1. The effect of extracellular MgATP on cytosolic pH (pHi) was investigated in single rat cardiac cells loaded with the pH‐sensitive probe Snarf‐1. 2. Basal pHi in HEPES‐buffered solution (containing 4.4 mM‐NaHCO3) was 7.08. MgATP induced a transient acidification followed by an alkalinization. The latter is prevented by ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) and has been attributed to the activation of the Na+/H+ antiport. The MgATP‐induced acidification reached a maximal value of 0.42 +/‐ 0.03 pH units (U pH). It was concentration dependent with a K0.5 of 2.6 microM‐MgATP. This acidification was also observed with the same magnitude in the presence of the more physiological Krebs‐bicarbonate buffer but was greatly reduced in nominally HCO3‐free HEPES. 3. The MgATP‐induced acidification was prevented by 4,4'‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2'‐disulphonic acid (DIDS), probenecid and ethacrynic acid but not by bumetanide. It was dependent upon the external chloride concentration. The K0.5[Cl‐] was 9 mM and the maximal acidification required 60 mM‐Cl‐. 4. MgATP accelerated the recovery from an alkalinization triggered by a pulse of NH4Cl. The nucleotide also facilitated the efflux of HCO3‐ when the cell was switched from a Krebs‐bicarbonate buffer gassed with 5% CO2 to an HEPES buffer. 5. The acidification was only evoked by MgATP and its poorly hydrolysable analogues but not by the other nucleotides (ADP, GTP (guanosine triphosphate), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) UTP (urodine triphosphate), ITP (inositol triphosphate) nor by adenosine. It required the presence of Mg2+ ions. 6. These results provide evidence that MgATP activates the Cl‐/HCO3‐ exchanger and that this activation accounts for the acidification. Such an activation could not be related to the P1‐ or the P2‐purinergic receptors since it requires triphosphate adenylic compounds and Mg2+ ions. This leads us to suggest the existence of a putative P3‐type of purinergic receptor.


Method and apparatus for converting a stable form by neutralization agent an iron-containing residue with a small amount of soluble heavy metals generated by the hydrometallurgical process. The residue was elutriation, is supplied to at least one stabilizing or homogenization reactor (3) the elutriation is residue, this sends also neutralizing agent, homogeneous residue with a neutralizing agent by the helical mixer perform Do not mix. Ratio the diameter of the reactor mixer of diameter of 0.75 to 0.99.


The objectives of this study were to; quantify positional differences in the activity profiles of Gaelic football players and to evaluate decrements in physical performance during a pre-season competition. Global positioning system (GPS) data was recorded from 36 players from 3 teams across 5 games. The relative distance covered in locomotor activities, peak speed, relative PlayerLoad™ (PL.min -1 )and heart rate responses were evaluated between playing positions and across match periods using a mixed model analysis. The mean relative distance of 92.4 ± 23.3 m.min -1 covered,comprised 28.4 ± 10.2 m.min -1 of high intensity running (m.min -1 ≥4.0 m.s -1 ) and 9.9 ± 3.9 m.min -1 of very high intensity running (m.min -1 ≥5.5 m.s -1 ). High intensity running and relative PlayerLoad™ (PL.min -1 ) was significantly higher in half-backs, midfielders and half-forwards compared to the full-backs, whereas only the half-backs and half-forwards displayed significantly greater values compared to full-forwards. When compared to the first 15 min (P1) of the game, analysis of pooled positional data revealed significant declines in; overall relative distance covered, jogging (≥2.0 - < 4.0 m.s -1 ), running (≥4.0 - <5.5 m.s -1 ), high intensity running and PL.min -1 ,in P2 (20-35 min) and P4 (55-70 min). Significant reductions in average heart rate were also found between the first and second halves and between P1 with both P3 and P4. These results highlight differences in the physical performance requirements of specific positions and provide evidence of reductions in work-rate during games. Coaches can use this information to inform the development of both team and position-specific conditioning programmes.


We present an X-ray analysis of the most luminous obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) inside local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Our sample consists of 10 sources, harbouring AGN components with estimated luminosity in excess of ∼10 12 L ⊙ and yet unidentified at optical wavelengths because of their large obscuration. According to the Chandra and XMM―Newton spectra, only in two cases out of 10 are clear AGN signatures detected at 2-10 keV in the shape of reflected emission. The X-ray flux from the starburst (SB) components, instead, is always broadly consistent with expectations based on their IR emission. The most convincing explanation for the missing AGN detections is therefore the Compton-thickness of the X-ray absorber. In general, the combination of our mid-IR and X-ray spectral analysis suggests that the environment surrounding the AGN component in ULIRGs is much richer in gas and dust than in ordinary active galaxies, and the degree of AGN absorption can be tentatively related to the starburst intensity, indicating a strong interaction between the two processes and supporting the ULIRG/quasar evolutionary scheme.


Higgs, being the first discovery of a fundamental scalar field in the standard model (SM), opens the possibility of existence of other scalar or pseudo scalar particles in nature. Though it does not conclusively fulfill the role of inflaton, it does provide motivation for experimental searches involving interactions of scalar (or pseudo scalar) particles as well as implications of such particles' existence from the perspective of theoretical understanding. Yukawa interactions are among the possible interactions. The considered model addresses Yukawa interaction among the Higgs (and Higgs bar) and a real singlet scalar field using Dyson Schwinger equations (DSEs) over a range of bare coupling values relevant to inflation-related physics for several scalar bare masses and cutoff values. The Higgs mass is kept fixed at two values for two different scenarios. It is found that Higgs propagators are tree level dominated while scalar propagators, despite their dependence on parameter region, do not degenerate over the whole parameter space. The interaction vertices show significant deviations from tree level expression for a number of parameters and exhibit two distinct behaviors. Furthermore, the theory does not show any conclusive sign of triviality over the explored parameter space, despite suppressed vertices for some parameters, particularly for small coupling values in a certain region of parameter space.


Fluidized beds are widely applied in a range of industrial processes. In order to maintain the efficient operation of a fluidized bed, the flow parameters in the bed should be monitored continuously. In this paper, electrostatic sensor arrays are used to measure the flow parameters in the dense and transit regions of a bubbling fluidized bed. Each electrostatic sensor array has three electrodes and can provide more information and more reliable results than the conventional two-electrode sensor. By correlating the signals from multiple electrodes, particle velocities and corresponding correlation coefficients are obtained. Based on the correlation results and the amplitudes of the electrostatic signals, the solids movement and charge distribution in the dense and transit regions of the bed are monitored.


An intriguing potential signature of hydrodynamic behavior in relativistic A+A reactions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) energies is conical flow induced by fast supersonic particles traversing the hot and dense medium. Here I present first results on the evolution of Mach shocks in 2→2 covariant transport theory, in a static uniform medium.


As chip operating frequency increases, there is growing concern about on-chip interconnect inductance. This paper presents a two-step inductance screening tool to select interconnects with significant inductance effects in a VLSI design. Test chips designed in different CMOS technology nodes are examined. The inductance screening results show that 0.1% of the nets in a design have inductance problems with chips running at its operating frequency, supporting the necessity of a screening process instead of adding inductance model to all the nets in the design. The increase in resistance due to geometry scaling will strongly affect the significance of inductance on delay as technology and frequency scale. Since higher frequency worsens inductance problem and geometry scaling alleviates it, inductance screening tool can provide useful guidelines to circuit designers.


Objective: Residency training is transforming how to teach residents about practicing as a personal physician in a Patient Centered Medical Home [PCMH], but little is known about how trainees experience these responsibilities. Methods: This study used an online survey with open-ended questions to assess residents experiences with curricular innovations as part of learning to practice as physicians in a PCMH. The survey questions were distributed every six to 12 months. This analysis focuses on responses to a single question administered once, "What does being a personal physician working in a medical home mean to you?" Two independent researchers analyzed text responses using an immersion-crystallization approach. The full research team met to discuss emerging themes. Principal findings: Sixty-two residents representing 78.6% of participating training programs responded to the online survey question that is the focus of this analysis. Overwhelmingly, resident respondents reported finding meaning in the humanistic and interpersonal aspects of medicine. In particular, residents reported that being a personal physician in a PCMH meant being the go-to person for patients' healthcare needs. This included delivering patient-centered, continuous care in the context of a physician-patient relationship that broke down the traditional physician-patient hierarchy. Being a personal physician also included an important role for the physician and clinical team members in orchestrating the referral and care coordination process. To accomplish this, residents recognized that personal physicians needed to learn the art of practice. Conclusion: Physicians trained in newly redesigned residencies understand and embrace their role and relationships with patients and health care teams that emerge as part of the PCMH. Residency redesign efforts can inculcate new family physicians with key practice ideals and knowledge about how to achieve these in practice.


Environmental pollution is a major problem in China, subjecting people to significant health risk. Surprisingly little is known, though, about how these risks are distributed spatially or socially. Drawing on a large-scale survey conducted in Beijing in 2013, we examine how environmental hazards and health, as perceived by residents, are distributed at a fine (subdistrict) scale in urban Beijing and investigate the association between hazards, health, and geographical context. A Bayesian spatial multilevel logistic model is developed to account for spatial dependence in unobserved contextual influences (neighborhood effects) on health. The results reveal robust associations between exposure to environmental hazards and health. A unit decrease on a five-point Likert scale in exposure is associated with increases of 15.2 percent (air pollution), 17.5 percent (noise), and 9.3 percent (landfills) in the odds of reporting good health, with marginal groups including migrant workers reporting greater exposure. Health inequality is also evident and is associated with age, income, educational attainment, and housing characteristics. Geographical context (neighborhood features like local amenities) also plays a role in shaping the social distribution of health inequality. The results are discussed in the context of developing environmental justice policy within a Chinese social market system that experiences tension between its egalitarian roots and its pragmatic approach to tackling grand public policy challenges.


Note presenting the results of an investigation consisting of a series of one-engine climb tests with a twin-engine transport airplane, which indicate that light turbulence of the type generally present in clear air over flat terrain has no significant effect on the average rate of climb for a series of runs. Turbulence does, however, increase the variation in the rate of climb from run to run. Results regarding mean rate of climb, standard deviation of the rate of climb, effects of climb duration, and implications of these results are provided.


Background and Objectives: Retrospective case-control studies found general anesthesia (GA), compared with conscious sedation (CS), was independently associated with poor clinical outcome in acute ...


Previous to the voyage of the Endurance in 1914–1915, the depth and extent of the Weddell Sea were either based on or surmised from the deep-sea soundings made on the Scotia by Dr Bruce in 1903 and 1904; on Dr Otto Nordenskjöld's ship Antarctic in 1901–1902; and on the German Expedition ship Deutschland under the leadership of Lieut. Filchner in 1912–1913. The first set are confined to the eastern and north-eastern portion, and may be said to run diagonally across the mouth of the sea; the second set were made in the extreme north-western area; whilst those of the Deutschland are disposed right down the centre of the sea, and consist mainly of a south-to-north series approximately along the meridian of 43° W.


This study was conducted in seven healthy male subjects and was performed over four sessions with a 1‐week washout between sessions. It was designed to compare the bioavailability of an oral 20‐mg gepirone dose (treatment 1) with that obtained after application of the same dose by gastric intubation to the distal (treatment 2) and proximal (treatment 3) regions of the small intestine, and after 4 consecutive 5‐mg gepirone doses given orally at hourly intervals (treatment 4). Serial blood samples were taken over 24 hours after dose after each treatment. Plasma concentrations of gepirone and 1‐(2‐pyrimidiriyl)‐piperazine (1‐PP), a metabolite of gepirone, were quantitated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Mean gepirone time to reach peak concentration (tmax) after treatments 1, 2, and 3 ranged between 0.57 and 1.07 hours. There were no significant differences between sites and treatments for gepirone t1/2, which ranged between 2.8 and 3.3 hours. The mean gepirone maximum peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was significantly higher (P < .05) after treatment 2 (12.92 ± 7.24 ng/mL) compared with treatment 1 (6.79 ± 3.54 ng/mL) or treatment 3 (6.33 ± 2.26 ng/mL). Gepirone area under the curve (AUCinf) was also significantly higher (P < .05) after treatment 2 (29.83 ± 17.42 ng · h/mL) compared with treatment 1 (18.07 ± 6.10 ng·h/mL) or treatment 3 (17.74 ± 7.69 ng·h/mL). There were no significant differences in gepirone AUCinf between treatments 1 and 4. For 1‐PP, treatment 2 Cmax (19.25 ± 6.64 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < .05) compared with treatment 1 (13.55 ± 3.26 ng/mL), but not treatment 3 (15.56 ± 4.31 ng/mL). Significant differences were not observed between sites and treatments with respect to 1‐PP t1/2 and AUCinf. Mean 1‐PP t1/2 values ranged between 4.85 and 6.73 hours, and mean tmax between 0.82 and 1.29 hours. These results suggest that even though gepirone may be more bioavailable in the lower regions of the small intestine, gepirone is absorbed throughout the entire length of the small intestine. In addition, differences were not observed in gepirone AUCinf between treatments 1 and 4, suggesting that the bioavailability of gepirone was not affected by changes in the rate of oral administration.


Mobile‐based applications (Apps) are one of the fastest growing trends in educational technology. A search on the iTunes App Store, for example, results in 142 Apps in response to the search term "anatomy". However, most educational Apps are not peer‐reviewed. The quality and accuracy are suspect, and few have been evaluated in the classroom. A comprehensive resource that provides guidance as to the educational usefulness, quality, and content accuracy of Apps in the anatomical sciences is needed.


The invention provides a system and method for power station and compressed air combination energy storage power generation. The system for power station and compressed air combination energy storage power generation comprises a heat power station, a wind power station, a biomass power station, a compressed air energy storage system, a power grid system and a demand load system. The heat power station, the wind power station and the biomass power station are connected with the compressed air energy storage system, and the compressed air energy storage system is connected with the power grid system. The demand load system is connected with the heat power station, the wind power station, the biomass power station, the power grid system and the compressed air energy storage system. According to the technical scheme, on the conditions of not affecting power grid peak regulation performance, clean energy is introduced, and the clean energy utilization rate is improved.


This paper assesses the main influences on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between the major economies in the first five years of economic and monetary union (EMU). Using previously unpublished data specially provided by Eurostat, it concludes that the huge wave of FDI that reached the Eurozone after EMU was largely a manifestation of the end-of-century takeover boom, a global phenomenon of which the euro was only a subsidiary cause. But much of the boom in euro economies' FDI disappears if flows to and from the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) (dominated by transhipment via Luxembourg) are removed. On that basis, intra-zone FDI turns out to have been weak after EMU, both in relation to previous trends and as a share of major economies' global FDI flows. However, the euro appears to have given a modest stimulus to inflows from other major investing economies, while the UK share of the latters' outflows has fallen moderately in the post-EMU period. The policy implications are discussed.


Objective:To view the effect and mechanism of Chinese herbs on intestinal normal flora of mice.Methods:To produce dysbacteria model of mice by lincomycin,then give intragastric administration.Feces were taked to detect intestinal flora and pH value.The enterocyte were obtained to detect bacterial adhesion.The susceptibility test of Chinese herbs were made by agar dilution.Results:Compared with the contrast control,the amounts of E.Coli were increased,lactobacilli and Bacillus bifidus were decreased.The Chinese herbs could degrade the pH value.Chinese herbs has better effects on E.Coli and Enterococcus faecalis in vitro.Conclusions:The Chinese herbs could foster intestinal normal flora,degrade the PH value and increase adhesiveness of Bacillus bifidus.


This study aims at realizing a 3-D dynamic bipedal walking using two oscillators of a CPG approach based on its body dynamics. We have developed a 3-D biped that comprises flat feet with force sensors, ankle joints composed of ball joints surrounded by coil springs, telescopic knees, and active hip joints using a direct drive (DD) motor. We introduced the Owaki-Ishiguro method called 'TEGOTAE based approach' as ground contact information in the phase oscillator to the knee joint, and we achieved 3-D dynamic bipedal gait using RW06 only by the knee oscillation based on the phase oscillator. The bipedal walking was excited only by the knee oscillation, therefore, the gait was strongly affected by the body dynamics. This means that the gait might be affected strongly by disturbances, because passive dynamic walking, which achieved only by the body dynamics and interaction to environment, is not robust against such disturbances. In this study, therefore, we conduct some experimental tests to elucidate adaptability against ground variations.


This project is the structural analysis of six houses of a residential complex, which have been architecturally developed in two or three floors and their construction is proposed in structural steel with a traditional foundation system or foundation with seismic insulators, only the analysis of the buildings of block A corresponding to houses one, two and three. Based on the analysis of: elastic drifts, costs per square meter of construction, compliance with technical specifications, execution schedules, plan of operation and maintenance of seismic isolators, the best option will be determined. In addition, a technical report will be prepared for the presentation and approval of construction permits in the Collaborating Entity of the Ecuadorian Architects Association, in compliance with the Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construccion NEC SE 2014.


The constant evolution in communication infrastructures will enable new Internet of Things (IoT) applications, particularly in areas that, up to today, have been mostly enabled by closed or proprietary technologies. Such applications will be enabled by a myriad of wireless communication technologies designed for all types of IoT devices, among which are the Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) or other Low-power and Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) communication technologies. This applies to many critical environments, such as industrial control and healthcare, where wireless communications are yet to be broadly adopted. Two fundamental requirements to effectively support upcoming critical IoT applications are those of energy management and security. We may note that those are, in fact, contradictory goals. On the one hand, many IoT devices depend on the usage of batteries while, on the other hand, adequate security mechanisms need to be in place to protect devices and communications from threats against their stability and security. With thismotivation in mind, we propose a solution to address the management, in tandem, of security and energy in LoRaWAN IoT communication environments. We propose and evaluate an architecture in the context of which adaptation logic is used to manage security and energy dynamically, with the goal of guaranteeing appropriate security, while promoting the lifetime of constrained sensing devices. The proposed solution was implemented and experimentally evaluated and was observed to successfully manage security and energy. Security and energy are managed in line with the requirements of the application at hand, the characteristics of the constrained sensing devices employed and the detection, as well as the threat, of particular types of attacks.


Social media, especially Twitter, has become a strategic space for those users who try to extend their influence in the digital environment. This work focuses on opinion leaders who participate in political talk-shows. The aim is to analyse the use and the thematic agenda proposed by these actors on Twitter during electoral periods. The Twitter profiles of 20 opinion leaders (journalists, media editors and experts) of four Spanish television channels are examined. A quantitative content analysis is used on 2,588 tweets disseminated during the November 2019 general election campaign in Spain by them. Results show differences between the different types of actors who make up the sample. Journalists use Twitter to express their criticisms and reinforce their community of followers, especially using interaction and humour. Media editors are more neutral and promote their personal brand through the promotion of their media companies. Experts inform and analyse political news more than journalists, although they also criticise and respond to citizens' comments. Regarding the subject agenda, messages on electoral results and media content predominate. Thus, the data shows how opinion leaders take advantage of Twitter to freely show their opinions, especially negative ones, and boost dialogue with users.


The heat resistance properties of Ag-loading zeolite 4A antibacterial agent were investigated by heat treatment method. The specimens were characterized by particle size analyzer,ICPS and antibacterial test. The results show that the temperature of the heat treatment significantly affect the grain size and silver content of the antibacterial agent, and its colour gradually changes from white to brown. The antibacterial agent still has excellent antibacterial effect after heat treatment at 500℃ for 0.5h.


Contraposing the actuality of garbage proposal in Shenyang city, the present study dissertated the necessity and approach of raising the level of the garbage disposal and the realization of the management for the commercialization of garbage disposal in Shenyang city, that is, depending on the functions of the market's mechanism, clarifying the property relationship,strengthening the management of funds and potentating the basic and applicable research of the technique of garbage disposal to form a consummate market mechanism.


In 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released a consensus study report regarding summer experiences and how they shape the development and well-being of children and youth. One of the key recommendations in the report is for cities and counties to take a comprehensive, communitywide approach to ensuring that the needs of their children and youth are adequately met during the summer. As the NSLP wound down, some districts and their community partners turned their attention and efforts toward sustaining their progress in promoting program scale and quality. Some of these districts and their partners are part of regional networks working to expand opportunities for quality summer programming in their cities.


The techniques used for new determinations of the radiocarbon ages of the fragments of boats discovered at North Ferriby are described, together with a demonstration of the application to the results of a computer-based calibration procedure. An interpretation is suggested of the possible calibrated date-ranges thus generated. Archaeological implications of these are considered both in connection with the dates for other British craft that have been excavated in the vicinity of the Humber and in a wider context of European boats bearing related constructional features. The discussion includes the centuries-long persistence in different regions of specialized boat-building traditions.


A methodical city development in its spatial expansion, components integration, mobilization and sustainability urges for a proper establishment of urban transportation development goals and frameworks for the policy and strategy. Illustrated with the case study in Jinan, this paper provides a systematic method to investigate the challenges, goals and optimal strategies of urban transportation planning and design. The technique procedure for the comprehensive transportation network is forwarded as well.


In this note we combinatorialise a technique of Novikov. We use this to prove that, in a three-manifold equipped with a taut ideal triangulation, any vertical or normal loop is essential in the fundamental group.


In leadership research, authentic leadership gains increasingly more support (e.g. Avolio & Gardner, 2005; Leroy, Palanski, & Simons, 2012). This leadership style is seen as a post-transformational leadership style. It returns back to the origin of leadership and is a root construct underlying all positive forms of leadership and its development (Avolio & Gardner, 2005, p 316). One of the proposed instruments to measure authentic leadership is the Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI). This instrument is constructed by Nieder and Schriesheim (2011), and contains 16 items that represent the four key subdimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency (Avolio & Gardner, 2005). Each of these four theoretically derived subcompetences is operationalized by 4 ALI-items. So far, empirical evidence regarding the factorial validity of the ALI is scarce and completely lacking for the Dutch ALI-version. Moreover measurement invariance of the ALI across different rating sources has not yet been studied. For instance the question remains whether leaders versus subordinates interpret the ALI-items in a similar way. Therefore the goals of the current study were to investigate the factor validity and measurement invariance of the Dutch version of the Authentic Leadership Inventory. Factorial validity will be studied by testing and comparing dierent competing measurement models, such as a first order factor model, a second order factor model, an oblique 4 factor model, an orthogonal 4 factor model,.. Measurement invariance will be studied by comparing data from subordinates perceptions to data from leaders self-perceptions regarding authentic leadership. Cross-sectional self-report data were collected in a heterogeneous and convenience sample of leaders (n = 288) and subordinates (n = 375). All analyses were conducted at the individual level. Preliminary results support the factorial validity of the ALI. Although measurement invariance seems to be partial, implying that leaders and followers might interpret the ALI-items differently or have different beliefs regarding authentic leadership. Final results will be presented at the time of the conference.


Are state officials bound by the decision of a federal district court judge when she strikes down provisions of state law based on her answer to an unsettled federal question? This is the question that undergirds an intense legal battle over Alabama's marriage laws. After U.S. District Judge Callie V.S. Granade issued two orders striking down as unconstitutional an Alabama statute and constitutional provision that prohibit same-sex marriage, the world watched as Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy S. Moore declared her orders ineffective. Alabama's probate judges, responsible for granting marriage licenses, are caught in the middle of this legal dispute.

In the media coverage about the legal dispute, Alabama became a convenient punching bag for social commentators who seemed determined to permanently tether the state to its painful history amid the American Civil Rights Movement half a century ago. In their haste to pile on at the expense of the Yellowhammer State, very often these commentators simply ignored the legal argument being advanced by the state and its jurists. However, Chief Justice Moore's claim that state courts are not bound by lower federal courts, echoed by the Alabama Supreme Court, warrants an evaluation of its legal merits, no matter how one feels about the ultimate answers to the federal questions at issue. Likewise, the incessant comparison of Moore's actions to Alabama Governor George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" deserves scrutiny, in part because the differences between the two situations highlight the validity of Moore's point.

This Note asserts that the approach taken by Chief Justice Roy Moore and the Alabama Supreme Court properly upholds the federal system's high view of the sovereign states' respective judiciaries. Part I provides a detailed, chronological account of how the legal impasse between Alabama's judiciary and a federal district court arose. Part II outlines historical and contemporary perspectives that support the notion of a strong, independent state judiciary that can interpret the federal Constitution. Part III argues that a proper understanding of the United States' dual judicial systems — federal and state — necessitates that Alabama officials fight for the sovereignty of the state's judiciary. By wading through the emotionally-charged issue of same-sex marriage and isolating the legal question at stake, it is possible to see how Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore is up to more than just political grandstanding. In fact, while Moore unwisely wraps his legal arguments in language about religion and morality — reasoning that was ultimately incapable of justifying previous discrimination in marriage statutes — the foundational point about judicial federalism will stand long after the controversy regarding same-sex marriage has passed.


Published as late as 1874 in agrippa d'aubigne's complete works, the poem entitled creation has always been a stumbling block for albinean critics. Can we really say that d'aubigne wrote it ? if we assign its authorship to d'aubigne, what is the place of the poem among the writer's other works ? if we reject if, what part does it play in the general context of french scientific poetry of the xvith centuty ? after summing up the acquired knowledge and coming to the conclusion that the poem cannot be by d'aubigne, we will give the text a first critical edition, based on the sole manuscript (kept in geneva), and add a commentary which, drawing the parallels existing between creation and its source, du bartas's sepmaine, lays emphasis on the scientific aspect of the poem.


Introduction:
Whole Person Disability (WPD) evaluation is a difficult task done finally after treatment of an injured person. To avoid subjectivity, to exercise transparency and to calculate quickly, computer software applications are of potential use. Rating calculations shall be well reproducible and reliable.
Objective:
This study aims at comparing Permanent Physical Disability Rating using the software developed and doing it manually to award percentage WPD to applicants with Musculoskeletal (MSK) injury.
Methods:
Prospective study of all MSK injured applicants of permanent whole person disability evaluation was performed in Black-Lion Hospital (TASH) from Sept 2017-Sept 2019. Evaluation of Permanent Physical disability from injury was done after the time of Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI). A questionnaire, request letters, board letters, software database, and the Hospital's charts were used to gather information. Analyses and statistical testes were done.
Results: Only a fifth of the applicants were female. Majority of applicants came from Addis Ababa (219, 54.75%). Peak age group affected was 20-29 years (151, 37.75%). Road Traffic Crushes (256, 64%) & falls (57, 14.25%) caused most of the injuries. Mostly, law enforcement personnel requested the evaluation (155, 38.75%). Most, (260, 65%) were TASH patients and 102 (25.5%) of applications came from Private Hospitals in the Capital.  Lower limb was the most injured region (258, 49.2%). Occurrences of multi-injury and poly-trauma respectively were (85, 20.8%) & 20(5%). There was only fair agreement (71%) between the two rating methods with Cohen's Kappa K=0.217.
Conclusions:  Software based computerized WPD rating is better than manual method.


Once more Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer have offered an illuminating and methodologically diverse book about transatlantic governance, by focusing this time on the bitter controversy over the regulation of genetically modified (GM) foods between the European Union and the United States. Although it was not an easy task to do justice to the inherent complexity of this convoluted story and to resist the temptation to portray the US-EU regulatory deadlock over GM as predetermined by their respective cultural and institutional differences, Pollack and Shaffer, by relying on their distinctive blending of political science and legal theory, succeeded in their endeavor.


This study investigates the integrated approach of spices against different life-threatening ailments. The cinnamon and turmeric were investigated for their nutritional composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant properties. Compositional analysis showed that both spices are an excellent source of protein and minerals. Regarding bioactive molecules extraction with ethanol exhibited highest polyphenols than that of methanol and water. The Most abundant phenolic contents were detected at 60 minutes' extraction time. The turmeric extracts showed highest β-carotene, DPPH, FRAP and total phenolic contents values in comparison with cinnamon and combination of both spices. The turmeric extracts showed higher β-carotene, DPPH, FRAP and total phenolic contents values in comparison with cinnamon and combination of both spices. Nine types of chicken soups were prepared after adding turmeric powder and cinnamon powder at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5g/100mL of each powder and 3.0g turmeric+ 3.0g cinnamon powder/100mL serving, correspondingly along with control. The supplementation of combined turmeric and cinnamon powder was found useful in enhancing the insulin secretion under hypercholesterolemic diet group. Furthermore, the values of kidney and liver functions tests were within the normal range showing the safety of turmeric and cinnamon supplementation. The turmeric powder performed better to control cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride. Besides, the combination of turmeric and cinnamon powder reduced glucose and enhanced insulin activity in hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic diet conditions. From the prompt investigation, it is inferred that turmeric and cinnamon based products are successful in decreasing lifestyle related disorders. * Corresponding Author: Muhammad Umair Arshad  email@example.com International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 15, No. 4, p. 178-187, 2019


With the end of the Cold War and apartheid, a process of demilitarisation and dramatic cuts in military spending has marked the transition to democracy in South Africa. Between 1989 and 1997 the South African defence budget was cut by more than 50% in real terms, with most of the cuts coming from the procurement budget, which was cut by nearly 70% in real terms during the same period. These cuts have had a significant impact on the country's defence industrial base. However, there has been surprisingly little research on the changes to defence companies that have taken place since the late 1980s. This paper makes a start at rectifying that deficiency by providing an analysis of the restructuring of the major defence‐dependent companies over the period 1988–97. It uses a number of financial ratios and other measures of corporate performance to compare their experience with non‐defence companies in the rest of the South African economy during the same period.


Stone or brick walls are familiar and conspicuous structures, yet they are usually given little attention from a biological perspective. This is unfortunate, as walls support a diverse flora and fauna. Because walls are common and readily accessible, they offer good opportunities for students to study some basic ecological and evolutionary principles. In addition, the ecological importance of organisms found on walls, such as algae, lichens and mosses, may be overshadowed in many traditional lab exercises that focus more on diversity and adaptations of flowering plants. This lab exercise is designed for undergraduate biology majors enrolled in a General Biology or Ecology course, though it may also be appropriate for senior high school students. The lab introduces students to the concepts of community structure, succession and adaptation by having them make detailed observations from two or more stone walls differing in some historical, environmental or physical variable. Students then analyze and interpret the data they have collected. The exercise should be run over three 3-hour sessions. The first session familiarizes students with the variety of wall invertebrates, plants and lichens that they will encounter and introduces the methods they will use in the field. In addition, students should be introduced to the concepts of species richness and abundance. The second session consists of a field trip to the wall(s) during which data are


This article describes an application for the training of engineering students and industrial refrigeration plants, based on virtual learning environments. The application developed in the Unity 3D engine allows the interaction and immersion user and environment; through the modeling of a cooling system by steam compression, the inclusion of disturbances using Matlab software that allows the manipulation of dependent variables to have a more realistic background in combination with the bilateral communication TCP / IP protocol. The exchange of information in real time between the two programs is essential because feedback between user and environment is needed, the user manipulates the system while updating its parameters according to the thermodynamic variables evaluated by Matlab. The application presents three training modalities, i) Pedagogical scene: conventional refrigeration module, ii) Industrial scene: real refrigeration installation, and iii) Failure mode; in order to relate the environments and integrate the user for that improve competencies and skills through the manipulation, supervision, and operation of processes. The result of this study is a virtual application based on the characteristics of virtual learning environments. Finally, the virtual application is validated with respect to a real one, disturbances influence the performance of the system is analyzed and the interaction with the environment is tested.


Voluntary control of saccadic eye movements is a kind of saccades controlled by conscious and always used to investigate the brain areas related to saccades and ability of response inhibition and work memory.Researching the neural mechanisms of voluntary control of saccadic eye movements could provide a basis to study the advanced cognitive function of brain and facilitate to explore basic neural mechanisms of abnormal saccadic in brain disorders. As neuroimaging technologies develops, intensive studies about the neural mechanisms of voluntary control of saccadic eye movements have been made great progress.It is showed that several brain areas such as prefrontal cortex, subcortical areas and parietal cortex mainly in participate. These multiple brain regions are involved in voluntary control of saccadic eye movements at different stages.Antisaccades and memory-guided saccades including different brain regions because of their different characteristics of saccadic. The future direction of the research is to combine study with neural imaging technology, and to study more about the brain regions and their functional connectivity involved in voluntary control of saccadic eye movements.

Key words:
Voluntary control of saccadic eye movements; Antisaccades; Memory-guided saccades; Neural mechanisms


The title compound, NaBa[AlMo6(OH)6O18]·10H2O, contains a B-type Anderson polyanion [AlMo6(OH)6O18]3− having an inversion center with approximate D3d symmetry. There are two uncoordinated water molecules per formula unit, the remaining eight being coordinated to the Na+ and Ba2+ cations, which link the polyanions to form the three-dimensional structure. Hydrogen-bonding interactions exist to stabilize the structure.


AbstractWe present five consecutive patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder who developed severe nausea, dyspepsia, and/or abdominal pain coincident with valproate therapy (Depakote or Depakene), whose gastrointestinal symptoms were successfully treated with the histamine2 receptor antagonists famotidine (Pepcid) and cimetidine (Tagamet). The risks and benefits of using histamine2-reeeptor antagonists in psychiatric patients are described, and possible biochemical mechanisms for their beneficial effects in valproate-induced gastrointestinal distress are discussed.


The invention relates to a buffer with stress buffering power automatically adjusted by a processor module through a direct current drive module. The buffer comprises a cylinder. A cylinder cover is arranged at the open end of the cylinder and seals an opening, and a center through hole extending in the axial direction is formed in the cylinder cover. A piston rod penetrates through the center through hole, and a piston assembly is arranged at the top end of the piston rod and is suitable for doing piston motion in the cylinder. An electromagnetic coil is wound in the side wall of the cylinder. A pressure used for detecting the pressure of media is arranged on the right end face of the piston assembly and connected with the processor module. When a sliding block impacts on the right end face of the cylinder, the processor module is suitable for controlling the direct current drive module to output direct current matching the value of the pressure of the media according to the value of the pressure of the media, so that a corresponding magnetic field is generated by the electromagnetic coil to attract the sliding block. When the value, measured by the processor module, of the pressure of the media is an equilibrium value, the direct current drive module is controlled to generate and reversely output the direct current so as to release the sliding block.


The National Commission on Orthotic and Prosthetic Education (NCOPE) has re-evaluated O&P educational philosophy for the past 18 months. Important decisions have been made concerning both primary education and postgraduate training. Primary education will now focus on clinical knowledge with the technical aspects de-emphasized. Postgraduate education will be structured and essentials will be written to address the clinical and technical skills necessary to educate competent practitioners. O&P education is now recognized by the American Medical Association as a legitimate allied healthcare profession, and NCOPE has become a member of CAHEA, the major accrediting agency for health-related occupations. This affiliation has forced NCOPE to rewrite and upgrade its primary and certificate programs' accrediting procedures. These are important advances for O&P education. This shift in educational philosophy will produce more competent practitioners for the future.


This paper presents an analog circuit built-in-test( BIT) structure based on boundary scan and realizes the BIT. It predigests the test process and improves the test precision by taking the rectangular pulse as stimulator and analog switch as auxiliary bridge. The experiment of uA741 shows that the design is feasible. Compared with the traditional test method,it is better regarding reliability and measurability of the analog circuit system.


Coal-fired thermal power plant ash (CTPA) has been widely used in construction works not only as a partial replacement to conventional cementitious binders but also as a substitute to fine aggregates. However, higher volumes of CTPA in concrete typically lead to non-satisfactory performance of concrete in terms of strength and durability. This was remedied by incorporation of hyper-plasticizers which offset the negative effects of loss of workability, segregation, bleeding, and strength reduction. This study describes three field studies undertaken with ultra-high volumes of CTPA in terms of Class-F fly ash (FA) and coarse bottom ash (BA) in M40 grade sustainable pavement quality concrete (PQC) at NTPC Khargone, Khargone, India, NTPC Mouda, Nagpur, India, and DIL Tadali, Chandrapur, India. Core samples of 100mm diameter and varying slenderness ratio were drawn from casted segments at site after 28 days curing and the results in terms of compressive strength and durability characteristics were evaluated against the results of laboratory investigation. Statistical analysis was also conducted using student's t-test to analysis the variance in the results. Effects of H/D ratio of core samples on the compressive strength of cores were also analyzed. The results indicate a non-significant difference in the values of means of compressive strength of the batches for H/D = 1 indicating the field applicability of the developed mix designs for severe exposure conditions.


PURPOSE: A cyclone type scrubber tower is provided to reduce the using amount of water or chemicals and to effectively eliminate contaminants or vapor regardless of the size of the scrubber tower. CONSTITUTION: A cyclone type scrubber tower includes a case(10), a guiding cylinder(20), and a plurality for spraying nozzles(31, 32, 33). The case is vertically arranged. The guiding cylinder is composed of a partition(21) and an extended pipe(22). A through hole(21a) is formed at the center of the partition. The extended pipe is downwardly extended from the through hole. The guiding cylinder divides the case into an inner descending path(11) and an outer ascending path(12). The spraying nozzles are arranged at the circumference side of the case. The spraying nozzles spray water or chemicals into the case. An inlet(13) and an outlet(14) are in connection with the descending path and the ascending path, respectively. The lower part of the extended pipe is spaced apart from the inner bottom of the case to connect the lower parts of the paths.


In this chapter, some common fixed theorems for -weakly expansive maps, weak contraction, generalized weak contraction along with compatible/weakly compatible maps, variants of R-weak commutative mappings and E.A./(CLRg) properties are proved. It consists of five sections. In first section, the concept of -weakly expansive maps in metric spaces is introduced. In Section 2.2, the result of Manro et al. [64] for -weakly expansive pair of mappings in metric spaces is generalized. In third section, some common fixed point theorems for ( )-weakly contractive and generalized ( )-weakly contractive pair of maps are proved, which generalizes the results of Moradi et al. [66]. In Section 2.4, some common fixed point theorems for ( )-weakly contractive and generalized ( )-weakly contractive pair of maps using E.A. property and (CLRg) property are proved. In last section, a theorem using


CPLTM Technology is a promising resolution enhancement technique (RET) to increase the lithography process window at small feature line widths. Successful introduction of a reticle based RET needs to address several reticle manufacturing areas. One key area is reticle inspection. A CPL reticle inspection study has been completed and a best known methodology (BKM) devised. Use of currently available inspection tools and options provides a robust solution for die-to-die inspection. Die-to-database inspection challenges and solutions for optically completed CPL reticles are discussed. Core to the devised BKM is the concept of in-process inspections where the highest sensitivity inspection may not necessarily be performed after the last manufacturing step. The rationale for this BKM is explained in terms of actual manufacturing process flow and most likely defect sources. This rationale also has implications for programmed defect test mask designs in that the choice of defect types need to be linked to a plausible source in the manufacturing process. Often, the choice of a programmed defect type ignores the fact that a naturally occurring defect's origin is early in the manufacturing process and would be detected and either repaired or the reticle rejected before subsequent manufacturing steps. Therefore, certain programmed defect types may not be representative of what should be expected on a production mask. Examples such defects are discussed.


This text has summed up the state of development both at home and abroad of the GM food. Which is more importantis to introduce GM food routine detection method , fast detection technique, developing direction and problems faced emphatically.This text has important meanings to detect the GM food.


Jeffrey Berman's Risky Writing, is also a meditation on risky teaching. If you ask your students to write about self-disclosure and to risk humiliation and disapproval, then you have to expect the classroom arena to become tense?not just occasionally, but often. Classroom self disclosure has sparked intense debate in composition studies, with good reason. Generally, a composition instructor is not a therapist, even though the instructor may like to play one often in the classroom. Berman makes the case for exploring and advancing "emotional intelligence" in the writing classroom by having students write about topics that have affected them emotionally, such as binge-drinking, sexual assault, racial fears, and anxieties (10). As Berman suggests, "Many of the fears of writing are symptomatic of fears of emotion" (10). In confronting these fears, especially of shame, the writer presumably comes to some empow erment. The central question fueling Berman's case studies is whether trauma and suffering can be part of a course, both in terms of reading or writing. Teaching as therapy scares many educators, even when the goals are as benign as Berman's: "My model of teaching approaches a therapeu tic one in affirming self-esteem and personal growth" or the "therapeutic benefits of self-expression" (48-49). Berman attends respectfully and sincerely to his students and their papers, and one of the best parts of the book emerges in his interspersing of a great deal of secondary reading on trauma, writing studies, and


Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) may play some role in the pathogenesis of every disease that involves an immune response. In the oncological field, HLA is implicated to be strongly associated with some cancers such as cervical carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease etc. and now HLA is essential to analyze the immunogenetic mechanisms underlying many diseases. Important technical advances of molecular biology in recent years have made it possible to characterize the HLA gene region at the DNA level. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the


We have had experience and considerable success in the design of computer-based systems which enable people with cognitive disabilities to partially overcome them. This success leads to problems for which AI may make substantial contributions. In addition, our experience in related fields may well be helpful to AI researchers who wish to work with individuals who have cognitive impairments. Introduction For the past decade, our labs have focused on the application of computer science to assist individuals who have cognitive disabilities due to brain injury and mental retardation. We have developed an approach to brain injury rehabilitation which we call Computer Based Cognitive Prosthetics. While we have not applied AI theory, our findings and experience may be of interest to people in the AI community. The idea of using computer technology to assist people with cognitive deficits was recognized independently in the mid-80s by three groups working in different disciplines: Cole et al (1990) 5 in computer science; Friedman at CMU working in electrical engineering and robotics, and Levine and Kirsch (1987)2'3 from the UMich working in biomedical engineering and neuropsychology respectively. Cole's early work addressed the predicament of people who had received a brain injury and had little prospect of being cured of various cognitive disabilities. These include disorders of memory, concentration, organization, planning, task sequencing, language, and eye-hand coordination, among others. Typically, these very cognitive disabilities prevented these individuals from learning and using off-the-shelf software. His lab, the Institute for Cognitive Prosthetics (ICP), has developed Computer-Based Cognitive Prosthetics (CBCP) as a means of providing personal productivity software to individuals who needed assistance in performing every day activities. Surprisingly, this approach is novel to the field of brain injury rehabilitation, where computers are used primarily for cognitive skill drills. Use of Computer Technology in Cognitive Rehabilitation Computers are now widely used in cognitive rehabilitation treatment. Most of the software available consists of cognitive skill drills, one skill at a time. Unfortunately, skill definition has not kept up with trends in experimental neuropsychology and neuroscience, and some cognitive skill dimensions rely on decades old work. Rehabilitation therapists will also use offthe-shelf computer games as a means of retraining cognitive skills. Off-the-shelf educational software is also used in rehab. 19 From: AAAI Technical Report FS-96-05. Compilation copyright © 1996, AAAI (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. When there is a recognition that a cognitive skill loss may be long-term, patients are taught to use new methods of performing an activity, an approach which is called a "compensatory strategy". For memory loss, a therapy may involve using a To Do List, an appointment book and other manual means. There is a widespread feeling that patients should not be made to depend on technology for compensatory strategies. A few leaders in the field suggest the use of diverse electronic aids which are often found in electronic technology stores. However, both of these approaches have substantial problems. Success at skill training too often does not transfer to real life activities. Electronic aids are too difficult to learn and too unforgiving in error conditions. There would seem to be many opportunities for applying computer technology to rehabilitation of cognitive disorders. ICP's approach to acquired cognitive disabilities from brain injury Our early work addressed the question of whether computer software could bridge cognitive deficits. The goal of our work with patients is to enable them to perform activities that they have not been able to perform since their brain injury. This problem is important because of the difficulty current rehabilitation techniques have in restoring the individual to their pre-injury level of activity. The research strategy focused conditions which were particularly difficult for current clinical state of the art. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provided this setting. TBI typically causes diffuse damage, --to several lobes of the brain, and to many cognitive dimensions -but only partial damage. This leaves the individual with simultaneous deficits in several dimensions, but with none of the dimensions being totally eliminated. Also, TBI patients were expected to have no further recovery beyond 2 years of the accident. This would provide a baseline for our work. Cognitive engineering models of Card Moran & NewelP, and of Olsen and Olsen5 seemed to provide a heuristic. This work conceptualized an individual's target activity as a lengthy sequence of cognitive tasks on a time frame of hundredths of a second to a second for expert users. One can then conclude that a disruption of the sequence for even a single cognitive skill would disrupt activity performance. We hypothesized that computer software could be constructed to perform the specific cognitive tasks in the sequence. In this way, the computing system would become prosthetic, taking over human functioning which the individual previously could do with their natural ability, but because of disease process was no longer able to


Deoxyfluoro sugars were synthesized rapidly by the reaction of trifluoromethanesulfonyl derivatives of partially protected sugars with tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate (TASF) under mild conditions. The displacements occurred with inversion of configuration; fluorine has been introduced stereospecifically at each of the secondary alcoholic sites of aldohexopyranosides and in one example of a furanoid system. In some instances unsaturated compounds that contained no fluorine were produced.


AbstractThe deformation process of the medium with full strains equaled to the sumof elastic and creep strains is considered. Elastic strains are described byHook's law while creep strains velocities are functions of stress componentsand some structural parameters, velocities of their changing are described byRabotnov's kinetic equations. It is assumed that Drucker's stability postu-late in big, formulated for materials with time-depending behaviour, is validfor creep strains. The inversion of depends between stresses and strains aswell as uniqueness of the solution of boundary value problems are discussed.A special case of aforementioned creep equations for a strengthening ma-terial, when the strengthening parameter is the value of speci c scatteredcreep energy, is considered. The sucient conditions for Drucker's stabilitypostulate ful llment in big are determined for this case, the reasons in favorof necessity of these conditions are given.Keywords: creep, hardening material, small deformation, kinetic equations,stability, Drukker's postulate, solution uniqueness.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/vsgtu1345


Introduction. Major cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities, as well as diabetes mellitus and certain cancers, are associated with worse clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Meanwhile, the impact of concomitant liver diseases on the COVID-19 natural course together with the influence of the COVID-19 on the hepatic tissues have been rarely investigated. The aim of the study was to analyse the available data regarding impact of liver pathologies on COVID-19 natural course and outcome, and, reciprocally, hepatic injuries development induced by COVID-19. Materials and methods. Content analysis, systematic and comparative analysis, bibliosemantic method of investigation of current scientific research results on liver damage associated with COVID-19 were used. Results. The potential mechanism of liver injury in COVID-19 is complex and includes direct cytopathic viral injury, proinflammatory cytokine outbreak, hypoxia/reperfusion damage and potential drug induced liver injury. Among the medications used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, there are certain that could potentially cause drug-induced liver injury. Treatment of liver transplant patients can be challenging taking into consideration the possible necessity of immunosuppressive therapy correction combined with the needs to find a balance between the risk of graft rejection and effective elimination of the virus. Conclusions. Current review of the available database revealed that liver diseases are among substantive comorbidities in COVID-19 patients alongside with liver injuries which are rather frequent complications of COVID-19 treatment. Potential drug-induced liver injuries in patients subjected tocertain antiviral agents in combination with supportive therapy drugs should be taken into consideration. Special precautions are required to prevent potential drug-to-drug interactions in case of COVID-19 treatment in liver transplant patients.


This letter considers the problem of detecting and characterizing a target buried beneath a rough surface separating two homogeneous half spaces. The problem of detecting the target is tackled by analyzing the frequency-averaged Wigner-Ville function, the purpose of which is to filter out rough surface scattering. Characterization of the target is performed using the iterative solution derived from the Newton-Kantorovitch algorithm as applied to the Wigner-Ville function instead of the scattered field as is usually done. In addition, the scattering model involved in the inversion scheme assumes a flat interface, and surface roughness is handled as clutter. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated through numerical experiments, and the comparison between inversions from the scattered field and the Wigner-Ville function is reported


[Objective] To investigate and analyze related factors of symptom severity in patients with chronic prostatitis.[Methods] Questionnaire surveys were completed by 612 subjects who met the criteria of chronic prostatitis after clinical examination.All patients were selected from three urological clinics of Jinzhou city.Information investigated in the anonymous questionnaire included:① Age,height,weight,nation,occupation,economic status,and educational background;② times of clinic visiting,course of disease expressed prostatic secretions(EPS),sexual activity,and treatment status;③ score of the National Institute of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index(NIH-CPSI);Symptom severity was assessed with the NIH-CPSI.[Results] ① Among the 612 subjects selected,70.4% of the patients were aged﹤40 years and there were fewer the old patients with increasing age.② 41.76% of the patients' course of disease were more than 2 years,and there are more severity symptom in patients with chronic prostatitis as disease course extend,no significant difference was found in patients with different course of disease(χ2 = 3.18,P﹥0.05).③ There were more severity symptoms with chronic prostatitis with the increase of clinic visiting time(χ2 = 35.51,P﹤0.01).④ The QOL score had a positive correlation with symptom severity and times of clinic visiting(r = 0.223,P﹤0.05;r = 0.374,P﹤0.01,P﹤0.01 respectively);The symptom severity of single subjects had a positive correlation with masturbation status(r = 0.552,P﹤0.01),on the contrary married subjects had no correlation with masturbation status(r = 0.179,P﹥0.05);nevertheless,it had no significant correlation with age,disease course and education background(P﹥0.05).[Conclusion] Symptom severity in patients with chronic prostatitis had positive relationship with economic status,and prolonged therapeutic process and frequent masturbation could aggravate the severity of symptom.


Introduction: Female smokers in India have gone up in the last 30 years but the number of men who puff daily dipped in the country . Smoking among Indian men fell from 33.8% to in 1980 to 23% in 2012 . While women in 2012 a total of 12.1 million women smoked in India compared to 5.3 million female smokers in 1980. The prevalence of overall tobacco use among men as 47% and women 21% in thecountry .The present study was conducted to study the socio demographic profile of rural female smokers and to find out reasons for smoking among rural females. Materials and methods :  The present community based cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in rural field practice area  ofdept of community medicine. Out of 10 villages,3 villages were picked up by simple random sample method. Among the three villages all female adult smokers were identified with the help of health workers, 130 adult female smokers were identified in 3 villages. But 117 study participants agreed to participate in the study. So sample size was  117 subjects. Results : 35.04% belongs to 51-60 years, followed by 28.21%  above 60 years age group. 41.03 % were illiterates followed by 19.66% females were educated upto secondary class. Age of starting of smoking depicts that 55.56% of females started smoking at the age of <15 years. 69.23% females were smoking chutta followed by  29.06% females were beedi smokers. 35.04 % females were aware that smoking causes the mouth ulcer, 19.66% said lung cancer.32.48% smoke after taking meals. Conclusion : IEC activities must be strengthened. Smoking cessation programmes must be organized in rural communities. Health education campaigns among adolescents regarding smoking ill effects must be frequently organized through Anganwadi centers.


In this paper, the second-order ρ-cone invex, ρ-cone pseudo-invex, strongly ρ-cone pseudo-invex and ρ-cone quasi-invex functions are introduced and their interrelations are discussed. Further, a pair of Mond-Weir type second-order multiobjective symmetric dual programs over arbitrary cones is formulated. Weak and strong duality theorems are proved for these programs.


The location of the images in a multiple-image gravitational lens system are strongly dependent on the orientation angle of the mass distribution. As such, we can use the location of the images and the photometric properties of the visible matter to constrain the properties of the dark halo. We apply this to the optical Einstein Ring system 0047-2808 and find that the dark halo is almost spherical and is aligned in the same direction as the stars to within a few degrees.


the primary cause of increasing costs in the latter part of expansions and that the slow growth of wages actually leads to a realization problem. In this reply, we reaffirm the proposition that, in the absence of controls, the squeeze on profits in the latter half of the expansion is related to rising labor costs, not higher materials prices, or other costs. However, we want to stress that we do not believe


An external skin composition having hexagonal gel phase is provided to protect and moisturize various kinds of the skins showing damaged skin barrier function and various skin types by forming a structure similar to the lamella structure in the skin. An external skin composition having hexagonal gel phase comprises 0.05-10 wt.% of an intercellular lipid ingredient selected from ceramide, fatty acid and cholesterol or its derivatives, and 0.05-25 wt.% of an emulsifier selected from sorbitan stearate and sucrose cocoate, wherein the ceramide is selected from natural ceramide-III represented by the formula(1) or ceramide analogues represented by the formulae(2) to (5) in which R1 and R2 are each independently C6-C22 linear or branched alkyl group, the cholesterol derivative is cholesterol sulfate or phytosterol and the fatty acid is palmitic acid, cetic acid, stearic acid or arachidonic acid.


This paper presents a general module for the detecting and decoding of serial buses, which could be used in oscilloscope and other electronic measuring instruments. This module aims at serial buses including: SPI, IIC, CAN, RS232, etc.. Both synchronized and asynchronous serial buses can be received and decoded to the information they carried, even some errors in those communications will be detected and displayed. The first part of this paper analyses and demonstrates the common attributes of serial buses. Then based on those common attributes we construct a general module for detecting those buses with different decoders adapted to different protocols. In the finals, this module will be implemented on an FPGA and showed in an oscilloscope.


GSC 05586-00371 is a fast-rotating (Prot ≈ 0.44 days) eclipsing binary. Our study showed that this star system is an overcontact eclipsing binary star that belongs to the W UMa class with characteristics of RS CVn type stars. We studied this binary system by photometric means through the V and I bandpass where data by the ASAS-SN survey have also been utilized. our photometry yielded a more precise orbital period that was obtained on its discovery. ASAS-SN data over a 6-year period revealed a long-term photometric wave that is attributed to star spot activity. We monitored the binary system over a 73-hour monitoring period to detect any possible flares from the system, where two consecutive events were monitored from one of our observing stations. Through the use of the Wilson-Devinney program as applied by Binary Maker 3.0, we have obtained a model for this binary system that reveals the presence of star spots on both components. Our results show that the star spot activity is rather dynamic where their influence on the system's light output changed on seasonal timescales.


In order to effectively assess the load effect of the wide cap for sea-crossing bridge at cold region, the three-dimensional finite element models of the ice, cap and water were established based on explicit collision non-linear analysis. Ice was simulated as flexible and brittle damage material. Some finite element models were analyzed considering the difference of ice speed, width of cap, ice thickness and ice strength etc. The effects of failure situation of ice blocks and relationship between ice impact force and time caused by different parameters were researched. Compute results is analyzed with nonlinear regression method, a ice load model about sea-crossing bridge in cold regions is set up. Model established in this paper is compared with other some codes at world, Results show that load computed by model established in this paper is closer to that computed by Japan and American code. The model established in this paper can be referenced for the design of ice load of wide cap of sea-crossing bridges in cold regions.


The integrated voltage control method can be made up of simple circuit. The method has the same superior characteristics as an operational amplifier; the output voltage is always proportional to the signal, independent of the continuous/discontinuous mode of the current, with fast response and no transient oscillation. An application ol' the method to speed control of a separately excited DC motor is represented in this paper. The circuii, consists of two feed-back loops; a voltage loop blocked DC by a capacitor, and a speed loop with a tachóme ter generator. The motor speed is controlled in proportion to the signal with no offset and suitable damping factor.


Urban green spaces are quite significant in reducing negative effects of urbanization. They are viewed as the green lung of the city, and typically perform important functions, including absorbing rainwater and pollutants, and mitigating urban heat. Urban green spaces can also provide considerable socioeconomic benefits, such reducing work-related stress, and increasing property values. Green space is becoming an important measure in judging the ecological sustainability of urban areas. Planners and designers need efficient tools to quantitatively evaluate and compare the impact of alternative plans and designs so that more informed development choices could be made. This study presents an evaluation of spatial equity in distribution of green spaces in Jeddah city using Geographic Information System (GIS). GIS analysis is used to study the spatial distribution of needs and accessibility. The results of this study show that the average green space per capita is 0.9 m 2 and more that 70% of population have to walk distance exceed 500 m to reach green space. In order to reach green space equal to 30 m 2 per capita which is the standard of united nation it's needed to meet lack of urban green space about 93,808,406 m 2 in Jeddah city.


Crystalline thermosetting blends composed of 2,2′-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-phenyl]propane (BAPP)-cured epoxy resin (ER) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared via the in situ curing reaction of epoxy monomers in the presence of PCL, which started from initially homogeneous mixtures of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), BAPP, and PCL. The miscibility of the blends after and before the curing reaction was established with differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Single and composition-dependent glass-transition temperatures (T's) were observed in the entire blend composition after and before the crosslinking reaction. The experimental T's were in good agreement with the prediction by the Fox and Gordon-Taylor equations. The curing reaction caused a considerable increase in the overall crystallization rate and dramatically influenced the mechanism of nucleation and the growth of the PCL crystals. The equilibrium melting point depression was observed for the blends. An analysis of the kinetic data according to the Hoffman-Lauritzen crystallization kinetic theory showed that with an increasing amorphous content, the surface energy of the extremity surfaces increased dramatically for DGEBA/PCL blends but decreased for ER/PCL blends.


The performance of radiographers at Bina Kasih Hospital Medan can be determined from the quality of services provided. The performance of radiographers in applying skills in an indicator of quality in a hospital. This study aims to determine the effect of age, sex, length of service, training, level of education, experience, income, leadership, supervision, and career development on radiographer performance at Bina Kasih Hospital Medan. The method that in this research is descriptive correlative with cross sectional approach to know the factors that affect the performance of radiographer at Bina Kasih Hospital Medan in 2018. Data collected by questioner and observation sheet, then analyzed by bivariate with chi-square. The population in this research is all radiology personnel of Bina Kasih Hospital Medan which amounted to 13 people. Samples in this study amounted to 7 people using total sampling. The result showed that there was no effect of age (p = 0,411), gender (p = 0,188), education level (p = 0,764), length of work (p = 0,488), experience (p = 0,764), training (p = 0,057), income (p = 0,657), leadership (p = 0,764) and career development (p = 0,057) toward radiographer performance at Bina Kasih Hospital Medan in 2018. There was supervision (p = 0,000) on radiographer performance in Hospital Bina Kasih Medan in 2018, so the supervision aspect needs to be well managed to get a good radiographer performance result. This research conduct regular supervision and make improvements in the implementation of the task of the radiographer to maintain that all programmed activities can be implemented well and fluently and reduce the various obstacles/problems in improving the performance of the radiographer.


After describing the basic demands of computer forensics, this paper puts forward a system of proving the reliability of computer forensics. Thought of digital forensics and its system is studied. With the definitions and illations of the forensic methods and gained data, it investigates a formalized method of proving the validity of computer forensics. The method is put forward to proving the reliability of a computer forensics as an example. [


The article analyzes the results of in-depth preventive health examinations of children in Volgograd in 2014. The number of children examined was 100 779. The level of exposure to pathology among the child population is demonstrated through age and gender differentiation into groups 0-4, 5-9,10-14 and 15-17 years. Statistical processing of the findings was done based on ICD 10. Morbidity rates were calculated per 1000 children of the corresponding age and gender.


The ODEP (Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel) rating system should offer a surgeon and patient extra information when making a choice on which implant to use. However, in the current economic environment, ratings may also influence implant choice by contracting bodies. Our aim was to determine the performance of commonly used Acetabular and femoral components in our unit and compare these to their published ODEP ratings (or absence of rating). We analysed all of the following primary THR components (12,792) for revision for any reason, using same date ranges as ODEP where more than 100 implantations had occurred. Hip components: Trinity (3A in 2013), Trilogy (10A* in 2016), Atlas (10A in 2013), Trilogy TMT (10A 2010) Durom (not rated), BHR (10A, 2010), ACCIS (not rated); Femoral components: Taperfit (10A in 2013), Taperloc (10A* in 2016), Metafix (3A in 2013), CPT (10A in 2012), Ecofit (not Rated), ESOP (not rated), Minihip (3A 2013), Durom (not rated), BHR (10A 2010), ACCIS (not rated). Analysis of Kaplan Meier survival curves was undertaken for all components. The rated components and non-rated components were compared using HR and logrank tests for all time groups when ratings were introduced. No statistical difference was observed in any group except for the Trinity cup which had a 98.2% (1344 cups) survival at 6 years. Component survival in our unit was better than ODEP suggested failure for A category of not more than 1% per year, for all components. Whilst we applaud the intention to improve data available for prostheses, the present ODEP system does not distinguish between performances of different implants in our unit. We therefore recommend care when relying upon ODEP ratings to make clinical or contracting decisions.


Several procymidoneresistant mutants of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing rape stem rot were obtained by UV or procymidone induction.They grew slower (EC50 800μg/mL) than their parent on media containing sucrose (40g/L) or NaCl (5g/L),indicating that the mutants were more sensitive to high osmotic stress.The relative conductivity of mutant mycelia was higher than that of the parent,which led to cell electrolyte leakage.The glycerol in parent mycelia increased quickly and accumulated by 462.45% in procymidone media,while that of the mutant was hardly changed,which implied weaker regulatory ability of mutant to osmotic stress.Moreover,sequence differences were found in histidine kinase (HK) gene of both wild parent and mutants.A 1 605bp product was amplified from conserved domain of HK gene.Three bases at 45th,81th and 625th sites were different among mutants and parent,although the coded amino acids were the same.It suggested that the procymidone resistance and high osmotic stress sensitivity of S.sclerotiorum mutants had no correlation to the base mutation of HK gene conserved domain.


Given the complexity of high-performance parallel programs, developers often must rely on performance analysis tools to help them improve the performance of their applications. While many tools support analysis of message-passing programs, tool support is limited for applications written in programming models that present a partitioned global address space (PGAS) to the programmer such as UPC and SHMEM. Existing tools that support message-passing models are difficult to extend to support PGAS models due to differences between the two paradigms and the techniques used in their implementations. In this paper, we present our work on Parallel Performance Wizard (PPW), a performance analysis system for PGAS and MPI application analysis. We discuss new concepts, namely the generic-operation-type abstraction and GASP-enabled data collection, developed to facilitate support for multiple programming models and then give an overview of PPW's automatic analysis and visualization capabilities. Finally, to show the usefulness of our system, we present results on PPW's overhead, storage requirements and scalability before demonstrating its effectiveness via application case studies.


A business domain is typically constrained by business rules. In practice, these rules often include constraints of different modalities (e.g. alethic and deontic). Alethic rules impose necessities, which cannot, even in principle, be violated by the business. Deontic rules impose obligations, which may be violated, even though they ought not. Conceptual modeling approaches typically confine their specification of rules to alethic rules. This paper discusses one way to model deontic rules, especially those of a static nature. A formalization based on modal operators is provided, and some challenging semantic issues are examined from both logical and pragmatic perspectives. Because of its richer semantics, the main graphic notation used is that of Object-Role Modeling (ORM). However, the main ideas could be adapted for UML and ER as well. A basic implementation of the proposed approach has been prototyped in a tool that supports automated verbalization of both alethic and deontic rules.


Abstract Theories regarding the molecular pathophysiology of myofascial trigger points (MFTrPs) have undergone fundamental revisions in recent years. New research suggests that MFTrPs are evoked by the abnormal depolarization of motor end plates. The motor endplate transduces electrical potential into muscle contraction. This review article expands the proposed etiology to include presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic mechanisms, such as excessive release of acetycholine (ACh), defects of acetylcholinesterase, and upregulation of nicotinic ACh receptors, respectively. Dysfunctional motor endplates and sustained muscular contraction give rise to a localized "ATP energy crisis" associated with sensory and autonomic reflex arcs that is sustained by central sensitization. This working hypothesis has given rise to several new approaches in the treatment of MFTrPs.


The on-going debate over how strictly the financial markets and their participants should be regulated after the outbreak of the 2008 financial crisis has brought special attention to the case of the Credit Rating Agencies. Credit Rating Agencies are fundamental for the functioning of the global financial markets. Confiding on experts with the necessary tools and experience to conduct assessments on the creditworthiness and risk of financial instruments is more effective than let investors make one by one their own credit risk assessment. For that reason, financial institutions in the EU and the U.S had for a long time relied on these agencies to evaluate the credit risk of the financial markets, granting them both regulatory powers and a high degree of leverage, while the agencies themselves remained unregulated. However, inflated ratings on debt instruments such as Mortgage-Backed Securities in the early 2000s that turned out to be worthless are among the causes of the 2008 economic crisis. The massive downgrading of Mortgage-Backed Securities following the burst of the housing market bubble in 2007 triggered the panic, causing the dry up of financial markets and the bankruptcy of many companies. Therefore, since the economic turmoil of 2008, regulators on both sides of the Atlantic agreed that stricter regulation and oversight of the Credit Rating Agencies was needed in order to avoid a similar economic disaster in the future. For that reason, a series of new regulations have been passed in both the EU and the U.S. They are intended to improve the quality and integrity of the Credit Rating Agencies by addressing the problems posed by them and that contributed to the making of the crisis. However, understanding how to fix the problems posed by the Credit Rating Agencies while preserving the useful role they play as gatekeepers of the financial markets is proving to be an arduous and complex task. In this study I will discuss the regulations towards Credit Rating Agencies introduced after the crisis in the EU and the U.S, and analyze to what extent they are effectively addressing the malfunctions of the Credit Rating industry.


We classify the automorphism groups of del Pezzo surfaces of degrees one and two over an algebraically closed field of characteristic two. This finishes the classification of automorphism groups of del Pezzo surfaces in all characteristics.


(summarised in the tables) a broader perspective of a historical and literary dimension only features occasionally, and this applies to the different contexts, and the different functions the authors attributed to their works. In only a few cases does R. attempt to explain the authors' use by comparison with other literary genres: for example, pp. 90–1 and 170 for the comparison with epic poetry and p. 92 for the low number of qualifiers in Herodotus (see also p. 148). Some conclusions confirm exactly what would be expected: for instance, the breadth of Herodotus' interests (p. 170) or the prevalence of the military category in Thucydides (p. 173), Xenophon, Polybius and Diodorus (p. 185). The comparison with other texts, ancient and modern, considering different functions and strategies in the use of numbers, may enrich the panorama and bring further substantial results.


The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the Effect of Budgetary Goal Characteristics (Budget Goal Setting, Clarity of Budget Objectives, and Budget Evaluation) on the Performance of the Muara Enim Regency Government. The number of samples taken is 50 local government employees who have activities in budgeting and at the same time as budget implementers who handle budget preparation at the Muara Enim Regency government office as respondents. The data used is primary data, namely data taken from a questionnaire (questionnaire). The data analysis method used is a simple linear regression analysis method. The analysis data was processed using the SPSS (Sold Product Solution Statistics) computer program version 23. The results of this study stated that participation in budget preparation and budget evaluation had a significant positive effect, while the clarity of budget objectives had no significant effect on the performance of the local government of Muara Enim Regency.


Indirect AC to AC conversion makes use of a DC linkwhich has severaldisadvantages. Matrix converteroffers a solution to the problems of a DC link by directlyconverting AC to AC with the use of forced commutation of semi-conductor switches such as IGBT and MOSFET. In thispaper, the basic working of a single phase matrix converter, its applications and modulation techniques have been discussed. Computer based simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK wasperformed and the results have been shown. Matrix converteris an upcomingtechnologythat has much avenue for research.


4095 Background: The addition of cetuximab to preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) in rectal cancer (RC) does not seem to improve the complete pathological response rate. These data outline the importance of a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved to allow optimal patient selection. The aims of this study were to characterize the molecular pathways activated or inhibited by cetuximab in vivo and to identify molecular profiles for response prediction to CRT. Methods: Forty patients with RC (T3-T4 and/or N+) received preoperative RT (1.8 Gy, 5 days/wk, 45 Gy) in combination with capecitabine and cetuximab (initial dose 400 mg/m2, one week before CRT followed by 250 mg/m2/wk for 5 wks). Biopsies and plasma samples were taken at baseline, after the loading dose of cetuximab but before the start of CRT, and at surgery (performed six weeks after the end of CRT). Proteomics included 96 cancer- related proteins. Baseline samples were used to search profiles for response prediction and comparison ...


We describe a technique for extracting the ocean wave height directional spectrum (OWHDS) from underwater acoustic backscatter measurements. Our technique requires a bottom‐mounted acoustic transceiver consisting of a quasi‐isotropic source of sound and a receiver array designed to measure the mutual coherence function (MCF) of the surface scattered and reflected fields. The MCF is shown to be directly related to the OWHDS which can then be extracted using a simple inversion scheme. Our results are applicable for all relative values of the rms surface wave height to acoustic wavelength provided the rms surface wave slope s < 1.


Contents Section 1: Design with nature Sustainable tourism within an eco-city context: analytical study for the master plan of Siwa city, Egypt The Minangkabau house: architectural and cultural elements A survey on the sustainability patterns in Iranian desert architecture Design procedures for an average Saudi villa using integrated green building techniques Effect of skylight configuration and sky type on the daylight impression of a room New generation of energy design tools for low impact buildings The effect of light and colour in architectural design Section 2: Ecological and cultural sensitivity Learning from traditional architecture Ecological architecture elements of Theologos: a traditional settlement on Thassos Island, Greece Questioning public art Can a hotel be ecological? MSWI bottom ash as eco-aggregate in cement mortar design Developing a sustainable land ethic in 21st century cities Section 3: Energy efficiency Challenges of cost-effective high-performance residential construction on the US market: lessons learned from building Utah's most energy-efficient and cost-effective house Passive and active hybrid approach to building design in Saudi Arabia High performing building as a pier for sustainable tourism in the protected area of Bracciano Lake in Italy The energy transect including sustainability issues in urban morphology analyses Section 4: Bioclimatic design Cooling performance of Persian wind towers Bioclimatic residence design in the Xanthi region Use of environmental parameters in building envelope design Section 5: Vertical greenery systems (Special session by R. M. Pulselli) A sustainability evaluation of vertical greenery systems based on emergy Vertical greening systems: contribution to thermal behaviour on the building envelope and environmental sustainability Thermo-physical performances of living walls via field measurements and numerical analysis Section 6: Ecological impact of materials Influence of characteristic types of thermal insulation on energy savings of AAC-based building envelope: a comparison Natural zeolite as environmentally friendly supplementary cementitious material in concrete Section 7: Building technologies Towards near zero energy dwellings by heat pump implementation in HVAC plants Sustainable strategies and methods for the energetic improvement of social housing stock in Italy Methods for air tightness analysis for residential buildings in Nordic countries Optimization methods for determination of moisture diffusivity of building materials in the drying phase Renewable energy sources for historic buildings: the Crucifers Convent in Venice Section 8: Education and training Raising awareness for sustainability in basic design Zero-cooling-energy-buildings in hot climates: experiences and results from a university teaching course Section 9: Case studies Eco-technologies for retrofitting social housing stock: strategies for an Italian case study Thermal comfort in sustainable buildings: case study Cenpes/UFRJ-RJ/Brazil Solar cooling design: a case study Comparing energy signature analysis to calculated U-values in wooden houses in a cold climate The sustainability of construction: techniques and technologies for energy efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gases - methodological aspects Between experimentation and validation: the Bavarian experience of eco-districts and urban regeneration policies


Atherosclerotic lesions preferentially develop in arterial areas exposed to low shear stress, where endothelial cells express a pro-inflammatory, apoptotic, and senescent phenotype. Endothelial cells exposed to atheroprone low shear stress present a defective autophagic flux, which favors a pro-inflammatory phenotype and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. We tested the hypothesis that HDAC6 inhibition could restore adequate levels of autophagy in endothelial cells exposed to low shear stress. We found that blocking HDAC6 activity, either by pharmacological inhibition (Tubastatin-A) or genetic approaches (shHDAC6), raised levels of acetylated α-tubulin, as well as LC3-II/I ratio, LC3 puncta area, nuclear TFEB translocation and autophagic flux in cultured endothelial cells exposed to low shear stress. This effect was associated with a reduced expression of inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1) in TNF-α-stimulated cells. Impaired endothelial autophagic flux was restored in the aortic arch (atheroprone conditions) of HDAC6-/-mice, when compared to control littermates. Atherosclerotic plaque size was significantly decreased in the aortic arch of chimeric HDAC6-/-/ApoE-/- mice, transplanted with HDAC6+/+/ApoE-/- bone marrow, when compared to HDAC6+/+/ApoE-/- littermate controls. Taken together, these results indicate that HDAC6-inhibition may be an interesting strategy to restore endothelial autophagic flux, to help promote an atheroprotective endothelial phenotype despite unfavorable shear stress conditions.


This study attempts to assess the early education system of Italy (from 1870 to 1918) and shows what effect the early features had upon the lives of the Italian children.