy. This paper discusses the connotation of Sciencetechnology resource allocation firstly. On the basis of analyzing the status quo and problems of Suzhou Sciencetechnology resources all ocation the writer poses some countermeasures to.allocate the Sciencetechnology resources in Suzhou.


The expansion of the Al Khaleej sugar refinery in Dubai necessitated the redesign of the melter station. This paper reports on the design and operation of a novel low temperature and low retention melter commissioned in April 2001. A simple mathematical model based on material and heat balances was developed to predict the performance of the melter. Several process flows were modified to achieve better process and energy efficiencies. Details of the stirrer design, recycle arrangement, screening and, most significantly, the use of two direct contact heaters in series, are discussed. Solutions to design and operating problems are also described.


Abstract : Samples of 5.56mm bullets, copper coated and lead cored, representing two production lots (lots A and B), were analyzed. The purpose of the analysis was to ascertain metallurgical properties and characteristics of each lot which relate to quality and possibly to method of manufacture. The testing procedures included chemical, metallographical, electron micro-probe and hardness analyses. The results indicated that the electroplating quality of Lot B was superior to that of Lot A, especially with respect to adhesion and strength of coating. The electroplating techniques used in the manufacture of each lot were different as evidenced by Lot A having one continuous layer of copper and Lot B having a banded structure of three distinct layers of copper. Although the lead-antimony substrates of each lot were very similar chemically, it was demonstrated from the relative differences in hardness and hardness patterns that bullets of Lot B underwent more work-hardening than those of Lot A.


The present invention provides a system and method for self-organized inter-cell interference coordination type. The present invention provides a method for operating a controller, comprising receiving at the controller a signal power measurement to determine the interference power measurement based on the signal level, generating relation information based on the interference level, and the information based on the relationship determining the frequency of the communication controller is controlled by the controller multiplexing mode.


Many applications in real life need to reduce the dimensionality of high-dimensional data and retain its original features as much as possible, so as to facilitate the processing of data. RPCA is such a method, which can reduce the dimensionality of data even in the face of large amount of sparse noise, and is widely used in practical problems such as foreground and background separation of video and image noise reduction. For the RPCA problem, the essence is to separate the matrix into a low-rank matrix and a sparse matrix under the optimality criterion. And in order to constrain the low-rankness and sparsity of the matrix, the convex approximation parameterization of the two types of matrices will be chosen separately, and the optimization algorithms are different for different parameterizations. In this paper, the soft threshold iterative algorithm is used to calculate the sparse matrix, while three different algorithms, namely, the fastest descent method, Newton's method and simplified Newton's method, are used to solve the low-rank matrix, and finally, the time efficiency and algorithm loss of the three algorithms combined with the soft threshold iterative algorithm are compared. Through the three numerical experiments, the time efficiency of the Newton-soft threshold iteration algorithm(N-STI) is improved by 87.59% and 72.59% on average compared to Gradient descent-soft threshold iteration algorithm(GD-STI) and the simplified Newton-soft threshold iteration algorithm(SN-STI) respectively, when the data size is taken from to . It can be concluded that the convergence and time efficiency of the N-STI are better than the other two types of algorithms, and the N-STI is similar to GD-STI and both are better than the SN-STI in terms of algorithmic loss. In addition, for the practical application capability of the three algorithms, this paper simulates the foreground and background separation and image noise reduction respectively. In the foreground and background separation experiment with 510 frames, the time efficiency of N-STI is improved by 93.12% and 88.84% compared with GD-STI and SN-STI, respectively. In the image noise reduction experiment, the time efficiency of N-STI is improved by 42.05% and 22.12% compared with GD-STI and SN-STI. And it's concluded that the effect of the N-STI is better than the GD-STI and the SN-STI, both in terms of separation effect and time efficiency.


A clinical study was conducted to see the scope of homoeopathic anti-miasmatic remedies in the cases of dysmenorrhoea along with the predominant miasm existing in the clinical condition. The most suitable anti-miasmatic remedy was prescribed in each case. In the modern era every individual has a promising role to play in the economy and basic structure of a country. Women being an important part although working hard but because of the pain and discomfort during the monthly menstrual cycle, are not able to perform well. There are various reports regarding this which show that about 90% of woman of child bearing age are affected by dysmenorrhoea. In order to overcome this, they take various medicines which have a negative impact in future. Therefore, homeopathy has a promising role to play in the cases of dysmenorrhoea. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-miasmatic remedies in the cases of dysmenorrhoea.


OBJECTIVE
This study analyses the role of ethnicity-based birth weight differences at term (37-42 weeks) between neonates of Roma and non-Roma populations in Hungary, controlling for socio-demographic and biological characteristics of the mothers.

METHODS
A cross-sectional survey among 9,040 mothers coupled with biometric data of the neonates was conducted in 2010. Inclusion criteria were: at term (37-42 weeks gestation) non-pathological pregnancies, and self-reported ethnicity. Birth weight was based on mothers' ethnicity, age, body mass index, education, marital and employment status, poverty level, household amenities, dietary and smoking habits using multiple linear regression.

RESULTS
The mean difference between Roma and non-Roma neonates measured without controlling for possible confounding factors was -288.7 gram (p < 0.001, 95% CI = -313.4-263.9). In the linear regression model Roma neonates weighed on average 69.67 grams less than non-Roma neonates (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 30.51-108.83). The mother's underweight BMI, low education and smoking during pregnancy (p < 0.001), age under 18 years, no amenities of housing and insufficient consumption of fruits and dairy products also significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the neonates' birth weight.

CONCLUSION
Roma ethnicity was independently correlated with lower birth-weight among at term neonates, controlling for known risk factors. Roma ethnicity may serve as a proxy for other unmeasured social or biological factors and should be considered an important covariate for measurement among neonates.


Objective:To investigate the relationship between the cytokine IL-8,IL-10 and the occurrence of and early spontaneous abortion in pregnant women.Methods:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method were used to detect the the levels of IL-8,IL-10 for 5ml maternity blood in 46 cases of threatened abortion and 56 cases inevitable abortion pregnant women,another 53 normal pregnant women were served as controls.Results:The levels of IL-8 regarding abortion group was remarkably higher than the compared groups,IL-10 was remarkably lower than the compared groups,There are a remarkable difference between the two groups(P0.05);The levels of IL-8 and IL-10 for former treatment in successful treatment group of threatened abortion pregnant women were remarkably difference than latter treatment(P0.01);The levels of IL-8 and IL-10 for latter treatment in failed treatment group of threatened abortion pregnant women were no remarkable difference than former treatment(P0.05).Conclusion:Abnormal cytokine IL-8,IL-10 concerning early spontaneous abortion pregnant women.Supposing IL-8 improves early spontaneous abortion to occur,IL-10 would play an important role in maintaining normal pregnancy.


This article attempts to link theoretical scholarship about litigation risk markets with a real-world examination of how such markets actually work in practice. Part I briefly describes the state of academic discourse on litigation finance, noting the questions scholars have asked and answered regarding the feasibility and desirability of a market in litigation risk. Part II then analyzes the practical workings of at least one litigation finance company — describing how an actual market mechanism evolved, what obstacles it faced, and where it fit within broader, albeit nascent, markets. Finally, Part III links the two projects, relying on practical experience to provide answers to the questions scholars have asked and raising new questions scholars had not previously considered.


Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Global Tuberculosis Report 2011 stated the incidence of TB cases reached 8.7 million (1.1 million co-infected with HIV) and 990,000 people died because of TB. Twenty five percent of extrapulmonary TB occurs in cervix, which is 0.1 to 0.65% of all TB cases, and 5-24% of TB in urogenital tract. Case: We report the case of a woman, aged 28 years admitted with complaint hematuria since 6 months. With UTI treatment, Patient didn't get improved. Gynecology examination within normal limit. The results of cervical biopsy were granulomatous chronic inflammation with suppuratif inflammatory process. Patient were diagnose with cervical TB. Patiens also complaint chronic cough with decrease of appetite and night sweating. Chest x-ray showed Lung TB with thickening of upper left pleural. AFB sputum examination with positive result, patient diagnosed with Lung TB. Patient got therapy ATD first chategory and after 2 weeks of therapy patient showed clinical improvement. Conclusion: Cervical TB is more common in women of childbearing age between 20-40 years. In this case, the possibility of Cervical TB occurs because through hematogenous dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis.


This multi-method study examined perspectives on mindfulness and coping strategies used by trauma-exposed women experiencing homelessness (WEH), residing in a state-funded residential drug treatment site in Southern California (United States). Questionnaires and in-depth focus group interviews were utilized to examine traumatic experiences over the lifespan, probable-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and coping strategies. Mindfulness was explored as a potential way to improve coping; potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) with trauma-exposed WEH were also investigated. A Community Advisory Board (CAB) was formed to identify key issues experienced by WEH and to develop a semi structured interview guide (SSIG). Using the SSIG, women participated in one of four focus groups (total N=28; n=7 per group). Quantitative data on demographic indicators, probable-PTSD, and trauma exposure were collected. Over 90% of women met criteria for probable-PTSD; trauma exposure was exceedingly high; most women had experienced multiple traumas throughout their lives. Four main themes emerged from qualitative analyses, which drew from Grounded Theory and used open, selective, and axial coding: 1) ways of coping with trauma; 2) perspectives on mindfulness; 3) prior experiences with mindfulness; and 4) challenges for conducting a mindfulness program. Overall, WEH used a variety of coping techniques to deal with their trauma, had some familiarity with mindfulness, and were optimistic an MBI would be helpful, despite identifying several challenges to implementation. MBIs may be helpful adjuncts to traditional care for trauma-exposed, WEH, recovering from substance use disorder. Population-specific considerations may improve implementation and participation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining if the Integrated Statewide Administrative System (ISAS) will provide the required functionality for the agencies implementing the system; determining if ISAS includes sufficient controls to ensure the accuracy of data input, output, and processing; and evaluating key project management controls and project planning to help ensure the successful implementation of ISAS at the participating agencies.


The number of English as a Second Language (ESL) students entering American colleges and universities today is approximately twice as many as was projected for the I 990s. In actuality, more than a million people entered annually (National Center for Education Statistics, 1993). Many of these students are mainstreamed into academic content courses while they are still enrolled in ESL courses. The diversity means educators are positioned to help students ease their way into a new language and culture while still retaining their own. Many ESL students feel overwhelmed and frustrated in college classes because they are learning a new language along with new and complex concepts. They are expected to perform at the level of native speakers even though their proficiency in the English language is quite often inadequate for the task. The current study demonstrates the benefit of pairing a speech class with a content area course, e.g., psychology, as a method to improve English language listening and speaking skills. Introduction Colleges and universities in the United States traditionally enroll large numbers of students from non-English speaking backgrounds. The high percentage of linguistically mixed students places greater demands on education. Therefore, it is imperative that professors develop the necessary skills and commitment to help English language learners (ELL) comprehend academic discourse (Carrasquillo & Rodriguez, 1996; Pally, 2000; Schmitt & Carter, 2000; Snow & Brinton, 1984, 1988,1997; Wesche & Ready, 1985). International students' difficulties understanding lectures in English are sometimes attributed to lack of familiarity with rhetorical structure rather than sentence-level misinterpretation, even when language proficiency seems adequate (Mason, 1994). Researchers observe that unsuccessful students fail to notice how the details of a lecture fit together as points in an argument (Burger, S., Chretien, M., Gingras, M., Hauptman, P., & Migneron, M., 1984). Murphy (1996) suggests that basing an English-for-academic-purposes syllabus on sustained-content teaching provides important opportunities to practice "comprehending-to-learn academic content material ... as distinct from instruction in learning-to-comprehend" (p. 109). Murphy further notes that live delivery of academic lectures favors interaction and thus simulates the type of give-and-take discourse that international students struggle with in college and university settings. Effective instructional practices for ELL require educators to know the principles of second language (L2) acquisition, students' cultural backgrounds and experiences and the politics of diversity. Research on English as a second language (ESL) demonstrates the effects of social organization in the classroom on second language development and the critical role the instructor plays in constructing opportunities for learning (Carrasquillo & Rodriguez, 1996; Enright & McCloskey, 1985; Wong Fillmore, 1985). In order for international students to succeed academically, they need additional practice with course content. Such practice will, at the same time, help them improve their English language listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. Pairing a speech class (an ESL class that emphasizes aural and oral production) with a content area (in this case, a psychology course) offers the students an ideal situation. Sustained content presents opportunity for incidental vocabulary learning because it provides multiple exposures to words in a single domain (Schmitt & Carter, 2000). Content specific vocabulary favors incidental learning as students repeatedly encounter words and gradually develop a sense of word meaning and use. Although both academic and content-specific vocabulary have frequency within sustained content texts, only content-specific vocabulary possesses salience. The present article summarizes findings of an English as a Second Language (ESW study. …