Aim of the Study To explore the hepatoprotective activity of T. cordifolia. Materials and Methods Albino Wistar rats weighing 150-200g of either sex were divided into six groups of six animals each. Group I was given normal saline (PO), group II carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) (IP), group III Liv.52 syrup for twenty days followed by carbon tetrachloride, group IV, V & VI received aqueous extract of T. cordifolia (1ml/100g twice daily) orally for 10, 20 & 30 days respectively followed by CCl4 administration. Blood was collected from anaesthetized animals & Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) & total bilirubin were estimated. Results ALT, ALP & Total bilirubin levels were significantly increased in CCl4 treated group while T. cordifolia displayed significant reduction in rise in these parameters in group IV to VI. Conclusion It can be concluded from the present study that T. cordifolia extracts is potent hepatoprotective agent. INTRODUCTION Liver has an important role in the maintenance and regulation of homeostasis in our body. Almost all types of liver injuries may lead to hepatic failure and ultimately death. Till date available modern drugs have not been able to come up with a satisfactory answer for liver disorders because of high cost and additional adverse effects. It is therefore necessary to search for alternative drugs for the treatment of liver diseases. Numerous medicinal plants and their formulations are being used for liver disorders in traditional system of medicine in India. A number of research articles have been published in its favor including experimental as well as clinical studies. 1, 2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms., a herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae is indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Some studies also indicate the hepatoprotective activity of T. cordifolia. 3, 4 Therefore, the present study is envisaged to strengthen the hepatoprotective activity of an aqueous extract of T. cordifolia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material The aerial parts of the plant T. cordifolia were obtained from the local market of Agra, UP (India) in May 2014. Preparation of plant extract After collection of the required quantity, it was carefully segregated, washed and dried in shade. Dried stem and leaves of the plant were pulverized in an electric blender to form a powder. The prepared powder was kept in dry, clean, airtight glass jar and stored at 4°C until used. 100 g of the prepared powder weighing was macerated and soaked in 500 ml of distilled water for 24 h. It was then filtered through a 1mm mesh sieve and the filtrate was concentrated to a dark green residue by heating at 40°C, till complete evaporation of water was achieved.100 mg of this concentrated extract dissolved in 1ml of distilled water and the resulting solution was administered in rats. 5 Animals Albino rats (Wistar strain) of either sex and weighing 150-200g were obtained from authorized animal house (Jamia Hamdard, Delhi). After one week of acclimatization, the animals were considered suitable for study. Study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal and Ethics Committee of S. N. Medical College, Agra, India, and was in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee for the purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). Acute toxicity study The animals were divided into five groups (n = 6). The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia was administrated orally in increasing dose up to 800 mg/kg. The rats were observed continuously for 2 h for behavioural, neurological, and autonomic profiles and after 24 and 72 h for any lethality. 5,6 STUDY DESIGN This experimental study was undertaken in the Department of Pharmacology, S. N. Medical College, Agra from May' 2014 to September' 2014. The animals were divided into six groups of six animals each. All the drugs were administered by gavage method with animals fasted 3-4 hours prior and 1 hour after administration to ensure proper absorption. Group-I: This group was given normal saline 1ml/100g twice daily orally in addition to the standard rat pellet diet and tap water for a duration of 20 days. Group-II: This group was given 1 ml/kg of a 50% v/v solution of carbon tetrachloride (Nice Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Cochin) in olive oil intraperitoneally once only. Group-III: This group was given Liv.52 syrup (1 ml/100g twice daily) orally for twenty days followed by CCl4 intraperitoneally as in Group-II. CCl4 dose was given concomitantly with the last (20th day) dose of Liv.52. Group-IV: This group received the T. cordifolia extract in the dose of 1ml/100g twice daily orally for a total period of 10 days. CCl4 dose was given concomitantly with the last (10 th day) dose of T. cordifolia. Group-V: Animals in this group received the T. cordifolia extract (1ml/100g per orally twice daily) for a total period of 20 days. CCl4 dose was given concomitantly with the last (20 th day) dose of T. cordifolia.


The striking effects in the spin structure observed in elastic proton collisions and the Nuclear Transparency phenomenon recently discovered at BNL are described in terms of heavy quark threshold enhancements. The deviations from scaling laws and the broadening of the angular distributions at resonance are also consistent with the introduction of new degrees of freedom in the pp system. This implies-new s-channel physics. Predictions are given for the spin effects in pp collisions near 18.5 GeV/c at large p$ where new measurements are planned. INTRODUCTION The spin-spin correlation parameter ANN measured in large angle protonproton collisions at high energy,l exhibit structure as a function of large fi and p;. This defies a simple explanation based on the scale invariant nature of the underlying fundamental constituent interactions. As a consequence, a prosperous theoretical industry has developed in an attempt to explain this striking behavior. I have chosen to classify the various models into three categories, according to their predictions for the large-angle behavior of ANN above 12 GeV/c ( w h ere the spin effects have not been measured yet), I) Models where ANN grows to large values2 II) Oscillatory models3 III) Models where ANN relaxes to the PQCD prediction' of ANN = $. In the first type I have included models with strong quark correlations, massive quark models, diquark models or models which incorporate other large distance effects.2 The oscillation of the pp elastic scattering data about the s-lo power law has been inspirational for type II models, where an oscillatory behavior of ANN is also expected.3 As an example, in the model of Pire and Ralston, *Work supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE-AC03-76SF00515. Invited talk presented at the Third Conference on the Intersections Between Particle and Nuclear Physics, Rockport, Maine, May 14-19, 1988 one would expect coherent effects in the pp system to arise from the imaginary part of the double log Sudakov corrections. In the third category, I include models such as the present one, based on perturbative QCD (PQCD) which incorporate the onset of new effects due to the opening of a heavy quark threshold at 12 GeV/c. Available data suggest a strong correlation of the spin behavior with other anomalous pp data at 12 GeV/ c. The new effect, characteristic of threshold phenomena, would die away at higher energies, the system relaxing to its PQCD behavior.4*5 If we closely examine the pp elastic data at 90°, factoring out the PQCD dependence F4(t)/sp2 (which behaves as s-lo at very large s), we find a strict correlation with the ANN data as shown in Fig. 1: a very rapid increase in the total cross section in the 8-12 GeV/ c region which tails off at higher energies. This behavior is reminiscent of a threshold effect due to the introduction of new degrees of freedom. The pp elastic angular distribution exhibits the same trend: a rapid anomalous broadening which is maximum at 12 GeV/c [Fig. 2(c)]. This effect also dies away at higher energies. If we take seriously the correlation of anomalous ANN with pp elastic data, this is not encouraging news for the type I models. Finally, the "color transparency" effect,6 recently discovered at BNL by measuring the energy dependence of absorptive corrections to quasielastic pp scattering in various nuclear targets, exhibits an anomalous behavior at 12 GeV/c with respect to the QCD predictions. The QCD transparency disappears and normal attentuation is observed. The above considerations led Stanley Brodsky and myself to propose a simple model based on the opening of new degrees of freedom in the s-channel, which accounts for the observed structure in the pp system.' The PQCD component of the model is the Constituent Interchange Model (CW Y7 which is the dominant mechanism at large momentum transfer.8 We do not include diffractive contributions and our model is only valid at large angles where hard scattering is important. To describe the observed structure we need to introduce two broad (J = L = S = 1) resonant amplitudes centered at @ = 2.55 GeV and 5.08 GeV and a sharp 3F3 resonance at fi = 2.17 GeV, with widths of 1.6, 1.0 and 0.04 GeV respectively. These amplitudes intefere with the CIM amplitude to reproduce the experimental data. The required fi values correspond to the pp + K+Ap, pp + D"A,p, and pp + Ap thresholds respectively. Other details of the model are described in Ref. 4. MODEL PREDICTIONS The predictions of the model and comparison with experiment are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. As shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), the deviations from the simple scaling predicted by the PQCD amplitudes are readily accounted for by the


The functions of anaphoric expressions in discourse are complex,and can not be simply described as accessing or retrieving"given"entities.Among the non-accessing functions of anaphoric expressions,pseudo-presupposition is a common and important one.By pseudo-presupposition we mean anaphoric expressions may lose their original function of presupposing the existence of the referents,but are actually used to introduce new entities,or new information about known entities into the context.Based on an analysis of the structure of anaphoric expressions,we endeavour to make a relatively comprehensive description of the function of pseudo-presupposition.


The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating the anuresis of bulls, comprising the following constituents in parts by weight: 45-55 parts of dandelion, 35-45 parts of honeysuckle, 35-45 parts of dianthus superbus, 55-65 parts of akebiaquinata, 30-40 parts of polygonum aviculare, 25-35 parts of talcum, 30-40 parts of rush, 25-35 parts of cape jasmine, 40-50 parts of rheum officinale, 35-45 parts of ural licorice root tip, and 30-40 parts of semen plantaginis. The ingredients are mixed and grinded into a fine powder and then directly used. The traditional Chinese medicine composition disclosed by the invention is simple to blend, convenient to use, low in the costs of raw materials, free of toxic reactions after use, high in cure rate and residue-free, as well as is an ideal traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating the anuresis of bulls.


Multi-quantum-well (MQW) LED is a complex distributed system with strong interaction between two opposite carrier flows, electrons and holes. For both types of carriers, the carrier injection into each QW depends on transport conditions across the whole active region (AR) and is affected by capture-recombination balance in all active QWs. Multi-color LEDs with different types of QWs are especially sensitive to the details of the active region's layout. In this work, we use genetic evolutionary analysis to design tri-color LED. We show that full RGB gamut coverage requires optimized compositional intermediate carrier blocking layers (ICBLs) separating the optically active QWs. We also show that compositional ICBLs cannot be replaced by optimized doping of quantum barriers (QBs) alone.


In the area of travel behavior, route choice when facing congestion has been widely researched. However, there are other behavioral alternatives based on people's activities and adaptive decision-making strategies that have been overlooked. This paper focuses on how and what kind of information is used when considering a subset of these alternatives. Alternatives examined are the final choice of people's decision-making process when faced with unexpected events during the commute trip in the presence of real-time information collected using GABRIEL (Gis Activity-Based tRavel sImuLator) in Columbus, OH. An empirical analysis of the data set, which includes a limited set of alternatives (six in total) is presented. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logit models are used to identify variables that influence the choice. Results show that people are willing to experiment with other alternatives if provided the information to support their choice.


Abstract : Just prior to the final assault of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the 78th Division played a major role in a large-scale, Army-directed gas operation on that front. Although the division was engaging in its first and only assault operation of the war, it participated in the execution of one of the most successful gas missions of American forces, when the extreme right and left flanks of the First American Army front were heavily yperited to protect the principal attack of the Army through the center. The present study relates the gas warfare experience of the 78th Division in its three weeks on the First Army front, culminating in its yperite mission of 30 October.


Progressive facial hemiatrophy or Romberg syndrome, is a sporadic disease of unknown etiology characterized by progressive and self limited shrinking and deformation of one hemiface accompanied by various neurologic complication, including trigeminal neuralgia. We present the case of a 31-year-old Caucasian female with exacerbation of a left trigeminal neuralgia two weeks after a dental extraction. The severe pain was due to osteitis of the left mandible and a fracture through the 38 alveola. After removing the necrotic tissue and mandibulo-maxilary fixation the evolution was favorable with no signs of infection or wound dehiscence and the symptoms of pain were relieved.


Background: In developed countries, cancer has become one of the most popular causes of death-related illness in children and is rising in Trinidad and Tobago. Likewise, cancer related malnutrition and cachexia in this particular population is among the most familiar contributors of death among developing nations. Stages of anticancer treatment within the paediatric population can become very energy consuming and may negatively affect their nutritional status and in turn psychological as well as physical aspects of development. Adequately assessing nutritional status and nutritional habits is therefore of major importance for timely and appropriate nutritional intervention and in turn to prevent associated complications arising from malnutrition and its subsequent cachexia in pediatric oncology patients.


The effect of nanosized ceria on supported Cu nanoparticles was investigated at an atomic level and correlated to the catalytic activity on the water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) rate. For Cu/Al2O3, increasing the Cu nanoparticle size leads to a decrease in the oxygen coverage and an increase in the bond length of Cu–O. When different loadings of nanosized ceria are introduced to the Cu/Al2O3 catalysts, no significant change occurred in the Cu particle size, the Cu–Cu bond length, or the oxygen coverage. However, ceria is able to interact with the Cu nanoparticles to increase the Cu–O bond length, and a linear correlation between ceria loading, Cu–O bond length, and WGSR rate was found. Hence, while previous reports claim that ceria leads to Cu nanoparticle stabilization or interface active sites, we have shown that the ceria tailors the Cu–O bond length, which has been shown to be a determinant of the WGSR rate.


Magnetization of single crystal Cr particles ranging from 380 to 750 A in the average diameter was measured without exposure to the air in the magnetic field up to 17 kOe and in the temperature range from 77 to 870 K. The particles with an A-15 type structure (δ-Cr) showed temperature-independent paramagnetism. The particles with a bcc structure showed a new magnetic transition with an ordering temperature about 800 K. An anomaly was found at 310 K, which coincides with the Neel temperature of the bulk SDW transition, in the temperature-dependence of the magnetization of the particles. The new magnetic phase below 800 K is interpreted as the magnetic order localized near the surface. The features in the experimental results are discussed on the basis of the localized-order model.


In the first part, the article shows some of the conclusions that Habermas came to when studying the public sphere phenomenon in Europe. In that same context, it clearly shows the relationship between the ones that defend more economic and commercial freedoms and the press actions to defend those positions. Then, an exploration of some part of the Venezuelan history from 1830 to 1847 will take place, with the intention to help understand the mentioned relationship, it will be evaluated a printing press law from 1839.


In this research, an expactation in enhancing the membrane performance of PES (polyethersulfone) mixed matrix asymmetric membranes with TiO 2 nanoparticles is proposed. The synthesis of PES mixed matrix asymmetric membranes containing TiO 2 nanoparticles and the characterization of membrane performance were studied. The PES-TiO 2 mixed matrix membranes were fabricated by phase inversion method using the PES-TiO 2 -NMP (N-methyl-1-pyrrolidone) casting solutions with low TiO 2 nanoparticles content of 0.125. The influence of TiO 2 nanoparticles on the characteristics of PES-TiO 2 mixed matrix membranes was investigated with scanning electron microscope observations of membrane surface and cross-sections, contact angle measurements, pure water flux measurements and ultrafiltration experiments of BSA solution. Those results showed that the performance advancements in comparison with the pure PES membrane without TiO 2 nanoparticles in terms of increasing hydrophilicity as well as reducing membrane fouling by adding TiO 2 nanoparticles even in low concentration.


The right to housing is a fundamental human right,which has both positive and negative characters.Posi-tive right to housing refers to the right to benefit that citizens enjoy under certain conditions to ask government to provide them with housing in keeping with their human dignity.Negative right to housing is the right that citizens enjoy to fight against the arbitary invasions of public rights.These are based on the human rights protection theory and the rights remedy theory.At the present stage,to protect the positive and negative rights to housing,especially the former one is of great practical significance.


The ore-forming matter sources for the Xiong'ershan gold deposit is mainly come from the metamorhpic rocks of Taihua Group,calc-alkaline magmatic rocks and tectonic altered rocks of Yanshanian.The deposit is significantly controlled by Yanshanian magmatic rocks and structures with different classes of structures controlling the scale and spread of the gold deposit.With distinct directivity,the ore-controlling faults have orebodies and enriched orebodies controlled and occurred at their intersection sites and the spots where the occurrence on their cross-sections changed.The paper has concluded the ore-forming rules of the gold deposit from the aspects including granite characteristics and ore-controlling process due to structures,which will be expected as a reference for further prospecting in this area.


This Essay proceeds in four steps. Part I summarizes the quantitative evidence on the pattern of escalation and outcomes of more than 600 GATT/WTO disputes from 1948 through 1999. Part II elaborates on our theory of settlement bargaining within the context of an institution lacking enforcement power and shows how the hypotheses are consistent with the evidence introduced earlier. Part III discusses the theory's expectations regarding the effect of the 1989 and 1995 dispute settlement reforms and likewise compares those predictions with the evidence. Part IV highlights the implications of our perspective for proposed future reforms dealing with transparency and developing country participation BARGAINING IN THE SHADOW OF THE LAW: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN GATT/WTO DISPUTES Marc L. Busch* & Eric Reinhardt**


The objective of this article is to present the modern trends of adopting IFRS by the BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. In order to achieve this goal, the paper focuses on the analysis of the difficult process of convergence, but also on the modern trends in the development of accounting systems in these countries. Currently, each of these countries have adopted IFRSs or are doing so, but the conceptual framework of IFRS and accounting policies are fundamentally different from those that characterize Russia's financial reporting systems


to present a challenge in terms of performance, robustness and accuracy. In particular mobile augmented reality applications are in need of tracking systems which can be wearable and do not cause a high processing load. In this paper we introduce a novel iterative geometric method for pose estimation from four co-planar points and we present the current status of PTrack, a marker-based single camera tracking system benefiting from this approach. The system uses an IDS uEye [1] camera, equipped with infrared flash strobes and infrared pass filter, which acquires grayscale images and sends them to a computer where an image pre-processing algorithm identifies potential projections of retro-reflective markers. Our novel pose estimation algorithm identifies possible labels composed of markers in a 2D post-processing using a divide-and-conquer strategy to segment the camera's image space and attempts an iterative geometric 3D reconstruction of position and orientation in camera space. In the end successfully reconstructed labels are compared to a database for identification. Their 6 DoF data as well as their ID is made available to applications through OpenTracker [2] framework. To assess the performance of our approach we compared PTrack to ARToolKit [3] - which has been adapted to work with the same camera - and final results show that pose estimation is more accurate and precise, in both translation and rotation.


Objective: To explore clinical therapeutic assessment of acoustic rhinometry in obstructive OSAHS children.Methods: The application of acoustic rhinometry instruments were performed in respectively preoperative and postoperative nasal endoscopic adenoid body low-temperature plasma resection surgery on obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) children,and at the same time,recorded datas and make statistical analysis.Results: The postoperative test results of nasal airway resistance(NAR) were declined than preoperation.And the difference were statistically significant;The postoperative test results of nasal pharyngeal volume(NPV) were improved than preoperation.And the difference were statistically significant;The postoperative test results of nasal minimal cross-sectional area(NMCA) were small than preoperation.And the difference were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Nasal endoscopic adenoid body low-temperature plasma resection have obvious clinical effects in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) children,and can be served as the objective indicators.


Current production systems for commercial turkeys can lead to challenges including the development of footpad dermatitis (FPD) and aggressive pecking. Both have welfare and economic implications for turkey production. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies conducted in Canada on risk factors for either FPD or aggressive pecking. In this study, over 500 turkey farmers across Canada will receive a cross-sectional survey which includes a health-scoring guide and a questionnaire. Farmers will be asked to record the health status of 30 turkeys on their farms using the illustrated instructions to score head injuries, skin damage, and FPD. The information on head injuries and skin damage will provide insight into the prevalence of aggressive pecking within the flock. Farmers will score these areas on a three-point scale where a score of zero indicates no damage and two indicates severe damage. Additionally, an inventory of housing and management practices will be taken on each farm using a questionnaire covering topics on bird characteristics, lighting, air quality, litter quality, feeding, and health. The data obtained from this survey will be used to 1) estimate the prevalence of FPD and pecking injuries, 2) describe housing and management practices, 3) identify risk factors for FPD and pecking injuries and 4) make recommendations to reduce the prevalence of FPD and pecking injuries. With the information from this study we plan to develop a management tool tailored to the Canadian industry to reduce FPD and pecking injuries on Canadian farms.


Author Contributions: Ms Goldsack had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: All authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Goldsack. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Sonnad. Statistical analysis: Sonnad. Administrative, technical, or material support: Goldsack. Study supervision: Sonnad.


Three fractions (I, II and III) of pectic polysaccharides were separated from a cotyledon extract of Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The ratio of the amounts of I, II and III was approximately 7:4:3. Gas chromatographic analysis of the acid hydrolysates of the fractions revealed the presence of the following neutral sugars in each one: galactose, mannose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose and fucose. Fraction I contained glucose as a major constituent (about 70%), and considerable amounts of xylose and galactose, but no uronic acid. I


Objectives To determine the bacteriological profile and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of organisms isolated from neonatal septicemia to initiate early effective antibiotic therapy and to detect the ESBL producer in predominant Gram Negative isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods This is a cross sectional study of 100 babies suspected of neonatal sepsis based on clinical diagnosis. After isolating and identifying the organisms from blood culture antimicrobial susceptibility was done as per CLSI guidelines. Among the Gram negative bacilli ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified. Results culture positivity was 46, out of which GPC constitute 60.87 where as GNB constitute 39.13. Among the predominant Gram negative bacterial isolates 46 were ESBL producers. Conclusion This study revealed blood cultures are mandatory in all neonatal septic cases for seeking specific sensitivity patterns and accordingly modifying the antibiotic therapy Keyword :Neonatal septicemia, ESBL, Klebsiella pneumoniae.


The present study focuses on the effects of gamma irradiation on structural and optical properties of polycrystalline Ga10Se85Sn5 thin films with a thickness of ∼300 nm deposited by the thermal evaporation technique on cleaned glass substrates. X-ray diffraction patterns of the investigated thin films show that crystallite growth occurs in the orthorhombic phase structure. The surface study carried out by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirms that the grain size increases with gamma irradiation. The optical parameters were estimated from optical transmission spectra data measured from a UV–vis-spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 200–1100 nm. The refractive index dispersion data of the investigated thin films follow the single oscillator model. The estimated values of static refractive index n0, oscillator strength Ed, zero frequency dielectric constant ε0, optical conductivity σoptical and the dissipation factor increases after irradiation, while the single oscillator energy Eo decreases after irradiation. It was found that the value of the optical band gap of the investigated thin films decreases and the corresponding absorption coefficient increases continuously with an increase in the dose of gamma irradiation. This post irradiation changes in the values of optical band gap and absorption coefficient were interpreted in terms of the bond distribution model.


In this paer,image space analysis approach is applied to the study of vector equalibrium problems with matix inequality constraints (for short,VEPMC). Linear separation for VEPMC is investigated by using saddle points of Lagrange functions. Gap functions for VEPMC are also considered.


. The bispectrum vanishes for linear Gaussian fields and is thus a sensitive probe of non-linearities and non-Gaussianities in the cosmic density field. Hence, a detection of the bispectrum in the halo density field would enable tight constraints on non-Gaussian pro-cesses in the early Universe and allow inference of the dynamics driving inflation. We present a tree level derivation of the halo bispectrum arising from non-linear clustering, non-linear biasing and primordial non-Gaussianity. A diagrammatic description is developed to provide an intuitive understanding of the contributing terms and their dependence on scale, shape and the non-Gaussianity parameter f NL . We compute the terms based on a multivariate bias expansion and the peak-background split method and show that non-Gaussian modifications to the bias parameters lead to amplifications of the tree level bispectrum that were ignored in previous studies. Our results are in a good agreement with published simulation measurements of the halo bispectrum. Finally, we estimate the expected signal to noise on f NL and show that the constraint obtainable from the bispectrum analysis significantly exceeds the one obtainable from the power spectrum analysis.


Gyroscope devices are primary units for navigation and control systems that have wide application in aviation, in space, on ships and other industries. The main property of the gyroscope device is maintaining the axis of a spinning rotor. This gyroscope peculiarity is represented in terms of gyroscope effects in which mathematical models have been formulated on the law of kinetic energy conservation and a change in an angular momentum. The known gyroscope theories are represented by numerous publications, which analytical approaches cannot give true results. The nature of gyroscope effects is more complex than represented in known publications. Recent investigations in this area have demonstrated that the external torque acting on a gyroscope generates several inertial torques which are interdependent and simultaneous action. The gyroscope internal torques are generated by the action of several inertial forces as well as a change in an angular momentum. Latter one does not play first role in gyroscope theories. These torques represent internal kinetic energies of the spinning rotor. The internal kinetic energies are combined and manifested the gyroscope resistance and precession torques acting around two axes that perpendicular each other. Combination of the internal torques leads to change in the angular velocities of the gyroscope around axes. This paper represents the mathematical models for the torques of the gyroscope that shows the physics of the gyroscope internal kinetic energies and new properties. The mathematical models practically tested and the results are validated the theoretical approach. Keywords— gyroscope theory, kinetic energy, torque


In this manuscript we describe our "empowerment design" work. Instead of simply building an artifact to help an individual accomplish a particular task, the focus of empowerment design work is to develop socio-technical structures that empower individuals and societies more generally. Essentially, empowerment design is designing with heart. It is a complex work that involves bringing together multiple and even opposing agendas, acknowledging different voices, and even working through unintended consequences and confusing struggles that have no one clear answer. Here, we describe an empowerment design initiative that overtly attempts to transform a culture and empower those it serves by way of a technology-rich educational innovation called Quest Atlantis. While the project is currently situated in various informal and formal learning environments, much of the data in this account is focused on our collaboration with a local Boys and Girls Club that serves disadvantaged children. However, empowerment design requires going beyond the initial site of innovation, and therefore we also bring in data based on our work with teachers and additional sites so as to communicate the complete cycle of empowerment design.


Neural link predictors learn distributed representations of entities and relations in a knowledge graph. They are remarkably powerful in the link prediction and knowledge base completion tasks, mainly due to the learned representations that capture important statistical dependencies in the data. Recent works in the area have focused on either designing new scoring functions or incorporating extra information into the learning process to improve the representations. Yet the representations are mostly learned from the observed links between entities, ignoring commonsense or schema knowledge associated with the relations in the graph. A fundamental aspect of the topology of relational data is the cardinality information, which bounds the number of predictions given for a relation between a minimum and maximum frequency. In this paper, we propose a new regularisation approach to incorporate relation cardinality constraints to any existing neural link predictor without affecting their efficiency or scalability. Our regularisation term aims to impose boundaries on the number of predictions with high probability, thus, structuring the embeddings space to respect commonsense cardinality assumptions resulting in better representations. Experimental results on Freebase, WordNet and YAGO show that, given suitable prior knowledge, the proposed method positively impacts the predictive accuracy of downstream link prediction tasks.


Studies showed that nickel, a pollutant commonly found in environment, exposure promotes the invasive potential of human lung cancer cells through TLR4 signaling. Our previous study found that a sesquiterpene aryl ester (melleolide Q; AM-Q), a compound extracted from Armillaria mellea, significantly inhibited Ni-induced invasion and migration in human lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1975 (EGFR mutation). However the possible mechanisms are unclear. Armillaria mellea, from the Tricholomataceae family, is an edible mushroom. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat elderly condition including headache and dizziness. In the present study, we investigated whether AM-Q inhibit the effects of Ni through the regulation of TLR4/ NF-κB signaling. Human lung cancer A549 cells and H1975 cells were pre-incubated with AM-Q (2 or 5μM), CLI-095 (TLR4 inhibitor, 3μM) or SC-514 (IKK inhibitor, 100μM). Then, the cells were treated with NiCl2 (1 mM). First we found that the inhibitors, CLI-095 and SC-514, significantly inhibited the invasion and migration in Ni-treated A549 cells. Ni-exposure significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and Myd88, the phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK), the translocation of p65 and the MMP-9 expression and activation in A549 cells. AM-Q suppressed all the effects of Ni in A549 cells. The effects of AM-Q were comparable to those of inhibitors. Furthermore, we found that the two inhibitors also inhibited the invasion and migration in H1975 cells. In addition, in consistent with the findings in A549 cells, AM-Q also tended to inhibit the expression of Myd88, the phosphorylation IKKβand the translocation of NF-κB induced by Ni-exposure in H1975 cells. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AM-Q may inhibit Ni-promoted lung cancer cell invasion and migration through downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling, at least in part.


RFID applications usually rely on RFID deployments to manage high-level events such as tracking the location that products visit for supply-chain management, localizing intruders for alerting services, and so on. However, transforming low-level streams into high-level events poses a number of challenges. In this paper, we deal with the well known issues of data redundancy and data-information mismatch: we propose an on-line summarization mechanism that is able to provide small space representation for massive RFID probabilistic data streams while preserving the meaningfulness of the information. We also show that common information needs, i.e. detecting complex events meaningful to applications, can be effectively answered by executing temporal probabilistic SQL queries directly on the summarized data. All the techniques presented in this paper are implemented in a complete framework and successfully evaluated in real-world location tracking scenarios. Key–Words: RFID data streams, Data summarization, Probabilistic Data Management, Object tracking, Probabilistic Database


The Kingdom of Tonga, geographically fragmented into 172 islands, is located within the "Ring of Fire" in the South Pacific. It is vulnerable to external economic shocks and natural disasters. The government is committed through leg- islation, plans and strategies to address disaster risk reduction and strengthen emer- gency management in all sectors to achieve national sustainable development in the priority areas: economic, social and environmental. An Emergency Fund with TOP15 million (USD 7.8 million) was established in 2008. Several stakeholders have pro- vided assistance for an ongoing capacity-building program (both institutional and human resources). A recent initiative through the churches to establish a commu- nity-focused integrated disaster preparedness and response plan in 24 of the most vulnerable villages in Tonga is underway. The challenge, however, is to mainstream disaster risk reduction strategies into the operational plans of all government sec- tors and to coordinate relief measures with affected communities in the event of a major disaster.


Anomalous crustal deformation following the Mw = 7.1, March 31, 2002, Hualien earthquake was observed over 5 years using the global positioning system (GPS) network in the south Ryukyu Islands. The analysis showed an afterslip event at a depth of 30 km on the subducting Philippine Sea plate. The magnitude of the cumulative moment reached 7.4. The released moment of the afterslip exceeded the mainshock itself. The afterslip promoted Coulomb failure stress on the fault of the repeating slow slip events (SSEs) in the vicinity of the afterslip. The increase in the slip rate of the SSEs predicted through the change in the Coulomb failure stress is 13%. This is close to the observed increase in slip rate (19%) after the earthquake. This suggests that the afterslip had accelerated the slip rate of the SSEs after the earthquake.


Objective: This paper aims to explore affordable biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on noninvasive, low cost, and portability electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Methods: By combining multiscale analysis and embedding space theory, a novel strategy was developed for constructing brain functional network inferred from generalized composite multiscale entropy vector (GCMSEV). Functional network analysis and seed analysis were used for comparing AD pattern versus control pattern. Machine learning methods were employed for proving the effectiveness of our method. Results: Patients with AD exhibited hypoconnectivity over the whole scalp, especially for long-range connections. Significant decreased connections between frontal and other regions reveals that the transmission of signals related to frontal hub is indeed damaged due to AD. The predictors consist of interfrontal and left frontal-right occipital connections that led to a good performance for distinguishing AD patients and normal subjects with over 96% classification accuracy and 0.98 parametric area under curve. Conclusion: Above findings demonstrated the superior power of the EEG markers quantified by our GCMSEV network, as the indicator of abnormal functional connectivity in the brain of AD patients. Significance: This paper develops a novel EEG-based strategy for functional connectivity quantification and enriches the topographical biomarkers used for neurophysiological assessment.


The rise of ultraviolet astronomy in the seventies and eighties of the last century has taught us that all hot luminous stars are blowing fierce winds into space with velocities of several thousand km s−1 and mass‐loss rates of 10−6 to 10−4 M⊙ yr−1. The mass‐loss rates of the normal O, B, and A stars are well explained by radiation pressure due to spectral lines, including the observed bi‐stability jumps near spectral types B1 and A0. However, several important observed wind features are not well understood: the presence of corotating spiral‐like structures in the wind, the high densities of flat outflowing equatorial disks, and the high mass‐loss rates of the Wolf‐Rayet stars. I discuss the discovery and early ideas about winds from hot stars and the triumphs and failures of the radiation‐driven wind theory.


In lipid bilayers, pyrene and pyrene-labeled lipids form excimers in a concentration-dependent manner. The aromatic amine N,N-diethylaniline (DEA), which has a high membrane-to-medium partition coefficient, quenches the monomers only, and therefore it is expected that under conditions in which the monomers are in equilibrium with the excimers due to the mass law, the Stern-Volmer coefficient (K) for monomers (M), defined as K, should be identical to that of the excimer (E), defined as K, and K/K = 1.0. This is indeed the case for pyrene and pyrene valerate in egg phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles. However, for pyrene decanoate and pyrene dodecanoate in these vesicles, and for N-[12-(1-pyrenyl)dodecanoyl]sphingosylphosphocholine in a matrix of either N-stearoyl sphingosylphosphocholine or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine, K < K. This can be explained either by the existence of (a) two subpopulations of excimers, one in fast equilibrium with the monomers and the other, related to ground-state protoaggregates of pyrene lipids; (b) two monomer subpopulations where part of M cannot be quenched by DEA; or (c) two monomer subpopulations, both quenched by DEA, but only one of which produces excimers. The good agreement between the photophysical processes determined by steady state and time-resolved measurements supports the third explanation for the bilayers containing pyrene phospholipids. It also suggests that the main factors determining the immiscibility of pyrene lipids in phospholipid bilayers are the temperature, the difference in the gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature (ΔT) between the matrix and the pyrene lipid, and the structural differences between the matrix lipid and the pyrene-labeled lipid. These results indicate that the K/K ratio can serve as a very sensitive tool to quantify isothermal microscopic immiscibility in membranes. This novel approach has the following advantages: applicability to fluid phase immiscibility, requirement of a relatively low mol fraction of pyrene lipids, and conceivably, applicability to biological membranes.


The publishing industry will determine it's own management idea and behavior completely in accordance with the standards of marketization and industrialization.According to the public belonging property of book publishing,this paper systematically demonstrates the investment ways,objects and directions of government for publishing industry.The investment ways can be divided into direct investment and indirect investment,and the investment objects includes not only press and book publishers,but also small and medium publishing enterprises,private bookstores and libraries,even authors,translators and readers.


Objective: Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a known and undesirable complication of prosthetic valve replacement. The presence of significant PVL is associated with comorbidities such as hemolysis, heart failure, and decreased long-term survival. The role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (IOTEE) is the standard of care for valve repair surgery. However, its use in valve replacement is not universal. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) surgeries with IOTEE, from 2018-2020. Primary outcomes were the incidence of intraoperative PVL pre and post echocardiography guided correction. Secondary outcomes were PVL predictors factors, cardiopulmonary bypass time and cross clamp time. PVL was defined, according to circumferential extent of the regurgitant jet, as mild (<10%), moderate (10-20%) and severe (>20%). A PVL greater than mild was considered significant. Results: A total of 194 patients underwent surgical AVR (table 1); 73(37.6%) underwent minimally invasive aortic valve replacement and 121(62.4%) conventional aortic valve replacement. Of them, 87(4.8%) were isolated AVR and 107(55.1%) combined procedures. The overall incidence of significant PVL was 2.6% (n=5). All of them underwent echocardiography guided correction. Post correction IOTEE showed none significant PVL. Mild PVL was diagnosed in four of them. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was 119±37.9 minutes and cross clamp time was 81±26.1 minutes. There were no significant differences in these times between patients with PVL that needed correction and patients who did not. Diagnosis, etiology, bicuspid aortic valve, type of prosthesis and size number were not associated with PVL incidence. Conclusions: IOTEE allows early diagnosis of PVL. This enables intraoperative correction, without significant extension of surgical times, resulting in non-significant PVL. IOTEE should be the standard of care in AVR surgery. Table 1. Patients characteristics Patients n 194 Age (Mean±SD) 69.9 ± 11.4 Sex n (%) Male, Female 113(58.2%), 81(41.8) Diagnosis n (%)Aortic StenosisAortic InsufficiencyConcomitant stenosis and insufficiencyInfectious Endocarditis 146 (76%)28 (14.6%)16 (8.3%)2 (1%) Etiology n (%)CalcificationRheumatic diseaseAnulectasisProlapseInfectious EndocarditisProsthetic DysfunctionFibroelastomaOthers 160 (82.5%)3 (1.5%)6 (3.1%)10 (5.2%)6 (3.1%)2 (1%)2 (1%)5 (2.6%) Bicuspid valve n (%) 31 (16.1%) NYHA Functional Class n (%)No Heart failureIIIIIIIV 24 (13.6%)10 (5.6%)112 (63.3%)29 (16.4%)2 (1.1%) Angina 76 (40.9%) Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) n (%)Normal>50%30-50%<30% 143 (76.5)18 (9.6%)11 (5.9%)15 (8%) Euro Score II n (%)Low RiskIntermediate RiskHigh Risk 173 (89.6%)19 (9.8%)1 (0.5%)


Summary Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have sustained indigenous and immigrant populations alike since their arrival in North America. This brief overview focuses on the historical use of NTFPs in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest. Drawing on sources as diverse as accounts by early European arrivals, archaeological evidence, and contemporary ethnobotanical studies, we touch on documented uses of forest vegetation from prehistory to the present century. The residents of these regions have used NTFPs for food, medicine, and cultural materials. NTFPs have met their livelihood needs through subsistence uses and both non-market and market exchanges. We conclude that in spite of U.S incorporation into a global market-based economy, there is notable continuity in the harvest and use of NTFPs in the United States from prehistory to current times.


Static security N-1 verification of district power network during a period of time was researched.When traditional power flow method is used in static state security analysis,a number of calculations and complex statistical analysis are required.So,the probabilistic load flow analysis was introduced into the N-1 verification of static state security analysis to consider the uncertainty generator power and load demand.Statistical properties of branch powers was obtained by it and calculated only once.The DC load flow method and the indicators reflecting the economy and risk were adopted to obtain the results of contingency ranking.The linearized probabilistic load flow method was used in accurate N-1 verification.The equations of expectation and variance of line power were derived.The economic indicator and risk indicator were calculated accurately.Calculation program was compiled in Visual Fortran 6.5 platform.The proposed method was verified by an eight-machine system and one provincial power system.Results show the validity and practicability of the proposed approach,and provide some reference to operation personnel to ensure safety stable operation of power system.


Abstract The paper argues that regulation is at the heart of markets, and that regulation is itself an inherently political process. It explores how this insight works out by examining a range of real existing national regulatory systems ‐ notably the US, the UK and the European Union. It argues that political jurisdiction matters, because of the influence of institutional structure, political culture and historical trajectory. It suggests that these insights need to be central to accounting research, because at the heart of accounting research lie processes which are critical to the regulation of economic life.


Abstract : Traditionally, chemical weapons effects analyses have assumed a lognormal agent drop size distribution. Used widely within the weapons effects sciences, the lognormal distribution is a relatively simple mathematical expression fully defined by only two numerical parameters: in essence, a mean and a standard deviation, or, in the proper terminology, a droplet Mass Median Diameter (MMD) and a geometric sigma. It has until recently appeared to describe adequately the drop sizes observed from legacy test results, and the method used in MDA's Post-Engagement Ground Effects Model called upon the Soltisz model to predict the MMDA as a function of agent characteristics, reentry speed, and release altitude.


Better understanding of the transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) from chronic phase (CP) to the invariably fatal blast phase (BP) is of critical importance for the clinical management of patients with CML. However, the mechanisms responsible for triggering disease progression have eluded investigators' efforts. Recently, our group verified reported data showing increased levels of Musashi-2 (MSI2) transcripts in patients with CML in BP compared to those in CP, implying a role for MSI2 in CML transformation. The Musashi gene family is reported to control critical cell fate decisions by binding to target mRNAs, including the NUMB mRNA, thereby inhibiting translation. Unregulated increased expression of MSI2 results in the dysfunction of NUMB-Notch signalling, leading to haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation, impaired myeloid differentiation and worse clinical prognosis in CML. Therefore, we hypothesized that mutations mapping to the NUMB gene may perturb this signalling pathway and thereby influence CML transformation. I tested this notion by directly sequencing the entire NUMB transcript in 22 patients with CML of whom 10 were in CP and 12 were in BP. Archived RNA extracted from peripheral blood from subjects with CML was reverse transcribed to cDNA and the entire NUMB gene transcript was amplified. The amplified products were subjected to Sanger sequencing. For the 22 patients with CML, the NUMB gene transcript sequence was determined to be identical to the published wild type sequence, apart from two previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) mapping to the 3'-UTR: rs11625196 (C/G) and rs7202 (C/T) . I observed no significant difference in the distribution of the genotypes of the two SNP between that reported for normal healthy individuals and the CML patients, nor between the different disease phases. However, rs7202 genotype had significant influence on the mortality rate of patients in BP – an observation which was fortuitously biased by different treatment modalities. The software tools Mfold and SNPfold predicted a negligible effect of the two SNP on the secondary structure of NUMB mRNA. In a summary, these observations suggest that NUMB, which regulates Notch, Hedgehog and p53 signalling, is not the primary cause of CML evolution. However, it would be prudent to confirm this finding in a study with greater number of CML CP and BP patients and/or using a sequencing method with higher sensitivity, such as deep-gene sequencing.


We propose a new model for secure eTickets based on QR-Codes with user-encrypted content. It is compatible with access control systems with minimal infrastructures. It has multiple security levels, and relies on block ciphering with user passwords. This approach maximizes the QR-code payload for the screen areas in off-the-shelf scanning devices.


Background The use and frequency of computed tomography (CT) are increasing day by day in emergency departments (ED). This increases the amount of radiation exposed. Purpose To evaluate the image quality obtained by ultra-low-dose CT (ULDCT) in patients with suspected wrist fractures in the ED and to investigate whether it is an alternative to standard-dose CT (SDCT). Material and Methods This is a study prospectively examining 336 patients who consulted the ED for wrist trauma. After exclusion criteria were applied, the patients were divided into the study and control groups. Then, SDCT (120 kVp and 100 mAs) and ULDCT (80 kVp and 5 mAs) wrist protocols were applied simultaneously. The images obtained were evaluated for image quality and fracture independently by a radiologist and an emergency medical specialist using a 5-point scale. Results The effective radiation dose calculated for the control group scans was 41.1 ± 2.1 µSv, whereas the effective radiation dose calculated for the study group scans was 0.5 ± 0.0 µSv. The effective radiation dose of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The CT images in the study group showed no significant differences in the mean image quality score between observer 1 and observer 2 (3.4 and 4.3, respectively; P = 0.58). Both observers could detect all fractures using the ULDCT images. Conclusion ULDCT provides high-quality images in wrist traumas while reducing the radiation dose by approximately 98% compared to SDCT without any changes in diagnostic accuracy.


The internal oxidation behavior of Pd-40Ag-1M (M=Zr,Y) alloywires has been studied in air at 800--1200℃. The relationship between the internaloxidation depth ξ and the reaction time t can be expressed as ξ=Kt~n, wheren=0.5--0.75. The higher the temperature is, the larger the n value is the activeelements Zr and Y have different iniernal oxidation characters. For the alloys con-taining Zr, the oxidation rate along the grain boundaries is about twice as thatin grains, and "lateral speed oxidation" exists along the grain boundaries. For thealloys containing Y, the oxidation in grains and along the grain boundaries is rough-ly the same, and do not have "lateral oxidation" along the grain boundaries. Theactivation energies of both alloys are in the range of 120--150 kJ/mol. Some pro-perties of internal oxidized alloys were studied.


The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is increasing and a considerable number of patients forgo biomedicine, employing these non-conventional modalities as an alternative to orthodox cancer treatment. CAM use and motivations vary according to how and to what ends it is being used. Values, such as a preference for "natural" cures and lay theories of illness causation play a pivotal role in choice of therapy. These, in turn, affect and are affected by the manner in which the patient encounters and interprets information. CAM use may signify a point of tension in the doctor-patient relationship, as both parties are frequently reluctant to discuss the issue, albeit non-conventional modalities may pose threats to patient safety and thus warrant open communication. Extensive research in this particular area of medical communication is scarce, even more so concerning patients who forgo biomedical treatment completely. The following contains practical recommendations for communicating with patients at risk of declining conventional cancer treatment.


Primigravidas ranging in age from 14-24 years who presented themselves for lawful abortion in the 7th-12th week of pregnancy were distributed into 2 groups to examine whether Enzaprost F (Chinoin) may be used in form of intracervical tablet and extraovular solution for preoperative cervix dilatation in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. In 1 group (n = 210), 10 cervical tablets were introduced into the cervical canal under aseptic circumstances following vaginal exposure by using the ascending tube of Szontagh's IUD. The tablets contained in 200 cases 2.5 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (Pgf2alpha) each (Enzaprost F cervical tablet, Chinoin) and in 10 cases only carrier substance (placebo). The dilatation of cervical canal was measured by means of Hegar's dilators prior to the introduction of the PGF2alpha containing tablets in 80 cases, 2 hours subsequently in 111 cases, and 3-4 hours subsequently in 89 cases, directly before emptying the uterus. If the dilatation of cervical canal failed to reach 11 mm after the preoperative treatment this was dilated further with Hegar's dilators directly before emptying the uterus. In the placebo group the dilatation of cervical canal was measured by the same method before and 2 and 4 hours after the application of tablets. In the other group (n = 45), pregnant women were ranged who had 2nd grade purity of vagina due to previous local vaginal treatment. In the 7th-12th week of pregnancy, the effect of 10 Enzaprost F cervical tablets was observed to be a function of time. The average dilatation of cervical orifice was 5.0 mm before treatments. 2 hours after the application of PGF2alpha, the cervical canal was dilated to 6.9 and 3-4 hours later to 8.5 mm. In response to 1.0 Enzparost F solution containing 1.0 mg active substance injected into the uterus through Foley catheter the cervical canal dilated within 3 hours to in average 8.1 mm, within 18 hours to in average 10.9 mm. The dilatation of the cervical canal measured after 18 hours did not differ significantly from the value obtained after 3 hours. The dilatation of cervical canal measured before treatment in the group of placebo-treated primigravidas was in average 4.6 mm and in hours 2 and 4 of treatment 4.8 and 4.9 mm, respectively. The difference was statistically nonsignificant. Temporary mild systemic unwanted effect occurred in 35% of patients treated with Enzaprost F cervical tablets and in 88% of women subjected to extraovular treatment.


319 words) Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the gene Ataxin1 (ATXN1) and characterized by motor deficits, cognitive decline, and premature lethality. Due to the severe cerebellar degeneration seen in SCA1, the pathogenesis of Purkinje cells has been the main focus of previous studies. However, mutant ATXN1 is expressed throughout the brain, and pathology in brain regions beyond the cerebellar cortex likely contributes to the symptoms of SCA1. Here, using immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis we investigated early-stage SCA1 alterations in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in clinically relevant SCA1 brain regions including the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hippocampus, and motor cortex of Atxn1 mice, a knock-in mouse model of SCA1 expressing mutant ATXN1 broadly. Our results indicate a spectrum of astrocyte and microglial phenotypes across brain regions early in SCA1. We found reduced expression of homeostatic astrocytic genes Kcnj10, Aqp4, Slc1a2 and Gja1 in 12 week old Atxn1 mice, all of which are key for neuronal function, in the hippocampus and medulla. At the same age, the expression of these genes was increased in the cortex, indicating region-specific astrocyte reactive phenotypes. We have found altered microglial density throughout the brain, with decreases in cerebellar white matter but increases in medulla, motor cortex and corpus callosum. On the other hand, neuronal pathology was evident only in cerebellar Purkinje cells at this early stage of SCA1. We have previously shown that expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an astrocyte-released growth factor important for the survival and function of neurons, is reduced in the cerebellum, and exogenous BDNF treatment has therapeutic potential for cerebellar aspects of disease in Purkinje cells specific transgenic mouse model of SCA1 (Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q] line). We report here that BDNF expression is decreased in the cerebellar Bergmann glia of patients with SCA1. Moreover, we found brain region specific changes in BDNF expression in Atxn1 mice with decreased expression in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and increased expression in the medulla and cortex. Using ALZET pumps to deliver BDNF, we have found that BDNF treatment ameliorated several aspects of SCA1 pathogenesis, including motor deficits, learning and problem-solving strategy development, hippocampal neurogenesis, and expression of astrocyte homeostatic genes in the hippocampus.


Femoral neck fractures undergoing repair in young adult patients are at high risk for failure: reasons include powerful local forces acting across the hip, fracture pattern, associated injury, inadequate reduction, and imperfect available implants. In an effort to maximize fixation to minimize the risks for failure, accessory fixation along with more traditional fracture constructs can be used. Use of a buttress plate for achieving improved fixation in treating displaced femoral neck fractures is described.


This article will be considered documentary and material sources of the reservation museum «Alexandrovskaya sloboda» relating directly to the military actions of the Troubled Times and the Russian-Polish war of 1609–1618 years. These materials are important sources, and their study will enhance and enrich the documentary base of the subject, will help to more clearly and accurately reconstruct the events of the period studied.


For the importance that bee honey production is taking at Las Tunas it was carried out a study in the 8 municipalities of the province and the yield was measured by beehive (statistical data of three years according to the ecosystem) to a group of plant species, supported in a revision of specialized literature on the main plants that produce nectar and low pollen in the climatic conditions of the province with the objective of studying the main melliferous species. One kept in mind good known species that are exploded by the beekeepers, yield, flowering calendar, geographical distribution and description of the most important plants. Although the conditions prevailing are not the best, according to the obtained data, Las Tunas have potentialities to develop their flowers, to avoid their destruction and to improve it. Contributing with it to the conservation of the species and guaranteeing the use of honey for times of peace and during exceptional situations, also contributing to the Cuban National Security.


The aim of the paper is to determine if there is a connexion between the tendencies of migration and European labour market. Preliminary data on Romanian migration focus on the first stages of the phenomenon. Continuing with new forms of migration from post-communist Romania, we can establish the contemporary challenges of migration. In terms of European labour market, Romania, as the other Eastern European countries, must manage a difficult issue - labour migration. Economic welfare is one of the main conditions for actual migration flows from Romania to European Union. In other words, we can say that labour market performance and migration policy in destination countries are key drivers of migration decisions. Fair treatment of European labour migration, clear rules on labour mobility, a coherent and effective economic policy of the EU are some of the directions that we propose as a result of this analyse.


PURPOSE: A method for cleaning a process chamber component and an apparatus thereof are provided to reduce costs and prevent environmental contamination without using chemicals for cleaning. CONSTITUTION: A sprayed film(3) is formed on a base material(2). Water-jet of 500bar to 1000bar pressure is applied to a processing chamber component(1). The sprayed film of the processing chamber component and a film(4) formed on the sprayed film are removed. The sprayed film includes a flame spraying film formed on the base material and an arc spraying film formed on the flame spraying film.


We present accurate models compared to electromagnetic (EM) solvers for the coupling coefficient of two parallel waveguides and for the bend waveguides loss. These models can be used with any electronic design automation (EDA) tool as the equations depend only on the waveguide dimensions which can be extracted easily from the layout. Hence these models will save a large amount of time.


It has been widely argued that labor market inflexibilities are the main factors for the high rate of unemployment. This study shows that the difference that is observed between the unemployment rates for Europe and U.S.A cannot only be explain by labor market inflexibilities. Controversly, in some countries where labor market inflexibilities exit, the unemployment rates are relatively small.


T

he relationship between the price of oil and the level of economic activity is a fundamental empirical issue in macroeconomics. In this research, by using a multivariate GARCH-in-Mean VAR, we try to investigate direct effects of uncertainty of oil price on macroeconomics of Iran by using annually data from 1965 to 2013.Results show that uncertainty about oil prices had a negative and significant effect on real output in our sample.


The characteristics of silicone oil modification and mono-esterification of maleic anhydride of the preparation reaction organosilicone succinate surfactants are summarized in this paper,and the synthetical methods of some organosilicone succinate surfactants are introduced.


Polyethylenimines (PEIs) are among the most efficient non‐viral gene transfer agents developed so far. However, transfections with these polymers were shown to require a very high copy number of plasmid DNA per cell to achieve gene expression. Here, we investigate whether it is possible to reduce the amount of plasmid DNA while keeping a high transfection efficiency.


Meroe, the ancient Medewi/Bedewi, was a capital city of the kingdom of Kush. Its remains were discovered by the late 18th- to early 19th-century European travelers who relied on descriptions left by Classical authors such as Herodotus and Strabo. Thanks to the excavations carried out by British, Sudanese, Canadian, and German archaeologists we know the general layout of the city and have a basic grasp of its historical development. The earliest remains go back to the 10th century bce, but the main period of its development was from the 6th century bce to the 2nd century ce. The site of Meroe comprises four main areas: the walled Royal City, the Temple of Amun and surrounding religious complex, and two large mounds covering the domestic remains. Among the most important finds were numerous palaces, an astronomical observatory and iron production facilities. The inhabitants of Meroe relied on agriculture and cattle breeding. The gradual decline of the city began in the 3rd century ce but was given a final blow with the Axumite invasion in the 4th century ce.


—The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a reliable tool 6 for3Dimagingandmanipulationatthemicrometerandnanometer 7 scales. When used inside a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 8 AFM probes can be localized and controlled with a nanometer res- 9 olution by visual feedback. However, achieving trajectory control 10 and obstacles avoidance is still a major concern for manipulation 11 tasks. We propose a Model Predictive Control (MPC) to address 12 these two issues while AFM probes are actuated by Piezoelectric 13 Inertia type Actuators (PIA). The novelty of this letter is that the 14 modelofourMPC-basedapproachreliesonavelocitymapofPIAs. 15 It enables path following and obstacle avoidance while preserving 16 safety margins. Control inputs are optimized by Quadratic Pro- 17 gramming, referring to their increment and distance constraints. 18 A cost function is defined to navigate the AFM probe with a 19 specified velocity. Simulations and experiments are carried out to 20 demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is suitable to perform 21 path following with obstacle avoidance using map-based velocity 22 references. This is the first time that MPC is implemented in 23 micro/nano-robotic systems for autonomous control inside SEM. 24


N 1989, general government revenue in the Soviet Union was 41 percent of GDP—not far from the average for member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). But by 1995, revenues in the countries of the former Soviet Union were down to an average of 25 percent of GDP. (See chart and Table 1.) The revenue decline was not the result of decisions by reform-minded governments to withdraw from intervention in the economy. Rather, it came at a time when they urgently needed resources to finance economic restructuring and a social safety net to cushion the impact of falling living standards. Because spending pressures have been hard to resist, revenue losses have made stabilization considerably more difficult, contributed to high inflation rates, and caused governments to delay structural reforms.


In the title compound, C20H13BF2N4O, the central fused three-ring oxadiazaborininonaphthyridine system is planar (r.m.s. deviation of 0.03 A). The phenyl ring lies in the plane of this ring system, making a dihedral angle of 0.61 (14)°, and is inclined to the pyridine ring by 9.02 (19)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected by C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. The chains are linked by offset π–π interactions [intercentroid distance = 3.4550 (13) A], forming a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.


Summary: A study of the role of the school nurse in a disease outbreak, in which the current response is identified and interventions for improvement in outbreak response are examined. Content Outline: 1. Current State • School nurses are effective in increasing overall health of students and communities • School nurse expertise should be used to prevent and control disease outbreak • Plan for disease outbreaks varies by school, district, and region • Varying expectations and procedures for school nurses


The present study describes science expectancy-value motivation classes within a nationally representative sample of students who were U. S. ninth-graders in 2009. An expectancy-value model was the basis for science-specific profile indicators (self-efficacy, attainment value, utility value, interest-enjoyment value). Using exploratory latent class analysis, a four-class model was identified as the best model, based on model fit and interpretability. Although the Low and Typical profiles had uniform levels of indicators, the two high motivation profiles (High SelfEfficacy and High Utility Value) had mixed levels. The profile characterized by very high selfefficacy had lower values, while the profile characterized by high utility value had lower selfefficacy. The differences in math achievement between profiles were small. High-ability students disidentified with science; only 29% of high-ability students had high science expectancy-value profiles. The implications for science talent development are discussed. SCIENCE MOTIVATION PROFILES p. 3 How Motivated are 9 Graders in Science? A Descriptive Study of Science Motivation Profiles in U. S. Ninth-Graders in 2009 High-ability high school students form a talent pool from which future scientists and engineers should come. However, relatively few members of this large talent pool develop their abilities in the STEM disciplines (National Science Board, 2010). The question of why this might be happening is important to consider as the United States is engaged in a national effort to strengthen the science and engineering workforce by actively recruiting all Americans, especially students who have been identified as having high ability in math. One factor that has been neglected for the most part in efforts to understand students' participation in STEM disciplines is knowing what motivates these students. Exploration of students' STEM motivation is the focus of the present study. Because the construct of motivation is quite broad and multidimensional, we begin by outlining the theory that undergirds our study, with a specific focus on how motivation plays out in science. Although there are numerous models of motivation, we focus on Expectancy-Value Theory because we view beliefs about competence (i.e., the expectancy component of the model) and beliefs about the value of a subject to be especially salient in science—a subject in which students typically struggle (Drew, 2011; National Academies of Science, 2011) and find irrelevant for what they want to do in the future (Basu & Barton, 2007; Hannover & Kessels, 2004). We posit that a students' expectancy-value profile in the ninth grade has a relationship with his or her plans to pursue later STEM occupations. In the present study, we identify four SCIENCE MOTIVATION PROFILES p. 4 distinct profiles that have different relationships with occupational plans. Further, we believe that the characteristics of this profile provide information about what motivates the student towards STEM occupations. The identified profiles have distinctive features and provide information about students' motivations that has not previously been studied. In the present study, some basic assumptions about students and STEM were scrutinized. For example, it is widely accepted that mathematics ability is a good indicator of who should pursue STEM occupations. However, prior research with small samples of gifted students suggests that the students with the highest academic ability are not the most highly motivated in an academic domain. Thus, we investigated the possibility that motivation profile may have a stronger relationship with occupational plans than ability. Our evidence supports the idea that motivation has a stronger relationship with STEM occupational plans than mathematics ability. Expectancy-Value In the expectancy-value model, students choose among viable options with their perception of viability being affected by cultural stereotypes and parental, familial, or peer influences (Wigfield & Eccles, 2000). The considerations that drive decisions include one's expectations for success and the alignment of the choice with three components: personal goals, identity, and interests. Each of these considerations is influenced by cultural role schemas based on race, gender, or ethnicity. (Wigfield & Eccles, 2000). The first of these considerations is expectancy and the remaining three components collectively comprise subjective task value. Through this model, choice, persistence, and performance are causally linked to the individual's expectation for success and the subjective task value of the activity. Sociocultural contexts shape beliefs and directly affect expectancies and values, which in turn affect the choices, how much effort is exerted, and performance. Decades of research have shown that expectancies and values SCIENCE MOTIVATION PROFILES p. 5 are good predictors of future course taking and career choice (Eccles, 1985; Eccles, Adler, & Meece, 1984; Simpkins & Davis-Kean, 2005; Simpkins, Davis-Kean, & Eccles, 2006; Watt, Eccles, & Durik, 2006). Science Expectancy Generally, expectancy is the belief that one can succeed in future tasks (Wigfield & Eccles, 2000). Science expectancy is positively related to prior achievement and to interest in science (Denissen, Zarrett, & Eccles, 2007; Navarro, Flores, & Worthington, 2007; Rottinghaus, Larson, & Borgen, 2003). However, expectancy can also be influenced by sociocultural factors. Gender differences in expectancy beliefs often favor males in gender-role stereotyped domains, such as science (Riegle-Crumb, Moore, & Ramos-Wada, 2011; Simpkins & Davis-Kean, 2005). Expectancy may not align well with actual ability or achievement. For example, if high-ability students have internalized negative stereotypes about their science abilities or adopted negative views about their potentials to be successful in science, they are likely to hold relatively lower expectancies for success. For example, gifted girls are more responsive to social-evaluative feedback and stereotype threat than gifted boys (Dai, 2002) and therefore may have lower expectancies. Most studies of science-related choices have used math self-efficacy as a proxy for science self-efficacy (e.g., Mau, 2003; Moakler, 2011; Zarrett & Malanchuk, 2005), while a few have used latent variables that combined math and science expectancy (e.g., Navarro et al., 2007). The alignment of the expectancy domain with the choice domain may have affected prior findings; Andersen and Ward (2014) found that science expectancy was a predictor of STEMrelated plans, while math expectancy was not. Overall, the effect of expectancy was smaller than the effect of subjective task value on choice (Andersen & Ward, 2014; Watt et al., 2006). Science Subjective Task Value SCIENCE MOTIVATION PROFILES p. 6 Subjective task value (STV) can be defined as students' beliefs about how interesting science activities are, how enjoyable they are, and how personally important or useful the science activities are (Wigfield, Tonks, & Klauda, 2009). Individuals make these value judgments based on their memberships in multiple cultural or social groups, therefore cultural expectations and peer expectations influence the value of science. In the next section, each of the four constructs that comprise STV will be described. Science attainment value. Science attainment value is how important science is to self, or how well aligned one's own identity is with a science identity (Wigfield et al., 2009). Science course taking is positively related to attainment value and identification with science. When the perception of a science identity conflicts with what is believed appropriate for one's gender, race, or ethnicity, science will have lower attainment value (Eccles, 2009). Negative stereotypes are often associated with a science identity. Fifty years of research on students' perceptions of scientists has revealed persistent and pervasive stereotypes that include descriptors such as: exceedingly clever, amoral, insensitive, obsessive, unemotional, unsocial, unkempt, and uncaring (Barba, 1998; Finson, 2002; Seymour & Hewitt, 1997). Scientist is a stigmatized identity because scientists are often stereotyped as geniuses, which is also a stigmatized identity in an anti-intellectual culture such as the U.S. (Coleman & Cross, 1988; Howley, Howley, & Pendarvis, 1995). Recent research using the framework of identity-based motivation supports the positive relationship of attainment value to STEM-related choices and the importance of the compatibility of science identities and personal identities for persistence (Carlone & Johnson, 2007; Hannover & Kessels, 2004; Kao, 2000; Oyserman & Destin, 2010; Taconis & Kessels, 2009). SCIENCE MOTIVATION PROFILES p. 7 Science utility value. Utility value is the degree of the alignment between science courses and future goals, such as college or career. For example, students may perceive a science class as being useful to their lives because it is required for their career goals. Students who pursue science-related goals tend to place higher utility value on science courses. Utility value is a significant predictor of STEM career choice (Andersen & Ward, 2013, 2014; Maltese & Tai, 2011). Science interest-enjoyment value. Interest-enjoyment value is the degree to which students like science or find it fun (Wigfield & Eccles, 2000). Interest-enjoyment value is positively related to decisions about taking STEM-related courses and pursuing STEM careers (Jacobs, Finken, Griffin, & Wright, 1998; Lent, Lopez, Lopez, & Sheu, 2008; Lent, Paixão, Silva, & Leitão, 2010; Miller, Lietz, & Kotte, 2002; Watt et al., 2006). Prior Research on STV. Although subjective task value has been shown to predict choice after controlling for prior achievement (Eccles et al., 1984; Simpkins & Davis-Kean, 2005; Watt et al., 2006), these studies operationalized STV as a single score


Background Angiopoietin‐like‐2 (angptl2) is produced by several cell types including endothelial cells, adipocytes and macrophages, and contributes to the inflammatory process in cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that angptl2 impairs endothelial function, and that lowering angptl2 levels protects the endothelium against high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced fat accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. Methods and Results Acute recombinant angptl2 reduced (P<0.05) acetylcholine‐mediated vasodilation of isolated wild‐type (WT) mouse femoral artery, an effect reversed (P<0.05) by the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine. Accordingly, in angptl2 knockdown (KD) mice, ACh‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was greater (P<0.05) than in WT mice. In arteries from KD mice, prostacyclin contributed to the overall dilation unlike in WT mice. After a 3‐month HFD, overall vasodilation was not altered, but dissecting out the endothelial intrinsic pathways revealed that NO production was reduced in arteries isolated from HFD‐fed WT mice (P<0.05), while NO release was maintained in KD mice. Similarly, endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) was preserved in mesenteric arteries from HFD‐fed KD mice but not in those from WT mice. Finally, the HFD increased (P<0.05) total cholesterol–to–high‐density lipoprotein ratios, low‐density lipoprotein–to–high‐density lipoprotein ratios, and leptin levels in WT mice only, while glycemia remained similar in the 2 strains. KD mice displayed less triglyceride accumulation in the liver (P<0.05 versus WT), and adipocyte diameters in mesenteric and epididymal white adipose tissues were smaller (P<0.05) in KD than in WT fed an HFD, while inflammatory gene expression increased (P<0.05) in the fat of WT mice only. Conclusions Lack of angptl2 expression limits the metabolic stress induced by an HFD and maintains endothelial function in mice.


In the jurisprudence of the British Commonwealth the action for breach of confidence may be (for present purposes) described as a civil remedy affording protection against the unauthorized disclosure or use of information which is of a confidential nature and which has been entrusted to a person in circumstances which impose an obligation to respect its confidentiality. The doctrine has assume d considerable importance in trade secret cases, and may yet, with constructive application, assume critical importance in the protection of information systems generally.P Unfortunately conceptual confusion abounds in the reported Commonwealth cases as to the basis for the jurisdiction. As one leading English commentator has noted, even a cursory reading of the cases reveals features of the law seemingly related to trusts, bailments, contract, copyright and patents somewhat indiscriminately mixed together." It might be added that a cursory reading of the American case law reveals like difficulties. Anglo-American jurisprudence generally seems to have been bedevilled by judicial attempts to deal with this area of the law in proprietary or contractual terms. In the twentieth century it is only since the judgment of Lord Greene, M.R., in 1948 in Saltman Engineering Co.


A 520 kW (peak, thermal) Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) based air–conditioning system has been operated and monitored since 1983. The system is used to cool a 5800 m² student recreation building on the University of Alabama campus in Tuscaloosa (USA). During cold weather, ambient ground water is chilled using either a cooling tower or a spray pond, and is reinjected into a water table aquifer for storage. After storage for periods of up to several months, chilled ground water is recovered for building cooling during warm weather. Measurements of water chilling, thermal energy storage and cooling performance are presented for eight years of operation. The fraction of the chill energy stored that is recovered for building cooling has ranged from 40 to 85 percent. An annual average of about 4.8 units of cooling per unit of electricity input has been measured, a value about twice that of conventional air–conditioning equipment installed at the same time. From a gross efficiency standpoint the energy performance of the system has been quite good. However, the quality of the air conditioning has suffered in late summer as chilled water temperatures become too warm to provide adequate dehumidification. Recent modifications to the system, including the addition of a large chilling capacity spray pond and additional wells, have been aimed at reducing this problem. In addition to the technical aspects of this demonstration project, economic and environmental advantages of ATES systems and obstacles that impede their more extensive use are identified. In particular, problems that have arisen with the design and implementation of the ATES system in this project are discussed. Appropriate applications of the technology, both in industrialized and in developing countries, are identified.


We report the experimental demonstration of a coherent optical phase modulation receiver utilizing the simultaneous in-phase and quadrature-phase demodulation of analog radio frequency signals to achieve highly linear photonic transport.


The diploma work contains ideas for developing dance skills and a prepared and implemented 16-hour program according to which I was teaching some folk dances. The program was meant for a school for children with special needs. Particular contents were put together into a wholeness in the form of a stage performance, at the end the children, attending a project circle, presented themselves to the audience.
In the theoretical part I determined the significance of moving and learning to dance and their influence on the emotional-social development of an individual. By defining the learning to dance I paid more attention to the development of the feeling for rhythm that is extraordinary important in learning to dance. There are also some exercises and specific methods needed in the acquisition of stage acting. In addition I defined the popular tradition and devoted myself more detailed to the children's popular tradition. At the end of the theoretical part I also defined the particularity of moving in children with special needs and listed some possible adaptions.
The objective of my diploma work was to put together a 16-hour program in which I taught the children about some additional contents of popular tradition. I introduced the program and examples of three different practice units that were more precisely analyzed in the empiric part of my paper. I noted down some adaptions that should be taken in consideration at the transmission of popular tradition to the children with special needs and listed some possibilities to improve the program.


Experiments show that the observed radial profiles of the ion thermal conductivity {chi}{sub i} have the opposite shapes with those obtained from the ion temperature gradient mode ({eta}{sub i} mode) turbulence model by the traditional mixing length estimate. In this work, this radial profile problem is reconsidered with an electromagnetic study of the linear stability of the toroidal {eta}{sub i} mode and a new rule for choosing the mixing length. It is first shown that the electromagnetic effect gives a significant stabilizing effect on the toroidal {eta}{sub i} mode, and that the observed reduction of {chi}{sub i}(r) in the core region can be explained by this electromagnetic effect. Secondly, in view of earlier numerical simulations showing the transfer of fluctuation energy to larger scales that those for the fastest growth rate, as well as fluctuation measurements indicating longer radial correlation lengths, a new mixing length formula is proposed to explain the radial increase of the {chi}{sub i}. It is shown the new formula fits well the observed {chi}{sub i}(r) profiles in two TFTR supershot discharges and also gives the scaling law in the current and the magnetic field which agrees better with experiment than the conventional formula.


Background Two recently approved therapies for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), (1) obinutuzumab (GA101) in combination with chlorambucil (G+Clb) and (2) ofatumumab in combination with Clb (O+Clb), have shown improved progression-free survival (PFS) versus Clb alone in two separate trials. However, their relative value has not been formally assessed. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of G+Clb versus O+Clb in previously untreated CLL patients, as well as conduct exploratory analyses versus other comparators. Methods Patient outcomes were simulated using a 3-state Markov model that included PFS, progression, and death. PFS parameters for G+Clb were fitted to the observed G+Clb trial (CLL-11 study) data, and a network meta-analysis incorporating the results of the O+Clb (COMPLEMENT 1 study) was used to estimate the relative treatment effect of G+Clb compared to O+Clb (progression HR = 0.34). Patient populations in these two trials were similar. Drug utilization, dosing and adverse events were incorporated based on trial data, and costs were based on Medicare reimbursements and drug wholesale acquisition costs. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of data uncertainty on the results. In an exploratory scenario analyses, we used similar methodology to estimate the cost-effectiveness of G+Clb versus rituximab plus bendamustine (R+B, progression HR = 0.41). A meta-regression on age was used to adjust for the age difference among the patient populations and indirectly taking into account different levels of comorbidities. Results Treatment with G+Clb led to an increase of 0.83 life years and 0.79 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) relative to O+Clb. The total cost of O+Clb was higher by $3600 per patient relative to G+Clb. Higher G+Clb drug, administration, and adverse event costs were largely offset by lower progression costs compared to O+Clb. The incremental cost per QALY gained with G+Clb vs. O+Clb was $4,500. Based on probabilistic sensitivity analyses, there was a 99% probability that G+Clb was cost-effective compared to O+Clb at a societal willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY saved. In the exploratory scenario analysis, G+Clb was $37,700 less expensive than R+B, and led to an increase of 0.67 QALY. Conclusions Our analysis suggests treatment with G+Clb compared to O+Clb is highly cost-effective based on indirect treatment comparison data. These results are driven by the improved PFS of G+Clb vs. O+Clb, as well as lower disease progression cost. Future direct comparisons of G+Clb versus other treatment options will further clarify the cost-effectiveness of G+Clb, and inform coverage and reimbursement policy decisions. Disclosures Reyes:Genentech: Employment, Equity Ownership. Off Label Use: Rituximab + Bendamustine in CLL. Gazauskas:Genentech: Consultancy. Becker:Roche: Employment. Moreno:Roche: Employment. Veenstra:Roche: Consultancy.


The invention provides a method for measuring the average wind velocity of a tunnel by single point statistics. The method comprises the following steps: determining sampling point positions and the number of sampling points of a to-be-measured tunnel section; determining the number of sampling of the sampling point wind velocity by setting the sampling point wind velocity sampling standard error confidence level and time-average error according to the statistic principle; arranging a wind velocity sensor in each sampling point, collecting the instant wind velocity of each wind velocity sensor, and determining the time-average wind velocity in the sampling point; determining the average wind velocity of a tunnel section according to a statistic measurement mathematic model of the tunnel average wind velocity; selecting an arbitrary point in the to-be-measured section as a single measurement point position, assembling a wind velocity sensor in the single measurement point position, and determining the wind velocity conversion coefficient of the single measurement point position; and collecting the instant wind velocity of the single measurement point position in real time, and determining the current time-average wind velocity of the single measurement point position to determine the current average wind velocity of the tunnel section. The method maintains the accuracy of a multi-point wind measurement method and has the advantages of simpleness, convenience and high efficiency of a single point method.


Objective To observe the influence of atorvastatin on heart rate variability of acute myocardial infarction patients.Methods 65 cases of AMI patients were divided into control group and observation group in 31 cases of 34 patients.The comparison group was treated with the conventional treatment,observation group was added atorvastatin.Four weeks later,before and after treatment SDNN,LF,HF and LVEF differences were contrasted.Results After treatment,compared with the control group,the difference of the observation group HRV parameters was statistically significant(P 0.05).Adverse reactions of two groups of have no obvious difference(P 0.05).Conclusion Atorvastatin can obviously improve the patients cardiac function,has the stable autonomic nervous function and high safety.


We determined the dis-tribution of multiple (n=68; 508−978 mm total length [TL]) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) along the estua-rine salinity gradient in the Mullica River−Great Bay in southern New Jersey over two years to determine the diversity of habitat use and the movements of striped bass. Ultrasoni-cally tagged fish were detected in this estuarine area by means of wireless hydrophones deployed at four gates inside the entrance of the study area and farther up to tidal freshwater (38 km). Numerous individuals frequently departed and returned to the estuary, primarily in the spring and late fall over periods of 15−731 days at liberty. The period of residency and degree of movement of individuals to and from the estuary varied extensively among seasons and years. The diversity of movements in and out of, as well as within, the estuary differed from the less-complex patterns reported in earlier studies, perhaps because of the comprehensive and synoptic nature of this study.


The increased incidence of carcinoma in association with chronic ulcerative colitis has been well described. Cytology is playing an important part in the early detection and diagnosis of carcinoma.We have recently made a cytological study on a patient with ulcerative colitis.Scraping smears of the diseased mucosa of the resected colon showed atypical epithelial cells compatible with welldifferen tiated carcinoma cells. However, histological sections revealed no foci of carcinoma. The inflammatory and regenerating processes of active ulcerative colitis is considered a cause of these cellular changes that are often indistinguishable from cancer.Differences of the atypical cells seen in smears of ulcerative colitis from the carcinoma cells and the nature of these atypical cells are discussed.


Examining architectural continuity and change over a century in two communities in South Africa's Eastern Cape, this paper reassesses the assertion that migration, wage labor, and capitalism lead to major architectural changes and the adoption of extra-local purchased building materials. Labor migration was widespread here by the early 20th century, but houses were built from local materials until the 21st century. The pace and trajectories of architectural change in Hobeni and Cwebe have been contingently related to the stability or dynamism of labor migration, migrant cultures of consumption, access to building materials from local forests and distant markets, and intra-household control of resources. Illustrating interconnections between processes across household, local, regional, and national scales, the paper highlights the value of a political ecology approach to architectural change.


The paper contains data on total migration numbers of 35 species of raptors and 5 species of soaring water birds on 35 sites in different parts of the country during 7297 days for the period 2004-2011. The visual observations were carried out using methods approved by Ministry of Environment and Waters. To make the presentation and analysis of the results easier the territory of the country was divided into three migration regions – Via Aristotelis, Via Balcanica, Via Pontica. The results obtained for above mentioned regions allowed drawing the completed picture of soaring bird migration over the entire territory of Bulgaria. During the both migration periods the migration streams over Via Aristotelis Region were the smallest. The soaring migrants were more numerous over Via Balcanica Region and most numerous – over Via Pontica Region. Whereas the autumn migration along Via Aristotelis and Via Pontica was more intensive, along Via Balcanica it is conversely – the spring migration was more intensive than the autumn one. Total estimates of migration streams of soaring birds in Bulgaria are up to 734 000 ind. in spring and up to 922 000 ind. in autumn. It is necessary to be emphasized that the present assessments are rather rough and incomplete, especially as regards Via Aristotelis and Via Balcanica Regions, due to the small number of observation points in these territories. Nevertheless this first approximation could be used for better planning and development of wind energy in Bulgaria.