Objective To investigate the protective effects of lycopene on pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and to explore its mechanism. Methods A total of 120 SD rats were randomly divided into Sham group, model group, Shuxuening Injection(4 mg/kg) group, and lycopene(5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) groups, and each group had 20 rats. Pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury models in rats except Sham group were clipped the hilum of left lung, and after 45 min release of the clip. Two hours after reperfusion, wet weight/dry weight ratios of lung tissue were determined, the histopathological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE method, myocardial apoptosis of lung tissue was observed by TUNEL method, and the apoptosis index(AI) was analyzed. At the same times, the contents of Malondialdehyde(MDA) and activity of myeloperoxidase(MPO) in serum were determined, the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), and catalase(CAT) in lung tissue were determined. Results Compared with the model group, indexes of lycopene(10, 20 mg/kg) groups such as wet weight/dry weight ratios were significantly decreased(P 0.05, 0.01), histopathological changes and cells apoptosis of lung tissues were significantly improved, the content of MDA and activity of MPO in serum were significantly decreased(P 0.05, 0.01), and the activity of SOD and CAT in lung tissue were significantly increased(P 0.05, 0.01). Especially lycopene(20 mg/kg) group had better effects in improvement of histopathological changes, cells apoptosis, and AI, decrease of the content of MDA and activity of MPO in serum, and rise of activity of GSH-Px in lung tissues(P 0.01). Conclusion Lycopene could effectively lower wet weight/dry weight ratio, improve the histopathological changes, inhibit lung tissue apoptosis, and lower the AI. It is suggested that lycopene has dose-dependent protective effects on pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, which perhaps related to its effects of improving antioxidant ability and inhibiting the oxidative stress.


The characteristics of heat transfer from bubbling gas-fired fluidized bed to a horizontal staggered water-tube bundle located in the freeboard region is experimentally investigated. The purpose is to demonstrate the effect of bed temperature on the coefficients of heat transfer by the different modes to each of the four rows of the bundle, which experiences heat transfer by convection from flue gases, luminous radiation from bed material and non-luminous radiation from gases. The bed temperature itself is varied and controlled through the fuel-air mass ratio. Sixteen runs have been conducted with bed temperature ranging from 1114 to 1429 K, resulting in an overall heat transfer coefficient in the range 74-0-105-0 W m -2 K -1 for the first row and 58.0-65.0 W m -2 K -1 for the last. An overall convective heat transfer coefficient from gases, and possible carried over sand particles, to the bundle is formulated.


The Duffing equation is one of the most unique and special non-linear differential equations in light of its many real-world applications in areas ranging from physics to economics. This paper sets out to investigate and study some existing numerical methods proposed by different authors over the years and subsequently develop an alternative computational method that can be used to solve duffing oscillator equations. This new method was developed by adopting the power series as the basis function and integrating it within quarter-step intervals using the interpolation and collocation approach. The analysis of the new method was carried out and found to be zero-stable, consistent, and convergent. Four duffing problems were used to test the efficiency of the new method, and the results were found to be computationally reliable.


Research was conducted to determine what should be included on a promotional DVD for the International Center for Food Industry Excellence, or ICFIE, an animal and food science research center at Texas Tech University in Lubbock. The researcher utilized a three-round Delphi using online questionnaires. Faculty and industry board members and center staff agreed to participate on the panel of experts. The panel gave 97 items in Round 1 to be considered. In Round 2, panelists reached a 100% consensus on 14 items received 100% consensus and reached the minimum 80% consensus on a total of 65 items. For Round 3, panelists again rated items from Round 2 which not make consensus, and four of these items received at least an 80% consensus. The researcher proposed items receiving 100% consensus should be the focus of the promotional DVD, and items which received more than an 80% but less than 100% consensus should also be shown on the DVD, but should have less focus.


A new approach to the bandwidth maximization of reconfigurable antenna arrays for monopulse radar applications is proposed and tested. The provided radiating systems allow switching the radiation behavior from sum to difference patterns (and vice versa) while sharing the excitation amplitudes of a user-decided set of radiating elements. Furthermore, the proposed design procedure guarantees the maximum possible bandwidth performance once the overall antenna size, the desired beamwidth, sidelobe level, and slope in the target direction of the generated power patterns are fixed. The synthesis problem is cast and solved as a sequence of convex programming optimizations, and hence the maximization of performances is attained with advantages in terms of computational times as well as convergence to the global optimum. The given theory is supported by numerical experiments including arrays with ultra-wideband performances.


It is known that the Sayama meteorite (CM2) shows an extensive signature for aqueous alteration on the meteorite parent body, and that most of the primary minerals in the chondrules are replaced with phyllosilicates as the result of the aqueous alteration. In this paper, it is confirmed from the observation of two-dimensional Raman spectra that a part of olivine in a chondrule collected from the Sayama chondrite is serperntinized. Ion microprobe analysis of the chondrule showed that alkaline elements such as Rb and Cs are heterogeneously redistributed in the chondrule. The result of higher Rb and Cs contents in serpentinized phases in the chondrule rather than in other parts suggested the selective adsorption of alkaline elements into the serpentine in association with early aqueous activity on the meteorite parent body. Furthermore Ba isotopic analysis provided variations of 135Ba/138Ba and 137Ba/138Ba in the chondrule. This result was consistent with our previous isotopic data suggesting isotopic evidence for the existence of the presently extinct nuclide 135Cs in the Sayama meteorite, but the abundance of 135Cs in the solar system remains unclear because of large analytical uncertainties.


This request list summarizes the current needs of the US nuclear energy programs and other applied technologies for experimentally measured nuclear data. The request list is ordered by target nucleus (isotope) and then reaction type (quantity). An attempt has been made to describe the quantity in standard notation. An appendix contains a glossary of the symbols used with a short explanatory text. Because of the changing and continuing character of the need for data request information, as well as the probability that current measurements may satisfy a portion of the request, this report is to be regarded as a working document. In fact, it is maintained as a data base by the National Nuclear Data Center. Procedures for submitting data request, priority assignments, and the DOE/NDC Committee membership are included.


.. ... iii Methodology ... ... iv Introduction ... ... 1 Physical Activities of the Play ... ... 2 Song Texts ... ... 7 Conclusion ... ... 19 Appendix I: Photographs .. ... 20 Appendix II: Song Texts and Movements ... 28 Appendix III: Musical Notation of Songs ... 47 Bibliography ... ... 56


Increasing urbanization in rapidly growing urban centers in developing countries has lead to the increase environmental pressure on natural resources, but at the same time it opens an opportunity window for the exploration of new approaches in order to help these countries direct their efforts towards sustainable development. In most megacities in developing countries, the fate of postconsumer materials, organic waste and other residuals are not well known. This is a result of the lack of a system of data collection along the waste management chain. In many cases there is no systematic recording and assessment of the amount of waste collected and transported by the municipal or private enterprises. Additionally, some of the final disposal sites lack of a weighing bridge to register the amount of residues landfilled and little or no information is available about the streams of valuable materials recovered and recycled. The previous situation is compounded by the fact that large amounts of recyclables are recovered by an army of informal waste pickers, which is practically invisible to the waste management authorities, that scavenge for materials on the streets and at the final disposal sites.


Previous efforts to understand inter-house differences in the way congressional incumbents are evaluated have been confounded by their neglect of senators with nonexpiring terms. Comparisons of these officeholders with senators seeking reelection and House members, respectively, permit isolating the operation of Senate election and institutional forces. In our analysis of five elections since 1978, we find that senators' lower popularity and greater perceived ideological distance from constituents are institutional phenomena, which, contrary to most speculation, are not further aggravated by the onset of reelection campaigns. On the other hand, Senate election mechanisms determine how strongly attitudes concerning national conditions and respondent ideology are linked to incumbent approval, as well as the number of open-ended comments relating to issues and policy made about the incumbent. Finally, media exposure, while not affecting evaluations of senators regardless of their electoral status, seems pivotal in accounting for the higher esteem accorded to members of the lower house.


1. List of papers considered as part of the systematic review of moorland burning effects on ecosystem properties relevant to the EMBER research project. 2. Shortlisted papers considered as part of a systematic review of moorland burning literature, with codings for seven ecosystem properties relevant to the EMBER research project


Our global population is growing at a pace to exceed 10 billion people by the year 2050. This growth will place pressure on the agricultural production of food to feed the hungry masses. One category that will be strained is protein. Per capita protein consumption is rising in virtually every country for both nutritional reasons and consumption enjoyment. The United Nations estimates protein demand will double by 2050, and this will result in a critical overall protein shortage if drastic changes are not made in the years preceding these changes. Therefore, the world is in the midst of identifying technological breakthroughs to make protein more readily available and sustainable for future generations. One protein sourcing category that has grown in the past decade is plant-based proteins, which seem to fit criteria established by discerning consumers, including healthy, sustainable, ethical, and relatively inexpensive. Although demand for plant-based protein continues to increase, these proteins are challenging to utilize in novel food formulations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


BACKGROUND- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is the fourth most common psychiatric disorder with a chronic course affecting people of all age group and gender. It is a severely comorbid condition with about sixty percent fulfilling the criteria for another psychiatric condition thus denoting a severe course of illness and treatment challenges. Limited data is available in this part of the country regarding prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in patients of obsessive compulsive disorder. AIM- To study the socio-demographic profile and prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in patients of obsessive compulsive disorder. METHOD- A hospital based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 50 patients attending the Psychiatry Department of Gauhati Medical College and Hospital diagnosed with OCD clinically using the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10. Patients were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview was applied to screen for the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in those subjects.Duration of the study was 1 year. Statistical Analysis- Data was analysed using Chi-square test. RESULTS- Psychiatric comorbidity was seen in 56% of the study subjects and majority of them had anxiety spectrum disorder. Significant association was noted between psychiatric comorbidity and marital status and history of substance use in the subjects. CONCLUSION- This study reports that psychiatric comorbidity in OCD patients is quite frequent. Early detection of it can help in choosing proper treatment modalities and improving the quality of life in them.


The present paper deals with an experimental study of boiling heat transfer with refrigerant mixture R410A, and is focused on pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant flow inside horizontal smooth micro-channel with inner diameter of 1.5 ㎜ and 3.0 ㎜ and length of 1500 ㎜ and 3000 ㎜, respectively. The saturation temperature of the test section is 10℃. The range of mass flux is 300~600㎏/㎡s and heat flux is 5~20 ㎾/㎡. The pressure drop increase linearly with mass flux, but the increase of heat flux cause less influence of heat flux on pressure. And the heat transfer coefficients increases with the increasing of mass flux. The effect of inner tube diameter were clearly observed in heat transfer coefficient. Namely, the measured local heat transfer coefficient in test section with inner diameter of 1.5 ㎜ is higher than 3.0 ㎜.


We examine a multidimensional optimization problem in the tropical mathematics setting. The problem involves the minimization of a non-linear function defined on a finite-dimensional semimodule over an idempotent semifield subject to linear inequality constraints. We start with an overview of known tropical optimization problems with linear and non-linear objective functions. A short introduction to tropical algebra is provided to offer a formal framework for solving the problem under study. As a preliminary result, a solution to a linear inequality with an arbitrary matrix is presented. We describe an example optimization problem drawn from project scheduling and then offer a general representation of the problem. To solve the problem, we introduce an additional variable and reduce the problem to the solving of a linear inequality, in which the variable plays the role of a parameter. A necessary and sufficient condition for the inequality to hold is used to evaluate the parameter, whereas the solution to the inequality is considered a solution to the problem. Based on this approach, a complete direct solution in a compact vector form is derived for the optimization problem under fairly general conditions. Numerical and graphical examples for two-dimensional problems are given to illustrate the obtained results.


Cryoglobulin is an abnormal serum protein which precipitates or gels on cooling. Small quantities of cryoglobulin have been found in the sera of patients with many disparate diseases, 1 including subacute bacterial endocarditis, hepatic cirrhosis, blood dyscrasias, and the collagen diseases, but clinically significant amounts of cryoglobulin occur in only two conditions: multiple myeloma and "essential" cryoglobulinemia. In the test tube the serum from a cryoglobulinemic patient will show a flocculent white precipitate or opaque gelification when the temperature is reduced to 5 C. The rapidity of the solidification is proportional to the concentration of cryoglobulin and is graded from 1+ to 3+ on this basis. At cryoglobulin concentrations of 25 mg. per 100 cc. and over (3+), precipitation occurs immediately on chilling and may occur before the serum is cooled to below room temperature. 1 Repeated cooling and warming of cryoglobulinemic serum results in the eventual loss of the


After analyzing the basic principle of digital track autopilot system based on PC/104 and the overall framework of the system design,the hardware structure and software work process are described in detail.Finally,the prototype of track autopilot is manufactured.The simulation results show that the design scheme of track autopilot is feasible and the sail requirements are satisfied.


We discuss a generalization of entropy function in terms of Orlicz functional. Orlicz functional is defined by using Young function but we extend a scope of Young function adapted to entropy function. We introduce the φ-Sobolev inequality and discuss the relation between the spectral gap and the φ-Sobolev inequality. Taking function φ to be {log(1 + x)}γ , we can define the fractional logarihtmic Sobolev inequality. The connection with the Lata la-Oleszkiewicz inequality is also discussed.


The atmospheric plasma > jet system was investigated for deposition of oxide layes on polymet (kapton) thin films on kapton, silicon and quartz glass substrates. As growth precursors for ZnO films, Zn-acetylacetonate vapors were used. Deposited ZnO films on both kapton and quartz glass contained hexagonal crystalline phase. They were optically transparent and had an electrical conductivity σ 10 - 1 -10 0 S.cm - 1 .


derive from the root *hak rather than from hlk. He also gives the status absohitits of bay! as by (bay), rather than b.,ij,t, as docs also H. L. Ginsberg in All Aramaic Handbook 1/2. Some will be surprised to find il'yn of Dan 7:5 still rendered as 'ribs' (costae). As illustrative text Ahikar 105-106 is adduced: 'Soft is the tongue of a king, but it breaks the 'I'y trryrr, which Cowley renders as 'the ribs of a dragon', influenced we can presume by the accepted translation of Daniel. 'Ribs' as a rendering in the context of Daniel has for long been seen as a difficulty. Ginsberg (op. cit.) gives as conjectural emendation tdl',ai7, which he translates


Multi-objective optimization, an area of multiple criteria decision making finds applications in many fields like engineering, economics, finance where need for optimality is required. In this paper, we have focused on describing and solving the multi-objective optimization problem using classical methods like Global criterion method and Normal boundary intersection to find the solutions which we call as Pareto optimal points. The simluations have been carried out in MATLAB and the results have been produced. Also, we have discussed the use of the techniques of multi-objective optimization in Cognitive Radio, which basically addresses the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and spectrum under utilization. The formulation of multioptimization problem in such cases into SDP is done in the paper. Keywords—Multi-objective optimization, Global criterion method, Normal Boundary Intersection, Cognitive Radio, Pareto Solutions.


OBJECTIVES
To determine (a) which factors are associated with the choice to perform an open reduction, and (b) by adjusting for these factors, if the choice of reduction method is associated with reoperation.

DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study with radiograph and chart review.

SETTING
12 Level 1 North American trauma centers.

PATIENTS
234 adults 18-65 years of age with an isolated, displaced, OTA/AO type 31-B2 or -B3 femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation with minimum 6 months follow-up or reoperation. Exclusion: pathologic fractures, associated femoral head or shaft fractures, and primary arthroplasty.

INTERVENTION
Open or closed reduction technique during internal fixation.

MAIN OUTCOME
Cox proportional hazard of reoperation adjusting for propensity score for open reduction based on injury, demographic, and medical factors. Reduction quality was assessed by three senior orthopaedic traumatologists as "acceptable" or "unacceptable" on AP and lateral postoperative radiographs.

RESULTS
Median follow-up was 1.5 years. 106 (45%) patients underwent open reduction. Reduction quality was not significantly affected by open versus closed approach (71% vs. 69% acceptable, p = 0.378). The propensity to receive an open reduction was associated with study center; younger age; male sex; no history of injection drug use, osteoporosis, or cerebrovascular disease; transcervical fracture location; posterior fracture comminution, and surgery within 12 hours. 35 (33%) versus 28 (22%) reoperations occurred after open versus closed reduction (p = 0.056). Open reduction was associated with a 2.4-fold greater propensity-adjusted hazard of reoperation (95% CI 1.3-4.4, p = 0.004). 35 (15%) patients underwent subsequent total hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty.

CONCLUSIONS
Open reduction of displaced femoral neck fractures in nonelderly adults is associated with a greater hazard of reoperation without significantly improving reduction. Prospective randomized trials are indicated to confirm a causative effect of open versus closed reduction on outcomes after femoral neck fracture.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III, Therapeutic Study.


Based on the analysis of spectral curve and features of cyanobacteria bloom and other typical ground object,the normalized difference cyanobacteria bloom index(NDI_CB)was constructed to distinguish between cyanobacteria bloom and turbid water with the Landsat-7 ETM+ image in Lake Dianshan.In this study two other different vegetation indexes,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and ratio vegetation index(RVI),together with NDI_CB,were applied to extracting the cyanobacteria bloom information from the same image via unsupervised classification method(k-means).The results show that NDI_CB is the best one for low-density cyanobacteria bloom extraction.In order to recognize the cyanobacteria bloom better,support vector machine(SVM)classification method was used to classify the image based on spectral features and NDI_CB,and to obtain the spatial distribution and the area of cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Dianshan.Through studying the laws of the cyanobacteria bloom distribution at a particular time,a sound,efficient and objective basis has been achieved for the ecological analysis of the prevention and the treatment of cyanobacteria bloom.


During the period March 2000-February 2001, we conducted a study on prescriptions to determine how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were being used in Chikugo City Hospital, a medium-sized hospital, in order to promote rational drug use. The use of NSAIDs was evaluated for 10 clinical departments, together and individually. We found that Diclofenac (DIC) and sodium loxoprofen were used to about the same extent in almost all departments and that Acetaminophen (ACE) was also prescribed as frequently as DIC. Except for ACE, no NSAIDs were used for children, particularly in the case of those under 9 years in age. We also evaluated the co-prescription of NSAIDs with H2-receptor antagonists because NSAIDs are known to cause gastric adverse reactions. The number of patients who had been prescribed H2-receptor antagonists increased with patient age, especially for those over fifty years old. Zaltprofen was more frequently coprescribed with H2-receptor antagonists than other NSAIDs. The prescription of etodolac was also found to increase with patient age, particularly so for those over fifty. Thus, we consider that information obtained by studying prescriptions can be used to evaluate the intentions of those prescribing drugs and clarify problems in the use of NSAIDs.


The article presents the results of micro-residues study on the surface of stone tools from the lower, Acheulean layer of the cave site Zaskelna IX in the Crimea. Several recognised varieties of detected micro-residues oforganic and mineral origin are characterised. Likely traces of specific wear inherent on the soft handle areidentified. Pigment residues correlate with these traces. Micro-residues and use-wear indicate the possible wrapping of stone tools in the leather or plant substances with the help of adhesives containing ochre powder for safe and secure gripping in hand.


esults The ARRIVE SVG patient 2-year follow-up was 96% complete (457 of 474). The SVG patients had ignificantly more baseline comorbidities/complex disease than simple-use patients (n 2,698) undergong native coronary intervention or other expanded-use patients (n 4,320 without SVG patients). They ad higher 2-year rates of mortality (10.9% vs. 4.2%, p 0.001), myocardial infarction (5.3% vs. 2.2%, 0.001), and Academic Research Consortium definite/probable stent thrombosis (4.7% vs. 1.4%, p .001) than the simple-use group. They also had higher 2-year adverse event rates, including significantly ore mortality (10.9% vs. 7.5%, p 0.008) than other expanded-use patients.


57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to study the evolution of pyrite inherent in raw coal during microwave irradiation. The results for phase analyses show that the decomposing reaction of pyrite in coal, caused by microwave heating, FeS2→Fe1−xS→FeS consecutively progresses to the right with increase of irradiation time. The whole process of microwave desulfurization of raw coal consists of the initiation, the promotion, and the saturation stages. Calculated results show that the inorganic desulfurization efficiencies from microwave treatment for irradiation time of 30–100 s are 5%–44%. The relatively higher desulfurization efficiencies are probably relative to the smaller particle size of both the pyrite and coal sample.


In recent years, there has been great interest in using control theory to alter the stability regimes of fluid systems. A flow property is measured at a point and relayed back to a control that alters a condition that opposes the instability, thereby postponing its onset. Here, we discuss an alternative to postponing and even eliminating instabilities without the need for measuring properties or designing control strategies: a shear flow imposed upon a system produces an interfacial viscous-capillary wave which, in the nonlinear regime, is capable of postponing or even eliminating the incipient instability. The literature shows several examples, whereby Rayleigh break-up of capillary jets is eliminated, van der Waals dry-out of a film is removed and thermocapillary instability is avoided by the application of a suitable surface shear or an imposed fluid flow. The stabilization mechanism is closely linked to the behaviour of the lower-order terms governing the evolution of the liquid–gas interface profile, providing an estimate for the time scales and shear strength involved. Our intention here is to develop a unified theoretical framework for the study of a large number of thin liquid-film configurations and related systems.


Objective T o investigate the problems and the methods about gravida of diabete and b reast feeding.Methods 27pregrants of diabete including 16typeⅠand nine typeⅡwer e selected.Breast feeding in the early puerperium were breast milk group.Other s were mixed group.At the same time,random sampl ing 25gravida of normal pue rperium w ere control group.Results In the breast milk group of 9members at 3 months,there were 2gravidas transfered to mixed feeding(milk and breast milk ).At 6months,there was 1gravida tran sfered to artificial feeding.At the s ame time,there were 8members transformate artificial feeding in the mixed gro up.Conclusions The breast feeding cases in the early puerperiu m can continued well.So we can say eve n the pregnant of diabete should feed the baby breast m ilk ac-tively.


The mathematical description of a nacelle, body or airfoil having a round nose and pointed aft-end is a continuous but non-analytic function because of the infinite slope at the nose and the corresponding large variations of curvature over the surface. Consequently, a large number of coordinates are typically required to describe the geometry. The general mathematical formulation necessary to describe an airfoil, axisymmetric body or nacelle, is defined in order to develop a "fundamental" geometric transformation technique. This method includes the introduction of a simple analytic and well behaved "shape function" that describes the geometry. The "shape function" provides the ability to directly control key geometry parameters such as leading edge radius, trailing edge boattail angle, and closure to a specified aft thickness. A "class function" is defined that generalizes the method for a wide variety of geometries. The "shape function" and "class function" methodology provides a unified approach for describing rather arbitrary 2D and 3D geometries. Examples of using this approach to produce a variety of 2D and 3D geometries are shown to illustrate the versatility of this new methodology.


Strive to approach every negotiation with both parties' interests in mind. The six-step process in this course will help you make each negotiation a "win-win," draft agreements that will succeed, and create lasting relationships. Increase your courage and confidence. Apply negotiation techniques and strategies that work. Learn to compromise and make it work for you. Coverage includes- To define negotiation opportunities and attitudes To present the progression needed for negotiations to work smoothly To provide negotiation strategies and tactics To practice negotiating using a case study


Here, the author presents an analysis of the evolution of global temperature and Bond albedo anomalies in the period 2001-2013. Based on the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere, an equation is presented to estimate the temperature anomaly following a particular albedo anomaly, and vice versa. The estimated values are compared with the observed values.


Biofilms prevention and removal are crucial in many industrial and medical applications. Their complex and cohesive structure provides resistance to cleaning even to strong disinfectants. A key factor for their behavior is the wetting properties of their surfaces.

The main goal of this work is to study the wetting properties of biofilms produced by bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biofilms are obtained on glass coupons under well controlled flow conditions, using custom-made flow cell devices. Different nutrient concentration and shear flow conditions are investigated.

Biofilm wetting properties are examined under imposed external body forces (forced wetting) through a specialized device, named Kerberos®. Kerberos® is capable of subjecting sessile droplets to varying tilting angles and centrifugal forces while monitoring the variation of the droplet shape in X, Y and Z-directions through three Wi-Fi cameras. Wetting experiments are carried out using water-based solution (dye solution) droplets on biofilm-coated glass coupons. In this work, spreading/sliding behaviour of droplets are investigated only on horizontal substrates (no tilting) under the action of centrifugal forces. Apart from wetting properties, biofilm growth kinetics and surface morphology at different nutrient and shear flow conditions are also assessed.

Results show that, according to the different growth conditions, biofilms present different wetting properties. At lower nutrient concentration and shear flow conditions, spreading and sliding behaviour are similar to that observed in glass coupons in the absence of biofilm. At higher nutrient and shear flow conditions, spontaneous wicking of the biofilm occurs the moment of droplet deposition on the biofilm leading to irregular and jagged shapes of droplets, while on the contrary water droplets look like smooth spherical sections on pure glass. The spontaneous wicking affects the droplet initial shape and so the wetting behaviour during the subsequent rotation tests. In each examined condition, biofilms show hydrophilic properties.


Objective To apply SYBR green I fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR(QPCR) in detecting 4 vertical transmission viruses of chicken and to evaluate its application value for the quality control of SPF chickens.Method Quantitative real-time PCR technique was used to detect REV,ALV,ARV and CAV RNA,DNA or provirus DNA in 30 cloacal swab samples and 30 eggs of SPF chicken samples as well as 40 cloacal swab samples and 30 eggs of common chicken samples.Standard curve and melting curve analyses were conducted to obtain the quantitative result.Results Out of the SPF chicken samples,2/30(3.3%) were ALV-positive,and the three other viruses were negative.For the common chicken samples,2/70(2.9%) were REV-positive,and 10/70(14.3%) were ALV-positive.Conclusions These QPCR assays show better sensitivity and specificity for detecting the 4 viruses in SPF chickens with a detection limit of 100 copies of target DNA per-reaction,and have a bright prospect in clinical application.


Eastern Zhejiang is an important area for the economic development of Zhejiang Province. However, water resources in eastern Zhejiang are relatively poor. After the completion of the north line of East Zhejiang Water Diversion Project, the catchment and drainage connecting rivers of all counties and cities have been dredged, the flood control and drainage capacity of all counties and cities has been improved, the river channels along the line have also been comprehensively renovated, the river network water environment of Shangyu City, Yuyao City and Cixi City along the water diversion line has been significantly improved, and the environmental quality of the area around Hangzhou Bay on the South Bank of Qiantang River has been improved. In order to find out the correlation between the water levels of key nodes of the project and provide more targeted guidance for future scheduling, this paper uses the partial least square method to calculate the relationship between the water levels of each node. It is found that there is a significant correlation between the upper water level of Sanxing sluice and the water level under Xinsan sluice and Mashan sluice, and there is a certain correlation with the upper water level of xinsanjiang sluice and Mashan sluice. The correlation between the upstream water level of Xiaoshan hydroproject and the water levels under xinsanjiang sluice, Heshan sluice and Mashan sluice is obvious; There is the most significant linear correlation between the water level of Hengjiang River in xisantang and the water level of Lingshan, Lingshan, Qitang, Sitou and Sitou. The correlation between the water level of Yangxun bridge, Puqian gate and Qitang gate is also significant, and the correlation of other water level stations is poor. In addition, there is a great correlation between the water level of Yangxun bridge and the downstream water level. Attention should be paid to observing the water level of Yangxun bridge during the dispatching process.


The research objective is to improve problem-solving skills and learning motivation with the Problem Based Learning based on the scientific approach to probability material in grade XII. This type of research is classroom action research with two cycles, with each cycle containing four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The data collection used a problem-solving ability test and a learning motivation questionnaire. The research sample is students of grade XII MIA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Tikep. From the research results in the first cycle, the average value of problem-solving abilities increased by 8.22, from 58.21 to 66.43. Then continued improvement in cycle II, with the average value of problem-solving ability increased by 16.97, from 65.71 to 82.68. While the learning motivation questionnaire results show an improvement in students' average response of 28%, from 59% to 87%. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning model can improve problem-solving abilities and student motivation.


It is pointed out that the Space Shuttle Orbiter is a hypersonic glide reentry vehicle which spends much of its entry time at relatively tenuous altitudes in which chemical nonequilibrium predominates in the shock layer. On the windward side, dissociation nonequilibrium exists in the inviscid layer and recombination nonequilibrium exists in the boundary layer. The present investigation is concerned with an evaluation of various flowfield predictions, taking into account a comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium flowfields coupled with reacting axisymmetric analog boundary-layer solutions and the results of viscous-shock-layer solutions with flight temperature/heat-flux measurements near the windward centerline for the Shuttle flights STS-2, STS-3, and STS-5.


This study was aimed to evaluate the emergence of third generation cephalosporin
resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the culture of various biological fluids of infants in a tertiary
care hospital.

Resistance to commonly used antibiotics is consistently increasing during the last decades
and it was found varying with time and geographical location.

To determine the prevalence of third generation cephalosporin sensitivity pattern of E.
coli isolated from urine, stool, and throat swab culture from laboratory records.

The retrospective study included the laboratory report of antibiotic sensitivity conducted
on infants specimens during the period of 2 years. Third generation cephalosporin sensitivity patterns
of E. coli isolated from urine, stool, and throat swab culture were collected and data were statistically
analyzed.

Reports of 351 samples with positive E. coli were included in the study. More samples
were analyzed from infants above 6 months of age with female dominance (184/351). Among the
specimens tested, urine samples were highest 128/351 (35.0%). Cephalosporin resistant strain was
found in 243/351 samples (69.2%) (p=0.0463) with 218/243 (89.7%) isolated from infants above 6
months of age and 25/243 (10.2%) were from infants below 6 months of age (p=0.038). The frequency
of cephalosporin resistant E. coli in urine specimens of male and female infants was significant
(p=0.0001).

Third generation cephalosporin resistant E. coli strain was found in 69.2% of isolates
and more in urine samples from female infants above 6 months of age. The clinicians should consider
the emergence of cephalosporin resistant E. coli while selecting antibiotics as empirical treatment.


The survey on growth process and successful models of academic-based teacher in higher vocational colleges indicates five essential factors to be talented.They are:strong desire for academic achievement,generous academic atmosphere,fine scientific research training,and persistent confidence in scientific research,college's support and policy encouragement.This paper deals with these five key factors separately and supplies useful guidance to the teachers who tend to be academic researcher.


The Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases including Rab8 and Rab10, which enhances their binding to RILPL1 and RILPL2. The nascent interaction between phospho-Rab10 and RILPL1 blocks ciliogenesis in vitro and in the intact brain, and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes in dividing cells. We show here that various LRRK2 risk variants and all currently described regulators of the LRRK2 signaling pathway converge upon causing centrosomal cohesion deficits. The cohesion deficits do not require the presence of RILPL2 or of other LRRK2 kinase substrates including Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43. Rather, they depend on the RILPL1-mediated centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Rab10. RILPL1 localizes to the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole, followed by recruitment of the LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab protein to cause the centrosomal defects. These data reveal a common molecular pathway by which alterations in the LRRK2 kinase activity impact upon centrosome-related events.


Polysulfone was shock loaded to pressures of 14.6–26.2 GPa in a series of gas gun-driven plate-impact experiments measuring material response with embedded electro-magnetic particle velocity gauges and optical velocimetry. The embedded electro-magnetic particle velocity gauges did not show a distinct two-wave structure but did show rounding that suggested a reaction but not a distinct separation of the reactants and product waves. In contrast, the transmission experiments fielded with optical velocimetry, with product pressures ranging from 21.0 to 26.2 GPa, showed well-defined two-wave structures due to shock-driven chemical decomposition of the polymer to products at a higher density. Distinct two-wave structures have not previously been published in literature during polymer compression; here, we observed these two-wave structures at both the polymer/lithium fluoride and polymer/polymethylmethacrylate interfaces. Hydrodynamic simulations of the experiments were performed using a newly constructed SESAME equation of state (EOS) for the polymer, a thermochemical EOS for the decomposition products, and an Arrhenius reaction rate model for the kinetics of the reaction. Simulation results also demonstrated two-wave structures but were unable to quantitatively reproduce either the embedded gauge or optical velocimetry data.Polysulfone was shock loaded to pressures of 14.6–26.2 GPa in a series of gas gun-driven plate-impact experiments measuring material response with embedded electro-magnetic particle velocity gauges and optical velocimetry. The embedded electro-magnetic particle velocity gauges did not show a distinct two-wave structure but did show rounding that suggested a reaction but not a distinct separation of the reactants and product waves. In contrast, the transmission experiments fielded with optical velocimetry, with product pressures ranging from 21.0 to 26.2 GPa, showed well-defined two-wave structures due to shock-driven chemical decomposition of the polymer to products at a higher density. Distinct two-wave structures have not previously been published in literature during polymer compression; here, we observed these two-wave structures at both the polymer/lithium fluoride and polymer/polymethylmethacrylate interfaces. Hydrodynamic simulations of the experiments were performed using a newly constructed SESAM...


Abstract
This paper describes a survey of certified public accountants', lawyers', pharmacists', and physicians' attitudes toward and experiences with electronic computers. Analysis of the data reveals significant differences in computer familiarity, usage, and attitude among the four groups. Explanations for these differences and suggestions for the improvement of computer systems for such professionals are provided.


Investment balance control is an effective way for power grid enterprises to realize accurate investment. Based on the principle of accurate investment control of power grid engineering and aiming at meeting the needs of practical application, the investment balance rate prediction model constructed in this paper based on historical infrastructure projects data can improve the accuracy of project planning investment, feasibility study estimation and budgetary estimate investment. Through the intelligent analysis model of investment balance, we can scientifically predict the balance level of the projects, effectively analyze the investment cost level, and provide support for the release of investment plan.


For the microseismic events induced by water inrush in underground coal mine, this paper carried out the numerical calculation and simulation study of water-induced microseismic signals, and on this basis carried out the development of a monitoring system suitable for underground coal mine. In the research process, the numerical calculation of the characteristic parameters such as energy, amplitude and frequency of the vibration signal generated by the induced water disaster was realized. Combined with the internal structure of the moving coil detector, the electrical signal response calculation of the vibration signal was completed, and the electrical characteristic waveforms of different vibration signals were obtained theoretically. Based on the theoretical research results, the whole microseismic monitoring system is designed and developed. In this paper, the self-developed monitoring system is used to realize the effective capture of underground microseismic signals. The detection results show that the system can monitor the vibration signals generated by the disaster inducing water in real time, and provide technical support for the mine water disaster warning.


The constant arms race between bacteria and their phages has resulted in a large diversity of bacterial defence systems1,2, with many bacteria carrying several systems3,4. In response, phages often carry counter-defence genes5–9. If and how bacterial defence mechanisms interact to protect against phages with counter-defence genes remains unclear. Here, we report the existence of a novel defence system, coined MADS (Methylation Associated Defence System), which is located in a strongly conserved genomic defence hotspot in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and distributed across Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We find that the natural co-existence of MADS and a Type IE CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system in the genome of P. aeruginosa SMC4386 provides synergistic levels of protection against phage DMS3, which carries an anti-CRISPR (acr) gene. Previous work has demonstrated that Acr-phages need to cooperate to overcome CRISPR immunity, with a first sacrificial phage causing host immunosuppression to enable successful secondary phage infections10,11. Modelling and experiments show that the co-existence of MADS and CRISPR-Cas provides strong and durable protection against Acr-phages by disrupting their cooperation and limiting the spread of mutants that overcome MADS. These data reveal that combining bacterial defences can robustly neutralise phage with counter-defence genes, even if each defence on its own can be readily by-passed, which is key to understanding how selection acts on defence combinations and their coevolutionary consequences.


In this study, we explore both inverse Compton and Compton scattering processes using the Chang and Cooper scheme to form a deterministic solution of the Kompaneets equation. We examine the individual terms of the Kompaneets equation and illustrate their effect on the equilibrium solution. We use two examples (a Gaussian line profile and a Planck profile) to illustrate the advective and diffusive properties of the Kompaneets operator. We also explore both inverse Compton scattering and Compton scattering, and discuss and illustrate the Bose-Einstein condensation feature of the Compton scattering spectrum.


The A.M.C Project is an effort to create a working exoskeleton arm. It involves both mechanical and electronic design. In this paper the reader can find details about the electronic design which incorporates both high power electronics and high accuracy measuring systems.


Cartilage injury and osteoarthritis are big clinical challenges as self-healing potential of cartilaginous tissue is very limited. The need for a multi-disciplinary approach in order to establish new strategies for cartilage healing has been addressed by many scientists from the fields of orthopaedic surgery or biomedical engineering in the last two decades. With a focus on the very preclinical research in this field, this review covers the multitude of approaches, ranging from cellbased to scaffold-based strategies and also including growth factors, precondition approach, mechanical stimulation-that have been combined to assess their potential to develop effective concepts for the treatment of cartilage injury or osteoarthritis. Citation: Zong Z, Wu X, Su Z, Wang Z, Zhao Z, et al. Cartilage Tissue Engineering: An Update on Multi-Component Approach. J Orthopedics Rheumatol. 2019; 6(1): 9. J Orthopedics Rheumatol 6(1): 9 (2019) Page 02 ISSN: 2334-2846 scenarios [14]. Amount of all, operations like arthroscopic lavage, debridement, microfracture, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI), and Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation (OAT) are most widely used nowadays encountering to the cartilage lesions [15]. These reparative methods are tended to stimulate the formation of new fibrocartilage tissue by facilitating access to the vascular system and bringing new progenitor cells capable of chondrogenesis (e.g., microfracture procedure and drilling). Reconstructive methods fill up the defects with autologous, homologous, or other tissue (e.g., autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral autologous transplantation) [16,17]. Such methods may associated with good outcomes after surgery, but according to a systematic review of level I and II studies on OAT procedures and microfracture surgery showing that, patients with small lesions who returned to higher-demand activities had an higher progressive failure rate and only 52% of athletes returned to sports after received microfracture surgery, 37% of them retained their same level of sports 10-year after operation [18,19]. Besides, another systematic review reported by Filardo et al. revealed that 33.7% failure rate at a mean was recorded follow-up of 8.5 years after ACI surgeries (5-12 years post-surgery) in 193 patients [20]. The therapeutic strategies for OA are distinct from acute cartilage injuries. Chronic pain relief could be achieved with lifestyle modification and medication such as Non-Steroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) or glucocorticoid. NSAIDs are the most widely prescribed pharmacological medications and were recommended in the guidelines in the treatment of OA but longterm administration are associated with serious side effects including bleeding and perforated gastric ulcers [21-23]. Long-term use of glucocorticoid may cause several side effects such as immunodeficiency, osteoporosis, peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding [24,25]. Viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid through intra-articular injection helps to reduce OA caused pain through its lubricating action, but recent clinical studies showed that the use of hyaluronic acid did not improve clinical outcomes compared to the placebo group significantly [26,27]. However, these current treatments are not promising solution to prevent articular cartilage from further progressive destruction, thus OA patients may need joint replacement to regain reasonable joint movement at the expense of potential complications. Although the shelf life of prosthetics for joint replacement is significantly improved, this surgery remains less suitable for young OA patients [28,29]. Thus, there is a burning need for alternative approaches to manage cartilage lesions, which would prevent the early onset of OA and to reduce the need for total joint replacement. Biological Solutions for Cartilage Repair Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) is a convincing and effective method for the treatment of cartilage lesions [30,31]. The usefulness of allogeneic chondrocytes as alternative source was constrained because of the reported immunogenicity [32]. Furthermore, in vitro expansion of chondrocytes can lead to rapid dedifferentiation and a fibroblastic phenotype [30], resulting in an inferior tissue-engineered cartilage. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are a promising and readily available cell source showing chondrogenic differentiation potential and forming cartilage-like tissues in vitro induced by specific growth factors without compromising its low immunogenicity [33-37]. MSCs can be derived from various types of tissues, including bone marrow [38,39], adipose tissue [40], tendon [41,42], synovial membrane [43], dental pulp [44], umbilical cord blood [45], placenta [46,47], etc. Autologous MSCs are currently the major cell source because of ethical and immunological concerns. However, a major drawback of their clinical use is the aging-related decline in MSCs proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation potential from aged patients (donors) and in vitro cell culturing as several studies had reported that MSC isolated from older donors exhibited a slower proliferation rate throughout the entire in vitro expansion compared with the younger donors. And the shorter average length of telomere, loss of telomere length after cell passage and lower levels of telomerase activity may contribute to such phenomenon. Besides, the expression of p16INK4A is also strongly associated with cell senescence [4851]. Furthermore, instable MSCs phenotypes such as formation of mineralized deposits within cartilage. Current available strategies for enhancing plasticity of MSCs included genetic modification [5254], hypoxia stimulation [55,56], etc. However, safety and ethical concerns are existed for genetic modification approach, which is left far behind clinical use, and hypoxia could only promote cell proliferation at this stage. Hence, it is mandatory to find out a simple and feasible manipulation for promoting plasticity of MSCs including proliferation, chondrogenesis and viability. Dedifferentiation Reprogrammed MSCs for Tissue Regeneration Cellular dedifferentiation is cellular regression from a more differentiated stage back to a less differentiated stage from within its own lineage that confers pluripotency, giving rise to reminiscent of stem cells [57,58]. Based on this definition, cellular dedifferentiation is not only initiating from a completely differentiated stage, but also initiating from partially differentiated stage. Similarly, cellular dedifferentiation could result in partially or fully pluripotent cells, depends on the different time points. This process is more commonly studied in plants and more primitive creatures. Several non-mammalian vertebrate species, such as zebra fish and urodele amphibians [59-65], possess a remarkable capacity to regenerate heart tissue or limb, respectively. Apart from natural conditions, researchers found that inducible dedifferentiation is an appropriate strategy to promote regeneration in mammalian tissues that lack of this ability. Studies have reported the occurrence of cell dedifferentiation during tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo [66-70]. Recent studies have demonstrated that dedifferentiation reprogramming is a reliable method to improve properties of stem cells and promote lineage differentiation commitment [71-73]. Previous data revealed that a population of MSCs with enhanced viability in vitro and improved therapeutic efficacy in a cerebral ischemia model could be attained via neuronal differentiation and dedifferentiation reprogramming [72]. Recently we reported that, compared with untreated MSCs, MSCs which manipulated with osteogenic differentiation medium exhibited a better osteogenic differentiation potential, improved cell migratory capacity and upregulated expression of genes Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 [74]. And we Citation: Zong Z, Wu X, Su Z, Wang Z, Zhao Z, et al. Cartilage Tissue Engineering: An Update on Multi-Component Approach. J Orthopedics Rheumatol. 2019; 6(1): 9. J Orthopedics Rheumatol 6(1): 9 (2019) Page 03 ISSN: 2334-2846 also proved that such improvements were inducted by decreased methylation and accrual of activating histone marks of promoters on Nanog and Oct4.Besides, after preconditioned with chondrogenic differentiation medium and complete medium, the Manipulated MSCs (M-MSCs) also showed an improved cell clonogenicity, proliferation, survivability and chondrogenic property. And the results of epigenetic analysis revealed the central role of Nanog in maintaining the multipotency of the manipulated MSCs [75]. Furthermore, we also revealed that neocartilage formation of M-MSC-laden constructs implanted in the nude mice was significantly promoted after dynamic compressive applied in the bioreactor and the constructs laden with M-MSCs were also significantly promoted the cartilage healing process of osteochondral defect of a rat model [76]. Growth Factors for Chondrogenic Differentiation In the hyaline cartilage, growth factors regulate homeostasis and integrity, as well as development [77]. Growth factors also play an important role in the process of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Table 1 summarizes some representable endogenous bioactive cytokines, including Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) superfamily with respect to cartilage tissue engineering are TGF-β1, TGF-β3, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2(BMP-2), BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-9 and Growth Differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) [78-81], which are reported to stimulate MSCs proliferation and differentiation. Among of these, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 are the most frequently used cytokines in experimental studies to promote chondrogenic differentiation and synthesis of corresponding Extracellular Matrix (ECM) production [79,81-83] (Table 1). Biomaterials for Cartilage Repair Various materials in the form of sponges, hydrogels, electrospun fibers, and microparticles have been


Interstellar lines in 25 stars in the direction of the optically faint supernova remnant known as the Monoceros Loop were observed. Absorption features with velocities of +69 and -31 km s/sup -1/ (with respect to the local standard of rest) were found, each in one star, and attributed to the expanding gas of the remnant. Low-velocity gas at +10, +6.5, and -11 km s/sup -1/ was mapped throughout the area. The expansion velocity of 50 km s/sup -1/ is in remarkably good agreement with that found by T. A. Lozinskaya from H..cap alpha.. interferograms. The data for the Monoceros Loop is compared with that for other supernova remnants, and it is found that it forms a continuation of the age sequence of Vela XYZ, the Cygnus Loop, and Shajn 147. An age greater than 15 x 10/sup 4/ yr is estimated for the Monoceros Loop.


Idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis (IPT) and basal laminar drusen with pseudovitelliform lesions are both uncommon ocular findings.1,2 Gass classified parafoveal telangiectasis into several groups. Group 2 is characterised by bilateral acquired parafoveal telangiectasis that usually becomes clinically apparent later in life, in the fifth and sixth decade. The zones of telangiectasis tend to be symmetric and measure up to one disc diameter, with preferential involvement of the temporal parafoveal region. Typical findings are minimal retinal oedema, "right angle" veins, which drain the telangiectatic areas, underlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) alterations and superficial retinal refractile deposits. Gass has also described the development of a small, foveal yellow pseudovitelliform lesion in some patients, but no associated basal laminar drusen were noted.1 Abnormal blood glucose metabolism may play a part in the development of IPT.3

Basal laminar or cuticular drusen are focal thickenings of the basement membrane of the RPE. Although they are sometimes difficult to detect on clinical examination, these basal laminar drusen present a striking fluorescein angiographic picture of innumerable uniform, small, slightly raised, hyperfluorescent nodules.2 Patients with basal laminar drusen may develop a yellowish exudative macular detachment ("pseudovitelliform lesion") that may resemble the foveal lesion characteristic of Best's vitelliform dystrophy. In some cases, the yellow material may gravitate to the inferior part of the detachment, producing a "pseudohypopyon" appearance. Typically, the pseudovitelliform material shows progressive staining with fluorescein dye during the course of the angiogram.2

This case report …


Green consumption is a brand-new consumption idea and pattern,and the implementation of green consumption is favorable to the country as well as individual.However,according to reality of our country,the implementation of green consumption is very slowly pushed further because of the uneven income,the high cost of green product,the insufficient growth of green product market,the lack of consumer motivation,consumer quality and the social environment of green consumption.Therefore,the urgent matter at present is to establish the perfect green laws and regulations system and all kinds of social security systems,enhance expense anticipated,urge implementation of green consumption as soon as possible.


Objective:To assess the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on depression.Methods:The literatures of acupuncture for treatment of depression are comprehensively searched in accordance with the demands of the evidence-based medicine(EBM),which are collected from relevant domestic medical literature databases in the last ten years.Meta-analysis is conducted on the literatures enrolled.Results:Fourteen randomized controlled trials are included,all of them are carried out by Meta-analysis.The total OR is 2.65 [2.04,3.43],and the funnel plot is approximately symmetry.It is indicated that the curative effect of acupuncture groups is better than that in the control groups(Z=7.30 P0.000 01).Conclusion:Acupuncture therapy is effective on depression according to the domestic clinical literatures.However,the quality of the studies needs further improving and increasing.


This study described the Library and Information Science program at USC as compared with those of Korean national universities; and suggested ways to improve them. Data was collected through interviews, literature review, and analysis of the USC SLIS homepage. A number of features in USC SLIS can be implemented in Korea and gain positive results. In the near future, some of the features that can be introduced in Korean universities to strengthen their programs may include: setting distinct objectives for MA and Ph. D programs, constructing the aims and courses of doctoral programs in the direction of improving the research skills of students, and increasing the number of courses on Children and Juvenile. In the long term, students will also benefit from other changes such as adjusting courses to train school librarians and offering double-major tracks for graduate students.


The functions of the portrait in "Quiet Flows the Don" by M. Sholokhov are classified and considered in this article.


The detection of specific chemicals when concealed behind a layer of clothing is reported using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. It is found that concealment modifies the spectrum of a particular chemical when recorded at stand-off ranges of three meters in a diffuse reflection experiment. Chemometric analysis of the spectra has been performed with neural network-based pattern recognition/classification to deal with this problem. Neural networks help to overcome nonlinearities within the calibration/training dataset, affording more robust modelling. The work has been shown to both allow detection of specific chemicals concealed behind a single intervening layer of fabric material, and to estimate the concentration of hydrogen peroxide using partial least squares regression (PLSR).


To separate protein,extraction by alkali is adopted.Taking the remained content of protein of separated wheat bran as review target,this paper investigates the factor effecting extraction by one-way analysis of variance and ANOVA to optimize parameters.The remained content of protein of separated wheat bran is 9.87%.


Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have helped to develop sensor nodes which are low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small in size and communicate in short distances. These tiny sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, data processing, and communicating components, leverage the idea of sensor networks. Ad hoc sensor network is a multihop network made of hundreds of sensor nodes. This Paper presents a proposed secure and energy efficient decentralized key management protocol. The proposed protocol combines three schemes; key establishment, key update and new node addition scheme. The energy consumption of the proposed key management is analyzed and compared with those of the formal protocols. The analysis shows an advantage in term of energy consumption over the previous work.


We present a computational model of the developmental origins of Syntactic Bootstrapping (the proposal that children use syntactic knowledge to infer the meanings of unknown words; Landau & Gleitman, 1985). We explore how the representations needed for Syntactic Bootstrapping might be derived from distributional properties of words, a few known 'seed' nouns, and minimal built-in assumptions about syntax and meaning. We used a Semantic Role Labeling system, trained on child-directed speech data annotated for semantic roles. We present three experiments in which the model's task is to predict the semantic roles of words (e.g., agent, patient, goal). Experiment 1 shows that simple syntactic features (the set of nouns in the sentence, or position before or after the verb) are sufficient to learn semantic roles. These features are based on the Structure Mapping hypothesis (Fisher et al., 2010). In training, via a supervised machine-learning paradigm, the model learns to use these simple features to predict semantic roles. Here, we provide veridical semantic-role feedback. We also assume complete knowledge of all nouns and verbs in each utterance ('gold-standard' part-of-speech tags). Experiment 2 removes this assumption and addresses how the representations needed for Structure Mapping can themselves be bootstrapped. We designed a word category learner based on distributional information. Following Connor, Fisher, & Roth (2012), we used an unsupervised Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and tagged some HMM states as noun states, based on a list of up to 77 'seed' nouns comprising mostly concrete objects, the children's names, and a few pronouns. Any HMM state that contained 4 or more seed nouns was labelled as a noun state. With only 20 seed nouns, noun identification was above 80%. To identify verb states, we compared the method of Connor, Fisher, & Roth (2012) – a heuristic based on the Structure Mapping hypothesis – against a random-guessing baseline using only the exclusionary principle that nouns and function words cannot be verbs. Excluding nouns and function words was enough to successfully identify verbs even when using the guessing baseline (75% precision). Furthermore, we show that these random verb predictions (combined with the noun heuristic) provide useful abstract syntactic features to guide semantic role learning, enabling similar or better results to the ones of Experiment 1. We show that, surprisingly, verbs can be identified without any 'seed' verbs, simply via the prior assumptions that (a) a sentence should contain a verb, (b) and it can't also be a noun or a function word. Experiment 3 relaxes the assumption of veridical semantic feedback. Using a much weaker ∗Speaker sciencesconf.org:l2hm2018:201017 signal, based on the animacy properties of a few common concrete nouns, the model is still able to predict correct semantic roles. Connor, M., Fisher, C., & Roth, D. (2012). Starting from Scratch in Semantic Role Labeling: Early Indirect Supervision. Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Acquisition. Fisher, C., Gertner, Y., Scott, R. M., & Yuan, S. (2010). Syntactic bootstrapping. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. Landau, B., & Gleitman, L. R. (1985). Language and experience: evidence from the blind child. Harvard University Press.


Abstract. The effects of single meals of different sucrose concentrations on feeding responses and survival of 8–24‐h‐old, 1–2‐, 10–12‐ and 31–36‐day‐old female and male western cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined. Feeding time and food consumption response patterns in both sexes within age groups were curvilinear. Feeding times increased as sucrose concentrations increased, and were longest when the sucrose concentration was 100% (dry). Consumption of dilute wet sucrose was low, whereas consumption of concentrated wet sucrose was high. However, consumption of dry, 100% sucrose was also low. One to 2‐day‐old flies of both sexes that had not previously fed consumed more sucrose foods than unfed 8–24‐h‐old flies and 10–12‐ and 31–36‐day‐old flies that had been starved for 16–24 h. Females consumed more than males, but they consumed the same amount as males per mg bodyweight. When fed single 20% and 60% sucrose meals, 1–2‐day‐old flies survived longer compared to flies in all other age groups, with 31–36‐day‐old flies surviving shortest. Despite age‐related differences in survival, in general, no sex differences in survival were seen in flies fed sucrose within any age groups, or in flies fed sucrose‐yeast, cherry juice and honeydew foods. The results suggest that sugar‐feeding behaviours and the energy invested in sugar 'seeking' by both sexes of R. indifferens should be the same throughout life.


The exposure of network packets to frequent cyber attacks has increased the need for designing statistical-based anomaly detection recently. Conceptually, the statistical based anomaly detection attracts researcher's attention, but technically, the low attack detection rates remains an open challenges. We propose a Host-based Packet Header Anomaly Detector (HbPHAD) model that is capable of identifying suspicious packet header behaviour based on
statistical analysis. We compute scoring function using Relative Percentage Ratio (RPR) in calculating normal scores, integrate Linear Regression Analysis (LRA) to differentiate the behaviour of the packets and Cohen's-d (effect size) measurement to pre-define the best
threshold. HbPHAD is an effective solution for statistical-hased anomaly detection 111 identifying suspicious behaviour correctly. The experiment demonstrates that HbPHAD IS effective in accurately detecting suspicious packet at above 99% as an attack detection rate.


Old St Paul's is an iconic New Zealand heritage site managed by Heritage New Zealand.¹ It is a site that tells both national and local stories and draws a wide range of international and domestic visitors. Key recommendations made by the New Zealand Ministry of Tourism in their 2010 and 2015 strategies were that the country is no longer automatically perceived as 'authentic'² by international visitors, and that heritage in New Zealand should be striving to deliver engaging, educational and rich cultural and social experiences.  Using Old St. Paul's as a case study, this research asks if New Zealand heritage sites are providing exhibitions, interpretation and stories that successfully communicate the site management's presentation goals to visitors. This relationship is evaluated through the exhibitions and interpretation used by site management, and compared with visitor understanding and their experience of these.  This research uses interviews and visitor surveys to gauge the management/visitor relationship at Old St. Paul's. An in-depth interview with the site's manager is analysed and presented comparatively against the results gained from conducting visitor surveys. This research provides an investigation into contemporary heritage practice in New Zealand and offers a pilot study for future development in the heritage sector. Furthermore, it is suggested that heritage sites could adopt similar summative practices to those used in the museum sector in order to monitor visitor satisfaction and the perception of quality.


Recently, there have been increasingly more advancements in new image diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for use in
the diagnosis and management of thoracic diseases. The use of low-dose computed tomography screening is increasing,
thus resulting in an increase in the detection rate of early lung cancers.


The FWD(falling weight deflectometer) has been more and more applied in pavement detection,while the thickness of structural layers on pavement and the mechanical properties of materials have considerably important influences on detection results.This paper based on the orthogonal theory proposes a representative test plan,and analyzes the influences of changes of structural parameters on pavement on the mechanical properties of pavement under the dynamic FWD load in accordance with the calculation results from various test groups.The test plan proposed in the paper has an important reference significance for the formation of China national FWD detection indices system.


Traditional arithmetic of LSB is only replaces the least bit which is retaining the image more better but a waste of memory. Furthermore LSB can not cut out. In order to improve the LSB digital image watermarking method, in this paper, an algorithm based on image interpolation and spatial separation watermarking is proposed. The watermark's high and low frequency separation method is used in the treatment of watermark, and then the image interpolation is performed to improve the anti-cutting performance. The use of linear transformation and embedded the back of the qr code also improve the security of the algorithm. Experimental results show that to replace the last two bits and image interpolation techniques take effects to LSB.


In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a nomogram to predict overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) in patients who underwent curative resection of ampulla of Vater (AOV) cancer. This is the first study for nomograms in AOV cancer patients using retrospective data based on an international multicenter study.


Uncontrolled urbanisation and proliferation of slums in developing country cities make provision of urban sanitation a complex challenge. Sanitation coverage tends to be patchy and service standards are disparate, with large differences between high-income and low-income areas. Within the sector little attention is paid to the sanitation service chain. that is what happens to the shit: containment; emptying; transport; treatment; and disposal or reuse of wastewater and faecal sludge.


The growing interest in medicine with the use of bioreabsorbable polymeric materials has been stimulating researchers from orthopedic area to develop more biological solutions, substituting threads, stems and metallic plates for bioreabsorbable polymers in the treatment of fractures. So, we decided to study implants of the PLLA/PHBV blends (two bioreabsorbable polymers) moulded in a mini-injector. Those implants were used for recovery of fractures of rabbit femur and assessed in comparison with the thread of Steinmann (stainless steel, commercially used). After euthanasia with 6, 12 and 24 weeks of implantation of the artifacts, the bones were studied with X ray, histological exam and mechanic test, while the polymeric implants were submitted the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanic test and modular differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The X ray showed good calluses bone with the use of the polymer stem as well as with the metallic control. The histological study showed absence of inflammatory reactions or osteolysis. The mechanical test showed bone consolidation in the two groups. In the mechanical test and in the calorimetry studies, the polymeric stem presented signs of progressive degradation within the studied time. With the data obtained, we can state that the implant PLLA/PHBV demonstrated to be as effective in repairing fractures of rabbit femur as the metallic control.


The response of exponentially spreading magnetic flux tubes embedded in an isothermal solar atmosphere to the propagation of longitudinal tube waves and random pulses produced in the solar convection zone is studied analytically. General solutions are presented and applied to solar tube models. It is shown that free atmospheric oscillations inside these flux tubes are generated with oscillation periods near 3 min, which are essentially identical to the oscillation periods observed in the interior regions of supergranulation cells. The observed oscillations are therefore consistent with processes in magnetic tubes as well as in nonmagnetic regions. Stochastic perpetual excitation is expected to keep these flux tube oscillations present at all times. These oscillations are inconsistent with the observed 7-min oscillations in the chromospheric network.


The initiatives of community development approach in poverty alleviation programmes are contributing significantly in improving the quality of life of the urban poor. In India, the community initiative was started in selected slums of urban local bodies during the seventh plan period by creating community structures viz. Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) and Neighbourhood Committees (NHCs) as informal organisations. Community Development Society (CDS), a formal institution was established at the city level to plan, co-ordinate and implement the poverty alleviation programmes subsequently. The CDS initiated many tangible action plans on a participatory approach and implemented these plans for improving their quality of life and livelihood support as well. The support and collaborative efforts that they received from the NGOs have also helped them in empowering the urban poor and also for launching community based activities. Karnataka State initiated the Community development processes (NHCs and NHGs established) during the year 1985-86 and Community Development Societies were established in the year 1998. The CDSs have been very actively involved in the community development activities and they contributed in social and economic development, empowering the urban poor, improving basic amenities, promoting micro-credit and participating in municipal service delivery and governance. The paper presents the Karnataka State's experiences in promoting community development initiatives, its processes with illustrations of best practices, SWOT analysis, issues and suggestions for improvement in the quality of life and sustenance of the community development initiatives.


Following the Lymphoedema Awareness Week in April of this year, and the ongoing efforts of professionals in raising awareness of this chronic condition to primary care staff and patients, some areas have noticed an increase in referrals to their clinics. There has also been an increase in requests for education in lymphoedema management, especially in the community setting, and this in itself means we must be aware of the tasks involved in providing the care this group of patients needs.


For a chemical facility in the south of France, an earthquake region, three diffrent valves will be implemented. Therefore the valves had to be tested for earthquake resistant design according to the applicable regulations of the French competent authority APAVE. The test objects, an Angle-Valve DN 76 / PN 3600 bar, a T-Emergency-Valve DN 76 / PN 3600 bar and a Kick-Valve DN 76 / PN 3600 bar were produced by the BASF Aktiengesellschaft from Ludwigshafen, Germany. The resonance identification tests and the qualification test of the valves are performed by base excitation. This report summarises the tests methods and the essential results.


Rapid changes require from every individual to be an innovator or inventor, to run for knowledge till death. Balkan nations, used to ready knowledge and free education, are in danger of finishing this race as street sweepers, i.e. doing the simplest tasks or even being planetary social
cases. On the other hand, permanent learning is seen as inhumane for most people. Not everyone can learn how to be flexible, readable, inventive, and run after science till their death. On an island rich with bananas the Americans tried to teach the natives to work, but they failed.
They cut down all the banana trees and offered them a job so that they could buy them from other islands. The natives did not learn how to work but they were starving. herefore, learning for life is not a simple but a complex process in which designers have much more questions than just:
is permanent learning necessary?


In this paper, the process of the standardized construction of the machine read book and magazine database for college libraries in Hainan has been outlined in terms of evaluation programs, automation, network check,learning (including training),etc.The fine "evaluation programs", strict and fruitful supervision and examination mechanism, and valuable experience on training staff are of some significance to the modernization construction of college libraries.


'This book, which I much enjoyed, is devoted, says the author, 'exclusively to the examination of the metaphysical aspects of time'. The first chapter is about the similarities and analogies between time and space ...the chapter's general conclusions are very reasonable...Chapter 2 turns to 'the profoundest issue in the philosophy of time: the status of temporal becoming'...Chapter 3 ...'McTaggart and His Commentators on the Unreality of Time' ...is arduous and searching...In Chapter 4, he concludes that backward causation is a phenomenon that in principle is discernible...The final chapter begins with a hypothesis ...that the universe is really no more than 5 minutes old...The book ...Is marked by vigorous and illuminating argument and should be included in anyone's collection on 'time" - K G Denbigh in "Mind".


Significance The origins of human hepatitis A virus (HAV) are unknown. We conducted a targeted search for HAV-related viruses in small mammals sampled globally and discovered highly diversified viruses in bats, rodents, hedgehogs, and shrews. We demonstrate that these viruses share unique biological features with HAV, including structural, genomic, antigenic, and pathogenic properties. We found evidence of major shifts of HAV-related viruses between mammalian hosts in the past, suggesting both an origin of this viral genus in small mammals and a zoonotic origin of human HAV. Our data show that risk assessments for emerging viruses can benefit greatly from the analysis of viral infection patterns that evolved within animal reservoirs. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an ancient and ubiquitous human pathogen recovered previously only from primates. The sole species of the genus Hepatovirus, existing in both enveloped and nonenveloped forms, and with a capsid structure intermediate between that of insect viruses and mammalian picornaviruses, HAV is enigmatic in its origins. We conducted a targeted search for hepatoviruses in 15,987 specimens collected from 209 small mammal species globally and discovered highly diversified viruses in bats, rodents, hedgehogs, and shrews, which by pairwise sequence distance comprise 13 novel Hepatovirus species. Near-complete genomes from nine of these species show conservation of unique hepatovirus features, including predicted internal ribosome entry site structure, a truncated VP4 capsid protein lacking N-terminal myristoylation, a carboxyl-terminal pX extension of VP1, VP2 late domains involved in membrane envelopment, and a cis-acting replication element within the 3Dpol sequence. Antibodies in some bat sera immunoprecipitated and neutralized human HAV, suggesting conservation of critical antigenic determinants. Limited phylogenetic cosegregation among hepatoviruses and their hosts and recombination patterns are indicative of major hepatovirus host shifts in the past. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest a Hepatovirus origin in small insectivorous mammals and a rodent origin of human HAV. Patterns of infection in small mammals mimicked those of human HAV in hepatotropism, fecal shedding, acute nature, and extinction of the virus in a closed host population. The evolutionary conservation of hepatovirus structure and pathogenesis provide novel insight into the origins of HAV and highlight the utility of analyzing animal reservoirs for risk assessment of emerging viruses.


We use simulations from a detailed dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to study three broad policies toward illegal workers in U.S. employment: supply restriction (tighter border security), demand restriction (prosecution of employers), and legalization through a guest-worker program with a visa tax. From the point of view of the welfare of legal residents, the results strongly favor the third option. In our welfare analysis, we use a six-part decomposition. This identifies effects on the occupational mix of legal employment as a major factor. Throughout the chapter, model results are explained through arguments and diagrams that will be familiar to economists, particularly those working in trade. No familiarity with the underlying CGE model is assumed. Technical details on our labor market assumptions are given in the Appendix.


The problem of determining the scattering amplitude for a given fixed‐energy elastic differential cross section is discussed in the spinless case. We show that when the energy is above the inelastic threshold, one may construct an infinte family of unitary scattering amplitudes, by appropriate variation of the elasticity parameters. These amplitudes are analytic in the cosine of the scattering angle throughout the Lehmann ellipse, and all correspond to the same cross section. Hence, even if the cross section is known exactly, there are infinitely many sets of phase shifts. Similar results have been obtained in earlier work, under conditions (on the cross section and elasticities) which seem to be physically unrealistic. In the present paper, the outstanding unrealistic assumptions are avoided. In particular, a finite number of zeros of the dispersive part are now allowed. Each zero reduces the continuum ambiguity by one elasticity parameter, but leaves infinitely many parameters to be varied independently.


Soren Werner Henriksen, a pioneer in applying space technology to geodesy and mapping, died on 5 September 2011 at the age of 95. His expertise spanned the fields of applied mathematics, astronomy, surveying, and photogrammetry as well as geodesy and cartography. Soren was born in New York City on 5 August 1916 but grew up in Chicago. He joined the Illinois National Guard in 1938 and 3 years later transferred to the U.S. Army, where he served until August 1945. During that summer he had been severely wounded in the Philippines. The following year he entered the Illinois Institute of Technology, graduating in 1949 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. In 1950 he obtained a master's degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, also in math.


A possibility to use the formant features (FF) in the user-dependent isolated word recognition has been investigated. The word recognition was performed using a dynamic time-warping technique. Several methods of the formant feature extraction were compared and a method based on the singular prediction polynomials has been proposed for the recognition of isolated words. Recognition performance of the proposed method was compared to that of the linear prediction coding (LPC) and LPC-derived cepstral features (LPCC). In total, 111 Lithuanian words were used in the recognition experiment. The recognition performance was evaluated at various noise levels. The experiments have shown that the formant features calculated from the singular prediction polynomials are more reliable than the LPC and LPCC features at all noise levels.


Objective To explore the relatioship between the expression of nm23 H 1 and the oncogenesis,development and metastasis of lung cancer.Methods Expressional level of nm23 H 1 gene products was detected in 69 human lung cancer and its correlation with lymph node metastasis by immunohistochemistry method.Results The results showed that the expressional level of nm23 H 1 gene was not related to sex,age,stages of cancer and type of histological classification.The expressional level of nm23 H 1 gene was closely related to the degree of cell differentiation and presence of lymph node metastasis from lung cancer.The expressional level of nm23 H 1 in cancer samples was lower than that in normal tissues adjacent to cancer (P0.05).The expression level of nm23 H 1 in prmary cancer with lymph node metastasis was also significantly lower than that in those without lymph node involvement (P0.05).The same results were also found in metastased tumor or lymph node or poorly differentiated tumor compared with those in primary tumor or moderately and well differentiated tumor(P0.01 P0.05 P0.005).Conclusions These results suggest that nm23 H 1 gene is closely realated to lymph node metastasis of lung cancer.The nm23 H 1 gene may be involoved in the lymph node metastasis of lung cancer and play a role in metastasis suppressor gene of tumor.The lower expression level of nm23 H 1 gene predicts metastasis of lung cancer and poor prognosis of the patients,nm23 H 1 gene may be the index in monitoring the status and evaluating the prognosis of the lung cancer. [


South Korea has relied on Japanese and American design guides since the advent of modern road construction since it has amassed too little pavement engineering knowledge and experience to develop its own. Due to dramatic changes in traffic and environmental conditions spurred by industrialization, Japanese and American design guides have become obsolete and inappropriate for South Korean pavement design. The authors examine design and construction of pavement sections in South Korea, and related instrumentation, field testing, data collection system and data analysis, and test road operation goals in the move toward South Korean design guides. The Korea Expressway Corporation test road, Asia's first full-scale pavement testing facility of a certain size, is introduced to the reader.


Objective To evaluate the method and its effect of surgical therapy for the cyclodialysis caused by contusion.Methods Twenty five cases of the cyclodialysis due to ocular contusion were treated with the surgical reattachment of suturing ciliary body.Results Postoperatively the intraocular tension recovered to normal levels within 3 days in 12 cases,within several weeks or months in 11 cases,and after received the second surgery in 2 cases.The visual acuity was improved differently in 23 cases.There was no obviously complication intra or post operation.Conclusion Surgical reattachment of the ciliary body is the most effective method to treat the hypotony by ocluar contusion.We think it is beneficial to recover the intraocular tension and protect the visual function if operated in time.


While most healthy elderly are able to manage their everyday activities, studies showed that there are both stable and declining abilities during healthy aging. For example, there is evidence that semantic memory processes which involve controlled retrieval mechanism decrease, whereas the automatic functioning of the semantic network remains intact. In contrast, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffer from episodic and semantic memory impairments aggravating their daily functioning. In AD, severe episodic as well as semantic memory deficits are observable. While the hallmark symptom of episodic memory decline in AD is well investigated, the underlying mechanisms of semantic memory deterioration remain unclear. By disentangling the semantic memory impairments in AD, the present thesis aimed to improve early diagnosis and to find a biomarker for dementia. To this end, a study on healthy aging and a study with dementia patients were conducted investigating automatic and controlled semantic word retrieval. Besides the inclusion of AD patients, a group of participants diagnosed with semantic dementia (SD) – showing isolated semantic memory loss – was assessed.
Automatic and controlled semantic word retrieval was measured with standard neuropsychological tests and by means of event-related potentials (ERP) recorded during the performance of a semantic priming (SP) paradigm. Special focus was directed to the N400 or N400-LPC (late positive component) complex, an ERP that is sensitive to the semantic word retrieval. In both studies, data driven topographical analyses were applied. Furthermore, in the patient study, the combination of the individual baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) with the N400 topography of each participant was
employed in order to relate altered functional electrophysiology to the pathophysiology of dementia. Results of the aging study revealed that the automatic semantic word retrieval remains stable during healthy aging, the N400-LPC complex showed a comparable topography in contrast to the young participants. Both patient groups showed automatic SP to some extent, but strikingly the ERP topographies were altered compared to healthy controls. Most importantly, the N400 was identified as a putative marker for dementia. In particular, the degree of the topographical N400 similarity was
demonstrated to separate healthy elderly from demented patients. Furthermore, the marker was significantly related to baseline CBF reduction in brain areas relevant for semantic word retrieval. Summing up, the first major finding of the present thesis was that all groups showed semantic priming, but that the N400 topography differed significantly between healthy and demented elderly. The second major contribution was the identification of the N400 similarity as a putative marker for dementia. To conclude, the present thesis added evidence of preserved automatic processing during healthy aging. Moreover, a possible marker which might contribute to an improved diagnosis and lead consequently to a more effective treatment of dementia was presented and has to be further developed.


United Nations peacekeeping soldiers commit atrocities while deployed despite their mandate to protect civilians from harm. Yet, there is tremendous variation across missions in reported human rights abuses. Why are some missions more susceptible to misconduct than others? To answer this puzzle, we identify three broad sources of influence on peacekeeper behavior: institutions, society, and military culture. Using newly collected data, we find that host-country and contributing-country institutions, particularly press freedoms and rule of law, dramatically decrease violations. Compliance with international humanitarian law also decreases violations, though to a lesser degree than institutions. Societal influences, such as gender norms and income inequality, have virtually no impact on abuses. We illustrate the utility of these findings by generating out-of-sample predictions for hypothetical peacekeeping missions in countries with recent political turmoil.


Because linguistic forms vary between groups of speakers, language serves as a source of social markers, allowing people to distinguish between those who do and do not belong to the same social group. This review surveys interdisciplinary perspectives on four issues concerning social markers: (a) the role of inter- and intra-individual variation, (b) the purpose of social markers, (c) language as an especially good source of social markers and (d) social marking as a source of new dialects.


This article reports on how compressed natural gas (CNG) is being tested as a lorry fuel, sometimes alone and sometimes in conjunction with diesel. Several well-known operators in the UK have already begun to operate some lorries on CNG, after laboratory and field tests showed the cleanness of their exhaust emissions compared with those of diesels. However, fleet engineers and transport managers want to know exactly how such vehicles perform in service, with what running costs, before switching from diesel to gas. Four tables in the article show that the CNG-powered Iveco Ford Daily and Leyland Daf 45-series performed well in such field trials, with fuel costs slightly below those of comparable vehicles with diesel engines but still a little disappointing. One school of thought claims that this and some other problems associated with CNG can be solved by using a dual-fuel engine that runs on a combination of gas and diesel. One UK company, Clean Exhaust Emissions Ltd (CEEL), has been formed to market such conversions. The CEEL conversion usually involves no substantial modification to the base engine. Its kit continuously varies the mixture of gas and diesel injected into the engine, using electronic control acting on data from engine sensors. This approach required much less gas storage than for pure CNG engines.