Individual plant species form so-called resource islands in the barren semiarid landscape, whereby many soil properties are enhanced including soil structure. Within the soil structure, mostly studied as soil aggregates, microaggregates (<250µm) form fundamental components, reducing potential erosion of finer particles and subsequent loss of nutrients. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are considered an important glue determining aggregation in addition to inorganic binding agents such as carbonates and clay minerals. However, the role of the soil prokaryotic community in EPS formation and consequently for microaggregation in natural environments has not been clarified yet. EPS should be particularly important under semiarid conditions as they form a protection mechanism of the prokaryotes against desiccation. Therefore, we examined the influence of the prokaryotic community on soil EPS content and subsequently on soil aggregation in semiarid grasslands, with respect to the parent material of soil formation, common plant species and the distance to the plant.

During two sampling campaigns in spring 2017 and 2018, soil samples were taken over a distance gradient from two major semiarid grassland plant species in Southern Spain, the legume shrub Anthyllis cytisoides and the grass tussock Macrochloa tenacissima, to the surrounding bare soil. While topsoil was sampled in five distances to the plant during the first sampling campaign, the second one focused stronger on the root influence, hence rhizoplane and rhizosphere were sampled. Additionally, two sites with different parent materials were chosen to scale the effect of EPS on soil aggregation in the presence of inorganic binding agents (here carbonates). Total community DNA and EPS were extracted, followed by quantification of EPS-saccharides and bacterial abundance, as well as examination of the prokaryotic community composition by Illumina amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Further, the particle size distribution of (micro)aggregates in water was determined, with and without ultrasound treatment, as a measure of soil aggregate size distribution and stability.

Based on the first sampling campaign, we found that the overall prokaryotic community composition differed between the two sites, but not between plant species. Interdependencies between the community composition and EPS content were revealed, whereby soil organic matter (SOM) seems to be a regulating factor as increasing SOM contents resulted in more EPS-saccharides. Soil microaggregation in the topsoil was enhanced by the plant canopy, especially at the edge of Macrochloa tussocks. Contrary to the expectation that increasing inorganic C contents would diminish the importance of EPS, the parent material richest in inorganic C results in a significant effect of EPS-saccharides on microaggregation.

First results of the second sampling campaign indicate that even in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere, parent material had a dominating influence on the prokaryotic community composition. As EPS-saccharide contents and soil aggregation followed a similar decreasing trend with distance to the roots and canopy cover, interdependencies are expected.

From the outcomes until now, we can conclude that the availability of decomposable OM influences the prokaryotic community composition and thereby triggers EPS production, whereas large contents of polyvalent cations from carbonates promote the stabilizing effect of EPS on microaggregates.


The Alamouti transmit diversity scheme assumes that the channel remain constant during the length of the code word period. However, in time selective channel, this assumption does not hold good and leads to inter transmit antenna interferences (ITAI). To combat the ITAI effects, we have analyzed various conventional signal detection methods which include diagonalized maximum likelihood (DML), QR decomposition based maximum likelihood (QRD-ML) and ML. But the QRD-ML method suffers from error floor if the initial signal is not detected correctly and it also has high computational complexity due to the implementation of ML method. Hence, in this paper, we have proposed a low complexity order QRD (OQRD) method which eliminates the error floor by detecting and cancelling the strongest signal before the detection of weakest signal. To further improve the system performance, we have cascaded the OQRD method with parallel interference cancellation (PIC). Simulation results show that our proposed OQRD and OQRD-PIC methods achieve performance close to the optimal ML method.


The exo C-4β hydrogen atom of 15-acetoxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-3-one (5) has been shown to exchange and this has been used to show that this hydrogen atom in calonectrin is derived from a 2-pro-R mevalonoid hydrogen. Hydroxylation at C-3 in calonectrin biosynthesis and at C-4 in trichothecolone has been shown to proceed with retention of configuration.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the attractive technology for wireless communications with Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) technique offers a considerable multipath delay spread tolerance, high spectral efficiency, immunity to the frequency selective fading channels and power efficiency. High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmit signal is a major drawback of multicarrier transmission such as OFDM. Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) is one of the commonly used schemes to reduce the PAPR. Conventional Partial Transmit Sequence (C-PTS) requires an exhaustive searching over all combinations of the given phase factors, which results in exponential increase to the computational complexity with the number of sub blocks. In this paper, we aim to obtain the desirable PAPR reduction with the low computational and phase search complexity. PTS based phase weighting techniques with low computational complexity, named Segmented Phase Weighting (SPW) and Iterative Phase Weighting (IPW), are proposed. On applying one of the linear transformation techniques called circular time shift to the candidate sequences obtained by SPW and IPW method, high PAPR reduction can be obtained. This system will slightly increase the computational complexity but greater reduction in PAPR. At the receiver, by utilizing the natural diversity of phase constellation for different candidates, the detector can successfully recover the original signal without Side Information (SI). PAPR reduction performance of both proposed schemes are analyzed, the simulation results show that the proposed Circular Time Shifted- Segmented Phase Weighting (CTS-SPW) and Circular Time Shifted- Iterative Phase Weighting (CTS-IPW) schemes achieve better PAPR reduction compared to the C-PTS scheme.


Marine unmanned vehicle is a novel robot widely used in ocean observation, and its accurate control is of significance to their path planning. We want to find a method to predict the velocity and course of this robot, which can help us realize the accurate control of it. The paper proposed a promising type of hybrid robotic fish (HRF), which can realize two kinds of motion modes on the sea surface. Firstly, the configuration and dynamic model of the HRF were analyzed elaborately. Then, to realize accurate velocity prediction under two kinds of motion modes of HRF, the influence factors are presented in a complex marine environment. Based on the influence factors to its maneuverability, such as wind or wave parameters, a velocity prediction algorithm based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was introduced. However, BPNN has the disadvantages of extended learning and training time, easily falling into local optimum. Then we found that genetic algorithm (GA), which is a kind of evolutionary algorithm, is suitable for our problem. Therefore, the accuracy and efficiency of the prediction algorithm were improved by adopting the genetic algorithm to optimize the weight and threshold of BPNN. Taking the experimental data from the pool test, the back-propagation neural network with genetic algorithm (GA-BPNN) forecasting model was established. Besides, the other prediction methods were compared and evaluated under the same assessment criterion to validate the proposed forecasting model. The experimental results demonstrate that the GA-BPNN model has higher accuracy and efficiency compared with other prediction algorithms, which verifies the feasibility of the velocity prediction model for hybrid robotic fish in complex ocean environments.


The J = 1 reverse arrow 0 multiplet of N/sub 2/H/sup +/ has been detected in laboratory glow discharges in mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen. This constitutes the first observation of this species in the laboratory by any spectroscopic method. A pattern of three lines, due to the quadrupole hyperfine splitting of the outer nitrogen, was observed, and the frequencies of these three lines were measured with the following results: F = 2 reverse arrow 1, ..nu.. = 93,173.70 +- 0.04 MHz, F = 1 reverse arrow 1, ..nu.. = 93,171.88 +- 0.04 MHz, and F = 0 reverse arrow 1, ..nu.. = 93,176.13 +- 0.22 MHz. These are in very good agreement with previous astronomical measurements.


The main content of this research design is the system analysis and design of 3D printer based on cement component. The goal of the research design is to analyze and design a 3D printer system model based on cement components that can be controlled systematically. Some algorithms can be tested.


Several surveys of Australian and Australasian economics have been produced over the last half century or so. Craufurd Goodwin's Economic Enquiry in Australia, published in 1966, covered the 19th century and ended in the 1920s. Peter Groenewegen and Bruce McFarlane's A History of Australian Economic Thought, published in 1990, covered both the 19th and 20th centuries, but it, like Goodwin, excluded New Zealand. The present reviewer's essay on 'Economics in Australasia', published in 2008 in the Revised New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, included economic thought in Australia and New Zealand in the 19th and 20th centuries, as did William Coleman's chapter in the Routledge Handbook of the History of Global Economic Thought. The latest survey, by Alex Millmow, an Australian National University PhD graduate in economic history, now Associate Professor of Economics at Federation University, Ballarat, embraces both Australia and New Zealand. However, despite its title—A History of Australasian Economic Thought— the book is restricted to the 20th century, or more precisely from the mid-1920s, ignoring writing on economic subjects in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Even so, it will provide a useful guide for those wanting information about what was written, by whom, and in which year, between the 1920s and the turn of the century.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Net Profit Margin and Operating Profit Margin on stock prices at Coal Mining sub-sector company. The population used in this study are coal mining sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014-2020 and purposive sampling as the sampling method. The sample criteria that meet as many as 8 companies used in this study are from the financial statements of companies in the coal mining sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses multiple linear regression method showing that the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, return on equity have an influence on stock prices. Current ratio, debt to equity ratio and roe have a negative effect to stock price because the higher liquidity also means the company have many idle funds. Higher DER and ROE also indicate the company less efficient in their activity.


With more and more processor cores integrated on a chip, Networks-on-chip (NoC) is emerging as a candidate architecture for multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoC). Traditional metallic interconnects have become the bottleneck of NoC due to the limited bandwidth, long delay, and high power consumption. Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) can decrease interconnect delay and provide higher bandwidth with lower power consumption. In this paper, we propose a Clos-based Hierarchical Optical-Electronic NoC, called CHONoC, which can take advantage of both optical routers and interconnects in a hierarchical manner. CHONoC employs novel desgins including two different topologies in optical layer and electric layers, communication mechanism with high path diversity, and two optical symmetric routers with strictly non-blocking property. Simulation results show that CHONoC can achieve small latency and high throughput especially for high local traffics compared with Mesh-based, Cmesh-based and Clos(8,8,8)-based ONoCs. Keywords-Optical Network-on-Chip; Clos network; Optical router; topology; floorplan. 1. INRTODUCTION With the rapid development of the integrated technology, the 90nm and 65nm technology has entered the mass production stage and the processor produced by 45nm technology has been already on the market. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projects that the IC manufacturing technology will reach 18nm by 2018[1]. With the feature size of the chips into the nanometer era, some problems such as high clock frequency, narrow metal line's width, and interconnect delay inside the chip, have become the main factors affecting the signal delay. Among these factors, the interconnect delay has become a big challenge in today's VLSI system design, and how to reduce the interconnect delay becomes the key factor to improve the performance of the system. Moreover, ITRS predicts that the local clock frequency will grow to 73GHz by 2020 and the on-chip communications need to meet the new demand for high-bandwidth applications. The problems of limited bandwidth, high latency, increasing power consumption and other problems associated with traditional metal interconnects will be the bottlenecks of the NoC performance improvement. Therefore, at the given power budget, the electric NoC may not be able to meet the demand of future application in terms of bandwidth and delay[2][3]. The optical interconnects as an effective way to solve the potential problems of electrical interconnect has been the highlight in the recent years. With the advances in semiconductor and circuit integrated technologies, a variety of integrated optical devices compatible with the CMOS have been made providing good opportunities for the optical interconnect technology applications on the network. Compared with the conventional metal interconnect, the optical interconnects has many advantages: larger bandwidth, lower power consumption, and smaller signal delay etc. Recent advances in nanoscale silicon photonics and optical devices have led to the development of Optical [Research Notes by Yawen Chen]: This is a draft version of a collaboration work with Huaxi Gu's Research Group from Xidian Universtity. The design in this work used a combination of an on-chip electronic (for local traffic) and an on-chip optical network (for inter-cluster traffic) by taking advantages of both NoC and ONoCs. In our future work, we will investigate the tradeoffs among the performance, reliablity and complexity of ONoCs from the networking perspective.


A methodology is developed for assessing tactical airfield/aircraft system effectiveness, and for evaluating effectiveness changes resulting from incremental investments in ground support resources and/or aircraft reliability. Two categories of ground support functions–turnaround and maintenance–are distinguished. The measure of effectiveness is the maximum potential sortie rate achievable by the system. The methodology enables empirical derivation of the general equation of the tactical airfield/aircraft system. It also enables graphical presentation of the system tradeoffs in the form of a System Analysis Chart.


Rutacridone, 1-hydroxy-N-methylacridone, and 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone have been isolated for the first time from callus cultures, which had been obtained from meristematic stem cells of Ruta graveolens L. The alkaloids were identified by co-chromatography with authentic compounds, by IR spectra, and by electronic spectra before and after addition of AlCl3. The use of the bathochromic shift by the AlCl3-complex in the analysis of acridine-alkaloids has been demonstrated for the first time.


PrefaceThe Speech and its Setting1) The Legendary Tableau Chief Seattle's Speech: The complete Text of 18872) The Vanishing Text3) The Vanishing SettingAmerica's Reply4) Answers from Afar5) The Answers of Governor Stevens6) Remembered Places, Remembered VoicesReferencesIndex


In decision-making methods, it is common to assume that the experts are honest and professional. However, this is not the case when one or more experts in the group decision making framework, such as the group analytic hierarchy process (GAHP), try to manipulate results in their favor. The aim of this paper is to introduce two heuristics in the GAHP, setting allowing to detect the manipulators and minimize their effect on the group consensus by diminishing their weights. The first heuristic is based on the assumption that manipulators will provide judgments which can be considered outliers with respect to those of the rest of the experts in the group. The second heuristic assumes that dishonest judgments are less consistent than the average consistency of the group. Both approaches are illustrated with numerical examples and simulations.


This paper reviewes the clinical and scientific research history of professor XUE Chong-cheng and summarizes his academic thoughts and main achievements. Professor XUE Chong -cheng created the first personality and constitution inventory in China to lay the foundation for the discipline of TCM psychology; discovered meridian sensory conduction in phantom limbs and proposed the extension of the central model; invented a method for treating mental illness with a low-dose electroacupuncture convulsion therapy instrument; and interpreted the TCM medical model as a Time-Space-Social- Psychological-Biological medical model.


Summary When incubated with human blood, C-14 oxalate is distributed between cells and plasma with a significant preference for the cells. After incubation with inorganic P32 phosphate and oxalate, rate of loss of P32 from the erythrocytes suspended in buffered-normal saline was lower in the case of erythrocytes pre-incubated with oxalate, reaching a minimum value with 0.00075 molar oxalate. Inhibition of P32 loss from erythrocytes by oxalate was slightly enhanced by potassium but was reversed by calcium and magnesium ions in physiological concentrations. Concentration of the cellular organic phosphates of the acid-soluble ester fraction changes significantly after incubation of erythrocytes with inorganic P32 and oxalate. The changes caused by oxalate may in each case be attributed directly or indirectly to a reduction in available magnesium. Acknowledgement is made to Professor A. Grollman for professional assistance and to Mildred Watkins and Mr. J. W. Jackson for technical aid.


The aim of this article is to explore the ambiguous legal status of immigration detention by discussing the main theoretical perspectives on its nature and the functions it plays in contemporary migration policies. After presenting a typological and genealogical reconstruction of immigration detention, the article contends that it should not be seen as being related either to the politics of 'exception' or to the expanding reach of 'penal' power in a context of mass migration. Instead, the argument presented here is that immigration detention exhibits the characteristics of preventive measures typically related to the exercise of police powers and that its increased role in migration policies should be read in the wider framework of the shifting boundaries between the 'penal' and the 'preventive' state in contemporary societies.


At the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN), the ASN Dialysis Advisory Group concluded after much discussion that the role of nephrologists as primary care providers to dialysis patients needed further study and discussion. Out of this discussion came an ASN membership survey, an extremely well-attended session at the 2006 Annual Meeting on Primary Care Issues for Nephrologists, and a series of articles to be published in CJASN , beginning with the current issue.

The ASN membership survey, completed in March 2006, included responses from >300 ASN members, 97% certified in nephrology and 95% certified in internal medicine. About half of those responding were planning to recertify in Internal Medicine. Nearly two thirds of nephrologists provided most of the primary care to at least some of their dialysis patients, with the majority of this care being provided in the dialysis unit rather than in the physician's office. Only 15% of their dialysis units had written policies addressing the provision of primary care services to dialysis patients. The primary care services provided by nephrologists to dialysis patients included counseling regarding smoking, seat belts, safe sex, etc .; cancer screening, immunization (other than for hepatitis B); management of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular …


Background Previous studies have suggested that sleep timing is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. However, there is no evidence on the relationship between sleep timing and congestive heart failure (CHF). We aimed to examine this relationship in this study. Methods and Results We recruited 4765 participants (2207 men; mean age, 63.6±11.0 years) from the SHHS (Sleep Heart Health Study) database in this multicenter prospective cohort study. Follow‐up was conducted until the first CHF diagnosis between baseline and the final censoring date. Sleep timing (bedtimes and wake‐up times on weekdays and weekends) was based on a self‐reported questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to investigate the association between sleep timing and CHF. During the mean follow‐up period of 11 years, 519 cases of CHF (10.9%) were reported. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards models revealed that participants with weekday bedtimes >12:00 am (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15–2.11; P=0.004) and from 11:01 pm to 12:00 am (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.00–1.56; P=0.047) had an increased risk of CHF compared with those with bedtimes from 10:01 pm to 11:00 pm. After stratified analysis, the association was intensified in participants with a self‐reported sleep duration of 6 to 8 hours. Furthermore, wake‐up times >8:00 am on weekdays (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.07–2.17; P=0.018) were associated with a higher risk of incident CHF than wake‐up times ≤6:00 am. Conclusions Delayed bedtimes (>11:00 pm) and wake‐up times (>8:00 am) on weekdays were associated with an increased risk of CHF.


I have traveled many countries for the research on 'The different cultures of Eastern and Western worlds and differences in coffee cultures' during the sabbatical year. My travel to America began on 9th December, 2011 and ended on 16th May, 2012. After the trip which took 158 days, I had a presentation of the study about the coffee culture atthe conference of the Korea Civilization Association on 20th Oct, 2012. This paper is the edited copy of the announcement. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Colombia, and Brazil, where I focused a lot on, are the best places to produce coffee in the Central and South America. They have a common point where they have a coffee farm which produces coffee berries of a good quality. There are no insect harm because of the high elevation, and the density of coffee berries increased due to severe diurnal range which made the taste and the smell better. Beside the Pacific rim volcanic zone, the soil based on volcano-ashes provides enough nutrients for the coffee trees. Direct sunlight ,which is bad for coffee trees, is blocked by the smoke and grown banana trees control the duration of sunshine which makes the natural environment of half light half shadow. The precipitation of the tropical areas, of about 1500 to 1600mm, makes the best environment for coffee trees to grow. Seattle's Starbucks, which now is a trademark of U.S. culture, is crowded with people drinking takeout coffees and many Americans are drinking Think coffee at a cafe of fair trade in New York . Canadians were drinking Tim Horton's sweet filtered coffee, and Argentina, where the Europe's coffee culture are kept, have people drinking coffee leisurely in an 100 year old cafe. Through the tour of Santos Coffee Museum, I check that Brazil is a strong coffee making country. From a country like U.S. to Cuba, Guatemala and Columbia, most people in America drink coffee everyday or harvest the beans, which means that they practically live with coffee. This trip reminded me that America has a coffee culture, not a tea culture.


eonstipation and also diarrhoea, which were present, can be explained; but if the duodenum was affected, why the constipation, and diarrhoea, and absence of gastric symptoms? The cause of the ulceration, whenever it happens, is most probably capillary embolism due to septic absorption; and the temperature of the case may in part be due to the want of free evacuation of the contents of the bowels, which might become partly reabsorbed. At first, when presumably only a few ulcers were present, the temperature was irregular and mildly febrile; but later on, when more extensive sloughing and ulceration took place, there was far more thermic disturbance. The various attempted crises or falls in temperature were due, I should think, to sloughs separating, and the immediate rise showed that the process was not yet completed. In a number of instances, though not invariably, a movement of the bowels was accompanied by a decrease in the temperature. This may or may not be a comcidence. If it be more than a mere coincidence, it might serve to explain some of the temperature changes; but when there was the crisis and no further rise for several days, this, accompanied by a more normal action of the bowels and decrease in the amount of pain, sufficed to give grounds for a favourable prognosis as regards the completion of the separation of sloughs, and the cicatrisation of the ulcers, and the cessation of further septic absorption. This temperature is the more interesting when compared with that of enteric fever. In the latter, the nocturnal rise, though occasion-


Our knowledge of the mechanism of nerve action is still insufficient to predict what happens in terms of electrical and chemical structure. If our theoretical knowledge were as weak in every aspect as it is upon the behaviour of the excitable membrane, we should not be able to predict confidently any relation but this-that two nerves which were exactly the same in structure, composition and properties, must behave in exactly the same way. However, both Ringer's fluid and axoplasm appear to be homogeneous conductors, so the current distribution in those regions is exactly defined by electrical theory. If, then, two nerves are not identical but have membranes with the same specific properties, it might still be possible to compare them exactly. For, though the properties of the membrane are unknown, they are the same in the two nerves, and though the distribution of current in Ringer and axoplasm is different it is precisely understood. It turns out that there is only a very narrow range of conditions which will permit this argument being applied. It is when the two fibres are dimensionally similar, which is nearly the same as their being geometrically similar. Now the interesting thing is that the nerve fibres do, in fact, exhibit the structural similarity demanded by the theory, and hence it is worth while to examine how far the variation in properties also accords with theoretical predictions.


In the final approach phase airframe noise represents the ultimate aircraft noise barrier for future aircraft when equipped with quiet UHBR engines. This paper presents some of the main dependencies of high‐lift noise sources on flow conditions as derived from extensive noise testing at DLR. Some successful reduction technologies for high‐lift noise are discussed in view of their influence on the noise generation mechanisms. The remainder of the paper focusses on the numerical prediction of high‐lift noise. The prediction concept as implemented in DLR's PIANO code is discussed. It is based on a two step approach, a) the computation of the time averaged turbulent flow field as a result of a CFD(=Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation and b) the highly accurate CAA (=Computational Aeroacoustics) simulation of perturbations about this mean flow. The prediction relies on an advanced stochastic modelling of the turbulence related sources and thus avoids time consuming turbulence simulations. The method repre...


Composite material comprising a support member having a plurality of pores extending therethrough is disclosed, the pores are permanently filled or coated with a non-crosslinked gel polymer. Further, a method for manufacturing a composite material, and used as a separation medium of the composite material, and the filtration device is disclosed which includes a composite material.


Despite the widespread implementation of screening protocols for early detection of prostate cancer, there are still no effective cures for advanced disease. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related male deaths in the United States and notwithstanding an encouraging decrease in the mortality rate, prostate cancer will remain a major health problem. However, new therapies are emerging that may significantly alter the future of the prostate cancer patient. For hormone-responsive prostate cancers, complete androgen blockade has been successful in delaying progression and new gonadotropin-releaing hormone (GnRH) antagonists promise sustained medical castrations without the deleterious side effects of GnRH superagonists when used alone. Yet, poor solubility and oral bioavailability have plagued their development. To overcome these limitations, significant advances have been made in the synthesis of non-peptide GnRH antagonists. Hormone-refractory prostate cancers were once considered to be chemo-resistant, but new evidence to the contrary has become more widely accepted. Not only can chemotherapy cause regression of disease, it has also been shown to improve quality of life. This has led to a number of clinical trials to test combinations of currently available chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, new discoveries surrounding the biology of prostate cancer have sparked the invention of a number of targeted therapies that may revolutionise the care of the prostate cancer patient.


Objectives : The objectives of the study were to find out the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), Kinyoun's, and (auramine) fluorescent staining and to compare the three staining techniques with and without Petroff's concentration and to find out the most preferable staining of M. tuberculosis. Methods: Sputum sample was collected and concentrated by 4% NaOH (Petroff's concentration). Microscopic examination of the sample was done before concentration and after concentration by ZN staining, Kinyoun's staining, and fluorescent staining (Auramine). Grading of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by three staining was done before and after concentration according to RNTCP guidelines. Results: Total of 452 sputum samples were collected and subjected to microscopy examination by ZN, Kinyoun's, and fluorescent staining methods to compare the presence or absence of AFB with or without concentration. Among the 452 sputum samples, total of 67 (15.6%) sputum samples were positive for the presence of AFB. Majority 40.3% (n=21) of TB positive patients were observed in the age group 51–60 years. The results of Auramine-O staining showed positive diagnoses in 15.9% of the samples; sensitivity was 100% and specificity 95.6%. Conclusion: The use of fluorescent staining significantly increases the diagnostic value of the smear, particularly where there are low-density bacilli which may escape detection on ZN stained smears.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is overwhelming every sector of the society. The scientific community is under pressure to identify therapeutic options at an accelerated pace. However, our understanding of the pandemic, the virus, and the clinical course of the disease is constantly and rapidly evolving. Thus, the clinical pharmacology community faces a key challenging question: how do we effectively apply core clinical pharmacology principles to facilitate drug development for COVID19 without compromising scientific rigor?


In order to respond to rising demands for services from the National Airspace System (NAS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and The Mitre Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) have developed and evaluated a set of en route air traffic control (ATC) decision support capabilities based on many of years of earlier work on the Advanced En Route ATC (AERA) program. The component capabilities-embodied in a prototype referred to as the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET)-include a conflict probe that continuously checks current flight plan trajectories for strategic conflicts, and a Trial Planning function that allows a controller to expeditiously evaluate problem resolutions before they are issued as clearances. These capabilities are intended to provide the flexibility and decision support needed to allow more user preferences to be met while continuing to maintain or enhance today's level of safety. The URET prototype was deployed to the Indianapolis Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) for field trials in January 1996 and later expanded to include more sectors and to span longer periods of time. In addition, the prototype has been deployed and is being evaluated at the Memphis ARTCC. This paper presents key findings from the field trials and from other related activities.


Three comparable cross-section household datasets, relating to 1988, 1993 and 1997-1999 are used to analyse income satisfaction in Slovenian households. The ordered probit model is used to estimate the effects of 'objective' variables, such as actual disposable household income and household size on the perceived (subjective) economic well-being of the household. Variables that tend to capture income aspirations are also included, such as variables describing the socioeconomic structure of the household (share of children, share of elderly persons) as well as a variable denoting household wealth (homeownership). The estimated effects of these variables are all of the expected sign. Though unemployment results mostly in high non-pecuniary costs, it also has a strong negative influence on subjective economic well-being. Our results are in fine agreement with similar - but quite rare - studies on subjective economic well-being in other countries in transition.


The purpose of this research is to analyze the contribution of functional management in the implementation of firm strategy which consists of 1) production management, 2) marketing management, 3) financial management, 4) human resources management toward the achievement of firm performance approach both simultaneously and partially.The result of this research and hypothesis testing show that 1) simultaneously, functional management in the implementation of firm strategy gives positive contribution to performance achievement of manufacture firms, 2) Partially functional management consist of: 1) production management, 2) marketing management, 3) financial management, 4) human resources management in the implementation of firm strategy gives positive and significant contribution to performance achievement of manufacture firm based on the balanced scorecard approach. Keywords: Functional Management, Implementation Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Performance


Sir: "Doctor, I saw on the Internet that drug X works well for people with diagnosis Y. I think I have Y; can you try X for me?" This has become almost a daily statement in most physicians' offices today. The number of people searching for medical information online in the United States increased from 54 million in 1998 to 97 million in 2001 and 110 million in 2002.1 A study of U.S. physicians in 2003 indicted that 85% of 1050 physicians polled had experienced patients' bringing Internet information to a visit.2 This can place a lot of extra responsibility and pressure on a physician to change a treatment regimen. It may also create a "digital divide" in the patient-physician relationship3 or make a stronger alliance for therapy. A few physicians may even take a defensive role and see Internet-obtained patient information as a challenge to their therapy.

This phenomenon poses a unique problem in psychiatry due to the nature of mental illnesses. With paranoia, suspiciousness, grandiosity, and formal thought disorders already in place, how does one convince a patient that we still have his or her best interest at heart? Patients who are searching the Internet for answers are very likely already sensitive to their symptoms and somatic sensations, as in the case of hypochondriacs. The information revolution is changing the old notion of a hypochondriac into a "cyberchondriac."

With the Internet revolution, input from patients is becoming imminent in daily practice. How does one handle the information our patients provide to us? What does one do when a patient insists on changing treatment based on something he or she found on the Internet? Can one use these opportunities to further strengthen the therapeutic alliance? Here is a 4-step approach that may be helpful to sort through the perils of information overload.

Assess the competency of the patient. This is relevant in all practices, but has a unique importance in psychiatry. Does the patient have psychosis, is she or he disorganized, is she or he grandiose? Does the patient have borderline intellectual function? Is there a dementia or cognitive impairment present? Does the patient have a guardian?

Assess quality of the material presented. Does the material reflect on evidenced-based medicine? Is this a case report, or is it a double-blind, placebo-controlled study? How many patients failed with the treatment? Was any bias or conflict of interest involved in obtaining the study results? Is this a commercial advertisement by a pharmaceutical company?

Discuss risk/benefits/alternatives to treatment. If the information looks credible, can the treatment be implemented? Are there formulary issues? Are there more side effects than with the patient's current treatment? Can the patient afford it? Is there anything bothersome with the patient's current treatment? Is there another possibility to the proposed treatment and the current treatment? Could the proposed change be used as augmentation?

Make a clinical decision with the patient. Ultimately, it is your decision. You have to write the prescription and be comfortable with the choice. The rapport that you have with the patient will best determine what happens next. But, if you have taken the steps above with the patient, chances are it will be a mutual decision upon which both can agree.

Tips for managing the Internet-informed patient are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Tips for Managing the Internet-Informed Patient


In this paper, the technology innovation for software firms are discussed. Through the literature study, the concepts about this issue and the environment and activity of software firm's the technology innovation related are described. The survey paper was developed for searching the obstacles, policy considerations, and performance of this issue etc. Also questionnaire sheet was made for identifying the relations on technology innovation activities and performance. The degree of understanding about the need of technology innovation were very high according to the analysis result from the response based on the 103 software firms. Among this survey the other results are described as follows; the motivation of technology innovation, the necessity and implementation, the duration acquired for innovation result, the favorite support program as for innovation policy, obstacles for innovation implementation, the reason for innovation collaboration etc. Finally, it is verified statistically that the performance of technology innovation be affected by the employment of external professional technician, research and development, the technical education.


An integrated model based on the Transtheoretical Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action was used to examine factors related to stage of change for vigorous and moderate physical activity. A new method for ascertaining an individual's stage of change for physical activity was developed. Beliefs regarding the outcomes and barriers to physical activity were identified separately for vigorous and moderate activity. The extent to which others in one's social network have positive attitudes toward physical activity and one's efficacy for engaging in physical activity were also assessed. Two studies were conducted. The first study employed a convenience sample of OSU faculty and staff (n=34) to identify beliefs regarding participation in vigorous and moderate physical activity and to pilot test the new measure of stage of change among this employee population. The beliefs identified in this study mirrored those found in the literature. The new staging method was found to be accurate but overly cumbersome. It was shortened for the second study. The second study used a stratified random sample of faculty and staff (n=302) to investigate the relationship between variables in the integrated model. The integrated model was not as efficacious in explaining moderate physical activity as vigorous physical activity. Increased odds of being in the early stages of moderate physical ii activity were,related to low self-effîcacy and strong.barriers. Increased odds of being in the early stages of vigorous physical activity were related to low benefit scores, low efficacy scores, and high drawback scores. Low self-efficacy was also related to being in the preparation or action stage of vigorous physical activity versus maintenance. The new method of staging physical activity appeared to be more accurate than a widely used method of staging physical activity. This study implies that interventions for those in the earlier stages of change for vigorous physical activity should focus on benefits, drawbacks, and efficacy beliefs. Interventions for those in the later stages for vigorous physical activity should focus on efficacy beliefs. Additional research is needed into what factors drive moderate physical activity; however it appears that efficacy beliefs and barriers play a role.


This essay focuses on the most notorious of the works by the American artist Vito Acconci, his performance-installation Seedbed, and explores how its reception-history informs its meaning. It specifically considers the way in which Marcel Duchamp was drawn upon as precedent, both by critics in the 1970s and in debates over the past two decades about gender identity. Taking up the purported performative and libidinous dimension of interpretation, as proposed by Amelia Jones, a consideration is given to the ambiguous and unstable features of this reception-history, especially as it was articulated by the critic Robert Pincus-Witten who provided the first significant claim about such a relationship. To this end, Duchamp's erotic object Wedge of Chastity is used as a way of highlighting the implications and instabilities in interpretation and Duchamp as precedent.
The essay as a whole reflects upon the enactment of masculinity in Acconci's work, as previously discussed by Jones, but problematises her interpretation by questioning what function a theory of sexuality has in understanding the work.


Management of patients with respiratory disease is possible without tests of respiratory function-just as it is possible to manage diabetic ketosis without estimations of the blood sugar -but assessment and control of both conditions are considerably better if measurements are made. X-ray films of the chest are not very helpful, for respiratory function may be severely impaired as a result of pleural disease and the lung appear normal on x-ray, and gross radiological abnormalities may be associated with little impairment of physiological function. Radiography is, however, helpful in the assessment of regional lung function, as the intensity of aeration on screening may indicate the proportion of total ventilation being received by various lobes and segments. Though the physiological tests of respiratory function are not sufficiently specific to identify with certainty any individual disease, they are valuable in that they enable the practitioner to identify the contributions of ventilatory failure and diffusion defects as well as permitting him to atimate the degree of respiratory failure present. Such tests show how disease has altered function. They do not indicate where the lesion is or what the lesion is.


This paper presents a theoretical experimental pressure analysis of a hydraulic press brake with synchronized cylinders. In this machine, the motion of each cylinder is controlled by independent va ...


New radial adaptive sealing concepts in the secondary air system have the potential to increase the partial load efficiency of turbomachinery and accelerate load ramps. These seals are pressure activated, adjusting to engine conditions in order to maintain a minimum gap width during the entire load cycle, defined as the seal's operating gap width. In this context a hydrostatic advanced low-leakage (HALO) seal was experimentally investigated in the adaptive seals test rig at the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery (ITS), with a focus on the transient behavior of the seal closing to its' operating gap width. For this measurement campaign, the pressure ratio, pressure difference, pressure ramp speed and swirl were varied over a series of closing-hold-opening pressure cycle test runs. All measurements were performed without rotation of the test rig rotor.
 In this paper, the results of these experimental investigations are presented and analysed. From these results, the relative influence of the pressure difference and the pressure ratio across the seal on the transient seal behavior is compared. Of particular interest is the effect of changing the pressure ramp gradient on the operating gap width. Additionally, the results are compared against previous published HALO-seal investigations. The results presented in this study give detailed insight into the transient movement of a HALO seal under various engine-similar influencing parameters. This is crucial to understanding how the seal behavior and performance will be affected when operating under different conditions and in different applications.


Notch signaling is thought to be crucial in regulating skeletal muscle regeneration, however, the impact Notch signaling has on other skeletal muscle processes (e.g. protein synthesis) remains unclear. The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of Notch inhibition on protein synthesis in C2C12 cells.


This thesis is a study of the structures and energetics of the metal complexes of dithizone, C6H5.N:N.C(S).NH.NH.C6H5, and thiocarbohydrazide, H2N.HN.C(S).NH.NH2. Dithizone was first prepared and studied by E. Fisher as part of his classic work on phenylhydrazine. It is a weak acid capable of forming intensely coloured metal complexes with at least twenty three elements and, since the work of Walter and H. Fischer, has been used extensively for trace metal analysis, particularly in solvent extraction procedures. The applications of dithizone in analytical chemistry have been covered in numerous review articles and have also been the subject of a book.


The problem of public values and peculiarities of their formation presents the issues, which are not on the surface, and which are not discussed in the news channel studios, and which are not taught in schools and higher educational institutions. However, such an absence of them in informational space does not make them less important. It is even contrary in the modern informational world - the less the problem is spoken about, the less possibility to receive objective responses to the questions, which rise. Who is responsible for the formation of value-based orientations on the state level? Why, youth, in such a case, is the main target group? Which values help and facilitate state development and the absence of which performs destructive function? In which way can the state influence formation of value-based orientations of the modern youth?This article aims at distinguishing axiometrics of the state youth politics of Ukraine, as well as actualization of the value-based approach to the problem of youth development on the current stage. The following tasks should be performed for the realization of this aim:- determination of the theoretical grounds of the study (axiometrics, state youth politics, classification of values).- distinguishing value-based component in the offered state Programs of youth politics "Youth of Ukraine" (Molod Ukrayiny) for 2016–2020" and "Youth of Ukraine" (Molod Ukrayiny) for 2021–2025".- a comparative analysis of the offered measures within the Programs;- update (actualization) of the additional axiometric factors on the state level.As the values belong to the philosophic and psychological category, and their classification, which gave the grounds to the study, was drawn upon Nosenko E. L., who published the work "Transformation of value-based orientations of youth on the modern stage of society development (Psychological aspect)" (Transformatsiya tsinninsnykh oriientatsii molodi na suchasnomu etapi rozvytky suspilstva (Psykholohichnyi aspect). On the state level, the study of the values was conducted by the doctor of political sciences Yuriy Shayhorodskyi in work "Axiometrics of state youth politics" (Aksiometriya derzhavnoyi molodizhnoyi polityky), Kanafotska H. P. "Formation of values of a modern person: factors, institutions, components and factors of influence" (Formuvannia tsinnostey suchasnoyi liudyny: factory, instytutsiyi, skledovi ta chynnyky vplyvu), M. P. Blikhar "Value-based orientations of student youth of Ukraine: sociological analysis of the problem" (Tsinnisni oriyentatsii studentskoyi molodi Ukrayiny: sotsiolohichnyi analiz problemy). State Programs of youth politics for 2016–2020 and 2021–2025 present the grounds for analytical research.


Equation-based models of important mechanisms for water transport and product mass loss during storage of horticultural produce with or without packaging are presented. Transport pathways for which improvements to previous sub-models in the literature were deemed necessary included packaging material moisture uptake and water vapour transport across packaging materials. The new sub-models require only those product, fluid, package and packaging material property data that are likely to be available to industrial practitioners. Implementation of the full steady-state mechanistic model was carried out using a Rapid Application Design database-linked programme. Testing against experimental data for several products in different package and storage conditions demonstrated sufficient accuracy for many applications.


Dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) have attracted increasing attention due to their high working voltage, low cost, and environmental friendliness, yet their development is hindered by their limited energy density. Pairing silicon—a most promising anode due to its highest theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1)—with a graphite cathode is a feasible strategy to address the challenge. Nevertheless, the cycling stability of silicon is unsatisfactory due to the loss of electrical contact resulting from the high interface stress when using rigid current collectors. In this work, a flexible interface design to regulate the stress distribution is proposed, via the construction of a silicon anode on a soft nylon fabric modified with a conductive Cu–Ni transition layer, which endows the silicon electrode with remarkable flexibility and stability over 50 000 bends. Assembly of the flexible silicon anode with an expanded graphite cathode yields a silicon–graphite DIB (SGDIB), which possesses record‐breaking rate performance (up to 150 C) and cycling stability over 2000 cycles at 10 C with a capacity retention of 97%. Moreover, the SGDIB shows a high capacity retention of ≈84% after 1500 bends and a low self‐discharging voltage loss of 0.0015% per bend after 10 000 bends, suggesting high potential for high‐performance flexible energy‐storage applications.


The main aim of this work was characterization of the newest MPPC arrays (with 12×12mm and 24×24mm active area) made using through silicon via (TSV) technology in gamma-ray spectrometry with five different scintillators: CsI:Tl, NaI:Tl, LSO/LYSO, BGO, LaBr3. The results of the study are compared with that obtained previously with the older sample of the 12×12mm MPPC array made as a monolithic device. TSV MPPC array with the size of 24×24mm is one of the first commercially available SiPM with so large active area and with the dead space between channels minimized to only 0.2mm. Moreover in these devices Hamamatsu introduced resistors made with a new type of material. Such a change allowed lowering of crosstalks and afterpulses. These improved TSV MPPC arrays can be commercially used for scintillation light readout of "large" crystals with diameter of 1×1inch or 2×2inch, suitable for gamma spectrometry. Such combination may allow replacement of PMTs in monitoring handheld devices. The presented studies with MPPCs were carried out in the two main experimental conditions: direct illumination of the SiPM using a LED pulser and measurements with scintillators. The first method allowed the measurements of basic parameters of MPPCs such as breakdown voltage and excess noise factor (ENF). The second method allowed the measurements of the full scintillation detector parameters, such as: optimum operating voltage, number of photoelectrons (number of fired APD cells), photon detection efficiency (PDE), linearity and energy resolution.


To better acquaint readers with the way that early modern publishers thought about textual ownership, which directly impacts the way that herbals were produced, this chapter takes a deep look at the early history of English printing. Though such a history may appear to take us far afield from the specifics of the trade in botanical books, it provides an important context for the arguments I make in later chapters about specific herbals and demonstrates how the regulatory constraints upon the manufacture of all type of books in sixteenthand seventeenth-century London affected the production of herbals. These regulatory constraints involve both the crown's early directed efforts to control the spread of seditious and heretical material and the customs of the City of London, which citizens and denizens were required to follow. Because the restrictions upon print publication changed dramatically in 1557 when a London civic organization identifying itself as the Stationers' Company became a corporation, scholars of herbals need to consider how these shifting circumstances both effected and affected how herbals could be produced and sold. In order to appreciate how herbals moved from the relatively small books of Bankes and his fellow stationers to the massive tomes of Joyce Norton or Richard Cotes, historians need to better understand the legal and political restraints that guided booksellers' decision-making processes. This chapter explains how the provenance of particular editions was largely determined by the shifting regulatory and economic contexts in which booksellers and printers operated. The 1557 incorporation of the London Stationers' Company had its roots in the Company's efforts fifteen years earlier, when its members first approached Edward VI at the Convocation of Canterbury in March 1542 with a document petitioning for their right to govern the conduct of their trade. The specific details of that petition, which was unsuccessful, remain


Why did the New York Times persistently bury news of the Holocaust? asks Laurel Leff in her dramatic historical account of ''America's most important newspaper.'' Leff, associate professor at Northeastern University and former journalist for the Wall Street Journal and Miami Herald, examines the complex combination of forces that led the Times to relegate news of the Holocaust to secondary status. She also sustains an uncompromising critique of this period in New York Times history. ''No American newspaper was better positioned to highlight the Holocaust than the Times, and no American newspaper so influenced public discourse by its failure to do so. The first reason makes the Times' failure more puzzling, the second more devastating,'' charges Leff (9). Buried by the Times opens with a cry for help couched between the normal news of the day. Leff sets the scene: ''On page four, amid 13 other stories, appeared a five-paragraph item with a London dateline'' (1). The first two paragraphs described a House of Commons refugee decision; then appeared an appeal issued by the Jewish National Committee in Poland: ''May this, perhaps our last voice from the abyss, reach the ears of the world'' (1). Leff emphasizes the ironic placement of this appeal and concludes,


The effect of vulcanization on unstretched natural rubber in retarding crystallization is well known. The present study has shown the crystallization rate of balata and a synthetic trans-1, 4-polyisoprene can be likewise decreased by crosslinking. Two types of cure systems with sulfur were studied using (1) N, N, oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide (OBTS) and (2) a combination of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and tetra methylthiuram disulfide (TMTD). Included in this study was the effect of increasing cure times for each compound at temperatures of 140°C and 160°C. The results have shown the feasibility of varying the amount of crystallinity as well as delaying its formation for periods of one to two weeks for compounds cured with MBT-TMTD and sulfur. An increase in the percent monosulfide linkages has been shown to occur in the case of the compounds with OBTS cured at 160°C compared to those cured at 140°C. In contrast, a high percentage of monosulfide linkages was present in the compounds with MBT-TMTD cured at both 140°C and 160°C. Our studies have shown that the higher the crosslink density the slower the rate of crystallization. We speculate that the monosulfide linkages in the polymer matrix may play an important role in changing the crystallization rate. These observations have been substantiated by (1) hardness measure ments with time, (2) X-ray diffraction scans of the crystallization, and (3) crosslink density studies. The results obtained for both balata and the synthetic trans-1, 4-polyisoprene have shown good agreement.


From the analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence of Xylella fastidiosa, we have identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The combination of these four SNPs placed all of the known X. fastidiosa strains into four groups. With a few exceptions, the four SNP groups are very similar to those based on other genetic analyses such as RAPD analysis, whole 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and the combination of phenotypic characterization, particularly pathogenicity tests. Of particular interest is the PD group. All eight PD strain 16S rDNA sequences from different labs clustered into the same group characterized by two SNPs. Utilizing the SNP information, primer sets, Teme150fc-Teme454rg, specific to PD strain group, and Dixon454fa-Dixon1261rg, specific to non-PD almond leaf scorch group, were designed. More than 200 X. fastidiosa strains isolated from California have been tested for the specificity of these SNPs and the results were quite consistent. A microarray system, initially based on the characteristic SNPs from the 16S rRNA locus, is under construction. Coupled with PCR using universal 16S rDNA primers, the microarray-PCR based system has a high potential for quick and accurate X. fastdiosa strain identification. INTRODUCTION The need to accurately identify and differentiate X. fastidiosa strains is becoming more apparent considering the coexistence of different pathotypes in the same crop (Chen et al., 2004a, b). This prompted us to research on improvement of pathogen detection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been a common technique for X. fastidiosa identification. There are, however, technical problems limiting the application of PCR. False positive amplifications can occur among related organisms in the environment sharing similar genetic sequences. Specific primers may fail to amplify DNA from a particular isolate if there is a spontaneous mutation(s) in the primer-binding site, leading to a false negative result. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR amplification tend to be inversely related. The rationale of this project is to maximize the sensitivity of PCR technology. To increase pathogen detection specificity, microarray methodology based on the principle of DNA hybridization is applied to further confirm the accuracy of the amplified DNA fragments (Chen and Civerolo, 2003). Conceptually, the development of high-density oligonucleotide arrays allows massively parallel hybridizations to occur on the same surface, permitting high levels of probe redundancy and multiple independent detections of a diagnostic DNA sequence. Because of the taxonomic value and available large genomic sequence database, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 16S rRNA gene are particularly useful. Other genes and intergenic regions could also be the targets due to the availability of complete genome sequences from four different X. fastidiosa strains. OBJECTIVES The overall goal of this project is to develop and evaluate a microarray-PCR-based system for accurate and quick identification of X. fastidiosa strains. A particular emphasis is on strains currently important in California. Two specific objectives are: 1. Using the complete and annotated genome sequence of X. fastidiosa Temecula strain as a guide, select appropriate DNA sequences and evaluate their potential for pathotype / genotype identification. Design and construct a DNA microarray; and 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of the constructed microarray through hybridization experiment. Using the microarray as a reference, analyze genomic variation of different pathotypes with multiple strains collected from broad geographical areas and hosts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Selected sequences in the genome of X. fastidiosa Temecula were used as preliminary queries to identify diagnostic sequences. Because of the sequence availability, most comparisons were made to the four complete genome sequences including PD-Temecula, citrus variegated chlorosis-9a5c, almond leaf scorch disease-Dixon and oleander leaf scorch diseaseAnn-1. In general, the tested genome DNA sequences showed high level of similarity as expected. However, single nucleotide polymrphisms were found in most cases. Yet, the number of SNPs varied from gene to gene. Genes of evolutionary importance were particularly emphasized because they could provide a more stable and, therefore, a more consistent base for strain identification. Thus, special efforts were made on DNA sequences from rrn operons. In addition,


Electrokinetics is a soil remediation technology under development. One of its advantages is that it does not disturb the natural environment during remediation. The mobilization of phenol in soil by electrokinetics and the affection of surfactant to the removal efficiency of phenol were tested through bench -scale experiments. The results showed that electrokinetic transport process could promote effectively desorption and migration of phenol, and the migration effect was related closely to the soil acid-basic properties, the type of contaminants and the concentration of surfactant. The direction was related to the days of experiments. The removal efficiency of phenol was increased by the using of LAS, as 0.046 mg/L LAS was added in the cathod reservoir, the overall removal efficiency of phenol of 91.16% was obtained. It is believed that electrokinetics has the potential for practical application in the remediation of phenol contaminated soils.


In order to elucidate the outbreak mechanisms of a new disease which is characterized by an intense congestion in central venus sinuses(CVS) of gill filaments in cultured eel. these experiments were carried out; epidemically surveyed on the cultured eel farms in the vicinity of Kunsan city and experimentaliy outbreaked the disease in the stressful condition such as thermal and handling shock and innoculated the supernatant from the homogenate of naturally severe congested gill into eels and onto the monolayer of the CHSE-214. Although the frequency of congestion in eels of B, C, D and E farms were higher than in eels of A farms, the water qualities(stocked and cultured water) among farms were not a great difference. In eels of B, C, D and E farms, the values of haematocrit(Ht), haemoglobin(Hb), total protein(Tp), albumin(Alb), glucose(Glu), magnesium(Mg) were lower and the values of calcium(Ca), methemoglobin(Met-Hb), glutamic pyruvic transminase(GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transminase(GOT) higher than in eels of A farms. These valules have not related to the frequency of congestion. An intensive congestion and dilataton in CVS of gill filaments in experimentally handling-stressed eels produced similar histopathological changes to those observed in the spontaneously diseased eel, but not in eels experimentally injected with filtering contents. The cytopathic effect on the CHSE-214 was not observed. In stressed eels the congestion of gill was increased in relation to either the decrease ranges of water temperature or the incerase in accllimated times. And increase in Ht, Met-Hb, Alb, Glu, GOT and GPT and decrease in Mg, Hb and Tp were found, which had a close relationship to congestion of gill. Cortisol were increased according to the decrease ranges in acclimated water temperature. From these results, decrease in water temperature during selection placed eels upon the stressed condition, made increase in ionic strength in blood stream, and CVS was dilatated owing to the increased blood inflow.


Abstract 2108 Poster Board II-85 Background: The FDA has proposed that, at the end of storage, radiolabeled autologous plt recoveries and survivals should be 67% and 58% respectively, of the same donor9s "fresh" plt recovery and survival results. Methods: Using 98 normal subjects, 3 different variables were evaluated to determine their effects on post-storage plt recoveries and survivals; i.e., storage solution (plasma and Plasmalyte), apheresis machine [Haemonetics MCS+ (H), Cobe Spectra (CS), or Cobe Trima (CT)], and storage bag (H, CS, or CT). Autologous plts were collected and either infused "fresh" or stored under the conditions of interest. The fresh and stored plts were alternately radiolabeled with either 51Cr or 111In prior to transfusion. Results: Plasma Storage. Both H and CS collected apheresis plts can be stored for 8 days and meet FDA requirements with no differences in post-storage plt recoveries or survivals between the 2 machines (see table). After 9 days of storage, 2 of 5 units (1 H and 1 CS) had pH9s of Plasmalyte Storage. For the H collections, the plts were elutriated using Plasmalyte instead of plasma, and, for the CS and CT collections, the plts were concentrated during collection and re-suspended in Plasmalyte. For all the collections, the final Plasmalyte concentration was 80% with 20% residual plasma. As shown in the table, H collected plts met FDA criteria for 13 days versus 7 days of storage for both CS (FDA criteria not directly tested) and CT collected plts. Even after 7 days of storage, H collected plts were significantly better than CS or CT collected plts with respect to survival (p=0.05), and, after 9 days of storage, H collected plts were significantly better than CS and CT collected plts for both recoveries (p=0.003) and survivals (p Disclosures: Slichter:Gambro BCT: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Plasmalyte was used as a platelet storage solution.


Background: A pneumatized superior turbinate is a rare cause of headache. Nasal endoscopy alone, does not provide us with adequate information for this inaccessible area of the superior nasal cavity. A coronal computed tomography (CT) must be obtained to confirm the diagnosis. Case presentation: We present a 40-year-old female with migraine-type headache and nasal obstruction. Nasal endoscopy revealed a mild septal deviation, a right middle concha bullosa and a paradoxically curved middle turbinate on the left side. Coronal CT-scan showed also the presence of a superior concha bullosa on the left, which was in close contact with the nasal septum. The patient underwent septoplasty and bilateral endoscopic sinus surgery, including partial removal of both the pneumatized middle turbinates in conjunction with gentle lateralization and resection of the lower half of the left superior turbinate. Prompt relief from headache and nasal symptoms was obtained. Conclusion: Pneumatized superior concha causing migrainous headache is a rare finding. Endoscopic surgery may provide permanent relief of symptoms. Background The otorhinolaryngologic causes of headaches in most cases may be included in one of the following categories [1]: (1) Headaches associated with various sinus problems, most commonly acute or chronic rhinosinusitis; (2) headaches clearly connected to specific, easily recognizable nonsinus causes, such as neuralgias, migraine, otalgia, temporomandibular joint disease or vascular headaches; (3) non typical headaches, in patients with absence of sinus pathology. In the last group, midface discomfort, presenting as either pressure, fullness or even intense pain is a common occurrence. Its source may be dental, neural or nasal, presenting thus a challenge to the rhinologist. Nasal causes of headaches include deviated nasal septum, engorgement of the turbinates, nasal neoplasm, pneumatized agger nasi cells, unusual deflections of uncinate process, paradoxically bent middle turbinate and variations of ethmoid bulla [2]. Pneumatized turbinates have been reported as rare causes of headache that deserve further evaluation [3,4]. Published: 09 January 2007 Head & Face Medicine 2007, 3:3 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-3-3 Received: 20 October 2006 Accepted: 09 January 2007 This article is available from: http://www.head-face-med.com/content/3/1/3 © 2007 Homsioglou et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Excited low-spin, nonyrast states in {sup 170,172,174}Hf were populated in {beta}{sup +}/{epsilon} decay and studied through off-beam {gamma}-ray spectroscopy. New coincidence data allowed for a substantial revision of the level schemes of {sup 170,172}Hf and a confirmation of the level scheme of {sup 174}Hf. The Hf isotopes represent a unique situation in which a crossing of collective intrinsic excitations occurs, enhancing significantly the effects of mixing. Using branching ratios from excited 2{sup +} states, this mixing is followed and studied. The resulting mixing matrix elements are found to be {approx}30 keV - an order of magnitude larger than estimated previously for nearby nuclei. In the case of {sup 170}Hf, the 2{sub {beta}}{sup +} and 2{sub {gamma}}{sup +} level are shown to be completely mixed.


An abnormal driving state recognition method is proposed in this paper. The basic idea is to regard the driving behavior as a feed back control system; the input signal is vehicle lateral position; the output signal is steering wheel angle. The control system, i.e., the driving behavior, is modeled with normal driving data. And then the model is used to fit the driving data of unknown driving state. The fitting error was evaluated and monitored with statistical process control (SPC) approach, i.e., the control charts tools. If the fitting error is evidently different from that of normal driving state, then abnormal driving state is recognized. Experiment results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Background Praziquantel (PZQ), is the drug of choice in the treatment of Hymenolepis nana infection, although it has some adverse effects (side effects and toxicity). Natural biological products that have minimal side effects and more safe. Many researchers demonstrated the antimicrobial and antiparasitic therapeutic effect of pomegranate and Artemisia. Objective Our study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of pomegranate and Artemisia as an alternative treatment in H. nana infection. Subjects and Methods 32 male albino mice were inoculated with human fecal sediments containing H. nana eggs (about 100 eggs/gm) and were divided into four groups after proven to be infected with H. nana: Group 1; treated with Pomegranate peels extract, Group 2; treated with Artemisia herb-Alba extract, Group 3; treated with PZQ, and finally, Group 4; treated with Pomegranate peels and Artemisia herb-Alba mixture' extract. Results Both Pomegranate peels and Artemisia herb-Alba extracts presented a significant decrease (P-value = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) in the number of viable eggs after 7 days of treatment in comparison to the first day. Pomegranate peels and Artemisia herb-Alba extracts 'results established anthelmintic effect against H. nana. Conclusion Our results showed that both Pomegranate peels and/or Artemisia herb-Alba extracts can be used as alternative, less expensive and more safe therapeutic approach in H. nana infection.


Based on the substance-field analysis model in TRIZ theory, this paper puts forward an substance-field model-based design flow for equipment urgent repair. By taking an example of design for urgent repair of radar feeder line transmission system, it also analyzes the application of substance-field model to the design of radar equipment urgent repair. The research results show that the TRIZ substance-field analysis model can be used for guiding the design of equipment urgent repair effectively, thus improving design efficiency.


Light response curves of a typical desert plant Nitraria tangutorum under four rain addition treatments(+25%,50%,75% and 100% of local mean annual precipitation) were measured with Li-6400xt Portable Photosynthesis Analyzer at the eastern edge of the Ulanbuh Desert,Dengkou,Inner Mongolia.The photosynthesis curves of light intensity were simulated by non-rectangle hyperbolic function and the parameters of photosynthesis were calculated to explore light response characteristics of N.tangutorum to different rain addition treatments.The parameters include the maximum net photosynthetic rate(Amax),apparent quantum yields(AQY),dark respiratory rates(Rd),light compensation points(LCP) and light saturation points(LSP).Under the controlled condition,the Amax,AQY,Rd,LCP and LSP are 13.41 μmol·m-2·s-1,0.029 mol·mol-1,0.61 μmol·m-2·s-1,20.63 μmol·m-2·s-1 and 481.85 μmol·m-2·s-1,respectively.The results show that the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),the maximum net photosynthetic rate,apparent quantum efficiency and dark respiration rate increased,but the water use efficiency decreased with the rain addition treatments.Therefore,the rain addition changed the physiological characteristics and improved photosynthetic capacity level of N.tangutorum in varying degrees.The results also show that stomatal conductance is the main factor limiting the photosynthetic rate at the stage of light saturation.


Rotation scale and translation invariant (RST-invariant) feature extraction methods play a critical role in optical Chinese character recognition. However, vast majority of them either has a strict constraint of input image, or has a poor performance on discriminating similar Chinese characters. In this paper, a novel method called Sector Projection Fourier Descriptor (SP-FD) is proposed. SP-FD is a region-based Fourier descriptor which contains two stages. Firstly, the input character image is transformed into polar space through sector-projection, which generates a periodic function named sector-projection shape signature. Secondly, feature vector is obtained through 1-D Fourier transformation on the shape signature. In our method, the input image does not require to be normalized as a precondition, and the shape information of original character is not assumed to be available neither. Moreover, the internal structure of character in the circular direction is exploited. The experimental results show the proposed method can extract the RST-invariant feature effectively, and outperforms the typical algorithms on discriminating similar Chinese characters.


This article describes an experimental study of the electrical and kinetic parameters of a Knudsen-mode thermionic converter (TIC) equipped both with a multicavity and a smooth emitter that converts heat into electrical energy using a combination of cesium and barium vapors. In the study, we recorded and analyzed data on how the maximum electron current density and the specific power are affected by the values of cesium and barium vapors pressure, the width of the interelectrode gap, and such parameters of the emitters as temperature and surface geometry. By analyzing the influence of surface geometry, it was revealed that the values of the electron current density and the electric power are four times higher in a TIC with a multicavity emitter compared to a TIC with a smooth emitter. TIC efficiency was analyzed taking into account the effective emissivity of the multicavity emitter. It is shown that the efficiency of such a TIC exceeds that of a TIC with a smooth emitter despite a slight increase in heat transfer from the emitter to the collector due to radiation.


Abstract Chelonus (Areselonus) spinigaster sp. n., (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cheloninae) is described from India. The new species was reared from the moth species Acrocercops lysibathra (Meyr.) on Cordia latifolia Roxb.


We investigate the size of subspaces in sumsets and show two main results. First, if A is a subset of F_2^n with density at least 1/2 - o(n^{-1/2}) then A+A contains a subspace of co-dimension 1. Secondly, if A is a subset of F_2^n with density at least 1/2-o(1) then A+A contains a subspace of co-dimension o(n).


In the implementation and enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act, utilities surely must recognize the importance of their willingness to comply. Hopefully the states will become the primary enforcers of the Act, continuing their present and past assistance to and cooperation with all utilities. Hopefully also, the states will receive the personnel, facility, research capability, and money necessary to carry out the spirit of the Act and provide for the effort needed to benefit all utilities and all water users.


We describe our approach in developing a speech synthesis technique for response generation in domain-specific spoken language applications. Our approach handles two Chinese dialects-Cantonese and Putonghua. We chose the foreign exchange domain, and worked with its constrained vocabulary and response expressions. The syllable is selected to be our basic unit for concatenation. Each unit label includes a two-digit appendix to encode the distinctive features of the left and right coarticulatory context. Our approach attempts to maximize intelligibility and naturalness of the responses within the application domain. Hence the synthesized outputs compare favorably with a domain-independent TD-PSOLA synthesizer.


A simple, sensitive, accurate, precise, reproducible and cost effective stability indicating UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitative determination of Atomoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The UV spectrum was scanned between 200 to 400 nm and 270.5 nm was selected as maximum wavelength for absorption. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 10(80 *g/ml. Good accuracy (100.18(100.26%), precision (%RSD 0.997(0.995) were found, the method was successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form containing the above(mentioned drug without any interference by the excipients. Results of the analysis were validated as per ICH guidelines. Forced degradation studies includes the effect of temperature, oxidation, photolysis and susceptibility to hydrolysis across a wide range of pH values, were carried out according to the ICH requirements which can be used for the routine and quality control analysis of Atomoxetine hydrochloride in raw material and pharmaceutical formulations.


The modern world is a complexly organized system, a space of global information technologies (IT). Information today is the main determinant of society, and the rapid development of IT, which penetrate into all spheres of our life, opens up completely new opportunities for social progress, as well as certain problems and challenges. Since information technologies are widely used in business, politics, and national development, they have become an attractive target for hacker attacks; as well as a very powerful tool which can threaten state's national security. This paper examines the issue of information technology and its role in homeland security protection, as well as the key problems associated with increasing their influence in the world.


In order to optimize the process execution and reduce the actual cost for operation,optimization of workflow is analyzed in the form of Weighted Direct Acyclic Graph(WDAG).By mapping the nodes,arcs,weights of the WDAG to the events,operations,cost of workflow model correspondingly,this paper constructs a workflow model based on WDAG.It proposes an optimization algorithm that involved two strategies,consolidation optimization and parallel optimization to aim at the sequence process which happens most frequently in workflow.Simulation experimental result proves the validity of the algorithm.


Abstract The objective of this work was to use the logistic equation to relate grain and total plant yield of corn [Zea mays (L.)] to water and applied N. Data from field Studies in Florida and Georgia were used in the analysis. Nonlinear correlation coefficients R > 0.98 were obtained. Variation among hybrids, between plant components (grain and total plant), and among years (rainfall) was accounted for in the linear model parameter A, with constant exponential parameters b and c. The linear model parameter A exhibited linear dependence on seasonal rainfall for corn in Georgia. Data from a third study in Florida showed linear dependence of A upon seasonal rainfall plus irrigation for total amounts up to 70 cm. This model provides a convenient tool for relating corn yields to applied N and available water, with the response function separating into the product of a term depending upon water and another depending upon applied N. The equation is mathematically well‐behaved and is easy to use on a pocket cal...


California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) College of Education implemented a Single Subject Credential Program (Secondary Program) in the Fall of 1995. The first part of this paper reviews the program's two-year developmental process, which includes the program's history, vision, and planning. The following areas were determined to be central to the secondary credential: (1) philosophy, goals, and objectives; (2) preservice qualifications and admissions; (3) curriculum and instruction; (4) field experience; and (5) evaluation of the preservice candidate. The second half of the paper describes the implementation of these components during the program's pilot year. Themes identified for implementation purposes are discussed. These are: refining personal philosophies of teaching, understanding teaching as a profession, utilizing the professional knowledge available, developing and sustaining collaborative relationships, becoming reflective practitioners, and maintaining a student focus in all work. (ND) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *. *********************************************************************** Preparing Secondary Preservice Teachers For Second To None SchoolsPart I Program Development and Part II Implementation Mark D. Baldwin, co-author Joseph F. Keating, co-author Assistant Professors College of Education Secondary Faculty California State University San Marcos Authors Information: Office Address: College of Education California State University San Marcos San Marcos, CA 92096-0001 Phone: 619-7504321 (Keating) 619-7504306 (Baldwin) Fax: 619-7504323 Email: email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O This document has been reproduced aa. received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of new or opnions stated in this doctr ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)


Synthetic materials employed for enhancing, replacing, or restoring biological functionality may be compromised by the host immune responses that they evoke. Surface modification has attracted substantial attention as a tool to modulate the host response to synthetic materials; however, how surface nanotopography combined with chemistry affects immune effector cell responses is still poorly understood. To address this open question, a unique set of model surfaces with controlled surface nanotopography in the range of 16, 38, and 68 nm has been generated. Tailored outermost surface chemistry that was amine, carboxyl, or methyl group rich has been provided. The combinations of these properties yield 12 surface types that are subject to functional assays assessing key immune effector cells, namely, primary neutrophil and macrophage responses in vitro. The data demonstrate that surface nanotopography leads to enhanced matrix metalloproteinase‐9 production from primary neutrophils, and a decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion from primary macrophages. Together, these results are the first to directly compare the immunomodulatory effects of the cooperative interplay between surface nanotopography and chemistry.


Modified electron-beam lithography was used for direct poling of LiNbO/sub 3/ at two-dimensional rectangular pattern with 6.4 and 7.4 microns periods. It enabled frequency doubling of 1047 nm light at five input and output angles.


In accordance with the commitment of the World Summit on the Information Society, it is stated that Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are providers of employment for the community.  In Indonesia, SMMEs are known as UMKM (Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises Indonesia). The existence of ICT is considered capable of increasing economic growth as well as providing new employment field during the Covid-19 Pandemic. One way to encourage the rise of UMKM) is through the Indonesian R-TIK (Indonesia ICT Volunteers). The purpose of this research is to determine the involvement of R-TIK in the UMKM Go Online program.  Whereas the theories and concepts used are the Information Society, Digital Literacy and Empowerment of UMKM.  The research method used is a case study, R-TIK with UMKM in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi. The results indicate that digital literacy activities carried out by R-TIK together with the Department of Industry, Trade, Cooperatives, and UMKM encouraged the growth of UMKM in Polewali Mandar. The presence of QRen in the UMKM online program has push the pace of the Indonesian economy in the context of realizing Indonesia as a Digital Energy of Asia.


This paper gives a brief introduction to EKF and unscented transformation,and makes a comparision between EKF and UKF,and shows the advantages of UKF over EKF.On this basis,it presents a gaussian sum filter based on unscented transformation.Firstly,the Gaussian Mixture Model with appropriate numbers is got by the combination norm,which is used for approximating to the density of non-gaussian noise,then a process of filtering based on EKF and UKF is implemented individually and an analysis of the experiment results is made.Finally,the validity and the advantages of this method are well verified by the experiments.


Work was undertaken to expand the domain of application of the mesoscale atmospheric diffusion particle-in-cell (ADPIC) model to the hemispheric scale. It was decided that the acquisition and software manipulation of large volumes of wind observations over continental or hemispheric scales would cause unacceptable delays in ARAC's response to an emergency situation. Consequently, arrangements were made to obtain processed fields of winds, which the Air Force Global Weather Central (GWC) produce on a routine basis. Until the recent release of the Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX) database, there have been few opportunities for testing whether the GWC wind fields provide an accurate depiction of large-scale flow features between sources and samplers. The ANATEX database provides a fertile ground for testing the sensitivity and uncertainty of long-range models. The primary purpose of this paper is to focus on a single aspect of modeling uncertainty --- the wind fields that describe the advection component of a transport and diffusion calculation. The ANATEX database has been used to evaluate the performance of ADPIC based on the use of wind-field products from three different sources: the GWC's Whole Mesh Grid covering the northern hemisphere, a more refined grid of advection velocities generated bymore » in-house interpolative procedures applied to rawinsonde data and supplementary soundings in the source-receptor region, and dynamically consistent u, v and {omega} fields from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Nested Grid Model. 7 refs., 4 figs.« less


To achieve efficient and cost-effective sensing coverage of the vast under-sampled 3D aquatic volume, intelligent adaptive sampling strategies involving a team of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) endowed with underwater wireless communication capabilities become essential. Given a 3D field of interest to sample, the AUVs should coordinate to take measurements using minimal resources (time or energy) in order to reconstruct the field at an onshore station with admissible error. A novel distributed adaptive sampling solution that can minimize the sampling cost (in terms of time or energy expenditure) is proposed along with underwater acoustic communication protocols that facilitate the coordination of the vehicles. The proposed solution operates in two distinct phases in which it employs random compressive sensing (Phase I) and adaptive sampling (Phase II). Phase I captures the spatial distribution of the field of interest while Phase II tracks the temporal variation of the same. A distributed framework for multi-vehicle adaptive sampling that facilitates the movement of data between AUVs and enables compute intensive adaptive sampling algorithms is proposed. Simulation results on real data traces show that the proposed adaptive sampling solution significantly outperforms existing solutions in terms of reconstruction accuracy and energy expenditure.


ln this piece of writing we introduce the appearances and bioecology of two kinds of poisonous spiders in Xinjiang-Latrodectus tridecimguttatus and Lycosa singoriensis,as well as the symptoms of poisoning after one is bitten by them and prevention and cure for the spider bite.


Automatic modulation classification (AMC) technology plays a vital role in the sixth generation mobile system (6G). However, deep learning (DL) based AMC models possess unexpected vulnerability against adversarial examples, which seriously affects their applications in 6G. To this end, we propose an Adversarial Domain Generalization Defense (ADGD) algorithm to improve the adversarial robustness of DL-based AMC models. Firstly, we sequentially pre-train two classifiers that classify the original signals and the adversarial examples respectively. Secondly, we extract task-relevant features of the original signals and adversarial examples and align them. Finally, we use adversarial training to enhance the adversarial robustness of the models. The comparative experiments with various defense algorithms under white-box and black-box conditions of various attack algorithms demonstrate the outstanding defense performance of the ADGD algorithm. The proposed solution is of great significance to promote the application of AMC technology in 6G.


Population migration reflects a set of important world processes which promptly influence the change of balance of powers. The backbone value of the migration factor for world economy and the international relations is obvious


(57) [summary] for use in digital image system, the thickness of the exact endless belt from the edge from flatness in the circumferential direction of and edge evenly on to the edge to the edge (10) provide. Layers constituting the belt, the image recording operation, the image transfer operation, or for use in any of the sheet transfer operations, can be adjusted as desired. In one embodiment, the belt, the elastomeric base layer (40), an elastomer-impregnated spun cord layer (42) includes a fabric layer of woven or nonwoven fabric (44), and elastomeric surface ply (46). Preferably, after forming the layers on the workpiece, to cut the belt.


A normal coordinate analysis of cellulose I has been performed for an isolated chain using a valence force field and atomic coordinates from an x−ray refinement analysis. The calculated frequencies show good agreement with the observed infrared and Raman data, while the computed potential energy distribution is compatible with previous assignments, based on deuteration etc. The atomic displacements show that all the predicted modes in the region below 1500 cm−1 result from complex motions of a number of atoms or groups, rather than from single group vibrations. Most of the modes above 1200 cm−1 are localized within the residue and are very modes above 1200 cm−1 are localized within the residue and are very modes above 1200 cm−1 are localized within the residue and are very similar to those predicted for the monomer, β−D−glucose. Below 1200 cm−1 inter−residue coupling becomes more appreciable. Negligible splitting is predicted between equivalent A and B modes which suggests that the observed spectral lines...