Privacy is a key challenge for continued digitalization of health. The forthcoming European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is transforming this challenge into regulatory directives. User consent provisioning and coordinating across data services will be the keys in addressing this challenge. We suggest a privacy-driven architecture that provides tools for providing user consent as a service. This enables managing and reusing private health information between a large amount of data sources, individuals and services, even when they are not known beforehand. The proposed architecture integrates data security and semantic descriptions into a trust query framework to provide the required interoperability and co-operation support for future health services. This approach provides benefits for all stakeholders through safer data management, cost and process savings, multi-provider services, and services based on emerging new business models.


According to classical theism, impassibility is said to be systematically connected to divine attributes like timelessness, immutability, simplicity, aseity, and self-sufficiency. In some interesting way, these attributes are meant to explain why the impassible God cannot suffer. I shall argue that these attributes do not explain why the impassible God cannot suffer. In order to understand why the impassible God cannot suffer, one must examine the emotional life of the impassible God. I shall argue that the necessarily happy emotional life of the classical God explains why the impassible God cannot suffer.


The relationship between organizations and green movement has been the subject of much research. This study takes up a new movement for environmental responsibility, green IT. The study investigate...


Abstract : The article analyzes the possibilities of using waveguide devices of shf range for the construction of logic elements for high-speed digital computers. A description is given of developed 'AND,' 'OR' and 'NOT' elements built around printed microstrips for shf, with the use of amplitude modulation of shf energy by crystal modulators. The half-adder and the three-digit adder are also described. The application of printed microstrips made it possible to obtain logic elements that are simple and small as compared to waveguide type. Diode gate circuits make it possible to attain very high speed of operation, but existing microwave diodes are poorly matched structurally with printed microstrips. A deficiency of printed microstrips is that they permit satisfactory operation only to 6000 Mc. In the 10,000 Mc range it was found that the printed microstrips introduce great losses and distortion. (Author)


Intercalation behavior of poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ether such as C16EO10 into layered silicates was investigated by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16TMA) intercalated silicates as intermediates which were prepared from kanemite. The density of Si−OH/Si−O − groups of the C16TMA intercalated kanemite was varied according to the preparation temperature. Lower Si−OH/Si−O − densities of the silicate sheets induced higher degree of intercalation of C16EO10 molecules with lower amount of C16TMA cations because of the hydrophobic interaction between alkyl chains of C16EO10 molecules and the silicate surface with increased hydrophobicity. The elimination of C16TMA cations during the intercalation of C16EO10 molecules seems to be consistent with the charge density of the silicate sheets because of intralayer condensation of Si-OH groups. The intercalation of CnEOm into layered silicates is controllable by this method.


A concept of acoustic valve is reported, and also analyzed by simulation and realized through experiments. The acoustic valve is a controllable virtual barrier constructed by focused acoustic field, which can drive droplets into different branch channels, or just stops it in front of the valve.As a non-contact and low damage manipulation method, acoustic valve is suitable for microfluidic experiments in biochemical fields. Compared with other sorting methods, such as dielectric force and magnetic force, acoustic valve does not need high voltage and does not need to modify the target. Compared with other acoustic sorting methods, instead of only solid discrete phases with larger acoustic impedance difference compared with liquid continuous phase can be sorted, the acoustic valve has a more efficient performance, which can effectively and quickly manipulate liquid discrete phases.


The present study was undertaken to formulate and e valuate transdermal gel of Sildenafil citrate. Sild enafil citrate is a drug of choice used in the treatment of premature ejaculation disorder. Transdermal gel has gained m ore and more importance because the gel based formulations are b ett r percutaneously absorbed than creams and ointm ent bases. Therefore, transdermal gel of Sildenafil citrate wa s prepared using different polymers such as carbopo l 934P containing permeation enhancer PEG 400 at different proportions. The study encompasses compatibility s tudies using FTIR spectra , drug content, viscosity, spreadability, and pH dete rmination. Further the optimized formulation F2 was evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo diffusion study. Optimized formulation batch F2 su bjected to stability as well as ex vivo study. The preliminary compatibility studies condu cted revealed that there was no interaction between Sildenafil citrate and excipients. In vitro drug release study was carried out with Franz diff usion cell using cellophane membrane in pH 7.4 phosphate buffers as diffusion medium. Formulation batch F2 containing c arbopol 934P and PEG 400 permeation enhancer showed 99.20 % drug release at 180 min and 7.98 g.cm /sec spreada bility. Result showed that formulation batch F2 showed bett er drug release at 3 h. Formulation batch F2 was us ed further for stability and ex vivo study. A maximum percentage drug diffused of Silde nafil citrate from carbopol gel formulation batch F2 was found 80.94 % at 240 min t hrough goat skin in ex vivo drug diffusion study. Stability studies conducted under accelerated condition were shown satisfactory results. It was concluded that carbopol gel containing Sildenafil citrate showed good consisten cy, spreadability, homogeneity and stability. So, t ransdermal gel had wider prospect for transdermal preparations.


A prayer either consists of two, three, or four rakaʿāt. All of these prayers are recited while facing the Ka'bah in Mecca. Muslims must wash themselves before prayer, this washing is called Wudu. The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks, with the toes pointing away from Mecca), usually with one foot tucked under the body. Three types of fasting (Sawm) are recognized by the Qur'an: Ritual fasting, fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara), and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab).Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must abstain from food, drink, and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially mindful of other sins. Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty. Year of publishing: 1455.


Past decades had witnessed many attempts to improve natural ventilation in buildings to reduce the energy consumption for cooling purpose, and enhance air quality for promote public health, thus by studying the environmental characteristics as well as the passive design strategies of buildings, the atrium is one of the design elements that can be environmentally improved to enhance natural ventilation in buildings, as shown by previous studies, it has different effects on the formation of air flow inside the building, there is a research gap in the study of the characteristics of the atrium retrofit design and its importance in promoting natural ventilation inside public buildings in hot arid climate, which represented the research problem. The atrium in the Ishtar Sheraton Hotel in Baghdad was studied; with propose different design solutions to the retrofit atrium ceiling and comparing their different effects on the natural ventilation. The results showed that the change in the shape and height of the ceiling of the central space increased the speed of air flow inside the space.


Practice base is an important teaching facility for colleges.Therefore,a well-facilitated,improved and innovative practice base is very necessary and important to higher education.


The design and implementation of directinal blasting of a 100 m reinforced concrete chimney in the Hengyun Heat and Power Plant is introduced in details. The abutment destruction and explosive effectiveness in the course of blasting are analyzed, and some viewpoints of ensuring the accurate direction is put forward.


Photosynthetic characteristics and energy value of H. rhamnoides were analyzed. The results show that: (1) photosynthesis of H. rhamnoides was limited by stomatal and non-stomatal factors under drought condition;(2) If water condition was improved, stomatal conduction would been normal, and stomatal conductance could not be impacted by drought during the early stage of growth season, but it was impossible that photosynthetic capacility was recovered; (3)Energy value analysis shows that energy accumulation could not be completed until the end of growth season under drought condition, so the growth in next year was impacted, furthermore, which led to death of the plant.


Unhealthy leadership behavior also known as Toxic leader's theory. It affects employee base and create environments to be less effective due to stress, devaluation, and potential job loss. And today, this challenge has also rocked academic excellence in higher education. This paper took a giant step to investigate unhealthy leadership behavior and employee retention that affects academic excellence and suggested a coping strategy by adopting a critical realist approach. This approach is used and adopted to understand the significant relationship between unhealthy leadership behavior, employee retention, and academic excellence. The study is centered on 48 head of units of universities both public and privately owned. The findings reveal that lack of job satisfaction and organizational commitment are rampant among higher educators due to unhealthy leadership behavior of which leads to implications on job satisfaction, job retention, and organizational commitment which are key components of organizational productivities.


Some specimens of Haemonchus contortus collected from naturally infected goats had a structure similar to cephalic ala on the head which had not been described before. We cultured the eggs from abnormal and normal female adults separately, observed the developmental processes of their larvae and compared the shape variation of these larvae, especially the third stage infective larvae. The results show that there are distinguishing differences in the length of L 3 larvae and their oesophagus but no difference in width of L 3 larvae or length of the tail sheath between these abnormal and normal third stage juvenile larvae.


ABSTRACT Objectives: Intergenerational contact has been linked to a range of health outcomes, including greater engagement and lower depression. Measures of contact are limited. Informed by Allport's contact theory, the Queen's University Scale consists of items rating contact with elders. We administered the survey to a young adult sample (N = 606) to identify factors that may optimize intervention programming and enhance young persons' health as they age. Methods: We conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in the structural equation modeling framework and then confirmatory factor analysis with items pertaining to the general elder population. Results: EFAs did not yield an adequate factor structure. We tested two alternative confirmatory models based on findings from the EFA. Neither a second-order model nor a first-order model allowing double loadings and correlated errors proved adequate. Conclusion: Difficulty finding an adequate factor solution reflects challenges to measuring intergenerational contact with this scale. Items reflect relevant topics but subscale models are limited in interpretability. Knox and colleagues' analyses led them to recommend a brief, global scale, but we did not find empirical support for such a measure. Next steps include development and testing of a reliable, valid scale measuring dimensions of contact as perceived by both youth and elders.


The most characteristic Vaccaean fine ware is that of red/orange surfaces painted with geometric designs in black, maroon, beige or redddish-orange. From the end of the Second century BC to the beginnings of the First century AC, and perhaps by influences of the numantine polychrome pottery, many vessels present horizontal lines, bands and large zones painted in white. Many motifs (geometrics and figuratives) are painted on white. At the vaccaean territory only in a few number of cities there are pottery painted in white. Of all, in Cauca (Coca, Segovia) we think that this characteristic vessel was produced.


Micropropagation, including adventitious shoot growth from leaf sections, was achieved for Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae), a rare and endangered species from Western Australia. Shoot tips were initiated on filter paper supports with liquid WPM (Woody Plant Medium) and supplemented with 20 μM zeatin riboside and 2 μM GA 3 . Shoots were then incubated on WPM solidified with agar and supplemented with 5 μM kinetin and 0.5 μM BA, which produced an approximate 6-fold multiplication rate per month (...)


With the tremendous development of information technology, the volume of data in digital libraries is increasing enormously, and the magnitude is putting users at risk of information overload. Personalized search aims at solving the problem by tailoring search results for individual demands. We propose a novel approach to provide personalized search by learning users' interests from historic behaviors and re-ranking search results by a Spreading Activation SA model. In our approach, users' interests are categorized by the level of recency to form user profiles, which in turn serve as the input of the SA model. Then, SA runs on the domain ontology incorporated with a newly defined relationship borrowIntent derived from the assumption of collaborative filtering. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology through experiments on real data from a university library. The presented approach can also be applied in other contexts such as electronic commerce.


This paper explores the impacts of longwall mine subsidence on vineyards in the Broke region of the Upper Hunter Valley. The Broke region is a recognised viticultural subregion of the Upper Hunter known for its white wine varietals of Chardonnay and Semillon and for its red wine varietals of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Shiraz. Bulga Coal Management was granted the right to extend its extraction activities to seams beneath several vineyards in the Region. The first vineyards were undermined in 2005, and by the end of the mining lease, nine vineyards totalling some 119 ha of vines will eventually be undermined several times. In 2003, a long-term project was established to monitor the impacts of longwall mining on these vineyards. Data were collected at different scales and at different times of year. As such, the dataset is both multi-scaled and multi-temporal with at least 2 years of pre-mining records and 2 years post-mining records. In this paper we present the data collection strategy and proposed analysis methods. The challenges of dealing with a highly variable, multi-temporal and multiscale data set are highlighted with particular attention given to the delineation of likely impact zones resulting from subsidence.


Utilization of Augmented Reality (AR) technology as a learning medium about perfect and imperfect metamorphosis aims as a tool in the alternative learning and teaching process between teachers and students by visualizing 3D objects in realtime. This multimedia application for introducing perfect and imperfect metamorphosis is based on Augmented Reality by referring to the material in the Science books for Elementary School grade IV (Four) curriculum 2013. The methodology used in developing this application is the Luther Sutopo development method. Where this method consists of 6 (Six) stages, namely concept, design, material collecting, assembly, testing, and distribution. The results or the output of the application that the author built is an android application using Augmented Reality technology to show the shape or form of the stages of animals that experience perfect metamorphosis and imperfect metamorphosis. The conclusion of this study is that the overall response of the end user to this application is quite good. Where in some questions related to this AR application has given good answers. This is evidenced by some of the tests that the authors have conducted on applications where the testers are writers and end users.


Green Administration is an important proposition in the contemporary administration. To construct a multi-management model based on stakeholders is one of the practical ways to implement Green Administration. Therefore, it is particularly important to identify and classify the stakeholders of Green Administration. Employing Mitchell score-based approach and research methods in the literature, the stakeholders of Green Administration were identified through expert survey. There is obvious difference in characteristics of power, legitimacy, urgency and activeness with these stakeholders, and accordingly they are classified into three categories-core stakeholders, dormant stakeholders and marginal stakeholders.


This project sought to discover the feasibility of and the steps required to establish a local cardiovascular sonography society in the Northeast Tennessee region. A local cardiovascular sonography society could facilitate the growth of the associated professions and provide continuing education and networking opportunities. Forty-six cardiology related professionals responded to the survey and provided input to determine if there is a sufficient demand for the local society and what steps must be in place in order for the society to succeed. Overall, the results demonstrated that eighty-three percent of the respondents to the locally developed survey would join the cardiovascular sonography society and the survey provided input as to what requirements are needed for their participation.


The Mushan molybdenum deposit is one of the important molybdenum deposits in Henan province which belongs to Qinling-Dabieshan molybdenum deposit metallogenic belt.The Mushan molybdenum deposit is a middle(small) porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit with molybdenum as major ores associated with less copper.Based on the geological and geochemical characteristics,a discussion is made in the paper with a focus on the analysis of alteration zonings,ore-forming fluid,ore-forming geodynamics background,and the indication to ore-prospecting.


C60 (Buckminsterfullerene) can be an acceptor dopant for poly(3-hexylthiophene), inducing marked changes in optical absorption and photoluminescence due to charge transfer from polymer to C60 upon doping. Electrical conductivity also changes to some extent upon C60 doping. In contrast, C70 is not effective as a strong dopant in poly(3-hexylthiophene). That is, the absorption spectrum does not change markedly upon C70 doping and the change in electrical conductivity is also found to be much smaller than in the case of C60 doping. However, photo-luminescence is markedly quenched upon C70 doping, just as in the case of C60 doping. These results are discussed by accounting for the difference in electronic energy states of both C60 and C70 relative to that of poly(3-hexylthiophene). The important role of photoinduced charge transfer for quenching of photoluminescence is discussed and C70 is proposed to be a good sensitizer for photoconductivity of poly(3-alkylthiophene).


According to the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020- 2030, one of the key priorities in the field of regional and multilateral diplomacy is the further development of a comprehensive strategic partnership with the People's Republic of China. Currently, China is one of the leading world powers, a strategic partner of Kazakhstan and one of the few countries in the world that can provide feasible financial assistance to our country to restore the economy faced with the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. China's foreign policy strategies reflect the approach of the country's leadership to the system of international relations and global governance. China is constantly in the spotlight and arouses constant interest. It should also be noted that an important factor for the PRC determining the development of its relations with Kazakhstan is the intention to create a buffer zone between major world powers.


Objective: To understand the status of amphetamine-type stimulants(ATS) abuse and behavioral characteristics of ATS abusers by analyzing the monitoring report on drug abuse in Henan Province in 2010 and provide scientific information for strengthening special drug administration and establishing countermeasures against ATS abuse.Methods:A survey was conducted among drug abusers recruited by Henan local detoxification institutions in 2010 with the questionnaire designed by National Drug Surveillance Center and the data of ATS were analyzed.Results:Altogether,219 ATS cases were detected including 134 male(accounting for 61.2%)and 85 female(38.8%);Methamphetamine was the main drug abused,accountiong for 84.5%(185 cases),and among them,the majority was male(59.5%) aged 35 a or lower(78.5%),junior high school or lower(74.0%),no job(72.1%) and single(68.5%).Curiosity was the main reason for ATS abuse.Drugs were mainly obtained from friends or peers.Smoking was the common route of drug abuse.The main place for using methamphetamine and MaGu pill was place of residence /lease,or hotel,and for "Ecstasy" use usually took place at night club/KTV.Conclusion:In Henan,the main ATS abused is methamphetamine.Young male,unmarried,with lower education level are the main body of ATS abuse.Appropriate prevention and intervention strategy should be conducted accordingly.


Research on drug delivery systems continues to develop, including making the latest formulations on capsule shells as a medium for drug delivery. The effort that has been done was developing non-gelatine drug delivery materials made from the combination of seaweed and cactus. The main component in making gel on seaweed and cactus is the polysaccharide pectin. This study aims to make and determine the characterization of capsule shells from a combination of seaweed and cactus. Capsule shells are made from a combination of pectin extracts from seaweed and cactus with 5 different ratios of 0:4 (A), 1:3 (B), 2:2 (C), 3:1 (D), and 4:0 (E). The characterization involved weight uniformity test, disintegration time test, water swelling test, and dissolution test. Pectin from green seaweed and koboi cactus weighed 235 g and 75 g. The capsule shell weights based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition were 307.2, 311.6, 309.7, 304.6, and 308.7 mg. The capsule shell disintegration times, based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition, 2020, were 15,16, 14, 21, and 12 minutes, and the best result of the water swelling test was C capsule (2:2) of 666.7%. The results of the capsule shell dissolution test showed that the reduction of the capsule shells did not exceed 10% for 30 minutes according to the Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition. The capsule shells made from a combination of seaweed and cactus can be used as material in drug delivery systems. Non-gelatinized capsule shell which is expected to have anti-inflammatory activity.


The distribution of motoneurons innervating human muscles has not been clarified, therefore many types of myotome and dermatome are used at present. We sent out a questionnaire about current myotome and dermatomes in man to 80 orthopaedic departments of universities in Japan and investigated the distribution of motoneurons innervating the muscles of the rat. From 53 replies, we found 11 types of myotome and 9 types of dermatome. Seventeen universities had no myotome facilities. The myotomes of Daniels, Jinnaka, Mayo Clinic, and Hoppenfeld were used in 9, 9, 7, 6 universities, respectively. The other myotomes are used in less than 2 universities. Two universities had no dermatome facilities. The dermatomes of Keegan-Garrett, Nozaki-Maeda, Edinger, Foerster, ChusidMcDonald, Brain, Bolk are used in 15, 10, 6, 4, 4, 4, 3 universities, respectively. The other dermatomes are used in less than 2 universities. The motoneurons innervating muscles of the rat were distributed as follows: 81% of C5 and C6 in deltoid muscle; 92% of C5 and C6 in biceps brachii muscle; 93% of C7 and C8 in triceps brachii; 85% of C7 and C8 in extensor carpi radialis; 97% of C8 and Thl in flexor digitorum, and 91% of C8 and Thl in flexor carpi ulnaris. The distribution of motoneurons innervating muscles of the rat was found to be similar to the current myotomes except for extensor carpi radialis.


In an earlier paper, multivariate statistics were used on historic fisheries data sets to show spatial differences between fish communities in the Goulburn Catchment (Victoria, Australia). In this reply paper, some further statistical analyses are presented to provide evidence for the assertion that fish communities at each site were stable over the temporal scale of the data was valid. Indeed, evidence for the stabilisation and persistence of fish communities after a major disturbance has also been recognised in other studies. Furthermore, in making judgements about the stability and persistence of fish communities, the scale of a study is an important factor, with patterns at the catchment scale often not being the same as those at smaller spatial scales.


Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are commonly used for desulfurization by extraction for their unique solvent characteristics. In this study, 1-ethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([EimC4SO3H]NTf2) was used as catalyst and extractant for desulfurization of DBT in n-octane. The results show that dibenzothiophene (DBT) could be removed from the oil phase effectively by this process, and that the sulfur content in a model oil could be decreased from 1600 ppm to less than 20 ppm. The extraction efficiency of the IL was greatly influenced by the structure of the anions and cations. The order of extraction capability of ILs was [EimC4SO3H]NTf2 > [EimC4SO3H]HSO4 > [C4Py]NTf2 > [Bmim]NTf2 > [Bmim]PF6. Experiments on the recycling and reuse of the room-temperature IL were also performed, and we found that [EimC4SO3H]NTf2 could be recycled 5 times without significant decrease in the desulfurization activity. The extraction mechanism was also probed in detail, and we found that DBT was oxidized to its corresponding sulfone by H2O2 and NaClO, which was then extracted by the IL phase. However, different extraction mechanisms are at work with different oxidants.


Contents - 6 Acknowledgements - 9 Introduction The ethics of writing the Precolonial - 12 Ch1. A Dutch Painter in Bijapur: National sentiment and European-ness as reflected in the Relation between the Dutch and the Portuguese in the Early Century - 29 Ch2. The Queen and the Usurper: Deccanis vs. Westerners in Bijapur around 1636 - 85 Ch3. The Right and Left hand disputes in Chennapatnam in 1652-55: a Minimal group Experiment in Seventeenth-Century India - 116 Ch4. Saying one thing, doing another? Shivaji and Deccani Patriotism 1674-1680 - 164 Ch5. Anxiety in Aurangzeb's Deccan Marathas, Sidis and Keigwin s Rebellion 1683-84 - 202 Ch6. Madanna, Akkanna and the Brahmin Revolution in Golkonda 1674-86 - 235 Conclusion Human Nature in a Seventeenth-Century Environment - 267 Epilogue Aurangzeb/Shivaji and the Eighteenth Century - 276 APPENDIX I DUTCH USAGE FOR MUSLIM AND HINDU - 296 APPENDIX II AURANZEB ON STRATAGEM - 298 APPENDIX III ON THE AUTHENTICITY OF SHIVAJI'S AND SIDI MAS'UD'S LETTERS TO MALOJI GHORPADE - 299 LIST OF ABBREVIATED REFERENCES - 304 REPOSITORIES OF UNPUBLISHED SOURCES - 305 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY - 306 INDEX - 317


Logic gates, at least a first and a second organic field-effect transistor (OFET), wherein the first OFET is a p-leitenderOFET and the second OFET in logic gates can be used as a resistor, and wherein a targeted treatment of the organic semiconductor layer of the second OFET is achieved that the second OFET no gate voltage is off-currents, which are only about one order of magnitude below the on-currents, so that the second OFET can be further eliminated by applying a positive gate voltage.


Previous studies have suggested that the prognosis in patients with extremity soft‐tissue sarcomas (ESTS) with isolated lymph node (LN) metastases (stage IV) is comparable to that of patients with high‐risk ESTS without metastases (stage III). This study was performed to determine the outcomes of patients who underwent aggressive therapy, including lymphadenectomy in patients with LN metastasis from ESTS.


In this paper, we assume the doors of Linong in Old Hankou concession area as the main research object and pay close attention to the Shikumen, interior door, screen door, tower gate and foyer door from 1902 to 1937. The author analyzes the construction, materials and decorative forms of different doors and traces residential morphology and architectural decoration real expression and connotation span in function, art and cultural characteristics at the time under the influence of western culture.


The research project MitCSR focuses on the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on employee retention (commitment) and recruitment using six case studies. For the analysis three main factors relating to CSR dimensions are differentiated: CSR performance, CSR communication and the dependent variable CSR perception. The management as well as the employee perspective was evaluated by qualitative surveys using expert interviews and focus-group interviews. The CSR performance was also evaluated using criteria and indicators. Results indicate the priority of employee activities of the five fields of CSR action: employees, the environment, the market, society and corporate governance. In the field of employees, CSR performance, communication and perception are most significantly elaborated, which correlates with a high potential for retention of employees. The results were similar for all six investigated cases including small deviations.


The present invention includes a first sound absorbing material disposed to face the sound source, the sound source of the first sound absorbing material is laminated on the opposite side, the air permeability measured in JIS L1018 is 10cc


In order to improve the level of railway emergency management and ensure the safe and all-clear rail operations,this paper systematically researched the content,system and mechanism of railway emergency management.The research was based on theory and investigation.The history of the railway emergency management of China was summed up;the concept of railway emergency management and its system,architecture and operation mode were defined;the constitutions of the system and mechanism of railway emergency management were analyzed;the framework of the railway emergency plan system based on the whole life cycle was established and studied.Finally,through analysis on an example of railway emergency plan management system,the support role of information technology to railway emergency management was illustrated.


WPP(Wind Power Penetration) is an important indicator to ensure wind power system security. It is with great practical significance for knowing probability distribution of WPP. There were two types of method to calculate probability distribution of WPP in the past. One type of method which used statistic theory to calculate were fast but had to know simple function relationship between WPP and load. Another type of method which used stochastic simulation to calculate could be fit for complex relationship between WPP and load but were very slow. To solve the problem, a flexibility method is given in the paper. Firstly, a piecewise linear function is given to express the relationship of WPP and load, and then a formula of calculating probability density of WPP is derived by applying the probability theory. The given method for calculating probability distribution of WPP is not only clear, simple, but also fast in speed. It is an ideal method. A practical calculation example shows that the method of this paper is effective and significance.


This paper examines the importance of electoral rules for legislators' behavior. The German electoral system includes a mechanism which assigns whether legislators are elected under the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP), or the proportional representation (PR) electoral rule. Using this institution, we identify the effect of electoral rules on legislators' behavior and disentangle whether so-called pork barrel politics are due to political climate in a country or due to the electoral rule employed. We find significant differences in committee membership, depending whether the legislator is elected though FPTP or PR. legislators elected through FPTP system are members of committees that allows them to service their geographically based constituency. Legislators elected through PR are members of committees that service the party constituencies, which are not necessarily geographically based.


Nowadays there is a trend of increasing the cycle length of commercial operation in nuclear reactors. This demands to control a greater quantity of reactivity excess in this type of cycles. In this work, a comparative study of the use of various absorbent materials in the control rods of a BWR is presented. The behavior of the different absorbent material used is accomplished only from the neutron point of view. The capability of each different material to control the reactor is analyzed by studying the required control rod density and the complexity to design the target control rod patterns (CRP). The system GACRP was used to generate the target control rods patterns for an 18 months equilibrium cycle. This system is based on genetic algorithms computational technique. The found results show that the behavior of the dysprosium is acceptable and very similar to the boron one. In average, both require around 4.3% of control rod density, while in Hf cases 5.1% is needed. Although the greatest impact of including different absorbent material is noted in cold condition, GACRP could obtain a CRP in any of the considered cases.


Exchanger (1) type plate heat comprising several parallel metal plates (7) between which are formed alternately permeable cold chambers (9) for the cooling liquid and permeable hot chambers (8) for the hot liquid to be cooled comprising a housing (2) surrounding the plates (7), said housing (2) has supply lines (3, 5) and discharge pipes (4, 6) for liquids, comprising a first distribution passage (10) for supplying the hot liquid to the hot chambers (8), comprising a second distribution passage (13) for supplying the cooling liquid to the cold chambers (9), and comprising a first collecting passage (11 ) for discharging the hot liquid cooled, and a second collecting passage (4) for discharging the coolant, wherein the metal plates (7) and the housing (2) are designed for the passage of sulfuric acid as hot liquid and for the passage of water as liquidorefrigerante, wherein the region through which flows sulfuric acid has at least one metal cathode (16) and a reference electrode (27), wherein at least half of the metal plates (7) have a plurality of electrical contacts (23) connected with the anode (21) of a DC voltage source variable, wherein the metal cathode (16) is also connected to the DC voltage source, and wherein the DC voltage source belongs to a potentiostat (20) which is electrically connected with the reference electrode (27).


In this paper we propose a model for creating routing policies in networks with active congestion control. Though we prove the resulting model is NP-hard, we show that routing policies generated using the model outperform those currently deployed in a real world computer network. We further propose a formulation of the problem that takes into account typical demand fluctuations in designing a robust routing policy that, again, outperforms current routing policies in a computer network.


The increasing price of fossil fuels, the increasing need for the power supply reliability and security and the increasing demand for energy-efficient technologies are tending to favor the application of small power generation solutions. An excellent approach to these solutions is to install combined heat and power systems that can be configured to operate under normal conditions to supply local power needs but with grid back up. Cogeneration is also called 'total energy' or 'combined heat and power'. It is the use of a single fuel such as gas to simultaneously produce useful heat and electricity from the same source. While cogeneration matches other power generation options in terms of the investment costs, it provides an indigenous source of the electrical energy for the nation, saves on foreign exchange, is a tool for the employment and wealth creation and agent for abatement of environmental degradation. A significant potential exists for generating electricity from various products such as bagasse, a waste product of the cane milling process, agricultural, animal, municipal solid waste etc. Several studies in India and other parts of the world, point to the sugar industry as a prime candidate for supplying low cost, non-conventional power via cogeneration. The different systems have been designed for electricity generation from all types of wastes. The major power outages in North America and Europe have resulted in focus on developing energy technologies like domestic scale micro CHP (combined heat and power) to reduce the reliance of the consumers on large generators and the grid. This paper focuses on coal-based cogeneration. A case study of 24 MW coal based cogeneration plant is discussed in details. A future scope on bagasse-based cogeneration is also been discussed.


Acrylamide, a probable carcinogen, is formed via the Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and the amino acid asparagines during heating of carbohydrate-rich foods. Potatoes contain high levels of these precursors, and thus potato crisps can contain high levels of acrylamide. In this study, the effect of blanching process on the concentration of acrylamide content was studied in potato crisps. Prior to frying, potato slices (Agria variety, diameter: 37 mm, width: 1.5 mm) were blanched for 3 min in hot water at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C and deep-fat fried for 5 min at 180 °C. Unblanched potatoe slices were considered as the control. Acrylamide content was determined by GC-ECD. Average acrylamide contents for control and blanched samples at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C were 1140, 880 , 625 and 455 µg/kg (ppb) after frying respectively. Results showed that blanching process caused significant decreases in acrylamide content of fried potato. It was more efficient at 90 °C for 3 min, with an average reduction of 60%. In conclusion, blanching was an efficient way to reduce acrylamide content in potato crisps.


Many countries have introduced a range of policies that attempt to reformulate the relationships among government, schools, and parents through the application of market forces. This paper looks at the hidden curriculum of marketization and explores the extent to which the recent trend toward quasi-markets in public education systems are permeating the classroom and affecting the nature of educational transmissions. The paper looks at research from England, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States and explores the tension between the overt and "hidden" curriculum of the reforms and its significance for fostering different forms of social solidarity. The paper also connects with discussions on the globalization of education policy and/or broader changes in the nature of modern/postmodern societies, and the role of national education systems in encouraging and/or inhibiting such developments. (Contains 54 references.) (LMI) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Teaching New Subjects? The Hidden Curriculum of Marketized Education Systems Sally Power School of Education University of Bristol, UK


With China's entry into the WTO and higher education popularization,independent local medical schools gain some room for development,but also face with international and domestic competitions and development dilemma,which restrains their development.This article describes the basic situation of independent local medical schools in China,and then analyzes the development predicament of these schools within the open,multi-variant and competitive pattern of higher education.


The current scenario in the food and agriculture sector marks the sudden increase in concerns towards conservation of genetic biodiversity in rice production. Chhattisgarh state in India is home to a large number of indigenous rice varieties, which may serve a valuable genetic resource for future crop improvement to meet the ever increasing demand for food production. The preliminary characterization of five accessions of clustered spikelet rice germplasm was carried out at IGKV, Raipur during kharif 2012 to 2013. The data on qualitative and quantitative descriptors were recorded using standard evaluation system for rice (IRRI, 2002) descriptor for 18 traits. The accessions studied exhibited good variability in both qualitative and quantitative traits. Ama Ruthi showed maximum variation for all the traits viz., basal leaf sheath colour, collar colour, culm interned colour, apiculus colour and high fertility percentage observed in accession Chhind Guchhi (97.24%) followed by Ama Jhopa (97.11%), Nariyal Phool (96.63%), Koudi Dhul (95.51%) and Ama Ruthi (92.18%). So, this study will be useful for breeder and researcher to identify valuable germplasm and their conservation as well as utilization in rice improvement programme.


The main motive of a consumption is to obtain a utility/satisfaction. However, in Islam there are many rules of consumption that can be restrict for consumer's freedom. The purpose of this article is to find out how Islam manages consumer and how a Muslim obtains maximum utility in his consumption. The method of this research is literature study by reviewing books, scientific journals, and articles from relevant official websites. The results of the research shows that Muslim consumer still gets maximum utility even though there are many rules that regulate him. Even, his maximum utility is not influenced by his financial capabilities.


The Advances to IP Multimedia Subsystem (A-IMS) architecture, built on the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)'s Multimedia Domain (MMD), supports both IMS/MMD and non-Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) services. In terms of network operation, A-IMS as extensions to IMS/MMD enhances the IMS/MMD network security with the addition of Security Operation Center (SOC), posture agent, etc. Some parts of the A-IMS framework are still under development such as terminal support for the posture agent, security information exchange, and security policy definition.


Critics have naturally been attracted to the male-female relationships in D. H. Lawrence s corpus. This article aims to contribute to the discussion...


The current research on photocatalysis is totally focused on the designing and innovation of various low cost materials. For an efficient photocatalyst, there are some aspects which are to be assessed before practical use, such as optical activity, thermal and chemical stability, easy and availability of raw material, biocompatibility, etc. Fortunately, g-C3N4 offers most of these qualities to behave as a star photocatalyst. g-C3N4 could be easily prepared from low cost precursor materials such as urea, melamine, cyanimide and dicyandiamide by simple thermal treatment. Furthermore, larger surface area and two-dimensional planar conjugation structure of g-C3N4 can provide a large platform for anchoring various substrates. Various researchers have utilized g-C3N4 for varieties of applications such as green energy production, energy storage devices, biomedical application, wastewater treatment via photocatalysis and adsorption, photo sensors, etc. Although there are some disadvantages associated with use of g-C3N4 when utilized for various applications. To overcome such hitches various structural modifications have been applied to g-C3N4. The current chapter summarizes a wide mode of applications of g-C3N4 along with various structural modifications which were recently applied to improve the photocatalytic efficacy.


A high-resolution low-power CMOS sensor for Human Body temperature monitoring is proposed in this paper. Traditional temperature sensor architectures based on bandga p references and ADCs for digital output generation are avoided so as to achieve high resolution and short conversion time specifications under low power consumption. The proposed architecture is based on a temperature dependent pulse-width generator and a cyclic time-to-digital converter for digital output. This architecture is further improved in the present work in relation to the bibliography and leads to a thermal resolution 8 times better (0, 02 °C) with similar conversion time (22 μs) and power consumption (10 μW).


In this paper we demonstrate a temperature compensation technique for the previously developed hybrid voltage sensor that employs a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) bonded to a piezoelectric stack element. The FBG is used to measure voltage-induced strain within the piezoelectric transducer, and its wavelength readings can be calibrated to recover the instantaneous voltage value. Since only the ac voltage measurement is required in the given application, the local temperature is recovered by way of discriminating between the semi-static temperature signal and the dynamic voltage signal in frequency domain using low-pass filtering. Knowing the thermal behavior of the voltage sensor, voltage readings are readily corrected using the local temperature information. The transducer was thermally cycled between 20 and 100degC, and the proposed method provided compensation of temperature induced errors from 2%/100degC down to the experimental error below 0.5% (full scale output)


This article makes an analysis of the characteristics of colleges for professional training which are different from those of comprehensive universities,and points out that the libraries of colleges for professional training should not seek free online academic resources "fewer and better",not "all-inclusive".Aiming at the practical needs of different schools,the libraries should select resources through elimination,closely combine both the construction of the disciplines and the library's resources,to compensate for the insufficiency of the weak disciplines,guarantee the key disciplines so as to achieve the inter-complement between paid online resources and free online resources.The author's opinions are expounded by combining the concrete practice of the library of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.


Abstract In the urban forest of Stuttgart the forest roads are used by a growing number of people for recreational and leisure activities. To manage and channel the different user groups within an optimised forest road network needs a lot of information: Number and composition of visitors, demands of different user groups concerning standard of roads and trails they use for their activities, conflicts that may rise between different users using the same road at the same time, dedication of roads to special activities (e.g. fitness trail, hiking trail). A relatively new method of video monitoring was used to collect long-term information about number and composition of visitors, personal interviews with "experts" were made to obtain information about the specific demands of the different user groups, and analysis of road network was done with the help of GIS. The results show that these tools complement one another quite well and the combination of obtained data may help to channel visitor flows and to minimise conflicts between different user groups.


Due to the increasing importance of the power quality indexes follow the deregulation of the electrical markets, the service continuity is one of the most important concerns to the utility company. A fault often resulting in power interruption is more prominent in the distribution systems, because feeders are prone to faults caused by a variety of situations such as bad weather conditions, equipment failure, vegetation growing, traffic accidents, etc. When a fault occurs on a distribution line it is essential for the utility to identify the fault location as soon as possible for the reason of maintain the service quality. This includes restoring power to the rest of the system by isolating the faulted section and sending repair crews to the fault site to for repair work. In order to accomplish these tasks in fairly quick time an efficient fault location technique should be in place. Several fault location techniques are proposed in the literature. Knowledge based techniques which are successfully used in transmission systems, often rely on external information such as SCADA alarms, substation and feeder switch status, feeder measurements, load voltage sensors, weather conditions, etc. Hence these techniques are not feasible in distribution systems because the measurements are not usually available at the substation and information about the operation of feeder protective devices is not normally known. Therefore most of the proposed techniques rely on the measurements of fundamental components of currents and voltages available at the substation. Using this information the distance to the fault is calculated. These techniques are so called "Model based techniques" or "Algorithmic techniques". Most of these techniques do almost the same network modeling but differ in how to rank the multiple calculated fault locations. While some methods rely on experienced operators for frequently faulted sections in the network, some methods rely on more technical approaches such as software based fault indicators or methods of fault scenario matching followed by the estimations of load rejections due to fault. This paper presents a review of the most recent methods which use fundamental measurements of voltage and current taken in one terminal of the line, and applied to fault location on power distribution systems. The paper shows the fundamental mathematical background, emphasizing on the ma in advantages and disadvantages of each method. This review is the initial stage to propose hybrid fault location approaches, as a part of a project developed by both, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira and the Universidad Industrial de Santander.


Chip-based micro fluidic separation systems often use serpentine channels to attain long separation lengths in a compact area. Such designs suffer from the dispersion, mostly 'racetrack' effect, due to the bends in the micro channels. The main goal of this paper is obtaining a model which has minimal racetrack in a serpentine geometry. A numerical analysis leads us to an optimized model which is different from previous attempts in this field. Our model uses modified turn radii, optimal length between bends with a constant zeta-potential boundary condition and a constant width through micro channel turns. It is shown that traveling fluid in this geometry has minimal dispersion as well as longer separation length.


This study compared flow-through immunocapture (FTI), using the Pathatrix, followed by plating on MacConkey (MAC) agar (FTI-MAC) or analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (FTI-PCR) to the Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Shigella culture method for the detection of Shigella sonnei on tomatoes, in potato salad and in ground beef. For tomatoes, FTI-MAC and FTI-PCR achieved significantly improved detection (P   0.05) among the three methods. For ground beef, FTI-MAC was not significantly different (P > 0.05) than the BAM for the detection of S. sonnei; however, FTI-PCR was superior (P < 0.05). No tomato and only one potato salad sample resulted in the isolation of background microflora by FTI-MAC. In contrast, the analysis of ground beef by FTI-MAC resulted in consistent isolation of background microflora with or without co-isolation of S. sonnei.


A novel technique for the reduction of the truncation error in near-field (NF) antenna measurements is presented. The proposed methodology is based on the generation of an over-compete dictionary to accurately model the radiation of the antenna under test (AUT) and robustly extrapolate the NF pattern outside the measurement region. An illustrative numerical result is shown to assess the performance of the presented technique when dealing with a cylindrical NF set-up.


This master thesis investigates the specific determinants of technological innovation adoption on the example of data analytics by having three angles, namely the supplier, adopter and non-adopter perspective. By comparing two complementary innovation adoption frameworks with the empirical outcomes of technological innovation adoption, this thesis develops a new framework based on the findings. As there is little academic literature surrounding the topic of data analytics adoption in organizations, an inductive qualitative and exploratory design is conducted. The procedure of content analysis comprised two rounds of coding. In the discussion, five propositions are derived; To increase the likelihood of a technological innovation adoption, an internal, operational need of an organization; high levels of problem-solving thinking; short-term success stories; an independent digital unit as well as marketing activities of suppliers are required. Further quantitative research needs to be conducted to test the propositions as well as build potential theories.


This article explores the use of data rather than anecdotal evidence when considering mandatory tutoring in writing centers, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data in determining the effectiveness of mandated sessions. A semester-long study was conducted in English 1010 and English 1010D (Introduction to Writing) classes. Administrators asked students in eight classes to visit the writing center at least one time while working on their class essays. Administrators also tracked four control courses, taught by the same instructors, where attendance was not mandated. Results showed that students attending the writing center earned higher essay and course grades. Their perception of the writing center also improved. In contrast, none of the students in the four non-mandated courses attended the writing center during the semester.


Abstract: The project's aim was to locate the wooden areas suitable for beekeeping activities. This has been possible thanks to the use of a multi-parametric model. This permits to define, for each of 85 forestal types of Trentino, the suitability for the production of nectar, bee bread and honeydew. According to the results, forestal types have been divided into 4 productivity classes. Datas have been reprocessed with GIS methodology so that high and medium productivity areas have been mapped. Following, new parameters have been introduced (distance from roads, slope, exposure) in order to highlight in the map the economically most important areas for beekeeping activities. In the next stage the apiaries' position in the examined areas have been registered with the GPS. These registrations have been used in order to compare the theoretical results with the actual beekeeping activities' distribution. The experimental stage showed that this methodology represents an useful tool to support beekeeping and, more in general, forest planning.


The township enterprices,living garbage and agricultural production were the main sources of the environmental pollution in of Pucheng County.In order to solve the problem,it was suggested that the control of agricultural environment should be strengthened,the distribution of township enterprises should be programmed reasonably,and the ecology and economy could be in benignn cycle in this way.


As an advanced form of visibility culling, occlusion culling detects hidden objects and prevents them from being rendered. An occlusion-culling algorithm that can effectively accelerate interactive graphics must simultaneously satisfy the following criteria: (1) Generality. It should be applicable to arbitrary models, not limited to architectural models or models with many large, polygonal occluders. (2) Significant Speed-up. It should not only be able to cull away large portions of a model, but do so fast enough to accelerate rendering. (3) Portability and Ease of Implementation. It should contain as few assumptions as possible on special hardware support. It must also be robust (i.e. insensitive to floating-point errors).
Based on proper problem decomposition and efficient representations of cumulative occlusion, this dissertation presents algorithms that satisfy all three of the criteria listed above. Occlusion culling is decomposed into two sub-problems—in order for an object to be occluded by the occluders, its screen-space projection must be inside the cumulative projection of the occluders, and it must not occlude any visible parts of the occluders. These two necessary conditions are verified by the overlap tests and the depth tests, respectively. The cumulative projection and the depth of the occluders are represented separately to support these tests.
Hierarchical occlusion maps represent the cumulative projection to multiple resolutions. The overlap tests are performed hierarchically through the pyramid. The multi-resolution representation supports such unique features as aggressive approximate culling (i.e. culling away barely-visible objects), and leads to the concept of levels of visibility.
Two depth representations, the depth estimation buffer and the no-background Z-buffer, have been developed to store the depth information for the occluders. The former conservatively estimates the far boundary of the occluders; the latter is derived from a conventional Z-buffer and captures the near boundary.
A framework for a two-pass variation of our algorithms is presented. Based on the framework, a system has been implemented on current graphics workstations. Testing of the system on a variety of models (from 300,000 to 15 Million polygons) has demonstrated the effectiveness of our algorithms for the interactive display of arbitrary models.


There are two types of P一'i0n in the pr3 doped oxyfluoride glass containing hF3 nanocrystal:the lowest 4f5d state of pr3 in LaFs nanocrystal is located energetically higher than the So state,while in glass the lowest 4f5d state is lower than the S0 state.We deduce the positions of the lowest 4f5d band of these two types of Pr̈ ion by vacuum ultravi. olet(VUV)and ultraviolet(UV)excitation spectra.When the sample is excited by 1 8 1 nm,the narrow band emission of 4fz— 4f2 0f Prj ion in the nanocrystal and the broad band emission of 4f5d— 4f2 in the glass appear at the same time. However,the second step of the photon cascade emision(PCE)of pr3 in the LaF nanoerystal,coresponding to the emission of Po— H4,caD_be observed at 20 K,but not at room temperature.rI1he reason accounting for this phenomenon was discuJssed in detai】.


Recurrent angioedema, in particular bradykinin-mediated types, constitutes a genuine diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The 2 forms of recurrent angioedema are hereditary angioedema (HAE) and acquired angioedema (AAE). The more common of the two is AAE, which is associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Acquired deficiency of C1-INH is another, albeit rarer cause of AAE (C1-INH-AAE). Various mechanisms in acquired C1-INH deficiency have been described and are linked mainly to underlying diseases, such as lymphoproliferative disorder and autoimmune disease [1]. In certain patients, both mechanisms (eg, increased consumption of C1-INH in the background of lymphoproliferative disease and the presence of anti– C1-INH autoantibodies) simultaneously participate in the pathophysiology of C1-INH-AAE and the development of clinical symptoms [2]. We present the case of a 67-year-old man with an acquired form of angioedema due to C1-INH deficiency characterized by an unusually high titer of specific autoantibodies against C1-INH. The patient was referred to our center with recurrent nonpruritic angioedema of the face, lips, and tongue and submucosal edema in the larynx associated with dyspnea, which required intubation. No family history for recurrent angioedema or allergies was evident. The patient had been treated in the past for arterial hypertension with ACEi (5 mg of ramipril per day). Discrete symptoms of angioedema were present before the treatment with ACEi, which increased the frequency and, slightly, the severity of angioedema. Owing to recurrent angioedema and cough, the ACEi was switched to amlodipine. However, the angioedema persisted, and its intensity and frequency gradually increased even after cessation of ACEi treatment. Angioedema was treated with antihistamines (single and 4-fold increase in dose) and systemic corticosteroids, with no clinical impact. Given that the patient had second-degree atrioventricular blockage and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, he underwent cardiac pacemaker implantation. After this intervention, he experienced his first severe attack of laryngeal angioedema requiring intubation and was referred to our center. The initial laboratory examination revealed a significantly decreased concentration and function of C1-INH and decreased concentration of C4 and C1q complement components. The diagnosis of AAE with C1-INH deficiency was established through 2 separate measurements in 3 months (Table). Hematological examination excluded any hematologic-oncologic diseases. Indirect fluorescence revealed a strong presence of antinuclear antibodies (coarse speckled pattern), and ELISA revealed anti-dsDNA (62 U/mL, normal range <20 U/mL). The patient did not show any signs of clinical rheumatic diseases. An examination for autoantibodies against C1-INH was conducted in the Complement Laboratory at Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. A high anti–C1-INH IgG titer (35 U/mL; normal range, 0-2 U/mL) was detected, and a diagnosis of C1-INH-AAE type 2 was established (Table). Given the patient's history of venous thrombosis (contraindication for antifibrinolytics), successful prophylaxis was initiated with attenuated androgens (200 mg of danazol once daily). The breakthrough angioedema attacks were treated with recombinant human C1-INH (rhC1-INH). To date, 6 attacks of facial angioedema and 4 attacks of laryngeal angioedema have been treated with 2100 U (body weight 92 kg), resulting in a significant improvement 0.5-2 hours after treatment and complete resolution of angioedema symptoms in 12-24 hours. AAE with C1-INH deficiency shares the same clinical presentation as other types of bradykinin-mediated angioedema, although its etiology is completely different. Moreover, the clinical symptoms of C1-INH-AAE could precede the diagnosis of the underlying disease. While detection of autoantibodies against C1-INH is useful, only a few laboratories can provide this examination, since commercial kits are not available [3].


65 of 30-day-old healthy chickens were selected to study pharmacokinetics and residues of Sparfloxacin by HPLC. The results obtained showed that the blood concentration-time curves after oral administration were best described by a two compartment open model. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: t1/2α0.958 5 h, t1/2β11.745 h, tmax0.651 4 h, Cmax0.527 1 μg/ml, AUC1.790 8 mg/L/h. The kidney and heart concentration-time curves fitted the biexponential equation with first order absorption. Their main pharmacokinetics parameters were t1/2Ka0.373 3 h, 0.153 0h; t1/2K1.300 7 h, 2.101 3 h; tmax1.042 0h, 0.623 9 h; Cmax2.110 4 μg/ml, 1.672 1 μg/ml; AUC6.576 4 mg/L/h, 6.228 6 mg/L/h. And the liver, lung and muscle concentration-time data were best described by a triexponential equation with the first order absorption. The main pharamacokinetics parameters were as follows: t1/2α0.367 2 h, 0.615 6 h, 1.583 5 h; t1/2β3.999 8 h, 15.027 1 h, 2.010 3 h; tmax0.745 8 h, 0.732 2 h, 1.372 6 h; Cmax4.470 9 μg/ml, 2.526 7 μg/ml, 0.976 0 μg/ml, AUC20.893 mg/L/h, 27.242 mg/L/h, 9.794 3 mg/L/h, respectively. The withdrawal time of Sparfloxacin in chickens were suggested as 7 days.


This research seeks the development of a supply chain network design, aiming to determine the optimal location of a dairy distribution center and its ideal inventory capacity, considering the location of a company's facilities as a key factor for financial success, since costs such as inventory and transportation are influenced by network projects. Variables such as logistical costs, taxes, inventories, etc., are considered during the execution of the network design. This study contributes to the area of network design in the supply chain, having a quantitative and exploratory nature. A single case study was carried out in the dairy company, analyzing documents and financial information to decide on the most advantageous place for the distribution center. The Supply Chain Guru software for network optimization, developed by Llamasoft, was used to support this project. This tool has been previously studied and analyzed for this use, since it can bring relevant and complex outcomes. The result was that the optimal location for the new distribution center would be at one of the company's existing plants, which would bring an economy close to R$ 100,000 in one year of operation.


Abstract : This document provides a general comparison of the state of the art of Soviet helicopter design vs. that of the West (U.S. in particular). It includes both commalities and differences in conceptual design philosophies by addressing design parameters and design effectiveness according to accepted criteria. The baseline for comparison is by design gross weight which is presented in four categories: under 12,000 lb, 30-100,000 lb, greater than 100, 000 lb.


Early media literacy education is characterized by grass-roots and spontaneous.In the 1950s and 1960s of last century,its main features is use the critically improve the practicality;in the 1970s and 1980s,it is not only to expand students' knowledge base and the means of use the knowledge flexibly,but also to cultivate and improve the processes of student skills;1990s,it not only makes the developed countries become relatively standardized,and spread to many developing countries,and its ideas also from the understanding of media,capacity-building,and empower the people to the transformation of civil society,healthy society and inclusive society.The purpose of its development by improving the way people use media and effective use of the ability of the media to enhance people's learning ability,viability and development capacity,bridging the digital divide,so that the sound development of society,to achieve the ideal of building an inclusive society.However,for various reasons,this ideal is not achieved.Media literacy education has the dynamic characteristics,learners become aware of them is also changing and in-depth.But never like the other disciplines,in the ontology,knowledge framework,teaching content,teaching methods,etc.,to form more consistent with the idea.


ABSTRACT.
 Peromyscus eva and Peromyscus fraterculus are 2 morphologically similar species of the Peromyscus eremicus group occurring on the Baja California Peninsula. Due to the similarity between these 2 species, their ranges have been greatly confused; consequently, the specific habitat characteristics for each group are not well known. The goal of this study was to assess distribution ranges and characteristics of preferred habitats for P. eva and P. fraterculus in more detail. We identified taxonomy of individuals by evaluating genetic patterns produced by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We evaluated the banding pattern generated by Alu I and Bam HI restriction enzymes in an 850-bp cytochrome b fragment. Consistent differences in number and size of fragments allowed for discrimination of individuals to species. The heterogeneity and evenness indexes showed that the microhabitat of P. fraterculus contained less-diverse soil types and is more homogeneous than the microhabitat of P. eva. In the state of Baja California Sur, P. eva occurs exclusively in the flat areas along the Pacific coast from the Vizcaino Desert to the south, including Margarita Island, with one small population in the Loreto area adjacent to Carmen Island. The habitats occupied by P. eva were heterogeneous (areas with friable, soft sandy soil and a low percentage of small stones). Peromyscus fraterculus occurs mostly in Baja California Norte, with some populations distributed in Baja California Sur, particularly in the western areas of the Vizcaino Desert along the mountain range, in the gulf side of the peninsula south of the city of La Paz, and in a small area on the eastern side of Sierra de Las Cruces. This species was mostly found on hard soil with high medium-size stone content.


Ninety‐five adult out‐patients with tinea corporis and/or tinea cruris participated in a multicentre open non‐comparative study investigating the safety and efficacy of 1–4 once‐weekly doses of oral fluconazole 150 mg. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated most frequently (67 of 86 mycologically evaluable patients), A mean of 2.6 doses of fluconazole was administered; patients infected with Candida albicans or Epidermophyton floccosum required an average of 2 doses compared to 3–4 doses in patients infected with other organisms. Clinical cure was obtained in 85 of 92 (92%) patients at the last post‐treatment evaluation, with the remaining seven patients being substantially improved. At long‐term follow‐up, 28–30 days after the last dose, 80 of 91 (88%) patients were assessed as clinically cured, three (3%) patients were improved and eight (9%) patients failed. Among the long‐term clinical failures, there was one diagnosis of tinea corporis (3% failure rate) and seven diagnoses of tinea cruris (12% failure rate). Mycological evidence of infection occurred in only 1 of 86 patients assessed at the last post‐treatment follow‐up. Mycological relapse occurred in nine (11%) patients at long‐term follow‐up; one patient was infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and eight patients were infected with T. rubrum. Relapse occurred in 2 of 29 (7%) patients with tinea corporis and eight of 57 (14%) patients with tinea cruris (one patient who relapsed had both tinea corporis and cruris). There was no correlation between the number of doses received and the mycological response or relapse rates at long‐term follow‐up. Fluconazole was well tolerated; only 5 of 95 fluconazole‐treated patients reported adverse effects, one of which resulted in discontinuation of therapy (moderate urticaria). The good tolerability relative to some other oral antifungals and the convenience of the once‐weekly oral‐administration schedule relative to existing topical and oral therapies, make once‐weekly oral fluconazole a valuable alternative to the treatment of tinea corporis/cruris.


As a most important motive to keep self-esteem,self-enhancement,along with the motive of self-verification,plays an important role in individual's pursuit to self-cognition.Self-enhancement has the functions of cognitive filtering,self-esteem supporting,health enhancing,communication model predicting and cultural difference proofing and etc.Self-enhancement can be fulfilled by social comparison,self-handicapping,self-serving attribution and so on.This article gives a survey on definition,functions of self-enhancement,ways of fulfilling self-enhancement and trans-cultural research to self-enhancement.It puts an end with some issues concerning this subject matter and future research prospect.


In pour areas, forward the coast zone, an alternative of relevant importance is shrimp farming of Litopenaeus vannamei. This study is focused on determining the potential of four different sources of groundwater of low salinity located in different regions (T1), 25.43° N, 108.44° W; ((T2), 25.48° N, 108.37° W; (T3), 25.60° N, 108.40° W y (T4) 25.64° N, 108.51° W) of Guasave, Sinaloa, to culture the white shrimp. A pilot crop cycle was completed, with each of the four sources of water for 12 weeks, and a testing crop with seawater. Three replicates for each treatment with 200 shimp/m2 each. The results showed that the ionic composition of the different sources of water were high in bicarbonate (268 to 314.0 mg/L) and low potassium (0.58 to 4.74 mg/L). An average weight did not present statistically significant differences between treatments managed with the four sources of groundwater, but between these treatments and the seawater assay, this last treatment has a higher final mean weight (8.75 g). Source T3 has the lowest growth (6.78 g). Differences in the concentration of some ions of the different sources of water do not alter shrimp survival and final. Although shrimp culture in seawater had better values. This results show that it is possible to culture shrimp into groundwater of low salinity, as alternatives to increase employment level and income for the people of these areas.


This correspondence proposes a novel design strategy for linear multiuser detection in CDMA systems to satisfy a deterministic worst-case error performance measure. Formulations with and without the use of training signals are considered, and a near-far resistant solution for each is presented. Further, computationally efficient adaptive algorithms are derived in this framework that allow for sharing of detectors among different users.


This paper presents a new practical image coding system, visual pattern block truncation coding (VPBTC). The first idea of this new algorithm is the application of block truncation coding (BTC), which encodes an original image and obtains a bitmap. This bitmap is applied to computing the block gradient orientation and matching the block pattern. Another refinement is that the classification of blocks are based on properties of human visual perception. Blocks are classified into two types: uniform blocks and edge blocks. Not only can VPBTC remove the drawbacks of BTC (e.g. higher bit rate) but also can it repair the defects of VPIC (e.g. mismatching pattern). Four benchmarks prove that the MSE of this algorithm is less than that of VPIC by 37%. Its bitrate, furthermore, is about 60% of BTC's. The advantages of this coding method are fine edge preservation, low computational complexity, and easy implementation.


The explosion of social networking sites (SNSs) in the last decade has shown a great deal of variety in the services and features offered by various platforms. The increasing popularity of SNSs has also revealed the dynamic nature of this phenomenon, both in terms of how particular platforms have evolved over time and how new SNSs have emerged to meet specific demands. Although Facebook largely dominates both the international SNS market and related social and behavioral research, platforms continue to arise on both the national and global levels, and these new platforms remain relatively untapped contexts for understanding youths' SNS activity.1 Physicians, educators, and researchers can easily become overwhelmed by the fast pace at which new SNSs appear and disappear and by the ways in which this rapid evolution complicates intervention efforts. As a result, it might be tempting to generalize research findings and concerns based on particular platforms to the broader context of all SNSs or to focus on 1 or 2 popular platforms at the expense of others. However, doing so ignores important distinctions between different sites that might contribute to youths' SNS behaviors. Knowledge of the factors influencing SNS popularity, as well as the policy, structural, and feature differences that characterize particular SNSs, can assist in anticipating new online trends and their implications for youths' well-being. It is important to recognize that most adolescents and young adults now use multiple SNSs, and a better understanding of how their motives for use vary between platforms can aid educators in mitigating potential harms and promoting the social benefits of these online environments.


Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most severe disabilities in childhood and makes heavy demands on health, educational, and social services as well as on families and children themselves. The most frequently cited definition of CP is a disorder of posture and movement due to a defect or lesion in the immature brain, Bax (1964). The prevalence of CP is internationally 1.5-2.8 cases per 1000 births. Only in the United States 500,000 infants are affected by CP, Winter et al. (2002). In Europe these figures are even higher, Johnson (2002).


The main purpose of the paper is to study the possibilities of forensic examination to consider the case in commercial (arbitrazh) court proceedings. The author uses general scientific and special legal methods to achieve this goal. In the course of the study, it was found that the implementation of the goals and objectives of the commercial (arbitrazh) court is implemented by various means. Their use is based on the close interaction of the general principles of constitutional and legal policy in the field of the right to judicial protection and the principles of commercial (arbitrazh) court procedure law. Forensic examination is used to obtain the necessary information, missing data, evaluate various facts from the standpoint of special knowledge. Within the framework of commercial (arbitrazh) court proceedings, various subjects carrying out expert activities, including representatives of state bodies, non-state expert organizations, and independent experts, may be involved. The possibilities of forensic examination are quite extensive, they contribute to obtaining evidence in the case under consideration, allow to establish the truth in the case and justly resolve it. Based on the analysis of special literature and law enforcement practice, certain problems are identified and ways to solve them are proposed. In particular, attention is given to the following areas: the need to improve the capabilities of forensic examination, the need for the emergence of legal foundations for assessing the reliability of an expert opinion; expanding the possibilities of expert activities — improving the legal support for the application of modern innovative solutions and technologies.


Isaiah D. Clawson was a physician and politician from Salem County in the antebellum era. He first affiliated with the Whig Party. When that party disintegrated in the mid-1850s, Clawson sought the support of the American (Know-Nothing) Party before affiliating with the more enduring Republican Party. Clawson's political maneuvers when he ran for, and was elected to, the U.S. House of Representatives in 1854 and 1856 revealed the political options open to Whigs as their party faded from the political scene. In the context of New Jersey politics, where the American Party endured longer than elsewhere, political figures such as Clawson had to gain and hold on to support from both Americans and Republicans to unify the opposition to the Democrats. Although Clawson's political positions were more in line with Republican thinking on slavery and internal improvements, political realities of the time compelled him to rely on a united opposition to win and retain his seat in the House of Representatives.


The effect of subcritical treating temperature and time on microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of a high chromium white cast iron which has a great amount of the retained austenite is studied.The results show that,the retained austenite can transform into martensite in cooling to room temperature after heat treated at 500~600℃ leading the increase of hardness of the high chromium white cast iron. After subcritical treating at suitable temperature and time, the high chromium white cast iron can get the most high hardness.Wear test results show that the subcritical treatment can increase wear resistance of the high chromium white cast iron.


This study was undertaken to implement the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the intraneural structure in the upper limb peripheral nerves. Three fresh cadaver peripheral nerves (one median, one ulnar and one radial nerve) were located with human hair, embedded in OCT, sectioned consecutively every 100 mum at a 20 mum thickness. Then all slices were stained with the acetylcholinesterase histochemical (AChe) method. 2D information of these slices were obtained through high resolution scanner. A special software (3D nerve visualization system) was used for 3D reconstruction of these nerves. Finally, 3D microstructure inside these nerves were reproduced in the computer. 3D nerve visualization system can show exactly the 3D microstructure inside these nerves and the rules of the regrouping and redistribution of the fasciculus. In addition, the reconstructed nerves could rotate at any angle along any axis, which might help us to observe the shape, position and relationships of fasciculus from different positions. It might do a great help to provide a anatomic basis for the approach in treating peripheral nerve injuries.


THE CMEA TRADE SYSTEM can be described as an authoritarian regime in which flows of goods and price setting were controlled by the member states through direct negotiations, with a preference for long-term contracts. This regime has correctly been criticised for its many inefficiencies, which have translated into substantial welfare losses. The system has also been attacked on political grounds for giving its largest member-the Soviet Union-almost unharnessed economic leverage to influence the smaller East European members. It is thus not surprising that with the Soviet decision in 1989 to abandon Eastern Europe and to endorse transition to a market-type economy, the CMEA regime was soon allowed by all its members to dissolve, which it did in 1991. The collapse of the East European-Soviet trade system has greatly animated the theoretical debate on the nature and impact of such a regime. The purpose of this note* is to examine one set of issues, i.e. the relative effectiveness or 'fairness' (compared with the market regime) of the CMEA pricing mechanism. It also touches on pricing in the former Soviet Union, where a quite similar authoritarian regime in inter-republican trade is being abandoned as well. This aspect of the CMEA has been chosen in great part because the perception by the CMEA members (or by individual republics in the context of the Soviet internal trade regime) that they were subsidising others through distorted prices has been one of the major motives behind recent desertions from regional trade. Accordingly, numerous claims and estimates on such transfers have appeared in print.


The purpose of this study is to find management strategies to practice internal control in achieving company goals. This study uses to understand the practice of internal control of TT Supermarket in daily activities. Supermarket TT is a local retail company that has been established since 1979. The success of the TT Supermarket to survive the competition of multinational corporations in the retail business is an attraction to uncover meaning in the practice of internal control. Research analysis is data reduction, data presentation, indexical, reflexivity, and conclusions. Through this research it is understood that the practice of internal control in Supermarket TT has been done holistically both vertically and horizontally. Vertically, the practice of internal control is based on building the spirituality of all levels of management. Horizontally, the practice of internal control is based on an organizational culture built on the leadership philosophy of making all individuals within the company as family. Keywords—internal control; culture; religion; ethnometodology; small medium entreprises


Allogenic bone marrow transplantation can be lifesaving in patients with hematopoietic disease, severe congenital immunodeficiency, or malignancy. The options for parents with a diseased child needing bone marrow transplantation are limited. The likelihood of finding a compatible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match among unrelated donors is very low. Parents in this situation may conceive 1 or more children through natural reproduction or in vitro fertilization (IVF) with the hope that one of these children would be an HLA match for their diseased sibling. However, the probability of HLA matching among siblings is only 25%, also relatively low. To improve the likelihood of success, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can be used for such families to conceive a pregnancy with healthy embryos of an HLA-matched sibling who could serve as the donor of bone marrow for the affected sibling. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows selection of an embryo for implantation that does not have a serious inherited disease and is an HLA match for the diseased child. Defective embryos or those not matching are discarded. This procedure should be considered only when no unrelated HLA-matching donor is available or when transplantation from an HLA-matching sibling is not an option. This approach is controversial. The ethical issues associated with use of PGD for HLA matching have been and will be intensely debated. The primary justification for the procedure is that it may save the life of a child. In this issue, a report by Degn et al (Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:876Y878) describes the first Danish child born using PGD with HLA matching for a sibling with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. The patient underwent 13 IVF cycles. A total of 286 oocytes were collected. Of the 74 embryos analyzed, 16 (22%) were either healthy or carriers of the genetic defect. Five embryos were transferred in 4 stimulated fresh cycles. Two of the 4 frozen embryos were later transferred. In the first of 2 successive pregnancies, prenatal diagnosis found trisomy 21, and the fetus was aborted. In the second pregnancy, however, chorionic villus sampling showed a normal karyotype. This diagnosis was confirmed, and the pregnancy was normal. Cord blood was collected at delivery for later transplantation to the diseased sibling. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis with prenatal diagnosis has been offered in a limited number of centers. This technically challenging procedure is available only in highly specialized laboratories for mothers with a stable and high number of oocytes (15Y20) after hormonal stimulation. Women older than 35 to 38 years generally have few oocytes of uncertain quality and are poor candidates for the procedure. Although the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle started with this procedure is substantially lower than with standard IVF because of a high cycle cancellation rate, implantation rates are close to those for other IVF embryos, resulting in clinical pregnancy rates of 35% per embryo transfer. In Europe, the use of bone marrow or cord blood transplantation from HLA-matched relatives has been very promising, with more than 80% disease-free survival; 30 apparently curative stem cell transplantations have been reported. EDITORIAL COMMENT (For parents, there are few things more tragic than the death of a child, and most will go to extraordinary lengths to protect them. For children with a variety of disordersVhematopoietic diseases, congenital immunodeficiencies, and some forms of cancerVbone marrow transplantation from an HLA-matched sibling may offer the best or only hope of cure. If an HLAmatched sibling is not available, families have at times elected to create such a sibling, using IVF and PGD to identify and select those embryos with the appropriate HLA type. Umbilical cord blood is an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; so if a fetus is known to be an HLA match, this can be collected at delivery. Needless to say, this strategy is enormously controversial, with these genetically manipulated children variably termed 691 Genetics Copyright © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. ''designer babies,'' ''savior siblings,'' and ''spare parts machines.'' The enormous good that has come to a few children and families from this technique is undeniable, and the Web sites of the companies that provide this service have touching testimonials, some from the children themselves (who are still young), describing how it feels that ''I know I was born to save Charlie.'' The abstracted article is a discussion of the topic, spurred in part by a case report in the same journal (Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:876Y878). The reported case involves the first Danish child born after PGD for HLA matching, in a family affected with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. The abstracted article is a nice discussion of the issues with this approach. Technically, the procedure is made complicated by a number of factors. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis itself requires IVF, usually in fertile parents, biopsy of the 3-day-old embryos, and molecular genetic diagnosis within 24 to 48 hours to allow reimplantation of the embryos within the appropriate time frame. If testing is being done for a genetic disorder, the molecular test is often not one that is routinely available, so this may need to be developed and validated, a process that can take several months. Between that and waiting for the savior sibling to be conceived and then grow and mature in utero, the sick child in need of a transplant must be able to wait upward of a year or two for this treatment. When PGD is being done for a genetic disorder, a percentage of the embryos will likely be affected with the disorder, so will need to be discarded. This means that ideally a larger number of embryos need to be created to ensure some high-quality embryos, suitable for transfer, are available and genetically normal. If HLA testing is being done, on average 25% of embryos will be an appropriate HLA match, further limiting the number of appropriate embryos. With all this whittling down, few may be ultimately left for transfer. If a pregnancy does result, proper collection of the cord blood obviously is critical. Although there may be some variability, in general 1.3 mL of cord blood is required for every pound of recipient patient weight. That is, for a 3-year-old sibling who weighs 50 lb, 65 mL of cord blood is needed. Although this is feasible, obviously obstetric factors can interfere with the ability to collect cord blood in the delivery room, depending on gestational age, obstetricor delivery-related emergencies, and so on. How appropriate, or inappropriate, is it to plan obstetric management of a pregnancy and care of the fetus when the top priority is the ability to harvest cord blood? Is it appropriate to subject a newborn to the increased risks of elective cesarean delivery at 38 weeks (albeit small), to optimize cord blood harvest? This brings up the complex and heatedly debated ethical issues. Although many aspects of all of this have been discussed and are fascinating, the question of commoditization of the donor child is the primary concern. The converse argument is that conceiving a child to save a child is morally defensible if the operation that will be performed on the future child would be acceptable to perform on an existing child, which is usually considered acceptable in these circumstances. According to Kant, one should ''act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end'' (Kant I. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. New York: Harper and Row; 1964). It is not always clear how it should be decided when someone is treated as a mere means and no longer as an end-inhimself. Parents frequently decide to make another child as a companion and a playmate for the first one, or as a replacement if a sick child dies. When the parental decision is evaluated with this possible scenario in mind, it seems at least acceptable to decide to have another child who can possibly save the life of the existing child. A possible criterion to determine the acceptability of a motive for the selection of the embryo is the ''postnatal'' test: ''is it ethically acceptable to make a child for a certain reason if it is acceptable to use an existing child for the same reason?'' ''Typically, to argue that, an intention to do x is immoral, presupposes that doing x is immoral'' (Hum Reprod 2002;17(3):534Y538). There are laws in some countries governing these procedures. In some, PGD with HLA typing 692 Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey Copyright © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. is legal or unrestricted; in others, there are restrictions (eg, the family must have a fundamental desire to have another child, although how one provides evidence of that, I don't know); in some, the pediatricians must document that all other options are inferior or impossible, and in Australia, cases are individually reviewed by the Infertility Treatment Authority on a case-by-case basis. Although IVF/PGD/HLA testing can be lifesaving in a number of situations, clearly use of this technology is both technically and ethically complex. When the strategy was first proposed, there was a flurry of articles indicating that this needed to be addressed promptly as there was likely to be an exponential increase in demand. Likely because of the relatively rarity of indicated cases, the technical challenges, and the ethical issues leading to various regulations and restrictions, this has not in fact become common. It is thought that the number of children cured with this technique is possibly a few hundred worldwide (Reprod Biomed Online 2011;23:271Y273). The proced


Anthropogenic and natural humic materials were investigated as sorbents for hydrophobic solutes in aqueous solution. The first was taken from a brown coal wastewater pond. The measured sorption coefficients K oc and K dom are close to literature values for both sorbents. This holds for particulate (sediments) as well as for dissolved materials (humic and fulvic acids). A modified solubility parameter concept is proposed to better understand the K oc -K ow correlation. It makes it possible to estimate sorption coefficients for nonpolar solutes based on their K ow , if the δ value of the sorbent is known. On the other hand, measured sorption coefficients permit the calculation of this value, which can be considered a feature of the humic fraction under study. The mean δ value of humic organic matter estimated from sorption data in this paper is 12.5 ± 0.5 (cal cm -3 ) 1/2 .


As an attempt to understand the cultural transition from the end of the New Kingdom through the 21st Dynasty the Theban Necropolis has been analysed especially with regard to tomb-forms that reflect their functions. In contrast to a general feature of private tombs in the preceding period, the tomb-forms of this period convey the notion of 'inaccessibility' in their subterranean parts, as characterized by a shaft like that in the last royal tomb of the Valley of the Kings (KV 4) or in the Tomb MMA 60 in Deir el-Bahari. The reason for the change in tomb-forms was sought in the social conditions of the time, as presupposed, namely the increasing danger of tomb-robbery. As a consequence of this change in tomb-form, a function of the tomb as a ritual space where the deceased, the living and the gods came into contact seems to have disappeared with the end of the New Kingdom. At this point the private house of this period in Thebes was examined as to whether it could be understood as a space for ritual practices. The texts and decoration programs in the house of Butehamun at Medinet Habu as well as in the houses of priests in Karnak suggest that it is possible to regard them as the places where the same ritual practices could have been carried out. The houses of this period are looked upon as a new space of interaction between the deceased and the living as well as between the living and the gods, in accordance with the contemporary religious stream due to 'Gottesnahe'. In fact, ritual practices for the deceased in houses or private chapels in the vicinity of the profane house can be deduced from the findings of Deir el-Medineh, Elephantine as well as el-Amarna. Therefore, the intermingling of ritual and everyday life at the end of the New Kingdom and in the 21st Dynasty could be regarded as a reflection of the nature of Egyptian culture. On the other hand it could also be understood as a unique phenomenon, because the change in tomb-form was caused by the social condi


ABsTIt!c'r The classification of colonial marine invertebrates is often very difficult. The purpose ofthis paper is to illustrate the potential ofnumerical chemotaxonomy and cladistic analysis to facilitate the study of the evolution of these organisms. Che motaxonomy has contributed little to the study ofthese animals, in spite ofthe large amounts of data generated by marine natural products chemistry. Existing che mosystematic investigations of colonial animals have not employed the methods of numerical taxonomy or of cladistic analysis. As an example of the usefulness of such an approach, cladistic analysis on quantified chemical data was performed for nineteen species of gorgonians. This produced cladograms which, for the most part, agreed with classical gorgonian systematics, but which also yielded several new in sights into the evolution and classification of gorgonians. Numerical chemotaxon omy and cladistic analysis should not continue to be ignored as a tool for the study of phylogenetic relationships among groups of colonial marine invertebrates.