This study presents random forest-based fault discrimination technique for power transformer. The proposed scheme relies on extracting features from the measured data of differential current signals of a power transformer. Various simulation cases consisting of internal faults including special types of turn-to-turn and primary-to-secondary winding faults and other disturbances (over-excitation and different types magnetising inrush such as initial, residual, recovery and sympathetic) have been generated with varying fault and system parameters for an existing power transformer of an Indian power transmission network using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The performance of the proposed scheme has been evaluated over a simulation dataset of 5442 cases and the overall fault discrimination accuracy of more than 98% is achieved. The proposed scheme gives promising results for different connections and various ratings of the transformer, even though it is trained only once for a single rating and connection of a transformer. Comparative evaluation of the proposed scheme with the existing scheme clearly indicates the superiority of the proposed scheme as it remains stable during CT saturation condition and gives better stability during disturbances compared with conventional/existing schemes.


Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is used to generate auxiliary signal for cellular uses. BTS will support all the activities regarding data exchange such as messaging and web browsing. The spatial data plays important role to support BTS's signal coverage area. The spatial data also can be used for designing of new cellular networks and construction new BTS. This research purpose is to help operator manager find the distance of BTS distribution that will be used to make group of BTS position for the operators. In this research Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been utilized to analyse the nearest distance and to create group of BTS. Spatial network analyst uses network data path to find out the nearest distance from operators' location to all of BTS in Banda Aceh by using tools closest facility, and to analyse the operators' location grouping based on the mean value BTS distance by using buffer method. The result of this research has calculated the average distance from the operators' location to all BTS is 6.2 Kilometres. Based on the average distance the first team will manage 7 BTS and the second team will manage 14 BTS.


This study assesses three explanations for cross-national differences in unionization: Western's (1997) institutional model, economic explanations based on the business cycle or globalization, and Hechter's (2004) solidaristic theory. This study features a multilevel analysis of employed workers with the late 1990s World Values surveys of 18 affluent democracies. The analyses generally support the institutional model. Left parties and ghent systems remain influential, though ghent is less robust. Neo-corporatism and wage coordination are insignificant whereas workplace access is the more salient indicator of centralization. Beyond Western's model, right cabinet significantly weakens unionization. Refuting economic explanations, inflation, unemployment, and economic growth, as well as international trade and investment, do not influence unionization. Consistent with Hechter's claims, the welfare state reduces unionization but, contradicting his claims, immigration does not undermine unions. Ultimately, this study supports a revised institutional model that supplements Western's model with right cabinet and the welfare state.


ABSTRACT Background: Patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) may have a greater frequency of anti-parietal cell antibodies (APCA) than the general population. Aim of the study: The study's goal is to look at chronic atrophic gastritis in people who have autoimmune thyroid illness. Patients and Methods: In 60 ATD patients, APCA was detected using an indirect immunofluorescence test: 33(55%) had Graves' disease and 27(45%) had Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A systematic questionnaire was used to assess gastrointestinal symptoms, prior history of thrombosis, arthralgia, and other autoimmune disorders in patients and their families. Individuals with both positive and negative APCA were compared. Patients who tested positive were encouraged to have upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and numerous biopsies of the antral, body angular, and prepyloric segments performed. As controls, sera from 30 healthy people hailing from the same geographic region were utilized. Results: APCA was found in 20% (12/60) of ATD patients, including 21.3 percent (7/33) in the Graves' group and 18.6 percent (5/27) in the Hashimoto's sample (P = 0.796). Positive APCA patients exhibited greater anemia (P > 0.001) and reduced heartburn and epigastric discomfort (P = 0.002&0.004, respectively). A total of 66.7 percent of the 12 APCA-positive patients who underwent upper endoscopy exhibited chronic atrophic gastritis. Conclusion: ATD patients have a significant prevalence of positive APCA. APCA are more frequent in people who have anemia and much less in those suffering heartburn or epigastric discomfort. Approximately 66.7 percent of APCA-positive individuals had chronic atrophic gastritis.


When the accessibility of external finance prohibits a firm from taking the optimum decision related to investment, that firm is called financially constrained. By applying the methodology of Kaplan and Zingales (1997) and Lamont et al. (2001), the current study has created a construct to gauge the level of financial constraints (FC) of the companies which emanate from quantitative information. The study explores whether FC factor is present in the Indian stock market and explores whether the security returns of those firms that are financially constrained move in tandem. The study also attempts to establish the association between security returns and R&D of financially constrained firms. On a sample of 63 R&D reporting companies of S&P BSE 500, traded over the period March 2008 to February 2019, the study used the Fama–French methodology, fixed effect model and the ordered logistic regression. The study finds that firms that are highly constrained earn more returns than low constrained firms. Second, the security returns of firms that are financially constrained move in tandem because these firms are affected by common shocks. This suggests that the FC factor exists in the Indian stock market. Finally, when R&D interacts with the level of FC, then this interaction effect has a negative effect on returns.


Abstract—To verify that apoptosis is one of the possible mechanisms of neonatal vascular remodeling during the transition from fetal to neonatal circulation, we assayed for apoptosis and evaluated the expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins in umbilical vessel versus ascending aorta, ductus arteriosus (DA) versus adjacent pulmonary artery and aorta, or aorta versus its branching arteries. Twenty-two umbilical cords (UCs), 6 DAs with adjacent aortas and pulmonary arteries, and 4 aortic arches with their branching great arteries were obtained from neonates. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis in umbilical vessels was identified in all UCs. The expressions of Bax and Bcl-X were stronger in umbilical artery than in the neonatal aorta, but Bcl-2 was weak in both arteries in immunohistochemistry. In the immunoblot analysis of UCs, the expression of the proapoptotic short isoform of Bcl-X was stronger than in other tissue, and caspase-3 was selectively activated, whereas it was not in the other components of ...


Headquarters Agreement for the permanent office of the United Nations Office for Project Services in the Argentine Republic. Buenos Aires, 21 May 2007


Rousseau argued forcefully for the superiority of a life lived in accordance with "the simplest impulses of nature," but his complex (somewould say contradictory) understanding of the relationship between humans and "nature" is rarely cited as a source of inspiration by those seeking to reform the human relationship with the natural world. We argue that the complexities of Rousseau's political thought illuminate important connections between his works and the programs put forth by deep ecology. In Part One, we explore the theoretical connections between Rousseau's account of the human fall from nature and major works of radical environmentalism. In Part Two, we offer suggestions for a reconsideration of Rousseau's work that may illuminate the paradoxical political requirements of deep ecology's recommendations for a more ecological human life. We hope to illustrate howa careful reading of Rousseau'swork may serve as the basis for fruitful questioning of environmentalist thought.


Larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), grown on a bean diet were repeatedly anesthetized with a mixture containing 30% CO2:20% O2:50% N2 for periods up to 40 minutes without significant retardation of growth. However, 5 exposures to 100% CO2 for 5 or 10 minutes at 3-day intervals caused a 27% retardation. A single exposure to 100% CO2 for 5 or 10 minutes had no measurable effect.


Corona virus is a large group of viruses that cause various types of diseases. Ranging from cough cold to more severe diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The new Corona-virus type, 2019 coronavirus novel (2019-nCoV), raises an outbreak known as the Covid-19. The Covid-19 plague makes the whole world frightened. This pandemic makes everyone in the world isolate themselves, keep the distance, and work from home. As a result the world economic sector is disrupted, the tourism sector declines and community activities are hindered. Based on the impacts of the resulting grouping analysis, especially in Indonesia, in the provinces of Indonesia that contracted pandemic Covid-19 using the number of cases of ODP (people in monitoring), PDP (patient in care), positive, died, recovered, and the population projection whose data was taken on 16 June 2020. Using method of analysis K-means Clusteringyang aims to know the general description of the Covid-19 pandemic case in Indonesia, and know how the results grouping the provinces of Indonesia based on the number of Covid-19 pandemic cases. The results of the descriptive analysis were obtained that the highest positive case in DKI Jakarta area was 9,222 cases, and for the lowest case in Aceh region as many as 27 cases. Then for clustering results obtained that obtained 6 clusters, with a level 1 (highest) to Level 6 (at the lowest). In the highest provincial clusters have positive case characteristics, cured, died, ODP, and PDP Supreme, but the projection of the population is low, one of which is Jakarta. While in the lowest provincial clusters have positive case characteristics, cases died, and cases died low, and has a considerable population projection, one of which is Aceh.


The invention relates to a wireless communication data recording unit for rail transit, wherein a circuit mainly comprises a control unit, a digital signal processing unit and a memory cell, and the digital signal processing unit adopts TMS320C5509A as a digital signal processor; the memory cell adopts a nandflash chip K9K8G08U0A of 1GB high capacity as a storage chip, and the digital signal processing unit is respectively connected with the control unit and the memory cell; the control unit is externally connected with a recording control interface and a reset interface; the digital signal processing unit is externally connected with an analog audio input interface and a memory transfer interface of a secure digital (SD) card; the memory cell adopts a memory of 1GB high capacity, can continuously record for 36 hours, store 500MB of messages, and be extended to 2GB; and when a wireless communication system is operated on light rails or subway trains, the conversations of drivers and scheduling personnel or station personnel are recorded, and equipment which can record for a long time is installed on a vehicle-mounted special radio station to record all the conversations and accurate times of the conversations.


The railway corridor of a city,being a very important part of a city zone,its exploitation value had been ignored for a long time.This article analyzed its exploitation problems in several aspect: such as the value estimate method,the principle of the exploitation and the designation of its sight etc.And this article also put forwards three indexes to weigh up the level of its exploitation


Genotype by environment interactions are important to consider in the total phenotypic variance of an organism as well as genetic variance and environmental variance separately. Phenotypic plasticity is likely to occur when the environment changes due to these genetic and environmental effects. A genotype by environment interaction shows that different genotypes change based on different environment conditions. Our experiment focused on antlions (Myrmeleon immaculatus). Antlions are invertebrates that build conical sand pits and wait for their prey at the bottom of the pit. We conducted a common garden experiment comparing two sites in Michigan: Pine Point at Douglas Lake (PP) and South Sturgeon Bay at Lake Michigan (SSB). We wanted to know if intrinsic factors, the environment, or the interaction between the two were more influential on the size of the pit built. We hypothesized that pit size would be different in the same environment because intrinsic factors, such as learning or genotype, play a greater role than environmental factors. Specifically, we postulated that SSB antlions would build bigger pits than PP antlions. From our data, we found that the antlions built different sized pits based on their site of origin. In general, SSB antlions built bigger pits than PP. Our hypothesis was supported because the intrinsic factors influenced pit size more than the environmental factors of current location.


Cycling is a popular means of transport and recreational activity; bicycles are also a source of genitourinary injuries and there is the idea that cycling may have a significant impact on sexual function. To evaluate the effect of amateur cycling on erectile function

 We used a questionnaire comparing amateur cyclists (n=199) and footballers (n=43), regarding sexual related comorbidities and hours of practice per week. The cyclists were also characterized in terms of road vs cross-country, breaks during cycling, saddle, and shorts. To evaluate erectile function, the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire was applied.

 There was no difference in International Index of Erectile Function total score between groups. Age and presence of erectile dysfunction associated comorbidity were negative factors in the International Index of Erectile Function score in cyclists but not in the footballers.

 Cycling is usually associated with perineal numbness, but that numbness did not lead to lower International Index of Erectile Function scores.
 Amateur cycling has no effect on EF.

 None


In recent years, smart healthcare, artificial intelligence (AI)‐aided diagnostics, and automated surgical robots are just a few of the innovations that have emerged and gained popularity with the advent of Healthcare 4.0. Such technologies are powered by machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), which are preferable for disease diagnosis, identifying patterns, prescribing treatments, and forecasting diseases like stroke prediction, cancer prediction and so forth. Nevertheless, much data is needed for AI, ML, and DL‐based systems to train effectively and provide the desired outcomes. Further, it raises concerns about data privacy, security, communication overhead, regulatory compliance and so forth. Federated learning (FL) is a technology that protects data security and privacy by limiting data sharing and utilizing model information of distributed systems to enhance performance. However, existing approaches are traditionally verified on pre‐established datasets that fail to capture real‐life applicability. Therefore, this study proposes an AI‐enabled stroke prediction architecture consisting of FL based on the artificial neural network (ANN) model using data from actual stroke cases. This architecture can be implemented on healthcare‐based wearable devices (WD) for real‐time use as it is effective, precise, and computationally affordable. In order to continuously enhance the performance of the global model, the proposed FL‐based architecture aggregates the optimizer weights of many clients using a fifth‐generation (5G) communication channel. Then, the performance of the proposed FL‐based architecture is studied based on multiple parameters such as accuracy, precision, recall, bit error rate, and spectral noise. It outperforms the traditional approaches regarding accuracy, which is 5% to 10% higher.


The applicable offshore platform cooling system is very important to the diesel power station, it not only protects the pipe and valve against the seawater erosion, but also improves the recycling energy to the cooling system. According to the features of the jack-up platform, the text analyses 4 sorts of cooling conditions on the ocean oil-281 platform and presents the virtues of the cooling system.


In order to realize the human body following of medical care service robot, Kinect v2 is used to detect the target person in real time, and the improved Gaussian filter algorithm is used to denoise the depth image. In this paper, Kalman filtering algorithm is used to predict human movement information, thus ensuring safer and more reliable real-time tracking. When the target character is blocked, the robot can be stopped safely and effectively. This system uses the gesture of the target person to start or stop following, and it can realize good human-computer interaction. Finally, a series of human body following test experiments are designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and the feasibility of the robot system to achieve human body following in hospital environment.


The embodiments of the present invention provide a method and device for transmitting data stream, which relate to the technical field of communication and can improve the flexibility of data stream control. The method comprises: a Traffic Detection Function (TDF) starts a detection of service data stream; the TDF performs corresponding operation according to the detection result; or the TDF obtains policy rules, and performs corresponding operation according to the detection result and the policy rules. The embodiments of the present invention are used for data stream transmission.


Objective The effect of the type of mechanical stress on OA onset has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to establish a new model that reproduces the type and increase and decrease of mechanical stress in vivo and to clarify the differences in the mechanism of knee OA onset and progression among the models. Design To reproduce the difference in mechanical stress, we used the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACL-T) model and the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model. In addition, we created a controlled abnormal tibial translation (CATT) model and a controlled abnormal tibial rotation (CATR) model that suppressed the joint instability of the ACL-T and DMM model, respectively. These four models reproduced the increase and decrease in shear force due to joint instability and compressive stress due to meniscal dysfunction. We performed joint instability analysis with soft X-ray, micro computed tomography analysis, histological analysis, and immunohistological analysis in 4 and 6 weeks. Results Joint instability decreased in the CATT and CATR groups. The meniscus deviated in the DMM and CATR groups. Chondrocyte hypertrophy increased in the ACL-T and DMM groups with joint instability. In the subchondral bone, bone resorption was promoted in the ACL-T and CATT groups, and bone formation was promoted in the DMM and CATR groups. Conclusions Increased shear force causes articular cartilage degeneration and osteoclast activation in the subchondral bone. In contrast, increased compressive stress promotes bone formation in the subchondral bone earlier than articular cartilage degeneration occurs.


This paper is an attempt to assess the Braudel/Wallerstein model of the modern world-system by looking at the development of a new commercial elite in a small urban center in Morocco (Braudel, 1979; Wallerstein, 1974). The modern world-system model raises a host of questions which cannot be properly addressed in a brief paper. After reviewing some of these questions, this study will focus on the role of trade in the spread of capitalism and the idea that capitalist trade can be distinguished from non-capitalist trade. If capitalism spreads through trade, one might expect that an analysis of the commercial sector might be at least as illuminating as one of the spread of capitalism in the rural or industrial areas—which are the more common sorts of analysis to date. The primary concern is to delineate how homogeneously capitalist the commercial sector of this urban center is, and what changes have occurred in its structure with the appearance of a new elite. The paper begins with an outline of the geographical and historical background and then proceeds to a discussion of the modern world-system and the theory of unequal exchange, which has been posited as the mechanism for maintaining the peripheralization of much of the world. The main section of the paper which follows tries to assess the structure of the commercial sector and the development of a new commercial elite in Essaouira during the 20th century. In the conclusion, the paper assesses the importance of the modern world-system as an explanation for the structure and behavior of the Essaouiran commercial sector and the new elites.


Indoor localization knows many applications, such as industry 4.0, warehouses, healthcare, drones, etc., where high accuracy becomes more critical than ever. Recent advances in ultra-wideband localization systems allow high accuracies for multiple active users in line-of-sight environments, while they still introduce errors above 300 mm in non-line-of-sight environments due to multi-path effects. Current work tries to improve the localization accuracy of ultra-wideband through offline error correction approaches using popular machine learning techniques. However, these techniques are still limited to simple environments with few multi-path effects and focus on offline correction. With the upcoming demand for high accuracy and low latency indoor localization systems, there is a need to deploy (online) efficient error correction techniques with fast response times in dynamic and complex environments. To address this, we propose (i) a novel semi-supervised autoencoder-based machine learning approach for improving ranging accuracy of ultra-wideband localization beyond the limitations of current improvements while aiming for performance improvements and a small memory footprint and (ii) an edge inference architecture for online UWB ranging error correction. As such, this paper allows the design of accurate localization systems by using machine learning for low-cost edge devices. Compared to a deep neural network (as state-of-the-art, with a baseline error of 75 mm) the proposed autoencoder achieves a 29% higher accuracy. The proposed approach leverages robust and accurate ultra-wideband localization, which reduces the errors from 214 mm without correction to 58 mm with correction. Validation of edge inference using the proposed autoencoder on a NVIDIA Jetson Nano demonstrates significant uplink bandwidth savings and allows up to 20 rapidly ranging anchors per edge GPU.


This paper introduces the general principle of DVB-S2 encoding and modulating technique?Then it mainly discusses several chips about DVB-S2 receiving and summarizes their characters. Finally, the developmental status of DVB-S2 in China is discussed.


Important at any age, but essential for adolescents, the discussions within membership groups represent an important way for personal development and for strengthening the relationships among their members. Research shows that in the family, the main topics of discussion are based on questions that school children and preadolescents have to answer to their parents. If we talk about the group of friends, the range of themes of discussion is much wider and they take into consideration different aspects of high school life: the personal life, the relationship with the family members, the leisure activities, the school events etc. Through the investigative approach presented in this paper we have tried to identify elements regarding the connection between high school students and media, especially films and their preferences for musical auditions, as well as the way they facilitate the communication with the family members and friends. The most important research data show that films and TV shows rank first in the students' preferences related to discussions with other family members. There are significant differences, with a decreasing tendency, between respondents aged 14, respectively 18 and those with good school results. As far as the gender analysis is concerned, there are no significant differences.


1 Matsumura T*,y, Kato Ty, Sugiyama Ny, Tasaka-Fujita My, Asako Murayama Ay, Masaki Ty, Wakita Ty, Imawari M*. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses hepatitis C virus production. Hepatology. 2012;56:1231–1239. *Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; yDepartment of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. Because the current interferon (IFN)-based treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has a therapeutic limitation and side effects, a more efficient therapeutic strategy is desired. Recent studies show that supplementation of vitamin D significantly improves sustained viral response via IFNbased therapy. However, mechanisms and an active molecular form of vitamin D for its anti-HCV effects have not been fully clarified. To address these questions, we infected HuH7 cells with cell culture-generated HCV in the presence or absence of vitamin D3 or its metabolites. To our surprise, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], but not vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, reduced the extraand intracellular levels of HCV core antigen in a concentration-dependent manner. Single-cycle virus production assay with a CD81negative cell line reveals that the inhibitory effect of 25(OH)D3 is at the level of infectious virus assembly but not entry or replication. Long-term 25(OH)D3 treatment generates a HCV mutant with acquired resistance to 25(OH)D3, and this mutation resulting in a N1279Y substitution in the nonstructural region 3 helicase domain is responsible for the resistance. Conclusion: 25(OH)D3 is a novel anti-HCV agent that targets an infectious viral particle assembly step. This finding provides insight into the improved efficacy of anti-HCV treatment via the combination of vitamin D3 and IFN. Our results also suggest that 25(OH)D3, not vitamin D3, is a better therapeutic option in patients with hepatic dyshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.008 2012, INASL Journal of Clinical and function and reduced enzymatic activity for generation of 25(OH)D3. Abstract 2 Falleti E*, Bitetto D*, Fabris C*, Fattovich Gy, Cussigh A*, Cmet S*, Ceriani Ez, Fornasiere E*, Pasino My, Ieluzzi Dy, Pirisi Mz,x, Toniutto P*. Vitamin D binding protein gene2 Falleti E*, Bitetto D*, Fabris C*, Fattovich Gy, Cussigh A*, Cmet S*, Ceriani Ez, Fornasiere E*, Pasino My, Ieluzzi Dy, Pirisi Mz,x, Toniutto P*. Vitamin D binding protein gene polymorphisms and baseline vitamin D levels as predictors of antiviral response in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2012; May 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ hep.25848. [Epub ahead of print]. *Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical and Experimental, Medical Liver Transplantation Unit, Internal Medicine, University of Udine, Italy; yGastroenterology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, University of Verona, Italy; zDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Universit a del Piemonte Orientale ''A. Avogadro'', Novara, Italy; xInterdepartmental Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Novara, Italy. Vitamin D deficiency seems to predict the unsuccessful achievement of sustained viral response (SVR) after antiviral treatment in hepatitis C virus (HCV) difficult-to-treat genotypes. Vitamin D binding protein (GC) gene polymorphisms are known to influence vitamin D levels. This study was performed to assess whether the interaction between basal circulating vitamin D and the GC polymorphism plays a role in influencing the rate of antiviral responses in patients affected by chronic hepatitis C. In all, 206 HCV patients treated with a combination therapy of pegylated (PEG)-interferon plus ribavirin were retrospectively evaluated. GC rs7041 G > T, GC rs4588 C > A, and IL-28B rs12979860 C > T polymorphisms were genotyped. Frequencies of GC rs7041 G > T and rs4588 C > A polymorphisms were: G/G = 64 (31.1%), G/T = 100 (48.5%), T/T = 42 (20.4%) and C/C = 108 (52.4%), C/A = 84 (40.8%), A/A = 14 (6.8%). Patients were divided into those carrying $3 major alleles (wildtype [WT]+: G-C/G-C, G-C/T-C, G-C/G-A, N = 100) and the remaining (WT : G-C/T-A, T-A/T-C, T-A/T-A, T-C/T-C, N = 106). Four groups were identified: vitamin D #20 ng/mL and WT , vitamin D #20 and WT+, vitamin D >20 and WT , vitamin D >20 and WT+. In difficult-to-treat HCV genotypes the proportion of patients achieving SVR significantly increased with a linear trend from the first to the last group: 6/25 (24.0%), 9/24 (37.5%), 12/29 (41.4%), 19/29 (65.5%) (P = 0.003). At multivariate analysis, having basal vitamin D >20 ng/mL plus the carriage of GC WT+ was found to be an independent predictor of SVR (odds ratio 4.52, Experimental Hepatology | December 2012 | Vol. 2 | No. 4 | 396–398 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOLOGY P = 0.015). Conclusion: In difficult-to-treat HCV genotypes, simultaneous pretreatment normal serum vitamin D levels and the carriage of GC-globulin WT isoform strongly predicts the achievement of SVR after PEG-interferon plus ribavirin antiviral therapy. H ep a to lo g y E ls e w h e re Abstract 3 Nimer A*, Mouch Ay. Vitamin D improves viral response in hepatitis C genotype 2–3 naive patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(8):800–805. *Department of Liver, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 13100, Israel; yDepartment of Liver, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel. Aims: To examine whether vitaminD improved viral response and predicted treatment outcome in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2–3. Methods: Fifty patients with chronic HCV genotype 2–3 were randomized consecutively into two groups: Treatment group [20 subjects, age 48 ± 14 years, body mass index (BMI) 30 ± 6, 65%male], who received 180 mg pegylated a-interferon-2a plus oral ribavirin 800 mg/ d (Peg/RBV), together with oral vitamin D3 (Vitamidyne D drops; 2000 IU/d, 10 drops/d, normal serum level > 32 ng/ mL) for 24 week; and control group (30 subjects, age 45 ± 10 years, BMI 26 ± 3, 60% male), who received identical therapywithout vitaminD.HCVRNAwas assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Undetectable HCV RNA at 4,12 and 24 week after treatment was considered as rapid virological response, complete early virological response, and sustained virological response (SVR), respectively. Biomarkers of inflammation were measured. Results: The treatment group with vitamin D had higher BMI (30 ± 6 vs. 26 ± 3, P 400 000 IU/mL, 65% vs. 40%, P 15 ng/mL, OR 2.2, P 30, OR 2.6, P < 0.01) as independent predictors of viral response. Adverse events were mild and typical of Peg/RBV.Conclusion: Low vitaminD levels predicts negative treatment outcome, and adding vitamin D to conventional Peg/RBV therapy for patients with HCV genotype 2–3 significantly improves viral response.


As is the case for most if not all modern IR arrays, bright sources observed with the IR detector in WFC3 leave faint residual images in subsequent exposures. This image persistence has been observed not only in dithered exposures by one observer of a single target within an orbit but also and more often in exposures of a different target by another observer in subsequent orbits. The amount of image persistence in the WFC3 IR detector is a function of the degree of photo-generated charge saturation of a pixel and time since the pixel was (over)exposed. The persistence decays roughly as a power law with time, and is typically 0.3 e s−1 for a pixel that was highly saturated 1000 s earlier. Here, we show examples of persistence which have been observed and characterize the effect. We also describe ways for observers to find the pixels that are likely to have been affected by persistence, and to mitigate the effects of persistence when planning observations and reducing their data.


This paper presents the analysis of a via hole contact between a microstrip and stripline for potential applications in multilayer antennas. A full-wave analysis based on the 3D-TLM method is used to model the transition. The effect of the via and the clearance hole shape and size were discussed. Simulations obtained using this analysis were compared to the measured data.


Objectives To determine whether youth female soccer players demonstrate spectral changes in electroencephalogram activity during a continuous performance test, related to cumulative soccer heading at rest and during exercise. Setting Community soccer facilities. Participants Twenty-four female youth soccer players (age: 13.1 ± 0.8 years, mass: 49.5 ± 8.6 kg, height: 1.6 ± 0.1 m). Methods Players completed testing at four time points during the soccer season. The continuous performance test involved players responding to target stimuli or refraining from responding to non-target stimuli. Omission errors (player failed to respond to target stimuli) and commission errors (player responded to non-target stimuli) were assessed for each continuous performance test. Electroencephalogram frequency bandwidths were divided into Theta (4.0–7.9 Hz), Alpha1 (8.0–9.9 Hz), Alpha2 (10.0–12.9 Hz), Beta1 (13.0–17.9 Hz), and Beta2 (18.0–29.9 Hz). Linear mixed-effects modeling was performed on electroencephalogram power at electrode locations Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, C3, and C4. Participants completed a continuous performance test during rest and moderate exercise. Results Omission errors significantly increased during exercise compared to rest at all time points (p < 0.05), but not commission errors. Linear mixed-effects models revealed that there was a statistically significant increase in electroencephalogram power during exercise across all frequency bands (p < 0.05); the number of cumulative headers amplified this difference for Alpha1, Alpha2, and Beta2 (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between cumulative number of headers and remaining electroencephalogram frequency bands (all p values > 0.05). Conclusion Moderate exercise may help to elicit sub-clinical changes in youth female soccer players due to cumulative head impacts, which are not apparent at rest.


A novel technique for preparation of chitosan from shrimp head was developed via activating the autolysins using ultraviolet to autolyze the proteins of shrimp head. The processing conditions were optimized as follows: UV-irradiation time of 15min,autolysis time of 3h,decalcification time of 3h with 8% HCl at room temperature,and deacetylation time of 2h using 50%NaOH at 130℃ . The achieved Chitosan showed high quality. Compared with traditional chemical method and enzymatic method,this method was greener,simpler and had lower cost,showing a wide application prospect.


AMONG the devices to which Charlemagne and his successors of the ninth century resorted in an effort o maintain or to reinforce their power one finds the religious sanction of oaths of fidelity. The interpretation of the content of these oaths has long been a subject of controversy and a thick forest of tangled argumentation now guards the approach to the meaning of these pledges. Is it possible to find a track through this maze? The Merovingian practice by which the kings required an oath of fidelity from all their subjects had been abandoned in the course of the seventh century.' At the time of his elevation to the kingship Pepin received oaths from his magnates but no effort was made to secure oaths from all his subjects. It was not until Charlemagne was disturbed by the revolt of Hardrad in 786 that the practice of securing oaths from the mass of subjects was revived.2 Since the conspirators against the king had said apparently in mitigation of their offense that they had not sworn fidelity to the king,3 the king now orders that an oath of fidelity shall be sworn by all the people, including even serfs who hold benefices or offices or who have been honiored by their lords with vassalage and who possess arms.4 A formula of oath which may very well be the one used on this occasion5 has survived in a capitulary of 789. It runs as follows: 'Sic promitto ego ille partibus domini mei Caroli regis et filiorum eius, quia fidelis sum et ero diebus vitae meae sine fraude et malo ingenio.'6 We may translate it as 'I promise that I am and shall be faithful to my


Three-dimensional finite element models of transmission tower-line coupled system which the middle transmission towers are located at the summit and valley floor were established,respectively.Multi-support ground motions considering topographic variation site were simulated.Using nonlinear dynamic time history analysis method,seismic responses of the transmission tower-line system considering topographic variation site under multi-support excitations were carried out.Wave passage effect,coherency loss effect and different local site effect of multi-support ground motions were considered.Compared with the structural response under uniform excitation,the responses considering wave passage effect and local site effect of multi-support ground motion were analyzed,respectively.The results showed that the traveling wave velocity had a significant effect on the models that the middle transmission towers are located at the summit and valley floor,but the degrees of the effect were different for two models.Neglecting the wave passage effect could underestimate the seismic response of the system.The larger are the difference between the site conditions,the larger are the responses of the structure.The responses of the middle transmission tower located at the summit are larger than that located at valley floor.Therefore,the influence of the local site effect should be considered.


Luteal support has become one of the routine procedures in assisted reproductive technology in vast majority of reproductive centers. During this phase,the supplement of medicines such as natural progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin has been widely used in each center,which was proved to obtain higher pregnancy rate and better pregnancy outcomes. At present,more heated debates have focused on luteal support as the appearances of new drugs and administration methods. However,the theoretical basis of luteal defection is still unclear,the unified standards of drug choice,drug delivery methods,as well as the time of administration are not formed,and even the clinical effectiveness of new drugs are still in observation.


1 Introduction.- 2 Toward a Systems Science for Biological Systems.- 3 The Immune System as an Information System.- 4 Defining Immunity-Based Systems.- 5 A Self-Organizing Network Based on the Concept of the Immune Network.- 6 Sensor Networks Using the Self-Organizing Network.- 7 A Multiagent Framework Learned from the Immune System.- 8 An Application of the Immune Algorithm with an Agent Framework.- 9 Information Flow, Biological Field, and Autonomous Distributed Systems.- 10 The Immune System as a Self-Defining Process.- 11 Conclusions.- References.


The objective of the project was to develop a fast shutter mechanism to allow separation of a single pulse of x-rays out of the given time structure of the APS. Technological challenges in developing this device range from engineering of ultra high strength alloys, mechanical shape development for optimal strength, coupling such materials to motorized shafts, magnetic suspension of high velocity rotors in combination with phase pick up and excursion monitoring, resonance control and jitter-free electronics. The pulse selector was delivered, integrated into the x-ray diffraction environment and tested. The researchers developed an acoustic delay line as protection against air inrushes and associated failure of the rotor and thin diamond windows for maximum x-ray transparency. Design goals were reached or exceeded and practical experience with the device began in March 2000.


Female striped ground crickets, Allonemobius fasciatus, feed on male tibial glands while in copula. This behaviour has been interpreted as nuptial feeding and a method by which copula duration is increased. Females terminated copulation significantly earlier with males whose tibial spurs were covered with paint, as opposed to males with exposed tibial spurs. However, the number of successful matings was not reduced in those males whose tibial spurs were covered. The mean duration of spermatophore attachment did not differ between females mated to different experimental groups.


The electromagnetic interaction of electrons in a thin relativistic bunch during coherent radiation in a synchrotron is considered. The magnitude of tangential forces acting on an individual electron by the bunch is computed under various assumptions regarding the phase distribution of the particles. (auth)


Riches article explores the fact that young people today are postponing marriage for so long that an unprecedented number will never marry at all. Some of the highlights of the article follow. 1) Marriage rates for unmarried men and women have dropped from the post-1950s highs to record lows. Age at 1st marriage fell almost continuously from 22 years for women and 26.1 years for men in 1890 to 20.3 for women and 22.6 for men between 1947 and 1962. Since then it has risen at a rapid rate to a record high in 1987 of 23.6 for women and a near-record of 25.8 for men. 2) Last year nearly 80% of men aged 20-24 had never been married up from 55% in 1970. The proportion of never-married young women at that age increased from 36% to 61%; 42% of men aged 25-29 had never married compared with 19% in 1970; and 29% of women had never married compared with 11% in 1970. 3) By the late 1970s an average marriage lasted less than 15 years for black women and less than 23 years for white women. The average duration of white womens 1st marriages dropped from 37 years in 1955-60 to 26 years in 1975-1980. For black women during that time period it dropped from 26 years to 16 years. 4) By 1985 1 in 3 marriages was a remarriage. In 1985 the remarriage rate for women was 82/1000 previously divorced women down from 123 in 1970. The remarriage rate for divorced men was down from 205/1000 previously divorced men in 1970 to 122 in 1985. 5) In 1985 divorced women had waited an average of 3.6 years before remarrying and divorced men had waited an average of 3.2 years an increase of about 1 year over the average interval in 1970. 6) Demographers calculate that of children born in 1984 only 91% of girls and 88% of boys will ever marry. 7) Overall the proportion of people cohabiting before their 1st marriage has quadrupled from 11% for marriages in 1965-1974 to 44% for marriages in 1980-1984. 8) 22% of all births in 1985 were to unmarried women. 15% of births to white women were out of wedlock; for blacks it was 60%. Most of the increase in nonmarital childbearing has been among white women; the rates for black women have not changed much. 9) Today trends in family composition for whites parallel those for blacks. The key is that both black and white women are now better able to support themselves and their children on their own. 1 little noticed fact is that black womens earnings are 75% as high as black mens while white women make only 62% of what white men make. Black and white women have roughly the same incomes. Incentives to marry are decreasing faster among blacks than among whites. If speculation is correct white men and women will also increasingly turn away from marriage as they approach economic parity.


By studying the concepts of safety quality and the safety condition of electric power enterprise, an evaluation index system for employees' safety quality of electric power enterprises is established, which includes 4 first-level indexes, 11 second-level indexes, and 47 third-level indexes. Then, the hierarchy model for this evaluation is constructed by using analytic hierarchy process, and the factors' weights in the system are ranked. Results show that safety ability is the chief factor of employee's safety quality, then is safety knowledge and last are physiological quality and psychological quality. This conclusion basically reflects the practical situation and provides a basis for controlling and reducing the man-related accidents.


Mechanical activation is a pre-process applied to increase the reactivity of the mineral in the course of state changes in these processes prior to a basic metallurgical process. In the mineral preparation processes, the mechanical activation processes are carried out in the grinding mills. Because the most important effect of mechanical activation in mineral preparation processes is the milling of mineral particles, which leads to a change in their physicochemical properties. During mechanical activation, the crystal structure of the mineral deteriorates and more reactive species form. Thus, under extreme conditions, the milled mineral will now be more active during the metallurgical process to be carried out, and this will increase the process speed. Reducing the reaction temperature, increasing the amount of solubility and speed, preparation of water-soluble compounds, simple and cheaper reactor production and shorter reaction time requirements are some of the advantages of mechanical activation. For these reasons, mechanical activation is an attractive topic in metallurgical processes. In this study, several studies investigating the application of mechanical activation in hydrometallurgical leaching processes in various mineral processing plants have been examined. Geliş Tarihi / Received : 8 Ağustos / August 2017 Kabul Tarihi / Accepted : 15 Aralık / December 2017


It is shown that the "reductionist" approach for solving the classical muscle load-sharing problem can be viewed as an inflexible heuristic "optimization" strategy created in the mind of the investigator based on limited information. In general, such techn iques, even when carefully based on physiological and biomechanical conditions, are quite limiting. In contrast, optimization methods allow flexible solutions, take advant age of information on muscle dynamics and task history in making "decisions" on neuromotor strategy, and often provide illuminating SOlutions. However, these come at great computational cost. Also, the "best" performan::e criterion depends on the type of task and on the goal of the subject additiona l considerations. A hybrid approach involv ing lower-level "hard-wired" heuristics driven by goal-specific optimization is proposed as a good approximation of the neuromotor system.


Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of land application of sewage sludge on phosphorus (P) losses during intense rainfall. Three rainfall simulations (40 mm h−1 of 30 min duration) were conducted on a field amended with sewage sludge. The overland flow water (OFW) was monitored and sampled every minute. The suspended solid, the dissolved and total phosphorus (respectively SS, TP and DP) concentrations were analysed. The forms of particulate bound P (PP) were investigated. Several results stem from this experiment: (a) sludge application induced a large increase in the DP content of the OFW; the concentrations obtained (0.15–0.57 mg l−1) were shown to result from desorption processes from the SS; and (b) in contrast, sludge application affected neither the SS content nor the TP concentration of OFW (9.5 g mg l−1 P, consisting of PP for 95%). However, sludge preserved the structure of soil surface and led to a 45% decrease in runoff rate (150 m3 ha−1 collected on the test surface compared to 290 m3 ha−1 on a reference). This indirectly reduced TP losses (2.7 kg ha−1 on the reference surface compared to 1.4 kg ha−1 on the test surface).


Implementation of gyroscope measurements in underground mines; focus on the mine of ruch (unit) "Borynia" in the Jastrzebie Coal Company


In this article the political and publishing activity of the Native Peasants' Party of Lithuanian-Belorussian Lands 'Unification' was presented, which has hitherto been omitted in the studies of the history of Polish political parties in the interwar period. The formation of this new political organization was inspired by the central authorities of Pilsudski's ruling camp. Its main task was to keep under surveillance, and finally take over or split political structures of peasants' and Belorussian parties acting in the northeastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland (those of Vilnius and Nowogrodek), which in the assessment of the representatives of the post-May regime could pose a threat to the electoral register of the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government. Similar activities were undertaken by supporters of Pilsudski during the election campaign for the Second Term Sejm (1928–1930) all over the country. The press organ of the new party was a weekly 'Village', which was published at the beginning of 1928. Apart from that, the party's authorities issued their announcements and political programme on the pages of 'Kurier Wilenski' and 'Bialoruski Dzien'. The latter title functioned as a platform for Native Peasants' Party of Lithuanian-Belorussian Lands 'Unification' aimed at the Belorussian population inhabiting the so-called Eastern borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland.


Ownership structure, traditional human resource management conceptions, number of employees, labor cost and lagging development of outsourcing service providers have become restraints on the development of human resource management outsourcing in China. By cultivating supply and demand entities of the outsourcing market, the demand for and supply of human resource management outsourcing will be expanded, thus speeding up its development in China and helping firms win human-resource competitive advantage.


A case of giant angiomyolipoma of the kidney discovered during the study of a light lumbar trauma is presented. Disseminated tuberous sclerosis lesions are demonstrated at the brain, cerebellum, liver and contralateral kidney. External cutaneous stigmas of this illness are shown at the face. The size of the viscera and the loss of function of the left kidney conditioned the nephrectomy. The piece weighed upon extracting 6300 g, without malignant signs. To the microscopic exam atrophic sclerosis for compression was demonstrated. The postoperative course was satisfactory. Actually his arterial tension is controlled by medical treatment.


ABSTRACT In 2015, the government of India allocated more than $1 billion for the development of 100 smart cities. These cities are forecast to help alleviate the mounting pressure being felt in India's existing urban centers as a result of rapid growth in urban population. According to estimates, it will reach 850 million residents by 2050. The Smart Cities Mission also marks a continued shift for urban development policy in India away from direct government intervention. This artice is an exploratory overview of the new Smart Cities Mission through an examination of the quantitative and qualitative attributes of participating cities. This is accomplished by exploring the differences between India's selected smart cities and a cohort group of Indian cities. Additionally, a content analysis of submitted smart city proposals is conducted to determine the key strategies chosen by India's smart cities and the type of projects being proposed to achieve a smarter city. The results reveal the cities selected for the Smart Cities Mission are larger, have lower percentages of residents living in slums, and have higher levels of public services. Additionally, these cities have largely adopted projects that seek to provide basic urban infrastructure as opposed to truly embracing smart city ideas and concepts.


ASES of bilateral breast cancer may be C divided clinically into three groups. First, there are those rare patients in whom two independent primary lesions apparently develop simultaneously. Second, there are patients who develop a primary lesion in the remaining breast after an apparent cure mainly by radical mastectomy, with or without postoperative roentgen-ray therapy. Third, and by far the most common, there are patients in whom one breast is involved by extension or metastases from a treated or untreated primary lesion in the contralateral breast. I t follows that the principal problem in bilateral mammary cancer, either simultaneous or consecutive, is the clinical difficulty of differentiating between independent primary and metastatic lesions. This differentiation is obviously important because independent primary lesions are potentially curable by radical treatment, whereas cancer metastatic to the contralateral breast is generally considered to be inoperable and to connote a relatively hopeless prognosis. A second and controversial consideration is whether or not the irequency of a new primary appearing subsequently in the remaining breast is sufficient to warrant a prophylactic simple mastectomy either simultaneously with or shortly after the initial radical mastectomy. Apart from the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, there are etiological implications that, from the evidence at hand, need further investigation but nevertheless are used to support arguments tor a prophylactic amputation. I t is clinically apparent that the frequency of involvement of the opposite breast by secondary lesions increases with the advanced stage of primary local, recurrent, and/or disseminated disease. In order to eliminate such advanced cases, this review has been limited to bilateral lesions that were considered operable.


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The intermittency of renewable energy sources makes the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) indispensable in modern power grids for supply-demand balancing and reliability enhancement. Besides pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations, energy storage deployment worldwide is still quite low. However, the status quo might rapidly change as the energy storage technologies are growing and facilitating market regulations are being ratified. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs), Li-ion batteries in particular, possess attractive properties and are taking over other types of storage technologies. Thus, in this article, we review and evaluate the current state of the art in managing grid-connected Li-ion BESSs and their participation in electricity markets. The review mainly includes battery modeling, the architecture of battery management systems (BMSs), the incorporation of BESSs for electricity market services, global utility-scale battery storage facilities, and challenges in implementing and managing grid-connected BESSs.


Chaos and complexity theory can help counselors to assist clients in new and unique ways. Chaos and complexity theory do not need to replace other counseling theories but can provide an alternative view. Using chaos theory in counseling requires, however, a revaluation of counselors' assumptions about the world, particularly about linearity, prediction, and control. This article uses a case study to illustrate how counselors can use chaos and complexity theory in their work with clients. This theory can offer an alternative framework to assist counselors in conceptualizing their clients and their practice.


This article presents national and district law of the case of land use in areas corresponding to the so-called Ramsar wetlands taking as a case study in Bogota, D.C. It analyzes the environmental policy consistent with the scenario in question to identify relationships between national and local public policy on the subject.


A method and apparatus for measuring the flow rate of a fluid within tubing disposed within a downhole wellbore. The apparatus includes an inverse Venturi meter 60 inserted in the tubing 15 with an enlarged inner diameter portion 61. The pressure differential is measured between the enlarged inner diameter portion 61 and another portion of the inverse Venturi meter 60 (see 70, 75 in Fig. 3). Flow rate is determined from the pressure differential and the density of the fluid.


Technological innovation contract is an incomplete contract. Innovational ownership distribution impacts the motivation of specialty investment of the parties involved. This paper reveals that innovation ownership should be assigned to the party who contributes more to investment incentives and output, that auction mechanism in multiple financing would enhance total social return, whilst equalitarianism and rent-seeking in innovation resources would harm total social return. Efficiency-oriented institution helps to sustainable improvement on China industrial innovation.


Belt conveyer used continuous and bulk material as a conveyer,it was large in convey,constitute simply,maintenance convenient,low in cost and strengthened in common use,popularizing applied in metallurgy,coal and charcoal,communications,water and electric industry.This paper analysed the cause of belt conveyer common breakdown and treating method.


A discussion is given of the amount of information present in x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectra. It is shown that the usual formulations underestimate the degrees of freedom by at least one.


Slow-light effect has potential for applications ranging from optical information processing to optical switching. It is well-known that material dispersion can induce slow-light near some resonances, such as electromagnetically induced transparency. Additionally, structural dispersion can also be applied to realize slow-light, e.g. photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWs). Here we study the Bloch modes of a silicon periodic waveguide with an ultra-large hollow-core. With three-dimensional fully-vectorial calculations, we successively find that the proposed periodic waveguide can support guided Bloch modes (below the air light line). Moreover, this cage waveguide is quite flexible for geometric tailoring of dispersion relation, and can be a promising device for integrated nanophotonics.


Abstract A differential integral equation system of Holstein type is used to describe the kinetic process in V E energy transfer between molecules and atoms with radiation trapping.A reduced solution of a finite series has been presented,which allows to describe the whole temporal behavior of fluorescence.The further derivative is an analytical expression of the fluorescence decay rate as a function of rate constants and the maximum eigenvalue of the integral operator appearing in the rate equations.This will be especially useful and convenient for experimental determinations.Results are schematically illustrated and mutually compared by means of numerical calculations.


This Article describes the difficulties and rewards of offering a law school course specifically focused on legal issues facing Mexican Americans. Such a course, the author concludes, can be successfully offered even with extremely limited resources, and is especially valuable both in providing minority students with experience in legal writing and in conveying the relationship between the traditional law school curriculum and the problems of the barrio.


Skin depigmentation is increasingly oriented toward plant extracts because of harmfulness of depigmenting active ingredients used in cosmetics and dermatology. Reconstructed human pigmented epidermis (RHPE) is the closest in vitro model to human skin and offers the possibility to test the global depigmenting effect of a plant extract. These co‐cultures of keratinocytes and melanocytes are the most advanced and newest models for testing depigmentation, and until now very few studies have been done with these cultures. We investigated the cytotoxicity and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanogenesis of four extracts from Combretum micranthum (G. Don) leaves, Anacardium occidentale (L.) fruits, Moringa oleifera (Lam.) seeds, and Adansonia digitata (L.) seeds.


Two pretreatment processes for NOM removal and fouling control of a low-pressure membrane were investigated – conventional batch adsorption, and microgranular adsorptive filtration (μGAF). In the latter process, feed water is passed through a thin layer of adsorbent predeposited on a support surface. Heated aluminum oxide particles (HAOPs) and powdered activated carbon (PAC), either alone or mixed, were used as adsorbents. In both processes, the mixed adsorbents enhanced NOM removal compared to an equal total mass of either adsorbent alone. In addition, μGAF outperformed batch adsorption with respect to both NOM removal and fouling mitigation. However, in conventional treatment, increasing the portion of the PAC in the adsorbent mixture improved the performance of the downstream membrane unit, while in the μGAF process, performance of the downstream membrane unit was improved by increasing the portion of the HAOPs in the adsorbent mixture.


MEI
Renlang.Shang-hai Medical Uni-
versity,Shanghai
Continuining medical educa-
tion (CME),as a part of the
medical education continuum,has
greatly developed in the world.In
view of the needs for evaluating
the effectiveness and efficiency
of CME,medical educators and
administrators have paid atten-
tion to the study of CMF,evalua-
tion.
The goals of CME evaluation
are to identify whether the par-
ticipants have reached the expec-
ted objectives so as to evaluate
the quality of CME programme
and process.Generally,the CME
evaluation can be divided into
two steps.Firstly,we can evalu-
ate the immediate effectiveness of
CME by measuring the changes in
the participants behaviour afte
completing the CME activities,
including knowledge,skill and
attitude.Secondly,we can assey
the effectiveness and efficienc
of CME by analysing the impact
of professionals who have finished
CME course on their own insti-
tutions.Indeces used to evaluate
the individuals should include
attendance,satisfaction,know-
ledge,competence,performance
and patient outcome.Usually,
the individuals can be assessed
by examinatons,field observa-
tion and peer review,etc.
The evaluation of the effecti-
veness of CME progamme consists
of the professional activity of
analysis,assessment of the cost
effectiveness and efficiency.The
evaluation of the later part can
be conducted by medical audi-
ting and medical records review-
ing whatever method is adapted,
the evaluation should take into
account the reliability,validi-
ty and objectivity of the measur-
ing techniques.


Reliable shear strength parameters are difficult to estimate in soft soils. Dilatometer results from six test locations were correlated with Standard Penetration Resistances to obtain shear strength and modulus values for slope stability and settlement analysis. Limit equilibrium and finite element analysis are used to verify staged construction of 60 feet (18 meters) high embankment fill over soft wetland soils. The analysis results will be used as construction controls for the instrumentation program during fill placement. 1 Project Background The Piedmont Triad International Airport (PTIA) located in Greensboro, North Carolina is undergoing an approximate $550 million expansion. This expansion is the result of Federal Express selecting this site for a Mid-Atlantic regional hub, scheduled to open in 2009. The hub will operate up to 63 flights per night at final capacity in 2012. The expansion to the PTIA is shown in Photograph 1 and involves four major components as follows: • The relocation of Bryan Boulevard which currently provides the main access to the airport. This will include 2.5 miles of multilane roadway in addition to a major interchange. • Preparation of a 170-acre site for the new FedEx hub which includes sorting facilities for airplane and truck delivery access. • New 9,000-foot (2,744-meter) runway 5L/23R and parallel taxiways. • The new 3,500-foot (1,067-meter) connector Taxiway Echo between existing runway 5/23 and the new runway 5L/23R which also provides primary access to the new FedEx hub. Taxiway Echo alignment is controlled both horizontally and vertically by existing and planned improvements at the airport. Its alignment from east to west results in cut sections on the order of 25 feet (8 meters), crossing access roads with a proposed tunnel, grade transition to a 60-foot (18-meter) high fill embankment over wetlands, and a taxiway bridge structure crossing existing Bryan Boulevard which will become the single entrance to the airport facility. Photograph 1. Piedmont Triad International Airport The wetland crossing portion is approximately 600 feet (183 meters) in length. The final grades in this area require the construction of a 60-foot (18-meter) earth embankment over the existing soft ground. The wetland area contains existing Brush Creek, which is the headwaters for the City of Greensboro water supply. The wetland areas have been permitted by the Corps of Engineers which require onand off-site mitigation of over 101 acres that was agreed to by all parties prior to the beginning of design. The footprint of the taxiway alignment is restricted by this agreement and other water quality standards, including wildlife habitat rePROCEEDINGS FROM THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL FLAT DILATOMETER CONFERENCE


The purpose of this report is to find out what different preferences forest owners have in the region where Norrskog have their operation area, what they prefer and think about Norrskog. The purpose is also to compare some of the questions to a similar study that was made in 2008.
The study is made in cooperation with Norrskog which is a forest owner cooperative. Norrskog has about 13 000 members which is about half of all forest owners in the region.
To get the answers from the forest owners, questionnaires were sent out by mail. 371 were sent out and 102 came back. There were more members of Norrskog that responded than it was nonmembers.
The results indicate that the forest owners have long term perspectives, their priorities are to nurse the forest so they can get the profit later on. The majority of the forest owners are relatively old, more than 50 % are over 60 years old and that can be the reason way the majority prefers to have their information from Norrskog by mail and not by e-mail. In the nearest five years the most common activity among the forest owners are clearing, 74 % are in need of that activity.


An Analysis of the Eating Behavior and the Psychological Characteristics Affecting Clinical Indicators We used a questionnaire survey to investigate how personal characteristics and eating behavior contribute to the self-management of diabetes mellitus. The questionnaires, which were designed based on the behavioral economics model, investigated the eating behavior of 147 ambulatory type 2 diabetes patients. We then analyzed the relationship between these characteristics and the patients' clinical data. The scores in all cate-gories that indicated a deflection in eating behavior were significantly higher in subjects with higher-BMI values than in subjects with lower-BMI values. As for the psychological characteristics, the scores that indicated a recovery of payment (highly judgment for fee) and preference-reversal (unstable preference) were significantly higher in the subjects with higher-BMI values. These results showed the importance of encour-aging self-management with regard to reducing the purchase of food and/or cooking volume and narrowing the variability of the methods and targets of self-management, including nutrition and exercise therapy. Moreover the total score of eating behavioral deflection was positively correlated with various psychological characteristics. These results suggest that psychological characteristics, as determined by the behavioral economics model may impact eating behavior. Thus, a patient's psychological characteristics should be con-sidered in addition to their eating behavior when attempting to achieve the effective self-management of diabetes


Angiotensin II (Ang II) controls blood pressure, electrolyte balance, cell growth and vascular remodeling. In addition Ang II activates NAD(P)H oxidase in several tissues and has an important participation in the control of insulin secretion. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the occurrence of hypertension, insulin resistance and impairment of pancreatic beta cell function in the development of type II diabetes. In several tissues, Ang II induces JAK/STAT activation and phosphorylation which involve superoxide generation from NAD(P)H oxidase. The aim of the present study was to study the JAK/STAT association stimulated by Ang II. For this purpose, isolated pancreatic islets were incubated in presence or absence of ANG II (10− 8M). Samples were immunoprecitipated with anti‐JAK2 antibody and immublotted with anti‐STAT1 or STAT3 antibodies. Western blotting analysis showed that Ang II induced an increase JAK2/STAT1 (42%) and STAT3 (38%) association when compared with control group (glucose 2.8mM). In addition Ang II was also able to induce a three‐fold increase in protein content of others kinases such as ERK1/2.


A semi-closed form formula to evaluate the nonlinear interference (NLI) in bidirectional Raman WDM links is proposed. The accuracy of the semi-closed formula is almost identical to that of the original GN-Model in estimating the PSD of the NLI with maximum deviation of 0.06 dB, while the computational efficiency is obviously improved.


Considerations like hiked salaries, superior technology, better standards of living, and quality of work life, more unwavering political conditions & demand of skilled professional are attributed as reasons for brain drain from developing to developed countries. Brain drain owing to cross border migration is one of the crucial issues of the globalized world. In contemporary technologically advanced era, digital media and internet has affected our political, social, cultural values. It would be obliviousness if we neglect the role of digital media & internet in connecting cross border communities. This connection has brought change in primordial intensions and value system of people in developing countries to stay or move out of their country of origin to a developed country. There is a dearth of study related to paradigm shift in cross border mobility patterns mediated by digital media and internet. Here, it is an attempt to understand how internet and digital media influences the intensions and priorities to move out from one's own country to foreign location. Role of digital media and internet in stimulating and affecting brain drain is pondered and future directions for studies have been proposed. Keywords: Values, Brain Drain, Cross border mobility, Internet, Digital Media, Human Capital.


Bushfires devastate Victorian communities with extensive property and life losses every year and so operation Bushfire Blitz was designed to reduce community vulnerability to bushfire and encourage active participation by the community in their own safety. Bush fire Blitz was born out of a need to develop a program with specific characteristics that could fill the identified service delivery gap. It was specifically designed for delivery at the local street corner, to communities face-to-face.


Simulating a network by a smaller one with the same interconnection structure is also called emulation. In this paper, an efficient emulation for simulating an X-tree by another X;lree of smaller size is proposed. The proposed emulation is load-balanced and of 1-dilation. And, the congestion is The proposed emulation is optimal with respect to load and dilation. Besides, our emulation has the following advantages. First, it is simple and thus easy to compute. While using our emulation to simulate an X-tree C by a smaller X-tree H, we can easily determine the node that is responsible for simulating a given node of G in O(1) time. And, we can determine the nodes that are simulated by a given node of H in O(|G|/|H|)time. Second, our emulation can be directly applied to emulate a tree by another tree of smaller size without losing any efficiency. Finally, our emulation has the property that a root node is simulated by a root node and a leaf node is simulated by a leaf node. This property makes our emulation s...


Melt blends of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), (SAN) of various compositions were prepared using a two-roll mill. Two blends of composition 70:30 and 50:50 TPU/SAN were selected for compatibility studies. The compatibility effect of SMA on these incompatible blends was studied. The morphology and physical properties of blends were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and mechanical properties. TPU/SAN/SMA 70:30:5 showed better compatibility than other blend ratios.


Despite a growing body of work across the social and cognitive sciences concerned with the relations between inanimate objects and sociality, we still have relatively little understanding of the ways in which participants themselves characterize and discriminate objects in the course of practical activities. This article examines how personnel in a telecommunications control center display their understanding of objects, such as computer screens and documents, and achieve, if only momentarily, some shared sense of (features of) those objects with colleagues. In this way, the article is concerned with interweaving an interest in the interactional constitution of the "interindividual" object with a concern with the organization of collaborative work. The article draws on field observations augmented by audiovisual recordings of "naturally occurring" activities and events.


The cannabinoid receptor (CBR) family is composed of the G-protein coupled receptors, CB1R and CB2R, and potentially GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119, and the transient receptor potential ion channel, TRPV1. Recent reports suggest that several cannabinoids have the ability to modulate the activation of the endothelium in response to inflammatory mediators; however, it is not clear which receptors and what mechanisms are responsible. Our studies aim to determine: 1) the expression repertoire of CBRs in different human endothelial cell (EC) niches; and 2) determine which cannabinoid receptors are responsible for modulating EC activation by toll-like receptor agonists and TNFα. Through qPCR analysis, we have found that all ECs express the same subset of CBRs. Additionally, by utilizing a panel of synthetic, endogenous and plant-derived cannabinoids with differing specificities for each CBR, our data thus far suggest that CB1R and/or TRPV1 activation may be responsible for dampening the inflammatory activation of ECs by TLR2 agonists, as determined by a decrease in IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. Future studies aim to definitively identify the CBR(s) responsible, determine the effect of phytocannabinoids on EC activation in more detail, delineate the cellular mechanisms by which CBRs modulate the EC inflammatory response and more globally, identify the role of endocannabinoids and their receptors in modulation of the inflammatory response to infection.


Volcanic eruptions occurring under glaciers melt cavities in the overlying ice, and this meltwater may drain out in a large, sudden flood known as a jokulhlaup. Observations show that ice melts rapidly in liquid-filled subglacial cavities when these eruptions occur, but until now scientists have not had a quantitative description of the heat transfer processes involved.


Disregarding the Arctocyoninae, the ursoid branch, members of this family were smali mammals, with dentitions resembling those of the dilambdodont insectivores. The seemingly primitive tooth structure, together with the early time of appearance of the family, has led students to regard the Arctocyonidae as the stem ways, in rank at least, the tooth ahead of the lower tooth against which it shears. For example, the carnassials of fissipeds are the last upper premolar and the first lower molar. If the upper carnassial is not the last tooth there is usually a change in the direction ~f the tooth row immediately behind. On the basis of the carnassial teeth the families Oxyaenidae, Hyaenodontidae, and Miacidae can be separated. Matthew grouped the first two families as the Pseudocreodi and designated the 'Miacidae as the Eucreodi. Simpson substituted the superfamily Oxyaenoidea for the tribe Pseudocreodi and removed the Miacidae to the Fissipeda. Although phylogenetic inferences ha~e been avoided in the above summary, writers such as Matthew, Simpson, and Gregory and Hellman (1939) have dealt with classification and phylogeny in the same discussion. These authors have regarded the Creodonta as a natural group, with the Arctocyonidae as the ancestral family, from which diverged the other lines, including the ancestors of the Fissipeda (Miacidae) . I t is the purpose of the present paper to call attention to certain aspects of molar structure that indicate .a different relationship of the creodont families. Let us consider the characteristic molar pattern in each of these families. INTRODUCTION


We use UV spectral observations of active regions with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) to investigate the properties of the coronal Fe xii 1349.4 Å emission at unprecedented high spatial resolution (∼0.33″). We find that by using appropriate observational strategies (i.e., long exposures, lossless compression), Fe xii emission can be studied with IRIS at high spatial and spectral resolution, at least for high-density plasma (e.g., post-flare loops and active region moss). We find that upper transition region (TR; moss) Fe xii emission shows very small average Doppler redshifts ( ∼ 3 km s−1) as well as modest non-thermal velocities (with an average of ∼24 km s−1 and the peak of the distribution at ∼15 km s−1). The observed distribution of Doppler shifts appears to be compatible with advanced three-dimensional radiative MHD simulations in which impulsive heating is concentrated at the TR footpoints of a hot corona. While the non-thermal broadening of Fe xii 1349.4 Å peaks at similar values as lower resolution simultaneous Hinode Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) measurements of Fe xii 195 Å, IRIS observations show a previously undetected tail of increased non-thermal broadening that might be suggestive of the presence of subarcsecond heating events. We find that IRIS and EIS non-thermal line broadening measurements are affected by instrumental effects that can only be removed through careful analysis. Our results also reveal an unexplained discrepancy between observed 195.1/1349.4 Å Fe xii intensity ratios and those predicted by the CHIANTI atomic database.


Using GEFT and self-designed materials,this paper investigated the relationship between cogni- tive style and the ability of computational estimation using the students from a vocational college.The re- sults indicated that.There were a correlation between the cognitive style and computational estimation. The computational estimation achievement of those FI was significantly higher than that of those FD in the whole test,the decimal and fraction except the whole number.The computational estimation achievement of FD individuals in digit problem was significantly higher than in word problem,but the same results were not found in FI individuals.In addition,the computational estimation achievement of FI in word problems was significant higher than that of FD in digit and word problems.


We study the fundamental self-similar solution to the SU(2) sigma model, found by Shatah and Turok–Spergel. We give a rigorous proof for its mode stability. Based on earlier results by the second author, the present paper constitutes the last building block for a completely rigorous proof of the nonlinear stability of the Shatah–Turok–Spergel wave map.


Energy demand has continued to rise since the industrial revolution and continues to increase as industry develops and population growth. About 80% of the world's energy is supplied by fossil fuels, which will be exhausted by the years to come. To solve this problem, the industries use waste vegetable oils and animal fats to produce biodiesel. Some also use non-edible waste as a biodiesel producer. Biodiesel can be produced from spent coffee grounds. The oil extracting is carried out using soxhlet and n-hexane which is purified using a rotary evaporator in the next move. Methyl esters are taken through the transesterification process. Methyl esters are mixed with diesel fuel. Then a characteristic test was conducted at Pertamina's Laboratory and performance test on ISUZU 4JA-1 OHV diesel engine using water brake dynamometer. The results of characteristics test of B10, B15, and B20 meet the requirements of the Directorate General of Oil and Gas Indonesia Number 28K/10/DJM.T/2016. The results of the sequential performance test for B10, B15, B20 produce peak power at 2000 RPM with values of 38.74 Hp, 40.35 Hp, 39.14 Hp, peak torque at 1800 RPM of 146.56 Nm, 153.37 Nm, 150.94 Nm, sfc 0.20 kg/Hp.h, 0.21 kg/Hp.h, 0.21 kg/Hp.h, and thermal efficiency 32.60%, 29.91%, 30.87%.


This paper explores the determinants of earnings growth in corporate hierarchies using static and dynamic panel data techniques. The novelty derives from the distinction between base pay and bonus, the asymmetric effects of promotion and demotion, and the consideration of dynamic effects. We find that the convexity of pay structures is robust to the allowance for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Demotion has a stronger effect on compensation growth in absolute value than promotion. Dynamic models indicate that the causal effect of past promotion is positive on the growth in base and total pay but has no significant effect on bonus growth.


This study evaluated heat-polymerized (HPR) and microwave-polymerized acrylic resins (MPR), after immersion in water, 1% hypochlorite and Ricinus communis solution (RC). Knoop hardness, color alteration, roughness and flexural strength tests were performed after obtaining the specimens and after time intervals of 15 (T15) and 183 (T183) days. Variations in data (Δ) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (P = 0.05). For ΔT15 HPR there was greater variation in hardness when immersed in water (P = 0.00) and for MPR, after immersion in RC (P = 0.00). RC caused the greatest variation in roughness (P = 0.015). Color alteration was not significant (P = 24.46). Hypochlorite caused a decrease in flexural strength (P = 0.37). After ΔT183, hypochlorite and RC caused a decrease in HPR hardness value (P = 0.00). MPR showed the greatest variation in roughness (P = 0.01). HPR presented the most color alteration after immersion in RC (P = 0.214). Hypochlorite and RC caused the lowest flexural strength values for MPR (P = 0.89). RC caused alterations in resin properties, and was not shown to be superior to hypochlorite.


Group skyline query is a powerful tool for optimal group analysis. Most of the existing group skyline queries select optimal groups by comparing the dominance relationship between aggregate-based points; such feature creates difficulties for users to specify an appropriate aggregate function. Besides, many significant groups that have great attractions to users in practice may be overlooked. To address these issues, the group skyline (GSky) query is formulated on the basis of a general definition of group dominance operator. While the existing GSky query algorithms are effective, there is still room for improvement in terms of progressiveness and efficiency. In this paper, we propose some new lemmas which facilitate direct generation of the GSky query results. Consecutively, we design a layered unit-based (LU) algorithm that applies a layered optimum strategy. Additionally, for the GSky query over the data that are dynamically produced and cannot be indexed, we propose a novel index-independent algorithm, called sorted-based progressive (SP) algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and progressiveness of the proposed algorithms. By comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithm for the GSky query, our LU algorithm is more scalable and two orders of magnitude faster.


Introduction: according to estimates provided by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), 13.5% of Southern Brazilian population is formed by 60year-old or older people. Aging is followed by an increase in the prevalence of chronic and incapacitating diseases and a change of paradigm in public health. The use of several medications is related to an improvement in the control of these diseases. This fact corroborates the observation that elderly people represent the age group with a wider utilization of medications within society. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are among the most prevalent diseases in this population and account for most medications consumed. In this context, two phenomena are extremely important: polypharmacy and self-medication. These two phenomena may lead to the practice of home storage of medications, a very common practice in Brazil, however, few studies tried to understand the causes of these phenomenons and how the elderly faces them. Objectives: this study aims to understand the meaning of medications for the elderly and their comprehension and belief in their therapeutic regimen. It also aims to identify the number of medications stored in elderly peoples' houses, their origin, and storage, in addition to observing the existence or not of unused or expired medications in these houses, the reasons why they are not being used and, if applicable, where they are disposed. Methodology: it is a qualitative, observational, and non-participatory research. The convenience sample was composed of 8 elderly persons, diabetic and/or hypertensive, living in the city of Dois Irmaos, of both sexes, not institutionalized, aged 60 years or older. The instrument used for data collection was a semi-structured interview, and data analysis was performed through the thematic analysis technique. Results: the presence of self-medication was a form of self-care. The poor knowledge of interviewees about the therapy may be related to the phenomenon of polypharmacy observed among interviewees. The use of alternative therapies was found as a common practice among this population. The bedroom and the kitchen were the preferred places by the interviewees for storing medication in their houses. Unused medications, some expired, were discovered in these places. The interviewees had no information on the right manner of disposing of their medications, discarding them most frequently with the common garbage. The reasons for the maintenance of medications in the houses were various, e.g. the culture of self-medication, "safety" and accessibility. The manner of acquiring the products varied among interviewees: some of them bought them, others received them in healthcare units, and others bought some medications and received others. Another important finding was that many interviewees see their medications as an essential condition for the maintenance of their lives, in addition to providing health and well-being. Some interviewees mentioned that medications allowed their autonomy and socialization. Conclusions: the use of medications was seen as an important instrument for selfcare, preservation of physical independence and autonomy for these individuals. Expired medications, phenomena as self-medication and polypharmacy were present in this population, being of great importance as a preoccupation of public healthcare. However, findings show that elderly people need educational programs on medications in order to improve their understanding of their therapies and avoid the dangers it can bring to their lives.


The finite element method is used to analyse the deformation and stress of surrounding rock.The results obtained in this paper provided reference for design and construction of underground factory building.


To assess the main parameters affecting the damage progress four large-scale specimens with a 560x560 mm section were tested. Number of cycles had little effect on the envelope curves of lateral load - displacement relation up to failure but had some effect on post-peak behavior under large axial force. Analytical results such as moment-curvature and column shortening-curvature relations, obtained using a simple fiber model, matched well the experimental results. Park and Ang's damage index was computed using IDARC, a non-linear frame program and the computed indices predicted the observed damage with a good accuracy.


Employees have been traditionally viewed as assets to the enterprise, whose value is enhanced by further learning and development, referred to as human resource development. Organizations have engaged in a broad range of human resource management practices to capitalize on those assets. High quality human resources are also a necessary condition to improve the efficiency of the operation in business. This dissertation was conducted during the time from June, 2012 to July, 2014. The research result showed that there were 550 enterprises who to be interviewed and answered nearly 56 questions the researcher had analyzed KMO test, the result of


The 9°zr(a,t)9~ and 92Mo(a,t)93Tc reactions have been investigated using a 50 MeV a-particle beam from the Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron. Comparisons are made with the results of (3He,d) experiments on the same targets in order to locate high ... spin ( t > 2) levels in 9 ~ arid 93Tc. The 9~ ( 4.18 MeV) and . 93Tc (3.91 MeV) levels are probable ! "" 4 levels, in contrast to the (3He,d) results. 91


This study is focused on the construction of a dipole meander textile antenna that exhibits a stable communication system in military applications. The geometric shape of the antenna was calculated and determined based on the fact that dipole antennas geometry shows the highest performance at the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) frequency band. The High Frequency Simulator Structure (HFSS) program was used for stimulation of the proposed antenna. The fabrication method chosen for the realization of this antenna is the automatic embroidery method, as this method offers high durability in use. The paper aimed to have a textile antenna to operate in the frequency band 868-970 MHz (frequency band defined by NATO), and this was achieved by the proposed textile antenna.


Part 1 Other histories. Part 2 Beginnings - Sevington Cummeragunja Moonahcullah the later years. Part 3 Oral narratives, autobiography and history.


The article proposes an approach to justify the tool for internalizing external effects from emissions of pollutants by motor vehicles in the territory. It is based on the proposed methods to determine the environmental sustainability criterion, taking into account the characteristics of the ecosystem of the territory, estimating the masses of pollutant emissions by different vehicles in the territory and the economic damage to the ecosystem from the emission of toxicants. The direction of development of the regional tax system with its greening is presented. The features of the formation of an environmental tax on cars depending on the development objectives of the territory and the mechanisms for their implementation are considered. The consequences of the influence of proposals on various sectors of the economy as a whole and the agricultural sector in particular are determined.


In authorship data of the article titled  "Analisis de la produccion cientifica de los articulos de la Revista Zootecnia Tropical del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas (2006-2013)" published in BIBLIOS issue 65 was omitted the name of Mg. Guillermo Andres Perez Reyes as co-author of this work. Whereas this error It is the responsibility of the editors and not of the authors of the article we extend our sincere apologies to them as to the readers of BIBLIOS. The original  article can be found via the DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/biblios.2016.315


The aim in this research is to determine the angle formed by the medial and lateral blades of the pterygoid pro- cess of the sphenoid bone through helical CT. Certain situations involve alteration of normal bone symmetry of the pterygoid processes as hemihyperplasia which is a developmental anomaly characterized by asymmetric growth of one or more body parts. The relationship between the volume of masticatoty muscles and bony struc- tures may be studied in patients with and without facial asymmetry. The knowledge of radiographic anatomy for the interpretation of bone infections is based on knowledge of the normal anatomical structures especially regarding those that serve as suport to the masticatoty muscles. In this study, in 52 helical CT exames, the angle between the blades of the medial and lateral pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone were measured. The mean angles found were 41.33° to the right side and 41.66° to the left side.


Concurrent validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) was investigated with Anglo-American and Mexican-American students in first through fourth grade (Total N = 105). Only scores on Form L were significantly correlated with achievement for both ethnic groups. Correlations between PPVT-R Form M and achievement were significant for the total sample. Comparisons of the correlation coefficients between the two ethnic groups were not significant, indicating a consistent relation ship between PPVT-R scores and academic performance for Anglo-American and Mexican-American students in the grades from which the sample was drawn.


We report the first N-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) using a (Ga,In)P/GaAs heterojunction emitter on a GaAs base. This combination is of interest as a potential alternate to (Al,Ga)As/GaAs, because of theoretical predictions of a larger valence band discontinuity and a smaller conduction band discontinuity, thus eliminating the need for grading of the emitter/base junction. The structure was grown by molecular beam epitaxy, with the base doping (∼1019cm-3) far exceeding the n-type doping ∼517cm-3) of the (Ga,In)P wide gap emitter (Eg= 1.88 eV). Common-emitter current gains of 30 were attained at a current density of 3000 A/cm2, the highest current density achieved without burnout.


Fermi gave the first account of this theory to several of his Roman friends while we were spending the Christmas vacation of 1933 in the Alps. It was in the evening after a full day of skiing; we were all sitting on one bed in a hotel room, and I could hardly keep still in that position, bruised as I was after several falls on icy snow. Fermi was fully aware of the importance of his accomplishment and said that he would be remembered for this paper, his best so far. He sent a letter to Nature advancing his theory, but the editor refused it because he thought it contained speculations that were too remote from physical reality; and instead the paper ("Tentative Theory of Beta Rays" [FP 76]) was published in Italian and in the Zeitschrift fur Physik.


Currently,a large number of studies of independent innovation and cooperative innovation focus on the macro level and strategical views.Scholars have investigated their definitions,motivations,influencing factors and the related policy options.Based on the context dependent perspective,this paper establishes an analytical framework upon technology development,relationship and industry characteristics.The authors enrich and expand the previous views,reveal the rational selection between independent innovation and cooperative innovation under specific occasions.