In recent years, the necessity to meet ecological needs has been occupying an important place in the system of consumption values.The key mission of marketing in the area is the formation and continuous development of the processes of mutually beneficial exchange of ecological products in the market. The aim of the research is the development of the mechanism of a model for the stimulation of sustainable consumption based on the use of contemporary marketing tools and the end-consumer "pull" methods. The object of the research is the theoretical and practical basis of ecological products promotion in the market. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is scientific literature on the formation of a market of sustainable consumption and the stimulation of sales of ecological products. To establish the actions to be used for the promotion of ecological products in the market, 398 residents of Lithuania were surveyed over the period of 2013 to 2014. To solve the research problem, the methods of analysis, generalisation, and comparison were used. The use of the end-consumer "pull" methods in the consumption of ecological products was based on the analysis of academic literature, as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and logical aggregation of the survey data. For the development of the mechanism of the model for the promotion of the sales of ecological products, the method of modelling was employed. The findings of the research: the mechanism of a model for stimulating the sales of ecological products has been developed, based on the integrated use of traditional and contemporary methods and the end-consumer "pull" tools. The process of management of the implementation of the mechanism of ecological products promotion has been formed, which revealed specific actions necessary for its success. JEL codes: M3, M2, O22, O21.


To evaluate the effect of artificial upwelling producing structure on lower tropic production, hydrodynamics and lower-tropic ecosystem simulations were executed. To verify the reproducibility of the simulation, results of the field observation were used. As a result, the bottom layer flow acting on the structure and fluctuation of temperature induced by internal tide were reproduced. However, the problem was left on the evaluation of mixed layer depth of the temperature. On lower-trophic ecosystem simulation, POC Sinking fluxes were reproduced. Suggested by the simulation, the area that primary production was increased by effect of the structure, extended 30 km north-south direction and 10 km west-east direction. And the value of increase was estimated at 1.3 mgC/m/day.


Enthesitis is a common clinical feature of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) especially in lower limb. Clinical screening for enthesitis in patients with psoriasis before developing PsA may be non-specific. Ultrasound has shown its value in the study of entheses.To asses heel entheses of asymptomatic psoriasis patients and healthy control using ultrasound.We conducted a cross-sectional case-control study including psoriasis patients with no rheumatic symptoms and sex and age-matched healthy controls. We assessed the affected skin surface (SC) and the psoriasis severity score (PASI). Ultrasound evaluation of the calcaneal enthesis (CE) and the plantar fascia enthesis (PFE) was performed. Ultrasound abnormalities sought were: hypoechogenicity, enthesis thickening, bursitis, cortical erosion, calcification, enthesophyte, and presence of Doppler signal.A total of 76 patients (38 cases and 38 controls) were recruited with a mean age of 51.9±15 [19-76] years and male predominance (60%). On clinical examination, pressing pain was present at the CE and PFE in, respectively, 17.5% and 12.5% of psoriasis patients but with no significant difference comparing to controls (10% EC; 10% PFE respectively) (p=0.777; p=0.259 respectively). On ultrasound, 60% of psoriasis patients had at least one ultrasound abnormality at the CE versus 17.5% of controls (p<0.001). The most observed ultrasound abnormalities at the CE were: enthesophyte (n=17), enthesis thickening (n=15), erosions (n=11) and hypoechogenicity (n=5). The PFE was less affected on ultrasound, presenting abnormalities in 42.5% of psoriasis patients versus 12.5% of controls (p=0.410). Erosions (n=13) and enthesis thickening (n=12) were the most observed abnormalities. The presence of ultrasound abnormalities at the PFE in psoriasis patients was correlated with age (p=0.012) and disease duration (p=0.015). Psoriasis severity according to SC and PASI was not associated with the presence of ultrasound abnormalities at CE (p=0.860; p=0.417 respectively) and PFE (p=0.399, p=0.156 respectively).Our study showed that psoriasis patients could have asymptomatic heel enthesitis with greater involvement of the CE. Psoriasis patients need regular monitoring and screening for early symptoms of PsA.NIL.NIL.None Declared.


A nonlinear three-dimensional time-domain inverse scattering method was investigated, and was used to successfully reconstruct accurate 3D images of various unknown objects using time-domain data. It was shown that this technique has a resolution of 0.1 wavelength. This method could present a promising tool for the early-stage breast cancer detection as well as other medical imaging applications.


The paper proposes a method for making optimal decisions with risks in the very important task of transporting agricultural products on a network of arbitrary configuration. The method takes into account both the specific network properties and the probability of adverse events and the risks to the individual sections of the network in the implementation of these services. The proposed method minimizes not only the total cost of transporting agricultural produce but also the insurance costs to cover the risks. A complete numerical modeling of decision-making and transportation of agro-products on a network of arbitrary configuration is implemented, whereby both the cost of transport and the coverage of emerging risks are minimized by the proposed method.The possibilities for practical application of the proposed method for transportation of agro-production as well as for solving other applied problems are pointed out.


Grey relational clustering is used to minimise wire length during field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) placement and routing. The proposed Grey Relational Clustering Apply to Placement (GRAP) algorithm combines grey relational clustering and convex assigned placement for regular ICs method to construct a placement netlist, which was successfully used to solve the problem of minimising wire length in an FPGA placement. Upon calculating the grey relational grade, GRAP can rank the sequence and analyse the minimal distance in configuration logic blocks based on the grey relational sequence and combined connection-based approaches. The experimental results demonstrate that the GRAP effectively compares the Hibert, Z and Snake with bounding box (BB) cost function in the space-filling curve. The GRAP improved BB cost by 0.753%, 0.324% and 0.096% for the Hilbert, Z and Snake, respectively. This study also compares the critical path with the space-filling curve. The GRAP approach improved the critical path for Snake by 1.3% in the space-filling curve; however, the GRAP increased critical path wire by 1.38% and 0.03% over that of the Hilbert and Z of space-filling curve, respectively.


Along with the deployment of IPv6 is becoming more and more widely, IPv4 networks will coexist with IPv6 networks for a relatively long time. The tunnel mechanisms are the best choice for a smooth transition to IPv6. With the wild deployment of the tunnel mechanisms, more and more security issues have been noticed. The security problems faced by tunnel mechanisms such as injection, address spoofing and reflector attack are analyzed, and corresponding countermeasures are concluded into three directions: filter, deep packet inspection (DPI) and IPsec. Some questions are pointed out for research in next steps.


An essential aim for any emerging country like Sri Lanka is to achieve great economic development. Even though there are several factors that have an effect on economic growth (GDP), this paper primarily focuses on Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Gross Domestic Saving (GDS) in Sri Lanka, founded on the yearly time series data for the period of 1960 2016 gotten from the Annual Report of World Bank Economic Indicators and Annual Report of Central Bank of Sri Lanka. As these are the time series variables with its precision, the stationarity among the three variables (GDP, CPI, and GDS) was examined by utilizing the Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test at 5% significance level. The presence of cointegration of the variables was confirmed by the Johansen Co-integration test and then the short-run or long-run association between the variables was evaluated by Vector Error Correction (VEC) test. The causal relationships among the variables were tested with Granger Causality test. The observed results of this study expose that all the variables have unit root problem at level, but convert stationary after first differencing. The results of Johansen Co-integration experiments designate single co-integration equation whereas the VEC test praises no short-run relationship among the variables while the presence of a longrun relationship. Consistently Granger causality test shows a unidirectional causality drive from GDP to GDS. Model adequacy tests were enforced on the residuals of the VECM comments that there is no heteroscedasticity, no serial correlation, and are normally distributed suggesting that the model is good enough. This study gratifies a prominent requirement of how CPI and GDS sustenance for economic growth.


Inverse identification of Cauchy potential boundary conditions for 2-D isotropic material is illposed.The coefficient matrix of the linear equation obtained from the boundary element method is illconditioned.The random noises of the measurable data affect the stability and accuracy of numerical results.In this paper,the truncated singular value decomposition(TSVD)regularization method is applied to dealing with the inverse problem,and the optimal truncation number is chosen according to the L-curve method.Then the unknown boundary conditions can be determined.The numerical results of two examples about heat conduction in a ring and a square domain show that decreasing the data noise and fining the mesh size can improve the accuracy of numerical solutions and reduce the regularization error at the same time.


Objective: To assess and compare the consequences of different approaches of epidural and combined spinal, epidural analgesia on the umbilical and uterine artery flow velocity waveform indices, maternal haemodynamics and neonatal outcome in normal term labour. Design: A prospective, observational, randomised study. Settings: El-Hussien Hospital and Kuwait Maternity Hospital. Subjects and Methods: Sixty normal, term, singleton nulliparous parturients during active labour were randomly assigned to one of four regional blockade regimens: group-l (15-women) received epidural blockade with a 10ml -0.25% bupivacaine solution, group-II (15-women) received epidural blockade with a 10ml -0.25% bupivacaine solution plus 0.5ug/kg fentanyl, group-Ill (15 women) received combined spinal and epidural blockade with 0.25% bupivacaine solution and group-1V (15 women) received combined spinal and epidural blockade with 0.25% bupivacaine solution plus 0.5ug/kg fentanly. Each Doppler velocimetric study, conducted over 90 minutes after intravenous volume preload with 7-10 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution, was divided into three. Phases: 30 minutes of preanaesthetic, 30 minutes during epidural catheter placement "and dosing, and 30 minutes after establishing effective regional blockade. During each phase, maternal blood pressure and pulse were monitored every 10 minutes and Doppler recordings of the umbilical and uterine arteries were made at three separate intervals. Fetal heart rate and uterine activity monitoring were continued after each Doppler study session. Main Outcome Measures: Maternal haemodynamics (mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate), Doppler indices of the umbilical and uterine arteries (S/D ratio and PI), fetal heart rate, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain assessment, and neonatal outcome (1and 5-minute Apgar Correspondence to: Dr. Hossam M. Al-Kady, The Dept. of Obst. & Gyn., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. scores, mean umbilical artery pH, mean birth weight and admissions to neonatal intensive care unit). Results: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as pulse rate declined significantly with the dosing and establishment of regional blockades in the study groups (p*<0.05), but no women experienced hypotension. The difference among the study groups was not significant ( p+> 0.05). The mean fetal heart rate did not change significantly throughout the study periods (p*>0.05). The difference was not significant between the study groups ( p+0.05). In addition, mean systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratios and pulsatility indices (PI) of the umbilical and uterine arteries did not change significantly during the study ( p*>0.05). The neonatal outcome among the groups was similar (p+>0.05) with no adverse effects as the mean 1and 5-minute Apgar scores were >7, mean umbilical artery pH was >7.25 and no admissions to neonatal nursery for ventilation. It was found that the visual analogue scale (VAS) for labour pain assessment decreased significantly in all parturients during intra-and post-anaesthetic periods (p*<0.05). Conclusion: Effective epidural and combined epidural subarachnoid analgesia do not have a significant impact on the Doppler blood flow characteristics of utero-and fetoplacental circulation despite lowered maternal blood pressure and pulse rate. Adding fentanyl to bupivacaine for regional blockade during normal labour is an effective technique for pain relief as well as safe for mother and fetus. Larger longterm studies are needed to confirm the clinical impact of our findings particularly in long-term assessment of perinatal outcome.


Twenty-first century, come into view for a growing number of businesses and also its environmental issues are emerging with increasing frequency as strategic problems. If human activity is to be sustainable, then strategic behavior of companies must take account of the structural elements. Researchers in the western societies are trying to realize how the companies amalgamate the sustainability issues into their strategies. No such study has been reported on companies operating in the Asian countries especially on Bangladesh. This paper reports the findings of a case study research on this issue, which was conducted on three local and multination companies operating in Bangladesh. Two frameworks were applied to analyze the nature and extent of integration of environmental management practices into the organizational strategic planning process. The study reveals that the majority of the sample companies have well-developed environmental management systems in place which satisfies the requirements of the strategic planning criterion of the business excellence framework. There is no plethora report or findings on these issues but here the researchers tried to conduct an empirical study which gave some expected findings at least.


c~~,,~ .!.j '-yEPARTIvIENT OF AGRI CULTIJRAL AND RESOURCE ECONOrvlI_~ DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES ~IVERSI1Y OF CALIFORNIA J ~ , Working Paper No. 482 ENDOGENIZING POLICY IN MODELS OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETS by Gordon C. Rausser and Harry de Gorter GIANNINI FOUNDATION 0' AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LIBRARY OCT 171988 AAEA paper presented at its annual meetings. KneXvd k'- I 1'tV, )IAL~ 21- ,tltUf3' '3 I 1 ,?6. California Agricultural Experiment Station Ciannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics August 1988


This paper has investigated five methods for modifying activated carbon as well as the different adsorption properties of aniline and Cr(Ⅵ) among all the modified activated carbons.The results of our investigation prove that the best adsorption capability for aniline and Cr(Ⅵ) can be achieved by using the carbons modified by HNO_3.The removal ratios of carbon 1 # and 2 # to aniline can increase by 13.19% and 11.34% in comparison with that of the original,at the same time,the removal ratio of Cr(Ⅵ) may increase by 47.32% and 44.28%,respectively.At the same time,better effect can also be achieved by means of direct microwave radiation,that is,with N_2 modified activated carbon (carbon 3 #) but with no effect on Cr(Ⅵ).This process can be checked through Boehm test,which may indicate that the HNO_3 oxidation on the acid surface of the activated carbon is likely to result in the enhancement of the acid surface functional groups,which in turn helps to enhance the adsorption capacity of Cr(Ⅵ).And,consequently,the microwave radiation would change the pore structure of the activated carbon.Thus,it can be concluded that different modification methods can be applied to activated carbons according to different pollutants so as to achieve the best removal efficiency.


A six-pack of bottles is provided by encircling mid portions of the bottles with a retainer and engaging a paper board carrier and retainer beneath the bottle caps. The paper board carrier has rows of apertures formed therein for receiving the upper ends of the bottles, and is assembled with the bottles by conveyor and guide means which advance the bottles and carrier continuously along a path of travel, initially fold sections of the carrier along lines intersecting the apertures for opening the apertures to receive the upper ends of the bottles and then reversely fold the portions of the carriers for closing the apertures and securing the carrier with respect to the bottles.


Universities are, like all organizations, at the intersection of different functional subsystems. They are not only dedicated to research (science) and teaching (education) but are also place for communications that form part of politics, economics and so on. But, what happens to universities, and, more precisely, social sciences in university, if the social system they work in is not differentiated in the way the social sciences in the Global North are used to? What if there is no clear distinction between science and politics? Does academic autonomy lead in this situation to some kind of 'university as a subsystem', complete with its own code and autopoiesis? Or will the different subsystems de-differentiate increasingly, as predicted by Luhmann? This contribution will analyse social sciences in Ecuadorian universities as an example for organizations at the intersection of functional systems that are not fully differentiated. The development, the operative closure, the institutionalization and the self-production of a concrete discipline under constant pressure of other social systems will be analysed. The goal is a further insight into processes of differentiation in the Global South and the role of institutions in these processes. Part of this is the attempt to actualize and criticize Niklas Luhmann's approach of systems theory to regions outside of the Global North. JEL: O300, Z130


Objective To get the character of multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) in the patients suffered from retinal contusion and explore the role of mf-ERG on retinal contusion.Methods By means of RETI scan version 3.15 (Roland,German),mf-GER was performed on 30 patients suffered from retinal contusion.The latencies and amplitude densities of N 1 and P 1 wave of ring 1?ring 1-3?ring 4-6 and ring 1-6 of suffering eyes were compared with those of control eyes.The latencies and amplitued densities of N 1 and P 1 wave of four quadrants were compared each other.Results Amplitude densities of N 1 and P 1 wave of ring 1? ring 1-3?ring 4-6 and ring 1-6 were significantly decreased.While the latencies did not change significantly.No significant difference was found in mf-ERG between four quadrants.Conclusion mf-ERG is able to reflect the damage of visual function.It is a promising tool tio evaluate the posterior retinal function of retinal contusion.


In a recent paper, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005) estimated a relationship between a firm's advertising intensity—the ratio of the firm's advertising expenditure to its sales, A/S, the dependent variable—and a number of explanatory variables, including firm profitability (PRF). My comment does not contribute to the subject (the determinants of advertising intensity), but only to the econometric methods used in the paper. Mavrommati and Papadopoulos used panel data from N = 172 firms in the Greek food industry over the time period 1990-1997 (T = 8 annual observations per firm). The paper is interesting, but is econometrically incorrect, which renders its results questionable. The purpose of this comment is to prevent novice researchers from repeating the errors, omissions, and confusions described below, and to police standards at the journals.2 First, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005, 1784) make an incorrect statement about the standard F-test. Although they state correctly (but unnecessarily) that a regression is significant when the observed F-ratio exceeds the appropriate critical value, they immediately add: "For the same regression equation to be a significant predictor, the observed F-ratio should be at least four times as large as the tabulated F-value." This statement is obviously incorrect. Discuss this article at Journaltalk: http://journaltalk.net/articles/5669 Econ Journal Watch Volume 7, Number 2 May 2010, pp 107-112 1. Department of Economics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece 451 10. I am indebted to two anonymous referees of this Journal for their extremely useful comments and suggestions, which improved significantly the clarity of my original comment. 2. Originally, I submitted this comment to Applied Economics Letters, but it was promptly rejected without their stating the reason. The rejection letters and my response are given in the Appendix at the end of this comment. VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2, MAY 2010 107 Second, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005, 1783) write: "in the panel data we do not pay attention to the Durbin-Watson value because it exploits the existence of autocorrelation only in time series data." This statement is also incorrect. Bhargava, Franzini, and Narendranathan (1982) have proposed a generalization of the Durbin-Watson test to the fixed-effects model of panel data, the preferred model of Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005, 1785). Bhargava et al denote their test statistic as dp. Other tests for serial correlation have also been proposed for both fixedand random-effects models (see Baltagi 2001, 90-101, Greene 2008, 652-655, and Wooldridge 2002, 274-276). Mavrommati and Papadopoulos failed to apply any of these tests, however, which makes their significance tests suspect. Third, as the practice of modern applied econometrics suggests, not only is it necessary to test for serial correlation in panel data, but it is also necessary to test the hypothesis of a random-walk error process. As Bhargava et al (1982, 541) point out, this hypothesis is "of considerable interest," since its acceptance would imply that the most efficient parameter estimates of the fixed-effects model can be obtained from its differenced version. More crucially, failure to test this hypothesis amounts to evading the spurious-regression problem, which exists even when N is much larger than T, as is the case in this paper (see Entorf 1997, 292). Bhargava et al (1982, 545) recommend the use of their dp statistic to test for random-walk disturbances, but other tests are also available (see Greene 2008, 767-768). Mavrommati and Papadopoulos failed to use any of these tests, however, thus leaving their paper open to criticism with respect to the spurious-regression problem. Fourth, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005, 1785-1786) confuse the Hausman test for correlation between the firm-specific effects (αi), when treated as random, and the explanatory variables (Xk, k = 1, ..., K) with the Durbin-WuHausman (DWH) test for correlation between the equation's disturbance (εit) and the Xk's, when the αi's are treated as fixed parameters (i.e., when the fixed-effects model is used). In particular, immediately after describing the Hausman test for correlation between the αi's (when treated as random) and the Xk's, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005, 1786) add: "The test indicates whether or not an instrumental variable technique needs to be used." This statement is incorrect, however. The role of the Hausman test described by the authors is to choose between fixed and random effects (see Greene 2008, 208-209), and in this paper the test strongly rejects the random-effects model, since the value of the test statistic is Χ = 41.25 (not Χ2 , as the authors write) for regression 1a, and Χ = 38.58 for 10 2 10 9 regression 1b (see their Table 3). Given these values of the test statistic, which are significant even at the 1% level, if the Hausman test described by the authors was a test for choosing between the standard fixed-effects and the instrumental variable DIMITRIS HATZINIKOLAOU 108 VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2, MAY 2010 estimator, as the authors erroneously claim in the previously quoted statement, then they should have chosen the instrumental variable estimator. Instead, however, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos conclude that there is no endogeneity and consequently choose the standard fixed-effects estimator. To decide on this issue, one can use the DWH test (which the authors simply call "Hausman-Wu test"), which compares the instrumental variable estimator with the least squares estimator (see Greene 2008, 321-325). It is not clear, however, whether or not the authors actually applied the DWH test, since they failed to mention which explanatory variables they suspected as being correlated with εit and which instrumental variables they used to implement the DWH test. My criticism on this issue is concerned more with the considerable confusion contained in the last paragraph of Section VI and less with the correct implementation of the tests. Further, Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005, 1786) report the following: "We estimate the relevant F-statistic (Gujarati, 1992) for the fixed effects models (F = 17.27, F* = 17.27) against the theoretical value of F (F(1a)(0.1), F(1b)(0.1)). (1b) (1a) * Thus, the Hausman specification test (F* < F(0.1)) shows that an endogeneity does not exist in both models." If this is in fact the DWH test, then this conclusion is incorrect, because the reported observed value of the test statistic (F*= 17.27) is highly significant, given that the degrees of freedom of the numerator is a small number (equal to the number of explanatory variables which are suspected of being correlated with εit), whereas the degrees of freedom of the denominator exceed 1000 (see their Table 3). This evidence leads to the conclusion that the standard fixed-effects estimator (used by Mavrommati and Papadopoulos) is inconsistent, and therefore an instrumental variable estimator was called for (see Wooldridge 2002, Chapter 11). Theoretically, the explanatory variable PRF (firm profitability) is likely to be correlated with εit, since positive (negative) shocks in advertising intensity, i.e., large positive (negative) values of εit, are likely to increase (decrease) firm profitability. In sum, the Mavrommati and Papadopoulos paper would have been a nice micro-econometric application had the econometrics been done properly. Unfortunately, several econometric errors, omissions, and confusions render its results questionable. This comment aims to prevent novice researchers from propagating these mistakes. I believe that the journals can reduce significantly errors and confusions of the type described here by adopting a strict mandatory data and code archive (see McCullough et al 2008),3 because such a replication policy is likely to force researchers to be more careful in carrying out an empirical paper as well as in reporting and interpreting the results of their research. McCullough (2007) makes specific recommendations on how this goal can be 3. I thank an anonymous referee of this Journal for bringing this point to my attention. ECONOMETRIC ERRORS VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2, MAY 2010 109 achieved and suggests that we all learn from the success of the Journal of Applied Econometrics toward this end. Appendix: My Correspondence with Applied Economics Letters The present comment is on Mavrommati and Papadopoulos (2005), which appeared in Applied Economics. That journal has a companion journal called Applied Economics Letters, which publishes short articles of original research and encourages discussion of articles previously published in Applied Economics and in Applied Financial Economics. Here I reproduce the correspondence between Applied Economics Letters and me. 1. The rejection letter, dated 23 Feb 2010. [The following rejection letter was received by email four days after I had submitted the comment to AEL.] Dear Professor Hatzinikolaou AEL-2010-0082 Measuring advertising intensity and intangible capital in the Greek food industry: a comment The editor has now received the referees' decision on your paper, in the light of which Applied Economics Letters is unable to publish your article. Applied Economics Letters asks the opinion of two referees who are experts in the relevant field of research. The paper is also read by one of the editors. If both of the referees and an editor concur in their view, their decision is final. We consult a third referee if there is a difference of opinion. In order to expedite the proceedings, which is one of the objectives of a letters journal, we do not require a full report on the paper from the referees. The choice of referees and the fact that we require a consensus view between the referees and an editor ensures, however, that the process is as fair as possible. Thank you for giving Applied Economics Letters the chance to consider your work and please consider us again in the future as an


Belonging to the field of rice cake preparation, the invention provides a preparation method of a chestnut rice cake. The method can provide a solution to the disadvantages of single taste and lack of flavor and nutrition of chestnuts in ordinary rice cakes. The method comprises: putting rice in a pot and adding clear water to infuse for 24h, then taking the rice out and putting it in a rice sieve for draining, and using a flour mill to mill the rice into fine powder; placing chestnuts into a pan so as to heat and cook them thoroughly, then heating and cooking the chestnuts for 30min, then getting them out with a colander and putting them in a pot, kneading the chestnuts into a paste for standby use through hands with efforts; then putting the milled rice powder with chestnuts, white sugar together, stirring them uniformly and then putting the mixture into a bamboo steamer, spreading the mixture flatly, then scattering a layer of sesame seeds; then putting the bamboo steamer on a pan, and adding a proper amount of water to the pan bottom, and finally conducting heating and stewing for 30min. The method provided in the invention is mainly used for producing chestnut rice cakes.


This article deals with the efficient and accurate computation of the electrostatic forces between charged, spherical dielectric particles undergoing mutual polarisation. We use the spectral Galerkin boundary integral equation framework developed by Lindgren et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 371 (2018): 712-731) and subsequently analysed in two earlier contributions of the authors to propose a linear scaling in cost algorithm for the computation of the approximate forces. We establish exponential convergence of the method and derive error estimates for the approximate forces that do not explicitly depend on the number of dielectric particles $N$. Consequently, the proposed method requires only $\mathcal{O}(N)$ operations to compute the electrostatic forces acting on $N$ dielectric particles up to any given and fixed relative error.


Rare earth (RE) based nanostructures bring about remarkable magnetic properties in a wide area of magnetics. Recently, RE rich very thin layered structures were found in the grain boundary of sintered NdFeB permanent magnets, and exchange coupling through a rare earth based layer is believed to be of particular importance to understand magnetic properties of RE based permanent magnets as well as RE based perpendicularly magnetized thin films used for recording media and magnetic memory devices. In layered structures consisting of ferromagnetic transition metal (TM)/nonmagnetic TM/ferromagnetic TM and ferromagnetic TM/noble metal/ferromagnetic TM, interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) was first reported in Fe/Cr/Fe. When two ferromagnetic layers are separated by a space layer of TM or noble metal, the exchange coupling strength and the coupling type vary as a function of the thickness of the space layer. However, there have been only few reports on IEC in TM/RE/TM systems so far. In this study, we investigated the IEC in TM/RE/TM (TM=Co etc., RE=Tb etc.) trilayer structures. Co/Tb/Co trilayers were fabricated by using a magnetron sputtering system on a thermally oxidized Si substrate (Si/SiO2) with a base pressure of around 1  10 -7 Pa. The structure prepared is as follows (thickness in nm): Si/SiO2// Ta(5)/ Co(2.5)/ Tb(tTb)/ Co(4)/ Ta(5), where tTb is the thickness of the Tb layer, namely a space layer. 5-nm-thick Ta films act as seed and cap layers. All the layers were sputter-deposited from the corresponding targets of the high purity metals, and the sputtering conditions of rf/dc power of 10-100W and Ar gas pressure of 0.2-0.25 Pa were used. Magnetization curves were measured by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation field (Hs) and remanence (Mr) as a function of Tb layer thickness (tTb) for the Co/Tb/Co trilayers are shown in Fig. 1. Hs and normalized Mr show non-monotonic dependence on tTb, suggesting that there exists exchange interaction between the Co layers. It is noted that the steep increase around tTb=0.8 nm has been well confirmed by repeating the experiments and that the saturation magnetization (Ms) monotonically deceases with increasing tTb possibly due to antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between Co and Tb atoms at the intermixing region of the interface. The observed behavior of Hs and Mr/Ms will be discussed in terms of possible oscillatory ICE, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the effect of intermixing. References: H. Sepehri-Amin, T. Ohkubo, T. Shima, and K. Hono, Acta. Mater. 60, 819 (2012). P. Grunberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, and H. Sowers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2442 (1986). S. S. P. Parkin, N. More, and K. P. Roche, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2304 (1990). Fig. 1. Saturation magnetic field Hs and normalized remanence Mr/Ms as a function of Tb spacer layer thicknesses tTb in Co/Tb/Co trilayer structures. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 200 400 600 800


What were these men like personally? I knew Wright intimately, having seen him almost daily for more than 30 years. I also knew Fisher well. I first met him in 1946 and saw him several times, especially in the latter part of his life when his daughter lived in my city and he often visited her. Haldane I knew less well, mostly from casual encounters at meetings and from correspondence. But one visit stands out. He came to the University of Wisconsin during the last year of his life. We were able to take advantage of the fact that the rules at another university precluded someone with Haldane's outspoken revolutionary views from speaking there. He was at his charming best during the entire visit of several days.


Since its early spread, Islamic dakwah in Indonesia has shown its strong accommodation to local cultures thatthe arrival of Islam was not considered as a threat, but a companion which plays an important role in the cultural transformation. It shows thatthe charaderof Islam in Indonesia is accommodative to social tradition and cultures of the local people. This accommodative model was one of the charaderistics of Indian mubaligh, which is then followed by Walisongoin their dakwahin Java. The dialogue process belween Islam and social tradition was adualized in the mechanism of cultural process to face the local cultures. The combination between Islam and social cultures is a local interpretation to not make Islam too far from the real condition ofthe local people. Islam was not viewed as itwas in Arab, but there should be a dialogue between Islam and the local cultures.


With the ever-increasing demand for the quality of steel plate and strip products, roll eccentricity has become an important factor affecting the product quality. In this paper, the roll eccentricity signal is modeled based on modern signal processing theory. As the data gained from the sensor contain interference, the wavelet threshold de-noising method is developed. By using wavelet analysis, the step in the signal can also be detected. The signal preprocessing is realized. The simulation results to find the optimal threshold of quantitative methods and the most suitable wavelet, to achieve a high-quality signal de-noising. The method has been applied to the scene in the actual production, far superior than the traditional method of noise filter, rolling greatly enhance the accuracy.


In this paper, nebulized or intravenous cetuximab (also known as Erbitux) labeled with NIR dyes is administered in the lungs of the mouse and imaged using a time-domain fluorescence imaging system (Optix(R)). Time resolved measurements provide lifetime of the fluorescent probes. In addition, through time-of-flight information contained in the data, one can also assess probe localization and concentration distribution quantitatively. Results shown include suppression of tissue autofluorescence by lifetime gating and recovery of targeted and non-targeted distributions of cetuximab labeled with the NIR fluorophores.


China is rich in religious resources, with a culture originating far in the ancient times. However, the rich tourist resources of religion have not been fully exploited. Their potential benefits and economic benefits remain to be explored. Based on the analysis of South Jiangsu, this paper makes a comprehensive evaluation on the tourist resources of religion in South Jiangsu and puts forward a series of measures with regard to the development of tourist resources.


The prediction model of the price about the short-time movements of stock index futures was proposed with BP neural network theory in the market of China.The single-factor and multi-factors BP neural networks is built according to the characteristics of the raw datas.The prediction model is adjusted through repeated experiments to predict the prices.Simulation results show that the predicted values are agreement with the actual value of stock index futures.


The evacuation and rescue device based on the Pro/E is designed on the principle of air damping.The device was modeled and simulated in the Pro / e system and there is no phenomenon of interference.By carrying out the experiment and research on the device model,the same result with the above principle is achieved.When a disaster occurs,the device provides a safe and reliable way to escape for the high-rise residents and can also timely transport disaster relief personnel to the top.


As we move closer to the vision of ubiquitous, invisible computing, we feel the need for a framework that supports the integration of visual and auditory inputs with context sourced from various ambient 'sense organs' such as temperature and pressure sensors etc, as well as other factual information about persons, locations, activity schedules and events that are of significance to human beings. In this paper we describe our framework for integrating visual inputs at the human-semantics level, so that these inputs can be used for reasoning and inference. We borrow techniques from media and knowledge representation as well as work in pervasive context-aware computing to build a unifying service-oriented framework that can support applications with differing needs.


[Objective]The present study was conducted to provide references for sustainable and healthy development of potato production in Guangxi. [Method]Through analyzing the current status and existing problems in the new period, some strategies were put forward to promote the development of potato production in Guangxi. [Result]The existing problems included shortage of high-yield and disease-resistant potato varieties and high-yield culture technologies, disordered seed potato market, low popularization rate of high-quality and virus-free seed potato, frequent natural disasters, weak industrial chain of potato industry, etc. [Suggestion]The suggestions included construction of research center of breeding technology for virus-free seed potato, culturing potato leading enterprises, scientifically planning the potato-planting regions in Guangxi, enhancement of genetic breeding research, construction of demonstration base for genetic breeding research, further research of no-tillage culture technology, improvement of management level, supervision of seed potato market, development of domestic and international trade in potato, research and application of small agricultural micro-mechanical technology, popularization of storage and process technology for potato, etc., in order to promote the development of potato production in Guangxi.


OBJECTIVE
To identify mutation of GJB2 gene and provide genetic counseling for a family affected with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome.

METHODS
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples with a standard phenol-chloroform method. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to analyze potential mutation in the proband. Suspected mutation was verified with a PCR-high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) method. T-clone sequencing was applied to determine the parental origin of the mutation.

RESULTS
A heterozygous mutation, c.148G>A (p.Asp50Asn), which is located in the exon 1 of the GJB2 gene, was found in the proband. The results was confirmed by HRM analysis. Cloning sequencing suggested that the mutation was derived from the father's germline.

CONCLUSION
The hot-spot mutation c.148G>A (p.Asp50Asn) in the GJB2 gene probably underlies the KID syndrome in this Chinese family. A PCR-HRM method has been established to rapidly detect common mutations associated with this disease.


The aim of this paper is to explain the application of signal processing to online fault diagnosis using fuzzy cluster. Wavelet transform is used as a signal processing. Wavelet transform characterizes the local regularity of signals by decomposing signals. In this study, fuzzy logic controller is used for three tank system control. Five component faults are examined on the system. For fault diagnosis firstly wavelet transform is applied. Secondly, fuzzy cluster is constructed using the detail coefficients. Detail coefficients contain the high frequency information are used to find faults. Fuzzy cluster gives a fault decision which occurs in the system. If fault is detected and identified, the system is stopped. As a result, fault diagnosis algorithm obtains safety of the system.


A new class of parametric variational inclusion was introduced involving H-monotone operator in Hilbert spaces.By using the resolvent operator technique for H-monotone operator,the existence and uniqueness theorems of solutions were proved.Finally,the Lipschitz continuity for this class of parametric variational inclusions was also analyzed.


"Transaltionese"is a long discussed and also a popular problem.The different structures and characteristics of English and Chinese call for translators' attention.The proper solutions to the problem of accuracy and fluency,spiritual and formal similarity,alienation and domestication,elegance and popularity are helpful to overcome the "transaltionese".


The uptake of receptor-mediated radiopharmaceuticals as measured by target to non-target uptake ratios depends upon many parameters. These include blood flow to the tissue, blood volume, receptor concentration as well as metabolism of the tracer. In a rat tumor model (DMBA) induced mammary tumors with high concentration of estrogen receptors) uptake of /sup 18/F-estradiol was studied while blood flow was measured with the use of /sup 125/I-iodoantipyrine, blood volume was measured with the use of /sup 99m/Tc-labeled red blood cells, and the receptor concentration by in vitro assay. The results demonstrate no correlation between blood flow and uptake of ligand, or between receptor concentration and uptake of ligand. No correlation existed between blood volume and uptake or /sup 18/F-estradiol, even though the blood volume varied by a factor of --20 in the tumors studied. The distribution of the fluorine-18 may depend upon metabolites of the ligand rather than the ligand itself. The authors have developed a technique to separate metabolites from the administered compound in blood and tissues. The distribution of the compound in the blood at times >30 mins after injection was primarily within the red blood cells in a chemical form that was not extractable even in lysedmore » blood samples. By injecting blood from one rate into another the authors have shown that the activity in blood 2 hours after injection of /sup 18/F-estradiol is not available for uptake in receptor rich tissue but remains in the blood and non-target tissues.« less


Abstract : My testimony will briefly discuss several recommendations for addressing the psychological and cognitive injuries among servicemembers returning from deployments to Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Dr. Jaycox shared with you our findings about the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, as well as the incidence of traumatic brain injury among servicemembers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom; the costs to society associated with these conditions and of providing care to those afflicted with these conditions, and the gaps in the care systems designed to treat these conditions among our nation's servicemembers and veterans. Together, Dr. Jaycox and I co-directed more than 30 researchers at RAND in the completion of this study and our testimony is drawn from the same body of work. The purpose of these recommendations is to close the gaps in access and quality for our nation's veterans that Dr. Jaycox briefly described in her testimony.


While it is often claimed that participative management systems have a substantial effect upon employee perceptions and attitudes, and labour productivity, there has been little empirical research conducted on this issue. The purpose of this article is to describe the functioning of a company which changed to a participative management system and to examine the effectiveness of this change. Effectiveness is judged in terms of changes in employee perceptions and attitudes and in labour productivity.


From the perspective of speech act theory, based on the self-constructed composite corpora, this paper analyzes the English translation of modal verbs commonly used in Chinese legislative texts. The results show that: the top three modal verbs used in legislative texts of Mainland China are "yingdang (应当)", "keyi (可以)" and "bude (不得)", which are different from those used in Hong Kong and Taiwan; there is basically no problem with "keyi" to be translated into "may", but there are problems with the translation of "yingdang", which is suggested to be translated into "shall" or "should" according to its different legislative meaning. Most of "bude" is translated into the negative form of shall/may, but it's proposed to be translated into the negative form of "may" because of its high modal value. The study points out that modal verbs should be translated accurately according to the illocutionary force of the legislative text, so as to convey the true legislative intention of the original text to the greatest extent, and consequently to improve the quality of legal translation.


Vanillyl-ethylamine, vanillyl-methylamine, and benzyl-vanillyl-ethylamine, three amine derivatives of vanillin related to tyramine and to catechol-ethylamine have been studied pharmacologically and the relation of their actions to their chemical structures discussed. The ethylamine is essentially augmentor to blood pressure in cats and dogs but less so than tyramine. The methylamine produces a mixed weak pressor-depressor effect depending upon dosage. The benzyl compound is strongly depressor. On isolated smooth muscle organs the ethylamine and methylamine are both predominantly and equally stimulant. Benzylvanillyl-ethylamine is definitely depressant without any indications of stimulation. This depressant action is probably due to the introduction of the benzyl group into the para-hydroxyl radicle of vanillyl-ethylamine; i. e., etherification. The studies indicate that aromatic ether derivatives are less effective circulatory stimulants than are their hydroxy homologs. This corroborates Koller9s findings with ethers of ephedrine.


The marine order Arthrotardigrada (class Heterotardigrada, phylum Tardigrada) is known for its conspicuously high morphological diversity and has been traditionally recognized as the most ancestral group within the phylum. Despite its potential importance in understanding the evolution of the phylum, the phylogenetic relationships of Arthrotardigrada have not been clarified. This study conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses of the order encompassing all families except Neoarctidae using nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA fragments. Data from two rare families, Coronarctidae and Renaudarctidae, were included for the first time. The analyses confirmed the monophyly of Heterotardigrada and inferred Coronarctidae as the sister group to all other heterotardigrade taxa. Furthermore, the results support a monophyletic Renaudarctidae + Stygarctidae clade, which has been previously suggested on morphology. Our data indicated that two subfamilies currently placed in Halechiniscidae are only distantly related to this family. We propose that these taxa are each elevated to family level (Styraconyxidae (new rank) and Tanarctidae (new rank)). The morphology of tardigrades is discussed in the context of the inferred phylogeny.


SUBTITLE: THE LINCHPIN IN THE FAA'S MOVE TOWARD SOLE-MEANS GPS NAVIGATION CAN'T SEEM TO SHAKE ITS SKELETONS, EVEN AS ITS TECHNOLOGY BEGINS TO PROVE ITSELF.


Purpose: Combinations of long-acting bronchodilators are recommended to reduce the rate of COPD exacerbations. Evidence from the DYNAGITO trial showed that the fixed-dose combination of tiotropium + olodaterol reduced the annual rate of total exacerbations ( P , 0.05) compared with tiotropium monotherapy. This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the fixed-dose combination of tiotropium + olodaterol vs tiotropium monotherapy in COPD patients in the French setting. Patients and methods: A recently developed COPD patient-level simulation model was used to simulate the lifetime effects and costs for 15,000 patients receiving either tiotropium + olodaterol or tiotropium monotherapy by applying the reduction in annual exacerbation rate as observed in the DYNAGITO trial. The model was adapted to the French setting by including French unit costs for treatment medication, COPD maintenance treatment, COPD exacerbations (moderate or severe), and pneumonia. The main outcomes were the annual (severe) exacerbation rate, the number of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and total lifetime costs. Results: The number of QALYs for treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol was 0.042 higher compared with tiotropium monotherapy. Using a societal perspective, tiotropium + olodaterol resulted in a cost increase of + € 123 and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of € 2,900 per QALY compared with tiotropium monotherapy. From a French National Sickness Fund perspective, total lifetime costs were reduced by € 272 with tiotropium + olodaterol, resulting in tiotropium + olodaterol being the dominant treatment option, that is, more effects with less costs. Sensitivity analyses showed that reducing the cost of exacerbations by 34% increased the ICER to € 15,400, which could still be considered cost-effective in the French setting. Conclusion: Treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol resulted in a gain in QALYs and savings in costs compared with tiotropium monotherapy using a National Sickness Fund perspective in France. From the societal perspective, tiotropium + olodaterol was found to be cost-effective with a low cost per QALY. the frequency and severity of exacerbations and improving exercise tolerance and status. The pharmacologic therapy for moderate-to-severe long-acting bronchodilators, long-acting β 2-agonists long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs). A combination of two long-acting bronchodilators (LABA LAMA) is recommended for patients with persistent or severe dyspnea, or with a high risk for exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroids


Recently, parametric loudspeakers with a powerful ultrasound have been utilized for reproduction of sound to particular area. Amplitude of the ultrasound is modulated with a target audible sound. The emitted amplitude modulated wave is demodulated into the target audible sound in the air. Demodulation ratio affects sound quality of the reproduced sound with parametric loudspeakers. Moreover, demodulation ratio depends on the distance between the parametric loudspeaker and the listener. Therefore, the listener should utilize parametric loudspeakers at the suitable distance, which is required for sufficient demodulation of the amplitude modulated wave. Thus, we have proposed the criterion for measuring the demodulation ratio. However, it had not been conducted to investigate a relationship between subjective sound quality and demodulation ratio. In this paper, we investigate the relationship for estimation of the suitable distance. We carried out subjective evaluation experiment for confirming sound quality...


This study aims to investigate the performance of open-plan office layouts and to identify occupants' concerns in existing open-plan office layouts.,Workplace activity questionnaire (WAQ) was administered in the form of an online survey in March 2019, as part of a design briefing process for the expansion of the office facilities located in Bangalore, India, for a Fortune 100 software technology company. A total of 4,810 questionnaires were distributed and 3,877 responses were received (80.6% response rate). After that, 849 incomplete responses were eliminated from the analysis, resulting in a final sample size of 3,028. The questionnaire included 11 key activities conducted by the office workers and established the gap between the workers' perceived importance and support from their existing facilities using a five-point Likert scale.,The findings of this study provide strong evidence that different physical environments influence the satisfaction of occupants. An improvement of the facilities, especially by enabling areas for quiet working, should be prioritized in relation to the other activities surveyed. Also, office workers perceived significantly different support levels for quiet working depending on their department, while there was no significant difference between the workers of different buildings.,Individual demographic information was not collected because of the possibility of personal identification. There was also a lack of objective environmental measures, such as temperature and noise level. Thus, the quality of indoor environments was unknown. In this study, some respondents mentioned dissatisfaction with indoor environmental quality, including noise, temperature and air quality in their comments.,In the programming stage of a workplace design process, the WAQ survey tool has value because it renders important insight into the perception of a live workplace, which can then be used to determine priorities for a design effort. It clearly identifies the areas to focus on, ask questions about and develop improvements. Validating its reliability will enhance its credibility and confidence in its use. In addition, the large sample size provides statistical advantages in the data analysis, providing a higher likelihood to find a true positive of the findings of the study. Also, having a relatively high response rate provides an advantage of mitigating the risk of having non-response bias in the analysis.


Construction of double-certificated teaching staff is the core competition of higher vocational colleges.Taken Shanxi Vocational Technical College of Finance Trade as an example,double-certificated teachers' quality is described;the present situation and existing problems of double-certificated teaching staff construction are analyzed;finally the approaches and measures for training double-certificated teachers are proposed in this paper.The study results provide useful evidence for teaching staff construction of Shanxi Vocational Technical College of Finance Trade and reference for other higher vocational colleges to promote the quality of teaching staff.


We find that student grade expectations are positively and significantly related to academic performance in college economics courses. Expectations concerning grades differed for different ethnic groups. We examined the characteristics for minority and non-minority students where differences in expectations were highly significant. Then we used regression to determine which of those factors were most important in determining expectations. Improvement in the factors that negatively affect expectations may improve students' expectations and contribute to better academic performance and increased knowledge of economics.


8organisms per mL. The highest zone of inhibition was observed with the 70 mg/ml concentration, following isolation and inoculation of test organisms on Muller Hinton Agar incubated at 37C for 24 h. The basis of this plant extract in the traditional treatment of diarrhea in human is highlighted.


Flake graphite-diamond/Cu–Cr–Zr composites with good two-dimensional thermophysical properties were prepared by vacuum hot-pressing technology. The influence and working mechanism of the hot-pressing temperature on the relative density and thermal conductivity of the composites were studied to obtain the optimum sintering process. The results showed that with a pressing pressure of 10 ∼ 20 MPa, the relative density and thermal conductivity of the composite materials increased as the sintering temperature increased from 950 to 1010°C. When the temperature rose to 1010 ∼ 1040°C, a near fully dense composite material was obtained and thermal conductivity reached maxima of 410 and 119 W/m K parallel and perpendicular to the graphite planes, respectively, both of which are close to the theoretical value. However, relative density and thermal conductivity drastically decreased as the temperature continued to increase beyond 1070°C. This is attributed to the combined effect of sintering temperature and wettability between the matrix and the reinforcements.


During their education, an artist receives soloist training on many concertos and sonatas. However, people whose goal is to become an orchestra artist should be prepared for a possible exam by studying orchestral materials. In this study, four selections that are most likely to be encountered in orchestra auditions and that consist of works from different periods were determined and examined in terms of playing techniques. These works are Scheherazade by Rimsky Korsakov, Ludwig van Beethoven's 4th Symphony, The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky and Maurice Ravel's Piano Concerto in G Major.


From my understanding of the model and intuition of the problem, the SIC information from the year before should only be contributing information to the statistical model regarding the trend in observed SIC – i.e. there's no physical explanation why these interannual variations would contribute to skill one year in advance. However, sic_1y and ano_1y both contain interannual variability information as well. Those fluctuations are just noise in this case and very likely resulting in over-fitting. I would suggest


The main concept of myocardial protection with cardioplegic solution in cardiac surgery had been well established through the late 1980s to 1990s. There are two main types of cardiological solutions: cold crystalloid cardioplegia (CCC) and blood cardioplegia (BC). Although the main concept is quite similar in both types of cardioplegic solutions, namely maintenance of integrity of the heart during global ischaemia in cardiac surgery, the optimal application method of cardioplegic solution is quite different between the two types of cardioplegic solutions because of their different characteristics. The major components of myocardial protection using cardioplegic solutions are as follows: (i) rapid induction of cardiac arrest associated with its maintenance during global ischaemia to decrease useless energy consumption, (ii) cooling the heart to decrease energy demand for restoring myocardial cell integrity such as sodium–potassium pump, (iii) addition of oxygen and substrate for production of high-energy phosphates during ischaemia, (iv) removal of acidic toxic metabolites such as lactate associated with correction of myocardial acidosis and (v) prevention of reperfusion injury caused by calcium paradox and oxygen radical species. Various types of CCC solutions have been developed, and they can be divided into two types according to their electrolyte components: one is an intracellular-type solution represented by Bretschneider's solution and the other is an extracellular-type solution represented by St Thomas Hospital's solution. Regardless of its electrolyte components, the most important factor of CCC is deep hypothermia, because CCC has a very little oxygen-carrying capacity by dissolved oxygen. An optimal temperature of CCC is considered 4°C with systemic hypothermia associated with/ without topical cooling to maintain myocardial temperature 10– 15°C. Intermittent infusion of CCC is considered very useful not only to maintain hypothermia but also to supply substrate for energy production mainly via anaerobic metabolism and to wash out toxic metabolites and to correct metabolic acidosis [1]. In contrast to CCC, BC has higher oxygen-carrying capacity because it has haemoglobin to carry oxygen. Initially, BC was also used as cold BC with its temperature near 4°C [2]; however, along with its scientific development, deep hypothermia is considered not suitable for BC because of slugging formation of erythrocytes and leftward shifts of oxygen saturation curve of haemoglobin with hypothermia. Thyen, Hayashida et al. revealed that optimal temperature for BC is mild hypothermia (29°C), and they introduced the concept of 'tepid blood cardioplegia' [3, 4]. Finally, Calafiore et al. [5] introduced very simple BC, which Munch et al. used in their experiment as modified BC (MBC). Munch et al. [6] conducted the experiment to compare CCC and MBC in a piglet model with 60 min global myocardial ischaemia. They concluded that tepid blood cardioplegia is safe and superior to crystalloid cardioplegia from the aspect of preservation of contractility after ischaemia of the heart. Their study seems well organized and data analysis is reasonable. However, the study design is unfair for CCC. The setting of this study is to apply 60 min global ischaemia of the heart with moderate systemic hypothermia, and to assess the cardiac function and enzyme leakage 2 h after reperfusion. CCC was given only once while MBC was given every 20 min during ischaemia. As mentioned above, the main concept of CCC is avoidance of energy consumption during ischaemia by arresting and cooling the heart. Intermittent infusion of CCC, usually every 20–30 min, is a very important factor for CCC. Munch et al. used Bretschneider's solution, and used it only once during ischaemia under moderate systemic hypothermia without topical cooling. Although Bretschneider's solution is a unique solution, which is used with a single infusion fashion and is quite different from other types of CCC such as St Thomas Hospital's solution, this application method without topical cooling cannot maintain optimal hypothermia of the heart. The effect of intermittent infusion is also not expected with this application method. MBC was given every 20 min during ischaemia, which may contribute to the removal of toxic metabolites from the heart in addition to energy production via anaerobic and aerobic pathway. To my knowledge, Bretschneider's solution is not a popular cardioplegic solution in the field of paediatric cardiac surgery. Extracellular-type CCC, such as St Thomas Hospital's solution and BC, is frequently used with multidose infusion fashion for children. In their paper, nothing was mentioned about the plasma ion concentration, especially about calcium ion. Calcium is a very important ion for myocardial contraction. Because their CCC contains very low calcium, it may dilute calcium ion concentration in the perfusion blood if calcium is not corrected during the experiment, and cause deterioration of contractile function of the heart.


This paper considers a fractional-order quadratic chaotic flow with nonhyperbolic equilibrium in a class of three-dimensional autonomous differential equations. Afterward, a design technique of adaptive sliding mode disturbance-observer for synchronization of fractional-order quadratic chaotic flows with nonhyperbolic equilibriums and time-varying disturbances is offered. Applying the Lyapunov stability concept, the recommended control method satisfies that the states of the fractional-order master and slave quadratic chaotic systems are synchronized quickly. Whereas the upper bounds of disturbances are unknown, an adaptive regulation scheme is advised to estimate them. In the following, the proposed disturbance-observer realizes disturbance approximation error. Finally, simulation results are presented in three different examples to exhibit the effectiveness of the offered method on the fractional-order quadratic chaotic systems in the presence of external disturbances.


As a broader market of high bitrate services is introduced within the mobile radio network, an increasing fraction of usage will be indoor. This drastically changes the demands on the network inf ...


Nowadays, the automotive industry is undergoing an unprecedented disruption which calls for an exponential growth of the installed technologies with high computational power, networking complexity, efficiency and safety for the new car generation. Such a radical change is being accompanied by a likewise profound transformation of the car Electric/Electronic architecture, with optimized topologies, redundancies and multiple supply sources. In this scenario, Electronic Fuses (E-Fuse) play a key role, as they are crucial to optimize the power distribution architecture and to comply with the new safety goals of automotive systems. This paper shows the current smart power developments for E-Fuse applications in 12V and 48V power bus. Future evolutions of Vertical Intelligent Power devices and technologies capable of integrating advanced safety mechanisms based on real-time monitoring of the Power MOSFET health will be anticipated.


Eight triterpenoid saponins (1–8) have been isolated from the berries of Lonicera nigraL. (Caprifoliaceae) by combination of droplet counter-current chromatography and column chromatography on silica. The structures have been established by 1H-NMR., 13C-NMR. spectroscopy, FD.-MS., FAB.-MS. and D./CI.-MS., and on the basis of acidic and basic hydrolyses. The monodesmosidic saponins 1–5 possess strong molluscicidal activity against the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata, whereas the bidesmosidic saponins 6–8 are inactive.


Department of Anesthesiology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital of Madrid, Spain Background and Goals: We studied the decrease of mixed venous saturation and cardiac output and the increase of systemic vascular resistance after not occluded cava vein clamping (piggyback) as well as the recovery of these measurements after replacing this clamping. Materials and Methods: A 53-year-old patient with hepatitis C (Child Pugh class C) underwent orthotopic liver transplant. Oxygen arterial saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, systemic cardiac output parameters were collected during anhepatic phase of liver transplant which includes the not occluded cava vein clamping (E), the inotropic bolus administration (X), the clamping replacement (N) and the graft reperfusion (R). Results:


Groups: Results From an Integrated Health Care Organization Background: Coronavirus disease 2019, the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, has shown stark health inequities, including by race/ethnicity (1). Prior research has often been limited by small, nondiverse samples or lack of reliable clinical data to provide a detailed picture of COVID-19–related inequities across multiple racial/ethnic groups in the same population. Some studies suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in comorbidities and obesity may be major drivers of racial inequities in COVID19 outcomes (2, 3). Comprehensive health equity assessments of COVID-19 testing and outcomes are needed to support an equitable pandemic response and vaccination efforts. Objective: To compare ageand sex-adjusted relative risk (RR) of COVID-19 testing, cases, hospitalizations, and intensivelevel care among Hispanic, Black or African American, Asian, and Pacific Islander populations versus White populations before and after adjusting for comorbidities and body weight status.


Symptom control is prioritized by cancer patients and may improve overall survival. Ontario, Canada thus offers all cancer patients screening using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) at outpatient cancer‐related visits. We determined whether this initiative reached adolescents and young adults (AYA) and factors associated with screening in this population.


In this article, we define the tensor product $V\otimes W$ of a representation $V$ of a quiver $Q$ with a representation $W$ of an another quiver $Q'$, and show that the representation $V\otimes W$ is semistable if $V$ and $W$ are semistable. Over the field of complex numbers, we also describe a relation between the natural line bundles, and between the universal representations on the fine moduli spaces $N_1, N_2$ and $N_3$ of representations of $Q, Q'$ and $Q\otimes Q'$ respectively. We then prove that the internal product $\tilde{Q}\otimes \tilde{Q'}$ of covering quivers is a sub-quiver of the covering quiver $\widetilde{Q\otimes Q'}$. We deduce the relation between stability of the representations $\widetilde{V\otimes W}$ and $\tilde{V} \otimes \tilde{W}$. We also lift the relation between natural line bundles on the product of moduli spaces $\tilde{N_1} \times \tilde{N_2}$.


Collecting data in any domain is often only the first step in creating intelligence. This is the beginning of a process which includes fusing that data with other data sources to create something more than the individual data elements. This has been historically difficult because collection sensors are optimized for their respective conventional domains. We have developed a multi-sensor system combining an electro-optical camera and infrared camera, using a revolutionary data handling and manipulating process to fuse multiple types of data to create intelligence. To address the data fusion needs of such a system, we have developed an internationally recognized, open data fusion language called Transducer Markup Language (TML). TML was used in conjunction with the multi-sensor system to describe data from the EO and IR cameras and support sensors all within a self-contained mobile delivery system during military exercises in July 2007. The TML data was collected and disseminated to multiple users within a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), after which it was further distributed using Cursor-On-Target (COT) messages over a second network. This demonstrated both data fusion of multiple sensor data sources and integration into existing data distribution infrastructures. Key innovations of this demonstration included the use of multiple sensors including EO & IR cameras and a single sensor data exchange language to capture and describe sensor output.


This paper investigates the effect of a borrowing constraint on the labor force participation of married women. The model developed here relaxes the assumption of perfect markets found in standard life-cycle models. We find evidence that married women's work in the market is positively related to the existence and extent of family borrowing restrictions. We suggest that the failure to account for this constant in family borrowing may be the reason for the unexpected positive sign in most empirical studies of the effect of family assets on a wife's work.


This paper based on precast concrete mixing process requirements, control features, combined with reliability theory to the embedded technology as the core, the design of precast concrete mixing station controller, to achieve a reliable precast concrete mixing station control. First designed with precast concrete mixing station controller as the core enterprise of precast concrete mixing control system structure, and then from both hardware and software, the controller design, the final technical point of view the controller's reliability and accuracy of the production control.


In the LOAPEX experiment at some distances from VLA the sound source was deployed to depths quite close to the sound‐channel axis. This took place at stations T1000, T500, T250, and T50 where, in particular, the source was deployed to 800 m and the depth of the sound‐channel axis at these ranges is about 680 m. The interference of the wave fields corresponding to near‐axial rays leads to formation of a complex interference wave (''the axial wave'') that propagates along the axis being a component of the axial crescendo. The talk will present the results on simulation of the axial wave as a function of depth of the receiver and the calculation of its arrival time at frequencies 56.25–93.75 Hz. In the time domain the pulse propagation modeling is carried out for the broadband acoustic signals with the pulse center frequency of 75‐ and 37.5‐Hz bandwidth. The obtained results are compared with those for the lowest mode in the adiabatic approximation. Calculations are made for the range‐dependent ocean model b...


Background: Warm-up and stretching are suggested to increase hamstring flexibility and reduce the risk of injury. This study examined the short-term effects of warm-up, static stretching and dynamic stretching on hamstring flexibility in individuals with previous hamstring injury and uninjured controls.


This investigation aims to identify the social and cultural contexts that shaped the design of the underground press in the sixties, with a focus on the rise in popularity of the hallucinogenic drug, LSD. This will be achieved through an analysis of key publications of the time, in an attempt to understand their significance as political ephemera.

Further to this, the investigation will discuss the effect of new printing technologies on the design and production of the underground press. It will examine the possibilities and limitations of the mimeograph machine, and will comment on the important role that offset printing played in enabling rebellious graphic design.


In the article the comparative analysis of the motivational opportunity of emotions and needs is tentatively performed. The comparative analysis starts with the difference value and is continued in the practical pilot study. The motivational opportunities of emotions are checked on the effective operations of the professional and training activity indicator of higher education institutions students. Academic merits, efforts in professional training, students wish to study and to work in their field of expertise are reviewed as compositiveindicators. To carry the qualitative and quantitative analysis the test data were transferred in the form of a numerical value. Mathematical methods (including Student`s ttest and Pearson`s linear correlation) are also proving emotions to be key in the motivational activity. The Colour Association Test developed and approved by the author was used as the research method. The indicator of students need in study is assessed by students selfassessement based diagnostics. The pilot had found that correlation coefficient data connected with emotional attitude to study are higher then "need in study" data. Among the coefficient of "emotional attitude" (0,746; 0,231; 0,728; 0,618) only one is out of significance (0,231) whereas among the coefficient of the variable "need in study" ( 0,269;0,042;0,552;0,335) only one of the four 0,552. The experiment to diagnose emotions and needs in ensuring effectiveness of the professional and training activities motivation of higher education institutions students proved the emotions to be key. But the study of the emotional motivation should be continued. As we see it, the comparative analysis of the value, participating in the motivation of activity will be representative for psychological theory and practice.


Vacuum Interrupters Limited was founded in 1968. This was a joint venture originally between GEC which inherited the work carried out by English Electric and AEI, together with Reyrolle- Parsons, and later including Hawker-Sidderly (Brush). This paper concentrates briefly on some of the innovative technology developed during the period from 1968-92. (13 pages)


Biocompatible graphene quantum dots (GQDs), obtained from extracts of neem root, are found to be suitable for structured illumination microscopy and two-photon microscopy (TPM). Results of TPM and confocal luminescence microscopy ensure lysosome specificity in live cells and tissue-dependent localization in zebrafish, respectively, of GQDs.


This paper presents new results connected with the fibre-optic Sagnac interferometer application in the investigation of seismic rotational waves. In general, it is a fibre-optic rotational seismometer representing sensitivity equal to 4.27 × 10−8 rad s−1 which can detect seismic rotational waves in a direct way. This paper presents the experimental results obtained simultaneously by a fibre-optic and a standard rotational seismometer installed in the Ojcow seismic observatory. The main advantage of such an approach is the possibility of recognizing the velocity of seismic rotational waves, which is different from the velocities of other seismic waves. The experimental data presented in this paper are confirmed by the theoretical description of the nature of seismic rotational waves.


INTRODUCTION: The current CDC guidelines recommend COVID-19 vaccine boosters for all eligible individuals to enhance protection. Resources have been allocated to research done regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, and we speculate that there is a correlation between COVID booster rates and number of COVID patients in the ICU. We hypothesize that the states with a higher percentage of the population that received the booster shot will have decreased COVID ICU bed utilization and vice versa. METHOD(S): The percentage of people who received the COVID-19 booster vaccine and the number of ICU beds occupied by patients with COVID-19 per 10,000 population, both stratified by states, were reviewed to determine the pattern of correlation. The data for both the variables was sourced from Becker's Healthcare as it used information from the CDC's data tracker to rank states by their booster rates. The rankings were last updated based on data from July 20th, 2022. The state of Idaho was excluded because the data was not available. Limitations of the study included reporting lags between the states and CDC, the emergence of numerous variants of the virus, and a lack of a standardized timeline across the states. RESULT(S): Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the pattern of correlation between COVID booster rates and the number of COVID patients in the ICU for all US states. Booster rates was set as x and ICU patients was set as y. The data was analyzed while using the formula r = SIGMA((X - My)(Y - Mx)) / ((SSx)(SSy)). X Values were calculated with SIGMA = 2407.7, Mean = 48.154 and SIGMA(X - Mx)2 = SSx = 2308.544. Y Values were calculated with SIGMA = 5112, Mean = 102.24 and SIGMA(Y - My)2 = SSy = 835103.12. The coefficient of determination, R2, was 0.0611. Our obtained R was -0.25 which means no strong correlation was found. The data was analyzed independently by two statisticians and the same results were obtained. The results failed to confirm our hypothesis and suggested that there was no correlation between COVID booster rates and the number of COVID patients in the ICU. CONCLUSION(S): Based on our results, no correlation was found between the states' COVID booster rates and ICU bed occupancy. Further studies are needed to quantify this association if any as highly virulent COVID strains pose a threat to humanity.


To the Editor: W e read with great interest the study by Jones et al published in recent issue of Pancreas. It is important to note that open necrosectomy is of 2 types, primary open necrosectomy (ie, before drainage) and secondary open necrosectomy (ie, after drainage). The results showed that step-up approach necrosectomy is associated with reduced death rates and length of stay compared with primary open necrosectomy. We agree with discouraging primary open necrosectomy. However, the risk of secondary open necrosectomy is still unclear from the current study. In a study by Minami et al, we evaluated 3 groups (minimally invasive treatment, primary, and secondary open necrosectomy) for infected necrotizing pancreatitis using a database of patients with severe acute pancreatitis in 44 centers during 2009 and 2013. After adjusting for age, Charlson Index, and severity of pancreatitis by the revised Atlanta classification, we found no significant differences in the intervention modalities for mortality. The odds ratio for secondary open necrosectomy versus minimally invasive treatment was 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 0.40–3.84; P = 0.69) and that for primary open necrosectomy versus minimally invasive treatment was 3.13 (95% confidence interval, 0.66–17.5; P = 0.15). However, age and severity based on the revised Atlanta classification were significantly associated with mortality. Similarly, in another randomized controlled trial, the surgical approach, more invasive than the endoscopic approach, does not have inferior results in major complications or mortality. Thus, based on these observations, the invasiveness of the type of intervention may not be associated with mortality. Although we agree with importance of the drainage before necrosectomy, the optimal necrosectomy approach may depend on the location of the necrosis rather than the invasiveness of intervention modality. The guideline also mentions that the optimal method of necrosectomy (ie, minimally invasive or open surgery or endoscopic transluminal) is unclear if catheter drainage fails. Although the authors are to be commended for addressing a very important clinical issue, we would like to emphasize that secondary open necrosectomy, not primary open necrosectomy, might remain as one of the necrosectomy treatment options. We recommend that the choice of procedure, including endoscopic, percutaneous, and open necrosectomy, should be discussed between endoscopists, radiologists, and surgeons on a case-by-case basis in an individual facility.


The paper analyses the influence of stability and predictability of a limitation term of tax liability on the efficiency of a tax system. In the author's opinion legislative defects confirmed under the jurisdiction of Polish Constitutional Tribunal mentioned in the paper have ruined the certainty of taxation. Tax liabilities have been terminated due to unconstitutionality of tax regulations. Moreover, serious interpretation doubts make it impossible to determine whether given tax liabilities were terminated or not. Such a situation does not favour the certainty and predictability of taxation and consequently also the efficiency of a tax system, creating additional costs both for taxpayers and tax authorities. Amendments to tax rules are needed to make the provisions comply with the constitutional standards and to avoid interpretation doubts as well as to eliminate premises of limitation term prolongation which are not connected to the process of calculating or collecting taxes.


Based on an interpretation of linear and ring structures and the extraction of alteration information from TM imagines,in combination with ore deposit geology and geochemical data,the authors formulated a linear-ring structure model for ore deposit location in the Laochang ore district.The NS axial Nanlao ring and the EW axial lenses series reflect the Variscan volcanic depressions and the Yanshanian-Himalayan concealed intermediate-acid intrusive bodies respectively,and their superimposition has formed Laochang ring-ring transverse overlapping style structure;the NW-trending and NE-trending conjugate structure belts formed contemporaneous with or a bit later than the concealed intrusive bodies have overlapped and dissected ring structures,and the intersections of various structures are places favorable for mineralization.The large tone anomaly patches indicate areas of near-ore wall rock alteration.On the basis of the linear-ring structure model for ore deposit location in Laochang,the authors have predicted the metallogenic areas and the targets for exploration work in near future.


Dimensionality reduction is an essential data preprocessing technique for large-scale and streaming data classification tasks. It can be used to improve both the efficiency and the effectiveness of documents. Traditional dimensionality reduction approaches fall into two categories: Feature Extraction and Feature Selection. Techniques in the feature extraction category are typically more effective than those in feature selection category. The representation of Arabic texts and the possibility of reducing their size result in reducing dimension among them, thus facilitating the processes and procedures that occur on them such as measurement of similarities, text classification, etc. Though several researchers have innovated many methods to solve this problem, in this paper, we introduce an effective method to represent Arabic texts with the lowest size. This method is based on the structure or form of words in Arabic, in terms of removing all prefixes and suffixes from words in the texts as well as removing the redundant and meaningless words. This methodological procedure could help in increasing the size of texts. Remove these prefixes and suffixes from words in the text aims at reducing dimension. The experi-mental results presented evidence that the proposed method substantially reduces the size of text representation by 42%, taking into ac-count the origin of texts and words that reduce dimension.


WITH WAR in the Middle East imminent, it is clear that the United States has painted itself-as well as Iraq-into a corner. The Bush administration's success in engineering international support for a preventive war in the Persian Gulf is impressive, both politically and diplomatically. But Washington's case rests on two crucial errors. It understates the very real risk that an assault on Iraq will trigger a counterattack on American civilians. And even when that risk is admitted, the pro-war camp conflates it with the threat of unprovoked attack by Iraq in the future. Many Americans still take for granted that a war to topple Sad dam Hussein can be fought as it was in 1991: on American terms. Even when they recognize that the blood price may prove greater than the optimists hope, most still assume it will be paid by the U.S. military or by people in the region. Until very late in the game, few Americans focused on the chance that the battlefield could extend back to their own homeland. Yet if a U.S. invasion succeeds, Sad dam will have no reason to withhold his best parting shot-which could be the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) inside the United States. Such an Iraqi attack on U.S. civilians could make the death toll from September 1i look small. But Washington has done little to prepare the country for this possibility and seems to


Part 1 Recovering history: introduction - Shakespeare, cultural materialism and the new historicism, Jonathan Dollimore invisible bullets - renaissance authority and its subversion, "Henry IV" and "Henry V", Stephen Greenblatt "This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine" - "The Tempest" and the discourse of colonialism, Paul Brown transgression and surveillance in "Measure for Measure", Jonathan Dollimore the patriarchal bard - feminist criticism and Shakespeare - "King Lear" and "Measure for Measure", Kathleen McLuskie strategies of state and political plays - "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Henry IV", "Henry V", "Henry VIII", Leonard Tennenhouse. Part 2 Reproductions, interventions: introduction - reproductions, interventions, Alan Sinfield give an account of Shakespeare and education, showing why you think they are effective and what you have appreciated about them. support your comments with precise references, Alan Sinfield Royal Shakespeare - theatre and the making of ideology, Alan Sinfield radical potentiality and institutional closure - Shakespeare in film and television, Graham Holderness how Brecht read Shakespeare, Margot Heinemann afterword, Raymond Williams.


Clinical improvements in Parkinson's disease produced by dopamine D3 receptor‐preferring agonists have been related to their neuroprotective actions and, more recently, to their neuroregenerative properties. However, it is unclear whether dopamine agonists produce their neurotrophic effects by acting directly on receptors expressed by the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons or indirectly on receptors expressed by astrocytes, via release of neurotrophic factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of the dopamine D3 receptor‐preferring agonists quinpirole and 7‐hydroxy‐N,N‐di‐propyl‐2‐aminotetralin (7‐OH‐DPAT), as well as of the indirect agonist amphetamine, on dopaminergic neurons identified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH‐IR). Experiments were performed on neuronal‐enriched primary cultures containing less than 0.5% of astrocytes prepared from the mouse embryo mesencephalon. After 3 days of incubation, both quinpirole (1–10 μm) and 7‐OH‐DPAT (5–500 nm) dose‐dependently increased the maximal dendrite length (P < 0.001), number of primary dendrites (P < 0.01) and [3H]dopamine uptake (P < 0.01) of TH‐IR‐positive mesencephalic neurons. Similar effects were observed with 10 μm amphetamine. All neurotrophic effects were blocked by the unselective D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride (5 μm) and by the selective D3 receptor antagonist SB‐277011‐A at a low dose (50 nm). Quinpirole and 7‐OH‐DPAT also increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) within minutes, an effect blocked by pretreatment with SB‐277011‐A. Inhibition of the D2/D3 receptor signalling pathway to ERK was obtained with PD98059, GF109203 or LY294002, resulting in blockade of neurotrophic effects. These data suggest that dopamine agonists increase dendritic arborizations of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons via a direct effect on D2/D3 receptors, preferentially involving D3 receptor‐dependent neurotransmission.


The French-German Research Project "Sol-ion" has developed a PV storage system based on Li-Ion batteries. The paper provides an update on the field test results up to August 2012. The data is analyzed with respect to the parameters critical to the economics of the system and with respect to non-monetary values provided by local self-sufficiency (autonomy) and back-up capability in case of grid failure. A black-box approach is proposed and applied to calculate the efficiency of the PV storage system during operation from logged traces of PV energy fed into the system and energy delivered from the system. Benefit of this approach is to allow collection performance parameters of PV storage systems from field data, without need for measurements at internal interfaces.


BACKGROUND
This review focuses on the current status of endoscopic detection, characterization and tumour category staging of oesophagealsquamous cell carcinoma.

DETECTION
The diagnostic yield of white-light imaging is limited and narrow-band imaging has demonstrated a better performance for detecting oesophageal cancer. Narrow-band imaging has also shown similar sensitivity and superior specificity to iodine staining.

CHARACTERIZATION
Accurate differentiation between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions can be achieved by magnifying narrow-band imaging or iodine staining with confirmation of a pink-colour sign. A per-patient analysis of a randomized study showed similar sensitivities, specificities and overall accuracies of magnifying narrow-band imaging and iodine staining of 82.2%, 95.1% and 91.2%, and 80.5%, 94.3% and 90.5%, respectively.

TUMOUR-STAGING
The diagnostic capability of endoscopic ultrasonography after conventional and narrow-band imaging in terms of tumour depth was evaluated in a multicentre prospective study. Endoscopic ultrasonography did not significantly improve the accuracy for distinguishing between mucosal or submucosal microinvasive cancer and deeper cancers from 72.9 to 74.0%, suggesting that additional endoscopic ultrasonography did not improve the diagnostic accuracy. In addition, endoscopic ultrasonography increased the incidence of overdiagnosis, defined as a diagnosis of cancer depth greater than the actual depth, by 6.6%. The risk of overdiagnosis by endoscopic ultrasonography was reconfirmed in two systematic reviews.

CONCLUSIONS
Narrow-band imaging is currently considered as the standard modality for the detection and characterization of oesophageal cancer. The risk of overdiagnosis should be considered when applying endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of tumour invasion depth of superficial oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.


SYNOPSIS. The protargol technic was used in a study of the development of oral, cirral, and dorsal primordia of Urostyla weissei fixed during division, reorganization, and regeneration following transection at different levels. While the course of development is similar in all situations, differences were observed in the way in which some primordia are initiaily formed. The primordium of the new AZM always appears posterior to the old AZM. It develops into an entire new membranellar band in dividing cells and in opimers (posterior fragments from equatorial transections), while it eventually joins with a portion of the old AZM in reorganizers, promers (anterior fragments from equatorial transections) and "large opimers" (cells whose anterior tip has been cut off). The UM-primordium of proters is derived from disaggregation of the kinetosomes of the 2 old UM's, that of opisthes and opimers is formed "de novo" to the right of the AZM-primordium, while the UM-primordium of reorganizers, promers, and "large opimers" is of composite origin, partly "de novo" and partly from the old UM's. The UM primordium differentiates into the new UM's and the 1st frontal cirrus. The primordia of the remaining frontal, ventral, transversal (F-V-T) and marginal cirri originate as "streaks" of cilia, most of which are derived from re-alignment of the constituent cilia of certain pre-existing cirri. New cirri differendiate from the streaks, and replace the remaining old cirri. The streaks are formed similarly in all developmental situations, except for the 1st 3 F-V-T streaks. In proters, reorganizers, and promers, these originate from the posterior 3 frontal cirri, while in opisthes and opimers they are formed "de novo" to the right of the UM-primordium. In the "large opimers" these streaks are formed "de novo" behind the 1st 3 frontal cirri, in spite of the continued presence of these cirri at the anterior tip of the fragments. The site of formation of these streaks thus appears to be determined by an anteriorposterior gradient, rather than by any preformed cortical structure.

The new dorsal bristle rows I to III develop from the proliferation of portions of the old rows, while rows IV and V originate from short kineties formed "de novo" on the right margin. New caudal cirri differentiate at the posterior ends of the new rows I to III.

The numbers of ventral cirral rows and transversal cirri are variable; these variations are correlated, and related to variations in numbers of developing streaks.

A survey of hypotrich developmental patterns revealed extensive parallels, especially in the sites of appearance of primordia. The primordium site appears to be a more constant feature of cortical development than is the "source" of ciliary units. It is concluded that sites of primordia are determined by cellular gradients, with competent preformed structures being utilized if they are appropriately positioned within these gradients.


Objective To study the effects and the complication of surgical treatment of residual / recurrent cervical metastasis foci after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods 48cases of recurrent cervical metastasis after radiotherapy for nasopharygeal carcinoma were treated with operation. The resected specimens were sent for pathological text.All cases were follow-up and the complications were analyzed. Results The 5-year survival rate was 33.6%, there was no operative complication.Conclusion The treatment of residual or recurrent cervical metastasis after radiotherapy for nasopharygeal carcinoma is the first choice. The most feasible operative method is radical neck dissection.