By hot water extraction method,we extracted the protein hydrolysate of tilapia wastes,which is used as a nitrogen source for L-lactic acid fermentation.Compared with yeast extract,we studied the growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus,Streptococcus thermophilus and L.rhamnosus in fermentation medium of hydrolysate of tilapia wastes,and observed the yield of L-lactic acid.Results show that the 3 lactic acid bacteria grow better in 2 fermentation mediums and pH decreases obviously.The production of L-lactic acid varies with different lactic acid bacteria.The net yield of L-lactic acid is 3.38 g·L-1 after 10 h fermentation with L.rhamnosus in the fermentation medium of hydrolysate of tilapia wastes.The yield is considerable to that of the yeast extract.Therefore,the hydrolysate of tilapia wastes can be a substitute for yeast extract and is a low-cost nitrogen source for the yield of L-lactic acid.


Brain slice preparations are well-established models for a wide spectrum of in vitro investigations in the neuroscience discipline. However, these investigations are limited to acute preparations or thin organotypic culture preparations due to the lack of a successful method that allows culturing of thick organotypic brain slices. Thick brain slice cultures suffer necrosis due to ischemia deep in the tissue resulting from a destroyed circulatory system and subsequent diffusion-limited supply of nutrients and oxygen. Although thin organotypic brain slice cultures can be successfully cultured using a well-established roller-tube method (a monolayer organotypic culture) (Gahwiler B H. Organotypic monolayer cultures of nervous tissue. J Neurosci Methods. 1981; 4: 329–342) or a membrane-insert method (up to 1–4 cell layers, <150 m) (Stoppini L, Buchs PA, Muller D. A simple method for organotypic cultures of neural tissue. J Neurosci Methods 1991; 37: 173–182), these methods fail to support thick tissue preparations. A few perfusion methods (using submerged or interface/microfluidic chambers) have been reported to enhance the longevity (up to few hours) of acute slice preparations (up to 600 m thick) (Hass HL, Schaerer B, Vosmansky M. A simple perfusion chamber for study of nervous tissue slices in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 1979; 1: 323–325; Nicoll RA, Alger BE. A simple chamber for recording from submerged brain slices. J Neurosci Methods 1981; 4: 153–156; Passeraub PA, Almeida AC, Thakor NV. Design, microfabrication and characterization of a microfluidic chamber for the perfusion of brain tissue slices. J Biomed Dev 2003; 5: 147–155). Here, we report a unique interstitial microfluidic perfusion technique to culture thick (700 m) organotypic brain slices. The design of the custom-made microperfusion chamber facilitates laminar, interstitial perfusion of oxygenated nutrient medium throughout the tissue thickness with concomitant removal of depleted medium and catabolites. We examined the utility of this perfusion method to enhance the viability of the thick organotypic brain slice cultures after 2 days and 5 days in vitro (DIV). We investigated the range of amenable flow rates that enhance the viability of 700 m thick organotypic brain slices compared to the unperfused control cultures. Our perfusion method allows up to 84.6% viability (p < 0.01) and up to 700 m thickness, even after 5 DIV. Our results also confirm that these cultures are functionally active and have their in vivo cyto-architecture preserved. Prolonged viability of thick organotypic brain slice cultures will benefit scientists investigating network properties of intact organotypic liabl neuronal networks in a re


The reaction of LH3 with Ni(ClO4)(2).6H 2O and lanthanide salts in a 2:2:1 ratio in the presence of triethylamine leads to the formation of the trinuclear complexes [L2Ni2Ln][ClO4] (Ln=La (2), Ce (3), Pr (4), Nd (5), Sm (6), Eu (7), Gd (8), Tb (9), Dy (10), Ho (11) and Er (12) and L: (S)P[N(Me)NCH-C6H3-2-O-3-OMe]3). The cationic portion of these complexes consists of three metal ions that are arranged in a linear manner. The two terminal nickel(II) ions are coordinated by imino and phenolate oxygen atoms (3N, 3O), whereas the central lanthanide ion is bound to the phenolate and methoxy oxygen atoms (12O). The Ni-Ni separations in these complexes range from 6.84 to 6.48 A. The Ni-Ni, Ni-Ln and Ln-O phenolate bond distances in 2-12 show a gradual reduction proceeding from 2 to 12 in accordance with lanthanide contraction. Whereas all of the compounds (2-12) are paramagnetic systems, 8 displays a remarkable ST=(11)/2 ground state induced by an intramolecular Ni. . .Gd ferromagnetic interaction, and 10 is a new mixed metal 3d/4f single-molecule magnet generated by the high-spin ground state of the complex and the magnetic anisotropy brought by the dysprosium(III) metal ion.


In-person attendance enables holistic sexual health care including comprehensive sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening, renal monitoring, vaccination, and other risk reduction strategies. Rather than a sole focus on digital, we need to scale up PrEP coverage and engage a wider range of people with all HIV prevention tools to achieve HIV transmission elimination.89 Digital services play a key part in providing choice for people accessing PrEP but a degree of health and digital literacy are needed to use an online system safely.


Sheetfed Offset Printers experience large Rapida 164 3 WSQF: Rapida 145 boosts folding box production 6 Interview: KBA ColdFoil Infigo SF110 8 High-quality label printing in France 11 Rapida 145-8-SW4 at Himmer in Augsburg 12 High tech in northern Bavaria 14 Amcor: 35m of cutting-edge printing technology 16 UV inert drying with the AirTronic Drum 18 Smurfit Kappa Interbox: new job for old Rapida 20 France: two premieres at Martinenq 21 USA: two new Rapida 145s 23 Winston Packaging: Rapida for 100th birthday 24 Complete Solutions: KBA workflow in Asia 25 KBA expands portfolio for packaging printers 26


The effects of operating parameters such as feed temperature and permeate-side pressure on the performance of a commercial PVA membrane in the dehydration of toluene by a pervaporation (PV) membrane system is studied in the present work. The results obtained indicate that increasing temperature in the range of 40 to 70 °C and reducing permeate pressure in the range of 1 to 10 mmHg increase membrane flux and selectivity, which consequently leads to the considerable modification of membrane performance in the reduction of water content of the feed.


Objective: This study aimed to compare the radiographic measurement in the previous and post operative period. Methods: In this prospective study, the surgical treatment on 43 patients, 52 feet, suffering from hallux valgus with moderate and severe deformity, were evaluated. Results: All the patients were treated using the same technique of distal softtissue reconstruction, with of proximal opening-wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal. Conclusion: The wedge addition osteotomy in the base of the first metatarsal promoted the length increasing of the first metatarsal comparing with the second metatarsal, in most of the feet.


The limited understanding of the stochastic way in which polycrystalline materials deform, damage, and fail prevents accurate prediction of their performance. Understanding how these processes occur allows for prediction of their response in service and can ultimately lead to the design of new, more failure resistant materials. Characterization of these processes can be difficult, particularly within the dynamic strain rate regime, due to limitations in experimental platforms, in-situ diagnostics, and our understanding of path dependent processes. In this talk, current studies to investigate dynamic damage evolution in bulk metals will be discussed. Through the use of novel wave shock wave shaping experiments and combinations of dynamic test platforms (gas guns, laser shock and direct high explosive drive), the kinetic and spatial effects on dynamic damage can be examined. Soft recovery of these specimens enables post mortem characterization. In this way, relationships can be established between initial microstructures, stress state, strain rate, and evolving damage. Quantification of these relationships is necessary to advance the physics of damage models and therefore enhance predictive capability.


The neurokinin-III receptor (NK3R) was recently shown to regulate action potential duration (APD) in atrial cardiomyocytes by inhibition of a background potassium current. In the human heart, TASK-1 (hK2P3.1) two-pore-domain potassium channels display atrial-specific expression. Because of their phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent regulation, TASK-1 channels are a promising candidate to mediate APD prolongation via the Gq-coupled neurokinin-III receptor.

 To investigate whether TASK-1 channels mediate neurokinin-III receptor activation induced APD prolongation and to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms.

 Patch clamp measurements were performed in atrial cardiomyocytes isolated from patients with atrial fibrillation. Xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing hTASK-1 and hNK3R were subjected to two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings.

 In Xenopus oocytes heterologously overexpressing hNK3R and hTASK-1 administration of substance P or neurokinin B resulted in TASK-1 current inhibition. This could be reproduced by application of the high affinity neurokinin-III receptor agonist senktide. Moreover, preincubation with the neurokinin-III receptor antagonist osanetant blunted the effect of senktide. Pharmacological experiments and mutagenesis studies could show a protein kinase C (PKC)-independent mechanism of TASK-1 current inhibition: upon NK3R activation TASK-1 channels are blocked via Gq-mediated PLC activation, in a DAG-dependent fashion. Finally, effects of senktide on atrial background currents could be reproduced in human atrial cardiomyocytes isolated from patients with atrial fibrillation.

 Neurokinin-III receptor stimulation suppresses background potassium currents in isolated human atrial cardiomyocytes from patients with atrial fibrillation. Heterologously expressed human TASK-1 channels are inhibited by neurokinin-III receptor activation in a PLC and DAG dependent fashion, suggesting neuropeptides as novel regulators of human atrial TASK-1 currents.
 Central Illustration

 Type of funding source: None


It is not often I come across books that are concerned with two supposedly unrelated prehistoric phenomena, but which still succeeds in capturing my full scholarly attention. From Stonehenge to Mycenae. The Challenges of Archaeological Interpretation by John C. Barrett and Michael J. Boyd is another one of these rare books. It is even a rather tiny piece, with a total of 169 pages of text and 45 illustrations, focused thematically on the knowledge production of European prehistory and the challenges of archaeological interpretation. More specifically, the book addresses 'the archaeology of two regions that were once linked by the diffusionist narratives that Colin Renfrew recognized as no longer being viable' and the two regions are, as indicated by the title, the area surrounding Stonehenge and Aegean during the second and third millenniums BCE. The main challenge of archaeological interpretation that From Stonehenge to Mycenae focuses on is the one emerging from the relation between two types of archaeological evidence. On the one hand, there is that evidence which pertains to mobility in the past, or what was previously referred to as 'diffusion' in archaeology, and on the other hand there is that which pertains to regional continuity in cultural traditions. This general theme is also probably what makes the book itself so alluring, no matter what background the reader has, and the authors do a good job in situating their work within the now well-known research history of processual and postprocessual archaeology. From their view, which it should be mentioned is firmly UK-based (Sheffield and Cambridge), the first important contribution to our knowledge of European prehistory during this period was made by V. G Childe in the late 1950s, when he connected the archaeology of different regions of Europe and Western Asia through diffusionist and rather schematic models. This was the state of the art in European prehistory before the advent of radiocarbon dating, which we know had a tremendous impact on chronologies. The second contribution, in these author's view, was made by Colin Renfrew in the 1970s, when he used results from radiocarbon dating to form a new chronology of early metal production on the European continent, which according to the authors laid the very foundation for the formation of a processual archaeology in European archaeology. Their argument is, in short, that where Childe had explained the emergence of metallurgy in Europe by migrations from Mesopotamia, the Aegean etc., Renfrew on the other hand saw technological developments realized through 'indigenous social and economic forces' (p. 7). Thus, systems theory in processual archaeology, combined with radiometric dating methods, had a profound effect on European prehistory. However, even studies in processual archaeology, and particularly through the application of World Systems modelling, also came to recognize certain 'core' and 'peripheral' geographical regions in Europe during the Bronze Age due to the restricted distribution of artefacts and technologies, which could be observed in the empirical record. These observations reflected to some extent observations made by the cultural historical research paradigm, and thus, long after the works of Childe, there came a renewed focus on supraregional systems of material exchange in the Bronze Age, and the formation of regionally situated political elites (such as Kristiansen and


Democratic countries have their democracy in common, but how democracy works and what it means to the people differ from country to country. The society in which democracy operates is different in each country and each country has its own history of democracy.


Channel Task (CA) has raised as another examination territory because of the rising business arrangements of multi-radio multi-channel remote work organizes today. The single radio single channel design of WMN obliges the limit, transmission capacity and the execution of the system. By sending multi radio multi non covering divert idea in WMN, it settle the limit and data transfer capacity restriction in the work organize, yet any static task of channels to work radios can corrupt the system execution. Then again powerful channel task calculations enhance the execution of WMNs by limiting the impedance. The objective of the channel task techniques must be to limit the obstruction and expanding the system limit, while keeping up the availability in the system. This paper addresses the overall review of Dynamic CA approaches. Right off the bat, the paper endeavors to address key outline issues for the CA. Furthermore, it clarifies the imperative job direct task and obstruction in multi radio WMNs. Finally, order of the CA approaches has been talked about including their qualities, abilities, applications. At long last, the paper endeavors to give a complete outline of six quantities of fascinating powerful channel task calculation with their focal points and constraints.


Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) commonly uses the softmax loss function as the supervision signal. In order to enhance the discriminative power of the deeply learned features, this letter proposes a new supervision signal, called correlation loss, for face verification task. Specifically, the correlation loss encourages the large correlation between the deep feature vectors and their corresponding weight vectors in softmax loss. With the joint supervision of softmax loss and correlation loss, the deep correlation feature learning (DCFL) network can learn the deep features with both the interclass separability and the intraclass compactness, which are highly discriminative for face verification. More importantly, by applying the weight vector of softmax function as the class prototype, the proposed correlation loss function is easy to be optimized during the backpropatation of CNN. Finally, the DCFL method achieves 99.55% and 96.06% face verification accuracy using a 64-layer ResNet on the labeled face in-the-Wild (LFW) and you-tube face (YTF) benchmark, respectively.


The article reports results of a study of beginner-level learners of Zulu in higher education in the UK, focussing on learners' linguistic background, their motivation and reasons for studying Zulu, and their self-assessed progress at the beginning of the second term of teaching. The study shows that participants typically studied Zulu as an additional or L3 language and often had prior knowledge of three or four background languages, including in many cases prior knowledge of an African language. They studied Zulu for personal, academic and professional reasons and their motivation was integrative as well as instrumental. Many expected to use Zulu professionally, in particular for work or study in South Africa. While learners' motivation does not interact significantly with self-assessed progress, the study suggests that both a higher number of background languages, and knowledge of an African language structurally similar to Zulu might have positive effects on self-assessed progress.


Key problems of version support for hypertext systems arise from the fine-grained, heavily interlinked structure of hyperdocuments. Integration of version support aggravates cognitive overhead problems during version creation and disorientation during version selection. Starting from the need to support versioning in our hypermedia publishing environment, we designed the CoVer hypermedia version. server. CoVer maintains context information with the versions that guides version creation and in particular helps in version identification. The key concept is task tracking: Users change their network in order to perform a task. These tasks can guide meaningful, automatic version creation. Being stored persistently as contextual version information they serve version identification. Moreover, CoVer maintains the derivation history of hyperdocuments across document boundaries and tracks the influence of annotations on the creation of new versions and the start-up of new tasks.


A 20-year-old woman presents to her internist because her mother is concerned about her amenorrhea, which has lasted for 5 months; before this, her periods were normal. The patient reports no headaches, hirsutism, change in vision, or medications. On examination, she is 69 inches (175.26 cm) tall and weighs 117 pounds (52.65 kg). Her blood pressure is 96/58 mm Hg, and her heart rate is 46 beats/min. The thyroid gland is normal, there are no signs of virilization, and results of visual field testing are normal. Could This Patient Have Anorexia Nervosa? The clinical diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is often obscured (1). Clinicians must be extremely vigilant for this diagnosis, since patients with mild cases usually seek help for nonspecific symptoms, such as asthenia, dizziness, and a lack of energy (2). Often, family members bring patients to the physician because they are concerned about amenorrhea or substantial weight loss. Patients with anorexia nervosa, in contrast to medically ill patients, are unconcerned about their weight loss; presentation is remarkable for its lack of complaints. Although some patients exhibit obvious indicators, such as potentially unhealthy weight-control practices, such features may be absent (3). Menstrual disorders are among the most common reasons that women seek medical attention (4). Secondary amenorrhea is a symptom, not a diagnosis, and a thorough history and physical examination are required to define its cause (5). Hypothalamic dysfunction and polycystic ovarian disease each account for 30% of cases, pituitary prolactinomas and ovarian failure each account for 15%, and uterine problems account for 5% (6). Since hypothalamic-induced amenorrhea is a universal feature of anorexia nervosa, it should be determined whether the amenorrheic patient has a history of recent moderate to marked weight loss. Other presenting symptoms and signs of anorexia nervosa depend on the disease's severity. Many patients with moderate and severe anorexia have fine lanugo-type hair on the sides of their faces and their arms, brittle nails, thinning hair, sensitivity to cold, abdominal pain, lightheadedness, and fatigue. The patient returns to discuss her blood tests results, all of which are normal. Results of a pregnancy test are negative. Further history reveals that she has lost 25 pounds (11.25 kg) over the previous 6 months, a fact she relishes. Her father's comments about her weight motivated her to begin dieting. The patient lost weight by restricting her caloric intake and does not report purging behaviors. Does This Patient Meet the Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) defines anorexia nervosa as having an intense fear of gaining weight, putting undue emphasis on body shape, having a body weight that is less than 85% of the predicted weight, and missing three consecutive periods (7) (Table 1). Anorexia nervosa is further divided into restricting and purging subtypes. Patients with the more common restricting subtype drastically limit their food intakes, whereas patients with the purging subtype also engage in purging behaviors. In contrast to the bulimic patient, whose appearance is often unremarkable and whose disease may therefore initially go unrecognized in clinical settings (8, 9), the cachectic appearance of the patient with severe anorexia is readily noticeable. Although the differential diagnosis for weight loss is extensive (10, 11), the young age of most patients with anorexia nervosa simplifies the evaluation. Malabsorption and catabolic states can easily be excluded with a careful history and physical examination and judicious laboratory testing, including tests for levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and serum albumin. Table 1. Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is common, with a prevalence of 1% to 2% (12). The yearly incidence has increased to a range of 17 to 20 cases per 100 000 (13). Bulimia is more common (14), and almost half of patients with anorexia eventually develop bulimic symptoms (15, 16). The female-to-male ratio for anorexia is 20:1, and homosexuality may be an associated factor in men (17). Anorexia nervosa is more common in industrialized nations (18, 19) and among white women of higher socioeconomic classes (20). Participation in activities that promote thinness, such as modeling and athletics, and type 1 diabetes mellitus in young women are associated with a higher prevalence of anorexia nervosa (21-24). Other proposed risk factors are perfectionism and negative comments from others about body appearance (25, 26). A recent controlled study suggests that overprotective parenting, linked to unresolved grief about a previous life event, is associated with development of anorexia nervosa (27). In addition, new evidence has established a genetic basis for increased risk (28). Adolescence and its rapid period of physical change are also commonly associated with anorexia nervosa (29), as is depression (30). In addition, young adults who strive for unhealthy weight loss are more likely to engage in other harmful behaviors, such as substance abuse (31). Can Any Diagnostic Tools Help in the Identification of Anorexia Nervosa? Early detection and treatment improve prognosis (32). Questionnaires designed to screen for eating disorders, such as the Eating Attitude Test (EAT), have a variable performance record (33, 34). Recently, a new screening tool, SCOFF, has been developed (35) (Table 2). However, there are concerns about its applicability and reliability (36). Table 2. SCOFF Questions How Does the Clinician Rule Out Bulimia? Diagnostic criteria for bulimia are found in Table 3. Bulimia should be distinguished from anorexia nervosa not by a weight threshold but by the presence of binge eating and purging. Bulimic patients may purge through self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives or diuretics, or excessive exercise. Both bulimic and anorectic patients frequently engage in excessive amounts of exercise. Compulsive exercise training is associated with weight obsession (37). Abnormal eating behaviors are associated with a specific negative attitude toward running independent of the weekly mileage (38); runners experience withdrawal symptoms if they cannot run and are unable to stop running if they are sick or injured. In fact, excessive exercise often precedes the development of the formal eating disorder (39). One other eating disorder that could be considered is the night-eating syndrome, which is characterized by nocturnal binging, daytime anorexia, and insomnia (40) and is distinct from the established disorders of anorexia and bulimia. Table 3. Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia is more common than anorexia, affecting up to 2% to 3% of adult women (41). Bulimic patients who purge through self-induced vomiting may present with sialadenosis, perimylolysis, or symptoms of reflux esophagitis. Persons who abuse laxatives may report abdominal cramping, diarrhea, or rectal bleeding. Laboratory studies are the most useful tool in evaluating bulimia. The specific pattern of serum and urine electrolytes helps to define the mode of purging. Metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia are the most common abnormalities encountered and can be seen in patients who purge through self-induced vomiting or diuretic abuse (42). In contrast, anorectic patients who lose weight exclusively by restricting caloric intake usually have normal electrolyte levels. One week later, the patient has lost 2 pounds (0.9 kg). She denies dizziness, and vital signs are stable. Physical examination is unremarkable. The patient minimizes her obsession with weight loss but admits that she fears gaining weight. Would Additional Laboratory Tests Be Helpful in Diagnosing Anorexia Nervosa? One of the remarkable characteristics of anorexia is the consistent finding of normal results on blood chemistry tests despite extensive weight loss. On occasion, leukopenia and anemia may be present (43, 44), but these conditions invariably resolve with weight gain and have little clinical significance. In addition, hypoglycemia may be found and is indicative of a poor prognosis (45). The presence of hypokalemia or metabolic alkalosis should raise concern that the anorectic patient may be surreptitiously purging through vomiting or diuretic abuse (46, 47). Abnormalities on thyroid function tests are often present in the form of the euthyroid sick syndrome. Serum levels of l-thyroxine are normal to low, as are levels of triiodothyronine. Levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone seem normal, but levels of reverse triiodothyronine (reverse T3) are increased. With resolution of anorexia nervosa, all of these indicators return to normal. The important clinical point is that laboratory values generally remain normal until the very late stages of illness in anorectic patients who restrict their dietary intake; therefore, these values should not in any way independently influence decisions about the necessary intensity of treatment. What Criteria Are Used To Decide on the Appropriate Initial Course of Treatment for a Patient with Anorexia Nervosa? Clinicians must first decide what level of treatment is appropriate. Treatment can range from outpatient care to acute medical or psychiatric hospitalization. However, outpatient treatment is adequate for most patients. Anorexia nervosa can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe on the basis of the combination of the severity of body image distortion, the presence of physical complications, and the percentage of ideal body weight (48). Patients who are within 10% of ideal body weight and have only minimal distortion of body image are considered to have mild cases. Technically, because this degree of weight loss does not qualify as anorexia nervosa, these patients are classified as having a not-otherwise-specified eating disorder. This diagnosis is given to patients who do not meet all of the criteria for anorexia ne


Abstract In this study, three-electrode based electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) devices were used to study the electrical properties of blood and its constituents using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The three-electrode based ECIS devices were fabricated by using micromachining technology with varying sizes for working, reference and counter electrodes. The blood and its constituents such as serum, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) were prepared by conventional methods and stored for impedance measurement using fabricated microdevices. Equivalent circuits for blood, serum, plasma and RBCs were proposed using the software package ZSimpWin to validate the experimental data. The proposed equivalent circuit models of blood and its components have excellent agreement up to a frequency of 1 MHz. It is evident from the experimental results that blood and its components have specific impedance signatures that decrease with the increase of frequency. Blood shows higher impedance than the other samples in the lower frequency range (<50 kHz). It was also found that above 50 kHz, the impedance value of RBCs is nearly the same as whole blood. The impedance of serum and plasma steadily decreases with the increase of frequency up to 100 kHz and flattens out after that. The minimum impedance value achieved for serum and plasma is much less than the value obtained for whole blood.


Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is used to extract an electrical fingerprint of a biological/chemical sample. A sinusoidal test signal, with varying frequency is injected into the sample and the sample's impedance as a function of frequency is registered and fitted to some equivalent electrical model. This provides important insights into the sample's properties and has a wide range of application. EIS is used to diagnose batteries (State-of Health and Stateof-Charge) [1], monitor corrosion [2] and used in medicine as a non-invasive imaging technique [3]. It has been used for bacterial diagnosis in food [4] and can be used to detect inflammation of the mammary glands in cows [5]. One of the major obstacles when implementing EIS is the cost of the analysis instrument which performs the precision measurement of the impedance spectrum [6] and inexpensive, application-specific solutions based on readily available consumer electronics is extensively researched.


Abstract Older women living alone are at risk of being socially and financially disadvantaged, which impacts their wellbeing. Currently there is a significant gap in knowledge relating to older women living alone. This study aimed to identify the barriers and enablers to service access in this group. We undertook a qualitative study comprising semi-structured interviews in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Thematic analysis was conducted to elucidate key themes. Thirty-seven women were interviewed between May and August 2017. Six key themes were identified: financial; mental and emotional health; mobility and ability; transport; social connections; and knowledge. Access issues for older women living alone are multifaceted and interconnected. Barriers and enablers to service access, as well as their intersections with gender and living situation, should be considered in service design and re-design.


The involvement of each of the two sperm cells from a pollen tube in separate fusion events characterizes double fertilization: a process that is illustrated in Figure 1. This process, which initiates the development of both the embryo (via the fusion of sperm and egg) and the endosperm (via the fusion of sperm and central cell), was discovered in angiosperms nearly acentury ago (Nawaschin, 1898; Guignard, 1899; reviewed in Russell, 1992). The application of the transmission electron microscope to the study of flowering plant embryogenesis in the early 1960s by Jensen and coworkers (reviewed in Jensen, 1973, 1974) marked the beginning of great strides that have been made in our understanding of embryogenesis since Maheshwari's (1950) comprehensive review. Jensen and Fisher (1968,1970) confirmed the cellular nature of sperm cells and noted that sperm cells remain connected after their formation from the generative cell division. Jensen (1973,1974) also showed that the two synergids that typically flank the egg are active, functional cells that play a significant role in the fertilization process. More recent studies, also employing transmission electron microscopy but extending its use to the creation of three-dimensional, computer-generated reconstructions, have led to the concept of the male germ unit, which views the sperm cells and vegetative nucleus as a functional assemblage required for normal gamete transport, recognition, and fusion (see below; Dumas et al., 1984; reviewed in Mogensen, 1992). Because the sperms of a pair are dimorphic in some species, it also became apparent that double fertilization may not be a random event, i.e., that each sperm may be preprogrammed for fusion with either the egg or the central cell (Russell, 1985). Although the process of double fertilization offers unique opportunities for studying gamete interactions and control mechanisms, it also presents special problems not encountered in animals and nonangiospermous plants. A major deterrent to physiological, molecular, and experimental studies of embryogenesis in angiosperms has been the inaccessibility of the gametes. During the past few years, however, it has become possible in some angiosperm species to isolate male and female sex cells in large enough quantities to allow for the initial phases of such analyses.


In the field of modern production systems, the process-parallel measurement of time-varying process forces and torques for high-level process monitoring is becoming increasingly important. Commonly utilized methods are based on additional sensors placed close to the working area. Unfortunately, this often leads to a higher complexity and additional costs due to the necessity of external hardware. An alternative approach is to evaluate the already available machine-internal signals of the subordinate drive systems. The process forces act on the load side of the machine axes in the form of disturbance forces and influence the drive-internal signals such as motor current or motor speed. To extract these disturbances, additional superimposed forces (e.g. friction and acceleration forces) and the influence of the feedback control as well as the mechanical system must be considered. Therefore, in the present paper, the application of various observer-based approaches for the estimation of load side disturbances on speed- controlled mechatronic drive systems will be examined. The investigations are performed on a simulation model of a speed-controlled machine axis. After an introduction, three different disturbance observers will be presented. Subsequently, the paper describes the structure of the simulation model including its parameterization based on test rig measurements. Afterwards, the performance of the disturbance observers will be investigated and compared taking selected influencing factors like changing controller and inertia parameters into account. The paper closes with a summary and an outlook.


Abstract This work contributes to the investigation of optimal routing and scheduling policies in multi-class multi-server queueing systems with customer feedback. We propose a new policy, dubbed local policy that requires access to only local queue information. Our new local policy specifies how an idle server chooses the next customer by using the queue length information of not all queues, but only those this server is eligible to serve. To gain useful insights and mathematical tractability, we consider a simple W model with customer feedback, and we establish limit theorems to show that our local policy is asymptotically optimal among all policies that may use the global system information, with the objective of minimizing the cumulative queueing costs measured by convex functions of the queue lengths. Numerical experiments provide convincing engineering confirmations of the effectiveness of our local policy for both W model and a more general non-W model.


One of the key indicators to measure the sustainability and resilience of a city during a public health crisis is how well it can meet the daily needs of its residents. During the COVID-19 lockdown in Shanghai in 2022, e-commerce shopping and delivery became the most important method for ensuring the city's material supplies. This article uses the distribution data of a fresh e-commerce platform's pre-warehouse and static population distribution data to establish a basic material supply system evaluation model for the city and explore its resilience potential. Focusing on the central urban area of Shanghai, this study uses a population heat map with geographic coordinates to reflect the static distribution of residents and obtains the distribution data of the e-commerce pre-warehouses. Using kernel density analysis, the relationship between the pre-warehouses and the residents' needs is established. Through analysis, it was found that the supply capacity of fresh food in different areas of Shanghai during the lockdown could be categorized as insufficient, adequate, or excessive. Based on these three categories, improvement strategies were proposed. Finally, this article suggests establishing a scientific supply security system to promote urban sustainability and prepare for future challenges.


include a clinical style of examination of its ears for ticks, romping with it when it is playful and going running with it when it is bored (p. 39). The counter-examples and objections which rise unbidden to the mind on hearing this list are either not faced or are not dealt with adequately. In fastening on to the word 'objective' and ignoring the literature, there is a danger of straying into other fields, thereby tacitly stretching the meaning of the word to cover one's wider interests. This can be seen to be happening on p. 20 where Deutscher gives examples supposedly of the presence and absence of objectivity. Shipwrecked passengers in a lifeboat set to work to produce a pointlessly detailed inventory of their stores and equipment. This is said to show lack of objectivity. Others amongst them take sensible steps to ensure survival. That, says Deutscher, is objectivity. Neither sounds right, to me. Deutscher's thinking has been influenced by a misleading model, namely that of someone in pursuit of an objective. To be objective is to be in pursuit of an objective. If this were correct, a hound in close pursuit of its quarry the fox would be a picture of objectivity on four legs—which it is not. The 'pursuit of an objective' account of objectivity is never far away, as on p. 221 when Deutscher says 'The objectivity which we must continue to grip is that our certainty arises because of our close and steady and intimate acquaintance with the "object" of our certainty'. Modern methods of printing have resulted in a sudden rash of misprints every now and then, on pp. 21-27, 36, 116 and 208-211; I noticed twenty-seven misprints in all, that is, an average of one misprint every ten pages.


In this work, the soldering of Sn3.5Ag4Ti (Ce,Ga) active alloy filler with SiC substrates in different times was conducted to explore the soldering mechanisms at 250 °C in air. Experiment results showed that the microstructure and element distribution are closely related to the soldering time. A series of experiments were carried out at 250 °C, and the soldering times were set to be 1, 15, 30, 60 min, respectively. Cross-section of the solder joints were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the element distribution were analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Results show that when the soldering time is 60 minutes, the Ti element is segregated at the SiC/SnAgTi interface. By theoretically analyzing the wetting behavior of the active solder at the SiC substrate, it could be inferred that the adsorption of the active element titanium at the SiC/solder interface plays a key role, which reduces the interface energy and drives the molten solder well wetting on the surface of SiC substrates at low temperature. The interfacial behavior of Ti between active solder and SiC substrate has been studied and bonding mechanism has been explored. Our understanding of the wettability of alloy solder on SiC, the diffusion kinetics of Ti element, and soldering mechanism provides the basic knowledge for the development of low temperature active soldering technology.


Previously, a novel parametric reduced‐order model technique for linear systems was developed based on a frequency‐domain formulation and the so‐called modally equivalent perturbed system. The main advantage of the scheme is that it isolates all the perturbed matrices into a forcing term, allowing for a simple and powerful analysis based on the ordinary differential equation with the forcing input. It was shown that when the parameter variation is limited to a finite dimension, it yields exceptionally accurate reduced‐order models for a wide range of parameter values. In this paper, the original method is improved to cover a larger‐dimensional domain and the global domain of the variation by adding higher‐order terms in the formulation. It is shown that when expressed in powers of incremental matrices, the new formula resembles a well‐known series expansion. The improved parametric reduced‐order model is demonstrated for a computational fluid dynamics model of unsteady air flow around a two‐dimensional airfoil in subsonic flows with Mach variation.


Multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) was measured in Ar-saturated water containing 2 mmol dm−3 of a series of alcohols under sonication at a frequency of 410 kHz. The sonoluminescence intensity was weakened in the presence of the alcohols. The effect was emphasized further when an alcohol with a longer alkyl chain was added. The spectral and temporal changes are presumed to be attributable to gaseous products generated by sonochemical decomposition of alcohols. Gas generation, originating from alcohol decomposition, was observed even in the short 2 min sonication. When compared with the case of ethanol addition, larger amounts of gaseous products were generated when long chain 1-hexanol was added. The increase in gaseous product yield indicates that the alcohol decomposition proceeds with the progress of the sonication. The present study evaluated the dependency of MBSL on the hydrophobicity of added alcohol and characteristics of the decomposed gas products, such as solubility to water and specific heat ratio.


Abstract The important role of grain boundaries for the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials has been recognized for many decades. Up to now, the underlying deformation mechanisms at the nano- and micro scale are not understood quantitatively. An overview of the synthesis and subsequent mechanical testing of specific grain boundaries at the micro and sub-micro scale is discussed in the present contribution, including various methods for producing one or multiple specific, crystallographically well-defined grain boundaries. Furthermore, established micromachining methods for isolating and measuring local dislocation-grain boundary interactions are portrayed. Examples of the techniques described are shown with to the aid of copper grain boundaries.


Abstract : This thesis presents a general scheme for implementing Life Cycle Management (LCM) in the Bahrain Defense Force (BDF) and Bahrain Amiri Air Force (BAAF), with special attention paid to LCM issues for the F16 weapon system. The current situation of Bahrain, as well as the history and current challenges facing the BAAF in managing its F16's, are presented. Those challenges are to reduce the Total Ownership Cost (TOC) of the F16 fleet to the bare minimum without disturbing the defensive posture of the BDF and BAAF. The related concepts of LCM, TOC, and Reduction in Total Ownership (R-TOC) are discussed in general, and also in the context of the BAAF F16 force. A feasible method of applying these methods to the BAAF's current situation is then presented in the form of recommended policies, procedures, roles, and responsibilities. Processes and procedures for use by both the BAAF and its suppliers in the management of resources are also recommended. These address all phases of the F16 life cycle (development, deployment operation, maintenance, management and retirement). The advantages associated with developing data and management systems for identification and tracking of the Total Ownership Cost (TOC) of the BAAF F16 are likewise emphasized. They allow management to make effective trade-off decisions regarding the acceptance or rejection of modifications and upgrades. To demonstrate the method, an assessment of BAAF F16 Operations and Support (O&S) costs are also provided, with some of the data being generic and unclassified. Analysis of these data suggests significant cost savings to the BAAF are possible through changes in operational and support procedures, and specifically, through consolidation of support operations, elimination of some functions and consolidation of others.


Lead poisoning is a world-wide problem that can affect children from all geographic communities and socioeconomic levels. Effects of lead poisoning often have long term negative effects on academic achievement and behavior. Lead poisoning is preventable; however, as educators it is often not on our radar. Disciplines Education Comments Presented at the Ontario Council for Exceptional Children's 2015 International Conference in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, on November 13 2015. This conference proceeding is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/education_facpub/36 Lead Poisoning in Children. An International Problem with Long Term Effects Ontario Council for Exceptional Children November 13, 2015 Dr. Susan M. Schultz St. John Fisher College


Abstract Ring-shaped polymer delivering systems (PDS) were made with dimethyl-polysiloxane tubing filled with progestagens that have shown fertility-inhibiting properties by oral administration. PDS were inserted in the vagina by 148 women in 166 experiments accumulating 744 months of observation. Tolerance was good: No side effects nor aggravating action on pre-existing vaginal or cervical infections were observed. Too soft or small PDS were expelled. Release and absorption of progestagen compounds induced modifications in cervical, endometrial and ovarian parameters. Anovulation was demonstrated in two subjects. Changes of PDS weight are related to compound diffusion and moisture influx. Initial and final weight suggest daily average release from 0.5 to 1.0 mg. Contraceptive effect was not satisfactory as compared to oral use. Improvements in polymer and device design are necessary.


Two cultivars of Pennisetum glaucum viz., 7042S and IP18294, highly susceptible and highly resistant to virulent pathotype 1 of S. graminicola, and a virulent pathotype 1 of S. graminicola was used in the present investigation. The commonly available medicinal plants, viz., Cymbopogan citrates, Zingiber officinale, Trigonella corniculata, Cicca acida, Murraya koenigii were grinded with distilled water, acetone, chloroform and methanol at 4 oC and extract was used as inducer of resistance. After preliminary studies like seedling vigor, vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, selected inducer in solvent was used to induce the resistance in plants by seed treatment. In the experimental sets, the histological parameters like host tissue necrosis, quantum of lignin, tannin, suberin and phenolics were tested. The results clearly indicated that the curry leaf extract induced remarkable resistance when compared to other experimental sets. Thus the results of this study contribute to development of a promising method to effectively inoculate the seeds with required inducer of resistance.


type="main" xml:lang="en"> This paper analyses the Tiebout hypothesis in Angola's provinces from 2004 to 2013, using a spatial panel data model. The Tiebout hypothesis, which states that a country's internal migration is dictated by regional public policy, is tested. Angola's internal inter-provincial migration is related to gross domestic product per capita, local public expenditure, unemployment, poverty, population density, the number of public employees in the region, and a NGO for civic education. The results reveal that spatial autocorrelation is a reality in the Angolan context, validating the adoption of a spatial model, and that regional migration is explained by the covariates. The general conclusion is that the Tiebout hypothesis is accepted in the Angolan regions, and that the most important cause of migration is regional poverty. Policy implications are derived and it is concluded that an efficient anti-poverty policy is needed in the Angolan context at regional level in order to decrease internal migration.


In this paper, we consider the numerical approximation for a class of fractional stochastic partial differential equations driven by infinite dimensional fractional Brownian motion with hurst index \begin{document}$ H∈ (\frac{1}{2}, 1) $\end{document} . By using spectral Galerkin method, we analyze the spatial discretization, and we give the temporal discretization by using the piecewise constant, discontinuous Galerkin method and a Laplace transform convolution quadrature. Under some suitable assumptions, we prove the sharp regularity properties and the optimal strong convergence error estimates for both semi-discrete and fully discrete schemes.


I am most obliged to my colleagues for inviting me to give the closing lecture of the Symposium. I assume this choice was made because of my active involvement in the first two symposia on peptides, polypeptides, and proteins: the first, in 1961 in the United States, in Wisconsin,l and the second, in 1974 at Ayelet Hashachar, Israel.2 This week we have heard a number of interesting papers, and the discussion has been enlightening and often stimulating. As an old-timer in this field, I have had the pleasure of following its progress for more than 20 years. Moreover, as President of the State of Israel, I had time during my five years in that office to stand back and survey the achievements of my own group and that of other workers. My own interest in synthetic high-molecular-weight polypeptides, the polyamino acids, started in 1946-1947. While studying biology a t the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus, I became very interested in biopolymers and decided to pursue my doctoral studies under the late Professor Max Frankel, then head of the Department of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry. My late brother was working in that department as a young assistant, and it was a great joy for us to study together and pore through the works of Flory, Mark, Meyer, and others. Both Aharon and I were fascinated by theoretical and practical achievements in polymer chemistry and soon became known as the local experts in the field. This was not difficult because, at that time, no one else in Israel was involved with large molecules. I wanted to choose a thesis topic that would be related to both polymer chemistry and biology, and I concentrated on the synthesis of polymers of amino acids and the study of their properties. I felt sure that these synthetic homopolymers and copolymers would represent simple model compounds that could be useful as tools in the study of native proteins, and hoped to find that under appropriate conditions, some of these polymers would behave as random coils in solution, as polyelectrolytes, or as macromolecules with well-organized three-dimensional structures. I expected to discover that some of the model polyamino acids would show interesting biological properties-that they would be cleaved by enzymes, for example, or show certain antigenic characteristics. My initial attempts to synthesize high-molecular-weight amino acid polymers by the polycondensation of amino acid and peptide esters yielded only peptides with relatively-low-average molecular weights. I therefore


The level of profitability in milk production is dependent on a variety of factors. The first group of internal policies relate to the technological conditions of production, the genetic potential of herd, while others are commercial, external conditions in the business environment. Reduced length of productive life of dairy cattle is associated with significant loss of revenues, profits and thus the production of milk. With longer production life herd structure is changing and increasing the proportion of dairy cows with a higher number of lactations as well as a higher level of production. In situations of earlier culling, the higher rates of replacement increases the costs of raising or purchasing replacement heifers. In milk production, it is important to spot opportunities to increase profitability, evaluate them properly and apply the extension of cow's productive life.


Introduces the distribution situation of solar energy resource,combining the examples summarizes the development situation of solar energy generation(including thermal power generation and photovoltaic power generation).On the basis of this,introduces emphatically the principle,industry foundation of photovoltaic power generation,as well as the situation of photovoltaic power generation in our country.Combining the situation of our country,puts forward the suggestions to quicken the development of photovoltaic industry and its market.


The purpose of this study was to describe students' mistakes in solving story problems on the material of the three-variable linear equation system (SPLTV) based on the Newman procedure to minimize the occurrence of the same errors in the future. The approach used is a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The subjects in this study were 25 students of class X SMAN 14 Bekasi. The test instruments used was 2 items in the description. In this study using errors according to Newman to analyze student errors. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the average error rate of students in answering SPLTV story questions was 34.4% and the remaining 65.6% of students could answer correctly and correctly. Of the two questions given, question number 1 had more percentage of students who made mistakes. There are various kinds of mistakes made by students, based on the error analysis according to Newman, there was a reading error of 0% because none of the students read the questions wrongly, the error in understanding was 30.23% because the students did not write known and asked, the transformation error was equal to 20.93% because the students were not able to transform the questions given into a mathematical form so they could not make mathematical models, 24.42% error in processing skills was due to the lack of students' accuracy in calculating which resulted in errors, and errors in writing the final answer of 24, 42% because the students were incomplete in making conclusions.


When studying heritage artefacts, it is important to understand, communicate and cross-examine indications about how they evolved through time. Changes occurring in the artefact's morphology or functional role, once properly described and distributed in time, can be represented using linear graphics called timelines. Timelines have been, before and within the computer age, a classical and easy to understand visual support enabling the representation of chronologies, with in a number of examples a parallel reading of heterogeneous indications (historical context, cultural context, major dramatic events, etc.). In this paper, we first propose an overview of various types of timelines, applied to the analysis of architectural changes. We then introduce real-case experiments in which timelines are designed not only as a time-distribution representation, but also as information visualisation tools. The experimental set covers over 700 transformations within the urban centre of the city of Krakow. These experiments present the benefits of alternative graphic disposals that allow comparative and analytical readings of indications about artefacts changes, and can ultimately enhance information uncovering.


In this paper, a new technique for on-line multivariable process identification in the frequency domain based on a simple experimental test is presented. Step changes in the controller set point are performed on the process so that the process frequency-response matrix is estimated with signal decomposition and analysis method in the frequency domain, and accurate transform-function matrix is identified as well. The required response data can be obtained while the processes are still in normal closed-loop operation. Simulation example is given to show accuracy of the identification method for multivariable processes.


The present study investigates the effect of magnetic field on the performance of single cylinder four stroke compression ignition engine. The study concentrates on the effect of magnetic field the engine performance parameters such as fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions and on fuel properties like density and calorific value. The magnetic field is applied along the fuel line. The magnetic field is applied with the help of strong permanent magnets of strength 5000 gauss. The experiments are conducted at different engine loading conditions. The exhaust gas emissions such as co, co2, hc and nox are measured by using an exhaust gas analyzer. With the application of magnetic field the percentage reduction in fuel consumption is about 12 %, the percentage reduction in hc and co is about 22% and 7 % respectively. The nox level in engine increases with the application of magnetic field. The percentage increase in nox is about 19%. The effect of magnetic field on percentage increase of co2 emissions from ci engine is about 7 %.


Gravity waves transport momentum and energy from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere, and drive the general circulation, which significantly change the temperature in the middle atmosphere [Fritts and Alexander, 2003]. Understanding this role quantitatively will improve the modern general circulation models. spectral peaks were found over Davis and not over Syowa. We will present comparisons of kinetic energy and propagation direction of gravity waves derived from MF radars, and compare with the results from OH imagers.


The adult higher education development proposed teachers' higher quality,the teachers should have the solid theory foundation, grasp advanced teaching method,especially they should have strong ability to engage in scientific research and carry out the research achievement in teaching. Taking tourism management specialty for example,this paper discussed and practised the teaching method innovation of adult higher education from four aspects:goal teaching,discussion teaching,scene teaching and multimedia teaching.


William L. Jungers is perhaps best known for his work on human evolution and especially Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy") and Homo floresiensis (the "Hobbit"), but Madagascar was his first love, and the place to which he retired (Figure 1). His last professional affiliation was Association Vahatra in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Bill's first edited book (Size and Scaling in Primate Biology) showcased his broad comparative perspective and the statistical savvy with which he approached research on all topics in paleobiology throughout his career. During the mid‐20th century, paleobiology was on a steady journey toward increased parameterization and quantitative rigor, embracing the primary goals of using pattern in the fossil record to deduce evolutionary process and allometric variation to deduce behavior, physiology, and indeed, also, evolutionary process. Bill's book was one of several that focused on allometry, evolution, and the biology of scaling. From the beginning, having completed in 1976 a doctoral dissertation at the University of Michigan on the appendicular skeleton of Megaladapis, one of Madagascar's "giant" lemurs, Madagascar's extinct and extant lemurs were central to Bill's thinking about skeletal allometry. Understanding scaling was not merely a tool to reconstruct the body masses of extinct animals, but to understand how size affects musculoskeletal anatomy in species belonging to different locomotor groups (e.g., climbers, vertical clingers and leapers)—and more than that, how size affects behavior and physiology. But, in good measure, Bill's ability to "read" bones, and from those analyses, to visualize the past, sprang from his expertise beyond biometrics—that is, his knowledge of comparative primate anatomy and biomechanics. Extinct and extant lemurs, with their extraordinary diversity in form and function, accorded him superb subject matter. Thus, when in 2002 he coedited a book on Reconstructing behavior in the primate fossil record with J. Michael Plavcan, Richard Kay, and Carel van Schaik, his own contribution (apart from coauthoring the introductory and concluding chapters) was on "Ecomorphology and behavior of giant extinct lemurs from Madagascar." Throughout his career, his fascination with lemurs never waned. He contributed scores upon scores of publications on extinct and extant lemurs including comprehensive reviews, and the world benefited from his insights. One of Bill's landmark publications was a book coauthored with Steve Goodman (Extinct Madagascar: Picturing the island's past), with spectacular, anatomically accurate, and behaviorally realistic illustrations of Madagascar's late Holocene plant and animal communities. The prehistoric landscapes illustrated in this volume were creations that only skilled anatomists like Bill and Steve could envision, with the help of paleoecologists like one of us (David Burney) who, by looking through microscopes at assemblages of tiny pollen grains sampled from sedimentary deposits, could supply the associated vegetation. Bill was a remarkable person. To honor his memory as a friend and colleague, and to underscore his devotion to the heritage of the people of Madagascar, we offer our individual, personal testimonials (Figure 2).


This study aimed to estimate trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by BMI category among adults in England (n = 115,860).


This paper presents a comparative study of VLSI circuits operated in subthreshold and the impact of matching and hump-effect in a mature 180nm process. Measurement at device level is first presented. Then two circuits have been used to compare such as current reference, and SRAM, ROM are ultimately limited by noise level and mismatch. In this work, CORNER DOPED devices have been fabricated, measured, and finally compared with standard CMOS technology of the same area and a particular emphasis on weak inversion region. The proposed device shows improved gate voltage mismatch in weak inversion with respect to standard CMOS.


Nanofibrous γ-Al 2O 3 with very large pore volume was successfully prepared by precipitation from H 2O 2 and sodium aluminate solutions combined with dispersing and washing the precipitate with ethanol.The effects of ethanol washing and water washing on structure, morphology and texture properties of pseudoboehmite-calcined γ-Al 2O 3 were comparatively studied with XRD, FT-IR,TG-DSC,TEM,BET and mercury porosimeter.The ethanol-processed γ-Al 2O 3 presented fibrous-like texture about 10 nm thick and over 100 nm long whose pore volume and BET surface area could reach about 2.23 ml·g -1 and 222.0 m2·g -1, respectively.However,the secondary particles of the water-processed γ-Al 2O 3 had no regular shape and its as-mentioned texture properties of pore volume and BET surface were only 0.37 ml·g -1 and 162.3 m2·g -1,respectively. CH 3CH 2O—groups on the surface of ethanol-processed pseudoboehmite particles could not only induce fiber formation through hydrogen bonding between the oxide groups and the surface OH—groups, but also inhibit chemical Al—O—Al bonds formation among the adjacent particles and thus hard agglomerate could be prevented.


ment of Dickinson's fascicles as a repudiation of "the male-dominated institutions of publishing," argues that "[t]he refusal of print publication is much more than a gesture of negation . . . ; it opens up alternative modes for the production of poetic meaning" (358). What is clear from this collection is that the converse is true, at least sometimes: In the context of textuality and performance in early America, many forms of publication, including print, opened up alternative modes for the production of meaning—meaning that we continue to discover.


We present an illustrative example of an interactive auditory perception approach performed by a humanoid robot called NICO, the Neuro Inspired COmpanion [1]. The video demonstrates a material classification task in the style of a classic TV game show. NICO and another candidate are supposed to determine the content of small plastic capsules that are visually indistinguishable. Shaking the capsules produces audio signals that range from rattling stones, over tinkling coins to swooshing sand. NICO can perceive and analyze these sounds to determine the material of the capsule's content.


During recent years a strong trend has developed throughout the entire field of public health and sanitation toward the formulation of standards, both in respect to administrative practice and in relation to methods of technical control. In public health administration, -committees thus have been endeavoring to set up standards of organization, budgeting, disease reporting, and efficiency rating. In general sanitation we find numerous examples of a similar tendency, such as the formulation of standards for milk control, for housing and air conditioning, for the sanitation of shellfish areas, and for the quality of public drinking water supplies. In connection with the general problem of waterways sanitation, the question of standards has occupied the thouight of various authorities for many years past. In Great Britain its consideration began as early as 1865, when the first of several legislative acts was passed to permit local authorities to combine to protect watercourses from pollution by sewage. In 1875 these several acts were replaced by the Public Health Act, whiclh was followed by the River Pollution Prevention Acts of 1876 and 1893. Under the former the wellknown Mersey and Ribble and West Riding Rivers Boards were organized. In 1898 the second British Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal was appointed, and the subsequent reports of various invcstigations carried out by this commission have become part of the classic literature of sewage disposal and river sanitation. Although the congestion of industrial population in Great Britain, together with the smallness and shortness of rivers in that country, caused attention to be directed to stream pollution at a somewhat earlier period than in most other countries, the situation in the northeastern section of the United States caused the Massachusetts Board of Health to institute, in 1872, a study of sewage disposal and river pollution in that State. This study led to the notable series of investigations at the Lawrence Experiment Station, with which the names of such pioneer leaders as Drown, Sedgwick, Mills, Fuller, Hazen, Phelps, Clark, and others have been indelibly associated. To these


Risk assessment and management has become a key focus in midwifery practice, in light of failings in maternity care. Whilst studies have explored risk management within healthcare, it has not looked at its impact on normal midwifery practice. To review the literature exploring how risk management principles fit with clinical midwifery. A literature search was undertaken electronically as well as a search by hand. Nine papers were identified as suitable for the literature review. Data was extracted and used to inform the themes. Three themes were identified: midwives being with women; midwives and normality, and increased sensitivity to risk; and organisational risk technologies and blame. There is a mismatch between clinical midwifery culture and risk management. Risk categorisation and increasing risk surveillance clearly have an impact on midwifery practice. However, more research is needed to explore how midwives navigate around these systems.


The cis-dihydrodiol enantiomer preferentially formed, by dioxygenase-catalysed oxidation of 1,4-disubstituted benzene substrates in growing cultures of Pseudomonas putida UV4, is found to be largely controlled by the relative size of the substituents.


We demonstrate a series of high output power single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers based on semi-insulating surface-plasmon waveguide with tapered geometry structure. The taper half-angle is ranging from 0° to 3°. The tapered waveguide effects on the output power and the laser beam quality are experimentally studied. High single longitudinal mode edge-emission peak powers (92.3 mW) are realized. The peak power monolithically increases with the increasing of the taper angle. All distributed feedback (DFB) lasers lased in the temperature range of 70-75 K. The highest brightness is obtained from the 2° laser. Stable single-mode emissions are realized for DFB lasers with the side-mode suppression ratio $\sim 18$ dB.


We want to present the 2023 4th International Conference on World Trade and Economic Development (WTED 2023) held in Hangzhou, China during June 24-25, 2023. This conference was held both on-site and online. In general, there are two sessions, namely plenary and parallel. The plenary session was given to three keynote speakers, which ends with a Q&A session. Parallel session is for authors who present their papers and is carried out in four groups.
As a scientific forum, the WTED 2023 was attended by 97 participants from researcher, scholar, students, teachers, engineers, and practitioners who participate either as presenters or as participants. The main aim of this conference is to share ideas and knowledge and build collaboration with each other. We received many papers that will be selected to be published with the scope of world trade, economic development, and related area. In this volume, we accept a small number of papers for publication after meeting the scope, checking originality, and performing peer review.
We are hoping that this event will become a foothold of thinking in welcoming global developments. The organizing and editorial committee of WTED 2023 hopes you enjoy reading this volume. Besides, we would like to fully respect keynote speakers and all the presenters for providing their valuable contributions for this proceeding and the reviewers for their constructive recommendations to improve the presented articles. We, on behalf of the committee, would like to thank all parties for their participation in supporting this publication.
WTED Organizing Committees
Hangzhou, China


An algorithm is presented for solving mixed-integer linear programs with a staircase structure. The basic idea of the algorithm is to decompose the original problem into a series form of small-scale mixed-integer problems. For each problem decomposed, the solution is obtained by the conventional branch-and-bound method. In this algorithm the feasibility of the solution is always assured, but in order to save computation time the optimality condition is checked restrictedly for the solution obtained. The difference between the optimal objective value and the objective value obtained can be estimated. By examining numerical results, it is observed that the algorithm is efficient, requiring less computation time than other methods.


The  Marxist theory  of  historical materialism  sees human  society  as fundamentally determined at any given time by the material conditions, in other words, the relationships which people have with each other in order to fulfill basic needs such as feeding, clothing, and housing themselves and their families. Overall,  Marx  and  Engels  claimed to have identified six successive stages of the development of these material conditions in  Western Europe . In contrast to many of his followers, Marx made no claim to have produced a master key to  history , but rather considered his work a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe and India as well. As he put it, historical materialism is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself."


- The Direct Torque Control (DTC) is an alternative for (cid:13)ux and torque control of electrical machines, since it combines robustness and simpli-city of implementation. This strategy uses the stator (cid:13)ux vector to control the machine magnetization and the slip frequency to control the eletromagne-tic torque. Moreover, the DTC implementation is relatively independent from the rotor parameters, and can be used without a mechanical speed or position sensor and allows to directly control the vol-tage supplied to the machine without the need of an intermediate current control loop. The speed sen-sorless control for asynchronous machines by using the DTC strategy is proposed in this paper. The rotor speed is estimated by the use of the angular slip frequency and the angular synchronous frequency of the stator (cid:13)ux vector. Results of the simulations and experiments are shown and discussed.


The main aim of these study was to find out the appropriate leadership style that could make teachers to be effective in their job productivity, one hundred and sixty five teachers were used in the study, frequency counts, percentage and chi-square test were used in data analysis, research survey was used as a method  of research and stratified proportionate random sampling as sampling techniques was for for the selection of respondents,  questionnaires comprising  twenty items were developed and administered to samples  staff in some selected public secondary schools  in Taraba state.  It was found out that among the leadership style, democratic style contribute more to teachers job productivity than autocratic style as can be seen in rated items. Base on the findings, the following recommendations were made, that democratic leadership style should be emphasize by principals in the administration of schools, seminars and workshops should be conducted for teachers to update their knowledge.


This paper proposes that the church cannot be edified without taking cognizance of the role and function of liturgy. Whilst liturgical experimentation seems to be the rule of the day, a plea is made for responsible liturgical renewal that does not follow the opportunism of fashionable liturgical cosmetics. This entails a deepened understanding of the liminality of liturgy, especially in this time of transition in South Africa. Some key concepts of a liminal liturgy are expanded on, namely lament, re-framing and anticipation. 1. BEWARE: YOU ARE NOW ENTERING THE LIMINAL ZONE In his important book about preaching, Ek is die verskil, Malan Nel (2001: 5) starts out by proposing that preaching is basic and central in the building up of a congregation. By this he does not mean that preaching alone can build up the people of God to be and to do what He intended them to, but that this can indeed also not happen without preaching. On the basis of thirty years of research in, and observation of, the church he contends that preaching (and by implication the liturgy) plays a paramount role in the formation and motivation of communities of faith, moving them in the direction that God has in mind for them as his people in a given context. If we intend to build up the church to fulfil her calling, especially in this time of transition in South Africa, we need to revisit our understanding and practices of liturgy. It would seem as if we are presently going through a phase of homiletical and liturgical experimentation as never before, with a tendency to develop in (superficial) width, but not in (theological) depth (cf. Cilliers 2007a: 54). There seems to be a fine line between responsible renewal, following the calling of ecclesia semper reformanda, and the opportunism of fashionable liturgical cosmetics, which Leonora Tubs Tisdale calls the movement from saying "Holy, Holy, Holy", to saying "nice, nice, nice" (Tisdale 2001: 1 Associate Professor in Homiletics and Liturgy at the Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. 2 Ek is die verskil. Die invloed van persoonlikheid in die prediking. Bloemfontein: CLF. 2001.


The purpose of this article is to present ethical reflections on public management that orient citizens in the search for ideal solutions that benefit socie...


Architecture has an ancient relationship to mathematics, and symmetry—in the broad sense of the term—is a core topic of both. Yet the contemporary application of theories of symmetry to architecture and built environments is a surprisingly immature area of research. At the same time, research is showing a divergence between the benefits of and preferences for natural environments on the one hand, and built environments on the other, demonstrating relatively deleterious effects of many contemporary built environments. Yet the research cannot yet pinpoint the actual geometric factors of architecture and urbanism that could produce such an important divergence. This paper explores this research gap, surveying the literature across a range of fields, and assessing current evidence for the impacts of symmetry in the built environment upon human perception and well-being. As an emerging case study, it considers the recent work by Christopher Alexander and Nikos Salingaros, two trained mathematicians who have made notable contributions to architecture and urbanism. The conclusion proposes a new research agenda toward further development of this immature subject area.


Optimum experimental conditions are predicted for the maximum production rate of D‐ or L‐alanine, purified to a 99% purity from a racemic mixture of their N‐benzoyl derivatives by preparative chromatography on ionically immobilized bovine serum albumin. The experimental production rates and recovery yields measured under these conditions are in excellent agreement with the calculated values. These results validate the approach used for optimization of preparative liquid chromatography.


The working principle and practical application of RTK technique were introduced in this paper. Through the construction case, its technique characteristics and working environment demands and the key points were carried out. And the surveying results by RTK were tested and analyzed by means of experimental data.


Background: Nursing process used in clinical practice worldwide to deliver quality individualized care to patients and lack of its application can reduce the quality of care. Nursing Process is a systematic problem-solving approach used to identify, prevent and treat actual or potential health problems and promote wellness. It has five steps- assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Applying nursing process requires understanding of factors affecting its implementation from the perspective of nurses. Nursing process implementation could be highly influenced by different factors that can lead to poor quality of nursing care, disorganization of the service, conflicting roles, medication error, poor diseases prognosis, readmission, dissatisfaction with the care provided, and increased mortality. These problems are manageable if a nurse can properly implement nursing process. Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess factors affecting implementation of nursing process among nurses in governmental hospitals of Arsi Zone. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to conduct on governmental hospitals in Arsi Zone from December- June 2016. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. All governmental hospitals in Arsi Zone was used since they were convenient for the study. Numbers of the participants were small, so all those who full fill inclusion criteria were participant in the study. Tools were given to nurse out of the study to check for its validity and adjustment was made according to the feedback obtained before actual data collection. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interview. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 version. Result: Findings revealed that organizational factors have the highest predictive value in the use of nursing process, followed by practice related factors. Conclusion and Recommendation: The result concluded that the organizational factors have the most important influence on the use of nursing process. It is recommended that the organization should fulfill needed materials which are necessary to provide nursing care. This will enhance nurses' ability to use nursing process to improve the quality of patient's care.


The basic problem of the broiler industry is that of fluctuating prices, mainly thanks to unstable supply of and inelastic demand for products as usually indicated as a peculiarity of agricultural commodities. This particularly brings the producer to a great economic risk, because he has to sell products under the condition of pure competition, whereas others from whom he has to buy deal under the condition of oligopoly or even monopoly. Therefore, producers economic position is generally placed in the worst comparing others dealing with, which results in unbalanced economic status of elements involved in broiler operation and further obstruction of industry development as a whole. A certain type of business coordination to overcome such a problem should be measured in order to improve the efficiency of entire operation and thus assure the balanced industry development. The concept of the economic integration developed in modern business system had been adapted to U.S. poultry industry, which became common later around the world as a means of stabilizing producers' price and whole industry as well. There are two main types of integration; horizontal and vertical. The former refers to the general grouping of similar business units, eg. a hatchery tying with other hatchery, while the latter refers to the knitting together of two or more stages of economic activities, eg. tying together among units of hatching, feed milling, production, processing and marketing. By having the industry integrated, risk and uncertainty involved in various stages of operation could be diversified. The type of integrating contract between producers and integrators include the share of profits, flat fee payment, feed conversion payment and salary basis. In the U.S., extensive changes in production, processing, and marketing during the last few decades have changed the chicken broiler industry from one of small, widely scattered farms to one that is large, concentrated and efficient. More than 99 percent of all broilers produced are grown under contract and by integrated firms which vary in size of operation and complexity. About 84 percent of all production is concentrated in 10 States. Some of the other factors that contributed to these changes are costs, energy use, prices, processing, marketing and demand. No integrated broiler production system has yet been applied in Korea's poultry industry, thus all stages all broiler operation run independently seeking for its own profit. Consequently, producers' price fluctuate very widely around the year even more than 50 percent in a few months. This also leads to disadvantages of material supplies, processors and distributors and enforce the industry unstable. The current economic environment in Korea seems that the time for broiler integration comes and as an ideal integrator, feed millers, food processors and producers group may be considered.


We propose a novel approach for semantics retrieval from images in multimedia databases. In our approach, we use color-texture classification to generate the codebook which is used to segment images into regions. The content of a region describes the lower-level features of the region, including color and texture. The context of regions in an image describes their relationships in the image. The content and context of image regions provide a way for semantics retrieval. On top of semantics retrieval, high-level (semanticsbased) querying and query-by-example are supported. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms the traditional CBIR approaches.


overlooked 'Strange Farmer' (seasonal migrant worker) phenomenon. Chapters  and  by Perfect and Hughes, and Jeng, respectively, examine elections since  and constitutional law making. Jeng arrives at the conclusion that the  Constitution represents a 'constitutional tragedy, the substitution of hope with despair' (p. ). In Chapter  Saine and Ceesay talk about post-coup politics and authoritarianism since the bloodless coup of  up to the parliamentary elections of , providing a clear argument and critical analysis of the entire process of 'de-transitioning' (p. ). Part II focuses on political economy and external relations, and we learn a great deal about trade unions in the Gambia in terms of external relations. However, perhaps more could have been exposed from a more global perspective, in particular the delicate relationship between the Gambia and China. Within the pan-African political realm the July  African Union Summit and its consequences for The Gambia, for example, is also a major issue of scientific investigation. Chapter  by Senghor about the experiment of Senegambian integration attempts, however, offers a list of relevant 'pointers', which can be useful for other regional integration schemes across the continent (p. ). Chapter  by Evans and Ray centres on the Casamance conflict in a very well-written essay. Part III collects seven intriguing socio-political and literary discussions addressing the politics of HIV treatment (Chapter  by Cassidy), the education landscape (Chapter  by Gajigo), Gambian fiction (Chapter  by Barry), the 'dialectics of social change and continuity' via joking relations (Chapter  by Davidheiser), contemporary gender relations (Chapter  by Chant and Touray), mangrove ecosystems and female oyster-collectors, together with their harvesting and marketing practices (Chapter  by Carney, Crow and H. Ceesay), and community-based policing (Chapter  by Perrott). A recurring element of the authors' approach is their (sometimes rather harsh) critical voice about the incumbent president, his clientele and the prevailing order – as Nyang says in his Postscript, 'the tone is at times confrontational but it seeks [. . .] 'to speak truth to power'' (p. ). In sum, the editors sophisticatedly leave the readers with the desire to read more such fine essays about contemporary Gambian issues. We know that a second collection is underway, which hopefully will be a proper continuation of the first volume in academic criticism, in-depth analysis and well-documented narratives covering some other important groups of topics that matter in the Gambia of today.


Case studies in three different healthcare settings were carried out to investigate the extent to which a User Centered Design approach (UCD) increases applicability and acceptance of telecare applications. These settings concerned (a) supervisory tasks, (b) domestic support for the disabled, and (c) remote healthcare diagnostics. The qualitative results of all studies were translatable into a direct positive effect on the Performance Expectancy and Effort Expectancy constructs of the UTAUT model, thereby increasing the acceptance of the application by the user. A relationship between a UCD approach and increased acceptance is shown. Better substantiation of these results is subject of on-going research.


Based on two experiments on floating ring bearing before and after floating ring thickness re-duction,the effect of thickness variation of floating ring on whirl and stability was studied.The variance of floating ring transformation thickness caused changes in the force of oil whirl.In the process of speed up,the stability of the thick floating bearing was better than the thin one;in the process of high speed steady-state,the stability was similar.In the process of deceleration,the stability of the thick floating bearing is worse than the thin one.The experiments showed that the whirl ratios of outer and inner oil film in floating ring bearings approached respectively 0.5 and 0.3 in squeezing vibration.


In classical demographic theory, the age structure of a population eventually stabilizes, and the population as a whole grows at a geometric rate. It is possible to prove stochastic analogues of these results if vital rates fluctuate according to a stationary stochastic process. The approach taken here is to study the action of random matrix products on random vectors. This permits the application of Hilbert's projective metric and leads to considerable simplification of the ergodic and central limit theory of population growth.


Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases as well as animal diseases and also play an important role in healing. Phytochemicals have two categories i.e. primary and secondary constituents. Primary constituents have chlorophyll, proteins, sugar and amino acids. Secondary constituents contain terpenoids and alkaloids. Medicinal Plants have antifungal, antibacterial and antiinflammatory activities. The present study involves three different medicinal plants Moringa oleifera, Dalbergia sissoo and Saraca indica. The leaves of the selected medicinal plants were washed, air dried and then powdered. The aqueous and alcoholic extract of leaf samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents in the plant. The aim of the present study was to carried out the phytochemical analysis of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera, Dalbergia sissoo and Saraca indica. Moringa oleifera is one of the species of family Moringaceae. Moringa oleifera is commonly known as "Drumstick". Ashoka is the most ancient tree of India, known as a Saraca asoca (Roxb.), De.wild or Saraca indica belonging to family Caesalpinaceae. Dalbergia sissoo belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly known as Shisham or Sisam. The present study reveals the medicinal values of Moringa oleifera, Dalbergia sissoo, Saraca indica after reviewing their Phytotochemical analysis.


This article provides a statistical analysis of registered and solved crimes committed by using computer and telecommunications technologies on the territory of the Russian Federation, and offers a definition of cybercrime. Further, the author identifies the types of criminal behavior, in his opinion, related to cybercrime in general. Based on the content of the report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations «Countering the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes», the article examines the main problems that accompany the prevention of this category of crimes on the example of 61 reports of UN Member States, prepared as part of the requests of the Secretary-General, on the basis of General Assembly resolution No. 73/187 «Summary of national and international difficulties encountered in combating the use of ITT for criminal purposes». This research examines the current state of criminalistic crime prevention in Russia, provides an analysis of the current state associated with the disclosure and investigation of cybercrimes. The article presents proposals for amendments to the draft federal law «On Cyberdrugs», and suggests the development of a centralized forensic public prevention of cybercrime. Based on the responses to the relevant requests to the most well-known public organizations involved in the prevention of cybercrime, the author analyzes the activities of cyberdrugs on the territory of the Russian Federation. In the resolving part of the article, the author forms reasoned proposals for formatting the activities of Russian cyber-soldiers, in order to increase the effectiveness of their activities.


Most researches of comparison between Korean hanja and Chinese dialect focus on pronunciation. And according to those researches, the pronunciation of Korean hanja and Hakka is very close. However, in some character compareson , they analyzed that the character between Korean hanja and Hakka is not that close. Therefore, for explaining this situation,we take the ancient chinese character as a clue to see the homophyly between them. We expect to see the connection and the comparison between them in this research. To conclud of this research, Korean hanja and Hakka characters are similar because they got the same ancient chinese chacasource.


It relates to software copying apparatus, and a copyrighted software stored in the master storage medium for the purpose of copying to the positive terminal in the user's storage medium. The identifier for the software, a storage medium identifier reading means (4) is taking reading the identifier of the target storage medium (3), respectively, the center of managing copying rights for sale on the contents identifier reading means (2), the master storage medium 1 ( and it transmits it to 5). Center (5) sends to the user by creating a signature from the information of the identifier transmitted signature generating means (6). The transmitted signature is written into the target storage medium (3) by the signature recording device (7). Signature generation means 8 and creating the signature the user side from the information of an identifier sent to the center, and compared with the signature written in the target and the resulting signature storage medium (3), only the data copying means, if the signatures match 9 is read out by the software copy destination of the master storage medium 1 and copies them to a target storage medium (3).


Advances in industrial electronics during 1989 are described. These include: the use of X-ray scanning-beam laminography to check solder joints on printed-circuit boards; pressure microsensors based on changing resonance frequency by applied force; emergence of the service industry as a market for robots; a computerized facility that allows rapid acquisitions of manufactured parts; and increased use of modular integrated power functions in power electronics systems.<<ETX>>


87 31 October 2001, Rockwatch was managed and run jointly by the GA and RSNC. At that point, RSNC withdrew from its joint responsibilities for Rockwatch and no longer wished to play a part in the club. Rockwatch is serving a need, both to its membership and the geological community. Our science needs youngsters who can be helped to understand our planet Earth, to learn something of its past, to understand its present and maybe, just maybe, in years to come, to develop the skills to predict its future. Rockwatch is, I hope, fun and enjoyable for its members; but I hope, too, that it will have a role in helping them to understand the importance of geology to their everyday lives. The GA is extremely grateful for the goodwill and support it has received from so many sources since it became solely responsible for the management of Rockwatch. We are all committed to ensuring that Rockwatch will survive and go from strength to strength. I believe it will do just that. Rockwatch can be contacted at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V 9AG (tel.: 020 7734 5398; E-mail: email@example.com).


The adverse effects of salinity on the growth of plants are well documented. These range between apparent symptoms and reduction of plant growth to death of the plant. Juniperus procera is the most widespread tree species that dominates the natural forests in southwestern Saudi Arabia and suffers from low capacity of the natural regeneration. Thus, there is a crucial need to grow the seedlings of this species in the nursery from local seeds and then planting them in these forests. Groundwater represents the main source of water used in agricultural irrigation and it classified as very saline water. A pot experiment was carried out using a randomized complete design with five replications and two treatments, mainly irrigation with high saline water (3500 ppm NaCl) and low saline water (500 ppm NaCl) to examine the growth of the J. procera seedlings under saline irrigation. The results revealed decreasing stem height, number of branches, total leaf area and consequently leaf, stem, root and total dry weight. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased due to high saline irrigation. There were also decreases in specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) but not significant. Irrigation with high saline water decreased the amount of both structural (SCC) and no-structural carbon compounds (NSCC). On the other hand, the percentage of non-structural carbon compounds (NSCC%) in the leaves, stem and roots of J. procera seedlings decreased in the high saline irrigation treatment at the expense of structural carbon compounds (SCC%). The ratios of non-structural/ structural carbon compounds (NSCC/SCC%) in the leaves, stem and the whole-plant of J. procera seedlings decreased significantly due to increasing the concentration of NaCl in the irrigation water from 500 ppm to 3500 ppm. The results suggest that J. procera seedlings tolerated the conditions of irrigation with saline water (i.e. 3500 ppm) and survived without showing any apparent injury.


For repaired systems,one kind of ″repaired like new″ model is considered,and the availability in any time is derived under the model.