This paper is devoted to a quantitative analysis of the reduction potential of CC^-emissions of the entire energy sector of the Federal Republic of Germany through rational use of energy exclusively by technical measures and the utilization of renewable sources of energy. Consequences of changes of consumer behaviour and of energy demand values are not included in this study. The paper analyses the most important reduction potentials of the private passenger car transportation, of the space heat sectors, of the electricity production sector, of the various industrial sectors and of electricity applications in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors. Additionally the effect of an exploitation of the potential of the renewable energy sector is investigated. Reference is the emission of the energy sector in 1987 of about 770 mill, t C02The identified technical reduction potential for private passenger car transportation is about 19 mill, t Ct^/a at maximum, for the industry about 20 mill, t C02/a, through improvement of the efficiency of electrical appliances in the residential and commercial sector about 34 mill, t C02/a and for the space heat technically at least 120 mill, t C02/a. The exploitation of the renewable energy sector could reduce the emis s ions by about 31 mill, t C02/a and the maximum reduction through the improvement of efficiency of electricity production is about 20 mill, t C02/a without substitution of energy carriers. It is important to notice that this above mentioned figures cannot be added up to a total figure because of partly mutual substitution of the different identified measures. The calculated individual reduction figures are maximum values derived under the ceteris paribus rule. But substitution effects were beyond the scope of this paper. The identified C02-reduction options in the space heat sector and the majority of the technologies for the utilization of renewable sources of energy are not economically viable at present and in the medium term. Whether they become economic in the long term depends amoung other things on the oil price development and on the progress of the state of the art for renewable energy technologies. But selecting smaller conservation potentials than the assumed ones could also lead in the space heat sector to a CO2 reduction without additional costs. Except for most renewable energies and the heat sectors nearly all identified measures seem to be economically feasible in the medium and long term with no additional costs for the CC^-emission reductions: The identified technical substitute measures are in most cases more expensive than the presently applied ones, but amortize within the life time through the reduced energy consumption. The associated CO2 emission reduction is a cost-free side effect, but depends on the actual market introduction of these measures. It should be noted that nevertheless the economic potnetials for C02~eniission reduction through rational utilization of energy and application of renewable energy sources seem to be relatively limited, especially if the demand for energy services continues to increase noticeably.


The incorporation of natural antioxidants into films and edible coatings can modify their structure, improving their functionality and applicability in foods, such as in fresh-cut fruits. This paper reviews the more recent literature on the incorporation of antioxidants from several sources into films and edible coatings, for application in fruits and vegetables. The use of synthetic antioxidants in foods has been avoided due to their possible toxic effects. Instead, a wide range of natural antioxidants (such as essential oils and plant extracts, as well as pure compounds, like ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) have been incorporated into edible films and coatings to improve their bioactive properties. Films and coatings containing added antioxidants help to preserve or enhance the sensory properties of foods and add value to the food products by increasing their shelf life.


Many fields that employ computation require extensive analysis of the output from a petascale simulation of a grid(or mesh)-based application in order to complete their scientific goals or produce a visual image or animation. Often this analysis cannot be done in-situ because it requires calculating time-series statistics from state sampled over the entire length of the run or analyzing the relationship between similar time series from previous simulations or observations. The programs that perform this analysis are not nearly as flexible in their choice of grids or as high-performing as the primary applications. We will describe a new Parallel Gridded Analysis Library (ParGAL) that performs data-parallel versions of several common analysis algorithms on data from a structured or unstructured grid simulation. The library builds on several scalable systems starting with the Mesh Oriented DataBase (MOAB). MOAB is a library for representing mesh data that supports structured, unstructured finite element and polyhedral grids and also supports parallel operations on those grids including loading to and from disk using parallel I/O. We are using the Parallel-NetCDF (PNetCDF) library to perform parallel I/O operations between the popular NetCDF format and ParGAL. Finally, we also make use of Intrepid, an extensible library for computing operators (such as gradient, curl, divergence, etc.) acting on discretized fields. The design and performance of ParGAL will be described and an example of its application to climate compared to a widely used tool is given.


ABSTRACT Wood-flour PLA (PLA/W) composite material is a recyclable new material that is suitable for wood-looking components. This organic material can be found in different wood-flour (WF) compositions recently and is appropriate for the FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) process. The current research investigates the impact of two key parameters, the nozzle temperature (NT, oC) and the layer thickness (LT, mm) onto surface quality (roughness average Ra and maximum profile height Rt; μm) and dimensional accuracy (linear external and wall thickness in X and Y direction, mm). A commercially available wood flour of pine with additives and pure PLA used for the experimental work. The results are analyzed using statistical descriptive tools (ANOM, ANOVA and interaction plots) and regression analysis for modeling the results. It has been found that lower values of LT and NT optimize both the surface quality and the dimensional accuracy. The LT is the dominant parameter for the surface quality, while both the LT and the NT are equally important for dimensional accuracy.


Magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy is a novel technique to image element specifically magnetic domain structures. A lateral resolution down to 25 nm is provided by the Fresnel zone plates used as optical elements in soft x-ray microscopy. The magnetic contrast is given by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, i.e., large magnetic contributions up to 25% to the absorption cross section of circularly polarized x rays that occur in the vicinity of, e.g., the Fe L3,2 edges~706 and 719 eV! and depend on the relative orientation of the projection of the magnetization of the sample onto the photon propagation direction. Thus, both in-plane and out-of-plane contributions to the magnetization are accessible. Here we present images of the magnetic domain structure of a ~3 nm Cr/50 nm Fe/6 nm Cr ! thin film system with a preferentially in-plane magnetization recorded at the FeL edges. The samples have been prepared by thermal evaporation onto a 100 nm thin Si 3N4 membrane and were mounted under a tilt of 30° with respect to the transmission direction of the photons in the full-field microscope. Corresponding images taken under a tilt of 0° ruled out out-of-plane contributions. Images recorded in applied varying external magnetic fields allowed to study the switching behavior. These trial results have a large impact on further investigations of nanostructured magnetic systems, e.g., spintronic devices and magnetic sensors with magnetic soft x-ray microscopy. ©2001 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1355333 #


The invention relates to the technical field of pesticide chemical and in particular relates to a preparation method of glyphosate potassium salt, a glyphosate potassium salt water soluble granule and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the glyphosate potassium salt comprises the following steps: mixing glyphosate acid with potassium bicarbonate for 10-20 minutes; reacting for 50-60 minutes at the temperature of 60-75 DEG C, and drying at the temperature of 60-90 DEG C, thus obtaining the glyphosate potassium salt. The preparation method of the glyphosate potassium salt has the advantages that drying cost is reduced, energy consumption is reduced and production efficiency is improved. The invention also provides a glyphosate potassium salt water soluble granule. The glyphosate potassium slat water soluble granule is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: 5-95 parts of glyphosate potassium salt, 2-8 parts of a surfactant and 0-93 parts of water soluble filler. The glyphosate potassium salt water-soluble granule provided by the invention has the advantages that selection and ratio of auxiliary materials are adjusted, so that foaming property is reduced, dissolution rate is increased and no sediment is formed in solution after the glyphosate potassium salt water-soluble granule is dissolved.


One of the obstacles to producing general summaries of the prognosis in coronary (ischaemic) heart disease is that it is exceedingly difficult to judge the degree to which any personal or hospital series is representative of the totality of cases, with the widely varying seriousness that does in fact occur (Friedberg, 1949; Katz et al., 1949; Master et al., 1936; Parkinson and Bedford, 1928; Schnur, 1953; Sigler, 1951; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1953; Tudhope and Donald, 1953; White, 1926). Thus, more than half of all deaths from " coronary thrombosis " among middle-aged men are " sudden deaths " and other rapidly fatal first clinical attacks(Morris et al., 1952). But such cases, whose inclusion or omission obviously can determine any picture of the prognosis, are quite commonly seen only by general practitioners and coroner's pathologists. This is the kind of situation in which the epidemiological method-aiming to observe all cases in a defined population-can help to complete the clinical picture: each type of case is represented in the experience being analysed in correct proportion (Morris, 1955). A study based on this principle (though it was not clearly stated there) has already been reported by us and the present study is an extension of it. All male medical practitioner members aged 40-64 years of the Medical Sickness, Annuity and Life Assurance Society, Limited, holding non-cancellable sickness insurance, who suffered a first clinical attack of coronary heart disease between Jan. 1, 1940 and Dec. 31, 1952, were followed up to Dec. 31, 1954. The original study has thus been extended in three ways. (1) The 73 first attacks occurring in 1951 and 1952 have been added, to make a total now of 316. (2) The period of observation has been lengthened by 3j years. (3) Membership of the Society ceases usually at 65 years of age, and sometimes at 60. In the present study, through the ready co-operation of the General Medical Council, all members no longer on the Society's books were traced till their death or to the end of 1954. There are, thus, no lapses due to loss of contact with cases before the end of the period of observation.


Pervasive networks formed by users' mobile devices have the potential to exploit a rich set of distributed service components that can be composed to provide each user with a multitude of application level services. However, mobile and pervasive networks suffer from intermittent connectivity, disconnections and partitions, such that opportunistic networking techniques are required to enable communication. This poses novel challenges to service composition techniques. While several works have discussed middleware and architecture for service composition in well-connected wired networks and in stable MANET environments, the underlying mechanism for selecting and forwarding service requests in the significantly challenging networking environment of opportunistic networks has not been addressed. The problem comprises three stages: i) selecting an appropriate service sequence set out of available services; ii) forwarding service inputs to the device hosting the next service in the composition; and iii) routing final service outcomes back to the requester. The proposed algorithm derives efficiency and effectiveness by taking into account the service load and location of devices providing the services, as well as intermittent connectivity, to select a particular service set. Through extensive simulations on real and synthetic traces, we show that by using only local knowledge collected in a distributed manner, performance close to a real-time centralized system can be achieved.


Most of the world power generation systems use large generators and large distribution networks to provide energy to the consumers. In recent years, alternative energy sources, such as photovoltaic, eolic and biomass have gained ground. The study of photovoltaic energy has shown its technical and economical feasibility as an option to conventional systems. In countries with more investment in the photovoltaic industry, government subsidies have performed a key role to make these systems economically possible. In Brazil there are no such incentives, which causes a large energy potential be not tapped.


Amorphous metal‐metal samples of Fe74Zr26 and Fe81Hf19 have been studied by bulk magnetic, Mossbauer spectroscopy and resistivity measurements. The values of TC have been determined to be 285 K and 295 K for Fe74Zr26 and Fe81Hf19, respectively. Both the magnetic isotherms and Mossbauer measurements indicate that these samples are ferromagnetics. The isomer shifts and the quadrupole interactions are much smaller than those of amorphous Fe‐metalloid systems. The P(H) are broad and extend to small H values. Negative temperature coefficients of the resistivity are observed at low temperatures followed by a resistivity minimum at temperatures slightly above room temperature. These results are significantly different from those of amorphous Fe‐metalloid systems with comparable Fe contents.


Abstract The overall purpose of this qualitative interview study was to research the experiences and thoughts of six students who came to Sweden when they were 10-12 years old and therefore have Sw ...


In the long-term, crude oil prices may impact the economic stability and sustainability of many countries, especially those depending on oil imports. This study thus suggests an alternative model for accurately forecasting oil prices while reflecting structural changes in the oil market by using a Bayesian approach. The prior information is derived from the recent and expected structure of the oil market, using a subjective approach, and then updated with available market data. The model includes as independent variables factors affecting oil prices, such as world oil demand and supply, the financial situation, upstream costs, and geopolitical events. To test the model's forecasting performance, it is compared with other models, including a linear ordinary least squares model and a neural network model. The proposed model outperforms on the forecasting performance test even though the neural network model shows the best results on a goodness-of-fit test. The results show that the crude oil price is estimated to increase to $169.3/Bbl by 2040.


ABSTRACT Most studies on innovation are aimed at covering technological innovation, neglecting other modes of innovation based on non-technological drivers. The latter, referred to as management innovation, consists of the implementation of new management practices, processes or organisational tasks. This work advances knowledge on the topic by exploring the joint effect of simultaneously introducing technological and management innovations on performance. Based on an analysis of 12,563 Spanish firms drawn from CIS data, our findings suggest that firms frequently pursue the simultaneous or joint introduction of both technological and management innovations and that integration impacts positively on a firm's performance, evidencing an inverted U-shape that suggest positive but diminishing returns. A theoretical framework using the capability-based view embraces the emerging conversation on management innovation issues and its relationship with the well-researched technological one.


The existing superstructure models of heat exchanger networks are reviewed and analyzed, their shortcomings are pointed out too A method based on expert system for establishing superstructure models of heat exchanger networks is proposed At the new method, the splitting and matching forbidden can be firstly decided by expert system.Then, during the establishing superstructure mathematical model, the matching forbidden decided by expert system can be made as restriction condition, and only those streams decided by expert system can be splitted, the others needn't The superstructure model is very suitable for larger scale heat exchanger networks synthesis


The objective of the present study was to develop fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) of glipizide, a sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug. The husk of Plantago ovata and pregelatinized husk of P. ovata were used as disintegrating agents. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as binder and starch (soluble) was used as bulk-forming agent. The powder blends were evaluated for angle of repose, compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The results of angle of repose, compressibility index (%) and Hausner ratio ranged from 24.23±0.57 to 29.34±0.78, 15.76±0.82 to 20.12±1.25 and 1.18±0.011 to 1.25±0.019, respectively. The tablet blends were converted into tablets by using direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for disintegration test, hardness test, friability test, drug entrapment efficiency, content uniformity tests and drug release study. Formulations, which contained pregelatinized husk of P. ovata as a superdisintegrant, showed faster disintegration, higher percentage friability and lesser hardness than formulations containing husk of P. ovata as a superdisintegrant. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be uniform among different batches of the tablets and ranged from 97.53±0.52 to 99.72±0.45.The results of content uniformity test of all the batches were found in the official range.The batches containing husk of P. ovata as a superdisintegrant released 15%–27% of glipizide per minute and those containing pregelatinized husk of P. ovata as a superdisintegrant released more than 95% of the drug within a minute.These results revealed that pregelatinized husk of P. ovata can be used as a superdisintegrant for obtaining FDTs.


Objective To investigate the application effects of double incision double plate internal fixation in patients with complex tibial plateau fractures.Methods Eighty-six patients with complex tibial plateau fractures hospitalized and treated in the orthopedic departments of Xiangya Bo'ai Rehabilitation Hospital and Hu'nan Huangxing Hospital from February 2008 to February 2012 were divided into the control group and the treatment group using the random number table.The control group was given open reduction plate internal fixation while the treatment group was given double incision double plate internal fixation.Then the clinical curative effects of the control group and the treatment group were compared.Results The control group and the treatment group were not significantly different in the excellent and good rates of curative effects (P 0.05),but the treatment group (60.47%) was significantly higher than the control group (46.51%) in the excellent rate of curative effects.Conclusion Double incision double plate internal fixation shows accurate curative effects,safety and reliability in the treatment of patients with complex tibial plateau fractures,thereby worthy of promotion and application.


Although the reservoir section is typically drilled as a single diameter, HEWD is required for many of the larger upper hole sections. However, in some cases, Solving Deepwater GoM Pore Pressure Puzzle: Multiple activation reamer eliminates trip prior to running coring bottomhole assembly. drilling conditions require the operator to deviate the casing program from plan. On a recent deepwater Gulf of Mexico Lower Tertiary well, pore pressure anomalies, high mud weight, and associated equivalent circulating density (ECD) required the operator to raise the formation integrity test (FIT) to the maximum limit while drilling the 14 1⁄2-in x 16 1⁄2-in section. To solve the problem it required the premature setting of a 14-in casing string. The subsequent 12 1⁄4-in section was initially planned as a single diameter drilling interval. // Challenge: Managing geological risk in deepwater drilling 40 Figure 1: Casing plan for GoM lower tertiary field. Find out more about the RHINO XC reamer // Challenge: Managing geological risk in deepwater drilling However, to account for pore pressure variations experienced on the previous section and to avoid narrowing of the producing casing size, the plan was modified to incorporate a contingency liner. The 12 1⁄4-in section would have to be enlarged to 13 1⁄2-in in case a contingency 11 7⁄8-in liner was needed. Adding to operational complexity, the original drilling program included a plan to core the 12 1⁄4-in section. To stabilize the coring BHA would necessitate a minimum of 250 ft of 12 1⁄4-in rathole. To achieve all 12 1⁄4-in objectives, an extra unplanned trip would be required. To solve application intricacies, the operator elected to use a new-type ream-on-demand (RoD) system in the 12 1⁄4-in section and eliminate multiple trips to change out BHAs. RoD technology is equipped with an innovative hydraulic mechanism that can be opened and closed multiple times as required while drilling. After risk assessment and pre-job planning, the 12 1⁄4-in section was successfully underreamed to a 13 1⁄2-in diameter with the RoD tool. The pressure regime was carefully monitored and it was determined the 11 7⁄8-in contingency liner was not required. The reamer was then closed at the top of the coring section and a 12 1⁄4-in borehole was drilled an additional 250 ft, offering the required stabilization for the subsequent coring run. Utilization of the RoD technology eliminated a round trip prior to using the coring BHA and significantly increased operational efficiency while enhancing project economics. Introduction Typical top-hole design for the well includes 36-in conductor casing and 22-in structural casing (Figure 1). Pushing the well design limit to use the full hoisting capability of the sixth-generation drillship, the well design features one of the longest and heaviest 16.04 × 16-in liners installed in a Gulf of Mexico (GoM) deepwater well. A 13 3⁄4-in drilling tieback has to be installed before drilling a 12 1⁄4-in hole into the reservoir section to satisfy the worstcase discharge casing design. Figure 2: Predicated pore pressure and fracture gradient trend in GoM Lower Tertiary field. Figure 3: Actual pore pressure and fracture gradient trend in GoM Lower Tertiary field. Use of ream-on-demand technology reduces pore pressure uncertainties and significantly increases operational efficiency while drilling a development well in the Gulf of Mexico. Copyright 2014, IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition. This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2014 IADC/SPE Conference and Exhibition, Fort Worth, Texas, USA, March 4–26 2014. Reproduced with permission of SPE. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.


The physiology and function of nociceptive and opioid signalling pathways undergo substantial postnatal maturation, and supraspinal µ-opioid receptor (MOR)-mediated control of nociceptive signalling is significantly different in juveniles and adults. Here the, mechanisms responsible for these changes were investigated.
[35S]GTPγS assays utilising the MOR-selective agonist DAMGO demonstrated concentration-dependent G protein activation within rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) tissue which was significantly different between rats aged postnatal day (P) 21 and adults (>P40) (adult: EC50 = 351.1 nM; Emax = 179% basal response; P21: EC50 = 129.3 nM; Emax = 150.9% basal response; Extra sum-of-squares F-test comparing concentration-response curves; P 0.05). Aside from expression on neurones, MOR are expressed by microglia, though the extent and functional consequences are subject to some controversy. Intracellular imaging of changes in calcium concentration using the fluorescent indicator dye Fura-2 showed that ATP-induced concentration-dependent increases in intracellular calcium were significantly increased in primary microglial cultures isolated from adult (EC50 = 2.91 µM; Emax = 0.37 Fmax - F0, the increase in 340/380 nm fluorescence ratio from baseline) versus neonatal (P1) (EC50 = 3.03 µM; Emax = 0.20 Fmax - F0; Extra sum-of-squares F-test comparing concentration-response curves; P 0.05 for all), confirming previous findings in rats.
Previously it has been demonstrated that painful experience during the neonatal period can have a lasting influence on pain processing and adult sensory thresholds. Investigations into opioidergic signalling as one of the mechanisms responsible were conducted with hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; 10 µl), which induced oedema and erythema in rats aged P1, P10 and P21. As expected this failed to induce decreases in mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in P1 rats, in contrast to all other ages. Examining infiltrating macrophages during the acute inflammatory process revealed significant alterations between adults and neonates in cells expressing ED1 and mannose receptor, suggesting altered peripheral inflammatory processes in the neonate. Despite the aforementioned postnatal alterations in MOR-mediated control of nociception, administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (3 mg/kg) unmasked resolved inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats injured as early as P10, showing that constitutive MOR activity is able to suppress latent pain sensitisation from an early age but not from birth, highlighting the functional immaturity of this system in early postnatal life.
The impact of neonatal inflammation on hyperalgesic priming, a model of the transition from acute to chronic pain, was also investigated. CFA at P1 failed to alter adult responses to hindpaw injection of carrageenan (5 µl; 1%)-induced inflammation, did not alter the development of hyperalgesic priming (increased duration of response to hindpaw injection of PGE2; 1 µg/5 µl) and did not itself induce priming. These results suggest that previously observed life-long effects of neonatal injury are dependent on nociceptive signalling to the spinal cord rather than the presence of inflammation itself.


Phosphorus is a harmful impurity, impairing the mechanical properties of steel and resulting in cold shortness of the steel.' The solubility of phosphorus in liquid iron is unlimited, and in solid solutions of iron it does not exceed 2.8%. In addition, phosphorus belongs to the number of impurities characterised by high liquation capacity, resulting in the nonuniform distribution at the grain boundaries of weld metal. Liquation of phosphorus is intensified by carbon. This may be accompanied by the formation of a low-melting eutectic of the triple type Fe + P + C which rapidly decreases the mechanical parameters of the welded joint, and also with iron phosphide Fe2P, which is a compound soluble in the melt and which decreases the resistance to formation and propagation of microcracks in the welded joint. Phosphorus is characterised by a higher affinity for oxygen in comparison with iron and, consequently, it can be removed from the deposited metal by oxidation refining. It is well-known that when melting steels, products of burn-out elements, dissolved in the metal, are usually represented by complex compounds, containing Fe oxides, and not by pure oxides. The oxidation of phosphorus is accompanied by the precipitation of a phase whose composition is close to the phosphate Fe-3FeO-P2O5:


It is difficult to define the legal concept of public service. There are two ways to understand it. The first one is objective and tries to determine which activities and services should be guaranteed to all citizens with the aim of social cohesion. The second one is subjective and is based on the idea that public services are activities excluded from the market. This second conception emphasizes the problems arising from the relationship between the public and private sectors rather than the right of the citizenship to receive specific services. Within this general conceptual framework, this work shows the current debate which is not centered on which kinds of public services are to be provided but rather on how they have to be provided. The debate has a strong ideological content and defends the return to public management at the expense of private management, which is considered inefficient. This work analyzes the debate and introduces some objections to remunicipalization.


Difficult-to-treat asthma is asthma that is uncontrolled despite high intensity treatment. Patients with severe asthma are a subset of this group who remain uncontrolled despite addressing contributory factors, necessitating the use of add-on therapies including biologics. Currently available asthma biologics largely target type 2 inflammatory pathways that drive allergic and eosinophilic asthma. As a proportion of patients may be eligible for more than one biologic, biomarker profile, comorbidities, asthma outcome targets, dosing regimen and costs are important considerations in biologic selection.


To determine endurance capacity and to give specific training recommendations, blood lactate (LA) concentrations are frequently used in performance diagnostics. In blood, LA is stored in red blood cells (RBC) and in plasma. Higher LA uptake by RBC might lead to delayed muscle fatigue since RBC serve as a dilution space for LA and more LA can be taken up by plasma which is released from the working muscle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of lactate in plasma and RBC in aerobically well-trained athletes (AA) in comparison to an untrained control group (CG). Materials and Methods: 13 AA and 13 CG participated in this study and conducted a high intensive treadmill test consisting of 2x4 minutes of running at 95% of the maximal running velocity with an active break of 4 minutes. Venous blood was drawn before and after the test. LA was measured in whole blood, plasma and RBC. Further, the ratio (LARatio) was calculated using the following formula: LA of RBC / LA of plasma. Results: AA exhibit significantly higher values in VO2peak and maximum running velocity. After the running test, LA in whole blood, RBC and plasma is increased significantly in both groups. No interaction effect (group X time point) was observed in any parameter. Values of LARatio did not show any significant differences. Conclusion: This study showed that the LA distribution in RBC and plasma after a high intensity running test is very similar in well trained endurance athletes and in untrained control subjects. Hence, LA uptake by RBC cannot or only in part be seen as a contributor to aerobic athletic performance.


Recall that the state of a single qubit can be written as a superposition over the possibilities 0 and 1: ψ = α 0 + β 1. Measuring in the standard basis, then, there is probability |α| 2 that we get 0 and the new state is ψ ′ = 0 , and probability |β | 2 that we get 1 and ψ ′ = 1. A measurement can be written as a projector. A projector P i = i i takes a ket ψ and replaces it by its component i , with amplitude i ψ. The spectral resolution of the identity defines a set of projectors. For a general expansion ψ = ∑ j c j j and an orthonormal basis { i }, we have the corresponding resolution of the identity: E.g., I = 0 0 + 1 1 for a two state basis. Hence P i ψ = i i ψ = ∑ j c j i j j = ∑ j δ i, j c j i = c i i Note: operators may generally be written in the form O = { a b } {a,b}. More generally, we can measure the qubit in any orthonormal basis simply by projecting ψ onto the two basis vectors. See Figure 1. 0 1 + = 1 √ 2 (0 + 1) − =


Teething is a natural physiological process. It is very important that it passes without complications that can lead to improper formation of permanent teeth, malocclusion, infections, etc. According to statistics, only 30% of babies tolerate such moments more or less calmly, and 70% of children experience the so-called teething syndrome (in accordance with ICD-10 is coded as K00.7), which is accompanied by a number of nonspecific symptoms – fever, child anxiety, sleep and appetite disturbances, runny nose, cough, vomiting, regurgitation, loose stools. Because the symptoms are nonspecific, teething syndrome is always a syndrome of exclusion. The pediatrician must make sure that the child does not have ARVI, acute intestinal infection and a number of other pathological conditions, up to such serious ones as pneumonia, pyelonephritis and acute meningitis. When the doctor is confident that the existing symptoms are directly related to teething, the first step is to reduce the pain in the sore gums. After all, it is pain that causes crying, sleep disturbances, poor appetite and other complaints that reduce the quality of life for both the baby and his parents. If the pain and discomfort associated with teething cannot be relieved by non-drug methods, drug therapy may be needed, in particular, the use of a dental gel with lidocaine and cetylpyridinium chloride, which has an analgesic effect and mild antiseptic properties.


years. Xenon ion thrusters of IES will be used for NorthSouth Station Keeping (NSSK) of ETS-VI. 2 ETS-VI is Ion Engine System (IES) for Engineering Test to be launched in the summer of 1994 by H-II booster Satellite VI (ETS-VI), which is to be launched in the rocket summer of 1994, is under development successfully. IES After the successful results of qualification test using will be used for the north-south station keeping of ETSprototype and prot-flight models (component perforVI. mance and interface matching in IES was verified), flight This IES for ETS-VI consists of six components, models (FM) of 4 thrusters (TRS) / mass flow controllers and has features such as 1) the application of high specific (MFC) and 3 power processing units (PPU) are now impulse xenon ion thrusters for north-south station under fabrication. (1 of 4 PPUs is a proto-flight keeping, 2) simultaneous operation of two thrusters on modelPFM). This paper describes the design concepts of orbit, 3) full redundant system for high reliability. ETS-VI IES and its components. After successful completion of qualification tests On the other hand, endurance tests using 4 engineerusing prototype and proto-flight models, flight models of ing model (EM) thrusters and 2 PM thrusters are carrying ion thrusters are fabricated and now under the final test. on at Tsukuba Space Center of NASDA to verify the life On the other hand, to investigate the interference of time of ion thrusters.' In the endurance tests, interference neutralizing current, extended tests were performed using of neutralizing current has been observed when two or two ion thrusters and two neutralizer hollow cathodes. more thrusters are operated simultaneously. Extended The results showed that the interference of neutralizing tests were performed using two thrusters and two neutralcurrent on orbit can be solved by the control of propellant izer hollow cathodes (NHCs), and the results are also flow rate for the neutralizers. described in this paper.


: Organizations rely on information to make effective business decisions and corporate intranets are changing the way organizations conduct business. As networking technologies continue to improve, with increasing bandwidth and reliability, effective distributed computing is becoming a reality. Organizations are relying on internet technologies to be the conduit for employees to access and manipulate corporate information. Having timely and accurate information is essential for effective management practices and optimization of limited resources. Information can be stored effectively and efficiently in Database Management Systems (DBMS), a software system that manages the data integrity, storage and access of data in a database. The goal of a database is to reduce redundant storage of information throughout an organization. Java is destined to become a language for distributed computing. Java Development Kit (JDK) comes with a broad range of classes for network and database programming. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is one such class for providing client/server database access.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact that cyberattacks are having on organizations and the growing need these create for H.R. departments to collaborate more closely with IT departments.

Design/methodology/approach

Current thinking regarding managing cybersecurity suggests that it should be managed holistically, i.e. by the human resources (HR) department and information technology (IT) department working together more closely. This sees the IT department providing the IT security tools and the HR department providing the appropriate processes and procedures that need to be followed, as well as creating a necessarily more "vigilant" culture.

Findings

Several practical steps are outlined that will help HR departments protect themselves against a data breach.

Originality/value

Cyberthreats are amongst the top threats to UK business, according to the government. Managing cybersecurity has long been left almost solely to the technology experts. The continuing number of high-profile data breaches suggests that cybersecurity tools alone will not stop information leaking from companies. There is an important role for HR teams in encouraging and enforcing a more proactive, vigilant culture amongst the workforce and working more closely with IT to improve security practices.


An analysis of the WAIS Vocabulary performance of 56 young adults (Mage about 19 yr.) and 39 old adults (Mage about 77 yr.), equated for educational level, showed that the average performance of the younger group was significantly higher. An examination of the responses of the two age groups to specific items suggested generational change in the degrees of understanding and the kinds of referents for several words.


Session-based recommendation (SBR), which makes the next-item recommendation based on previous anonymous actions, has drawn increasing attention. The last decade has seen multiple deep learning-based modeling choices applied on SBR successfully, e.g., recurrent neural networks (RNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), graph neural networks (GNNs), and each modeling choice has its intrinsic superiority and limitation. We argue that these modeling choices differentiate from each other by (1) the way they capture the interactions between items within a session and (2) the operators they adopt for composing the neural network, e.g., convolutional operator or self-attention operator. In this work, we dive deep into the former as it is relatively unique to the SBR scenario, while the latter is shared by general neural network modeling techniques. We first introduce the concept of connectivity view to describe the different item interaction patterns at the input level. Then, we develop the Multiple Connectivity Views for Session-based Recommendation (MCV-SBR), a unified framework that incorporates different modeling choices in a single model through the lens of connectivity view. In addition, MCV-SBR allows us to effectively and efficiently explore the search space of the combinations of connectivity views by the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) algorithm. Finally, on three widely used SBR datasets, we verify the superiority of MCV-SBR by comparing the searched models with state-of-the-art baselines. We also conduct a series of studies to demonstrate the efficacy and practicability of the proposed connectivity view search algorithm, as well as other components in MCV-SBR.


A 61 year old gentleman presented with polyuria and polydipsia in the absence of diabetes mellitus. This case presentation highlights the diagnostic challenges and surprises in the evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia.


Our experiment was conducted to investigate phenotypic variation of Rhododendron purdomii in 7 natural populations and to discuss the relationship between phenotypic variation of the natural population and different distribution areas.We investigated 10 quantitative traits and 8 qualitative traits in 7 natural populations of R.purdomii from Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province of China and used multi-comparison,correlation analysis and cluster analysis to analyze results.Analysis showed that:(1)The flower color and spots in petal were significantly different in and among populations,while the other traits were significantly different only among populations,and similar in populations for qualitative traits.In 10 quantitative traits,differences of the mean of every quantitative trait were all significantly different in and among populations.The coefficient of variation of quantitative traits was from 0 to 55.3% in populations.Among these,pedicels length,filament length,petal width and petiole length varied more,and the number of flower varied less.(2)The correlation analysis between the phenotypic traits of R.purdomii and geography factor showed that the correlation between them were not significant except that length and width of petal were significantly negative affected by latitude,while length and width of leaf and aspect ratio were significantly negative affected by elevation.(3)Cluster analysis showed that seven natural populations of R.purdomii could be divided into 2 groups by SPSS cluster analysis.Explaining the phenotypic traits did not gather according to geography distance.In summary,the phenotypic characteristics of R.purdomii had rich variation in and among populations.And they were relevant to population characteristics and habitat.These provided references to further study the population ecosystem,conservation and utilization of R.purdomii.


Gonioridleylactam (1), a new compound, is a unique dimeric aristolactam isolated from the EtOAc extract of the twigs of Goniothalamus ridleyi King. The structure of gonioridleylactam (1) consists of two different aristolactams linked together with two methylenedioxy bridges at C–3/C–3′ and C–4/C–4′, generating a ten-membered ring of [1,3,6,8]tetraoxecine. A new natural product, gonioridleyindole (3-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-1H-benz[f]indole-4,9-dione, 2), together with eight known compounds (3–10) were also isolated from this plant. Their structures were extensively characterized by spectroscopic methods and comparisons were made with the literature. Compounds 1–4, 7, and 9 were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Of these, 3,5-demethoxypiperolide (7) displayed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 1.25 µM.


Karen Argus examined a creative arts practice's potential for teaching visual art. Arts education derived from knowledge based in art is more effective (Sullivan & Gu 2017). This research analyses visual art practice from beginning to end for potential application to visual arts pedagogy in future research.


Background Acute uncomplicated diverticulitis (AUD) may show histologic and serologic signs of inflammation. Goals To assess whether serologic markers of inflammation may be predictive of abnormal histology in AUD. Study Twenty-one consecutive patients affected by AUD were studied (15 Males, 6 Females, mean age 66.19 y, range 43 to 85 y). Diagnosis of AUD was based on specific endoscopic and CT scan patterns. Several serologic markers were assessed [White blood cells (WBC), Erytro-sedimentation Rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, α1-acid glycoprotein]. Neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate was also scored. Results WBC was increased in 4/21 pts (19.4%), Erytro-sedimentation Rate in 12/21 pts (57.14%), CRP in 13/21 pts (61.9%), fibrinogen in 5/21 pts (23.8%), and α1-acid glycoprotein in 6/21 pts (28.57%). All serologic markers were related with the degree of histologic damage. In patients scoring 3 in neutrophilic infiltrate (severe active inflammation), all markers showed a statistical significant relation (ranging from P=0.004 for WBC to P=0.00001 for fibrinogen). CRP was the most sensitive marker of mild-moderate histologic damage, as it was increased in 4/10 (40%) patients scoring 0 or 1 in neutrophilic infiltrate (absence of mild active inflammation) (P=0.005). Conclusions Serologic markers showed a strict relation with the degree of histologic damage in AUD. Moreover, CRP is the most sensitive marker of mild-moderate histologic damage.


Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) represents a powerful tool for subsurface solute transport characterization since a full picture of the spatio-temporal evolution of the process can be obtained. However, the quantitative interpretation of tracer tests is difficult because of the uncertainty related to the geo-electrical inversion and the constitutive models linking geophysical and hydrological quantities. Here a new approach based on the Lagrangian formulation of transport and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation technique is applied to assess the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity K by incorporating time-lapse cross-hole ERT data. Under the assumption that the solute spreads as a passive tracer, for high Peclet numbers the spatial moments of the evolving plume are dominated by the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity. The assimilation of the electrical conductivity 4D images allows updating of the hydrological state as well as the spatial distribution of K. Thus, delineation of the tracer plume and estimation of the local aquifer heterogeneity can be achieved at the same time by means of this interpretation of time-lapse electrical images from tracer tests.


Wonderful productions, wonderful dancers, a fairy tale made real. Fully illustrated with stunning photographs and classically put together, this will make a beautiful gift book for all ballet lovers.


This thesis examines the impact of international coercive policies on democratic opposition parties operating within 'rogue' states. Using Serbia between 1992 and 2000 as a case study, the aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of the international community's coercion of Serbia on the effectiveness of the Serbian democratic opposition in their campaigns against the Milosevic regime. In order to explore this issue, the time period from 1992 to 2000 is broken down into five subperiods in each of which Serbia's experience of international coercion differed in terms of its nature and/or extent. Within each of these sub-periods the issues of whether Serbia's opposition parties held positions that differed from those of the Milosevic regime on issues that were of key international concern; the extent and nature of links between the Serbian democratic opposition and the international community; and the impact of international policy on the effectiveness of the democratic opposition in opposing the Milosevic regime is investigated. The findings of this research show that the positions of the democratic opposition parties were often closer to those of the international com m unity than were those of the Milosevic regime, and that for much of the time international coercion of Serbia undermined Serbia's opposition in its efforts to oppose Milosevic.


Objective:To knowledge the changes of the surrounding and its reason and harm and provide some advice to the scentific management.Methods:The examination of air quality in the tuunel consists of micro-climate,chemial and biological index;to detect water in the reservoir of the tuunel according to the standard detection law of the life drinking water(GB5750-85),including sense character,chemistry,toxicology and microbe.Results:The microbe in the air of the airing tuunel rooms is higher than in the semi-airing ones.While the chemical and toxicological index in water in the reservoir is accord with the wholesome standard,and the water is always polluted by mycete,there lives some mycete on the 57 1% surface of it.Conclusion:The status of airing and inner clearing in the tunnel are the major factors affecting the air quality.The major pollutant of the water in the reservoir is the mycete in the air of tunnel.The increase of the microorganism in the air will do harm to health.


Over the past decade, the multilateral development community' has espoused the fiscal and administrative decentralization of the social sectors and often specifically of primary and secondary schooling (e.g., see IDB, 1994: 194; Dillinger, 1995). Although nearly every country in Latin America has undertaken some form of educational decentralization, very little is known about the attributes of such policies. They often go hand in hand with a call for increased parental and community involvement (see Dimmock, Donoghue, and Robb, 1996) that has come both from the top down (e.g., from the multilateral community) and from the bottom up (e.g., from grassroots organizations and nongovernmental organizations [NGOs]). Since 1993, Nicaragua has set in motion one of the most radical educational decentralization experiments in Latin America. Its autonomous schools program implements a system of school-based management with local school-site councils that have a voting majority of parents and allocate resources that derive in part from fees charged to parents. Nowhere in Latin America have parents officially been given so much responsibility, and nowhere have they been asked to provide directly such a large proportion of school resources. The confluence of transferring responsibilities to schoolsite councils and the charging of fees is not coincidental. Both derive from social movements solidly within the so-called neoliberal reform model


In modern society,people's mental health problems more serious concern,a university student of China's social and cul- tural level as high a special crowd,the show more and more psychological problems,therefore,a university student mental health edu- cation is imperative.This paper describes the mental health education students on the basis of mental health education students the ex- isting problems and proposed building a new college students psychological health education model:change their ideas to enhance men- tal health education curriculum reform and building materials to enhance students Mental Health Education ranks; sound psychological health education mechanism.


We propose a general defender-attacker model for security of computer networks, using attack graphs to represent the possible attacker strategies and defender options. The defender's objective is to maximize the security of the network under a limited budget. In computer security, the attacker could be operating from the safety of a foreign country, and the cost of changing attack strategies may be quite low. To capture the ability of the attacker to launch multiple attempts, we represent the attacker's success on each arc of the attack graph probabilistically, and formulate the resulting problem as a two- stage stochastic NI problem. We solve the resulting problem using two-stage stochastic optimization with recourse, and explore the attacker and defender strategies.


Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes oxaloacetate (OAA) synthesis and ostensibly links gluconeogenesis and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrates activation of bovine PC mRNA in Madin‐Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells in response to a PPAR agonist but a decrease with saturated FA. Our objective was to determine effects of chain length and degree of saturation through copresence of saturated and unsaturated FA on PC mRNA. Cells at 80% confluence were exposed to either individual FA bound to BSA (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n‐9 cis or C18:3n‐3 cis) or FA cocktails in 25:75, 50:50 or 75:25 for combinations of C16:0: C18:3n‐3 cis or C18:0: C18:3n‐3 cis or C18:1n‐9 cis: C18:3n‐3 cis. Total FA concentration was 1 mM. Both C16:0 and C18:0 independently decreased (P < 0.05) PC mRNA (0.70, 0.18, 2.53 ± 0.41; C16:0, C18:0, control, respectively). The ratio of 25:75 C18:3n‐3 cis: C18:0 increased PC expression compared to C18:0 (1.97, 0.18 ± 0.41; P < 0.05) but only 75:25 C18:3n‐3 cis: C16:0 could recover PC expression to levels similar to control (1.55, 2.53 ± 0.41; P > 0.1). Results indicate that C18:3n‐3 cis is a more potent alleviator of PC depression in C18:0 treated cells compared to C16:0: C18:3n‐3 cis treatments. C18:1n‐9 cis treatments did not depress PC (P > 0.10), revealing FA saturation is key in PC expression. PC activation by unsaturated FA may play a critical role in setting the capacity for OAA synthesis.


The work entitled "Evaluation of the trends in adventure sports of students of tourism in the province of Chimborazo for the use of free time"
He proposes to work with university students in his free time with adventure activities in the tourist field in a practical way. Girls and boys can have children at the Chimborazo elementary school with affinities to the subject.
What can be done in particular is for the university community to value the free time we have and thus be able to carry out something related to what is studied and take advantage of the different types of adventure tourism activities, which can be carried out a safe, fun and conscientizing nature that is fundamental and primordial is to care and protect.
For the development is used the exploratory method of inductive research was interviewed university students of the province of Chimborazo with affinity to tourism.
Finally, the proposal "Creation of the adventure sports club in the career of tourism and hotel management of the National University of Chimborazo, city of Riobamba", which is dedicated to the respective activities in the university community for the purpose of Most important part of activities are with a single purpose.


This paper reports the compositional dependence of the optical properties of vacuum evaporated amorphous GexSe80−xPb20 films. The amorphous nature of the films was verified by their x-ray diffraction patterns. Various optical constants such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, refractive index dispersion parameters and optical band gap have been determined by analysing optical transmittance data in the wavelength range of 300–1600 nm. These parameters were found to exhibit a remarkable change at 20 at% Ge. The observed variation in the optical properties has been correlated with the formation of Ge–Se structural units at the expense of Se–Se units. The change in optical constants and dispersion parameters with Ge content in place of Se has been ascribed to the corresponding change in the net polarizability of the system. However, variation in the optical bandgap was interpreted on the basis of removal of structural defects with Ge addition. The dispersion energy has also been estimated using the single oscillator model to determine the coordination number and the static refractive index.


Objective The clinical manifestations , endoscopic and pathologic characteristics of primary colorectal malignant lymphoma ( PCML ) were discussed . Methods 24 patients with PCML received assays of blood for routine and typing , roentgenography ,endoscopy and final confirmation by surgery and pathology . Results The clinical presentations included abdominal pain ( n=22, 91.6%) , loss of weight ( n=20, 80.3%) ,fever (n=17,70.8%) abdominal mass(n=16,66.7%),blood in stools ( n=14, 80.3%), and change in bowel movements ( n=14, 58.4%) . Not a few tumors located at ileocecal region ( n=9, 37.1%) , only one lymphoma situated at rectum ( 4.2%) . Of the 16 cases examined by endoscopy , the scopic typing as protruding , infiltrative and ulcerative lesions accounted for 56.2%( n=9) , 25.0%( n=4 ) and 18.8%( n=3 ) respectively. 81.3 percent of the typing being in line with postoperative naked eye classification . But the coincidence rate of endoscopic biopsy with pathology of resected specimen reduced to 62.5 percent . The tumor might originate from the following organisms : B cell ( n=18 , 75.0%) , T cell ( n=5 , 20.8%) and histocyte ( n=1, 4.2%) , capable of being classified into centrocytic malignant lymphoma ( n=9, 37.5%) , small cell malignant lymphoma ( n=5, 20.8%) , T cell malignant lymphoma ( n=5, 20.8%) , centroblastic centrocytic malignant lymphoma ( n=1, 4.2%) and histiocytic malignant lymphoma ( n=1, 4.2%) .Conclusion Abdominal pain and mass, loss of weight , fever , bloody stools and change of bowel habit constituted the clinical aspects of PCML , which affecting frequently the distal ileum and cecum as protruding growth with centrocytes and T cells as well . Its pathogenesis may be attributed to heredity


This paper presents an evaluation for the voltage regulators adopted in the digital dual-loop voltage-controlled, LC-filtered voltage-source converters. Given the proportional control on the filter inductor current, four different capacitor voltage regulators implemented in the αβ frame are compared. The analysis elaborates that the basic proportional and resonant voltage regulator limits the control bandwidth of the voltage loop, and also results in a large non-passive impedance region, which can lead to harmonic instability. Four enhanced voltage controls are then presented, aiming to improve the transient performance of the voltage loop and the passivity of the output impedance of the converter. Experimental tests corroborate the theoretical analysis.


PWM modulation and IGBT drive circuits determined the quality of welding,controlled the output of driving signal for the IGBT inverter main circuit.So a novel PWM control technique is presented to improve the device's operating environment and reduce the switching losses.Choose Current PWM chips UC3846.Uses the bipolar limited soft-switching PWM control to make pulse modulation.Designed a driver circuit,which can isolate PWM control signals,transmission,amplification,superior performance,reliable protection.Through set a variety of parameters,the experiment results proved the correctness and feasibility of this article.


This paper contains a brief report of the analysis of new requirements raised by Interactive Television and then gives a possible solution by defining a model-driven environment for the production and delivery of interactive television applications and their content.


In contrast to standard fuel, biodiesel continues to burn cleaner. However, repeated studies have revealed that when compared to conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel generates more NOx formation. In this research, methyl ester of Annona (AOME) oil is applied to produce biodiesel by a transesterification process. The antioxidant is administered in varying quantities in w/w basis ranging from 0.010 to 0.040%. Without altering the engine, the findings suggest that the antioxidant additive mixture AOME+P200 is effective in lowering NOx and HC emissions of AOME fuelled engines.


Feeding habits formed in the toddler years are important building blocks for adult health. The nutritional needs of children must incorporate what is required for both maintenance and growth. The food preferences developed in early childhood, including those for sugary, salty, fatty foods, may have an impact on eating behaviour in later childhood and adult life, and indeed on future health. The food served in pre-school services is of great importance in a young child's health. The pre-school setting provides the perfect environment for promoting and learning about healthy eating and physical activity. The provision of nutritious food positively enhances not only a child's health, but also allows the child to take full advantage of the learning opportunities provided in pre-schools (DOH, 2004). Specific food and nutrition guidelines for pre-school services have been developed in response to the goals and objectives of the National Health Promotion Strategy 2000-2005 and the National Children's Strategy – Our Children – Their Lives (2000). A "Food and Nutrition" training day was run by the community dietitian in September for the pre school providers. This project aims to assess the degree to which the pre school services implemented the guidelines in their service and to investigate the need for further training. Another aim of this project is to determine the views of pre school team members on the possible implementation of a "Healthy Food Award" scheme in the pre-school setting.


Young people presenting with psychotic symptoms pose a myriad of challenges for the clinician. Often there can be concomitant drug and alcohol abuse, poor family relations and a long period of untreated psychosis. All of these factors can result in poorer prognosis for the client. This case highlights the importance of thorough assessment of mental state, symptoms and cognitive functioning in an adolescent patient with a recent diagnosis of schizophrenia, the most common psychotic disorder. While this case has a neuropsychological focus, understanding the cognitive profile of this type of patient can lay the groundwork for development of an appropriate treatment plan. Schizophrenia is the rnost common psychotic disorder. With a lifetime prevalence of approximately 4 people in 1000 (Saha, Chant, Welham, & McGrath, 2005), it is a relatively rare disorder. However, it has a high burden of disease. Based on the number of years a person will live with their disorder, it is one of the ten leading causes of disability worldwide (F1eishman, 2003). The age of onset for males is typically between the ages of 17 and 25, for women it is usually in the midto late-twenties. Because it affects people at such a young age, often people with schizophrenia do not have the opportunity to


ABSTRACT Workplace relational aggression incurs substantial costs to organizations in the form of reduced employee effectiveness and can exact a personal toll on the targets of the aggression. The extant literature contains limited studies related to physiological variables in predicting the perpetration of workplace relational aggression. Using survey data from a large US military sample (N = 2290), this research tested a hypothesized indirect effects model of sleep and relational aggression against unit members. Results suggest that subjective sleep duration and discontinuity are associated indirectly with perpetrating relational aggression against unit members through higher levels of poor mental health symptoms. Moreover, this association was more robust at higher versus lower levels of trait anger. This research is among the first to examine sleep disturbance or mental health as potential upstream factors associated with instigating relational aggression in the workplace. This is also among the first scientific studies on perpetrating relational aggression against unit members in the US military.


In this work, we develop a new gradient acoustic metasurface to manipulate reflective wavefronts arbitrarily. Each unit of the gradient metasurface is constructed of a locally anisotropic resonant structure, comprising a steel cylinder with an elliptical rubber coating embedded in epoxy. Phase shifts of the reflected wave over the full range provided by different units can be realized by selecting the radius of the steel cylinder. With an appropriate design of the phase profiles along the acoustic metasurface, we can achieve anomalous reflection, a planar acoustic lens, and an acoustic cloak. The locally anisotropic resonant units have significant potential for engineering and manipulating acoustic wavefronts.


Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) are proving to be significant threats in modern asymmetric warfare. The United States is investigating and pressing into service numerous techniques to counter this threat. One approach is employment of jammer equipment to disrupt signals used to detonate the devices from some stand-off position. The purpose of this paper is investigate the use of agent-based models to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of ground vehicle-based and airborne communications jammers in protecting a ground convoy against IED attacks. The agent-based simulation tool, MANA, is used to simulate the scenarios. Simulation outcomes are data farmed across relevant ranges of input values pertaining to tactical factors such as jamming effectiveness, length of time IEDs are suppressed, and convoy speed. The average number of convoy vehicles killed by IEDs is the measure of effectiveness (MOE) used to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the two types of jamming systems in countering the threat. Tactical factors having significant impact on the MOE are also identified. The importance of the work is not the quantitative outcomes per se, but the modeling, experimental design, and data analysis approaches used that can possibly serve as guidance to future studies of this nature.


Three patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritis were treated by single compart -ment arthroplasty with Marmor's modular knee. Chief complaints were severe pain and the gait disturbance associated with slight varus angulation and the lateral thrust and medial joint-space narrowed showing 184192° of FTA on the standing X-ray picture. The most significant improvement was noted in pain relief. In this method, no immobilization and long time after treatment are necessary, and this is the most favourable procedure in the elderly patient with single compartment lesion.


As technological change accelerates, and mass production encompasses more sectors, their inherent inefficiencies and inequities become more prevalent in the aggregate economy. The resulting mass market economy can be described as the combination of a large scale, innovative leading sector under monopolistic competition, with a small scale competitive sector made of millions of firms absorbing technologies, whose productivity lags behind. Innovation profits concentrate on a few owners of large scale innovation, while the economy-wide wage level reflects the lagging average technological level. Innovative-distributive policies exist and are necessary for raising equality and approximating efficiency. Cointegration and weak exogeneity results for the US states from 1997 to 2011 corroborate the large scale sector drives aggregate employment and wages.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a base station. Data Fusion/Aggregation can effectively reduce the volume of data transmission in the network, reduce the energy consumption to extend network lifetime and improve bandwidth utilization, as a result, it can overcome the restriction of energy and bandwidth. Moreover since a sensor is typically placed in locations that are accessible to malicious attackers, information assurance of the data fusion process is very important. In order to improve the performance in terms of assurance, overhead and delay, we proposed a novel trust based direct voting mechanism [1]. Our work employs trust metric to poll the witness nodes for in the process of data fusion assurance. In this paper we extended the work of [1] in terms of bottom-up approach where the child node can select the node (parent) to forward the data. Generally, a hierarchical data collection scheme is used by the sensors to report data to the base station, it is difficult to precisely identify and eliminate a compromised node in such a data collecting hierarchy. Most security schemes for sensor networks focuses on developing mechanism for nodes located higher in the hierarchy to monitor those located at lower levels. We propose a complementary mechanism with which the nodes at lower levels can monitor their parents in the hierarchy to identify the behavior, based on that child will select the parent node to forward the data. Every node maintains a reputation (trust) value of its parent and updates this at the end of every data reporting cycle. We propose a novel combination of statistical testing techniques and reinforcement learning schemes to manage the reputation of a parent node. In this paper baye's theorem is used to evaluate the trust of nodes. The performance of proposed approach is evaluated and compared with previous approaches and found that our approach has a lower overhead than the previous approaches in terms of delay and energy consumption.


The development objective of the First Phase of the Zhengzhou Rail Transit Line Three Project for China is to improve urban mobility for the population of Zhengzhou along the catchment area of line 3 from Xin Liu Lu station to Hang Hai Dong Lu station. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) for vocational training of farmer whose land is expropriated, provide allowance according to urban employment training allowance method and rate; (2) provide 10 percent of expropriated area to the villagers of Laoyachen and Gucheng village for production, so as to compensate economic losses brought to the affected population; (3) provide relocation allowance of 30Yuan per square meter of construction area of the expropriated house. If the allowance amount is less than 1200Yuan, count it as 1200Yuan; (4) provide compensations to affected households according to quantity and types of indoor facilities and specified rates; (5) provide transportation allowances to affected households according to number of students, monthly transportation expense, and actual duration of interim period; and (6) provide rewards for households that sign contract and finish resettlement within scheduled period.


Camera style (camstyle) is a main factor that affects the performance of person reidentification (ReID). In the past years, existing works mainly exploit implicit solutions from the inputs by designing some strong constraints. However, these methods cannot consistently work as the camstyle still exists in the inputs as well as in the intermediate features. To address this problem, we propose a Camstyle-Identity Disentangling (CID) network for person ReID. More specifically, we disentangle the ID feature and camstyle feature in the latent space. In order to disentangle the features successfully, we present a Camstyle Shuffling and Retraining (CSR) scheme to generate more ID-preserved and camstyle variation samples for training. The proposed scheme ensures the success of disentangling and is able to eliminate the camstyle features in the backbone during the training process. Numerous experimental results on the Market-1501 and DukeMTMCreID datasets demonstrate that our network can effectively disentangle the features and facilitate the person ReID networks.


First, we would like to elucidate some aspects about the study of 70 patients the authors refer to for their conclusion that the optimal ventilation strategy in such lung size-mismatched patients remains unclear. In that study, we selected a most-undersized (10 patients with lowest predicted total lung capacity [pTLC] ratio 1⁄4 pTLCdonor/pTLC-recipient), a best-matched (10 patients with pTLC ratio closest to 1.0) and a most-oversized subset (10 patients with highest pTLC ratio) within a cohort of 70 bilateral lung transplantation patients. This study was conducted as a pilot investigation to demonstrate the conceptual relationship between donor-to-recipient lung size mismatch and postoperative mechanical ventilation tidal volumes according to recipient and donor-predicted body weights in lung transplantation patients. We found that expressing tidal volumes in ml kg donor-predicted body weights (as a parameter of allograft size) revealed significant differences in mechanical ventilation tidal volumes between undersized, matched and oversized subsets (11.4 3.1 versus 9.4 1.2 versus 8.1 2.1, respectively; P< 0.05). Two patients developed primary graft dysfunction grade 3, both in the undersized subset. Four patients in the undersized group underwent tracheostomy (versus none in matched and one in oversized subset). The authors are correct that there was no statistically significant difference in 1-year mortality between the undersized, matched and oversized subsets (20 versus 10 versus 0%, respectively, P> 0.05); however, this study with only 10 patients in each group was not designed or powered to look at differences in clinical outcomes. The association between undersizing and various clinical outcomes has been well established through other studies:


Trichoderma spp. are among the most widely used plant beneficial fungi in agriculture. A novel approach to enhance their effectiveness in plant defense is to use the fungi in combination with bioactive molecules including plant-derived compounds. Here, we show that plant treatment with Trichoderma afroharzianum (strain T22) and Systemin (Sys), a tomato plant peptide active in triggering plant defense, confers protection against the fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and the insect pest Tuta absoluta. The observed defensive response was associated with increased accumulation of metabolites and transcripts involved in the Jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Our findings suggest that the innovative combination of T. afroharzianum T22 and Sys can result in a more effective and robust control of different biotic stress agents.


We conducted an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA; or experience sampling) studies to examine the within-person processes in experienced love in daily life and how these processes relate to person characteristics. This study was conducted at the Pennsylvania State University. The study procedure along with the sample characteristics is as follows: SAMPLE. This EMA study consisted of 52 individuals (17 male and 35 female, mean age = 30 years, SD = 10, min = 19, max = 48). This sample consisted of students and university staff of the Pennsylvania State University and data collection occurred during the summer of 2016. We refer to this sample as the Community Sample due to the diversity in age range in our participants. PROCEDURE. This study was a four-week long EMA study. The day before the EMA procedure began, in the introductory session, the participants completed a battery of self-report surveys (BFI-2, Flourishing, Health, General Happiness, Gratitude, Satisfaction With Life, Meaning in Life, Authentic Happiness, PERMA Profiler) and demographics items. They then provided informed consent and their respective phone numbers were registered with the text messaging service SurveySignal (SurveySignal, LLC, 2015). Text messages to complete the EMA surveys were sent to the participants' smartphones six times a day. Survey timing was determined by dividing participants' self-reported usual waking hours into six equal-length intervals, and survey prompts were delivered at a random timing within each time interval, constrained so that no two prompts were less than 30 minutes apart. This sampling scheme was chosen to reduce expectation biases in reporting while providing a representative sampling of the individuals' context. Web-based EMA surveys were designed in and delivered by the Qualtrics survey system (Qualtrics, Provo, UT, 2017). Over the course of the four weeks, participants received and responded to up to 168 text-message (six per day) prompted web-based EMA surveys. Each EMA survey contained 10-12 questions/statements, three of which were centered on loving feelings ("How much do you feel loved right now?", "I love the world around me.", "Since the last survey, I have been expressing love."). Additional items were related to elements of well-being. After the four-week EMA data collection, in an Exit session, participants returned to the laboratory to retake the battery of self-report surveys that they completed in the introductory session (Flourishing, Health, Authentic Happiness, PERMA Profiler) plus additional questionnaires (Interpersonal Support Evaluation, Inclusion of Other in the Self, Spirituality & Religiosity, Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structure, Mindfulness, General Happiness). Compliance was high, with participants completing an average of 157 (SD = 15) of the surveys. Participants were paid proportional to their response rate. This study received approval from Pennsylvania State University's Institutional Review Board. IRB# 00001017


The hull of the Wanganella under repair at the floating dock in Wellington, near Aotea Quay, circa April 1948. Photographer unidentified.
Source of descriptive information - Notes on print, and from caption in the New Zealand Free Lance, 28 April 1948
Inscriptions: Verso - P48/4/48
The Wanganella hit Barrett's Reef, Wellington in January 1947
Quantity: 1 b&w original photographic print(s).
Physical Description: Silver gelatin print 16.4 x 21.1 cm


Over the past two decades, with the rapid urbanization in Guangzhou, urban fringe area has been experiencing drastic land use changes. In this paper, taken the extended south area of Guangzhou as a typical urban fringe area example, land use structure and fractal model of the study area in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 have been established from Landsat TM images by adopting GIS and RS technology. Dynamic degree, fractal dimension and stability index of the main land use types in each year are calculated. The results show that: from 1990 to 2005, land use of the extended south area of Guangzhou was experiencing significant changes under the strong forces of urbanization of core area in Guangzhou. According to the changes characteristics of land use, two phases of change can be interpreted: First, from 1990 to 1995, the structure of land use was changing drastically. In this period, the increase of construction land and decrease of farmland are the dominant processes, which greatly increased the fractal dimension and decreased the stability index. Second, from 1995 to 2005, changing speed of land structure was slowing down, farmland and forestry started to increase, along with the increase of fractal dimension and stability index became slighter, regional structure change of land use started to present a positive tendency.


The traditional realm of information systems has been the management of data and information. For the past few years information systems researchers and practitioners have been increasingly concerned with the management of knowledge. Knowledge management, however is not the sole concern of the information systems community but is also the concern of management and accounting researchers. According to much of the literature on knowledge management a conducive organisational culture is a prerequisite for the effective management of knowledge. In particular, organisations which emphasise the role and importance of the individual, often in a competitive arena, are less likely to foster sharing of knowledge. Much attention in the information systems community has been focused on the types of organisational knowledge and the usefulness of information technology in managing it. This paper rather than addressing these themes examines the context for knowledge management. The issue of appropriate organisational cu...


The present article deals with the question: Which is the appropriate rule for deciding a dispute between the buyer of a product and an owner of intellectual property whose right has been integrated in the product by a producer, without her agreement. A legal suit against the producer is impractical since he is insolvent or impossible to locate without excessive cost while the question of product ownership and the other rights of both parties has to be decided. The present article examines three possible solution rules: A rule based on intellectual property law, which favors, in principle, the intellectual property owner, a rule based on good-faith purchase laws or the market overt rule, which allows for property transfer to the buyer assuming he meets, among others, the good-faith requirement, and, finally, a rule based on accession law, wherein the newly created asset will be transferred to the ownership of the owner of the majority share of the new product (based on the value of chattel, rights and work invested in creating the new asset). Accordingly, the majority owner compensates the minority owner with the equivalent of the chattel, rights and work invested by the latter in the product. The present analysis comprises two main elements: An analysis of the effect of alternative legal rules on welfare in the relevant intellectual property and product markets, and an analysis within the framework of economic analysis of torts, viewing the situation described herein as a "legal accident." Our main thesis is that an accession rule is preferable, both for directing behavior and for achieving legal objectives in the area of insurance and risk distribution, both out of efficiency considerations and out of welfare distribution considerations. We argue that among other things, the suggested rule: (1) Effectively distinguishes between situations where performing title examination by the consumer is efficient and situations where it is not; (2) involves relatively low costs in terms of reduced product demand; (3) is easily applicable; (4) ensures a higher degree of market certainty; and (5) does not involve high legal costs. Furthermore, the suggested rule compensates the intellectual property owner for all her losses, but not beyond, and compensates the consumer almost for all his losses, while creating an efficient and just mechanism of insurance and risk distribution compared to the alternative rules.


In the year 1790, a series of trigonometrical operations was carried on by General Roy, in co-operation with Messrs. De Cassini, Mechain, and Legendre, for the purpose of connecting the meridians of Paris and Greenwich. In England, the work commenced with a base measured on Hounslow Heath, whence triangles were carried through Hanger Hill Tower and Severndroog Castle on Shooter's Hill, to Fairlight Down, Folkstone Turnpike, and Dover Castle on the English coast; which last stations were connected with the church of Notre Dame at Calais, and with Blancnez and Montlambert upon the coast of France. An account of these operations will be found in the Philosophical Transactions for 1790. In the year 1821, the Royal Academy of Sciences and the Board of Longitude at Paris communicated to the Royal Society of London their desire, that the operations for connecting the meridians of Paris and Greenwich should be repeated jointly by both countries, and that commissioners should be nominated by the Royal Academy of Sciences and by the Royal Society of London for that purpose. This proposal having been readily acceded to, Messrs. Arago and Matthieu were chosen on the part of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and Lieut.-Colonel (then Captain) Colby and myself were appointed by the Royal Society to co-operate with them.


Treatment of easily available ketone-derived cyanoamides with NaOtBu leads to enamides in a simple, scalable, and inexpensive one-step operation in good yield.


This book is not intended as a definitive commentary on liberal and conserva tive thought nor as a history of social welfare and welfare reform in the United States. Rather, it meditates on the value of social welfare proposals that are in spired by these ideologies, raising questions about the development of social policy in the United States and the contribution of the social sciences to the debate over public policy. (p. 6)


The development of the hospital puts forward higher requirements for hospital library. However,because the imperfect management mechanism,the shortage of funds,and librarians'lack of knowledge,etc.,most of the hospital libraries are still in the status of traditional service. Only changing the service concept,and adopting effective measures can improve the quality of the service for clinical research.


ABSTRACT This paper employs data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (2004) to explore how women's empowerment is related to partner's attitudes, participation in microcredit programmes and a set of other socio-economic factors. We use a structural equation model with categorical observed variables. We get that participation in microcredit programmes has a positive impact on both the empowerment's dimensions considered, while partner's attitudes effect is weaker, proving that gender community norms are likely to be rooted in women's minds regardless of the partners' perceptions of women's status.


Abstract : Studies have centered on exploring the oral transmission of filarial parasites to definitive hosts, and on the escape of third-stage (L-3) filarial parasites from infected mosquito intermediate hosts. The major findings include: Brugia pahangi L-3s were successfully recovered from jirds 10-11 days after oral exposure. Unaesthetized adult jirds proved less susceptible to oral infection with B. pahangi than did anesthetized controls, while unanesthetized neonatal jirds proved highly susceptible to oral infection; Dipetalonema viteae, however, matured only infrequently when given orally to adult or neonatal jirds. Experiments with L-3s of Brugia malayi in anesthetized adult jirds indicate that in most respects this parasite shares with B. pahangi similar capacities to infect jirds by mouth. When beagle puppies, anesthetized or not, were exposed orally to B. pahangi L-3s, infections matured in all the dogs; infections were heavier in dogs exposed with than without anesthetic. Previous work having shown that B. pahangi L-3s readily escape into water from dead or dying Aedes aegypti, the present studies disclosed the same escape phenomenon among B. pahangi-infected Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Aedes togoi, as well as among B. malayi-infected Ae. aegypti and Ae. togoi.


Abstract Research on the legacy of mega sporting events often pitches the lasting impact of infrastructure, especially the construction of stadia, against the disruption to and alienation of local communities. In contrast, this paper considers the social and cultural heritage legacy of the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Australia. It centres on the 30 year anniversary commemoration of the event by the local residential community in which the main stadium is situated. The paper demonstrates how a sporting landscape is not only given meaning by a suburban community, but that the community itself emerges in response to the material culture of the mega event. Significantly this community is comprised of people who may not have been sports fans, and the paper documents a shift within sections of the local community from people who were indifferent or antagonistic to the sporting event, to a community that retrospectively values the Games as part of its heritage. The paper reveals the importance of objects in creating this sense of community through their agency as mementos, provoking nostalgia, and creating living memory. These objects, unlike those in formal museums and archives, are integral to their communities and the personal stories of sporting heritage and legacy.


Abstract In social psychology, the concept of implicit attitudes has given rise to ongoing discussions that are rather philosophical. The aim of this paper is to discuss the status of implicit prejudices from a philosophical point of view. Since implicit prejudices are a special case of implicit attitudes, the discussion will be framed by a short discussion of the most central aspects concerning implicit attitudes and indirect measures. In particular, the ontological conclusions that are implied by different conceptions of implicit attitudes will be scrutinized. The main question to be discussed involves whether implicit prejudices are mental states at all, or whether they are (despite the label 'implicit mental states') rather dispositions to behave in a certain way. This question will be discussed against the background of principles for belief (and mental state) ascription, which requires ascribed mental states to fulfill some specific explanatory role. We defend a conception of implicit prejudices that does not assume them to be mental states.


A fluorescent sensing method based on functional CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) was investigated for rapid detection of acrylamide. The functional QDs were prepared by binding them with N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS). Then NAS-QDs complexes were mixed with acrylamide solutions, and polymerization occurred in the presence of photo-initiator under UV irradiation. The reaction increased the distance between QDs, leading to the increase of fluorescence intensity compared with that no acrylamide existed. The detection limit and linear range using this method were 5 × 10-7 mol L-1 and 5 × 10-7 to 1 × 10-2 mol L-1, respectively. Compared with LC-MS/MS method, this method could be applied to food detection with similar sensitivity and selectivity but less time and cost.


Assays for N-terminus, C-terminus and mid-molecule parathyroid hormone have been assessed with respect to their sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (1° HPT). The mid-molecule assay was the most sensitive method studied and only failed to identify one out of 30 patients with histologically proven 1° HPT. In all three assays there was some degree of overlap between results observed in 1° HPT and in patients with non-parathyroid hypercalcaemia, with results in the latter group sometimes falling well within the hyperparathyroid range. This study highlights the limitations of currently available methods and emphasises the need for caution in the interpretation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements.


Technoligical advancement and industrial development requires companies to regenerate and try to intensify production results in large order to be able to contend with other industries, to do this it is not rarely for companies to increase work time for workers. Through implementing a shift system policy, but in the implementation of shift work is more risky than non-shift work time. This study aims to analyze the impact of shifts resulting from shift patterns used at PT Indonesia Power (UP) Saguling which uses a three shift system with night, day and morning patterns by reviewing physiological, psychological, performance, and domestic and social aspects. This research is a qualitative study, using in-depth interviews and observations of the usual informants eight operator workers, and key informants are one senior operator supervisor, and one head of staff. From the results of the study found that workers object to the shift pattern that is applied with a little rest time available, workers experience interference with the circadian rhythm that affects the disruption of sleep patterns and time of irregular workers and some experience interference with digestion (diarrhea) after doing the night shift. Workers also experience work stress due to boredom, as well as feeling excessive pressure and anxiety when the generator engine is having trouble, in addition to the shift pattern applied by workers also complaining about the disruption of their interactive relationship with the social environment outside of work, but operator workers do not feel the current shift pattern interferes with their daily performance. It can be conclution by the aplication of shift patterns impacting on the physiological, psycological, and sosial, however not affect the performance of workers, Therefore the company needs to change the shift pattern with a two shift pattern which can make a longer rest period.


With the expansion of semantic web, there is an increasing number of heterogeneous information data such as RDF. Nowadays, most of solutions operating RDF are centralized and have limitations of scalability. In this paper, we propose a method to solve the problem by storing and querying RDF data based on HBase and Hadoop. A storage model classified by class and predicate is used in HBase to support efficient queries. For multi-join queries of typical triangular pattern or linear structure, we put forward a method of reverse predicate encoding to reduce intermediate results of join operations which can improve the query efficiency to a certain extent. Our experiments on LUBM datasets verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the storage and query method.


This study tests both of theory of traditional banking and the corporate finance theory, by examining the impact of loan portfolio concentration on banks' return and risk of 47 Indonesian conventional banks over the 2010-2014. We also take into account the different types of bank ownership (state, private, and foreign-owned) and foreign banks' mode of entry (greenfield and takeover). Results of this study show that in general, loan portfolio concentration does not affect banks' return. In addition, when different types of bank ownership and foreign banks' mode of entry taken into account, we find that private banks generate higher profit by implementing a concentrated loan portfolio based on economic sectors than state and foreign-owned banks. However, no evidence of mode of foreign bank entry on the return. Furthermore, this study indicates the existence of the theory of corporate finance, where we find that loan portfolio concentration negatively affects Indonesian conventional banks' risk. We also find that loan portfolio concentration based on different types of bank ownership and foreign banks' mode of entry does not affect bank's risk. These findings imply that loan portfolio concentration seems to reduce bank's risk regardless its type of ownership and mode of entry. In particular, loan portfolio concentration seems to improve the performance of private banks.


Swallowing disorders occur with chronic and acute medical conditions and frequently lead to nutritional deficits. Older people experience dysphagia and nutritional problems more than younger adults. Rehabilitation professionals must be aware of the potential for dysphagia and malnutrition when working with older adults and be able to identify risk factors and make appropriate referrals when necessary. Speech-language pathologists and registered dieticians play major and complementary roles in assessment and treatment of individuals with dysphagia. Dysphagia and malnutrition may lead to increased morbidity and mortality in this group and must be addressed to prevent complications and decreased functional abilities. Adequate nutrition and hydration cannot be achieved without appropriate intake for the individual's needs and unless a safe and effective method of intake can be determined. Nutritional and swallowing interventions can be implemented by all rehabilitation professionals involved with older patients with dysphagia.


This paper investigates if young internal migrants in the United States experience economic assimilation as they adapt to their new residential location. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors examine how the hourly earnings of interstate migrants are affected by the number of years they have spent in their destination state. Their study indicates that internal migrants initially earn less than natives but that this wage differential disappears within a few years. Moreover, the initial wage disadvantage of internal migrants depends upon the distance moved and economic conditions in the destination labor market. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.


We investigate algebras of sets, and pairs 〈A, I〉 consisting of an algebra A and an ideal I ⊂ A, that possess an inner MB-representation. We compare inner MB-representability of 〈A, I〉 with several properties of 〈A, I〉 considered by Baldwin. We show that A is inner MBrepresentable if and only if A = S(A\H(A)), where S(·) is a Marczewski operation defined below and H consists of sets that are hereditarily in A. We study the question of uniqueness of the ideal in that representation.


The rise of the New Silk Road is generating fierce debates over the emergence of new megaregions and their role in reshaping world politics. Chinese writers are avid consumers of and contributors to these discussions both at home and internationally. China's growing interest in megaregional integration accompanied a sharp turn in foreign policy—from a defensive posture that feared provoking war with the United States toward a bold campaign to assert global leadership, economically and diplomatically. Gradually, Chinese leaders are beginning to realize that all of the emerging megaregions are developing lives of their own that cannot be directed by a hierarchical network centered in Beijing. This realization is forcing China's policymakers to reconsider their traditional assumption that sovereignty belongs only to formal governments and the elites that control them rather than to the all of the citizens who comprise the national communities.


SummaryThe additional test methods and principal modifications that appear in the revision of the 1961 document are discussed. Some comparative experimental results using different tests for sealing are included.


The phylum Nematomorpha contains approximately 350 species in 19 extant genera. The genus Gordionus contains 56species, four of which occur in the contiguous United States of America. Here we describe two new Gordionus speciesfrom the southern Rocky Mountains. Worms were collected at three sites in the Santa Fe National Forest in northern NewMexico in the southernmost tip of the Rocky Mountains. Sites consisted of first order streams above 3120m in aspen/pinewoodland. Gordionus lokaaus n. sp. has flat, polygonal or roundish, areoles covering all parts of the body. The male cloa-cal opening is surrounded by broad bristles with stout apexes forming a unique tube-like opening. Adhesive warts aresmall and postcloacal spines are thin and triangular-shaped. Gordionus bilaus n. sp. also has flat polygonal or roundshaped areoles, but has indistinct interareolar furrows making neighboring areoles appear fused. The male cloacal openingis surrounded by stout, finger-like bristles in 2‒3 rows. Adhesive warts are larger and postcloacal spines are broad andmound-shaped. These species double the number known from the state of New Mexico and are the first gordiids described from the southern part of the Rocky Mountains.