In an effort for designing analogue with improved analgesic activity(opioid like activity) or may posses added biological activities as antimetabolite with antineoplastic antibacterial and antiviral, etc., coupled bi natural metabolites (nucleoside peptides) are proposed in this study to synthesize 1′-deoxy-1′-(6-amino-9-purinyl)-2′,3′-o-isopropylidene-B-D-ribfuranuronic acid amide with TyrGly-Gly-Phe-Met-oH. In the hope that such combination have efficient transporting system across membrane, natural penetration inside the cell and nucleus, represent an essential criteria for specifically inducing the analagesic, antiviral, anticancer and also help for exploring other expected biological activities. The analogue was synthesized by applying the conventional solution method and the coupling between peptide and nucleoside adenosine was carried out through amide linkage.Confirmity of the synthetic procedure was achieved by applying different physico-chemical analyses including, thin layer chromatography (T.L.C) and melting point (M.P.), infrared spectroscopy (IR),elemental analysis(CHN analysis), optical rotation, amino acid analysis and NMR. Keyword: Adenosine, met-Enkaphaline analogue. Introduction Opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. The main use is for pain relief. These agents work by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. The centeral Analgesic activity is mediated by opiate receptors located in the CNS. Five major categories of opioid receptors are known: mu (μ), kappa (κ), sigma (σ), delta (δ), and epsilon (ε). Narcotic. [met]-enkephalin is widely distributed in the CNS; [met]enkephalin is a product of the proenkephalin gene, and acts through μ and δ-opioid receptors. [leu]-enkephalin, also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors. The discovery of enkephalins (Hughes 1975) created a new era in which peptides emerged as a novel class of potent analgesics. Soon after their isolation and characterization was reported, the search for other endogenous peptides possessing opioid activity was further intensified and several of them could be isolated from different mammalian tissues and fluids within a short span of time. Almost simultaneously, structure-activity relationship studies on these pentapeptides were undertaken in a number of laboratories, primarily with the object of getting a synthetic peptide that could be utilized as a pain reliever in clinical practice. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer-as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as well as in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. It is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter, believed to play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal, with levels increasing with each hour an organism is awake. Because of its simple structure there has been an enomrous amount of interest in development of analogues as medicinal agents. Thousands opioid analogues have been synthesized and studied in an attempt to evaluate their structure activity relationship. Peptide nucleic acids are oligonucleotide mimics characterised by high chemical and enzymatic stability, high specificity and affinity toward complementary DNA/RNA.


The automatic welding control system of cable core is set up by Mitsubishi Q series PLC and some other modules.The distribution of address and the design of PLC program are introduced in this paper.Experimental results show that the system is stable,high precision,and has a good application.


This paper proposes a single-phase bidirectional dc-dc converter feasible to dc distributed power systems and electrical vehicles. The topology provides high frequency galvanic isolation and is able to protect the system during eventual short-circuit in the output side. The current control in the primary side is performed by the duty cycle variation of the primary bridge. It is possible to regulate the dc bus voltage even during voltage dips and short-circuits. The secondary side bridge is driven with constant duty cycle and the power flow is controlled by the variation of the phase shift angle between the two bridges. The basic equations are shown and experimental results are presented and discussed.


The Myth of Bourgeois Financial Crisis to Social Change. Mulvad's research examines the relationship between capitalist development and democracy in a historical-sociological perspective. Having research Abstract In contemporary scholarship on Chinese ideological debates, both pro-system Chinese intellectuals and Western-based academics present China's future as a binary choice between a "China Model" liberalism. This article deconstructs this dichotomy by proposing a new heuristic for conceptualizing ideological cleavage. Informed by interviews with twenty-eight leading Chinese intellectuals, the case is made for a two-dimensional spectrum allowing for ideological co-variation, on one axis, between two contending socioeconomic roads of national revival, capitalism and socialism , and on the other axis between paternalism and fraternalism as conflicting ideals for the political system. This model not only resonates with Chinese intellectual history, but also allows us to uncover two crucial ideological tendencies that disappear with the China Model/Western Path dichotomy: (i) the emerging hybrid of Confucian politics and free market economics, and (ii) the tabooed fraternalist-socialist legacy of the 1989 movement.


Acceleration of improving public services using a digitalization approach in the industrial era 4.0 is something that is no longer commonplace. The government as a public service provider is expected to be able to take advantage of these technological advances, to increase its ability to process, manage, distribute and distribute information and public services. The implementation of this electronic-based government is carried out to improve the quality of public services that are effective, efficient, transparent and accountable. As a barometer of governance in Papua Province, the City of Jayapura is expected to be a role model in e-Government-based public service governance. Therefore, this study aims to describe the implementation of e-Government in relation to openness of public services in Jayapura City. The research methodology used in this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews. Data analysis used in this study includes data collection, data presentation, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the Jayapura city government has made efforts to utilize electronic-based public services, although it has not been maximized.


Mulkay's refutation of the theory of "the ethos of science" is invalid if the issue is scrutinized from the perspective of the method and the purpose which Merton had used when he initiated the very theory.Considering the fact that the scientific community pays much importance to the scientific norms and that there are many deviant behaviors in the research,the article indicates that we should follow Merton's original intention to sparkplug a kind of "good" scientific norms.


Abstract Graphene has achieved a great amount of popularity and interest from the science world because of its extraordinary physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, having one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2 bonded carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Many methods to synthesize graphene have been developed over a short period and we believe it is necessary to create a list of the most notable approaches. This article focuses on the methods to synthesize graphene in an attempt to summarize and document advancements in the synthesis of graphene research and future prospects.


: A study was conducted to examine the variation in fish farm sediment quality with varying organic carbon input in the form of feed. In order to elucidate the seasonal variation in farm sediment quality, relation between seasonal organic carbon input, temperature and sediment quality was studied. The sediment ignition loss, redox potential and acid volatile sulfide sulfur (AVS-S) content showed a correlation with annual organic carbon input. The seasonal AVS-S content showed a significant correlation with the seasonal organic carbon input as well as temperature. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both of these factors explicated 80% of the seasonal variation in AVS-S content. Although redox conditions of the sediment could also be correlated with both the organic carbon input and temperature, the latter seemed to have a greater control. Thus, the farm sediment quality could be directly related to the annual organic carbon input to the fish farm under similar hydrographic conditions. Acid volatile sulfide sulfur content exhibited a significant correlation with both the annual as well as the seasonal organic carbon input. Therefore, AVS-S content proved to be a fairly simple and better indicator for monitoring the fish farm environment for effective farm management and sustainable aquaculture. Importance of size of pellets as a factor affecting the feed input-sediment quality relation is also demonstrated in the present study.


This paper is devoted to the problem of computing control laws for the stabilization of continuous‐time linear time‐varying systems. First, a necessary and sufficient condition to assess the stability of a linear time‐varying system based on the norm of the transition matrix computed over a sequence of successive finite‐time intervals is proposed. A link with a stability condition for an equivalent discrete‐time model is also established. Then, 3 approaches for the computation of stabilizing state‐feedback gains are proposed: a continuous‐time technique, ie, directly derived from the stability condition, not suitable for numerical implementation; a method based on the stabilization of the discrete‐time equivalent model along with a transformation to generate the desired continuous‐time gain; and the computation of stabilizing gains for a set of periodic discrete‐time systems. Finally, by adapting one of the existing methods for the stabilization of periodic discrete‐time systems, an algorithm for the computation of a stabilizing state‐feedback continuous‐time gain is proposed. A numerical example illustrates the validity of the technique.


Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common neurodegenerative dementia, but symptomatic and disease‐modifying treatments are lacking. Researchers designing clinical trials for DLB are faced with disease‐related challenges including choosing priority targets, populations, biomarkers, and outcomes.


The invention provides a high-altitude satellite heater electronic control system and method. The high-altitude satellite heater electronic control system comprises an instruction latching module, an instruction driving module and a control output module. The instruction latching module, the instruction driving module and the control output module are integrated. The instruction latching module converts instant heater control instructions into continuous control instructions. The continuous control instructions generate execution signals controlling the positive and negative ends of a heater respectively after passing through the instruction driving module. Finally, the execution signals are output by the control output module at the same time to be applied to the two ends of the heater, so that the whole satellite is thermally controlled. According to the high-altitude satellite heater electronic control system and method, the electronic switch control mode is adopted, the high-altitude satellite heater is controlled, the positive and negative ends of the heater are controlled at the same time, and reliability is high; a large number of electronic switches are adopted, so that the weight is low, and the size is small; due to the fact that the integrated design is supported, the high-altitude satellite heater electronic control system and method have the advantage of being suitable for the high-altitude satellite with multiple thermally-controlled circuits, the complex control mode and the severe operating environment.


In order to solve the problem of sealing water and bearing capacity of a connected aisle in an underwater shield tunnel, a double-circle horizontal freezing method was adopted for ground reinforcement in the connected aisle of Maliuzhou Tunnel, which is China's first shield tunnel with superlarge diameter built in a composite stratum. This paper proposed a new double-row-pipe freezing model for the calculation of frozen wall thickness based on analytical solution to steady-state temperature field. Besides, field measurement and transient numerical studies of the active freezing period were also carried out to study the freeze-sealing effect. The results show that frozen wall thickness obtained by analytical solutions agrees well with numerical simulation results, which verifies the applicability of the newly proposed calculation method. Field analysis indicates that soil temperature gradually approaches a stable value which is far below the freezing point, and a reliable water-sealing curtain can be formed around the designed connected aisle. Maximum impact of soil excavation on the frozen wall is about 10°C, and reducing exposure time of excavation surface can effectively alleviate the weakening of frozen wall. To obtain comprehensive analysis for freezing wall thickness, a more reasonable arrangement of temperature-measuring holes is expected in future freezing engineering.


PM-tool steels are the most widely used materials for cold forging dies. The lifetime of such dies is mainly controlled by fatigue damage, which consists of the fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth. A special technique was developed in order to characterise the fatigue crack initiation under stress ratios which are typical in cold forging dies. The fatigue cracks are simultaneously generated by the cracking of carbides, debonding of carbide/metallic matrix interfaces or by crack initiation in the matrix. Fatigue crack growth of these high-strength tool steels is plasticity-controlled and comparable to that of ductile materials.


It is intended to provide a food which is rich in active ingredients contained in a bean (e.g., adzuki bean) peel and has the original favorable taste of the bean and a low calorie, and a method for producing a food material thereof. The present invention provides a food made of, as a raw material, a bean peel A milled into fine particles with a desired particle size by a wet milling process, and a method for producing a food material made of a bean peel as a raw material, comprising: a dehydration step S10 of dehydrating a peel A separated from boiled adzuki beans a into a predetermined water content; a primary milling step S11 of milling the peel A obtained by the dehydration step, into a desired particle size; a water addition adjustment step S12 of adjusting, by water addition, the water content of the peel powder A-1 obtained by the primary milling step, to a predetermined level; and a secondary milling step S13 of milling the peel powder A-1 obtained by the water addition adjustment step, into fine particles such that the palisade tissues of the peel powder A-1 are separated in a fine, almost rod-like form.


The main object of this research is to minimize the shock effects which frequently result in fatal damage to the windmeasuring met mast after impact with a service boat. The collision between wind-measuring met mast and service boat is generally a complex problem, and it is often impractical to perform rigorous finite element analyses to include all effects and sequences during the collision. This paper focuses on the structural behaviors of the wind-measuring met mast. A significant part of the collision energy is dissipated in terms of strain energy, and the contribution from the elastic strain can normally be neglected. On applying the impact force of a service boat to the wind-measuring met mast, the maximum acceleration, internal energy and plastic strain are calculated for each load case using the finite element method. LS-dyna, a commercial explicit finite element code from ANSYS software, is used to produce a finite element model and analyze the nonlinear responses of the met mast due to the service boat collision. A parametric study is carried out by changing design variables of the service boat's velocity and the thickness of the wind-measuring met mast. Three types of materials for rubber fenders are taken into account where Mooney-Rivlin coefficients are determined based on the experimental data. It is assumed that the effect of the wave-induced vertical motion of a service boat is negligible. It is concluded that this paper provides a designing process used for rubber fenders considering a service boat impact.


The paper focuses on the COVID-19 pandemic impact on performing arts, notably the emergence of new presentation forms devised while concert activities were suspended, referring to the example of philharmonic orchestras. Owing to totalizing digitalization, which has shifted the entire production and reception of the performing and listening experience to the online sphere, the role of the audience also undergoes a shift from a collective to a virtual entity. The text, firstly, maps the emerging practices and explores their impact on changing the very sensory perception of new media content consumed in virtual reality. The focus of the paper is on redefinition of the PR department from communications towards the roll of the curator of the online presentations and the digital content and overall activities of the orchestra. The case study examines the example of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra by analysing its digital presentation and communication strategy between March and June 2020. The goal is to identify the contributions of new practices, whose combination with the traditional ones could result in long-term audience and public relations development and enhancement of musical performance presentation. By continuously producing new contents for different target groups, without a single concert held in this period, the Philharmonic successfully attracted new audience and turned a crisis into an opportunity for interaction with new users, thus generating growth on all platforms. The conclusion provides a predictive analysis of return to normality, after the digital transgression experiences. It is recognized that music institutions will strategically develop their digital concert halls as new entrepreneurial models. As competition in this sphere brings PR departments to the fore owing to the need to work with complex algorithms, the digital ethical dilemma will intensify as a burning issue in the context of demographic data collection.


The method and system's design for the laser treatment of the heart ischemia is presented. Our conceptual approach to the development of the system is based on the theoretical and experimental works about positive influence of low intensity near infrared laser irradiation by treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The method and system allow it to influence the subepicardial collateral blood circulation with near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation in wavelength ranges of 0.86 - 1.06 mkm. The presented techniques make it possible to achieve a higher effectiveness of treatment. First, due to individual choice of radiation parameters on the basis of analysis of the patient's conditions before and after laser therapy. Second, due to simultaneous influence at several points of the human body. Finally, results of the clinical tests are presented, which confirm the discussed methods.


In this study, biological activity of 70 Streptomyces isolates was evaluated against Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium sambucinum by dual culture techniques. Among all isolates which were screened, isolate C-1 showed high level of activity on agar disc and well diffusion methods against V. dahliae and F. sambucinum. Active time was monitored in shaked culture; Streptomyces isolate C-1 activities reached maximum after 10 and 4 days against V. dahliae and F. sambucinum, respectively. Different temperature and pH effects were also evaluated on mycelial growth of Streptomyces sp. isolate C-1. Evaluation of relative polarity of the active and pH effects on principle present in the crude showed that it has polar nature and was rather alkaliphilic. Also, this isolate has high salt tolerance and observed to have fungicidal activity against V. dahliae and F. sambucinum.


The spermatheca found in the 'uterium' (highly transformed part of parasitic female) of the sphaerularioidid nematode Sphaerularia vespae, an endoparasite of a common Japanese hornet, Vespa simillima, was studied with TEM. The uterium consists of a thick trophic epithelium exposed to the insect haemocoel and a protective cavity which contains the female genital tube and storage cells (fat body). The uterium cavity contains the female reproductive system composed of the usual parts: uterus, oviduct and ovary. The genital pore of the young uterium is an opening of the short narrow uterine tube which joins to the voluminous spermatheca. The spermatheca is a dilated distal part of the uterus, storing numerous tiny spermatozoa. The spermatheca is blocked distally by the oviduct. The spermatozoa are uniform amoeboid cells only 1.4-1.6 μm in size with a highly condensed nucleus about 0.8 μm in size. The transparent sperm cytoplasm contains several mitochondria, small membranous organelles (specific organelles characteristic of nematode spermatozoa), occasional bundles of fibres and centriole-like bodies. The S. vespae spermatozoa are very similar to the spermatozoa stored in the uterus of infective females of another sphaerularioidid nematode, Deladenus sp., and have the main features of sperm found in many other rhabditid nematodes.


Catheter ablation has been very effective in patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), but most studied patients have had


I consider J. Webster as a "moderate" animalist, but I do not know if he agrees with such definition; anyhow, I think he is, with D. Broom, one of major scientists of farm animal welfare. For these reasons I like to recall the start of "Introduction: Man's Dominion" to his book "Animal welfare (a cool eye towards Eden): "Man has dominion over the animals whether we like it or not. Wherever we share space on the planet, and this includes all but the most inaccessible regions of land, sea and air, it is we, no they that determine where and how they will live. We may elect to put hens in a battery cage or establish a game reserve to preserve the tiger but in each case the decision is ours, no theirs. We make a pet of the hamster but poison the rat. These are very human decision but they have much in common with decisions taken by other animals, since they reflect our own will to survive, preserve our genetic inheritance and enrich the quality of our lives. We need good food and battery eggs are nutritious an cheap. We need good hygiene, and fear that rats carry germs. Pets enrich our lives and those of our children. We admire the tiger not only for its fearful symmetry but as a symbol of freedom itself, so we offer it rather more freedom than we would think fit for the chicken. It is impossible, however, to avoid the issue that both the chicken and the tiger are living on our terms" (Webster, 1994). Can this be interpreted as a denial of animal welfare? I do not think so; he in fact concluded the Preface of the same book as follow: "My aim, I repeat, is to offer constructive solutions to the problem of man's dominion over the animals. These solutions will not be achieved by self-indulgent moralizing on the nature of animal rights but by practical approaches designed to reconcile our aspirations for those animals within our dominion with a proper concern for their welfare. I do not e�pect to achieve paradise but I do my best to be fair" (Webster, 1994). This clearly means that our approach to the welfare issue must consider several aspects, besides the animal "happiness", and these include different value of men and animals, the human needs for animal derived foods, the farm economical sustainability etc.. Therefore, if man has been created "in the image and likeness of God" as suggested by Bible, man has duties versus animals which rights are subordinated to the human's ones (Warren, 198�; cited by Pascalev, 200��). In other words, as suggested above by Webster, man is responsible of a fair breeding situation where animals: do not suffer hunger, thirst, heat, cold, e�haustion, pain, malaise and fear; enjoy pleasure of delight feeds, of lu�ury and of optimal fitness for comfortable environment. Nevertheless, these feelings that can be included in the � freedoms of Brambell's report and afterwards of FAWC (199�), cannot be totally and contemporary fulfilled, again accor-


Summary: The relationships between plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB), carbamazepine (CBZ), and 3‐sulfamoylmethyl‐l,2‐benzisoxazole (AD‐810), a new anticonvulsant agent, and their anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects were studied in various species of animals. Anticonvulsant activities of test drugs were examined by the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Neurotoxicities were détérmined by the rotorod performance test in mice and rats and by behavioral observations in rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. It was demonstrated that both the anticonvulsant effects and the neurotoxic effects of the drugs tested were more closely correlated with their plasma concentrations than with the dosages administered. There was a critical plasma concentration for each drug to show an anticonvulsant effect or to cause a neurotoxic effect in an individual animal. The critical plasma concentrations for anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of each drug were relatively constant among different species, with the exception of DPH in rabbits, which had twice the value in other species. The therapeutic ranges of plasma concentrations of DPH, PB, and CBZ détérmined in various species of animals coincided well with those recommended clinically. AD‐810 was found to be effective against MES without signs of neurological toxicity in the ranges of plasma concentrations of 9.8 to 74.0, 10.8 to 95.0, 9.6 to 117.0, and 12.6 to 96.2 μg/ml in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs, respectively. These results seem to suggest that AD‐810 may be effective clinically at plasma concentrations above 10 μg/ml, with a therapeutic range up to 70 μg/ml, which is much wider than the therapeutic ranges of DPH (10–20 μg/ml), PB (10–30 μg/ml), and CBZ (4–10 μg/ml).


In Tripmaster Money: His Fake Book,Maxine Hong Kingston inherits the European literary tradition of carnivalism.As a result,She displays her creative use of literary techniques of carnivalization by integrating her understanding of carnival spirit with the American ethnic experience,thus achieves a major breakthrough in both literary perspectives and artistic forms,showing that Chinese-American literature is not limited to the writing of Chinese-American experience,but is also rich in humanity spirit and has its own aesthetic pursuit.Kingston 's artistic exploration sheds new light on discussions on Chinese-American literature's particularity and universality,and on queries of an ideology-orientation in Chinese-American literary criticism.


Objective To investigate the clinical features,treatment outcome and prognosis of pa tients with nasopharyngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC).Methods From March 1963 to August 2002, 33 patients with ACC were retrospectively reviewed.Among them,13 received multimedality therapy(S + R in 9 and R +S in 4) and the remaining 20 received radiotherapy alone.The interval between the first visit and clinical diagnosis was 12 months(1.0-36.4 months).The misdiagnosis rate was 55% (18/33),with the most common error of otitis media.The clinical symptoms of ACC were similar to those of squamous carcino ma in nasopharynx,though the cervical lymph node metastasis was rare(12%) and cranial nerve invasion was common (58%). ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 60.8 months (5.0-245.2 months),the 5-and 10-year overall survival rates,free-disease survival rates,local regional control rates and metastasis-free sur vival rates were 66% and 29% ,41% and 27% ,61% and 40% ,62% and 62% ,respectively.Among the 20 patients(61%) with recurrence,15 had local regional failure(13 in situ and 2 in cervical lymph node) ,and 9 had distant metastasis(5 in the lung,2 in the lung and bone,1 in the liver and I in the bone).Univariate analysis showed that clinical stage was a prognostic factor(Ⅰ + II vs Ⅲ + Ⅳ,P = 0.009),while treatment modality(radiotherapy alone vs multimodality therapy) was not. ConclusionsNasopharyngeal ACC is a locally aggressive disease with a long course.Either radiotherapy alone or muhimodality therapy(S + R/R + S) is effective in the treatment.

Key words:
Nasopharyngeal neoplasms/radiotherapy; Nasopharyngeal neoplasms/surgery; Prognosis


The oxygen content of the SiAlCO fibers was a key for the transformation from SiAlCO fibers to dense stoichiometric Si C fibers after sintering at 1700 ℃,which was mainly introduced during curing process.The novel preoxidation-thermal curing method was applied to the conversion of polyaluminocarbosilane(PACS) fibers and the oxygen content of the SiAlCO fibers as-pyrolyzed was adjustable in 10% —13%(mass fraction).A minimal degree of preoxidation of the PACS green fibers,which performed at 190 ℃ for 4h leading to 7.87%(mass fraction) oxygen pick-up,is necessary for their further thermal-curing.Then,the preoxidation fibers formed crosslinking structure after thermal-curing at 450 ℃ under N2 flow.The curing process was investigated by gel permeation chromatography(GPC),infrared spectrum(IR) and thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectra(TG-MS).The results show that the Si—OH bonds are formed after the Si—H bonds in the structure of PACS fibers reacting with oxygen molecular during preoxidation.Additionally,partial Si—OH bonds could react with each other continuously to form Si—O—Si structure,resulting in molecular increase.During the thermal-curing process,the residue of Si—OH further react with each other at lower than300 ℃.The formation of Si—CH2—Si structure resulted from the reaction between Si—H bond and Si—CH3 bond happened in the range of 300—450 ℃.


In an attempt to assess the role of contextual constraints in dialogue, a method similar to that of Miller and Selfridge (1950) was used to produce 'approximations to dialogue.' Subjects who had been given a description of the social situation of a conversation and two to three utterances as context produced approximations to dialogue that were judged by other subjects as more plausible than approximations produced with less context, but not as less plausible than approximations with more context supplied.


A method and apparatus for inspecting an object after stamping is described. The method and apparatus comprises determining a temperature distribution of an object after stamping; obtaining one or more thermal images of the object after stamping; and comparing the determined tem perature distribution with the obtained thermal images so as to identify defects existing in the object after stamping, in which the difference between the temperature distribution and the thermal images indicates the presence of defects in the object. The method and apparatus can therefore inspect and analysis problems of the object occurred during the Stamping process.


According to the theory of the enterprise evolvement,this paper puts forward the concepts management integration for self-adapted ability of enterprise,and then explains the philosophical idea of the management integration for self-adapted ability of enterprise,and analyzes its philosophical characters.


The sifter, a kind of sieving equipment, is widely used in the coking industry and mineral industry. But there are many problems in its practical use, such as the stoppage of materials, which has the influence on the efficiency of the sieving. And the service life of the sifter is very short. In order to solve these problems, a new type of sifters——the molten sifter has been developed and after the use of a certain period of time has reached its anticipative aim and the maintenance fees are greatly been reduced.


Objective To study the pharmacokinetics of sodium aescinate after intravenous infusion in Chinese healthy volunteers.Methods Sodium aescinate for injection were given to 9 healthy volunteers of a single dose of 10 mg,the concentrations of aescinate in human plasma and urine were determined by HPLC-MS/MS,the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with WinNonLin 5.0.Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of A ingredient of aescinate and B ingredient of aescinate were as follows:Cmax were(283.00±70.53),(206.33±57.20) ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(1008.05±396.49),(638.96±259.48) ng·h·mL-1;t1/2 were(3.72±0.44),(3.57±0.48) h;Vz were(19.39±7.05),(23.82±11.43) L;CL were(3.66±1.36),(4.55±1.86) L·h-1;36 hour accumulative urine excretion rates were(4.91±1.38)%,(2.80±0.71)%,respectively.Conclusion The disposing process of A ingredient of aescinate and B ingredient of aescinate in healthy subjects were resemble,the elimination half life was about 3.6 h,the accumulative urine excretion rate was low.


This study aims to determine whether the inquiry learning model assisted by word search puzzle media effect on the learning process concerning life cycle material of science content of the fourth-grade students at MI Setia Bhakti Trawas.  This research is kind of an experimental study using two groups pretest-posttest design.  The population of this research involved all students of 4th, 5th, and 6th grade. It consisted of 140 students. 40 students of 4th grade were taken as samples using the purposive sampling technique that included 20 students for the experimental class and 20 students for the control class.  The data collection technique used was by conducting a test in a form of multiple choice questions. The results of data analysis showed that the learning process of fourth-grade students before and after the method implementation increased from an average of 54,25 to 77.25.  Then through the paired sample t-test, the Sig. Of (2tailed) value was obtained over 0.000 < 0.05, while the independent sample t-test obtained 0.002 < 0.05. So it concludes that Ha is accepted, it has a significant effect on inquiry learning assisted by word search puzzle media on the student learning process.


Objective:  Many financial institutions are interested in forecasting the conditions of financial markets by explaining a limited number of variables that affect the financial markets. This is done by designing statistical models using neural network applications to help obtain more accurate forecasting of changes in the financial markets. Material and Method: Statistical analysis of real data and compare the different modeling using time series modeling and deep learning, for the daily closing price index over the period of 1st January 2013 to 31st  January 2018 data in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Results:  The prediction results using  the proposed Neural Network are presented and discussed through the data of  a daily closing price index. The prediction results are more acceptable with normalization of input, that the sum square error is lower. Conclusion: . For this studies we establishing the attitudes towards forecasting: It was established that these methods or models, that best fitted available data for the data of  a daily closing price index.


In this paper, we propose a downscaling procedure that provides a basis for recovery and estimation of incomplete, aggregate, unknown or indirectly measurable variables. It makes maximum use of information and dependencies on various levels relying on the cross-entropy maximization principle. We show that the maximum entropy principle can be viewed as the extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In this sense, the convergence of the proposed downscaling methods to solutions maximizing an entropy function can be considered as an analog of the asymptotic consistency analysis in traditional statistical estimation theory.

The main motivation for the development of the procedure has been a practical example of spatial estimation of agricultural production values. We briefly discuss the main challenges related to the choice of priors (location specific information) and their inherent uncertainties that to large extent determine the success of the downscaled results.


Introduction: The leadership of clinical nurse leaders is a topic of increasing importance, since nurses, as leaders, are the fundamental piece to communicate with the team and achieve objectives and results, such as the quality of nursing care, the patient safety and health innovation.
Objectives: To analyze the scientific evidence about the effectiveness of nurses in the development of skills associated with the practice of clinical leader.
Methods: Systematic literature review with 3 steps. 1) An initial search at CINHAL and MEDLINE. 2) A broader search, using the same keywords and search terms, in the remaining databases of the EBSCO Host platform. 3) Search the bibliographic references of the selected articles. The selected studies were from the period between 2010 and 2019.
Results: Twelve articles were selected in different contexts of clinical nurse leader practice. Most reported findings that relate the effectiveness of clinical nurse leaders with clear improvements in performance and, consequently, improvement in health care outcomes.
Conclusions: The skills of the clinical nurse leader are part of an advanced practice, with better performances that lead to an increase in the quality of nursing care, health care and an increase in patient safety.


A range of Ni–SiO2 catalysts have been prepared by homogeneous precipitation–deposition and impregnation techniques and modified with aqueous solutions of R-(+)-tartaric acid (TA) to induce enantioselectivity in the asymmetric hydrogenation of a prochiral β-ketoester (methyl acetoacetate) to a β-hydroxyester ((R)-(−)-methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate). The effects of catalyst precursor preparation, nickel loading, and precalcination on the reduction of the precursor were examined and the nature of the resultant nickel particle size distribution is described. The influence of metal–support interactions on the uptake of TA was investigated and data on the corrosive metal leaching and the consequent changes in metal dispersion are presented. Modification of the catalysts with TA not only induced enantioselectivity, but also increased the turnover frequency by up to 15 times that observed for the unmodified surface. The amount of TA adsorbed and the fractional surface coverage by TA is related to the degree of enantio...


In the last 30 years, studies with a focus on landscape archaeology were mushrooming and landscape became one of the determining concepts in archaeological research. A quick search in the bibliographical database Dyabola revealed unambiguous results:2 While between 1956 and 1999 only 289 studies in the field of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History had the word "landscape" as part of their title it was used by already 458 in only ten years from 2000 till 2009. This already impressive number is nearly doubled by the 883 landscape titles in the last decade (2010–2019). Although landscape archaeology is one of the most productive fields of archaeology, there is no strict definition of what landscape archaeological studies are or should be.3 The recently proposed description of a popular German introduction to landscape archaeology defines it as follows: "Landschaftsarchäologie betreibt der, der sich mit landschaftsarchäologischen Fragestellungen auseinandersetzt – also mit noch zu beschreibenden Methoden Erkenntnisse zur Kulturlandschaftsgenese gewinnt". This definition shifts the problem towards the methods applied and to geography and social sciences.4 Although such a pragmatic and narrow definition has its advantages, most


Garver and McConville recently introduced two lattices associated to a tree: the lattice of biclosed sets and the oriented flip graph. They showed that both of these lattices are congruence-uniform lattices, and thus both admit a lattice-theoretic shard intersection order. We show that the shard intersection order of the oriented flip graph is graded and rank-symmetric. We also construct as CU-labeling of the lattice of biclosed sets and use this to understand the lattice structure of its shard intersection order.


Abstract Is a higher degree of party and party system institutionalization positively correlated with the consolidation of democracy, defined here as the prevention of democratic breakdown? In order to answer this question, it is useful to compare different levels and types of institutionalization in three Southeast Asian electoral democracies. Institutionalized party systems are characterized, according to Mainwaring and Torcal, by 'stability of interparty competition.' Moreover, the distinction made by Levitsky ('value infusion' versus 'behavioural routinization') with reference to the institutionalization of individual parties will be employed. The empirical research of this paper finds that most Indonesian parties are better institutionalized than those in the Philippines and Thailand with reference to 'value infusion.' In addition, the interparty competition is more stable in Indonesia. Therefore, the probability of a collapse of the party system in the Philippines and Thailand is much higher. This, in turn, renders the democracies in these countries more fragile and prone to political crises or even sudden breakdowns. The early organizational consolidation of social cleavages, such as in Indonesia, enhances institutionalization. A few of the most important parties are socially rooted and have strong linkages to civil and/or religious organizations. Furthermore, the relationship between central and local elites appears to be essential: strong bosses or cliques undermine institutionalization in the Philippines and in Thailand, respectively. However, in recent years there has also been a tendency towards convergence. There are signs of regression in Indonesia, such that the future of the party system is open to question. This article calls for caution with respect to the stated causal relation between institutionalization and democratic consolidation, and it questions some aspects of the concept.


A new method using a water-soluble chelating polymer and a microporous hollow fiber was developed for concentration of copper(II) ion in water. The copper(II) ion recovered into a chelating polymer (polyacrylic acid) solution could be determined directly with ICP or UV-spectrophotometer. Cu(II) in a sample solution was calculated from the rate of concentration. It was demonstrated that this method was useful for concentration of Cu(II) existing in dilute solutions (1–1000 μg dm−3).


T IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the new version of IP. The new features of IPv6 are defined on several fronts including security support which is more than a hot topic. The S-wane model is a model designed to improve Security Association negotiation process in IPv6. We have already gone through the validation of this model in previous article, comparing it to existing solutions. In this work we try to use S-wane on IPv6 as a substitution to Diffie - Hellmann (DH). Results show that data interception becomes impossible; the authentication of third parties communicating is enhanced as well as the confidentiality and integrity of data in the IPv6 environment powered by S-wane mechanism.


The present specification relates to a touch sensitive device. The touch sensitive device comprises; a touch sensitive panel configured to provide a tactile user interface including at least one tactile object; a sensor unit configured to detect contact with the touch sensitive panel, wherein the sensor unit generates contact region information on a contact region in which the contact is detected; and a tactile feedback unit configured to generate tactile feedback of a mini-map of the tactile user interface in the contact region indicated by the generated contact region information. The mini-map of the tactile user interface includes a duplicate of the tactile object provided on the touch sensitive panel, and the duplicate of the tactile object indicates a direction from the contact region indicated by the contact region information to the tactile object.


The wireless networking environment presents formidable challenges to the study of broadcasting and multicasting problems. After addressing the characteristics of wireless networks that distinguish them from wired networks, we introduce and evaluate algorithms for tree construction in infrastructureless, all-wireless applications. The performance metric used to evaluate broadcast and multicast trees is energy-efficiency. We develop the broadcast incremental power algorithm, and adapt it to multicast operation as well. This algorithm exploits the broadcast nature of the wireless communication environment, and addresses the need for energy-efficient operation. We demonstrate that our algorithm provides better performance than algorithms that have been developed for the link-based, wired environment.


During the last decades new cementitious materials were available. This The most important innovative "High Tech" materials are Self-Compacting Concretes (SCCs). In the present paper the compositions, the performances and some practical applications of high-performance SCCs are shown. In particular, some performance improvements carried out in our laboratories are shown for these specific uses: a) SCC for a building engineering application with white concrete characterized by a marble-like skin; b) SCC in the form of high-strength concrete; c) SCC for a mass concrete structure with a reduced risk of cracking induced by thermal difference between the nucleus and the skin of the elements; d) SCC in the form of a lightweight precast concrete; e) SCC in the form of a shrinkage-compensating concrete for reinforced concrete walls.


Recent efforts to simplify network data plane programming focus on providing simple, high-level domain-specific languages (DSLs). In the case of software switches, data plane programs are written in these DSLs and then compiled to run on CPU-based architecture. However, the simplicity of these DSLs, along with the lack of low-level interfaces exposed by the software switch, restrict compilers from generating optimal data plane programs for CPU-based architecture. In this paper, we argue that increased exposure of low-level interfaces to a software switch would enable more effective data plane programs. To demonstrate this, we present Programmable Vector Packet Processor (PVPP), which adds programmability to the Vector Packet Processing (VPP) framework. VPP provides fine-grain access to various low-level features of a CPU-architecture and offers better performance compared to other software switches, such as Open vSwitch (OVS), that operate at a higher level of abstraction. However, there is a cost to programming directly using VPP's low-level features. The programmer must have specialized knowledge about the architecture in order to produce an efficient implementation, resulting in difficulties when optimizing the program. PVPP attempts to alleviate this cost by allowing the compilation of a program written in P4 to VPP's internal node-graph representation. Our preliminary results show that PVPP improves performance of data plane programs by around 30% compared to naïve VPP implementations.


Robots are being increasingly developed as social actors, entering public and personal spaces such as airports, shopping malls, care centres, and even homes, and using human or animal-like social techniques to work with people. Some even aim to engineer social situations, or are designed specifically for an emotional response (e.g., comforting a person). However, if we consider these robots as social interventions, then it is important to recognize that the robots design – its behavior, its application, its appearance, even its marketing image – will have an impact on the society and in the spaces it enters. While in some cases this may be a positive effect, social robots can also contribute negatively, e.g., reinforcing gender stereotypes or promoting ageist views. This full-day workshop aims to offer a forum for Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) researchers to explore this issue, and to work toward potential opportunities for the field. Ultimately, we want to promote robots for social good that can contribute to positive social changes for socio-political issues (e.g., ageism, feminism, homelessness, environmental issues). The political aspects of technologies have long been scrutinized in related areas such as Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In particular, critical design explicitly targets the design of technologies that can contribute to our understanding of how technology can impact society. This workshop aims to strengthen this discussion in the HRI community, with the goal of working toward initial recommendations for how HRI designers can include elements of critical design in their work.


Fu Zi Shi Ci,also the Six Chapter of Yong,in The Analects,has long been puzzling many scholars.Different approaches have been applied to study the oath,with interesting findings which are concerned with different aspects of the Oath existing.The findings from the theory of systematic functional linguistics could hardly be found in literature review.On the basis of the predecessors' findings,the article focuses on the application of the relevant theories,the most influential systematic functional linguistics,to the study of Fu Zi Shi Ci and explore the causes behind this special language form.It further proves that the form is the representation of meaning,and the applicability and operability for applying the concepts of context of co-text,cohesion,coherence have been verified in the study of Fu Zi Shi Ci in The Analects of Confucius and its English translation.The study aims to broaden the thoughts and its English translation of The Analects of Confucius,and propose reference to its contemporary translation as well as English translation.


Ethnographic observations of floor formation in an occupied and an abandoned Achuar jea dwelling structure are combined with contemporary taphonomic studies of swept and trampled surfaces. These studies suggest that refuse accumulation and incorporation are markedly different in food-preparation areas with ash deposits around fixed hearth features when compared to regularly trampled traffic areas of domestic earthen house floors. These points are examined in the horizontal and vertical analysis of highly fragmented bone remains in an Early Formative domestic house floor at the site of Real Alto, in the coastal lowlands of southwestern Ecuador. The food-preparation area of the Structure 1 house floor contained high concentrations of bone specimens characterized by their large size (over 25 mm), broad surface area, low bulk density, and greater total weight, vertically distributed throughout the ash matrix. The traffic area contained bone specimens characterized by their small size (under 25 mm), narrow surface area, high bulk density, and lower total weight, distributed unevenly in vertical profile. The horizontal distribution of fish bone only partially followed the observed pattern, as a proportionately greater amount of large fish bone was located in the traffic area. This analysis demonstrates the potential utility of bone refuse as a sensitive and reliable taphonomic indicator for inferential arguments regarding house-floor deposition.


A speech by SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt at New York University last September is still reverberating throughout the accounting community nearly a year after it was delivered. (See "Arthur Levitt Addresses Illusions," JofA, Dec.98, page 17.) Calling for a "fundamental cultural change on the part of corporate management as well as the whole financial community," Levitt outlined an action plan to deal with his concern about the declining quality of corporate earnings. The plan included improved outside auditing as part of the financial reporting process. To this end, Levitt proposed that the Public Oversight Board put together a panel to "review the way audits are performed and assess the impact of recent trends on the public interest." The result is the Panel on Audit Effectiveness, headed by Shaun F. O'Malley, former chairman of Price Waterhouse, LLP. The panel has been at work since early this year on a project to determine whether the audit processes of large-firm members of the AICPA SEC practice section adequately serve and protect the interests of investors. According to O'Malley, the eight largest CPA firms together audit entities representing about 98% of the value of all public companies. Auditing the audit model In an interview with the JofA, O'Malley said the SEC considers the panel's work to be "vitally important." The commission had asked the panel to "focus on the problem of managed earnings, cookie-jar reserves, purchased R & D writeoffs and abuse of the materiality concept," all problems Levitt cited in his speech. According to O'Malley, the SEC "felt these issues--accompanied by audit failures--underscored the need to look at the audit model from top to bottom." In the SEC's view, the combination of changes in the audit process and high profile financial frauds has raised questions about the efficacy of the audit process. The commission is concerned about whether today's audit model, which emphasizes risk assessments and analyses over more intensive fact checking and verification of numbers, can continue to assure investors that auditors have taken the steps necessary to provide the public with reliable financial information. The panel's task is to review and evaluate the way independent audits are performed and assess the effects of recent audit trends on the public interest. To this end, O'Malley said the panel will look at the audit climate in major firms as well as audit procedures and any changes that have been made in the audit model to "see whether those changes seem appropriate." O'Malley said the panel also wants to examine the frequency of alleged audit failures and related litigation vs. their severity. "Are there a whole lot of instances or are there just several big failures that are the cause for concern?" The panel will survey numerous affected or interested parties, including the securities industry, securities lawyers, the AICPA, the SEC, academics, CPA firms and forensic auditors. Part of the panel's work will consist of what it calls "quasi-peer-reviews" of audit firms. O'Malley said these reviews will involve looking less at compliance and more at audit procedures, how they have changed and how effective they are. "We hope to drill down into CPA firms and find out what staff attitudes are, what the reward system is and how promotions work to make sure we fully understand what motivates auditors and what their feelings are about the audit function. …


Beamformed channel The invention calculates a channel matrix of beam-forming channel matrix at the time of the following, a receiving apparatus to which relates to a radio transmitting and receiving apparatus and method using a beamforming, a beamforming matrix to the data signal to transmit the data signal, and based on the noise information fed back from the matrix and the reception apparatus to select a parameter to be used for data signal transmission, and using the selected parameters and performs communication to transmit data signals.


Abstract Objective To provide a comprehensive overview of poisoning mortality patterns in China. Methods Using mortality data from the Chinese national disease surveillance points system, we examined trends in poisoning mortality by intent and substance from 2006 to 2016. Differences over time between urban and rural residents among different age groups and across external causes of poisoning were quantified using negative binomial models for males and females separately. Results In 2016, there were 4936 poisoning deaths in a sample of 84 060 559 people (5.9 per 100 000 people; 95% confidence interval: 5.6–6.2). Age-adjusted poisoning mortality dropped from 9.2 to 5.4 per 100 000 people between 2006 and 2016. Males, rural residents and older adults consistently had higher poisoning mortality than females, urban residents and children or young adults. Most pesticide-related deaths (34 996 out of 39 813) were suicides among persons older than 15 years, although such suicides decreased between 2006 and 2016 (from 6.1 per 100 000 people to 3.6 for males and from 5.8 to 3.0 for females). In 2016, alcohol caused 29.3% (600/2050) of unintentional poisoning deaths in men aged 25–64 years. During the study period, unintentional fatal drug poisoning by narcotics and psychodysleptics in individuals aged 25–44 years increased from 0.4 per 100 000 people to 0.7 for males and from 0.05 to 0.13 for females. Conclusion Despite substantial decreases in mortality, poisoning is still a public health threat in China. This warrants further research to explore causative factors and to develop and implement interventions targeting at-risk populations.


Consider the problem of checking a proof for a mathematical theorem. Since proofs may be long and difficult to check in their entirety, the question is whether it would be possible to come up with a way of presenting a proof so that only a small part of it has to be checked in order to judge the validity of the theorem with high confidence. This question is addressed by probabilistically checkable proof systems. Loosely speaking, a probabilistically checkable proof system (PCP) for a language consists of a probabilistic polynomial-time verifier having direct access to individual bits of a binary string. This string (called oracle) represents a proof, and typically will be accessed only partially by the verifier. Queries to the oracle are positions on the bit string and will be determined by the verifier's input and coin tosses (potentially, they might be determined by answers to previous queries as well). The verifier is supposed to decide whether a given input belongs to the language. If the input belongs to the language, the requirement is that the verifier will always accept given access to an adequate oracle. On the other hand, if the input does not belong to the language, then the verifier will reject with probability at least 1/2, no matter which oracle is used. One can view PCP systems in terms of interactive proof systems. That is, one can think of the oracle string as being the prover and of the queries as being the messages sent to him by the verifier. In the PCP setting, however, the prover is considered to be memoryless and thus cannot adjust his answers based on previous queries posed to him. A more appealing interpretation is to view PCP systems as a possible way of generalizing NP. Instead of conducting a polynomial-time computation upon receiving the entire proof (as in the case of NP), the verifier is allowed to toss coins and query the proof only at locations of his choice. This either allows him to inspect very long proofs (looking at no more than polynomially many locations), or alternatively, look at very few bits of a possible proof. Most surprisingly, PCP systems have been used to fully characterize the languages in NP. This characterization has been found to be useful in connecting the hardness involved in the approximation of some NP-hard problems with the P = NP question. In other words, …


The seismic secondary fire is the most frequently occurring,and most dangerous seismic secondary disaster in villages and small towns. Combined with the current situation of villages and small towns in China,this paper analyzes the characteristics of seismic secondary fire that fire is multipoint and spreads rapidly,gives the disaster chain evolution model of fire and tis spread. The authors analyzed the indices and calculation methods of single house on fire and spread and fire spread between houses,proposed a hazard evaluation model of seismic secondary fire in villages and small towns. Taking a town in some county as an example,it evaluates the hazard of seismic secondary fire and gives visual display.


It is a well-known fact that in 1890 Spee of Germany propounded his theory that came to be accepted as the curve of Spee and it is regarded as one of the most major items in the field of dental prosthetics. Importance of the curve of Spee is also recognized in orthodontia in connection with diagnosis of vertical irregularities in the teeth or arch but a definitive study on the curve of Spee in the Japanese is yet to be undertaken. In the present paper the authors are concerned with determination of degree as to the curves of Spee in the selected number of Japanese who have the normal occlusion. As the subject materials use was made of plaster models of 11 male and 19 female Japanese collected and housed by the Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry. The models were subjected to the following criteria. 1. Establishment of an imaginary occlusal plane. As imaginary occlusion, two planes were initially established. One is a plane extending from the tip of the lower central incisor to the distal buccal cusp of the lower second molar and the other extending from the tip of the lower central incisor to the distal buccal cusp of the lower first molar (Fig. 1).


Objective: To estimate the frequency of abnormal cervical cytology detected by Pap smear. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Gambat Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat, Khairpur Sindh. Period: November 2018 to June 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 160 women with the complaint of heavy vaginal discharge and moderate to servere lowere abdominal pain more than 6 weeks were included in this study. Per speculum examination of cervix was carried out with the help of cuscos speculum before PAP smear and finding were noted, After labeling the sample was sent to histopathology for cytological examination. Results: The average age of the patient's was 37.68±7.46 years. Percentage of normal smears 10%, advance disease 1.3% and percentage of inflammatory smear is 63.8% while frequency of abnormal cervical cytology was observed in 25% in which CIN-1 was 12.5%, CIN-2 was 11.3% and CIN-3 was 1.3%. Conclusion: Our population have large numbers of undiagnosed cervical diseases. Therefore, Pap smear testing should be widely used throughout Pakistan to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.


We obtain upper bounds for moderate deviations of empirical measures of Markov chains with general state space in the τ-topology under the minimal assumption of geometric ergodicity. The regeneration-split chain method and a result on projective systems are employed in the proof.


Skeletal blood flow, which may amount to 25% of the resting cardiac output in man (Brookes, 1971a), is a variable of fundamental importance in any investigation of bone metabolism. The few quantitative measurements of bone blood flow which have been made in the past have relied on both direct and indirect techniques. These include venous occlusion plethysmography (Edholm, Howarth & McMichael, 1945), observation of the washout of an interstitially injected tracer (Kelly, Yipintosi & Bassingthwaighte, 1971), the indicator fractionation technique (Kane & Grim, 1966), indicator dilution (White, Ter-Pogossian & Stein, 1964) and the plasma clearance of a bone-seeking radionuclide (Frederickson, Honour & Copp, 1955). The distinction between blood flow to bone mineral and blood flow to bone marrow is often unclear. For clinical skeletal blood-flow studies the plasma clearance technique offers most promise, and the principle is already widely applied in tests of liver, renal and thyroid function (Veal1 & Vetter, 1958). However, measurement of skeletal flow by plasma clearance of a bone-


Introduction 1. The Nature of Towns 2. Rulers and Ruled 3. Legitimizing Authority: The Content of Government 4. Legitimizing Authority:Dignity, Conviviality and Celebration 5. Getting on with the Neighbours 6. Religion 7. From Restoration to Exclusion, 1660-81 8. Campaign against the Charters, 1682-5 9. A Factious City: Bristol in the Reign of Charles II 10. James II, 1685-8 11. After the Revolution, 1689-99 12. The Rage of Party, 1700-14 13. The Triumph of the Whigs? 1714-22 Conclusion


: Based on the concept for the construction of first-class curriculum and under the guidance of "the integration of the first level disciplines", in this study, with organic chemistry learning as an example, how to strengthen the cooperation between the courses of the secondary disciplines and the teaching based on the problem-based learning (PBL) mode were discussed.


Improved process and apparatus for the reduction of iron oxides employing a solid reducing agent. Particulate iron oxides are mixed with particles of the reducing agent and are subjected to high temperatures within a vessel made of refractory material which is externally heated in a furnace. The problem and drawbacks that have been found in the past, such as the fracture and high costs of the refractory vessels, are solved by means of the present invention which comprises laying a sheet made of tinplate or of other suitable material, between the vessel and solids to prevent them from sticking to the vessel because of the high temperature, thus providing an economic and advantageous process. In one of its embodiments, this process is particularly suitable for the production of high purity iron, that is with a low content of gangue and carbon. This high purity iron, once converted to powder with adequate particle size, has a number of diverse applications in industry.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of contextual features on automatic detection accuracy of online recruitment frauds in Australian job market. In addition, the study aims to unearth the significance of localisation of such approaches. The study first generates a dataset based on a local and semi-structured advertising platform in Australia. The labelled dataset is then used to train a learning model on several content-based and contextual features. The existence of advertising body in relevant government and non-government registries in Australia, along with the internet presence of the advertiser, were considered as contextual features. The extraction process of such contextual features was automated as well. The study concludes that the inclusion of contextual features improves the performance measures of the automated online recruitment fraud detection model. The practical implication of the study is two-folds. Firstly, the contextual feature space generation engine can be used with any dataset, with minimal localisation efforts. Secondly, such learning models can be used at the back end of online job recruitment portals to detect and prevent online recruitment frauds. The study not only demonstrates the positive impact of using contextual features in fraud detection using a real-life dataset, but it also demonstrates how these contextual features can be extracted automatically from the web, based on localised company registries.


In resent years, as the development of the market economy, the development mode of high education is face great challenge. How to cultivate talents compatible for modern economy and technology has become a key issue, which should be solved immediately. The main barriers preventing high education from developing are the outdated concepts. The only way for further development of high education in China is to convert existing concepts and establish educational concept compatible for market economy.


As a prelude to installing an automatic vehicle identification system for collecting traffic and travel time information from probe vehicles, the Texas Transportation Institute, in conjunction with the Texas Department of Transportation, initiated a pilot study to test the feasibility of using probe-provided travel time information to detect freeway incidents. As part of this pilot study, 200 commuters equipped with cellular telephones were used to collect travel time and incident information from three facilities [I-45 (both the main lanes and the high-occupancy-vehicle lane), the Hardy Toll Road, and US-59] on the north side of Houston, Texas. Historical travel time patterns were developed for each link using data from known incident-free conditions. The statistical principle of standard normal deviates was applied to 11 months of data to determine when a probe travel time exceeded the expected travel time under incident-free conditions. Whereas this approach resulted in detection rates that were lower and false alarm rates that were higher than those reportedly produced by other incident detection algorithms, this study illustrated that some level of incident detection could be achieved using travel time information provided by probe vehicles. Because of limitations in the data, it was not possible to determine the number of incidents that were not detected by the system or the detection times for the known incident conditions.


The present study describes a comparative study of primary metabolites and antioxidant activity. Various tissues including leaf derived callus of Catharanthus roseus. Fast growing callus was obtainable through leaf explants on MS media supplemented with 2, 4-D 1mg/l. The calluses were fragile and yellowish in colour. Maximum soluble sugars, starch, protein and lipid found in leaf, maximum amount of phenolic contents were found in stem. Leaf extract showed maximum superoxide radical scavenging activity (37.02±1.14%) than other plant parts while root extract have maximum 2,2- diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (72.39±1.28%).


Objective:In order to investigate the viability of F1L recombinant proteins as contagious ecthyma virus subunit vaccine.Method:The F1L gene fragment was amplified from the genome of ORFV-shz strain and ligatured with pMD18-T vector for sequencing.The recombinant prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-F1L was constructed,and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21.The expressed protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE,and the reactinoge-nicity of the protein was detected by Western blot.Result:The F1L gene was 1023bp,which encoded 340 amino acids.The front 70 amino acids constitute signal peptide,and 285-313 amino acids from transmembrane.Target protein analyzed by SDS-PAGE was about 57.4kDa in side.Western-blotting showed the protein could specifically interact with ORFV positive serum,indicating that the protein had good reactinogenicity.Conclusion:The recombinant prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-F1L was successfully constructed,and our study should be viewed as a new window of opportunity in prevention and vaccine development of Orf in Xinjiang area.


ABSTRACT By combining Monte Carlo simulations and analytical models, we demonstrate and explain how the gas-to-liquid phase transition of colloidal systems confined to a spherical surface depends on the curvature and size of the surface, and on the choice of thermodynamic ensemble. We find that the geometry of the surface affects the shape of the free energy profile and the size of the critical nucleus by altering the perimeter–area ratio of isotropic clusters. Confinement to a smaller spherical surface results in both a lower nucleation barrier and a smaller critical nucleus size. Furthermore, the liquid domain does not grow indefinitely on a sphere. Saturation of the liquid density in the grand canonical ensemble and the depletion of the gas phase in the canonical ensemble lead to a minimum in the free energy profile, with a sharp increase in free energy for additional growth beyond this minimum. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Every Muslim must be aware and at the same time believes that all the activities of his life as a creature of Allah certainly will not be separated from the signs of shari'ah. There are norms that regulate and bind every activity carried out based on detailed propositions. This rule or norm is commonly referred to as jurisprudence. Fiqh is knowledge of Islamic law that is amaliah through detailed arguments. While fiqh scholars define fiqh as a collection of amaliah laws which are required by Islam. Fiqh with that meaning is the fiqh that we find in religious practices or Muslim activities every day. In the science of fiqh, of course there are also fields that must be known to carry out life activities in the world. The purpose of writing to be achieved is to find out the field of jurisprudence, fiqh of worship, and the concept of muamalah in a broad sense. Worship is submission or self-servitude and gratitude for the favor of Allah, Almighty God. While muamalah in a broad sense is the rules of God that must be followed and obeyed in social life to safeguard human interests.


Currently Bangladesh is facing a momentous Rohingya crisis. Population is the main issue of the Rohingya crisis. More than half of the population is dependent and it is increasing fast because of their higher fertility rate. So, to understand their fertility behavior first we have to know their worldview. After a deep understanding of the population's worldview upcoming schemes on Rohingyas will be successful. The present study attempts to discover the underlying factors that influence the worldview of the Rohingya community regarding their fertility and gender relation. Generally, it seems that religion is the main factor for the fertility behavior of Rohingya. But the study found that religion plays an indirect role in the worldview of the Rohingya community. Survival from extinction, longer family time, culture, security, early marriage, gender discrimination, resistance to contraceptives plays a very important role and have direct impacts on fertility behavior of Rohingyas. Manipulative use of religion, lack of education, less demand from life, living with less support for the above characteristics make the Rohingya Issue much more complicated. And at the end, the social structure of Rohingyas, oppressive government, highly traditional society shapes all characteristics that are responsible for the world view of Rohingya community about fertility. The study is guided by a qualitative research method. The study was conducted based on both primary and secondary data. Case study and FGD are used to collect data.


In recent years ,the oil well plugging agent technology in the third oil production plant of Changqing has been always relying on manufacturers and universities to research and implement.Due to the oil well plugging agent is of various kinds, the using of them in different sections is lack of pertinence and did not form a complete plugging agent system.Lead to the low efficiency after implementation, the effective period is short and the oil increment per day is low.Therefore, it brooks no delay in researching an oil well plugging agent which is lowcost,well-worked and with longer period.This project developed a well plugging agent,use four-stage plunger injection formula on the basis of the different functions. After implementation, not only meets the needs of low permeability oilfield development but plugs the fissure that flooded oil well and large pore canal which allows the oil to flow through other small pore canals thus decreasing moisture content and increasing the liquid withdrawal amount and oil production per day of a single oil well.


An estimated 70% of all South Africans use traditional medicines derived from plant species indigenous to the region. In order to formalize the position of these medicines within the state health care system, a necessary first step is the establishment of standards of quality, safety, and efficacy. With this objective in mind, pharmaceutical monographs for 60 plant species used as traditional medicines in South Africa were drawn up according to WHO guidelines. The results of some of this work are reported here, focusing in particular on 26 species belonging to Asteraceae, Geraniaceae, and Lamiaceae, families well represented in indigenous traditional medical practice. Quality standards for the identification of these species, established using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and traditional microscopy, are given. The results of investigations, using the disk assay method, of their efficacy as antimicrobial agents are reported. Secondary chemical profiles, drawn up using standard techniques in pharmacognosy, are shown and discussed with reference to the known bioactivity of each chemical class.


The idea for this special issue of the journal emerged from the International Conference, 'Crime Prevention and Offender Rehabilitation: Prospects and Challenges', held at the University of Hong Kong between 17 and 20 May 2011. This conference was jointly organized by The China Prison Association and The Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention (SRACP), Hong Kong. The China Prison Association is a social organization under the Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China whose role is to study and promote the development of effective prison management and offender correction. The Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention, Hong Kong, founded in 1957, is a non-governmental social welfare agency devoted to providing crime prevention education to the public, particularly children and youth, and rehabilitation services for ex-offenders, prisoners and their families. SRACP is the largest NGO in Hong Kong working in this field, employing 287 full-time and 22 part-time professional and administrative staff, supported by 799 volunteers, serving 7,179 service users in the community and custodial institutions (see www.sracp.org.hk). The first editor was invited to deliver the closing speech at this conference, a role – as it turned out – not due to the possession of any special expertise or insight into the field of crime prevention or rehabilitation, but rather the precise opposite, to see what someone with no relevant knowledge would make of the ideas and work in crime prevention and rehabilitation presented by speakers over the four days of the conference. This called for attentive listening since it was not possible to draw on any pre-existing knowledge to write the closing speech. What was especially impressive about the conference offerings were presentations by social workers and other professionals describing, discussing and critically evaluating their daily work with offenders, ex-offenders and their families. Work was presented that deserved a wider audience than those fortunate enough to attend the conference. At the time Eric Blyth was (and remains) an international editorial advisor for the China Journal of Social Work and in this role had worked over several years with journal contributors whose first language was not English, augmenting his previous journal editing experience as joint editor of the British Journal of Social Work from 2004 to 2010. Vanessa Blyth, a qualified psychologist, taught for four years in a prison in the UK – which included developing and delivering a drug and alcohol awareness programme for juvenile, young and adult offenders – as well as teaching criminology and psychology in universities in the UK. Following discussions with the editor of the China Journal of Social Work, the Chief Executive of SRACP, Andy Ng and other senior staff of SRACP, it was decided to produce a special issue of the journal focusing on crime prevention and rehabilitation in Hong Kong. This issue represents the culmination of work undertaken over the intervening period by the authors, the reviewers and ourselves as editors. Unusually for an academic journal, the contents of this special issue are almost entirely written by people who do social work rather than teach, research or write about it. We want to take this opportunity to thank the staff of SRACP who took up the challenge to write up their work for the readers of this journal. We know the time and


The traditional aesthetics theory based on metaphysics can't response to the new aesthetic experience in consumer society. The method of semantics prevailing after the apriority ending and especially after the linguistic turn brings up the living experience secretly while spurning metaphysics and becomes the neo-unitilism thought with internal paradox. The generalized phenomenology and ontology offer the transcendental possibility of un- apriority, but it must receive the test of new constant appearing experience to guarantee the strictness as knowledge and not become neo- metaphysics. To understand the contemporary aesthetics experience need to come back to history and living context in order to find the new sensibility and to make it the base of contemporary aesthetics construction.


A single 300-r whole-body dose was given to mice of 3 strains (C3H, IC, XLII) and of 2 age groups (4-6 weeks and 4-6 months). Both age and strain influenced the incidence of leukemia and lymphoid tumors following irradiation. The incidence was higher in young than old mice; the XLII strain was resistant and the IC strain relatively susceptible. The incidence of leukemia or lymphosarcoma in young and old mice, respectively, was 12.2 and 6.8% in the IC strain, 0 and 2.6% in the C3H strain, and 0 and 0% in the XLII strain, The respective incidences in control animals were mediastinal in location. By injection of an extract prepared from lymphomas of AKR mice, combined with irradiation, leukemia or lymphosarcoma could be induced in the resistant XLII stain. Young and old rats developed malignancy in 6.8 and 3.1%, but lymphoma extract alone had no effect. (H.H.D.)


California, under legislation enacted in 1965, uses contracts and agreements between landowners and local government as a basis for differential assessment of farmland. Most landowners who voluntarily restrict their land to agricultural use receive substantial reductions in assessed values with accompanying decreases in property taxes. Early experience, however, shows that land placed in the program was below average value and probably in little immediate danger of being converted to nonagricultural use. Calculated tax shifts occurring under the program, while not large when compared with total taxes, are extremely variable and concentrated in small tax districts.


AbstractThe conventional approach to the design of complexation capacity titrations - in which the titration frame is extended to several times the complexation capacity of the sample - may be suspect. Simulations of titrations indicate that a titration frame which encompasses most accurately the true complexation capacity (Clig) of the water concerned is a design which produces both the most precise and unbiased estimates of complexation capacity and ligand-metal complex stability constant. The optimum approach to complexation capacity titrations is to make a preliminary estimate of Clig (either from a trial titration or on the basis of prior knowledge) and to base the titration frame on this estimate.


The design of the system is based on the object-oriented technigue. Visuai C++6.0 is used for the development. Hardware interface is the common PC7401 A/D board.And the work of the stable soil blending equipment is monitored by voltage.


This study analyzed the relationship between credit risk management and profitability of banks on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). A secondary data in a panel form of 7 banks listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange was examined over a period of 7 years, using a linear multiple regression models. Two key measures of profitability were analyzed in this study that is Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The independent variables included in the regression models were non-performing loans to total loans and advances (NPLR), and loans and advances to total deposits (LATD), bank size, leverage and growth. The results for the study indicated that LATD have significant negative relationship with ROA and ROE but NPLR have insignificant negative relationship with both ROA and ROE. It was recommended that Credit officers must ensure that customers looking for loans meet all the necessary requirements through proper due diligent.


Electronic devices of control systems are under analysis. The method of an evaluation of an index of efficiency of the built-in test equipment, which provides definition of probability of diagnosing with application of the given means of a non serviceability state of the electronic device, is offered.


The objective of this study was to bring further knowledge to the subject as to what influences students motivation and self-esteem. The study had focus on role that the teachers play in these aspe ...


Conclusions about the efficacy and safety of this agent for dissolving cholesterol gallstones must wait until late next year, when results of large clinical trials are available. But results from many studies are available, as are preliminary clinical data from trials of a possible alternative, ursodeoxycholic acid. At any rate, an alternative to the choice between observation and surgery seems on the horizon.


Past justifications of free expression rely on the crucial role speech plays in deliberative democracies and respecting persons. Beneath each of these justifications lies the common goal of creating greater justice for individuals and groups. Yet 20th century political liberalism limits the kinds of arguments that ought to motivate political decisions. In this paper I explore how an inclusive political decision-making process can bring about a more just world. By relying on personal views and compassion rather than impartiality and reasonability, political actors can engage in a discourse that results in greater understanding among persons and lasting community change. Macalester College Philosophy Dr. William Wilcox 27 April 2014


Objective
To explore sensitive indicators for the initiation, development, and metastasis of gastric cancer and to provide objective evidence for the early diagnosis, treatment, and progression monitoring of gastric cancer.

Methods
A total of 108 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled in this study.The expression of interleukin receptor 1(CXCR1)in samples from gastric cancer and adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and patient clinical data were collected for correlation analysis.Logistic regression analysis of the 5-year survival rate of patients was conducted.

Results
The positive CXCR1 expression rate in gastric neoplasm tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues.Nevertheless, CXCR1 was correlated with tumor differentiation (P=0.017), TNM staging (P=0.006), and the existence of lymphatic metastasis (P=0.035). The overall survival rate (P=0.043) and recurrence-free survival rate (P=0.029) of patients with positive CXCR1 were lower than those of patients with negative CXCR1.

Conclusions
CXCR1 expression levels increase in gastric neoplasm tissues and are associated with tumor differentiation, TNM staging, and lymphatic metastasis.Positive CXCR1 is correlated with poor prognosis and has the potential to serve as one of clinical prognostic indicators.

Key words:
Gastric cancer; CXCL8/CXCR1; Tumor differentiation


Background: Organized nationwide screening programme for cervical cancer was introduced in Hungary in 2003. Women between the ages of 25 and 65 are invited by personal letter, and a 3year screening interval has been applied. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyse both the annual and 3-year screening rate (attendance) of the organized programme.


Abstract: Natural gas hydrate is metastable when stored at atmospheric pressure and temperatures below 0°C. The hydrate is regarded as metastable since, under these pressure‐temperature conditions, the rate of dissociation is very low. Isothermal calorimetry was used to study the rate of dissociation, which is a measure of the metastability. Low temperatures and large samples improve the stability. The isothermal method is being developed to quantify metastability. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the hydrate number and amount of free water. In the scanning method, the natural gas hydrate sample was pressurized with methane. The calorimeter was operated below the methane hydrate equilibrium line and above the natural gas hydrate equilibrium line. Prior to analysis, the sample was conditioned in a separate heating‐cooling cycle. This was necessary to eliminate undesirable thermal responses due to desorption as the ice melted. Desorption occurred because the sample was refrigerated (−20°C) under a high natural gas pressure, but analyzed under a relatively low methane pressure. The scanning method is being developed to analyze natural gas hydrate that contains large amounts of free water.


Statistical Shape Models are a popular method for segmenting three-dimensional medical images. To obtain the required landmark correspondences, various automatic approaches have been proposed. In this work, we present an improved version of minimizing the description length (MDL) of the model. To initialize the algorithm, we describe a method to distribute landmarks on the training shapes using a conformal parameterization function. Then, we introduce a novel procedure to modify landmark positions locally without disturbing established correspondences. We employ a gradient descent optimization to minimize the MDL cost function, speeding up automatic model building by several orders of magnitude when compared to the original MDL approach. The necessary gradient information is estimated from a singular value decomposition, a more accurate technique to calculate the PCA than the commonly used eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix. In this work, we first present a basic version where spatial locations are used in the MDL cost function; next, we introduce an extended version where any combination of features can be used as a metric. As an example application, we present results based on local curvature measurements. Finally, we present results for synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrating the efficiency of our procedures and give details about the implementation using the Insight Toolkit (ITK).


Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a rare symptom, but is difficult to manage. Here, we report a case of post-trauma PSH in a young male patient. The main reason for the occurrence of PSH in trauma patients may be nonnoxious or noxious stimuli. In this case, the detection of positive sympathetic parameters and heart rate variability after pressure regulation provided strong evidence for the PSH attack, thus enhancing the accuracy and reliability of early diagnosis. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of PSH caused by rapid decline of ventricular pressure. Moreover, the appropriate regulation of ventricular pressure combined with pharmacologic interventions, rehabilitation and nutritional support may reduce and control this symptom.


Microsoft currently has a new Windows Azure feature in preview which allows customers authenticated to Windows Azure Active Directory single sign-on (SSO) to over 227 ...


Andrew Roberts has already earned a name as an historian of the Bemba people. His History of Zambia will add to his reputation. It is more dispassionate than Robert Rotberg's tendentious Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa (1965). It is all of a piece, unlike the Short History of Zambia, a somewhat disparate collection of essays edited by Brian Fagan (1966). It attempts to cover the whole of human experience in what is now Zambia, unlike this reviewer's own History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953 (1964) which, despite its title, is concerned mainly with Northern Rhodesia under British governance. Roberts's work blends original research with haute vulgarisation. The first four chapters cover the natural setting and the evolution of Zambia's early inhabitants from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. Another four chapters trace the country's history from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth century. Three chapters are allotted to British intrusion, colonial rule and decolonization. A concluding chapter deals with the first decade of independence. Such a work raises difficult methodological problems. The boundaries of modern Zambia date from the British colonial era. The country owes its shape to British politicians and administrators, many of them little known. As the author says, 'This is therefore a study of history in Zambia, rather than a history of Zambia', and he admits it may be doubted whether such a survey can be anything more than the sum of its parts'. He has had to face other difficulties. He has integrated into his work an impressive body of anthropological literature that does not readily lend itself to historical interpretation. He has embarked on the equally hard work of using specialized archaeological studies for the purpose of an historical narrative. He has made use of oral traditions, which also pose difficult problems of synthesis. As he explains, the average story of a 'tribal' migration is most unlikely to reveal the actual origins of the people who tell it. Such accounts more probably relate to the movement of state builders and of their followers. Their oral tradition may well overlay the longer, though forgotten history of earlier inhabitants. According to Roberts, the history of chiefdoms cannot generally be traced back earlier than the seventeenth century, but the archaeologist enables us to trace the ancestors of the present population at least as far back as the twelfth century.


Abstract The accurate representation of the 3D stress fields at the bonded areas of adhesive joints is essential for their design and strength evaluation. In the present study, higher-order beam models developed in the framework of the Carrera Unified Formulation are employed to reduce the complexity and computational cost of numerical simulations on adhesive joints. The different components of the adhesive joint, i.e. adherends and adhesive, are modeled as beams with independent kinematics based on the Hierarchical Legendre Expansion (HLE). HLE models make use of a hierarchical polynomial expansion over the cross-section of the beam, thus allowing for the control of the accuracy of the stress solutions via the polynomial expansion. Recalling the Finite Element method, the beam axis is discretized by means of 1D elements. In this manner, generic geometries of the adhesive bonded joints can be studied. The proposed model is assessed through comparison against numerical and analytical references from the literature for single lap and double lap joints. Finally, a detailed 3D analysis is performed on the single lap joint problem, showing that the stress gradients along the adhesive are correctly and efficiently described if the proposed methodology is employed.


An experiment was conducted on seasonal variation of nutrients in leaves of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso and Kesar at ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat), during 2010–2012. There was a decrease in leaf nitrogen content in Alphonso on 1 October, while in Kesar, it was 1 November during first year (2010–11), and 1 October as well as 1 November during second year (2011–12). Later on, continuous decrease up to 1 March after flowering was observed in both the varieties during both the years. Phosphorus level of mango declined from 1 July to 1 September during 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, respectively. Highest phosphorus was recorded on 1 October which was reduced in later stage of period. This trend was found in both Alphonso and Kesar as well as during both the years. On the contrary, potassium content recorded increase from 1 July to 1 September than it decreased from 1 October to 1 June during 2011–12 in Alphonso. In Kesar, potassium content was decreased from 1 July to 1 December. However, it was observed stable up to 1 June in growth and development of mango fruits during both the years.


Perez Urcia, Walter Learning Bayesian Networks for Large Domains. 2017, 80 f. Dissertatation (Master Degree) Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. Bayesian networks are widely used graphical models for reasoning under uncertainty on complex domains. A Bayesian network is a directed acyclic graph where nodes represent random variables and the arcs represent (in)dependence relationships. Manually specifying a Bayesian network over a large and complex domain is a time-consuming and error-prone task. This justifies the development of methods for learning Bayesian network structures from data. A successful approach to Bayesian network structure learning is to use a score function which assigns a value for each structure based on how well the structure represents the data. This way the problem of learning a Bayesian network becomes a combinatorial optimization of finding structures. Score-based structure learning is a computationally demanding task (in fact, NP-Hard), which justifies the development of approximate methods. Even though there are some methods which provide quality guarantees (convergence, consistence or error estimative), they scale poorly to large domains (hundreds and thousands of variables). An effective approach for learning Bayesian network structures is to perform a local search on the space of topological orderings using a restricted space of parent sets. While this approach has no performance guarantee, it is computationally efficient and performs empirically better than other approaches, especially on large domains. Typically, the search is initialized with a randomly generated ordering. This can lead to poor local optima, slow convergence and ultimately degrade the performance of the method as the number of variables increases. This work aims at studying and improving order-based local search methods for score-based Bayesian network structure learning on large domains. Specifically, we aim at improving solutions obtained by order-based local searches using state-of-the-art parent set selection methods, and at developing new informed heuristics that allow for learning better large Bayesian networks. The new heuristics were evaluated on the scores obtained from real-world data sets. Results show that the new initialization heuristics improve the obtained Bayesian networks significantly.