Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the causal relationships of city personality and city image, together with the possible effect of city image on the revisit intention of visitors, through empirical validation, so that some meaningful implications can reveal to city planners and marketers how the city tourists can be affected by the personality and image of the city. Design/methodology/approach – This study offers an integrated approach to understanding the relationship between city personality and city image. The research model investigates the relevant relationships among the underlying dimensions of city personality and city image by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Data obtained from a sample of 302 respondents drawn from a web-based survey in South Korea were analyzed with AMOS program. Findings – The results of this empirical study indicate that city personality positively or negatively affect city image depending on the nature of constructs. Positive relationship...


In this paper, a finite element model updating (FEMU) method is proposed based on the response surface model (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) to establish a high-precision finite element (FE) model of space station scientific experiment racks. First, the fine solid and mixed FE models are established, respectively, and a comparison of the modal test results is conducted. Then, an orthogonal experimental design is used to analyze the significance of the parameters, and the variables to be modified are determined. The design parameters are sampled via the Latin hyperbolic method and are substituted into the FE model to obtain the modal parameters of the scientific experiment rack. The mapping relationship between the design and modal parameters is fitted by constructing the Kriging function, and the RSM is established. The design parameters of the scientific experiment rack are optimized via GA, and the initial FE model is updated, which has the advantage of improving the computing efficiency. Finally, the updated FE model of the experiment rack is verified by frequency sweep and random vibration tests. The experimental results show that the proposed approach has high precision and computing efficiency, and compared with the test results, the modal frequency errors of the updated model are within 5%, and the vibration response errors under random excitation of the updated model are within 7%.


18 Powder materials contammg an aluminum matrix and W-B fibers are investigated. For manufacturing of Al-W-B powder composite materials the technological wastes of boron-aluminum, containing 25 .. .4 0% boron-tungsten fibers, are used. The macro and microstructure of the powder material with the average size of particles O. I ... 2.0 mm that is made by crushing of the basic product in the disintegrator was investigated. Crushing was carried out in several opera ti on s until obtaining the fibrous powder of the intended size. Powder contains the aluminum matrix in which the extended needle-shaped and crystal-like boron tungsten fibers are evenly distributed. Here the content of boron by the vol ume is from 18 to 4 7 % and tungsten up to 1.5 %. Due to bigh hardness of material tbe crusbing of hot pressed composite takes the sufficieilt energy input. The axial fracture of fibre and strain hardening of tbe aluminium matrix are occurred: Depending on tbe degree of crushing the particle size is from 0.2 to 1.5 mm. It is concluded that a new material we could characterize as a fibrous powder. Tbe apparent density of a powder is 0.6 ... 1.5 g/cm and micro bardness of particles of a firm phase is 2 ... 70 GPa. After sintering the density of samples were 2.1 ... 2.3 g/cm3 and compression strength were 70 ... 9 0 MPa. After testing the cbaracter of destruction of the samples was defined as quasi-fragile. The main directions of application of investigated material are offered. There are using as grinding elements for tbe polishing tool, as ligature in metallurgy and ceramic manufacture and application as constructional products in building and mecbanical engineering.


AbsractFarmers in developing countries such as India grow small-scale maize. Corn is sold a cob by farmers. The average price of the kernel is about twice the cob price. Farmers can therefore generate more income if corn is decorated and kernels are sold on the market themselves. But this requires a sheller of cheap, manually operated and efficient maize. The lack of maize processing machines, i.e. maize Sheller, is a major maize production problem, especially in our country India. The crop spread across America and spread to all corners of the region later around 1250 BC.Any significant or dense populations in the region developed a great trade network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops.


tongue, and the termination of her first three pregnancies leave little doubt that she became infected in 1879, and was therefore in the ninth year of her syphilis-a later period in the disease than in any case of which I have been able to find a record of syphilitic fever; and it is interesting to note that the patient showed other signs of a recrudescence of her syphilis about the same time as her fever, in the occurrence of a miscarriage after 4he birth of four successive healthy children. Thirdly: The course of the fever resembling that of tertian ague. The fever of syphilis is usually of continued type with no marked rises or falls: in some cases, however, it may become intermittent. Fournier points out that this is commonest in females, that the rises of temperature usually occur every twenty-four hours, always late in the afternoon or evening, and that the attacks of fever may be accompanied by stages of cold heat and sweating like those of ague, though the "three stages of the drama," as he terms them, are usually ill defined, the hot stage being the most prominent. The tertian type of fever which my case assumed is much less common. Fournier and Courteaux both write that they had never seen the fever take this course, though they and other authors agree that it may do so, and Mauriac& gives the history of a male patient under his care who exhibited this tertian type of fever with the stages of an ague attack, two years after he had contracted a chancre, and whose fever yielded only to mercurial treatment. In my own case, the tertian type of fever was well marked, and continued for some months; the three stages of cold, heat, and sweating were each well developed, and the resemblance to tertian ague was very striking, being the more marked from the tenderness and slight enlargement of the spleen. This enlargement, though rare in syphilitic fever, has been met with by Schuster and also by Baiimber. In conclusion, the case I report affords an example of the socalled essential syphilitic fever, apart from any local manifestation, and the points of special interest in the case are the long duration of the fever, extending over many months, the late period in the disease at which it occurred, and the peculiar tertian type which the pyrexia assumed. Possibly the record of this case may be of service in the diagnosis and treatment of other cases of intractable fever.


visitors to China). One is hard put to understand why any of these sections deserve more than a bibliographic reference or at most a brief summary to support various conclusions. The lack of both an index and a bibliography is a major flaw. It cannot be denied that Wu and Sheeks have asked the right questions about science policy decisions in the CPR. However, we do want to know if China's political techniques allow her to be responsive to her national goals; if her organization and management techniques can be of use to other developing countries; how her growing science and technology will be used both in domestic and foreign affairs (p. 9). What is evident from this study is that these questions simply cannot be answered at this time. Not only is the information too scarce but policies emerging in the post-Cultural Revolution era are going to influence the future of S & T strategies in China. The new character of university education (modelled after Tsinghua University), which is based on a tight relationship between research and production, is one new element. There are almost certain to be others. For this reason, the study's greatest value is in the collection of known data and in the description of S & T organizational structures. The broader implications for the role of S & T in the modernization of China must wait until China again wishes to enter into informational exchanges with those outside her borders.


The paper offers mingling conditions for the interposed H2/H∞ control design for linear discrete-time systems. The goal is to design the feedback control which guarantees bounded H2 performance index and H∞ norm attenuation. Analyzing criteria observances given on a joined H2/H∞ control law, the task is formulated as a feasible problem subject to convex constraints expressed by a system of linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness and pertinence of the interposed control strategy are demonstrated by results of a numerical example.


ABSTRACT Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted enormous interest over the past few years in energy storage and gas separation, yet there have been few reports for adsorption cooling applications. Adsorption cooling technology is an established alternative to mechanical vapor compression refrigeration systems and is an excellent alternative in industrial environments where waste heat is available. We explored the use of MOFs that have very high mass loading and relatively low heats of adsorption, with certain combinations of refrigerants to demonstrate a new type of highly efficient adsorption chiller. Computational fluid dynamics combined with a system level lumped-parameter model have been used to project size and performance for chillers with a cooling capacity ranging from a few kW to several thousand kW. These systems rely on stacked micro/mini-scale architectures to enhance heat and mass transfer. Recent computational studies of an adsorption chiller based on MOFs suggests that a thermally-driven coefficient of performance greater than one may be possible, which would represent a fundamental breakthrough in performance of adsorption chiller technology. Presented herein are computational and experimental results for hydrophyilic and fluorophilic MOFs.


If a format is to bear the label MARC it should have the capability of generating a standard communication format derived from the USA standard. Although this standard in no way prescribes data contained within a MARC format, those data are unfortunately beginning to acquire the label. Hence, codes and cataloging information are also beginning to be known as MARC. Nevertheless, this paper will attempt to distinguish between format and content. Applications of machine-readable cataloging information must surmount various categories of obstacles to achieve routine operation, and until the present time relatively little has been achieved if one views the library community as a whole. However, from the viewpoint of research and development the attainment is considerable


Current capabilities of accurately predicting the behavior of the various subassemblies of light‐frame wood structures (walls, floors, and roofs) now meet (or exceed) the ability to characterize material properties. However, subassembly analysis techniques are not commonly incorporated in design practice. The deficiency lies in the inability to efficiently predict the interaction of the subassemblies which yields the behavior of the entire structure. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a simple structural analysis model to predict the behavior of light‐frame buildings under lateral load. The model is limited to the racking response of shear walls that are arranged in a rectangular fashion beneath a rigid ceiling/floor diaphragm. Nonlinear load‐slip behavior of fasteners is utilized in an energy formulation to yield a three‐degree‐of‐freedom representation of each story of the building. Predicted behavior from the analysis model agrees favorably with results from full‐scale tests. The mode...


Background: Nowadays, phacoemulsification represents the gold standard for cataract surgery. The surgical technique assumes small clear corneal incisions and foldable intraocular lenses, which greatly reduce the operating time. Several studies report that cataract surgery lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal and glaucomatous eyes and some authors consider it a part of glaucoma management as well. Aim: To evaluate the change in the intraocular pressure after clear corneal phacoemulsification in normal patients. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, M.G.M. Hospital, Kamothe, Mumbai. For the study, we selected 52 normal patients for cataract extraction by phacoemulsification using a 3.2 mm clear corneal incision. For the measurement of IOP, Goldmann applantation tonometer was used. The measurement was done by the same operator preoperatively and afterwards 15 days, one month, three months, six months and 12 months postoperatively. The mean change in the IOP preoperatively and postoperatively was calculated and further evaluation done. Results: A total of 102 patients were included in the study. 62 patients were male and 40 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 69.21 + 12.23 years. The mean preoperative IOP was 14.56 + 2.98 mmHg. The reduction in IOP after 15 days was 2.23 mmHg; after 1 month was 2.84 mmHg; after 3 months was 3.2 mmHg; after 6 months was 3.34 mmHg; and after 1 year was 3.38 mmHg. The difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: From the results of current study, this can be concluded that significant reduction in IOP can be seen in normal patients after cataract surgery by CCP.


Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐mediated interactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) with macrophages are major determinant in the outcome of innate immune defence and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Here we report a novel interaction of the M. tb protein pair PE9 (Rv1088)–PE10 (Rv1089) with the macrophage TLR4 leading to apoptosis and modulation of cytokine levels. We demonstrate that the two proteins physically interact, and that PE9 is required for the cell wall localization of PE10 in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Interaction of the PE9–PE10 complex with TLR4 in THP‐1 macrophages was associated with increased levels of phospho‐IRF‐3, which correlated with an increase in transcript levels of its target gene interferon‐β. THP‐1 macrophages treated with PE9–PE10 complex showed multiple hallmarks of apoptosis and modulation of interleukin (IL)‐1b and IL‐10 levels. All of these effects were abrogated when cells were treated either with an antibody to PE10 or an anti‐TLR4 antibody, indicating that the complex specifically interacts with TLR4 through PE10, establishing this protein pair as a TLR4 ligand. This novel observation of two proline‐glutamate (PE) proteins forming functional heterodimers represents a considerable expansion of the PE_PPE repertoire in the context of receptor engagement and the concomitant modulation of host responses by this unique class of proteins.


This study focuses on the particle rta:of an Arabic dialect of Tunis (Tunisia) which appears in the apodosis of the conditional sentence in certain environments. After presenting the descriptive work on the particle, which mainly uses data collected by the author, the attempt is made to explain its presence and function in the conditional sentence according to a view that it is a propositional-epistemic modal particle. The propositional nature of the particle reveals its function of determining the counterfactuality of conditional sentence in terms of realis-irrealis opposition. On the other hand, its epistemic feature involves how it presents the proposition of the apodosis. Based on Haiman's analysis on the conditional sentence (1978), the author argues that it is the presentative of the information that is new to the hearer which is inferred from the protasis. Because it ensures the newness of the information, the inferential character is the most basic function of this epistemic particle. Furthermore, this character motivates the sense of warning or encouragement expressed in the rfa:apodosis. This paper will contribute to the study of the conditional sentence for it describes the function of the epistemic modality in apodosis of the conditional sentence. 1. Purpose of the Paper In the study of conditional sentences, much attention has been paid to the protasis (if-clause) and its marker (if) rather than the apodosis (consequence-clause) (e.g. Haiman 1978, Traugott 1985). This seems to result from two things: (a) well-studied languages such as English tend to have a protasis marker but not an apodosis marker, and (b) the sentence structure of the apodosis is usually the same as ordinary sentences, while that of the protasis is not. The same is true in the domain of Arabic language study. Since in Arabic (Classical, Modern Standard and its local variants) protasis markers and verbal forms of both the protasis and the apodosis play crucial roles in forming the counterfactual conditional, many research and descriptive works have focused on them (e.g. Holes 1995, Brustad 2000). However, it has been well reported that some of the Arabic variants of North Africa show quite different features in the conditional sentence. For example, in Moroccan Arabic the counterfactuality is expressed by proper verbal forms with the protasis marker which reappears in the head of the corresponding


This communication reports the synthesis of a series of new (-)menthylalkyltin dihydrides of type (-)MenRSnH2 (R = Me, i-Pr, n-Bu, and t-Bu), starting from the known (-)MenMe2SnBr (1). These organotin dihydrides containing a bulky chiral (-)menthyl substituent and alkyl groups of increasing steric volume should be of interest in the reduction of prochiral ketones and unsaturated systems. Physical characteristics of the new diorganotin hydrides and some of their precursors including selected values1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR data are given.


AIM In order to evaluate the effect of a neoadjuvantchemotherapy with 5 Fluorouracil sustained release for implant(5 Fu SRI)injected in rectal submucosa in the patients with rectal cancer.The effect of this treatment was judged by 5 Fu concentration in blood and tissue. METHODS 13 patients with rectal cancer underwent the treatment of submucosal multiple 5 Fu SRI with the simple dose of 500 mg before 72 hours of operation.The level of 5 Fu in peripheral veins,inferior mesenteric veins and in the tissues of tumor and para tumor was studied. 5 Fu was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The program of SPSS(10) was used.Data were presented as means±standard deviation(SD). RESULTS The concentration of 5 Fu in peripleral veins, inferior mesenteric veins,tumor tissues and pera tumor tissues at 72 h were (0 219±0 162),(0 418±0 261),(1 478±1 333) and (0 646±0 600) mg·kg -1 respectively.NO side effect was found in all patients.CONCLUSION The treatment of rectal submucosal multiple implant of 5 FuSRl presents a significant local high 5 Fu concentration advantage and reasonability in preventing post operative recurrence,metastasis of rectal cancer.


Solid-state carbon dots (CDs) are a new kind of color converting material for white light-emitting diodes (white LEDs) because of its good luminesce performance and low toxicity; however, CDs in solid state suffer from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ); thus, solid-state CDs need to be dispersed into or encapsulated with matrix. Herein, we prepared the CDs in one-pot hydrothermal method and encapsulated the CDs with BaSO4 matrix by electrostatic force guided assemble; the CDs@BaSO4 phosphor is further dispersed into silica gel for white LEDs' application. The thermal stability of our CDs is significantly improved after BaSO4 warping and further application on white LEDs shows great luminescence property of our CDs@BaSO4 phosphors. The morphology, structure, photo luminescence properties, thermal stability, and photo stability of the phosphor are investigated. The fabricated white LEDs characterize for CIE coordinate at (0.3669, 0.3671), belonging to white gamut, and an ultrahigh color rendering index (CRI) (including three indicators: <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{a}= {95.1}, {R}_{{{9}}}= {88.65}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{{{13}}}= {97.9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>).


The utility model relates to a manual lifting supporting device. The manual lifting supporting device comprises an adjusting seat, a hole is formed in the periphery of the adjusting seat, and a positioning handle is connected in the hole in an inserting mode. A turning nut is arranged in the adjusting seat, and a thrust ball bearing is arranged on the turning nut. One end of an adjusting lead screw sequentially penetrates through the turning nut and the thrust ball bearing and is in threaded connection with the adjusting seat, and the other end of the adjusting lead screw sequentially penetrates through a connection plate and a roller seat. The connection plate is fixedly connected with the roller seat, at least two symmetrical grooves are formed in the roller seat, roller rotating shafts are embedded in the grooves, and rollers are arranged outside the roller rotating shafts. According to the manual lifting supporting device, the nut is driven to rotate through rotation of the handle, rotating motion is changed into vertical motion of the adjusting lead screw, therefore the roller seat is driven to carry out synchronous motion along with the vertical motion of the adjusting lead screw, and the purpose that a workpiece support is in a horizontal state can be achieved.


Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of dental emergencies. This study was carried out for dental trauma patients visiting the emergency room in H hospital from 2005 to 2006. Methods : Subjects were 252 patients. Demographic characteristics consisted of age, gender, dentition, and dental related injury. Results : Male patients had 1.65 times higher tooth injury than female. Teenagers had higher prevalence of tooth injury. Main cause of dental injury was falling down. Young children accounted for 41.7% of the injuries. Late evening was the highest outbreak time of injury. The most commonly affected teeth were central incisor and lateral incisor. The damage of oral soft tissue was more common than the that of alveolar bone. Main area of primary tooth loss was gingiva(10.7%), tongue or soft palate(7.5%), and frenulum(6.0%). Subluxation(28.6%) and luxation(28.6%) were main cause for the primary teeth. Tooth fracture(50.0%) were the most common injury. Conclusions : Thus, to understand the incidence, causes and patterns of dental trauma is to help preserving natural teeth. The results of this study could provide the clinical guidelines on the treatment of dental emergency patients.


The modelling of the calendering process has been largely empirical, resulting in "creep" equations which relate the finished paper properties to calender parameters . Such modelling has the utility of optimizing calendering configurations for the attainment of a desired paper finish . This approach demonstrates the limitations of machine calendering and other alternatives to reach higher levels of surface finish are suggested . R. E. Popil MacMillan Bloedel Research, 3350 East Broadway, Vancouver. British Columbia, Canada, V5M 4E6.


A particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) system has been developed to obtain instantaneous two velocity components on several sections in three-dimensional space. The flow visualization is conducted by means of parallel laser-light sheets created by a scanning laser beam and the visualized particle images are taken by a high-speed video system synchronized with the scanning. In order to obtain higher accuracy in velocity measurements than usual PTV, some improvements are made on the analyzing procedures: the extraction of particle images, the determination of their center points, the derivation of velocity components and others. The present PTV was applied to the transient flows in a cylindrical tank with a rotating disk. As a result, two-dimensional transient flow patterns with large scale disturbances are continuously captured in three-dimensional space.


ABSTRACT: Several groups of viruses cause ocular infections. This article is based on virological investigations of conjuctivitis and acute retinal inflammations at our institute. In a prospective study during the period from 1990 to 1997, 903 patients with conjunctivitis, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and C. trachomatis were detected in 120 (13.3 percent), 21 (2.3 percent) and 207 (22.9 percent) patients respectively. Investigations revealed epidemics due to adenovirus serotype 4 in 1991, serotype 3 in 1993 and serotype 7a in 1996. We compared polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with standard virological methods for detection of adenovirus in 74 clinical samples. Inclusion of PCR increased the sensitivity of the detection rate from 14.9 percent to 53.8 percent. Acute retinal necrosis and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis are vision threatening disease often occurring in immunocompromised persons. Intraocular fluids [aqueous humor (AH) or vitreous fluid (VF) from 24 patients with acute retinal inflammation were tested for the presence of HSV, Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and CMV during 1991-97. In 14 patients the viral cause was confirmed by viral antigen detection or virus isolation or both (HSV :4 VZV: 6 and CMV: 4). Four patients had serological evidence of virus infection (HSV:3 and VZV:1).


Abstract In this research, a novel real time approach has been proposed for detection and analysis of Covid19 using chest X-ray images based on a non-iterative deterministic classifier, kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), and a pretrained network ResNet50. The information extraction capability of deep learning and non-iterative deterministic training nature of KELM has been incorporated in the proposed novel fusion model. The binary classification is carried out with a non-iterative deterministic learning based classifier, KELM. Our proposed approach is able to minimize the average testing error up to 2.76 on first dataset, and up to 0.79 on the second one, demonstrating its effectiveness after experimental confirmation. A comparative analysis of the approach with other existing state-of-the-art methods is also presented in this research and the classification performance confirm the advantages and superiority of our novel approach called RES-KELM algorithm.


In order to preserve the Lebanese dairy heritage, four types of artisanal goat milk cheeses found in assorted regions, which are on the verge of extinction, were studied. This research effort aimed to detail the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Darfiyeh, Aricheh, Shankleesh and Serdale cheeses, with definite indication to the artisanal cheese-making technology and location of sampling. Two independent batches of each farm cheese were produced at small scale in two different locations around Lebanon, and sampled for testing. Compositional parameters such as pH level, ash content, moisture content, salt content, protein fractions, fat in dry matter, and acidity index of fat were performed. The irregularity of biochemical composition levels validates that all aforementioned artisanal cheeses display a high level of inconsistency. Based on the high prevalence of diseases associated with the consumption of raw goat milk cheeses, a microbiological study was also conducted. The results showed that most of the samples fall within the accepted national microbiological standards for total aerobic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, and Salmonella whereas Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Staphylococcus aureus were contaminating the tested samples with different percentages. Sensory evaluation showed that cheeses received very similar scores in all the batches but significant differences were detected in taste. Our findings may be of possible interest to reveal the typical features of original Lebanese goat cheeses manufactured traditionally, which is of great importance and much linked to historical and cultural uniqueness.


Simple structurally disordered materials were studied, taking into account diagonal and off-diagonal disorder in a non-orthogonal basis. The disordered systems were represented by random two-dimensional distributions of identical atoms. Calculations were performed by the iterative extended Huckel method, which allows for the inclusion of intra-atomic electronic repulsion. Densities of states, localisation of the wavefunctions and redistribution of charges due to the disorder were evaluated as a function of the density (or the disorder, as these two variables are taken to be inversely proportional). It was found that a metal-non-metal transition due to the disorder also occurred in these calculations with a non-orthogonal basis, and for a value of the density in agreement with experiments. Although the system studied was one of identical atoms, the effect of the disorder was to produce a different field around each atom and consequently some atoms become positively charged and others negatively charged. The distribution of charges obtained was asymmetric, with most atoms having charges between plus and minus 0.2e, and it became wider as the density decreased.


If two or more persons are held jointly and severally liable in tort for the same injury, the victim may recover a full compensation from any of them. Subsequently, the tort feasor who has paid has a right of contribution for the amount paid by her in excess of her share and joint tort feasors may be compelled to make a contribution for their share of liability. Frequently, allocation of shares is controversial and a suit is needed to solve the problems that arise.Through the years Spanish Supreme Court's Civil Chamber held that this suit, different from the one imposing joint and several liability, was permitted as an essential component of the rule. However, a recent judgment by the same Chamber (March 13, 2007) has revisited the issue and has held that a suit among joint tort feasors in order to allocate individual shares infringes res iudicata. This paper is a reaction to this new judicial doctrine.


Translation is a new discipline in academic terms. It is just starting to feature as a subject of study in its own right. Like other new disciplines, it needs to draw on the findings and theories of other related disciplines in order to develop its own methods. But which disciplines it can be naturally and effectively related to is still a matter of some controversy. Linguistics is a discipline which studies language both in its own right and as a tool for communication. It should therefore have a great deal to offer to the budding discipline of translation studies. This is particularly true of functional linguistics which no longer restricts itself to the study of linguistic structure and phenomena, but extends itself to the study of language in use. In creating a new text out of a previously existing one, translators inevitably go beyond what is said and written in the original text, trying to see the context in which the text unfolds and in which it is to be interpreted. In studying this complex process at work, we are in effect seeking insights which take us beyond translation itself towards the whole relationship between language activity and the social context in which it takes place. This paper aims at introducing M.A.K. Halliday抯 systemic functional linguistics to explain some aspects of translation. According to Halliday and Hasan (1989), language is either for action or for information, so it is organized by the function it is called on to serve and shaped by its purposes. All uses of language have a context. The textual features enable the discourse to cohere not only with itself but also with its context of situation which is analyzed by Halliday and Hasan into three components (field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse), corresponding to the three metafunctions of language (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). Apart from the context of situation which is the immediate environment, there is also a broader background against which the text has to be interpreted: its context of culture. The context of culture is the institutional and ideological background that gives value to the text and constrains its interpretation. In this paper, the theory of context of culture and context of situation will be briefly examined and an English TEXT and its two Chinese versions will be analyzed. It is not the aim of this short paper to build any translation theory in relation to discourse analysis, but rather to look into detailed analysis for areas where the discoursal theory of language can bring insights to English/Chinese translation.


This chapter maps out local discourses of finance and entrepreneurship at the time of the Albanian firms' boom and then bust. The discourse in the chapter is fraught with gendered and ethnicized undertones, such as the highly masculine discourse of entrepreneurship that characterized press coverage and kreditorë's recollections of the firms at the time of their boom and the feminized discourse that centered on the owner of Sude Kadëna that delegitimized the firms as fictive fraudulent entities that was attributed to occult practices and gender stereotypes. It also mentions the discourse that served to legitimize the firms as virile entrepreneurs at the forefront of Albanian capitalism. The chapter explores the changing notions of legitimate or illegitimate finance and entrepreneurship at a time of dramatic free-market reform. It constructs a genealogy of finance in postsocialist Albania in conversation with broader genealogies of finance in the global history of capitalism.


Ubiquitous commerce provides great business opportunities for companies and personalized services for customers. Though, customers have some concerns that affect the adoption of this new technology. In the prior literature, many researchers have studied the user's concerns and issues regarding u-commerce adoption. However, there was no enough research on customers' acceptance of u-commerce. This paper proposes a framework to identify the factors that impact the customers' behavior towards u-commerce services in Saudi Arabia. It extends TAM with extra constructs such as: privacy, subjective norm and trust. We found out that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, privacy, trust and subjective norm have direct impact on the user's intention to use u-commerce services. This research contributes to existing literature by investigating the factors that influence customer's adoption of u-commerce in Saudi Arabia. The implications of the findings need to be considered before the implementation of u-commerce services on a mass scale.


Objective To optimize the conditions of the ethanol precipitation refining technology for the Yanshuning compound water extract.Methods Orthogonal test method was used to optimize the conditions of the ethanol precipitation refining technology,according to indexes of the transfer rates of epigoitrin and harpagoside and the removal ratio of impurity.The vitro antibacterial activity was compared between the Yanshuning compound water extract and the ethanol precipitation refined fluid with the MIC and MBC.Results The optimal conditions of the ethanol precipitation refining technology for the Yanshuning compound water extract were as follows:the ratio between medicinal materials and water was 1.5 to 1,the percentage of ethanol was 60%,and the time of ethanol precipitation was six hours.There were no significant differences in antibacterial effect between the Yanshuning compound water extract and the refined fluid.Conclusion The optimized conditions of the ethanol precipitation refining technology are reasonable and feasible.The antibacterial effect of the Yanshuning compound water extract can be kept.


THE following method for the making of nutrient bouillon has proved exceedingly satisfactory in the bacteriological laboratory of the Medical College. Peptone, beef extract and sodium chloride, sufficient for 10 liters of medium are placed in 1 liter of distilled water and the reaction adjusted for 10 liters. The concentrated bouillon is autoclaved and filtered, and the filtrate made up to 1,000 c.c. volume, divided in flasks and again autoclaved. They are then stored until desired for use. It is during the above filtration that the precipitate which usually accompanies individual lots of medium is removed, and it has been our experience that the nutrient bouillon made from such concentrated bouillon has not only been free from precipitates, but is exceedingly clear and transparent. Having a number of flasks of the concentrated bouillon in storage, any desired amount of nutrient bouillon can be quickly made, further filtration and titration being unnecessary. The method is as follows: A. Concentrated Bouillon, 10-1 1,000 c.c. distilled water 50 g. peptone 30 g. beef extract 50 g. sodium chloride B. Adjustment of Reaction 1. To 1 c.c. of concentrated bouillon, add 9 c.c. of distilled water. 2. Determine reaction of 5 c.c. of this dilution. 3. Add to the liter of concentrated bouillon, the calculated amount of N/i NaOH to give a pH of 7 to 10 liters of medium. C. Sterilization and Filtering of Medium 1. Autoclave at 15-20 pounds pressure for 30 minutes. Let stand overnight. 2. Filter concentrated bouillon. Make filtrate up to 1,000 c.c. volume. 3. Place 50 c.c., 100 c.c., or 200 c.c. amounts of filtrate in flasks. 4. Autoclave at 15-20 pounds pressure for 15 minutes. Flasks are stored until ready for use. D. Use and Advantage of Concentrated Bouillon 1. Dilute 1-10 with distilled water. 2. A very quick method for making bouillon. 3. An exceedingly clear bouillon results; this is especially desirable. 4. Considerable titrating and filtering eliminated.


On June 8, 2005, a bow echo developed and moved rapidly across central and northeastern South Dakota. Several anemometer readings exceeded 50 m s during the most intense phase of this bow echo. As the bow echo reached maturity, numerous mesovortices formed along the leading edge. Several of theses mesovortices were tornadic, producing damage rated up to F-1. This paper will review the synoptic and mesoscale settings for this event and focus on the transition from a damaging straight line wind event to the tornadic phase. A detailed storm survey was conducted that correlated the most intense surface damage with the tracks of the mesovortices along the leading edge of convection.


The data about clinical signs, laboratory features and obstetrical complications in women with inherited blood coagulation defects are presented in the survey article. Multidisciplinary approach, including hematologist, obstetrician, laboratory technician, anesthesiologist, neonatologist and midwife, is needed in treatment and patient management. The delivery had to be planned in specialized institutions with clinical experience of managing women with birth defects of blood-coagulation factors.


The underwater explosion parameters(shock wave and bubble energy,shock wave pressure,factors(k and α) of shock wave pressure) of the different underwater weapons were measured,calculated,analyzed by the detonation parameters of different typical explosives.The experimental result is very consistent with the calculated one.The calculation formula of factor(α) for shock wave pressure was firstly found,providing the scientific basis for the underwater explosive formulation designs,warhead designs and performance evaluation of explosives.


Japan's teacher internship was a hotly debated political issue for three decades until the legislature finally approved its implementation in 1988. The aim of this paper is to explore how the culture of teaching mediated the implementation of the government‐sponsored teacher internship. The data presented in this paper come from ethnographic research conducted in 1989 with a focus on three elementary public schools in Tokyo. Our findings suggest that the culture of teaching measurably influenced the administration of internship in the first year. As a result, internship became ineffective if measured by the Government's expectations. This paper argues that the Government's reform, of teaching is bound to be ineffectual without classroom teachers' active support for it.


We analyze the response to a magnetic field of a two-dimensional spin-triplet superconductor with chiral order parameter when triplet pairing is closely competing with the singlet one. The study is performed via numerical solution of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, assuming that the translational symmetry is broken in one direction by the presence of an interface beyond which superconducting pairing is not effective. We show that as the intensity of the magnetic field is increased above a threshold value, the system undergoes a transition to a spatially inhomogeneous state of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) type where chirality disappears and a singlet-triplet mixing takes place along the direction perpendicular to the interface. Subdominant singlet components are found to accompany the triplet dominant ones in both phases. They develop close to the interface at low fields, then turning continuously into oscillating long-range ones as the field is increased. A similar behavior is found for the magnetization. It nucleates at the interface in the chiral phase, then acquiring in the FFLO phase an oscillatory behavior reaching its maximum amplitude at the sites where the dominant triplet component has a node. At these sites, the local spin-resolved density of states exhibits strong resonances, associated with the formation of Andreev bound states, which tend to broaden and decay in intensity as increasingly high magnetic fields are considered.


As an effective and economical treatment for soft soil,pile-supported and geogrid-reinforced embankment has been used widely in the world.In the numerical analysis,subsoil and embankment treated by one pile are simplified as a circular column;distribution characteristics and dissipation process of the initial excess pore water pressure under instantaneous loading are analyzed using elastoplastic FEM considering consolidation process of the subsoil.Mechanical properties of geogrid and settlement of embankment are also studied.The influences of pile length,pile space and pile cap dimension on load sharing ratio of pile and embankment settlement are also investigated.It can be seen that the initial maximum pore water pressure takes place in the lower soil due to the load transformation from pile cap to soil.When the pile penetrates the soft soil,the settlement of embankment is dependent on the compression of upper soil between the piles.Otherwise,embankment settlement lies on the compression of soil beneath pile.Pile length is the main factor that effects the settlement of embankment;pile space and dimension of pile cap are followed.A case study is performed at last.


Abstract : A common theme running throughout all discussions of force-transformation and future conflicts is technology. With the intent of leveraging systems to help the warfighter conduct smarter and more efficient operations, the requirements have increased for technological expertise at lower echelons of command. The technical skills required of entry-level communications Marines have become much greater as the equipment becomes more complex, but the time to train those same entry-level Marines has not grown at a proportional rate. The end state is an expanded emphasis on the noncommissioned officer in the operating forces to be a teacher, leader, and technical expert. The fielding of advanced technologies has created a shortfall in communications experts that requires a long-term solution to strengthen that occupational field and provide a greater return on the investment in training. The reliance on advanced technology at the lowest tactical levels is intended to make the Corps more flexible, adaptable, and network centric. However, "smart operations" require smart Marines, and without a concerted effort to improve the technical proficiency of junior leadership, technology will impede those processes it should enhance. Instructor duty at Marine Corps Communications schools should be made an official B-Billet to ensure that the community maintains technically relevant enlisted leadership poised to meet the future demands of the technological battlefield.


Background We undertook longitudinal β-amyloid positron emission tomography (Aβ-PET) imaging as a translational tool for monitoring of chronic treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone in Aβ model mice. We thus tested the hypothesis this treatment would rescue from increases of the Aβ-PET signal while promoting spatial learning and preservation of synaptic density. Methods PS2APP mice (N=23; baseline age: 8 months) and AppNL-G-F mice (N=37; baseline age: 5 months) were investigated longitudinally for five months using Aβ-PET. Groups of mice were treated with pioglitazone or vehicle during the follow-up interval. We tested spatial memory performance and confirmed terminal PET findings by immunohistochemical and biochemistry analyses. Results Surprisingly, Aβ-PET and immunohistochemistry revealed a shift towards higher fibrillary composition of Aβ-plaques during upon chronic pioglitazone treatment. Nonetheless, synaptic density and spatial learning were improved in transgenic mice with pioglitazone treatment, in association with the increased plaque fibrillarity. Conclusion These translational data suggest that a shift towards higher plaque fibrillarity protects cognitive function and brain integrity. Increases in the Aβ-PET signal upon immunomodulatory treatments targeting Aβ aggregation can thus be protective.


Each ascent vehicle returning from the lunar surface with a crew vehicle will require several tons of fuel. Most architecture studies of lunar exploration vehicles use liquid oxygen for fuel, either for LOX/LH2 or LOX/methane. Utilization of oxygen generated on the lunar surface saves mass launched from Earth, with a multiplication factor on the order of 4-5, e.g. production and utilization of 4 tons of lunar oxygen for the ascent vehicle saves 16-20 tons of initial mass in low Earth orbit (IMLEO). The paper discusses ongoing MSFC activity on oxygen production by hydrogen reduction of Ilmenite. Specifically the important project milestone is to develop the Technology Readiness Level for the generation of lunar oxygen for propellant production from 3 to 5. The paper will provide an overview of the processes for Oxygen Generation, Complete Systems Architecture for a pilot lunar plant, experimental apparatus development and initial experimental results, and future directions.


Iron and steel production is a highly energy intensive process which has been reported to produce about 10% of worldwide CO2 from fossil fuel. Thus, it has become a potential industry for CO2 removal process. High energy consumption of amine scrubbing has caused the challenge for the large scale application. Even though recent studies have been done to reduce the energy consumption, there are lacking of focus on the optimization of stripper operating conditions. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the relationships of the stripper operating parameters on the reboiler heat duty and CO2 removal percentage in the stripper. The modeling was done by using rate-based model in Aspen Plus with "MEA Property Insert" which described a MEA-H2O-CO2 system thermodynamically with electrolyte-NRTL model. The column specifications were adapted from a pilot plant in University of Texas, Austin and the flue gas flow and compositions were adapted from Arasto et al. (2012). From the results, it showed that the increase in stripper with higher MEA concentration had reduced the reboiler duty up to 20 % and higher rich solvent temperature were able to reduce the reboiler heat duty. Besides that, the increase of stripper pressure had increased CO2 removal efficiency in the stripper yet the CO2 removal percentage was remained constant with the increase in rich solvent temperature. Lower rich solvent loadings with constant lean solvent loadings, molar flow rate of CO2 exiting the stripper and mass flow rate of MEA solvent enabled the reduction in reboiler heat duty. Even though high stripper temperature enables better performance, the stripper temperature should be maintained below 125 °C to avoid MEA degradation. Besides that, it is suggested to use lower lean solvent flow rate so that the output changes can be observed easily. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the hypotheses were accepted. The findings of this study are useful as the reference for future amine scrubbing application on the iron ore reduction unit and to reduce the energy requirement of the process


Abstract : As the term is used here, a reduction of a set is a direct sum decomposition into indecomposable summands. The main goal is to find conditions under which reductions are literally unique, but weaker sorts of uniqueness (akin to that of the Krull-Schmidt theorem) are also considered. The problem of unique reducibility is a classical one in many contexts, but our approach - particular, its exploitation of the key geometric notion of extreme point in conjunction with combinatorial methods involving the refinement property - appears to be new. Special cases of the main result have been obtained by Isbell in studying factorizations of Banach speaces and by Heller in studying stochastic automata.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the common Sonographic gynaecological pelvic ultrasound pattern among women and relate it to age groups commonly affected. Method: A retrospective study was conducted, reviewing 1035 ultrasound patients' reports in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Data collected was organized according to age group, indications, and ultrasound findings, and analyzed using SPSS Version 17.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation and percentages were calculated and tabulated for the study. Results: The result from the study showed patients within the age group of 20-29 and 30-39 years had the highest representation with 31.5% (n=325), p=0.01 and 52.5% (n=542), p=0.01 respectively. However, as the age increases no significant result was noted. The mean age of the patients was 31.6 years, with standard deviation of 2.5. The study also showed pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) having the highest occurrence with 58.3 %,( n=602), and 16.3%, (n=165) of the patients had normal findings, while ovarian cancer was least with 0.3%, (n=3). Conclusion: The study found pelvic inflammatory disease as the common finding while the least was cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. Lower abdominal pain was the common clinical indication and patients within the age group of 20-29and 30-39 years were mostly affected by lower abdominal pain.


Particle size is an important factor in determining catalytic activity. The low sintering rate of ceria-supported transition metal particles maintains smaller particle sizes and thereby also catalytic performance. This sintering resistance was recently found to result from strong metal-support interactions with defects and terraces on the ceria surface.


The persistence of the vast pool of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) in the deep ocean is fundamental to both global carbon cycling and global climate. Yet, quantitative understanding of the mechanisms which produce and utilise RDOC is still in its infancy. Moving from a conceptual framework to quantitative understanding in marine carbon cycling can take the international research community several decades, precious time which is not available in this era of anthropogenic climate change. This perspective paper sets out an implementation strategy to move efficiently from conceptual hypotheses of marine carbon storage to quantification of the capacity for marine carbon storage through the microbial carbon pump (MCP), its sensitivity to global change and potential for modification. The aim is to excite and facilitate the international scientific community to hasten this process via an internationally co-ordinated multidisciplinary research initiative.


The demographic trends indicating an ageing population, as well as social changes like the shift from extended to nuclear families, give rise to the need for financial preparedness for retirement planning, especially amongst vulnerable groups and women.

One of the important determinants of financial preparedness is financial literacy which is the financial knowledge possessed and the ability to effectively process economic information. Financial literacy enables informed decision making and appropriate related actions in preparing for a retired life (Njuguna & Otsola, 2011).

In practice, Financial literacy may be classified into two distinct components: perceived financial literacy (PFL); and actual financial literacy (AFL). PFL is the person's subjective perception of his/her level of financial literacy. It also termed as financial confidence since it reflects a person's self-beliefs about her/his own level of financial literacy. AFL, on the other hand, is a more objective determination of financial literacy, being formally assessed on a set of valid evaluation questions.

Though there have been several studies on Financial Literacy, there is a dearth of studies that examine the perspective of women, who are particularly vulnerable when it comes to financial preparedness at the time of retirement. The present study therefore examines the influence of PFL and AFL on financial preparedness for retirement with specific reference to women.

The study adopts a descriptive methodology and modelling to assess the extent to which AFL, PFL and demographics affect financial preparedness among women. The findings of a baseline study among women residing in the United Arab Emirates are presented and several implications are discussed to support the financial preparedness of the women.

Key words: Perceived financial literacy, Actual financial literacy, Financial preparedness


In this paper, some key problems about operational risk assessment are well analyzed. The time-varying and condition-based component outage model was proposed, which can reflect the changes of weather and other operation conditions. A rank enumeration based system state selection method was used to perform risk assessment. Then, the problem of operational risk index was also addressed. In the last part of paper, two groups of numeral tests were presented. The first one showed that the risk assessment results using component instantaneous unavailability are quite different from the results using steady unavailability, and proves that component outage model with instantaneous unavailability should be used for operational risk assessment; The other one shows that the proposed time-varying component outage model can reflect the operation conditions' influences on the risk assessment results.


Context: Mobile applications support a set of user-interaction features that are independent of the application logic. Rotating the device, scrolling, or zooming are examples of such features. Some bugs in mobile applications can be attributed to user-interaction features. Objective: This paper proposes and evaluates a bug analyzer based on userinteraction features that uses digital image processing to find bugs. Method: Our bug analyzer detects bugs by comparing the similarity between images taken before and after a user-interaction. SURF, an interest point detector and descriptor, is used to compare the images. To evaluate the bug analyzer, we conducted a case study with 15 randomly selected mobile applications. First, we identified user-interaction bugs by manually testing the applications. Images were captured before and after applying each user-interaction feature. Then, image pairs were processed with SURF to obtain interest points, from which a similarity percentage was computed, to finally decide whether there was a bug. Results: We performed a total of 49 user-interaction feature tests. When manually testing the applications, 17 bugs were found, whereas when using image processing, 15 bugs were detected. Conclusions: 8 out of 15 mobile applications tested had bugs associated to user-interaction features. Our bug analyzer based on image processing was able to detect 88% (15 out of 17) of the user-interaction bugs found with manual testing. ∗Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Costa Rica.


Multiple definitions of reverse ventricular remodeling (RVR) employing various changes in left ventricular end‐systolic (LVESV) or diastolic volumes (LVEDVs) or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have been used in determining cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response, making comparability across studies difficult. We compared different metrics to each other, and in combination, in terms of association with long‐term outcomes.


Abstract : Tests were conducted on a 1:100-scale model of an area along the beach at Honolulu, Hawaii, to investigate wave action and related phenomena pertinent to the proposed construction of a large artificial island for recreational and associated activities. The proposed island will be constructed between two existing facilities: Kewalo Basin, primarily a commercial fishing-boat harbor, and Ala Wai Boat Harbor, a pleasure craft harbor. These two harbors and sufficient offshore area to permit generation of the required test waves were included in the model. The study included an investigation of (1) currents and possible pollution in the proposed recreational areas and (b) remedial plans for the reduction of undesirable wave heights in the two existing harbors. Model equipment included wave-generating and wave-measuring apparatus, a water and simulated pollution inflow system, and apparatus for the simulation of a tidal cycle in the model. (Author)


This bachelor thesis deals with utilisation of a two-steps alkali-enzymatic hydrolysis for decomposition of waste sheep wool, when in the first step wool was pretreated by Ca(OH)2 solution and in the second step proteolytic enzyme was added. Effect of chosen experimental factors (time of 1st and 2nd hydrolysis step and enzyme amount) to hydrolysis effectiveness was studied and results were statistically evaluate. The best results were achieved with maximum values of observed parameters (24 hours, 24 hours and 5 % enzyme amount), when almost 60 % of wool was decomposed to a keratin hydrolysate. Chosen keratin hydrolysates were analyzed and effect of stirred time to amount of decomposed wool was studied.


The study aimed to assess the developmental outcomes of Anganwadi children in tribal areas of Visakhapatnam district. The sample consists of 120 Anganwadi children were selected from thirty Anganwadi centres. From each Anganwadi centre, four boys and four girls in the age group of 3-6 years were randomly selected. The findings revealed that most of the Anganwadi children were in the age group of 4 - 6 years and maximum percentages (42%) of children were found in the class of UKG (Upper Kindergarten). The majority of the children (67%) belong to the nuclear type family. More than half (65.9%) of the children are able to complete the task on overall developmental outcomes of children based on child assessment cards (3-6 years). Boys and girls performed almost equally in all areas of development. Girls performed better than boys in the area of physical (40%), cognitive (12.5%), socio-emotional development (39.1%) and creativity (36.7 %). Boys performed better than girls in the area of language development (20 %) only. The present study's findings showed a gap in the implementation of the preschool curriculum by Anganwadi workers based on their knowledge levels of curriculum and children's developmental outcomes. Hence measures should be taken by the Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) to improve the implementation status of preschool curriculum by Anganwadi workers. Majorly, more focus should be provided on preschool education (PSE) programmes along with other services such as nutrition, growth monitoring, referral services, parent education programme and health services provided at Anganwadi centres. As the Anganwadi workers have more additional workloads, it is difficult for them to focus on the implementation of the curriculum. So, one more helper can be recruited by the government to carry out additional duties of the Anganwadi worker. More preschool education training or Early Childhood Care & Education (ECCE) training should be conducted to enhance the growth & developmental need of children in an effective manner.


Nowadays, the oil and gas industry is facing a huge financial challenge, because it has been hit by the double blow of the COVID-19 pandemic and low oil prices. This, coupled with the global consensus on low-carbon energy, forces BP to seek a balance between oil business and low-carbon, sustainable development, and began to look for new value growth points to accelerate the pace of low-carbon transformation.


6 JANUARY 1920 * 19 APRIL 2004JOHN MAYNARD SMITH, who has died aged eighty-four, was emeritus professor of biology at the University of Sussex and one of the world's greatest evolutionary biologists. JMS - as he was nearly always known - was born in London, but, following the death of his surgeon father, spent most of his youth with his mother's family on and around Exmoor. His Aunt Mary gave him a copy of Edmund Sanders's A Bird Book for the Pocket, which enabled him to put a name to the birds he saw, and helped develop his passion for natural history.JMS was rather unhappy at Eton College, but that was where he developed his other two abiding passions: mathematics and Darwinism. He then read engineering at Trinity College, Cambridge, and joined the Communist Party. But when the Second World War broke out in 1939, JMS ignored the party line - which, following the Hitler-Stalin pact, was that the conflict was merely an imperialist struggle - by attempting to join the army. He was rejected, later arguing that "under the circumstances, my poor eyesight was a selective advantage - it stopped me getting shot."His contribution to the war effort, therefore, involved finishing his degree in 1941, and then applying it, from 1942 to 1947, to military aircraft design. He decided after the war, he recalled, "that aeroplanes were noisy and old-fashioned."Thus, JMS changed direction and entered University College London to study zoology. There he studied fruit fly genetics under the great JBS Haldane, another apostate Etonian, Marxist, and member of the Communist Party. JMS graduated in 1951, and from 1952 to 1965 was a lecturer in zoology at UCL.In 1956, JMS watched images of the scenes on the streets in Budapest, during the brutal suppression by the Soviet army of the Hungarian Revolution. It was that which finally led him, along with many other intellectuals, out of the Communist Party.In 1962, Sussex University was established, and three years later JMS became the founding dean of its School of Biological Sciences. He held the post for an amazing seven years, until 1972, only to be reelected in the early 1980s.JMS helped to illuminate so many areas in biology that it is hard to know where to begin. By introducing mathematical models from game theory into the study of behaviour, he showed that the success of an individual's behaviour often depends on what other individuals do. He introduced the idea of an "evolutionarily stable strategy": a strategy that, once common, cannot be bettered by alternatives. This work has completely revolutionised the way biologists think about behavioural evolution, and game theory is now one of the most commonly used tools in evolutionary thinking.JMS also tackled one of the most vexed - but superficially least obvious - conundrums of evolutionary biology: why has sex evolved? His book The Evolution of Sex (1978) pointed out "the twofold cost of sex." One way to understand this cost is to notice that sexually reproducing organisms must produce both female and male offspring, whereas asexual, or clonal, organisms need only produce females. Since in most sexual populations around half the offspring produced are male, an asexual population with the same fecundity will produce twice as many daughters. This advantage applies generation after generation, seemingly providing a huge evolutionary advantage to clonal reproduction. Thus the problem is, why do we see so much sex in the world?Like his mentor, Haidane, JMS was deeply committed to making evolutionary ideas accessible to a wide audience. His "little Penguin," The Theory of Evolution (1958, 1966, 1975, 1993), inspired many leading researchers to become biologists.Despite his fame, he would nevertheless take time to discuss ideas with undergraduate students and eminent professors alike. …


According to Chinese practice, transferring guarantee and mortgage should be stipulated coherently as " transferring guarantee" in the Guarantee Law or in the part of the guaranteeing methods of obligation of the Civil Code; Transferring guarantee should not be regarded as property characterized right in the property law because of its complexity of characters, and it's difficult to choose the methods of public announcement, and in current mortgage law, "fluidity contract" was prohibited, so we should set up " transferring guarantee".


Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the gaps between disclosed high-risk behaviors in low-income, mainly Hispanic youth and the identification of these risks by health care providers. Methods. This cross-sectional study included youth 13–19 years old who participated in a study on latent tuberculosis treatment. Youth were interviewed at baseline by bilingual research assistants; the provider visit was assessed by the chart review. Results. Of 221 youth, the majority (96%) were identified as Hispanic, 45% were foreign-born, and 46% were male. A total of 399 risk behaviors were revealed to research staff by the participants; only 24 risk behaviors were revealed to providers. Conclusions. The majority of risk behaviors based on the chart review were neither queried nor disclosed to the physicians. Physicians providing care to adolescents should consider strategies to improve disclosure as a necessary precursor to interventions.


Radio-tagged male and female agile wallabies were tracked in the wet and dry seasons at a site in Darwin, Northern Territory, and home ranges estimated using a kernel-based estimator. Home-range size (95% contour) was larger in the dry season, when food quality was poorer, and males had larger home ranges than females. Core range size (55% contour) did not differ between seasons or sexes. Average male and female home-range sizes in the wet season were 16.6 ha and 11.3 ha respectively. Wet-season core range sizes were 4.8 ha and 3.2 ha respectively. Average male and female home-range sizes in the dry season were 24.6 ha and 15.3 ha respectively, and dry-season core range sizes were 5.1 ha and 4.0 ha respectively. Home-range size for both sexes varied in the two seasons; the smallest and largest female home ranges were 6.3 ha and 24.0 ha respectively, while male home-range size varied from 7.6 ha to 38.2 ha. Seasonal differences in home-range size can be attributed to expansion of night-time foraging areas in the dry season when good-quality food resources were in short supply. Habitat use also differed between seasons. In the dry season more fixes were located in forest areas, particularly in the evening, when wallabies foraged in forest areas for alternate food resources including browse, leaf litter, flowers and fruits of rainforest tree and shrub species. In the wet season, wallabies emerged from day-time resting areas earlier in the afternoon and therefore more wallabies were located in open areas grazing on high-quality herbage in the evening.


Abstract Objectives: To compare the costs with the benefits of using chlorhexidine gluconate dressings on central venous catheters and to determine the effectiveness of these dressings in reducing local infections and catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs), costs, and mortality. Design: Cost–benefit analysis using randomized, controlled trial data on chlorhexidine dressing prevention of local infection and CRBSI, data on cost of chlorhexidine dressing versus standard treatment, data on averted cost of treating local infection and CRBSI, and data on mortality attributable to CRBSI. Decision analysis evaluated averted CRBSI treatment cost per patient resulting from chlorhexidine dressing use. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated net benefit of chlorhexidine dressing, varying baseline rate of CRBSI, incremental cost of treating CRBSI, and number of catheters, and evaluated mortality preventable through chlorhexidine dressing use, varying baseline rate of CRBSI, number of catheters, and mortality attributable to CRBSI. Patients and Setting: Patients of all Philadelphia area hospitals and one Philadelphia academic medical center. Results: Estimated potential annual U.S. net benefits from chlorhexidine dressing use ranged from $275 million to approximately $1.97 billion. Cost–benefit findings persisted in sensitivity analyses varying baseline rate of CRBSI, incremental cost of treating CRBSI, and overall number of catheters used. Preventable mortality analyses showed potential decreases of between 329 and 3,906 U.S. deaths annually as a result of nationwide use of chlorhexidine dressing. Conclusions: Chlorhexidine dressings would reduce costs, local infections and CRBSIs, and deaths. Use of chlorhexidine dressings should be considered to prevent infections among patients with catheters.


For pt.II see ibid., vol.14, p.4191 (1981). The author derives a Fokker-Planck equation for the Wigner function describing the centre-of-mass motion of a harmonically trapped ion in a travelling wave of light, using an expansion in the recoil velocity around the exact time-dependent solution of the recoilless case. The practical calculations are reduced to the scheme presented in the earlier papers of this series. However, the final energy of the cooling differs from his earlier results, and agrees with more recent calculations employing for the centre of mass the representation in the harmonic oscillator states.


Salgado H, Bellay T, Nichols JA, Bose M, Martinolich L, Perrotti L, Atzori M. Muscarinic M2 and M1 receptors reduce GABA release by Ca channel modulation through activation of PI3K/Ca 2 -independent and PLC/Ca -dependent PKC. J Neurophysiol 98: 952–965, 2007. First published June 20, 2007; doi:10.1152/jn.00060.2007. We measured pharmacologically isolated GABAergic currents from layer II/III neurons of the rat auditory cortex using patch-clamp recording. Activation of muscarinic receptors by muscarine (1 M) or oxotremorine (10 M) decreased the amplitude of electrically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents to about one third of their control value. Neither miniature nor exogenously evoked GABAergic currents were altered by the presence of muscarinic agonists, indicating that the effect was spike-dependent and not mediated postsynaptically. The presence of the Nor P/Q-type Ca channel blockers -conotoxin GVIA (1 M) or -AgaTx TK (200 nM) greatly blocked the muscarinic effect, suggesting that Ca -channels were target of the muscarinic modulation. The presence of the muscarinic M2 receptor (M2R) antagonists methoctramine (5 M) or AF-DX 116 (1 M) blocked most of the muscarinic evoked inhibitory postsynaptic current (eIPSC) reduction, indicating that M2Rs were responsible for the effect, whereas the remaining component of the depression displayed M1R-like sensitivity. Tissue preincubation with the specific blockers of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) wortmannin (200 nM), LY294002 (1 M), or with the Ca -dependent PKC inhibitor Gö 6976 (200 nM) greatly impaired the muscarinic decrease of the eIPSC amplitude, whereas the remaining component was sensitive to preincubation in the phospholipase C blocker U73122 (10 M). We conclude that acetylcholine release enhances the excitability of the auditory cortex by decreasing the release of GABA by inhibiting axonal V-dependent Ca channels, mostly through activation of presynaptic M2Rs/PI3K/Ca 2 -independent PKC pathway and—to a smaller extent—by the activation of M1/PLC/ Ca -dependent PKC.


The advantageous condition of chemically modificating natural latex was introduced. And the main kinds, the related technology, its application and come problems of chemically modificated natural latex were discussed.


Arlificial femous are mostly used on the old whose neck femous are broken. From April 1989 to March 1993, our hospital has treated 10 cases fracture disunited, 4 cases fracture fresh; 1 case leggecl-perthe. We used Moore Artificial Femous two replace the broken parts and followed the trace and inrestigated them. We got the hesvlts: excellont 8 cases, good 3 cases, just passable 2 cases; not good and very bad each one. So we to think we're got a fairly satisfied result. By using this curing way. The wounded could get a pavicless hip-joint in a short time, and they can move about on foot, preely with some weight on.


Background. Hypofractionation is the current choice for radiation therapy for patients with unresectable non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at the authors' institute.


An electrocution case is described in an equine in the Sertão of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. A veterinarian was requested for the anatomopathological evaluation of the cadaver of an equine victim of probable electric shock in the rural area of the municipality of Olho D'Água. The cadaver was found in left lateral decubitus on the ruptured high-tension wire in a flooded area. Some dead amphibians were also found in contact with the wire. At necropsy, reddish and non-collapsed lungs were observed, with hemorrhages randomly distributed throughout all lobes. The heart was more flaccid, with petechiae on the epicardial surface and myocardium. Therefore, based on epidemiological and pathological findings, equine death occurred due to electrocution, an important cause of sudden death in production animals.


It was found that N(3)-H dissociation of 10-methylisoalloxazine plays a crucial role for a rate-accelerating metal ion effect on the oxidation of N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) in MeCN.


In the article, on the example of the conflict of the Courland governor P.A. Valuev with the Baltic nobility, happened in 1857, the legal status of the Baltic nobility in the Russian Empire is considered. The main issue considered in the work is the problem of the relationship between the imperial center and the national outskirts in the middle of the 19th century, which, in turn, is closely related to the results of the Northern War (1700-1721), which ended for Russia with a victory over Sweden and the annexation of the former part of the Swedish kingdom Estonia and Livonia. The local aristocracy received guarantees from the highest Russian authorities to preserve all privileges, which put it in a slightly different position than the nobility of the inner Russian provinces. Under Catherine II, when Courland was incorporated into Russia, these privileges were extended to the Courland barons. In the XIX century, under Nicholas I and Alexander II, all the "rights and liberties" of the Baltic nobles were also invariably confirmed. As a result, there was a situation in which the German barons considered themselves bound by personal obligations personally with the Russian monarch. This situation, typical of medieval feudal Europe, ran counter to the Russian patrimonial socio-political model, which irritated the Russian elite. The special position of the Courland nobility eventually led to a clash with the governor P.A. Valuev, who, acting within the framework of general imperial legislation, tried to establish general imperial orders in the province. Governor-General of the Baltic Region A.A. Suvorov, Interior Minister S.S. Lanskoy and Emperor Alexander II himself were involved in the clash. And although Valuev's position ultimately triumphed, and his opponent, Baron Gan, was forced to leave the post of Courland leader of the nobility, in general, this did not change the situation in any way. The model of "center-outskirts" relations considered in the article allows a deeper analysis of the difficulties that the local administration in the Baltic region faced when trying to unify the local administration system with the general imperial one. The main conclusion of the article can be considered the thesis that the Russian central government, represented by the governor and the governor-general, did not dare to drastically break the existing management model, in which the local elite (nobility) had a significant impact on the situation in the region. Courland, along with other Baltic provinces, remained a special territory in the political and legal landscape of the Russian Empire.


As current standard treatments for glioblastoma commonly fail to cure, the need for more efficient therapeutic options is overwhelming. In this paper we summarize available experimental evidence to supporting the hypothesis that metformin and olanzepine have potential to augment the cytocidal effects of temozolomide. Temozolomide is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent commonly used to treat glioblastoma. Although the primary path leading to temozolomide induced cell death is formation of O6-methylguanine apoptotic signaling triggered by O6methylG:T mispairs, that apoptotoc signaling goes through an adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK) activation-mediated step. Metformin or olanzapine have been shown independently to enhance AMPK activation. Metformin to treat diabetes and olanzapine to treat psychiatric difficulties are eminently well-tolerated in normals and have been marketed and approved for use in humans for years. Based on evidence that proapoptotic effects of temozolomide go through an AMPK activation step we might be able to amplify that AMPK activation with metformin and olanzapine. Investigation of their potential as a synergistic combination therapy against glioblastoma is warranted.


Growth and yield response of wheat variety Gomal-8 was evaluated using micronutrients and their application methods. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangements. Five different micronutrients were placed in main plot while their three application methods were assigned to sub-plots. Results revealed that application of boron @ 2 kg ha produced higher crop growth rate (23.58 g m day), net assimilation rate (2.82 mg m day), number of tillers (234.5 m), number of grains (52.92 spike) and grain yield (3.14 t ha). The use of iron @ 12 kg ha also showed encouraging results similar to boron. Among various application methods, side dressing at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) showed the best results as compared to soil application and foliar spray. Higher leaf area index and crop growth rate was obtained with the application of zinc @ 10 kg ha. Also, different micronutrients had significant interaction with application methods for physiological and agronomic traits including number of tillers, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and grain yield. Side dressing best interacted with boron for producing higher number of tillers, grains per spike, net assimilation rate and grain yield. This method showed better combination with iron for higher number of tillers, LAI and grain yield.


This paper extends previously proposed methods for frequency-domain analysis of subsynchronous oscillation phenomena in synchronous machines. Particular attention is given to the case where a current-controlled voltage-source converter is located electrically nearby. It is shown that the converter can contribute with significant positive electrical damping. Negative electrical damping is normally contributed only in the frequency region where the converter acts as a negative resistance. This region can be reduced or eliminated by proper design of the current controller


In recent years, the problem of large-scale migration of refugees has not only become an international hotspot that has plagued many countries around the world. More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015, sparking a crisis as countries struggle to cope with the influx, and creating division in the EU over how best to deal with resettling people [1]. Because of the limited choice of refugees, and limited capacity of the recipient countries, the first step is to deal with the allocation of refugees in various routes to different countries. In the second step, a lot of external events will be added to interfere. At this point, it is needed to test whether the model can maintain stability under the interference of certain dynamic factors. Therefore, the basic model needs to meet the conditions of dynamic planning, and Dijkstra algorithm is chosen to optimize the migration route for the refugees. Its advantage is that when the dynamic interference occurs, only some parameters are adjusted slightly, and the basic model is still applicable. Bayes statistical model is used to predict the rate of refugees leaving the transit countries. And the proportion of leaving refugees at each point of action can be obtained. Then, the optimal allocation of the refugees can be calculated based on integer programming.


In this paper, exact relations and formulae based on a general methodology within the framework of the response spectrum method are given, which allow calculation of the critical earthquake direction and evaluation of the peak probable values of any typical response quantity along with the simultaneous values of other related quantities. The theory covers unidirectional as well as bidirectional (isotropic or orthotropic) seismic input and can be directly used to satisfy modern seismic design codes' requirements. A numerical example clarifies and confirms the presented theoretical results.


Software development begins with important process, understanding and determining what kind of software that will be built and write it into a Software Requirements Specification (SRS). Meyer's "The Seven Sins of Specifier" explain several things to be avoided in SRS. One is overspecification. Overspecification occurs when there is an element in the document specification that is not related to the problems but to a feature of possible solution. This study proposed a method to detect the presence of overspecification in SRS by developing a text-based decision tree classifier utilizes natural language processing tools. Testing and evaluation of the results obtained Kappa value of 0.8872 at 0.0 threshold. This means that the proposed solution works well and can be used to detect the presence of overspecification on software requirements specification document with 0.8872 Kappa value or proportion of agreement between the proposed solution and the annotators is almost perfect agreement.


A method for estimating transition probability is applied to the deterioration models of a bridge management system. Deterioration is modeled as a time-dependent function of the condition changes of critical elements in bridge systems. The methodology applies "life data" analysis techniques employed in reliability studies of engineering systems and incorporates the inherent censorship of the utilized bridge data. It involves a two-phase process: one concerned with the condition of a set of similar bridge components composing a system, and the other concerned with the condition of a specific component within the system. The information required for modeling purposes is derived from historical data typically available in bridge inventory and inspection systems. The methodology focuses on deterioration models previously created for use in a bridge management system. It is illustrated by a case study involving deterioration processes of a structural deck system. The methodology has been evaluated through comp...


The deposition of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H)-based films at atmospheric pressure is a cost-effective process without using a high-vacuum technique. In this study, we synthesized a-C:H-based films by atmospheric pressure-plasma enhanced CVD method from C2H2/He and C2H2/N2 mixture gas and investigated the effect of dilution gas on the hardness of the films. The film deposited from C2H2/N2 contained nitrogen elements with forming C-N bonds and the film was softer than a-C:H film deposited from C2H2/He. The hardness of the film deposited from C2H2/He was 1.1 GPa and twice higher than that from C2H2/N2.


This paper proposes a new way to clear up the fog which softly combines dark channel with color attenuation, namely DCP and CAP. The main task is to solve the bad performance in the sky and white bright regions based on the DCP and the problem of incomplete defogging near the object of the foreground based on the CAP. A quad-tree search method is applied to look for the atmospheric light A. We can choose the pixel average of the last image block as A to solve the problem of excessive saturation. The guided filter is applied to adjust the final medium transmission. By experiments, the results can prove that the proposed method is effective.


The objective of this research was to know the influence of discussion method with pictures toward students' learning activities and subject mastery. The research design was non equivalent pretest-posttest. Samples were students in the class VIII.B and VIII.E that were selected by cluster random sampling. This research data were in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data obtained from the average value of pretest, posttest, and N- gain , which were statistically analyzed using t-test by SPSS 17. The qualitative data obtained from students' learning activities observation sheets. The results show that the students' learning activities increased 8,76%. The material mastery also decrease by using t-test average was L hit (0,117) < L tab (0,157), . It means that using discussion method with pictures can impact the students' activities and material mastery.   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode diskusi dengan media gambar terhadap aktivitas dan penguasaan materi. Desain penelitian ini adalah pretes postes non-equivalen . Sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIII.B dan VIII.E yang dipilih secara cluster random sampling . Data penelitian ini berupa data kuantitatif dan kualitatif.  Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari rata-rata nilai pretes, postes, dan N -gain , yang dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji-t melalui program SPSS 17. Data kualitatif diperoleh dari lembar obsevasi aktivitas belajar siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan sebesar 8,76%. Penguasaan materi  mengalami penurunan dengan menggunakan uji-t yaitu L hit (0,117) < L tab (0,157), berarti diperoleh data tidak berdistribusi normal. Hal ini berarti, bahwa penggunaan metode diskusi dengan media gambar berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan aktivitas. Namun, tidak berpengaruh terhadap penguasaan materi.   Kata kunci    : aktivitas belajar, media gambar, metode diskusi, penguasaan materi, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan.


Objectives: The upper limit of normal levels for ALT and AST are updated using recently suggested criteria. We analyze the effect of risk factors(age, BMI, total cholesterol, protein, albumin) on ALT and AST using decision tree models. Methods: The decision tree models are adopted to find most affecting factors for the upper limit of normal levels for ALT and AST. Also, the threshold points for each affecting factor are determined by decision tree models. Results: The decision tree models showed that the cases with BMI over 25 and total cholesterol over 180.5 are high risk group for ALT. The most influencing factors for AST are also total cholesterol and BMI with threshold points 208.5 and 25, respectively. Conclusions: The most affecting factors on the upper limits of normal levels of ALT and AST are BMI and total cholesterol as metabolic parameters


An analysis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) of the introduced annual weed, Heliotropium europaeum (Boraginaceae), at two sites in south-eastern Australia showed that percentage PA in above-ground parts of the weed differed significantly between sites and declined markedly through the season, from initial levels of >2.2% in the seedling stage to 95% of total alkaloid. Major PA constituents — europine, heliotrine, and lasiocarpine — varied significantly between sites and sampling dates but no marked seasonal trend was detected. Lasiocarpine and europine content varied reciprocally in the free base and N-oxide forms, indicating that these compounds may be readily interconvertible. Correlation of rainfall and average number of leaves per plant with lasiocarpine and europine levels suggested that rainfall, either directly by altering the metabolism of existing leaves or indirectly through plant growth, initiated large short-term shifts in PA composition of H. europaeum without corresponding changes in total PA concentration.

At both sites, sheep consumed H. europaeum, reducing both plant density and biomass. Biomass differences between exclosure and access plots of H. europaeum were correlated with grazing intensity. Since heliotrine, lasiocarpine and europine differ markedly in their toxic properties, large shifts in their relative concentrations may have important consequences for these and other herbivores. Environmentally induced quality shifts in these secondary compounds may be as important as, or even override, changes in total quantity in causing PA toxicity to grazing animals.


The four existing Functional Size Measurement(FSM) methods that meet the ISO standards can not take the interactions and behaviors of objects into consideration and can not correctly measure the functional size of object-oriented systems.So,based on the analysis of software development process of object-oriented methods,according to the characteristic of object-oriented systems,this paper presented an Object-Oriented Full Function Point method based on COSMIC-FFP,and gave the mapping rules,measurement rules and an example of the application process of the approach.This method provided an effective way for the correct measure of the function size of object-oriented systems.


In this article, the implementation of a microcomputer-based control system using a low-cost 16-bit single-board microcomputer combined with a general-purpose data acquisition board is described. It is intended that this combination forms a suitable basis of a control system for the type of complex sensor systems currently associated with modern industrial robots. The technique of interfacing a 16-bit microcomputer to a peripheral environment which has essentially an 8-bit architecture is presented. The result is a high-performance, low-cost analog data processing and control system. A novel timing device with both software- and hardware-configurable features has been developed so that an accurate interval timer for use with sample data systems is also available. To demonstrate the potential use of the system, an illustrative example of real-time adaptive process control is described.


BUILDING TOMORROW FROM YESTERDAY'S RUINS: TOBIT 7-8 ON THE ROLE OF LOVERS AS GUARDIANS AND STEWARDS OF EACH OTHER'S PSYCHOLOGICAL WOUNDS: A painful past can spoil a person's perspective on the future, which, in the case of a couple, can put pressure on their future together. For these people, as well as for all those who tackle this problematic in their research, the Tobit novella can provide some significant and fundamental insights. Sarah's mysterious affliction, which symbolises all possible afflictions, is an unwelcome part of the couple's relationship. Tobias, however, understands that loving one another implies not only that one is called to care about, be dedicated to, and take responsibility for one's own behaviour, but also that one is subject to an appeal made by events from the other's past, even if one was oneself not involved in these events. He realises that it will only be possible to share a future together if the chaos of Sarah's past can be transformed, which begins when Tobias kills the voracious fish in the Tigris River, a symbolic representation of destructive chaos. Once this has been defeated, Tobias is also able to triumph over Asmodeus, the demon responsible for the misfortune Sarah has had in her relationships and who also personifies the dark forces of chaos. This adventure story gives metaphorical expression to the idea that partners can descend with each other into the chaos of the past in order to  bring about a new order, through which the future is made possible. In this way, "to love" becomes synonymous with the generation of a future in which the ideal of Paradise is brought ever closer. (Article text in Afrikaans)


This article is devoted to the analysis of the semantic structure of the common Turkic word "tortmoq" "pull, drag" on the example of factual materials recorded in the ancient Turkic, Old Turkic and Old Uzbek written monuments. The analysis showed that intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors, the possibilities of the Uzbek language in the process of expressing the meaning of this vocabulary, as well as the mastery of word usage by one author or another, played a certain role in the formation and development of the semantic scale of the lexeme. The conclusions can be used in enriching the point of view regarding semasiology, in improving the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language


Abstract The Natuna D-Alpha "L" structure is a large late Miocene carbonate reef complex reservoiring a proven gas column 5,250 feet thick. CO2 content ranged from 67% in upper zones to 82% near the base. Gas water contact is as yet unproven. The discovery well was drilled by AGIP in 1973. Esso Exploration acquired the permit in 1980 and shot a 1,400 mile grid of seismic over the block. The Arang formation is considered the source of methane; CO2 content is believed to have been introduced from deep igneous activity. Arang and Barat-Gabus shale (middle and lower Miocene) is widespread and relatively uniform in thicknees over the block, suggesting stable nonmarine to shallow marine shelf conditions. Post-Arang normal faulting associated with regional tectonics resulted in rotation and downfaulting of the "L" structure. Lower Terumbu (upper Miocene) carbonate bank development began on both the updip portion-of the "L" structure and on the broad shelf area to the west. However, carbonate deposition on the western shelf was limited by shallow water depths, while the "L" structure accumulated a thick carbonate unit as the block continued to founder. Further downfaulting of the "L" structure in upper Terumbu time (upper Miocene and early Pliocene) resulted in widespread neritic carbonate deposits, with local reefing on the western shelf area, and with local buildups of several reef complexes on the crest of the "L" structure. Seismic facies and structure maps of the upper Terumbu carbonates have been used to develop well locations for evaluation of the stratigraphic model of the "L" structure in favorable facies.


Today, China is facing many risk factors and great challenges in biosecurity crimes. Biosecurity-related crimes generally include biological weapon attack, bioterrorism, destruction of biological genetic resources and biodiversity, and finally, interference with infectious disease prevention and control. Crimes related to biosecurity in the Criminal Law of China are mainly stated in the chapters about crimes jeopardizing state security, against public security, social administration, and crimes of dereliction of duty.


BACKGROUND
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the main pathogenic factor in the development of gastritis and gastric cancer. Superoxide-dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme of mucosal antioxidant protection. In the presence of HP there is a significant increase of SOD activity in the antrum. Changes in gastric mucosal SOD activity were detected in response to eradication treatment of HP infection.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Biopsies were taken from 13 patients upon gastroscopy performed prior to and 88.3 +/- 12.6 days after treatment. The activity of SOD was determined by spectrophotometry.

RESULTS
The activity of SOD in the gastric mucosa decreased significantly following the successful eradication, whereas in the corpus activity did not change significantly.

CONCLUSION
In the presence of HP there is an oxidative stress in the gastric mucosa triggered by the bacterium. It may represent the final common path of HP carcinogenesis. Successful eradication treatment prevents the production of reactive oxygen metabolites.