Summary Th e need for information on landscape value preferences (that are disclosed by public survey) in conservation activities within spatial planning have been recognised long ago. Th e paper focuses in general on that topic, specifi cally highlighting the importance of diverse conservation criteria that promote the idea of eff ective implementation of public participation in the earliest stage of the planning process - the analytical phase of landscape evaluation. Th e environmental qualities that the landscape planner should take into account include unpolluted landscape as human habitat, productivity of natural resources and the naturalness of ecosystem. Th e public survey and support tools (statistical analysis and vulnerability modelling) were used as methods for revealing landscape value preferences of three social groups: local inhabitants, experts (people directly involved in a land use planning process) and potential users of a space. Th e results have shown that conservation goals or desired future state of a landscape considerably diff ers between and within respondent groups. Th is also makes it possible to look for an acceptable compromise between the three distinctive conservational requests, thus allowing optimisation of a land use decision.


Using the derived image filters (image guided filter) A method and apparatus (20) for filtering an image is described. Filter 22 calculates the filtered output using the derived image. Are confidence values associated with the filter input is taken into account to calculate the filter output (13). Reliability weighted averaging is performed using the credit value.


We have examined, by a computer simulation, an on-line measurement of diffusion coefficients by using a short-lived alpha particle emitter, 8Li (half life of 0.84 s), as a radiotracer. The energy spectra of alpha particles emitted from diffusing 8Li primarily implanted in the sample of LiAl are simulated as a measure of the diffusion of 8Li in the sample. As a possible time sequence for the measurement, a time cycle of 6 s, i.e. the implantation of 8Li for 1.5 s and subsequent diffusion for 4.5 s, is supposed. The sample is primarily set on a given temperature for the measurement. The time-dependent yields of alpha particles during the time cycle reveal the possibility to measure the diffusion coefficient with an accuracy of 10% if larger than 1×10-9 cm2/s, by the comparison with the experimental spectra measured at the temperature, i.e. at a certain diffusion coefficient.


The subject innovation is mounted to the gear portion to at least one side, the blind sheet is wound a first winding rod; The first take-up rod portion for engaging the gear and the gear unit is mounted on the side, the blind sheet is wound second winding bars; The first take-up rods and the selectively wound on the winding rod 2 is a multi-blind sheet; And the first take-up rods and the second take-up by pivoting the rods including adjustment means for adjusting a take-up, pay-off and the length of the multi-blind and, in cooperation with the first take-up rod rotates the rotation bar is the second take-up selection of the multi-blind sheet It is of the blind according to a multi-blind device using a multi-roll units as possible. Therefore, according to the present invention in the blind apparatus which is implemented with only a conventional single color, the material useful in accordance with the object the user wants in accordance with possible to overcome the problem can not be used for a variety of purposes, and implemented in one of the blind apparatus in a variety of blind form, and It can be easily used.


SummaryNitrate content tended to be inversely related to nitrate reductase in leaves of mature 'Valencia' orange trees located at Bet Dagan, Israel. Field and greenhouse experiments supported the hypothesis that the observed low nitrate reduction and resulting nitrate accumulation in citrus leaves in the summer could be explained on the basis of the separate and combined effects of water stress and temperature stress on citrus plants.


Objective To prepare a nano-lipid ultrasound-enhanced contrast agent,then compare it with common-lipid microbubbles to evaluate its enhancement effects.Methods Misce bene a certain proportion of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine(DPPC),distearoyl phosphatidylcholine(DSPE),diphenyl phosphoryl azide(DPPA)and mannitol,incubation them,freeze and thawing some times repeatedly,then used machine succession to prepare the nano-lipid microbubble,observed its base physical properties like morphous,size and surface potential.Healthy rabbit livers were imaged before and after intravenous injection of 2.5 ml/kg of two contrast agents(nano-lipid and common-lipid)in succession,observed the dynamic enhancement effects of the grey scale imaging of the livers and evaluated them subjectively,then used the ultrasonographic quantitative analisis system in type DFY for detecting and analysing the enhancement effects.Results The mean diameter of the nano-lipid microbubbles was 415.8 nm and the surface potential was-(13.7±1.6)mV.The nano-lipid microbubbles could greatly enhance the grey scale imaging of the liver,compare with the common-lipid bubbles,their to-peak-time was later,the peak-continous-time was shorter,the enhancement effects persistence time was longer,its peak intensity was lower than the commonlipid bubbles.Conclusions The self-made nano-lipid microbubbles have a good shape and uniform distribution,they can enhance the grey scale imaging of the liver greatly and provide a protophase foundation for targeting research of tumors.

Key words:
Ultrasonography; Microbubbles; Nanomedicine; Liver


According to the finite element analysis,construction,monitoring for the whole process and comparison,a fabricated culvert in a novel style is developed and compared with other traditional culverts(reinforced concrete box culverts and slab culverts,etc)in the aspects of quantity of materials and economy.


It has become commonplace to see economics as divided into competing schools of thought. Neo-Walrasian economists seek to produce a general equilibrium system yielding an optimal allocation of resources. The neoKeynesian economists, who combine Keynes' macroeconomics with neoWalrasian microeconomics, are concerned with constructing manageable aggregative models, which serve as a basis for economic policy-making. These schools make up orthodox economics. Marx and Keynes on Economic Recession: The Theory of Unemployment and Effective Demand belongs to the unorthodox, post-Keynesian school of thought. This little book is imaginative and provocative. Like most postKeynesian economics, it eschews the formalism of orthodox economics, preferring natural language to capture the complexities of the real world. This makes for quick reading. Although the book is meant for an audience conversant in post-Keynesian economics, for readers who are not, the author has been generous with references. The focal point of post-Keynesian economics is to explain why modern economies experience so much unemployment. Claudio Sardoni (1987) emphasizes Keynes' view of


Objective:To observe the clinical effect of Binghuangyao Gel on patients with ulcers in diabetic foot.Methods:64 diabetic foot patients in Ⅰ-Ⅱ Grade were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups:Binghuangyao Gel group(treatment group)and western medicine gauze group(control group),on the base of the same comprehensive treatment with western medicine.Ulcer size,degree of pain in dressing change and clinical effect were observed before and after treatment.Results:Ulcer size in treatment group was smaller than that of control group(P0.05),comfort degree in dressing change was significantly improved in treatment group as compared with the control group(P0.01),total effective rate in treatment group was higher than that of control group(P0.05).Conclusion:Integrative medicine therapy with binghuangyao gel sticking on patients with ulcers in diabetic foot was better than the simple comprehensive treatment with western medicine.


The article analyzes the monograph by David R. Stone, a professor at the University of Kansas, which is, in turn, dedicated to the Eastern Front of the First World War. The book examines the state of the Russian army before and during the war, the battles that took place, the reasons for Russia's defeats and the circumstances that led to the revolution. The author managed not only to highlight all these issues in detail, but also to make a number of valuable comments on the reasons for the victories or defeats of the Russian army, relying on the latest research, both foreign and Russian. The reviewer agrees with the author's point of view regarding some specific historical events that took place during the war, but does not agree with some of the author's assumptions about their possible alternative development.


Several field experiments were conducted on certified organic farms in Canterbury over two growing seasons to test different methods for weed management in linseed. Methods included tine weeding at different growth stages, thermal weeding and sheep grazing. The results showed no significant benefit from tine weeding under low weed pressure. If tine weeding is required with high weed pressure, then higher sowing rate of linseed should help to overcome population loss caused by the operation. One experiment compared flame weeding and steam weeding at different stages of linseed growth. Linseed was extremely sensitive to heat at postemergence and moderately sensitive at pre-emergence stage. Sheep grazing at two intensities, lax and hard grazing, was tested and resulted in reductions in populations and biomass of both weeds and linseed. Weeds were able to take advantage of the opened canopy and grew faster. None of the grazing treatments improved yield and a second grazing at either intensities caused yield reductions in excess of 17%. Grazing increased the number of branches on linseed stems and may have a place in prevention of lodging. Additional keywords: Flax, tine weeding, flame weeding, steam weeding, sheep grazing, integrated weed management, organic farming.


Orientating experiments were carried out on the exchange of S35 between labeled sulfurous acid and dithionous acid or their ions at different pH-levels.


The article is devoted to the measurement of stray currents in the ground on the electric substation located near a DC railway. Stray currents have a significantly destructive effect on metal underground structures. Most of the researches consider cables and pipelines for various purposes as such underground structures. In this article, attention is paid to grounding grids, as they are also subject to corrosion by stray currents. The article describes the method measuring and the results of stray currents distribution in the ground at the substation.


How do changes in the 'real' world of tourism affect the academic world? Will an increase in international tourism open up an inward-looking research community? Do more tourists lead to more tourism research? Japan offers interesting insight into these questions. The country's mainly domestic tourism market that has recently been flooded by international tourists, thus positioning tourism as a major growth sector and challenging a rather fledgling discipline dominated by consulting, travel agency think tanks and a tradition of detailed case studies. Although Japanese tourism has been the subject of cultural, historical and anthropological studies by non-Japanese authors, in the Japanese literature, tourism has received less attention than expected, apart from waves of interest during a leisure boom in the 1970s and a period of heavy investment in tourism facilities during the so-called bubble economy of the late 1980s (Funck & Cooper, 2013, p. 6). As late as 2011, Kureha pointed out that research in tourism geography in Japan has concentrated on individual destinations and neglected tourism behavior due to dearth of available data (Kureha, 2011, pp. 18–19). In higher education, some universities offer schools or courses in tourism in general. Tourism geography, however, is hardly visible and concentrated in a few graduate schools in the capital city area. Several academic societies focus on tourism, but they consist of a mixture of academic researchers, consultants, think tanks of travel agencies and members of the tourism industry. The biggest society, the Japan Institute of Tourism Research, increased its membership from 209 in 1989 to 526 in 2000 and to 1006 in 2017; of these, only 7.9% gave geography as one of their research fields. However, recent years have seen an increase in presentations on tourism at geography conferences, a diversification of papers published, the foundation of new academic societies for tourism with a theoretical or specialized approach, the creation of new courses and an increase in faculty members across the country. In 2016, the number of international tourists had more than doubled from 10 million in 2013 to 24 million; inbound visitors outnumbered Japanese travelers going abroad for the first time in 2015. Although this increase seems to be the most obvious reason for the heightened academic interest in tourism, the annual review of articles in all disciplines of geography published by the Japanese Journal of Human Geography offers hints for the manifold factors behind this development. The first factor could be categorized as cultural. While media have always played a strong role in domestic Japanese tourism, the spread of manga, anime and video games and their intimate connections have created new social phenomena summarized under the Japanese term of 'contents tourism'. Obviously, this subject proves attractive for students, an age group that enjoys popular culture. As the Japanese government actively promotes such 'contents' abroad under the catchphrase of 'Cool Japan', they are shared among Asian youths and around the world. For example, in 2016, 17.7% of French visitors


Should the IMF be the international lender of last resort? It played the leading role in the financial dramas in Mexico, Asia, Russia, and Brazil. Both Stanley Fischer and George Soros want to place the IMF-cum-international lender of last resort at the center of the new financial architecture (Wall Street Journal and Financial Times, 4 January 1999). Indeed, the IMF is the only institution that can coordinate large and immediate injections of credit when fast-moving global financial panics overwhelm sovereign nations and threaten to undermine international finance, global trade, and world growth.


To develop theoretical instructions for vibration suppression design of damped plates,a topology optimization method for the plates was presented.Firstly,a dynamic equation for a plate was proposed and a FEM solution to the equation was given,so that the plate's modal ratio model could be derived.Then,oriented to maximizing multiple modes'damping ratios,and aimed to make use of damping materials as less as possible and to remain the plate's modal frequency basically unchanged as well,a topology optimization model was built for the plate.Moreover,the modal damping ratio sensitivity was derived,and evolutionary method was employed to solve the optimization model,which used weighted mean of modal ratio sensitivity to determine the elements'deletion,so as to avoid checkerboard layout of damping materials in optimization.Finally,aprogram was accomplished for optimization,so that simulations could be executed on a quadrilateral plate,which validated the optimization method proposed well.Simulations show that a damping plate can obtain better vibration suppression effects,as long as the damping materials distribution on the plate can make multi-mode damping ratio maximize.


One aspect of the present invention is a method for automatically assembly a video, to generate the steps of receiving at least one input keyword regarding one subject of video, different types of output each template respectively, the display time , screen position, and a component for moving parameters, multiple uses and accessing a set of at least two templates, based on at least one input keyword and a set of at least two templates, the electronic search a method for acquiring data from a data source, among the acquired data, which and determining whether the assembly to a set of templates, forming a moving image by adjusting the assembly of the template data is populated , a video, to reply to for playback of user It is a method and a floor. .The


In the Autograph the names of two actors are given: Tapia, taking the part of Celio, and Jeronimo, the part of Fabricio, both subordinate characters in the play. Gallardo, Ensayo (Vol. I, col. 684), mentions a Luis Geronimo, who was certainly not the same person. Schack, Nachtrage, among other actors in Lope's plays, mentions a Juan Geronimo, in 162:!, probably the actor in our play. Col. 688 Gallardo gives the name of Carlos Tapia; he was still living in 1680, and in all probability not the actor who took part in Lope's play. In the autograph of Lope's' El senbrar en buena tierra; in the Brit. M118., nearly the whole cast is given. The following actors are named: Ortiz, Benito, Sanchez, Plaza, Ramos, Valdivielso, Herrera. Eseruela, ~-eruela and Ramon; of actresses only Eugenia and LU9ia, with no family name. This autograph is dated January 6, 1616. In the Tragicomedia "EI Bastardo Mudarra," dated April 27, 1612, occur the names Cintor, Benito, a name that I could not decipher, and Ana MI.. Of these, there is a Gabriel Cintor mentioned by Gallardo, I, col. 669: "Hizo galanes, en cuya parte fue muy celebrado en la corte (i. e. Madrid), y fuera de ella." He died very poor, but was a famous actor! The Sanchez of Lope's plays was a very well known actor and manager of hi! time. See Figueroa, Plaza Universal, Perpifian, 1630, fol. 336. A very good account of the Madrid stage. in the time of Lope de Vega will be found in Schack, Geschichte der dram. Lit. und Kunst in Spanien, Frankfurt am Main, 1854, Vol. II, and Nachtriige to Vol. III. Casiano Pelicer's Tratado Historico sabre el origen y progreeos de la comedia y del histrionismo en Espana, Madrid, 1844, in two very small volumes, though containing much valuable information, is ill-arranged and confusing.


The present invention is of human or animal body fluids, diagnostic components in the composition gas and / or biological materials. More specifically, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression and / or the central nervous system, including the state of pain diseases / disorders, neurological disorders, endocrine disorders, cerebral diseases, muscular diseases, local diseases, systemic diseases, chronic diseases, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, including bacterial and viral infections, meningitis, septicemia, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, sickle cell anemia, ischemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, arthritis arthritis, including sexual arthritis, bronchitis, hyperalgesia, asthma, intoxication, including bacterial intoxication, immunological diseases, multiple including cranial cerebral trauma / injury, tumor / cancer, stroke, stress, atopic dermatitis, HIV, Huntington's disease, burns, fibromyalgia, schizophrenia, Hirschsprung's disease, glioma, including allergy, familial dysautonomia (Riley Day syndrome), hematopoietic disorders, glioblastoma and astrocytoma , For the blood-brain barrier disorder, for medical diagnosis, and prognosis and course control as marker peptide for diagnostic detection, body fluids, the use of tissue or other Purotakikinin and fragments thereof from the biological material isolated on. The invention, furthermore, specific proteins and fragments thereof, and more specifically provides antibodies that bind to Purotakikinin and fragments thereof. In accordance with the present invention, kits useful for the diagnosis is also provided.


The establishment and the management of S?won(書院: Private Academies and Shrines) were mainly under the control of the local Confucianists. Because of the frequent establishment and lots of succeeding problems, the first government policies regulating S?won were made in the middle of the 17th century in the reign of King Hyojong(孝宗). Intensified factional strife made the building of S?won and royally charted S?won reach its peak. Towards the end of King Sookjong(肅宗) the government instituted finn measures that illegal S?won should be demolished after being screened. During the 17th year of King Yongjo(英祖)'s reign the government removed all illegal S?won built after the 40th year of King Sookjong. At that time 178(or 300) S?won were tom down. King Yongjo's measure was enforced thereafter. Unreported S?won were demolished, the leading Yangban were exiled, and the local public officials who could not efficiently administer S?won were punished. However when the policies were relaxed under King Jeongjo, the establishment of S?won was resumed. Government thought that factional split was moderated as the result of policy of impartiality, they believed they didn't need to worry about the S?won if they firmly regulated royally charted. It was the local public officials who decided on the establishment of S?won, Yangban and Yurim(儒林) regarded the policies as a sign of relaxation. Many of S?won which had been demolished were rebuilt. And after establishing small sized shrines, Yangban tried to raise their status to S?won. When these were unavailable, Yangban burnt incenses at the already- established S?won at their own will without getting any permit from the local public officials. In the 19th century, unauthorized construction of S?won were in excessive expansion, S?won policies of the government were totally failed. The survey I conducted showed that the number of S?won was approximately 1,700, which was far beyond the number of 1000 suggested in previous studies. The establishment of S?won was not related with factional strife but with maintaining Yangban's social status. Lineage S?won wishing to honor ancestors were widely established.


Since independence, Georgia has not adopted a law regulating the field of religious organizations and defining their rights and obligations ("Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations"). The relations between the latter and the state are regulated by a constitutional agreement approved by the Parliament as of October 22, 2002. Unlike other churches operating in Georgia, GOC is the most closed institution in the country with exceptional privileges, great economic and financial potential, the activity of which no state body can control, inspect or demand reports. Instead of passing the law on "Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations", amendments to the Georgian Civil Code in 2011 allowed religious unions in the country, including the Armenian Apostolic Church, to register as a subject of public law. The mentioned changes, however, did not solve any general problem; the law did not enable the AAC Georgian Diocese to return the heritage taken away during the Soviet and post-Soviet years. The law did not regulate the mechanisms of the AAC Georgian Diocese acting as a religious organization in the field of public law; the Diocese continues to face multifarious administrative and legal problems while carrying out cultural, educational, social, charitable, office as well as activities of other nature and content.


In the new society that information and knowledge increased exponentially and the paces of economic development speeded up quickly, archival work suffered the unprecedented shock and its contents and fields forced to be taken place of enormous change. Only though emancipating the mind, renewing knowledge, strengthering ourselves comprechensive literacy continuously, can archivists stand gravely on the tide head, stand front of ages development, and become the pioneer of keeping pace with the times making innovation.


In this paper, I use confidential UK corporate tax returns dataset from Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) to explore whether there are systematicdi¤erences in the amount of taxable profits that multinational and domestic companies report. I estimate, using propensity score matching, that the ratio of taxable profits to total assets reported by foreign multinational subsidiaries is 12.8 percentage points lower than that of comparable domestic standalones, which report their ratio of taxable profits to total assets to be 25.2 percent. If we assume that all of the difference can be attributed to profit shifting, foreign multinational subsidiaries shift over half of their taxable profits out of the UK. The difference is almost entirely attributable to the fact that a higher proportion of foreign multinational subsidiaries report zero taxable profits (59.2 percent) than domestic standalones (27.5 percent), suggesting a very aggressive form of profit shifting. Comparison of propensity score matching results using accounting and taxable profits data reveals that the extent of profit shifting estimated using accounting data is much smaller than that estimated using tax returns data.


Volatile components in Amomun fruit powder were extracted by using distillation method,silicagel column was selected to separate the sample.The extractive was separated and identified with GC/MS,thirty-one components were identilfied from the volatile oil of Amomun fruit powder.Components in the volatile oil over 1.0% in content are bornealacetate,borneol,limonene,camphor,camphene,α-terpeneol,camphorene,α-pinene,3-careen and β-myrcene.


This paper aims to study the dispersion of torsional surface waves in a non-homogeneous anisotropic layer over heterogeneous half-space. We consider the inhomogeneity varies exponentially with depth in the layer and in half-space three types of heterogeneities, namely, quadratic, hyperbolic and exponential are assumed. The dispersion equation has been deducted for each case in a closed form by means of variable separable method. It has been observed that for homogeneous isotropic upper layer over a homogeneous half-space, the velocity of torsional surface waves coincides with that of Love waves. Dispersion curves are plotted for different variation in inhomogeneity parameters. The effects of the medium characteristics on the propagation of torsional surface waves are discussed.


Today more than ever students find a pure lecture style teachercentered format not appealing. They want to be part of their learning experience and enjoy a hands-on approach to learning instead of memorizing concepts and facts (Vito, 2013). Experiential exercises used in marketing classes have been found to not only increase the students' level of involvement in the material, but also contribute to the development of critical thinking skills (Bonwell & Eison, 1991, Munoz & Huser, 2008), better performance on examinations (Hamer 2000; Yoder & Hochevar, 2005), creating appreciation toward the subject (Frontczak, 1998) even among students with different majors (Munoz and Huser, 2008).


Let K be a topological field. On introducing the vector-space topology on the n × n matrices over K, it becomes clear that the determinant map φ enjoys the following properties: (A) φ is a continuous surjective homomorphism from GLn(K) to K*, (B) φ(μa) = μn φ(a) for each non-zero φ in K, and all a in GLn(K).


Abstract : Monte Carlo simulation of weapon system mission events is used as a stochastic modeling context in which the effects of joint degradation of a man and machine following exposure to ionizing radiation are considered. These effects are then mathematically related to systems effectiveness measures of mission success. The Siegel-Wolf two-man operator model performs the simulation and provides essential analytical output. The mission is represented as a network of discrete man and machine tasks which consume time. Individual differences in operators in such areas as proficiency or speed, accuracy, and time to perform a given task are based on experimental and field human performance data and may be characterized as a random variable. The operator is viewed as a workload manager and must schedule his tasks to complete them within the allotted mission time. Both human and equipment degradation postirradiation are represented by a set of performance curves that serve as the primary input parameters to the simulation model for nuclear survivability/vulnerability analysis. (Modified author abstract)


The rapid development and penetration of mobile applications have led to various healthcare service innovations. Especially in the regions of emerging economies, mHealth plays a critical role in reconfiguring limited medical resources, improving healthcare service delivery process, and improving patients' service experiences. However, we have little knowledge about how mHealth apps enable the patient-oriented healthcare service innovation. Based on the Service-Dominant (S-D) logic, this research reveals how mHealth applications enabled and the corresponding institutional work assured the resources integration for achieving value co-creation between hospitals and patients. An in-depth case study was conducted. Research findings enrich the S-D logic and the mHealth research. Hospital administrators will also gain deep insights on managing mobile apps enabled service innovations.


Demographers, economists, and geographers have long sought explanations for observed distributions of city sizes. These distributions are conventionally characterized by positive skewness. Extant explanations have found a wide variety of bases, from Zipf's "principle of unity and disunity" to Christaller's hierarchy of central places.1 Such distributions are, of course, the outcome of historical processes; and the parameters of the historical process determine the growth patterns of cities. Several authors2 have been quick to recognize the growth patterns of cities as a stochastic process and to note that certain processes are known to yield limiting distributions similar to the form taken by city sizes. However, there has been little research which has tied such processes explicitly to a formal theory of economic growth. While the call for such work is not new3--nor infrequently heard4-work of this type has not been forthcoming.5


Based on a literature revision, this article addresses the possible origins and nowadays applications of Legal dentistry, demonstrating its importance in civil, criminal, labor and administrative areas. It also reports some historical aspects of the expertise.


Clearly the kinds of activity and understanding valued and reported by those of us researching children's early algebraization are not the end of the story. I have not attempted to be comprehensive in this review, which would be almost impossible for an edited book totalling over 600 pages. One issue I have chosen not to discuss is that of teacher knowledge. Given that many primary teachers lack confidence with algebra, it could be argued that teacher knowledge is the single most pressing issue for the learning of early algebra. It is not my intention to imply otherwise by omitting it.


The effect of water flow or seepage into the soil will affect the stability of the slope. For this reason, it is necessary to study the slope collapse with variations in the slope. The 3-dimensional spring model is made in the form of a frame with a size of 100 cm long x 70 cm high x 7 cm wide. The slope model is made from sand with a slope of 30o, 40o and 60o. The soil shear strength test is also carried out on samples of soil that has collapsed with different water content. In general, the shear strength of the soil has decreased due to water seepage. Slope failure with a slope of less than 40o only occurs at the foot of the slope, while slopes with a slope greater than or equal to 40o experience collapse along the slope height to the top of the slope.


In this paper, we present a novel way of obtaining extremely challenging image dataset for the purpose of benchmarking image anomaly detection methods. By definition, anomalies are rare occurrences, and therefore, annotation of anomalies using human workforce is difficult and costly, as large amounts of mostly non-anomalous data need to be checked. To alleviate this problem, we use satellite images from Planet.com as the source of visual data, and combine them with ADS-B data to detect airplanes in a semi-automatic way. This way, our definition of anomaly is an appearance of an airplane on mostly airplane-free images. This not only speeds up annotation, but also provides the exact specification of what constitutes an anomaly, in an objective way. The resulting meta-dataset, containing references to Planet.com imagery and accurate annotations will be published in the near future. It will include locations of nearly 100 positions of airplanes on satellite images and the corresponding references to satellite images, captured in vicinity of large airports in different parts of the world, in different climate zones.


In China,the size of public investment has been expanding year by year.Public investment has improved both the production conditions and living surrounding.However,what about the high risk in excessive investment? This paper analyze the conditions of size of public investment with the production function,and the optimal size of "big" and "small" public investment by the co-integration test.In the end it draws the conclusion that China's public investment is not enough.


Feedback has numerous advantages and is conductive to L2 writing teaching and learning. However, although feedback is believed to benefit ESL students and enhance their writing achievements, there are critiques that feedback has various problems and does not seem so effective. This paper examines three major problems existing in feedback in L2 writing: problems of feedback environments (i.e., cultural problems and interactional problems), problems of teachers' feedback, and problems of students' reactions to the feedback. The paper proposes the negotiations between teachers and students, teachers' awareness of contrastive rhetorics principles, and the improvement in the teachers' culturally responsive pedagogical skills, to better understand students' cultures and writing norms, to tackle global errors over local errors, to empower students to project their authentic voices, and to ensure that the teacher feedback is not in vain.


This article discusses the implementation of the motif of boy's tears in the noosphere of the world literature and in the space of cross-literary ties diachronically. The functioning of various implementations of this motif in the Gospel and in the Russian and German literary traditions of the age of sentimentalism is traced. The resonances in the development of motif of a male crying are established in the poems: Goethe's "Trost in Tranen" (1803), Zhukovsky's "Consolation in tears" (1817) and Delvig's "Not an autumn rapid rain" (1829). The motif of a men weep dates back to antiquity, the genre of crying is not necessarily associated with mourning women, also there were male mourners, the ritual of mourning the death of the god Osiris is known in ancient Egypt, also there were the biblical "Lamentations" and literary "Crying and consolation" by Sylvester Medvedev dedicated to the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The period of sentimentalism put tears in the first row of his imagery as an expressive manifestation of emotionality, along with the "heart" and "soul." "The Complaint, or Night-Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality" (1743-1745) by E. Young has been translated into Russian with the representative title "Lament." And even earlier, in 1774, so Goethe said about the hero of his first novel by wearing a mask of the publisher of his letters and diaries. In the early 1800s, when the era of sentimentalism was over, Goethe turned to folk couplets and created a poem "Trost in Tranen" (1803), forcing to cry not a girl longing for the darling (as in a folk song), but a young man. This story attracted Zhukovsky, who published in 1818 his free translation titled "Consolation in tears" bringing the motif of melancholy and sadness into the text. In the poem "Not an autumn, frequent rain" (1829) by Delvig mentioned patterns are clearly seen through in the motif of boy's tears as not a sign of weakness but a testimony of grief (sentimentalistic pretext), in dialogue form, in fine understatement not peculiar to folklore but inherent literary lyrics in the era of Goethe and Pushkin.


Social Capital and the Net A century and a half ago, the French journalist Alexis de Tocqueville travelled throughout the U.S. marvelling at the generosity of the American people. "When an American asks for the cooperation of his fellow citizens," Tocqueville wrote, "it is seldom refused; and I have often seen it afforded spontaneously, and with great goodwill" [8]. He attributed this generosity to Americans' tendency to look beyond their own immediate concerns. "The principle of self-interest rightly understood produces no great acts of self-sacrifice, but it suggests daily small acts of self-denial ... If the principle of interest rightly understood were to sway the whole moral world, extraordinary virtues would doubtless be more rare" [8]. This idea of self-interest (rightly understood) we now call "trust" in other people. According to Tocqueville and many others, people develop trust in each other when they join for common purposes in civic associations. Indeed, Robert Putnam, a professor at Harvard University, refers to a "virtuous circle" of trust, including group membership and informal social ties, that has become known as "social capital" [5]. Social capital helps make society and its governments run more smoothly. Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Americans began to withdraw from participation in all sorts of civic groups—from such traditional service organizations as the Rotary Clubs, Kiwanis, and League of Women Voters, to bowling leagues and card-playing clubs. Americans socialized less with friends and neighbors and voted less often in elections. The inevitable result was that Americans became less trusting of one another [6]. In 1960, 58% of Americans believed "most people can be trusted" (as opposed to saying "you can't be too careful in dealing with people"). By the 1990s, barely more than 33% of Americans trusted one another, according to national surveys, including the General Social Survey and the American National Election Study. Americans had lost their sense of community. They didn't mix with one another as much as they once did and didn't trust one another as much as they once did. They became more balkanized, and their public life became more contentious, while their national institutions (especially the U.S. Congress) found it increasingly difficult to compromise on even the most basic public policy questions. The villain in the decline of social capital, Putnam argues, is technology—initially television, now the


In Israel, sorghum downy mildew disease (Sclerospora sorghi), on sorghums and maize, and graminicola downy mildew disease (S. graminicola), on pearl millet and maize, have had checkered careers since they were first noticed in fall, 1963. The latter disease appeared already widespread at that time and was very destructive to irrigated pearl millet, but to date is a rarity on maize, never rising above one stricken plant per thousand. S. sorghi remained limited for two years to two restricted loealities in the north of Israel on irrigated sudangrass, and was noticed there also in a few fields of maize for forage at about one plant per 10,000, and in one instance, at one plant per thousand. Although a few indigenous wild johnsongrass plants (Sorghum halepense) were found stricken at that time, one with systemic infection, only a few new examples of the disease on that species were discovered until lately, and only in the north; it is surmised that most individuals are highly resistant or immune, which is fortunate, as it is perennial, and ubiquitous in Israel, and would otherwise serve as a reservoir for the disease, impossible to eliminate. This year, however, we found two localities in the South (one within a field of stricken sweet corn) in which quite a few johnsongrass plants were attacked by S. sorghi, with local lesions. In order to become a primary source of inoculum, initiating the disease in the field, these plants would have to be systemically diseased, in rhizomes, and none were. Both diseases waxed, but then waned,-graminicola downy mildew gradually over 10 years, sorghum downy mildew during the past two years. The reasons for their spread and relative drop in frequency are linked largely with the great !ability of farming practices in Israel, where over a short period new crops come into favor or are almost discarded, and agrotechnical changes frequently occur. S. graminicola: Pearl millet, the major host, grown for green fodder, dropped from 1,100 ha. in 1964 to 300 ha. in 1971, and is altogether a rarity in 1974. No other cultivated (or wild) plant has been found to be a host here, Setaria spp. being immune rather than susceptible as in some other lands, and popcorn, susceptible in U.S.A. being a very minor crop here (210 ha.). An agrotechnical method for growing pearl millet, tried first about 1960, exacerbated the disease: Rather than sowing only once, often in soil too cool for infection by oospores, allowing regrowth, and cutting twice, the crop was sown four times in succession, in the same field, permitting new infections by oospores in warm soil the last three times. The new method was discontinued a few years after the disease was discovered in the country. Prognosis: Although pearl millet is still often stricken wherever sown, the acreage is so restricted that the disease will not be a problem on maize. S. sorghi: With the rise in popularity, starting in 1966, of the newly developed susceptible sorghumxsudangrass hybrids (cv. Vidan), which provided under irrigation 3-4 cuttings a season of as much as lO0tons green fodder /ha., the disease spread through-


Results obtained using a vortex filament model, as opposed to sheets are discussed, against using various modeling techniques and including the computer codings.


30 office workers completed two questionnaires including (a) the Internal-External Control Scale and (b) a 10-item survey asking for ratings of importance assigned to job-satisfaction issues written to portray internally-and externally-oriented factors. Subjects were assigned to two equal groups (internal and external) based on their Control Scale scores. The two average ratings (internally- and externally-oriented job-satisfaction issues) were used as dependent measures in a two-factor analysis. Over-all, subjects rated internally-oriented issues more important than externally-oriented issues. There was also a significant interaction between locus of control and the orientation of the job-satisfaction issue rated on importance. The highest ratings of importance were obtained for internal subjects rating internally-oriented items and external subjects rating externally-oriented items. These data clearly indicated that perception of a job characteristic, the importance of a job-satisfaction issue, was a function of general perception of contingency.


We describe the electrodynamics of a postmidnight, high‐latitude ionospheric trough, observed with the European Incoherent Scatter radar in northern Scandinavia on 24–25 June 2003 around 22:00–02:30 UT during quiet conditions. The UHF radar made meridian scans with a 30 min cadence resulting in nine cross sections of ionospheric parameters. The F region electric field was also determined with the tristatic system. Ionospheric equivalent currents, calculated from ground magnetometer data, mostly show an electrojet‐like current that is reasonably uniform in the longitudinal direction. Combined analysis of the conductances and equivalent current with a local Kamide‐Richmond‐Matsushita (KRM) method yields the ionospheric electric field and field‐aligned current (FAC) in a 2‐D (latitude‐longitude) area around the radar. We conclude that the most likely scenario is one where the trough is initially created poleward of the auroral oval by downward FAC that evacuates the F region, but as the trough moves to lower latitudes during the early morning hours, it becomes colocated with the westward electrojet. There the electron density further decreases due to increased recombination caused by enhanced ion temperature, which in turn is brought about by a larger convection speed. Later in the morning the convection speed decreases and the trough is filled by increasing photoionization.


This study is aimed at giving an idea about where we are standing regarding disaster risks in Dhaka. It started with the disaster management context at the national level and detailed out the development and urban management process o f Dhaka City. Vulnerability issues for Dhaka considered flood and earthquake, though in the latter parts earthquake got more attention reasonably. An integrated approach for disaster risk management in Dhaka is yet to develop. The policy measures that have been taken so far in this regard lack proper enforcement. Laudable amount o f quality research works have been conducted at the academic level considering the disaster risks that Dhaka holds. There have been some very good initiatives for capacity building in this field including academic programs, training and workshops. Different government and non-government organizations are dedicatedly working for awareness raising among communities. But lack o f coordination and reluctance o f the policy makers towards incorporating newer measures in the policy and lack o f law enforcement as well, leave Dhaka in a very critical position considering specially the earthquake threat.


Sonic hedgehog (Shh) a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster gene hedgehog, is a secreted protein that controls numerous differentiation processes during vertebrate development. In the vertebrate retina, Shh controls neurogenesis and its expression spreads in a wave like manner. The shh locus has been well characterised in vertebrates and the regulatory regions driving the expression in the notochord and the midline of the CNS were identified. In zebrafish, shh transgenes were established that drive GFP reporter expression very similar to that of the endogenous shh gene in the central nervous system including the retina. The cis-regulation behind shh expression in the retina was not known. This prompted me to map the region responsible for retina expression. I found it to be distinct from the previously described enhancers controlling expression in the midline of the neural tube and in the notochord. This novel regulatory region mediates expression of a GFP reporter cassette in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina. The expression is initiated in a ventronasal patch and later spreads across the GCL and INL in a wave like pattern. A deletion approach identified a 300 bp region to be sufficient and necessary for driving expression in the retina. By a second series of mutations across this region using a linker scanning approach, a minimal 40 bp core important for expression was identified. While one clusters of point mutation impaired expression in both GCL and INL, another region was mapped that affected expression exclusively in the GCL. Thus, expression in the two layers can be separated. Pea3 and Erm factors were predicted to bind to the retinal enhancer. In vitro protein binding and morpholino studies prove that they are key regulatory factors responsible for driving expression in the retina. Pea3 and Erm are factors known to act downstream of Fgf signals. Earlier studies have demonstrated that Fgf signalling from the optic stalk is responsible for initiation of retinal neurogenesis. Moreover, shh was shown to be required for the spread of the shh expression wave in an auto-regulatory manner. Pharmacological inhibition and morpholino studies were performed to study the the role of Fgfs and Shh in the propagation of the expression. My results suggest that several distinct Fgfs and Hedgehogs act sequentially at several levels and that the propagation of the expression wave is dependent on a co-operation between FGF and Shh signalling pathways. This is reminiscent to the spread of the expression of the Drosophila hedgehog gene through the eye imaginal disc.


Phytohemagglutinin in concentrations of 0 to 800 µg/ml was used to stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal donors and responses were determined using tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA after 68 hr incubation. A computer program was used to rank responses at each dose of phytohemagglutinin and to test for a normal distribution by the technique of probit transformation of cumulative frequencies. The procedure was repeated using logarithms, square roots, and cube roots of ranked values. Results indicated that the logarithmic function provided the closest approximation to a normal distribution over the range of the dose-response curve. These results validate the practice of plotting lymphocyte culture data on logarithmic graph paper and indicate that geometric statistics should be used to compare sets of data by methods which assume a normal distribution.


The present invention provides methods and kinds of stamp issuing system, the method comprising: issuing terminal printing according to the retail consumer information sent by the terminal and a preset printing printing information distribution rule generator; printing stamp issuing terminal 120 transmits information to the mobile terminal, and printing and account information of the mobile terminal sent to the server, the mobile terminal associated with a user account; stamp information of the mobile terminal user account authentication, the authentication is successful after printing stored in the mobile terminal associated; server stores and updates a user corresponding to the mobile terminal printing account information. Accordingly, the present invention sends the mobile terminal a terminal reward printing, as a reward to the mobile terminal printing support, to facilitate printing the query, the user experience is enhanced, and the lower cost can be achieved by printing issued, while the present invention enables the electronic purchase orders version downloaded to the mobile terminal can be used for consumer purchases to prove.


The statistically predominant case form used for marking second arguments I of two-place verbs is the accusative. We find it in roughly 90 percent of explicitly expressed second arguments. It is followed in decreasing frequency by the dative, ablative and genitive case forms. There are also a number of preposition complements, which I will leave out of account. Examples of each of the case forms are given in 1-4:


ORAL PRESENTATIONS coli levels, suggesting that alternative methods of slurry application may be considered in MRDT104 infected swineherds, regardless of infection level. The different pattern of decay for slurry injection is due to a sampling error on day 0. Linear extrapolation suggests that the actual E. coli counts on this plot on day 0 probably were at least log 3.5 cfu/g. This study also provided input parameters for a simulation model estimating survival of Salmonella when slurry from clinically and subclinically infected swineherds is applied to arable land (see Alban & Boes, in this issue).


Sugar is one of the nine ( 9 ) basic needs of the people . Based on a survey research center sugar plantations indonesia in 2011, potential land sugarcane in East Java province up to 120 000 hektare. So, all the dynamics that happened about sugar in East Java to be interesting for further investigation. General purpose of writing this thesis is further analyses about politics sugar in east java and a specific to analyze the interests of the actor in politics of sugar in east java , and consider anything done by the actor to reach the interests. Researchers use qualitative research methods with 3 subjects sugar importers listed in the scope of the area of the East Java, Bulog, PTPN XI, and PG Rajawali and also the people of the farmers association of the sugar cane (APTR) and the department of trade and industry of east java . From the research that has been done is the conclusion that the potential problems about sugar will be prevented if Government can wisely doing analysis of objective and transparent about the demand of sugar and sugar prices are expected by society. So the imports of sugar policy and the determination of the basic price of that which is excreted could be accepted by all levels of society.


The improvement of digital image processing technology is increasingly rapid. Image processing has been widely used to maximize the usefulness of the webcam interface or CCTV, which can be used to monitor traffic flow on the street. One of the frequent event occure on the street is a crash (collision). This problem often arises in a collision event is a dispute about the party guilty in the collision. A collision detection application using Quadtree algorithm can solve this problem. This study aims to analyze and design intelligent systems for vehicle collision detection on street through a webcam camera. Using the Quadtree algorithm, a collisions that occur on vehicles can be detected by the regions division method such ash Quadtree algorithm. Using this application the collision possibilities can be describe. Based on the results of the tests conducted, information was obtained that the accuracy of the application of the Quadtree algorithm in the detection of car collisions on the highway was 8: 2 where the value was obtained from the number of collisions detected.


In the realm of service parts management, customer relationships are often established through service agreements that extend over a period of months or years. These agreements typically apply to a product (or group of products) that the customer has purchased, and specify the type of service that will be provided, as well as the timing with which the service will take place. In the case of a customer that operates in multiple locations, service agreements may apply to several products across several locations. In this paper we describe a continuous review inventory model for a multi-item, multi-echelon distribution system for service parts in which service level constraints exist for general groups of items across multiple locations and distribution channels. In addition to instantaneous service level constraints, a special class of time-based service level constraints are also considered, in which the specified service times coincide with transport times from replenishment sites within the distribution network. We derive exact fill rate expressions for each item's distribution channel and describe a solution approach for determining target inventory levels that meet all service level constraints at minimum investment.


PURPOSE
This pilot study assessed the periodontal status and biomarkers of systemic inflammation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients.

METHODS
15 ACS patients on statin (anti-cholesterol) therapy, were recruited into the study an average of 9 months after discharge from university hospital. Blood and mouthrinse samples were collected for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP-9. Full-mouth periodontal examination, including pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment levels (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth mobility, was performed.

RESULTS
When their periodontal status was assessed by CAL, 100% of these statin-treated ACS patients exhibited moderate (66.7%) to severe (33.3%) periodontal disease, which appears to be higher than the rate described for the general adult population (i.e., 47% for periodontitis). In addition, (1) their blood hsCRP levels ranged from 0.94 to 12.6 mg/L with a mean of 3.41 mg/L, which is considered high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in spite of their statin therapy, and (2) the data demonstrated a positive correlation between severe periodontitis and elevated blood hsCRP levels (P< 0.05), consistent with systemic inflammation.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This pilot study provides preliminary data for future large-scale studies to define the relationship between ACS and chronic periodontitis, the underlying mechanisms, and the potential therapeutic efficacy of appropriate periodontal management to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease.


This is a fascinating book. It chronicles the activities of the wife of a Scottish whaling captain during a voyage on the "Lady Franklin" to Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Canada. Margaret Penny was the wife of Captain William Penny (for whom the Penny Ice Cap on Cumberland Peninsula is named). In 1857 she embarked on a whaling voyage with her husband and kept a detailed diary of events. The diary has been prepared for publication by Gillies Ross, an Emeritus Professor of Geography at Bishops University, Montreal, and an expert on the whaling activities in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. He combines the simple transcription of the diary in terms of day-to-day activities with a discussion and explanation of events. This greatly adds to the enjoyment of the book because it puts specific issues and events in their appropriate historical context. I had my own reasons for wishing to read this book, and which to a degree rendered it "special." This was because in the summer of 1973 Paul Carrara and I had worked along the north shore of Kingnait Fiord, and had camped for several days in what Ross believes was the harbor called "Sophie Harbour" in the diary (this name is no longer applied on topographic maps and its location is based on Ross's judgement of descriptions of the harbor in the diary). The book starts with an Introduction which gives an informative overview and background to the whaling industry at this particular time. It also includes biographical sketches of the two main figures in this book, Margaret Penny and her husband, William. The diary starts on July Sth, 1857 with the ship en route to Baffin Island. Initially the diary is kept by Captain Penny, but from July 30th on Margaret Penny became the diarist, and is from this unique woman's perspective of native peoples, and life on-board a whaling ship in the mid-19th century which renders this book so absorbing. The editor has broken the diary and associated comments down into a series of chapters which simply march through the year. Each chapter is given an appropriate heading associated with the main events of that particular period of time. Thus for the period November 26th to December 31st the title is "III Supplied with Food," whereas the period May 13th to June 30th, 1858 is called "Fish in Every Direction." The book is illustrated in a number of different ways. Four maps are included and these are extremely useful in tracing some of the activities mentioned in the diaries. In addition, recent photographs of the area, older photographs of whaling activities, and lithographs are all used to place the contents of the diary into a better visual perspective. Ross himself visited several of the major sites noted in the diary, such as the old whaling station on Kererten, and has illustrated their setting with black and white photographs. The book ends with an "Epilogue" by Ross who reviews some of the aspects covered in the diaries within their historical perspective. Thus there is an interesting discussion on whaling and a piece on missionary Matthaus Warmow and the role of the Moravian Church in the Arctic. I heartily recommend this book to all interested in the de-


At the outset the author states that: 'This book is about how to grow Pinus radiata (radiata pine) forest plantations.' It certainly covers a very wide range of topics – from the ecology of radiata pine within its natural range to the complexities of current research into tree breeding, silviculture and wood utilisation. The book also reviews the social, economic and environmental aspects of radiata pine plantations and includes a chapter on the use of radiata pine on farms.


This paper considers the problem of process reliability and the economic effects of the reliability of the testing technology. An evaluation of the economic value of reliable inspection is demonstrated and the costs of an unreliable testing technology are assessed.


TAGs play an important role in determining the functional properties of fat-based food products such as margarines, chocolate, and spreads. Nowadays, special attention is given to the role of the TAG structure and how it affects functional properties such as mouth feel, texture, and plasticity. Key to this research is the need to develop more healthy fats with a reduced level of trans and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while maintaining the desired properties. In this study, fat blends with identical levels of SFA (50%) but differing in the ratio asymmetric/symmetric blends were evaluated by pulsed NMR and texturometry as a function of storage time and storage temperature. A higher trisaturated TAG content gave rise to a higher solid fat content (SFC) at higher temperature and a lower SFC at lower temperature for both palmitic and stearic based blends. On the other hand, the effect of symmetry on the SFC-profile of the blends was only clear for the stearic based blends. At lower temperatures, the SFC of symmetric TAG based blend (blend SM) was markedly lower than that of asymmetric TAG based blend (blend iS). However, from 30 degrees C onwards, the SFC of blend SM was clearly higher than that of blend iS. The microscopic analyses revealed a denser crystal network for a higher degree of trisaturated TAG and for symmetric stearic based blends. Moreover, some blends showed a clear evolution of the microstructure during storage with smaller crystals transforming into larger ones. Finally, texture analyses demonstrated the importance of the crystallization and storage temperature on the hardness of the blends.


A review of ion-induced electron emission is presented which concentrates on the mechanisms relevant to imaging, analysis, and processing of surfaces by ion beams. In this field of applications, the main interest in electron emission lies in kinetic emission by heavy, i.e. multi-electron (Z > 2) ions of energy :-;; 100 keV.


FIXING SPRING HINGES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES sun visors. THIS SPRING IS FIXING AND IS OBTAINED single piece PREFERABLY FROM A METALLIC PLATE CONTOUR highly flexible CUADRANGULAR. SPRING FIXING A BODY SET UP (1) essentially prismatic quadrangular and has rounded corners REGARDING YOUR PLANE SYMMETRY TEORICO longitudinal center. One face (2) of the body (1) has a slot (R) PASANTE and faces (3, 4) WITH FORMING DIEDRO, SendAs FINS FLEXIBLE (5A, 5A ') internally defining respective DRAWINGS POSITIONING (P, P ') and a housing (6) KEYSTONE for snugly receiving the pivot pin (14) of a bracket member. CONTIGUO the housing (6) KEYSTONE body (1) has a housing (10) DESTINED TO RECEIVING AN EXTENSION Prismatic (13) forming the framework (12) SUN VISOR FOR DETERMINING THE POSITION OCCUPIED BODY (1) INSIDE. APPLICABLE TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY.


This paper presents an algorithm by which it is possible to determine the main features of objects such as area and perimeter, radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles, the sides of the circumscribed rectangle, the number and relative position of angles, histogram gradient of object. On the basis of these features to carry out clustering and classification of the image. The success of the recognition based on the convolutional neural network was evaluated. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that the smaller the invariance of the class, the greater the accuracy of recognition. The amount of data in the training sample has little effect on the accuracy of the algorithm.


A short, intense current pulse ({ital I}=150 A, {Delta}{ital t}{congruent}0.2 {mu}s, {ital N}{congruent}2{times}10{sup 14} electrons) is drawn from an electrode immersed in a magnetized afterglow plasma ({ital n}{congruent}2{times}10{sup 11} cm{sup {minus}3}, {ital kT}{sub {ital e}}{congruent}1.3 eV, {ital B}{sub 0}=10 G). The induced magnetic field {bold B}({bold r},{ital t}) assumes the shape of a helical double vortex which propagates along {bold B}{sub 0} through the uniform plasma as a whistler mode. The observations support a prediction of force-free ({bold J}{times}{bold B}+{ital ne}{bold E}=0) electromagnetic fields and solitary waves. Energy and helicity are approximately conserved.


We have successfully synthesized CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 composite nanoparticles with core-shell structure using a new organosol crystallization method. The weight fraction of the ferroelectric and the ferrimagnetic phase was 80% and 20%, respectively. The nanopowders were sintered to form a ceramic composite. The ceramics exhibits the magnetoelectric effect. The value of the converse magnetoelectric coefficient αc measured by a modified SQUID susceptometer reaches 4.4·10-12 s·m-1 at the magnetic field μ0Hdc = 0.15 T and T = 285 K.


Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of Mason type-Ⅲ radial head fracture treated with head of radius excision and mini-steel plate internal fixation so as to provide reference for clinical therapy.Methods The 56 cases diagnosed as Mason type-Ⅲ radial head fracture were randomly selected from January 2008 to May 2011 in No.89 hospital of PLA,and divided into two groups: observation group(treated with ministeel plate internal fixation,n=32) and control group(treated with excision of radius head,n=24);and the functional evaluation of elbow between two groups was carried out by myodynamia,stability,deformity,motion and pain of elbow joint according to the Broberg and Morrey functional elbow index.Results All of the cases were followedup for 6 to 30 months(averaged 17 months).According to the evaluation results,the good and excellent rate in observation group was 87.5%;while the control group was 75.0%,there was statistically difference between two groups(P0.05).Conclusion The clinical effect with mini-steel plate internal fixation for the treatment of Mason type Ⅲ radial head fracture is satisfactory.


TV channels of each country usually report international news differently according to the citizen's interests and foreign policy priorities of said country. Thus, foreign policy conflicts can be covered in multiple ways, this fact obviously does not contribute to their resolution. Research focuses on the coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian confrontation by the state-owned channels of these countries in 2014-2016. The samples include all news related to Ukraine on the Russian TV channel (Russia 1) and Russia on the Ukrainian channel (UA First) during seven weeks when the selected key events occurred. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. All news items were classified into four categories: political news, military news, economic news, social news. The considerable influence of national interest on media frames were shown. Russian and Ukrainian journalists were similarly interested in each other's events, even if the news of the moment was not directly related to the conflict. Both TV channels covered important global news, however they often selected different events which would be interesting for their national audience or related to their country's foreign policy. The both channels had been gradually losing interest in Russian-Ukrainian crisis up to 2015.


In The World Colonization Made: The Racial Geography of Early American Empire, Brandon Mills skillfully explores early-nineteenth-century American discourses and U.S. policies addressing the "Negro Problem" and the "Indian Question," arguing that "white Americans initially created the ideology of colonization... to manage the domestic racial threats posed by slavery and settlement" (p. 3). What makes Mills's study unique is his insistence that the fate of Indigenous and Black peoples in the early American republic unfolded in the context of colonization debates in which the campaign for colonizing African Americans outside the republic predated Indian removal as a federal policy. He deftly analyzes a range of printed primary sources to reveal why federal politicians rejected Indigenous peoples as potential settlers in the Western "frontier" and simultaneously refused to monetarily support Black colonization abroad. As he notes, this was not a repudiation of colonization, but rather a reorientation of U.S. imperial strategies. Mills demonstrates that the organizing logic of colonization later informed U.S. global expansion and white Americans' "racialized worldview" (p. 3). Mills traces the genesis of the American ideology of colonization from the Jefferson administration to the Civil War. Beginning with Jefferson's seminal writings about the racial makeup of the United States, Mills takes the reader on a journey of letters and political debates where prominent white elites, white politicians, white and Black abolitionists, and subordinated Indigenous nations and African Americans grappled with the meaning of the racial republic that was the "Empire of Liberty." Mills exposes the myriad ways that these groups framed the debate around a series of questions: Who is an American? Who has rights to citizenship as defined by the white settler empire? Can non-whites be assimilated into the body politic of the American settler state? Colonization emerged as a potential panacea for what white Americans con-


Introduction: organizational climate exists in overall the organization; so it affects personnel status and organizational behavior. These effects can improve or weaken motivation that impress on human resource performance. On the other side, different traits and environment, separate hospital performance nature from other organizations and show more importance. So, the goal of present article was describing the status of organizational climate in Teaching Hospitals of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and presenting solutions for improvement of organizational climate status.
Method: It was a descriptive study. This study employed a cross-sectional design. Number of the sample was calculated in accordance with the coincidentally sampling formula of 137 managers and employees of Teaching Hospitals of Hamedan University of Medical Science (Ekbatan, Besat, Farshchian and Mobasher Kashani). Time scope of the research was 2008.
Results: Mobasher Kashani hospital has desirable climate in comparison with others and Besat hospital doesn't have a suitable status.
Conclusion: Unsuitable organizational climate can waste a huge amount of organization's capital and staff efforts for accessing organizational productivity. So, the continuous improvement process of organizational climate is one of critical principles in organization management.
Improving of organizational climate different factors needs to create an environment in which people work together in a group to get common goals. Therefore trying to improve organizational climate can be a valuable strategy to Enhance association, synergy and positive effort for organization's changes. Also managers should know about changes in organizational climate and its effect on accessing organization's goals till could achieve striking successes along with organization's personnel.


"The present study has been concerned with the determinants of conformity to group norms. The variables under investigation were: (a) the extent of initial disagreement between the individual's and the group's opinion (known as 'distance'); (b) the number of occasions the individual was exposed to the group norm (known as 'exposures'); and (c) the size of the group . . ... In general, greater distance makes for greater conformity . . ... Conformity occurs within the first few exposures to the group norm." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)


. We propose a new preconditioning strategy for the Krylov subspace / lx ; The basic idea to use an approximation bene 且 t is substantial when the preconditioner K sufficiently approXimates / A preconditioning is performed by approXimate method types of preoonditioner can be applied at each iterat 三 ve step , In the present paper , we comb 三 ne the method as a preconditloner and the GCR 伽 ) method as a solver , and show that our preconditioni has lower iterative col 皿 ts and shorter Gomputation


A square-lattice gauge-theory model for spin-charge-separated superconductivity is introduced. The phases of the spinon and holon order parameters couple gauge invariantly via a statistical gauge field, which arises from the implicit strong interaction physics. We find that physical electronic phase correlations show a superconductor--normal-metal phase transition of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless type, while statistical gauge-field excitations are strictly gapless. These results are discussed in the context of both the superconducting and the normal-state properties of the oxide superconductors.


Process behavior can change with time. In this study an attempt was made to discover whether the Six SigmaTM claim of changes in the process mean stayed within +/-1.5 sigma units. Several process groups were examined for a particular firm that made metal castings, machined parts, tested major components and assembled these into a vehicle that was a product sold to the customer. As the assembly progressed, deficiencies were identified and recorded. Analyses employed cumulative sum (CUSUM) sequence charts, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series analyses, minimum mean square error (MMSE) exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), Shewhart control charts and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to identify the shift in the process mean, M/sw, the duration of the shift, A,B, and the proper choice of EWMA smoothing coefficient, A.EWMAKruskal-Wallis analysis of the relationship of these measures to process group (assembly, foundry, heat treatment, machining, shaving, test machine, grinding, turning, warranty and yield) was also performed. The method used was generally applicable for all these processes. The process group and the ARIMA type also influenced the measurement of M/sw, A.B, and XEWMA-


BACKGROUND
Livedo vasculitis is thought to be a thrombogenic disorder. We demonstrated that thrombomodulin (TM) expression on the endothelial cells in livedo vasculitis was markedly reduced, while blood tests of coagulation and fibrinolytic activities were within the normal range.

OBJECTIVE
Since prostacyclin (PGI2) upregulates the TM expression of endothelial cells, we tried a PGI2 analogue for the treatment of livedo vasculitis.

METHOD
Four patients with livedo vasculitis were started on a regimen of beraprost sodium (120 micrograms daily). Additional intake of low-dose aspirin was combinated with a maintenance dose of beraprost sodium (60 micrograms daily).

RESULT
All 4 patients experienced a clinical improvement with a combination therapy with beraprost sodium and low-dose aspirin.

CONCLUSION
We propose that PGI2 analogue therapy is useful for the treatment of livedo vasculitis, since the drug upregulates TM expression in this disorder.


A phlebographic and haemostatic analysis has been made of 57 patients developing deep vein thrombosis while on combined oral contraceptives containing 30 or 50 μg estrogen. The diagnosis was based on ascending phlebography. One patient had bilateral, 18 rightsided and 38 leftsided thrombosis. The leftsided dominance was seen only in patients taking 50 μg estrogen daily. The thrombotic process was significantly more extensive and more proximally located in patients with leftsided thrombosis. Thirty-three percent of the rightsided and 8% of the leftsided thrombi embolised, a difference which is significant. Six to twelve months after the acute thromboembolic episode an analysis was made of platelet function, the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Only 5/57 patients had an excessive increase of f. VIII:C (>250%) and none had low AT III levels. Thirty-two percent of the patients had a defect in their vessel wall fibrinolysis (a defective release capacity and/or a decreased fibrinolytic activity within the vessel wall) and these patients developed rightsided thrombosis significantly more often. Judging from our findings a defective vessel wall fibrinolysis seems to be of pathogenetic significance for the development of deep vein thrombosis especially on the right side during oral contraceptive medication. The more extensive leftsided thrombi seemed to be dependent on the estrogen dose and not to the same extent associated with an impaired vessel wall fibrinolysis.


Acknowledgments Introduction: Oscillation Strategies I. The Prodigal Child II. The Abject Mother III. THe Imaginary Father IV. Revolutionary Language Rendered Speechless V. Revolutionary Analysis VI. Politics in the Age of Propaganda VII. Importing OThe French FeministsO and Their Desires Conclusion: Outlaw Ethics Notes References Index


ABSTRACT This study analyses the impact of female political empowerment on European countries' welfare policies. Following a spatial econometric approach, the results reveal the presence of a spatial dependence across countries and a consistent gender effect. In particular, the descriptive representation seems to favour a higher distribution of resources to sectors in which women are disproportionately active (health, family, housing, elderly care). Moreover, the study reveals positive spatial spillovers arising from women's political empowerment in neighbouring countries that suggest the existence of an active and visible role model crossing national jurisdictions. These outcomes are robust to different metrics of neighbourliness.


In this paper, we investigate a coverage strategy for a multi-robot system across a domain of interest for applications involving pose-sensitive event services. The resulting problem is modeled as a coverage control problem on the special Euclidean groups. Based on the geometry inherent to the unimodular Lie groups, the geodesic-based Voronoi cell of a robot in charge of a subdomain and the locational cost function representing the coverage quality are defined. The controller for driving a team of planar robots to a critical point of the locational cost is derived and augmented by a control barrier certificate for the purpose of collision avoidance. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with the situation where the orientations of the robots are ignored during the coverage process using the standard Lloyd's algorithm for both homogeneous and heterogeneous (in terms of robots' relative mobility and safe radii) multi-robot teams.


A method for designing transformation electromagnetics devices using tensor impedance surfaces (TISs) is presented. The method allows anisotropic TISs to be designed that can support tangential wave vector distributions and power flow directions specified by a coordinate transformation. A beam-shifting device is designed using an anisotropic surface that allows a surface wave with a Gaussian profile to be shifted laterally at 10 GHz. The design is verified with a commercial full-wave solver. This work opens new opportunities for the design and implementation of surfaces that can guide or radiate electromagnetic fields.


The grey relational analysis is used to study the influences of water parameters on the performances of trans-polyoctenamer reactive modifier(TOR)rubber asphalts of thermal oxidative water aging.Brinell viscosity,dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer are employed to analyse the properties of the aged TOR rubber asphalts with different water parameters.The results show that the pH value and chlorine salt content of water have influences on the properties of the aged asphalts;the greater the acidity and the higher the sodium chloride contents are,the more serious the aged degrees of the TOR rubber asphalts are,and the worse the TOR rubber asphalts 'low temperature performances and abilities of dissipation about temperature stress are;the change of the pH value is the most influential factor of the aged TOR rubber asphalts 'abilities of dissipation about temperature stress;the changes of the sodium chloride contents have significant effects on the low temperature anti-crack abilities,high temperature stabilities and anti-fatigue cracking performances of the asphalts.


Abstract : Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligomeric SilSesquioxanes (F-POSS), which contain silicon-oxygen cores and a periphery of long chain fluorinated alkyl groups, were functionalized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylate (A) to produce F-POSS monomers (F-POSS-MMA and F-POSS-A). Structures were confirmed with multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 29Si) and found to be soluble in non-fluorinated solvents such as diethyl ether.


Millions of Americans must attend mandatory court dates every year. To boost appearance rates, jurisdictions nationwide are increasingly turning to automated reminders, but previous research offers mixed evidence on their effectiveness. In partnership with the Santa Clara County Public Defender Office, we randomly assigned 5,706 public defender clients to either receive automated text message reminders (treatment) or not receive reminders (control). We found the reminders reduced warrants issued for missed court dates by approximately 20%, with 12.1% of clients in the control condition issued a warrant compared to 9.7% of clients in the treatment condition. We further found that incarceration from missed court dates dropped by a similar amount, from 6.2% in the control condition to 4.8% in the treatment condition. Our results illustrate the promise of automated reminders to reduce the negative consequences of missing court.


one nursing and of psychoprophylaxis (Freeman et al. 1986; Davidson 1962). When these techniques are practised along with a guarantee that labour will not last longer than 12 h and active management of labour, in the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, epidural rates of 12% in primigravidas and 3.4% in multigravidas are obtained (Stronge 1989). Such techniques may play a considerable role in reducing analgesic needs in labour. D. J. Cahill Clinical Research Fellow Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Bristol Maternity Hospital Southwell Street BS2 8EG


This article reflects on the contemporary phenomenon of 'world music', exploring how the commodified genre has developed and been marketed since the 1980s, and the implications that the genre has both for academic studies of music and culture and for the continuing sustainability of local music and cultural diversity. The article starts with a discussion of the bifurcation of world music between the commercial (a mix of relatively popular commodified forms that are often hybrid collaborations) and ethnographically rooted music (often archive or field recordings of 'authentic' traditions), and the challenges faced by the latter in a market dominated by the former. It utilizes critiques by Outhwaite, Said, Moretti, Adorno and others of Eurocentricism, orientalism and popular culture to position comments by, and products produced for, the world music community. Commentary is informed from a variety of sources - from musicians and producers, published texts, and from an Internet blog that began in response to my initial discussion of this topic in my 2008 inaugural professorial lecture at the University of London. Commentary builds a perspective on world music as particular mixes of the familiar and exotic/ Other that are typically experienced - using concepts elaborated by Guillermo Gomez?Pena and Anahid Kassabian - as 'lite difference' through 'audio tourism'. A chronological perspective that begins with the promotion of gramophones in the early twentieth century is offered to show how world music has developed. And Korea provides a case study of the effort one country's music industry is making to enter the commodified world music arena, noting how Korean funding agencies increasingly move from support of the iconoclastic traditional music (kugak) to contemporary genres such as the western?meets?eastern kugak fusion. The article ends by asking what the future might hold, and whether, as the recorded music industry declines, local music can continue to be championed.


We report detailed analyses of evaporation and atomisation characteristics of nanofuel droplets in a contactless environment (acoustic levitation) under external radiative heating. Two base fuels, ethanol and n-dodecane with a significant difference in their respective vapour-pressures, are considered. Nanoparticles (NPs) of cerium oxides (CeO2) are utilised as nano-additives at a dilute particle loading rate (PLR) of 0%-0.5% by weight. Pure ethanol droplets vaporise at a faster rate than pure dodecane droplets and do not exhibit any secondary atomisation. However, pure dodecane droplets exhibit two modes of secondary breakup; Kelvin-Helmholtz instability induced stripping and catastrophic breakup beyond a certain threshold value of the initial droplet size. Nanofuel droplets of ethanol neither exhibit any significant change in the vaporisation rate nor exhibit secondary atomization. Contrarily, dodecane-based nanofuels show enhanced vaporisation due to heat absorption by nanoparticles and consequently different modes of secondary breakup. Interestingly, dodecane-based nanofuel droplets exhibit internal boiling induced atomization. A time scale analysis considering orthokinetic NP aggregation, evaporation lifetime, and bubble growth rate is presented to elucidate the mechanism of such internal boiling. The theoretical non-dimensional time scale (τ*) so coined is extended to estimate the minimum value of the droplet size necessary for exhibiting boiling. The analysis shows excellent agreement with the experimental observations. Furthermore, we propose a unique three-dimensional regime map to correlate the breakup modes with droplet sizes, PLR, and heating rates.We report detailed analyses of evaporation and atomisation characteristics of nanofuel droplets in a contactless environment (acoustic levitation) under external radiative heating. Two base fuels, ethanol and n-dodecane with a significant difference in their respective vapour-pressures, are considered. Nanoparticles (NPs) of cerium oxides (CeO2) are utilised as nano-additives at a dilute particle loading rate (PLR) of 0%-0.5% by weight. Pure ethanol droplets vaporise at a faster rate than pure dodecane droplets and do not exhibit any secondary atomisation. However, pure dodecane droplets exhibit two modes of secondary breakup; Kelvin-Helmholtz instability induced stripping and catastrophic breakup beyond a certain threshold value of the initial droplet size. Nanofuel droplets of ethanol neither exhibit any significant change in the vaporisation rate nor exhibit secondary atomization. Contrarily, dodecane-based nanofuels show enhanced vaporisation due to heat absorption by nanoparticles and consequently di...


【Objective】 The experiment studied programmed cell death occurred in Cabernet sauvignon under artificial drought stress.【Method】 Seedlings of Cabernet sauvignon treated with polyethylene glycol(PEG6000) were used to study the characteristics of Cabernet sauvignon species under drought stress.【Result】 Under drought stress,the changes of organelle morphosis in roots were later than those in leaves.In leaves the changes of organelle morphosis in spongy mesophylls were earlier than those in palisade parenchyma.In roots the changes of organelle morphosis in cortical cells were earlier than those in epicycles cells.Results showed that an alternative method to identify programmed cell death in Cabernet sauvignon was used to observe the cellular ultra structure.Along with the process time extension cell nucleus of leaf blade and root system distorted obviously and chromatin agglutination and marginalization appeared.Mitochondrion outer membrane disrupts and collapses,lumen forms cavity.Chloroplast basal granule laminar of leaf blade gradually blured intimae degradation.Golgi body of root expanded and decomposed many slightly vesicles.【Conclusion】 Artificial drought stress can induce programmed cell death in Cabernet sauvignon.


S. 24 of the Charter bestows wide remedial discretion on the courts in the adjudication of Charter claims. Professor Gibson argues that this discretion must not be employed in a manner destructive of existing rights because s. 26 requires the preservation of such rights. He explains how non-destructive methods of Charter enforcement fall into two categories: interpretative and remedial. Non-destructive remedies would include mechanisms such as: selective striking out, utilizing s. 52(1), the imposing of a trust condition on a statutory beneficiary, reducing disruptive judicial intervention into the legislative domain through a positive 'reading in' of sufficient context to allow compliance with the Charter, the temporary application of s. 1 to justify a Charter violation until there is a reasonable opportunity to remedy the defect, conceivably the use of an order for the amendment of legislation violating the Charter, and finally, the employment of declaratory judgments to exert political pressure on the government to bring its legislation into compliance with the Charter.


The performance and cost calculation models of the high-pressure solid rocket motor with finocyl grain were set up and the performance and cost optimization design organized by using composite binary-coded and real-coded genetic arithmetic. The optimization results show that the optimization design to cost is technologically feasible and the optimization result can give directions to preliminary design of high-pressure solid rocket motors.


The authors who prepared this report carried out interviews with managers in manufacturing and agricultural exporting firms that elicited reactions about the favorable and unfavorable shocks caused by the reforms, the credibility and consistency of the reform packages, and the major adjustments in the firms' operations. The findings show that firms benefit from the removal of price controls, restrictive labor laws, and laws restricting the purchase of foreign know-how. But they were hurt by the pronounced real exchange rate appreciation and high real interest rates for peso borrowing toward the end of the reforms. In Argentina and Uruguay policy reversals often delayed adjustments in the operation of firms. Nonetheless, almost all managers reported that the reforms forced them to increase their operating efficiency because of greater import competition. In Chile, where liberalization was more widespread and where there was less doubt about reversibility, adjustments were the greatest. Productivity increases there were mostly achieved by reducing product variety and dismissing labor. In Uruguay, greater investment played a major role. In Argentina, mergers and changes in activity from production toward importing or from wholesaling toward retailing were often important.


Dubai International Airport experienced an increase in passenger numbers from 4.3 million in 1990 to some 40 million in 2008, and this figure is expected to rise further. To meet the needs of this influx of travellers and airlines, the government of Dubai launched a major expansion of the airport in 2002, involving the construction of the new terminal 3 plus its concourses 2 and 3 — a total investment of US$ 4.1 billion.


Abstract : Experimental data on transient faults from several digital computer systems are presented and analyzed. This research is significant because earlier work on validation of reliability models has concentrated only on permanent faults. The systems for which data have been collected are the DEC PDP-10 series computers, the Cm multiprocessor, and the C.vmp fault tolerant microprocessor. Current results show that transient faults do not occur with constant failure rates as has been commonly assumed. Instead, the data for all three systems indicate Weibull distributions with decreasing failure rates. Additional keywords: data acquisition; Weibull density functions; charts goodness of fit test; chi square method. (Author)


This article presents an overview of two aspects of the role the internet now plays in the court system - first, the extent to which judges, administrators and court officials at the different levels in the court hierarchy are using the internet to deliver enhanced access to the Australian justice system for the community as a whole, and second, how they have embraced that same technology as an aid for accessing information for better judgment delivery and administration.


The backscattering of sound by two pressure‐release spheres was studied using a near‐field measurement system (NFMS) based upon the near‐field calibration array (NFCA) concept developed by Trott and Van Buren. The NFMS consists of a planar near‐field transmit array (NFTA) consisting of 34 real‐shaded line elements comprised of 26 hydrophones and a synthetic cylindrical aperture near‐field receive array (SA‐NFRA) consisting of a single line element comprised of 26 hydrophones. The line elements of the NFTA were shaded to obtain a volume of plane wave uniformity of 1 m3 in front of the NFTA. The synthetic aperture was formed by moving the single line element with a precision positioning system. The total acoustic pressure field was measured by the SA‐NFRA. Since the incident pressure and the scattered overlapped in the time domain, background subtraction was used to obtain the scattered pressure. Far‐field scattered beam patterns for the SA‐NFRA were formed using the NFCA concept to extrapolate near‐field m...


All the chemical reactions that occur in the cells of a living organism are called metabolism. By these reactions, a large number of organic compounds, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides and their polymers derived, that is, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, RNA, DNA, etc ... are produced. These processes are essential and common to all organisms and are known as primary metabolism and related compounds are known as primary metabolites. In the case of plants, in addition to the primary metabolic pathways, other metabolic pathways are activated under certain situations and the compounds produced are called secondary metabolites. The role of secondary metabolites may seem irrelevant, but the truth is that the plant spends a great deal of energy in their synthesis and they have remained in the plant kingdom up to date. This is because that wide variety and high diversity of secondary metabolites have apparently evolved as a means for plants to interact with the environment and for the development of resistance against both abiotic and biotic stress. In fact, secondary metabolites are useful to protect plants against herbivores (insects and vertebrates), mammals, bacteria, fungi, viruses and even other competing plants. In addition, some plants use secondary metabolites to attract pollinators and seed dispersers, as signals for communication between plants and symbiotic microorganisms or for protection against UV light and other physical stress (Wink 2003, 2008). Daucus carota L. (Umbelliferae) is a biennial herb, whose fruits (common name: wild carrot fruits) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of ancylostomiasis, dropsy, chronic kidney disease and bladder afflictions (Pant & Manandhar, 2007) due to a wide range of reported pharmacological effects, including antibacterial (Rossi et al., 2007), antifungal (Tavares et al., 2008), antihelminthic, hepatoprotective (Bishayee et al., 1995) and cytotoxic activities (Yang et al., 2008; Fu et al., 2009). Carrot roots contain a variety of carotenoids and anthocyanins that are responsible for the typical colour of the root. In addition, this vegetable also produces phenolic compounds such as scopoletin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and the isocoumarin, 6-methoxymellein, all major components of the phytoalexin complex (Mercier et al., 2000). These compounds are induced in carrot by fungal infection, heavy metals or UV light (Marinelli et al., 1994), and therefore they are involved in plant defence responses. Recently, Sabater-Jara et al., (2008) have described the production of sterols in different cell cultures including D. carota.


Reducing‐end xylose‐releasing exo‐oligoxylanases (Rex) are GH8 enzymes that depolymerize xylooligosaccharides complementing xylan degradation by endoxylanases in an exo manner. We have studied Paenibacillus barcinonensis Rex8A and showed the release of xylose from xylooligomers decorated with methylglucuronic acid (UXOS) or with arabinose (AXOS). This gives the enzyme a distinctive trait among known Rex, which show activity only on linear xylooligosaccharides. The structure of the enzyme has been solved by X‐ray crystallography showing a (α/α)6 folding common to GH8 enzymes. Analysis of inactived Rex8A‐E70A complexed with xylotetraose revealed the existence of at least four binding subsites in Rex8A, with the oligosaccharide occupying subsites −3 to +1. The enzyme shows an extended Leu320‐His321‐Pro322 loop, common to other Rex, which blocks the binding of longer substrates to positive subsites further than +1 and seems responsible for the lack or diminished activity of Rex enzymes on xylan. Mutants with smaller residues in this loop failed to increase Rex8A activity on the polymer. Analysis of the complexes with AXOS showed the accommodation of arabinose at subsite −2, which cannot be allocated at subsite −1. Arabinose substitutions at the xylose O2 or O3 are accommodated by hydrophobic interaction and seem tolerated rather than recognized by Rex8A. A strained binding of the branch is facilitated by the lack of direct polar interactions of the xylose occupying this subsite, its water‐mediated links allowing some conformational flexibility of the sugar. The plasticity of Rex8A is a notable property of the enzyme for its application in xylan deconstruction and upgrading.


This study investigated the effectiveness of spatial-visualization-based instruction on the mathematical problem-solving performance of 35 mathematics education students using one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. It also aimed to describe how spatial visualization is applied in solving mathematical problems. The findings of the study revealed that spatial-visualization-based instruction improved the mathematical problem-solving performance of students. The spatial-visualization ability can be applied in solving mathematical problems.