In this work was tested the biological dissolubility of the samples of three kind of the blends in water anaerobic environment. There was negotiated about the blends of PCL with native starches (Meritena 100, Waxy, Gel instant, Amaranth), next about the blends of PCL with this starches in a plastic form (as plasticizer was applied glycerol) and last was the blend of PCL, PHB and triacetine. A biodissolubility of the samples in the form of the corpuscles and a powder was compared. The anaerobic degradation was observed on the base of quantity of methan and carbon dioxide in produced biomas by method of gas chromatografy. There were observed also a decrease of the weight of the samples and change of theirs mechanically proprieties after decomposition. Tested blends with the starches contained about 30 weight% biodegradable components (starches, plastificated starches), the blends of PCL with PHB and triacetine contained 13 - 26% of this ingredients. In every samples was demonstrated, that adjusted level of removing of the substrate corresponded to percentage content of easily degradable components of the blend. The lowest anaerobic dissolubility demonstrated alone PCL, only 2% during about 1200 hours. Degradation of the samples of the blends with native starches was from 5 - 10%. Better degradation showed the samples with plastificated starches, it was about 30% (with the exception of the sample with the starch Meritena 100 - this only about 13%). The blends PCL with PHB and triacetin was decomposing in dependence on the content of easily degradable ingredients. The blends with 26,5% PHB and triacetine was decomposed from 21% during 1200 hours, whereas the blends with half content of this components were decomposed only from 8%. Presumption, that the samples in the form of the powder will be degrade better than the samples in the form of the corpuscles wasn't confirmed.


We present correction factors necessary for optimal phase-shift keying generation using electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) with a relatively low extinction ratio. The model presented shows that shorter EAMs are more suitable for use in binary phase-shift keying and quadrature phase-shift keying configurations.


Low signal level spectroscopy often requires long data accumulation periods per spectral position. If the data are acquired in digital form, the accumulation period per spectral position must be adjusted to correct for fluctuations in the power output of the excitation source. A circuit has been designed which monitors the source and adjusts the data accumulation period to normalize it to the source power output. The circuit has been applied to Raman scattering experiments to demonstrate its performance.


The backpack is the method most used by students to organize and carry all the school supplies. This study aimed to analyze body weight in relation to school backpack at a private school, to know whether to use their backpacks within the maximum weight. Characterized by a cross-sectional observational analytical methodology and descriptive concerned with identifying the weight of the school backpack Elementary School. The heads of the research participants were in agreement with the resolution 196/96. To collect data, we used the "Instrument for Knowledge Perception of Students on the School Environment Posture Adopted - POSPER. Sample consisted of 101 students, students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd year of elementary school. The results showed high level of ignorance about the existence of the Law of Mochila, recommending its weight. We found that half of the students carry a backpack with school overweight to 10% of body weight permitted, a value recommended by WHO (2004). About shipping school supplies, it was observed that the students of 3rd year using the backpack with support on both shoulders to perform this task and the 1st and 2nd year model wheel. From the results, it is concluded that the weight of the backpacks influenced a possibility of change, as they were frightened by the weight of their backpacks and this result was reported to the Directorate. It is noticed that there was a decrease in the backpacks of materials from the next day. However, it is suggested to continue this study to see if the private schools being overweight is higher than in public.


Three kinds of database safe model (Discretionary Access Control,Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control) have been discussed. Some advantages and shortcomings existed on these safe model are analysed. So, the different application occasion for different safe model and an implementation method based on BLP safe model is given in this paper.


Having defined the opposition between action and theoretical rationality against the background of its philosophical roots, the author observes that the same opposition has played a prominent role in the development of the two lines of approach to sociological thinking. On one hand, theories centred on the problem of social order and consensus, disregard the fact that human action has always been oriented to social life and emerges from an original intersubjectivity; on the other hand, theories of action criticise the rigidity and immobility of the normative approach, but they also tend to underestimate the need for determination. The article examines some of the recent sociological theories that have tried to overcome the dichotomy, focussing in particular on the work of Margaret Archer and on her specific contribution to the theory of social action


AbstractThe production of neutrophil granulocytes is a complex and dynamic process during which a small number of limited stem cells give rise to lineage specific progenitors that proliferate in the bone marrow subsequently entering the blood as mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes. One hematopoietic growth factor which appears to specifically control the proliferation and terminal maturation of this specific myeloid lineage is granulocyte colony stimulating factor.


Department of Chemical Engineering, Sciences Faculty, shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, shahrood, Iran. Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. 3,4 Fakhr Razi Institute of Higher Education, Iran. Sama Technical and Vocatinal Training College, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh,Iran. 6 Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran, Iran. Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, saveh, Iran.


Tipifarnib (ZARNESTRA®, R115777), an oral selective inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (FTase), demonstrates potent antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects. This phase 1 study assessed the tolerability and response rate in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) receiving tipifarnib on an alternate week (1 week on/1 week off) schedule. Starting dose of tipifarnib was 100 mg BID, for a total initial treatment period of 8 weeks, with a standard 3+3 design. Dose escalation was 100 mg PO BID until grade 2 nonhematologic toxicity was observed, then 100 mg total dose per day escalation until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was reached. Sixty-three patients were treated (median age 68 years; range, 35–84 years) with RA (n = 15), RARS (n = 6), RAEB (n = 26), RAEB-t (n = 8), and CMMoL (n = 8). Five patients (8%) had IPSS score low, 27 (43%) INT-1, 23 (36%) INT-2, and 8 (13%) high. Three patients had an N-Ras mutation and one had a K-Ras mutation. A total of 63 patients were evaluable for toxicity and 61 were evaluable for response (1 noncompliant, 1 ineligible). This alternate week regimen of tipifarnib was well tolerated; the most common toxicity was myelosuppression (all grades, 60% of patients). No side effects were reported by 20% of patients. Nonhematologic toxicities (all grades) included fatigue (20%), skin rash (9%), diarrhea (16%), increase in SGPT (14%), increase in bilirubin (11%), and nausea (11%). Dose-limiting toxicities of ataxia (n = 1), insomnia (n = 1), fatigue (n = 1), nausea (n = 1), and neutropenic fever (n = 2) occurred at tipifarnib 1,300 mg/day to 1,500 mg/day. The MTD of tipifarnib in this patient population was 1,200 mg/day. Fifteen of 61 (25%) evaluable patients responded (3 CRs and 12 hematologic improvements). Major platelet responses were most common; they were observed in 11 of 15 responders. There was no obvious dose-response relationship and three of the fifteen patients (20%) at the lowest dose level (100 mg bid) responded including one CR. Only one patient among the responders (hematologic improvement) had a Ras (N-Ras) mutation. Median time to response was eight weeks (range, 4–32 weeks). In conclusion, an alternate week regimen of tipifarnib was well tolerated and a response rate of 25% was achieved in this phase 1 study in MDS patients. Responses were seen at all dose levels, and major platelet responses were most common. This schedule is therefore conducive to combination regimens as well as to maintenance therapy.


Abstract The piled ring foundations offer an economic foundation system. Piled ring foundation systems can be used under structures like chimneys, OHRS, and towers. In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to understand the behavior of ring footing (with/without RDFS cushion) and piled ring foundation (with/without RDFS cushion) in soft clays. Total 57 model tests were carried out to comprehend the effect of parameters like variation of radii ratio of ring footing, spacing between piles, a diameter of pile, length to diameter ratio, RDFS cushion on the behavior of the piled ring foundations. The outcome of this study helped in understanding the effect of these factors on axial stiffness, load sharing, load improvement factor, and settlement reduction ratio. From the results of the experimental study, it was found that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the ring and piled ring foundation with RDFS cushion was significantly higher than that of ring footing and piled ring foundation without RDFS cushion. It was also observed that the behavior of ring footing with RDFS cushion resembles that of circular footing.


Relevance. The studies of the epigenetic mechanisms of long-term memory formation (LTM) has attracted the attention of many world leading laboratories since gained knowledge can be applied to correct cognitive impairments. miRNA dependent suppression of gene expression is the most complicated step in the epigenetic regulation, associated with a huge number of miRNAs (tens of thousands) and the diversity of their targets, thus the knowledge of miRNAs functions during LTM is still very fragmented. Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of miRNAs in the formation of long-term memory using the model of the food aversion conditioned reflex development in the mollusk Helix . Prevention of the formation of mature miRNAs via Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (PLL) treatment — inhibitor of Dicer activity was used as the main approach. Materials and methods. PLL was injected into animals during training, or 1, 3 or 5 hours after training. Success of the formation of conditioned reflexes was tested 72 hours after training. Results. There was a significant deterioration in LTM in animals with injected PLL 1 and 3 hours after training procedure compared with trained animals that were not injected with PLL. The treatment with PLL during training, or 5 hours after training, had no effect on LTM. Conclusion. Treatment with PLL, inhibitor of miRNA biogenesis disrupts formation of the food aversion reflex in Helix . Thus, miNRA's are involved in the LTM formation on Helix . Impaired expression of miRNAs is critical for the long-term memory formation if occurs in the intervals of 1 to 3 hours after training. We can recommend PLL for the investigations in the area of the epigenetic mechanisms of long-term memory.


College counseling centers have experienced continued change and development in roles and functions since their inception in the 1930s. Recent shifts include a focus on personal counseling, the broadening of services, and an increased severity in student problems. Administrative policy, restricted staffing, and limited budgets particularly impact small college counseling centers. This article explore these issues through a case study format and discusses the concurrent philosophical and training implications as challenges for the small college counseling center of the 1990s.


This study aims to understand the effect of operating cash flow, accounting profit, current ratio, total asset turnover on stock returns in consumer goods industrial sector companies listed on the IDX for the 2017-2020 period. This study uses a purposive sampling method with a population of 53 industrial sector companies. consumer goods listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017-2020. The research sample is 120 data on the consumer goods industrial sector listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the 2017-2020 period. The data investigation method used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that partially the accounting profit variable has a significant effect on stock return, but operating cash flow, current ratio and total asset turnover have no significant effect on stock return. Simultaneously, Operating Cash Flow, Accounting Profit, Current Ratio and Total Asset Turnover have a significant effect on stock returns in consumer goods industrial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2020 period.
Keywords: Operating Cash Flow, Accounting Profit, Current Ratio, Total Asset Turnover And Stock Return


Disputes within the transatlantic alliance over the necessity and timing of the 2003 US-led war with Iraq and the modalities of the reconstruction of that country have produced doubts about the future of transatlantic relations. This article will consider this future from a theoretical point of view: what does "realism," the oldest and (arguably) most reliable theory of international politics, suggest about the future of transatlantic relations? What are the larger forces that shape this issue? These questions will be examined in light of one of the more peculiar developments of the last decade: the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Why does the EU, absent the Soviet Union, and largely sheltered under the umbrella of the mighty United States, choose to spend time and resources on such a project?


Background and aims. Molecular authentication of Korean ginseng cultivars was investigated using the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 7 (nad7) intron 3 region. Materials and methods. A mutation site specific to Panax ginseng "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun" cultivars was detected within the sequence data. Based on this mutation site and the "Gumpoong"-specific single nucleotide polymorphism site reported in 26S rDNA, two modified allele-specific primer pairs were designed and a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS) was applied to identify "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun." Results. The results showed that "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun" can be clearly discriminated from the other Korean ginseng cultivars by simultaneously identifying the haplotype of "Gumpoong" and the specific allele of "Chungsun" by applying the MARMS. Conclusion. This study, therefore, provides a simple and reliable method for simultaneous authentication of "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun" cultivars.


A processing method having a plurality of object to be processed placed in the holding fixture of the multistage process in the processing chamber housed in the height direction; and by using a heating device, for a predetermined heat treatment step. Previously obtained for a particular target processing amount of heat the heating device is a heat-treated body. Processing means having a temperature correction detector and a temperature detector provided in the processing vessel and processing chamber control. A temperature correction detector is constituted by a protective tube body portion extending in the height direction, and a plurality of branch pipes extending in the horizontal direction from the main body portion of the protective tube. A thermocouple disposed on each branch, each branch pipe is inserted into mutually different height position between the body to be treated.


A flight to the moon and return requires an array of unique aerospace charts. The USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center has supported the charting requirements of NASA's Manned Space Program commencing with the first Mercury flight, followed by Gemini and finally the Apollo mission of landing astronauts on the moon. The various charts used for liftoff, earth orbit, lunar orbit, lunar landing, lunar departure and earth recovery are discussed.


Air pollution is one of the biggest concerns faced by developing countries like India and the world at large. The capital of India, Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR), sees life threatening air pollution levels. This paper presents a new Particulate Matter (PM) dataset for Delhi-NCR, which contains PM data recorded over three months from November 2020 to January 2021 over an area spanning 559 square Kms. The data has been collected using vehicle-mounted mobile sensors in collaboration with the Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) buses. The 13 bus dataset has been compared with the data over the same period obtained from the pre-existing static sensors, which the buses pass by. Several Machine Learning (ML) problems have been outlined, that can be studied using this dataset, two of which, spatio-temporal interpolation and anomaly detection in IoT networks are detailed in this paper. The dataset is public at https://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/pollutiondata along with appropriate documentation. We will keep augmenting the website as new data get collected, with more buses and other pollutant sensors (SOx, NOx, COx) added to our deployment in future.


Abderaz Formation is one of the Upper Cretaceous formations in the KopetDagh sedimentary basin. A stratigraphic section from the mentioned formation is selected for detailed systematic description with regard to echinoids. Numerous well preserved representatives of the families Mircrasteridae wright, 1857 and Echinocorythidae Lambert, 1920 are described from the Ghaleh-Zoo stratigraphic section in the Kopet-Dagh sedimentary basin, northwest of Shirvan township (NE Iran). The age of the fossil assemblage is determined as Turonian-Santonian based on four echinoid species: Micraster (Micraster) coranguinum Leske, 1778, Micraster (Micraster) cortestudinarium (Goldfuss, 1829), Echinocorys gravesi (Agassiz & Desor, 1847) and Echinocorys ex gr. scutata Leske, 1778.


N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed oxidative esterification of ferroceneboronic acid by aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes affords the new ferrocenol hetaryl and aryl esters 1 - 4, 6 - 8 and 9 - 11. The reaction takes place under mild conditions. The X-ray crystal structure of ferrocenyl esters 3, 6, 11 was determined.


A simple purification method has been developed for isolation of bovine cGMP phosphodiesterase from photoreceptor rod outer segments. The enzyme is peripherally membrane bound in its native state and is present in relatively high concentrations. In the bovine photoreceptors its molar ratio to rhodopsin can be estimated to be as great as 1:40 and not lower than 1: 170. The isolated enzyme is purified to homogeneity as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis under native and denaturing conditions and analytical ultracentrifugaCon. The core enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 170,000, as demonstrated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analytical ultracentrifugation, and is composed of two major subunits, 88,000 (CY) and 84,000 (p), augmented by a small subunit of 13,000 (y). In its purified state, the enzyme is activated neither by light nor GTP in contrast to the native membranebound enzyme. As isolated, the molar activity of the enzyme is 45 mol of cGMP hydrolized s-' mol-' with a Km = 150 PM (cGMP) and Km > 4 XnM (CAMP). Protamine activates the enzyme to 360 mol of cGMP see-' mol-' @-fold) and limited digestion by trypsin activates it to as great as 2100 mol of cGMP s-l mol-' @O-fold). In the course of isolation, a second rod outer segment disc protein is purified. This protein is also membranebound and extracted with the phosphodiesterase under hypotonic conditions in approximately equal molar amounts. It is composed of two subunits of 39,000 and 37,000 contributing to a molecular weight of approximately 80,000; hence, we have termed it 80K protein. It is itself devoid of cGMP hydrolytic activity but decreases phosphodiesterase activity by 50% when readded to the purified enzyme in a 1:l molar ratio.


Software Product Line approaches enable mass customization and reuse during the development of software intensive systems. Variability management is a key aspect of this approach. The rhetorical Questions, Options and Criteria (QOC) model can manage variability with justification. Thus, using QOC in the conventional variability management techniques of product line requirements engineering enhances the current state of variability management with reasoning and justification, which paves the way for a new concept called Rationale-based Variability Management in Requirements Engineering (RVMRE). In RVMRE, QOC is used in association with an existing variability representation techniques to address variability constraints and product instantiation in product line requirements engineering. Examples from a microwave oven product line are used for the case study and evaluation of the concepts are discussed in this paper.


Porous Al2O3-based ceramics were fabricated from powders synthesized via a solution combustion process using starch and urea as fuels. Effects of the relative fuel-to-oxidant ratio (φe = 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0, respectively) on open porosity, pore size distribution and flexural strength of the as-prepared porous Al2O3-based ceramics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the densification ability of the as-synthesized powders increased significantly as φe increased, and open porosity, pore size distribution and flexural strength of the porous ceramics exhibited remarkable dependence on the densification ability of the powders instead of the weight fraction of the charred organic residuals in the powders. SEM micrographs disclosed that the porous ceramics from the precursors with φe = 1.8 or 2.0 exhibited significantly homogenous microstructures including pore size and pore distribution.


The text describes a new genus and species of Prosauropoda assigned to the family Plateosauridae from a basin in Central Yunnan Province: Yimenosaurus youngi gen. et sp. nov.


The present work evaluated the effect of microwave roasting on total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, some selected compounds, and the mineral content of coffee beans. Coffee bean powder was roasted at three microwave power levels (450, 720, and 900 W) and treatment durations (4, 6, and 8 min). The TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were increased by increasing the microwave power and roasting duration, but detrimental effects were observed at higher power levels and longer treatment durations. The highest TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were detected for the sample treated at 720 W for 6 min. The mineral content was only increased in the sample treated at 450 W for 4 min; all other treatments decreased the mineral content. Microwave power levels and treatment durations showed a significant increase in the browning intensity of the coffee bean extract. The selected coffee bean compounds as analysed by GC-MS were affected in different ways by microwave treatment. The relative percentage of caffeine was increased from 40.06 to 49.12% when treated at 450 W for 4 min, while n-hexadecanoic acid content was decreased from 33.86% in untreated coffee beans to 16.31% when treated at 450 W for 4 min. There was also the formation of new compounds such as octadecanoic acid-methyl ester, vitamin E, and stigmasterol upon microwave roasting of coffee beans. Based on the above results, microwave heating can be used as a roasting method for coffee beans.


Abstract The coarse-mesh finite difference (CMFD) and the coarse-mesh diffusion synthetic acceleration (CMDSA) methods are widely used, independently developed methods for accelerating the iterative convergence of deterministic neutron transport calculations. In this paper, we show that these methods have the following theoretical relationship: If the standard notion of diffusion synthetic acceleration as a fine-mesh method is straightforwardly generalized to a coarse-mesh method, then the linearized form of the CMFD method is algebraically equivalent to a CMDSA method. We also show theoretically (via Fourier analysis) and experimentally (via simulations) that for fixed-source problems, the CMDSA and CMFD methods have nearly identical convergence rates. Our numerical results confirm the close theoretically predicted relationship between these methods.


A strongly closed lattice of projections on a Hilbert space is compact if the associated algebra of operators has a weakly dense subset of compact operators. If the lattice is commutative, there are necessary and sufficient conditions for compactness, one in terms of the structure of the lattice, and the other in terms of a measure on the lattice. There are many examples of compact lattices, and two main types of examples of noncompact lattices. Compactness is also re!ated to the study of weak limits of certain projections. In [A3], Arveson generalized N. Andersen's important theorem on continuous nests [An, Theorem 3.5.5] to certain commutative subspace lattices associated with "E:-continuous" measures. An important property of these lattices is that they are compact in the strong operator topology. Since compactness is also a property of nests, and plays an important role in the similarity theory for nests [Da2, La, An], we investigate in this paper the problem of determining which subspace lattices are compact. A greater understanding of this problem will hopefully help in the development of similarity theory for other lattices. It should be noted that it is well-known that there are also noncompact lattices, namely orthocomplemented commutative subspace lattices. In §2, we give a main result (Theorem 2.2) which provides a connection between compactness of a lattice S and the presence of compact operators in the associated operator algebra alg S. This result provides many examples of compact lattices. It also shows that there is a relationship between complete distributivity, compactness, and other nice properties, especially if the lattice is commutative. §3 deals with properties of noncompact lattices. Included are two conditions equivalent to noncompactness for commutative lattices: one is essentially measuretheoretic, and the other is a condition on the structure of the lattice. We also give two quite different classes of examples of noncompact lattices. In the process, we obtain a representation theorem for certain infinite tensor products of commutative subspace lattices, which extends a result in [GHL]. We then show that "most" infinite tensor products are noncompact. One simple condition determining compactness is whether or not the lattice has any nonprojection weak limits (Proposition 2.1). This property is related to a paper Received by the editors June 27, 1986. Some of the results in this paper were presented at the NSF-CBMS Conference on Quasitriangularity and Analyticity in Operator Algebras, Texas Tech University, August 1,1983. 1980 Mclthemcltics Subject Clussificcltion (1985 Revision). Primary 47D25. '¢)1987 American Mathematical Society 0002-9947/87 $1.00 + $.25 per page 515 This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:42:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


In this paper, both the premise and the solutions envisaged by the Ley de Garantia de la Unidad de Mercado (Spanish Act on Market Unity). In concrete, its principles of necessity and proportionality are thought to consecrate an extreme conception of economic freedoms, as well as some unjustified restrictions to the autonomic competences. Regarding the principle of national efficacy, an analysis of its meaning and direct and indirect consequences is followed in this study by an assessment of its dangers and devastating effects for the effectiveness of the autonomic competences. This leads to the conclusion that the law implies a constitutional mutation.


The current study aims at analyzing the perception of the students of FBIBUNISBANK with respect to class conduciveness, the use of code switching and information technology in order to depict the profile of teaching and learning process as the basis of further formulating FBIB (Faculty of Language and Cultural Studies)'s public policies. Therefore, a survey method was employed with the research instrument for data collection in the form of questionnaire, developed in software application called SurveyMonkey (paid application). The questionnaire was then embedded to a website for the respondents to complete. There were 17 respondents for classroom conduciveness and 13 respondents for the use of code switching and information technology. Findings showed that FBIB classrooms are relatively conducive in terms of class atmosphere and infrastructure. The use of code switching is encouraged for clarification. Meanwhile IT has been used at moderate level to complement the process of teaching and learning. It is therefore recommended that classroom conduciveness be maintained with a regular check-up for possible instrument breakdown; code switching be selectively used and teachers' computer literacy be upgraded.


Pre-planned, centrally-managed, privatized public space is rapidly replacing the traditional downtowns of our communities and increasingly, the centers of our largest cities--in the form of the shopping mall. This thesis explores some of the powerful implications of this shift: 1) the deepening of a consumer culture; 2) a heightening of socio-economic polarity; and 3) the institutionalization of a new form of subtle, omnipresent, largely consensual control. Three key tools of mall design and private management--illusion, exclusion and control--are examined in case studies of two malls in downtown Boston: the urban mall as megastructure, Copley Place; and the "festival marketplace", Faneuil Hall Marketplace. Then, an exemplar of an illusory, exclusionary and controlled environment is presented: Disney World in Orlando, Florida. Finally, a speculative short story, The Mall Society in 2038,is presented, illustrating the potential society that could develop given the continued mallification of our socio-spatial environment. Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 12, 1989 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architectural Studies Thesis Supervisor: Tunney Lee Title: Head, Department of Urban Studies and Planning


The clinical utilization of the MMPI in state and provincial hospitals is widespread. Silver and Sines (1960. 1961) reported the MMPI characteristics of a state hospital population but it is possible that such data pertained to individuals who differ from patients in private hospitals. The present note reports the -1 characteristics of a randomly selected male psychiatric population at the Homewood Sanitarium, Guelph, Ontario. The booklet form of the MMPI was administered to three diagnostic groups of psychiatrically disturbed males: psychoses, psychoneurotic disorders, and disorders of character, behavior and intelligence. Each MMPI was scored on the three validity, nine original scales, and Social Introversion (Si) The neurotics scored higher than the disorders of character, behavior, and intelligence on the D, Pt, and Si scales ( p = .01, '02, .01) and higher than the psychotics on D being differentiated at the ( p = .05). On the Ma scale the . disorders of character, behavior, and intelligence exceeded the psychoses ( p = .05) with the reverse occurring on Si where the psychotic scores exceeded those of the disorders of character, behavior, and intelligence ( p = .01). The results of the present study are not as-definitive as those of Rubin ( 1948), Rosen ( 1958), or Silver and Sines ( 1961). Defects of previous studies such as criterion contamination and profile validity have not been eliminated. As recently noted by Blum (1969), it is also possible that members of specific occupations produce related personality patterns on the MMPI. This is particularly relevant to the present sample, gleaned as it was from a preponderantly professional male psychiatric population. The distribution of MMPI T scores in three diagnostic groups within a randomly selected group of 90 male patients in a private psychiatric hospital indicated that the MMPI only minimally differentiates these diagnostic groups.


We have developed methods of conditioning non-stationary Levy-stable geostatistical models1,2 to 3D seismic data. The technique involves adapting the sequential Levy simulation method such that the convolutional response of the realisations acceptably 'matches' the seismic amplitude map. A rejection scheme is used, which requires fast repetitive simulation of gridblock columns and generation of convolutional responses. The non–stationarity of the model means that this cannot be achieved using the conventional large kriging system. We use a different, but comparably rapid method, based on storing the relevant parts of a sequential simulation calculation for the column. Working directly with the amplitude traces also has the advantage of avoiding the ambiguities and non-uniqueness involved in inverting the traces to acoustic impedance. The most difficult part of the problem is estimation of the seismic wavelet, and this is often done non-optimally. We describe a sophisticated method of estimating the wavelet, and show that this can yield better than expected results. Suitable rejection criteria are proposed, based on reasonable probabilistic models. The application of the technique is demonstrated with a field example. Introduction The use of geostatistical models to characterise uncertainty in the spatial distribution of petroleum reservoir properties is now seen as a fundamentally desirable tool in reserves or forecasting work. Production forecasts can follow a very wide distribution when reservoir heterogeneity is appreciable and where well data are sparse. For this reason, it is clear that the conditioning of these geostatistical models to auxiliary data like seismic and production data can only help in reducing forecasting uncertainties and thus the quality of management decisions. Particularly in areas where well control of the underlying random field model is sparse, the sheer density of low-resolution measurements like seismic data will clearly constrain the range of variation seen in Monte-Carlo realisations of the random field. Nonetheless, it is currently impractical to condition the kinds of geostatistical models used in flow calculations to the full range of seismic data. Both for computational and storage reasons, the models are usually constrained only to post–stack, post–migrated data, which may represent only 5% or so of the total volume of data acquired. In general, the relationship between remote–sensed acoustic properties of rocks with poor resolution (seismic data has resolution ≈ 30 m, at best) and local petrophysical properties with a small scale of support (≈ 1 m) is complex. Any credible conditioning method must take into account these very different scales of support. Most analysis rely implicitly on cross correlations modelled from the sonic and porosity logs, which implicitly assumes that the field scale seismic processing is consistent with the sonic log information. The complexity of the relationship between seismic and petrophysical data also means that an analytical derivation of the posterior distribution of the petrophysical properties, conditional to the seismic data, is impossible in general. This conditioning must therefore be carried out using rejection–based sampling techniques like the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method: unconditional realisations are drawn, and rejected on the basis of their 'proximity' to the 2 CONDITIONING OF LEVY-STABLE FRACTAL RESERVOIR MODELS TO SEISMIC DATA SPE 56823 observed data. In the case of seismic data, this proximity is usually determined by computing a 'synthetic seismic' from the unconditional reservoir realisation, and comparing this to the true seismic in some suitably meaningful way. Such sampling techniques nearly always suffer from high rejection ratios when the conditioning is strong, so it is necessary that the algorithm used to draw realisations of the reservoir properties is extremely effecient. Furthermore, it is important that the forward model used to compute a 'synthetic seismic' from a given reservoir realisation must be simple and computationally rapid. Like other workers, we use a one–dimensional convolutional model, which expresses the amplitudes in a seismic trace at a given common midpoint as a convolution of the reflectivities in the geological profile immediately below. To date, models along these lines have been successfully applied in the context of MultiGaussian models of the reservoir properties. A general theory for such models is given by Eide3, in which the full posterior distribution for the reservoir properties is formally derived. In principle, this solution implies that posterior samples can be drawn explicitly, but the actual form turns out to be computationally infeasible. Some suggestions for suitable approximations to the posterior are given, in the context of a sequential simulation method, and some small-scale examples are given. The work of Bortoli et al4 uses the one-dimensional convolutional model also, but does not appeal to a full posterior distribution like that of Eide3. A rejection method is used, with the rejection criterion being a threshold correlation coefficient between the true and synthetic seismic which must be exceeded for the realisation to be accepted. For reasons to be explained later, we think this is not a particularly good choice of acceptance criterion, although it obviously guarantees a certain similarity between the true and synthetic seismic fields. The methodology we present in this paper extends this previous work into a class of non–stationary, non–Gaussian random field models called Lévy fractal models. Techniques based on stationary models invariably require the removal of trend terms from the data, and this process can be very subjective. A less subjective technique would involve modelling the data with a general non-stationary processes, of sufficient 'elasticity' to accommodate the trends, but sufficiently parsimonious to enable adequate estimation of its parameters. Extensive analysis of the spatial behaviour of the distribution of increments in wireline log data5−9 has shown that the distribution of increments usually has heavy tails and is well modelled by a Lévy–stable distribution. The heavy tails in the distribution yield a high probability of large 'jumps' in the spatial field, which aptly mimic the transitions across facies boundaries. Similarly, the width of this distribution as a function of the lag r used to form the increments frequently follows a power law behaviour, which betrays a quality of self-similarity akin to fractals. Rapid sequential simulation techniques have been developed to generate hard–data conditioned realisations from these models, based on the idea of drawing samples from the conditional distribution of the increments about a given point, given fixed values at a set of neighbours10. But the analytical complexity of these models is such that developing a full posterior distribution for the reservoir properties additionally conditional to seismic data, along the lines of the theory given by Eide3, is not possible or practical. Conditioning of these sequential methods to seismic data must therefore use a rejection method, as per Bortoli's work, but the rejection criterion will be established by drawing on insights from Eide's work. The two main challenges in the problem are developing a statistically meaningful forward model to compute synthetic seismic data from realisations of the random field model, and secondly, deriving sensible acceptance criteria to ensure reasonable sampling of the posterior distribution. The Levy Random Fractal model The background and motivation of the development of Levy random field models is more amply presented in references5,6,10. The sequential algorithm used to draw realisations of the random field is very similar to that used in conventional sequential Gaussian simulation, with the following important exceptions. (1) The posterior distribution is developed for the increment between the gridblock to be simulated and a (presimulated of fixed) neighbour chosen as reference. (2) This posterior distribution is Levy–stable, with thick tails, not Gaussian. (3) The random path used in the sequential algorithm must visit the most isolated regions of space first, and gradually 'fill in the details' as the simulation proceeds. It has been shown that this choice of path is necessary to ensure the reproduction of the longest length scales of variability implicit in the fractal model. For seismic conditioning, the sequential path has to be modified such that we simulate entire columns of gridblocks at a time, until the column is 'accepted' and then proceed on to the next column. Commensurate with point (3) above, the path has been chosen to favour the most 'isolated' columns first, and then visit the nodes along each column in a sequence that visits the most isolated nodes first. It turns out that the posterior distribution for a particular property at a generic node requires the Cholesky decomposition and subsequent inversion of a covariance– like matrix formed from the set of distances to the n nearest neighbours, typically about 20. The matrix does not depend on the values of these neighbours. Once this O(n) calculation is performed, repeated samples can be drawn SPE 56823 J. GUNNING AND L. PATERSON SPE 3 in O(n) flops even if the values of the neighbours change. Hence we can form an algorithm which computes repeat simulations of a large set of N nodes in O(nN) flops, once the preliminary O(Nn) work is performed for the first simulation. This depends on fixing the path through the set of N nodes, which in this case corresponds to the 'unknown' nodes of the selected column. If the sequential path through the column of gridblocks is varied for each successive realisation, the O(Nn) process of repeating these simulations is unacceptably slow. If we fix the path, the O(nN) technique described in the preceding paragraph is


Abstract Polyester monofilaments are widely used in the manufacture of 3D textiles. Due to their buckling state during the fabric compression process, polyester fibres provide such fabrics with a number of interesting properties. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of the buckling behaviour of polyester monofilaments. The article focuses on the influence of the material heterogeneity of polyester fibres on this phenomenon. Experimental, analytical and numerical approaches are combined so as to determine how the critical buckling load evolves due to such heterogeneity. The results showed that it is reasonable to consider such monofilaments as homogeneous during the study of the critical buckling load thereof. The numerical study determined that the material heterogeneity of the fibre can be disregarded without unduly influencing the critical buckling load. Moreover, a comparison of the various results appeared to demonstrate the significant impact of the anisotropy of the fibre on the results.


Advances in information technology have now penetrated all sectors in the world of education, including teachers and students. Students who are currently the Generation z are very active in using social media, from the fact the author feels the need to integrate social media into Generation z learning. This article will discuss what social media can be integrated in generation z learning, and how to integrate it. The research methodology used is a combination of library research and the author's experience in using social media in learning. Social media that can be integrated into Generation z learning, namely Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter and Instagram. This election is based on the popularity of social media applications among the z generation, and all z generations use it. The way to integrate social media into learning generation Z, is by utilizing social media Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram as learning media. In practice this social media can be used as a virtual class, a forum for discussion, a place to share learning materials, share videos and pictures, and share information links around the lesson.


Introduction: The quality of health care is to say that each patient receives the most appropriate set of diagnostic and therapeutic services for optimal health care, with minimum risk and maximum satisfaction, Including evaluation of patient satisfaction as a tool in assessing the Wellness. Objective. Determine the quality of care given by nurses in consulting primary care. Methodology: Observational, transversal, descriptive, correlational study included 300 people, of both sexes, users of nursing services in health centers in the city of Iguala Gro, the Servqual questionnaire was applied to measure the quality consisting of five dimensions, using the program SPSS version 17. For the comparison group became a frequency analysis. T de Student. Results: It was observed that there is a 70% increase in services received between womens in both health centers than men. Disagreement with the quality of services increases as age increases. There is a 90% more of disagreement between users of the health center San Jose, evening shift, which in the Health Center Insurgentes, morning shift; and 2.3 times more disagreement on the quality of insurance services in the popular program opportunities. Together, the two health centers believe that the two most dominant features are the knowledge, skill and courtesy with 25% and appearance of the nurse, equipment and facilities with 24%. Conclusions: The determinants for a positive test are associated with the quality of care given by nurses (timely, personalized, individualized attention and informed), technical aspects and level of reliability in the process of health, even though an assessment bad-tangible assets regular health institutions.


Lie algebras are an important class of algebras which arise throughout mathematics and physics. We report on the formalisation of Lie algebras in Lean's Mathlib library. Although basic knowledge of Lie theory will benefit the reader, none is assumed; the intention is that the overall themes will be accessible even to readers unfamiliar with Lie theory. Particular attention is paid to the construction of the classical and exceptional Lie algebras. Thanks to these constructions, it is possible to state the classification theorem for finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. In addition to the focus on Lie theory, we also aim to highlight the unity of Mathlib. To this end, we include examples of achievements made possible only by leaning on several branches of the library simultaneously.


Title: "Ibsen as Understood in Bangladesh
Ghosts and A Doll's House seen through the Lenses of Gender"
Student: Sabiha Huq
Abstract of the thesis:
It is already established by the academia that one and the most important issue of all is the gender issue that has introduced Ibsen in other parts of the world. The discussion on Ibsen and Gender has almost become a cliche, as it has been the most vigorously discussed issue through centuries. One of the reasons A Doll's House has been so successful across the globe is because of its overt discussion about power relationships between men and women. Gender relationship in the west has changed widely during the last century, but in the third world countries, it is still part of the equality debate as a serious socio-political discourse. Staging of Ghosts and A Doll's House in Bangladesh in such a situation have been important events that have enabled women to express, at least during the shows, their pain and pathos. While A Doll's House was first introduced in Kolkata by "Little Theatre Group", and then by "Bahurupee", there was a question regarding women"s rights. Ghosts was also staged by the latter. In Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) Ibsen was translated for the first time by Abdul Huq in 1966, and the first play he chose to translate was A Doll's House. After the independence, there was no remarkable Ibsen practice until the 90s when Ibsen was introduced in the public universities as part of European Literature. The play that was mostly studied by students was A Doll's House. When Khaled Khan introduced Ibsen in on stage in Independent Bangladesh in 1993, he also chose A Doll's House. What may have inspired all these people to read and work on a particular play by Ibsen is obviously the play"s worldwide popularity as a play speaking on behalf of women"s movement. Ibsen himself denied any connection with gender debates; yet, the play"s overt connection with gender could never be neglected. The same could be said about Ghosts that speak about equality and women"s freedom of choice. Ibsen existed in the university curriculum, and students read A Doll's House as a play about women"s emancipation zealously. In this thesis I explain several departures in the stage productions from the original texts that, I believe, were
introduced because of the socio-political needs of the time, which centered on the problem of gender relationships. The interest was apparently socio-cultural development as gender was one of the main underdeveloped sectors in Bangladesh.


Let A be a commutative associative algebra with an identity 1 over an algebraically closed field k and D a nonzero fc-vector space of commuting κ-derivations of A. Su Yucai and Zhao Kaiming introduced the Weyl type algebra A[D] and proved that A[D], as an associative algebra, is simple if and only if A is D-simple and κ1 [D] acts faithfully on A. We give a pure ring theoretical proof for this result by proving there is an isomorphism between A[D] and the smash product A#U(D). Then we give an Ore extension realization of A[D].


This project investigates a novel approach to building computer systems that can recognize visual situations. While much effort in computer vision has focused on identifying isolated objects in images, what people actually do is recognize coherent situations — collections of objects and their interrelations that, taken together, correspond to a known concept, such as "dog-walking", or "a fight breaking out", or "a blind person crossing the street". Situation recognition by humans may appear on the surface to be effortless, but it relies on a complex dynamic interplay among human abilities to perceive objects, systems of relationships among objects, and analogies with stored knowledge and memories. Enabling computers to flexibly recognize visual situations would create a flood of important applications in fields as diverse as autonomous vehicles, medical diagnosis, interpretation of scientific imagery, enhanced humancomputer interaction, and personal information organization.


Geoid undulation has been determined for Nigeria in order to demonstrate its relationship with topography and the dynamic structure of the Earth's interior. Spherical harmonic expansion using the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) referenced to the WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) with coefficients extending to degree 2190 and order 2159 was found suitable for the determination of geoid undulation. The results from the analysis show that the Nigerian geoid undulations are positive and show overall good correlation with topography. The internal origin of the geoid undulation is attributed to excess mass beneath the ellipsoid. This internal mass distribution extend deep into the mantle. The highest geoid undulations are centered over the North central region of Nigeria with relatively lower values confined to the Nigerian sedimentary basins. The lowest geoid undulation values are within the oceanic areas.


Taking the landscape greening design of Zhongjiang highway for example,this thesis introduces different designs and measures taken according to different kinds of landscape spaces around superhighways so as to build a complete,harmonious and perfect green environment for superhighways.


The Global Asymptotic Stability (GAS), Voltage Regulation (VR), and Power Regulation (PR) of the excitation and governor control system are of critical importance for power system security. However, simultaneously fulfilling GAS, VR, and PR has not yet been achieved. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a Lyapunov-based decentralized Control (LBC) for the excitation and governor system of multi-machine power system. A completely controllable linear system is actively constructed to design the time-derivative of the Lyapunov function and GAS is guaranteed by satisfying the condition of GAS in Lyapunov theorem. At the same time, VR and PR are performed by introducing both voltage and power to the feedback. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested and validated on a six-machine power system.


Shifts in plants' phenophases caused by climate change can strongly affect the ecosystem structure and function. Temperature sensitivity, which is expressed as the date of phenological event change for per degree Celsius change of temperature (days °C−1), has been widely used to characterize the plants' responses to changed temperature. In this study, we analyzed the temperature sensitivity of leaf phenology (leaf unfolding date, LUD; leaf falling date, LFD) for more than 700 plant species based on the phenological observations at 56 sites in China from 1963 to 1988. Our results suggested significant spatial and interspecific variations in the responses of leaf phenology to changing temperature. Approximately 48.8% cases of LUD advanced significantly (p < 0.1) with the increasing spring temperature and 33.9% cases of LFD delayed significantly with increasing autumn temperature. The spring events were overall more sensitive to temperature than autumn events. Although the LUD of plants in warmer regions was more sensitive to changing temperature, the temperature sensitivities of LFD for plants in warmer regions were not significantly different from that for plants in cooler regions. Moreover, for spring phenology, many sites suggested higher temperature sensitivity for species that unfold their leaves earlier. For autumn phenology, species with later leaf-falling dates were generally more sensitive to temperature. Differences in species' responses to temperature that caused the discrepant changes in species' growing season can strongly impact vegetation dynamic and ecosystem function, and thus should be considered more when predicting the effects of climate warming on the biosphere.


Five different spring wheat varieties grown in Pakistan were selected for their biochemical and technological properties. The physical characteristics such as thousand kernel weight and test weight differed significantly among the wheat varieties. The chemical parameters such as moisture content, ash content, crude protein, and Pelshenke value, differed significantly for straight grade flour (SGF) among different wheat varieties. Significantly the highest wet gluten (38.83%) was found in SGF of Iqbal 2000 while the lowest (28.47%) wet gluten content was found in SGF of Kohinoor 83. The dry gluten content ranged from 10.49 to 13.60% between SGF of different wheat varieties. The Pelshenke value ranged from 51.04 to 150.12 minutes in SGF of different wheat varieties. The mineral contents like, calcium, iron, zinc and copper significantly differed among the wheat varieties. The electrophoretic patterns showed the variation in regions of molecular weight of glutenin subunits with differences in their intensities in different wheat varieties. The highest numbers of HMW-GS polypeptide bands were identified in wheat varieties Iqbal-2000 (102.9 kDa, 98.8 kDa, 87.1 kDa and 80.8 kDa). The low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) represented approximately 60% of the total wheat glutenin fractions of different wheat varieties, and their molecular weight ranged from 32.9 kDa to 67.0 kDa. The wheat variety Iqbal2000 showed the presence of LMW-GS of ~42 kDa which play only a major role in determining the good bread making quality characteristics. The sensoric attributes of breads varied significantly among different wheat varieties. The highest scores for different parameters were assigned to breads prepared from flour of C-273 and Iqbal 2000 while significantly the lowest were given to the breads prepared from wheat variety Punjab 96. The information obtained in this study can be useful for millers and bakers for the selection of suitable variety for their intended uses.


This article investigates the dynamic properties of two-dimensional nonlinear magnetic metamaterials consisting of nanoscale elements. The authors propose a model for a two-dimensional lattice of capacitively and inductively coupled split rectangular nanoresonators. It has been shown that the long-wave dynamics of this two-dimensional lattice are described by a regularized two-dimensional nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation, which has been solved in the form of two sequences of two-dimensional dynamic solitons on a pedestal of homogeneous forced oscillations, using an asymptotic method and taking into account the action of electromotive force (EMF) induced by an electromagnetic wave. The authors have calculated a diamagnetic response to an electromagnetic field in the terahertz range in the metamaterial region, where a breather is excited and oscillates in antiphase to a homogeneous background. The evolution of long-lived metastable breathers has been numerically studied, and two scenarios – collapse and decay – have been established for the development of their instability depending on the parameters of the induced EMF and inductive coupling between nanoresonators. It has been found that at the boundary between these scenarios, the final result of the transformation of the breathers is the chimera state of the metamaterial with a large-amplitude breather that generates stochastic waves.


A series of field experiments were conducted to investigate sediment re-suspension and cross-shore cycling in nearshore environments with special emphasis on different frequency components (wind waves, swell, infra-gravity waves etc.). Measurements included simultaneous records of surface elevation, cross-shore current velocities, and suspended sediment concentrations both inside and outside of the breaker zone. Measurement locations were selected to cover a range of hydrodynamic and sedimentological conditions. The results indicated that wave groups appeared to be more capable of re-suspending sediments than incident waves. Results of co-spectral analysis indicated that the direction of cross-shore (suspended) sediment flux on the frequency domain was different for each location under different conditions. This leads to the hypothesis that there are additional factors such as the local wave climate, grain size, beach slope, bed forms, etc., governing the pattern of cross-shore suspended sediment transport flux in the frequency domain.


type of poikilodermia associated with sclerosis-muscular atrophy--has always been progressive and serious. It is remarkable that all the cases described as poikilodermia with myositis-with one exception, that of Ingram-sclerosis has been mentioned as part of the cutaneous picture. But even in Ingram's case attention is drawn to a condensation of the immediately sub-epithelial dermis. So far, therefore, there appear to be these two clinical groups which may be related to one another, though histologically there are marked differences. The question that remains to be considered is whether either or both may be related to a third group, namely dermatomyositis. In this condition the muscular changes dominate the picture. The course of the disease is acute or subacute, the changes in the muscles are inflammatory rather than atrophic, and the disease is often fatal within a relatively short period. The differences may be only differences of degree, so that it is possible to imagine three groups merging one into the other, and consisting of: (1) Poikilodermia alone or with slight muscular atrophy; (2) poikilodermia with sclerosis and more marked and progressive muscular atrophy; (3) dermatomyositis, with severe acute or subacute inflammatory disease of the skeletal muscles, leading eventually to atrophy, and in the skin acute or subacute changes, erythema and cedema, &c., to begin with, followed eventually by changes characteristic of poikilodermia. Di8cssion.-Dr. J. T. INGRAM said that this case was similar to one which he had published last year, except that the muscle changes were not so extreme. The histology seemed to put this group into some relation to myasthenia gravis, particularly the lymphorrhagic infiltration of muscle. These cases seemed to respond, to some extent, to glycine therapy and ephedrin by the mouth. He had not tried physostygmine for them. The most striking thing was the history which such patients gave. His patient had complained that she had to be put up straight-in order to carry on her work, could not rise to standing position after sitting, or climb stairs. In earlier stages one could not find changes in the muscles or alterations in the joints. Dr. W. FREUDENTHAL drew attention to a paper by J. J. Zoon I who had had a case of pure poikiloderraia, and had made a biopsy of the muscle. He had found that muscle, which clinically was unchanged, showed histological changes similar to those in dermatomvositis.


University life reinforces the process of self-discovery and self-expression of students, which takes place across spaces within and outside the campus. The hairdressing salon is a cultural site and sphere of socialization where part of students' lives are also nurtured, yet it is largely ignored in scholarship. By inquiring into salon cultures, particularly underexplored dimensions of the transformations of salons into spaces transcending beautification purposes, this study questions how emerging salon cultures influence lifestyles and personalities of undergraduate students, representing the growing population of adolescents to womanhood. The study is organized as a qualitative research, supported by the Habermasian theory of the public sphere to provide a platform for discussing spatial realities of salons. The study cogently contributes to the hair discourse as central to the socialisation of girls and women in Nigerian cultural studies. By exploring the social forces and factors that female undergraduate students of University of Ibadan contend with while creating identities for themselves in the hair salon, wider sociological concerns discussed established their spatial awareness and cognition, with a conclusion that that how salon cultures are developed, deployed and imbibed could either protect or endanger the future of female students.


Whey is a dairy product, which was thought to be less valuable and was used as a feed for animals or as a source of surplus. In view of that, in overall world, more than 145 million tons of whey is produced, every year, the need for fresh ways to use whey can be esteemed. In current years, numerous studies have been shown about the significance of the properties and nutritional value of whey and its ingredients. Whey is disposed of in the trenches without any effective treatment, which raises the environmental issues. Another use of whey has been used to decrease the adverse effect that is produced on the environment. These uses are creation of relatively inexpensive raw materials, generation of energy and the extraction of macromolecules used in the industries. The integral use of waste at the bottom of the biorefinery scheme foreshadows another potential usage of the generated waste. The main purpose of this review is to elaborate the use of biorefinery for commercially available nutrients in the milk whey.


Provided are: a novel method for producing a diffractive multifocal ophthalmic lens that can create at least three focal points on an optical axis, allows the light intensity distribution on the optical axis to be adjusted and set efficiently and accurately, and is capable of providing a new method for tuning optical characteristics; and a novel diffractive multifocal ophthalmic lens. At the time of producing a diffractive multifocal ophthalmic lens capable of creating at least three focal points in an optical axis direction by a diffraction structure consisting of a plurality of concentric zones, a composite profile is created by overlapping at least two starting profiles consisting of the plurality of concentric zones, and also, an adjusted profile is created in which the phase and/or amplitude are/is adjusted by employing the zone(s) in the composite profile as the target in order to set the intensity distribution in the optical axis direction and determine the optical characteristics, to produce a diffractive multifocal ophthalmic lens in which the adjusted profile is provided in at least a portion of the diffraction structure.


Excessive memory usage in software applications has become a frequent issue. A high degree of parallelism and the monitoring difficulty for the developer can quickly lead to memory shortage, or can increase the duration of garbage collection cycles. There are several solutions introduced to monitor memory usage in software. However they are neither efficient nor scalable. In this paper, we propose a dynamic tracing-based sampling algorithm to collect and analyse run time information and metrics for memory usage. It is implemented as a kernel module which gathers memory usage data from operating system structures only when a predefined condition is set or a threshold is passed. The thresholds and conditions are preset but can be changed dynamically, based on the application behavior. We tested our solutions to monitor several applications and our evaluation results show that the proposed method generates compact trace data and reduces the time needed for the analysis, without loosing precision.


We study the time until first occurrence, the first-passage time, of rare density fluctuations in diffusive systems. We approach the problem using a model consisting of many independent random walkers on a lattice. The existence of spatial correlations makes this problem analytically intractable. However, for a mean-field approximation in which the walkers can jump anywhere in the system, we obtain a simple asymptotic form for the mean first-passage time to have a given number k of particles at a distinguished site. We show numerically, and argue heuristically, that for large enough k, the mean-field results give a good approximation for firstpassage times for systems with nearest-neighbour dynamics, especially for two and higher spatial dimensions. Finally, we show how the results change when density fluctuations anywhere in the system, rather than at a specific distinguished site, are considered. Introduction. – Rare events control the kinetics of many physical systems. They are frequently associated with activated processes, corresponding to the crossing of a high free-energy barrier, as happens, for example, in nucleation processes [1]. On the other hand, in diffusive systems, where particles undergo Brownian motion, there are no such energy barriers. Here, questions arise such as: what is the time required for a particle to first reach a particular region of space, or for a pair of particles to meet for the first time? Depending on the circumstances, such events can be very rare, in which case they may be the limiting step in the dynamics of the system. It is then crucial to understand when such events will occur. Diffusive systems exhibit universality, in the sense that their behaviour is often independent of the microscopic details. It is then convenient to study simple models, in the hope that the results will extend to more complicated systems. A common choice is that of particles undergoing a random walk on a lattice [2]. For a single-particle random walk, first-passage times to a given site in an infinite system have long been studied [3], and much is now known about their statistics [2,4]. Recent progress in this (a)E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. Current address: Departamento de F́ısica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico. direction was made by Condamin et al., who studied firstpassage times and distributions for a single particle diffusing from a source site to a destination site in a confined region [5–7]. Other properties, however, are relevant only when many walkers are present, for example the sequence of times for each to arrive at a given point [8], and the territory covered after a given number of steps [9, 10]. In this Letter, we study the following first-passage problem for systems containing many random walkers on a periodic lattice: how long does it take for k of the walkers to accumulate at a given site? For k much larger (or much smaller) than the mean density, this corresponds to a large local density fluctuation, and is thus a rare event. A related quantity was studied numerically in [11], as a model of particles traversing a membrane pore. Special cases have also been studied in relation to Ritort's backgammon model [12,13], and another related model was recently used in a study of cooperativity in chemical kinetics [14]. The general problem has, however, received scant attention, despite its relevance for many physical systems. Indeed, the problem pertains to any systems whose dynamics may be affected by the accumulation of diffusing particles in a given region. A particular physical example that we have in mind is a fluid of hard discs exhibiting glassy behaviour. When the density of discs is close to the


This article reviews the literature concerning the introduction of interactive whiteboards (IWBs) in educational settings. It identifies common themes to emerge from a burgeoning and diverse literature, which includes reports and summaries available on the Internet. Although the literature reviewed is overwhelmingly positive about the impact and the potential of IWBs, it is primarily based on the views of teachers and pupils. There is insufficient evidence to identify the actual impact of such technologies upon learning either in terms of classroom interaction or upon attainment and achievement. This article examines this issue in light of varying conceptions of interactivity and research into the effects of learning with verbal and visual information.


The botany traits, quality traits, yield traits of 39 inbred lines for red-seed watermelon were analyzed by canonical correlation analysis.The results showed that the very significant correlation was between yield traits and botany traits, the significant correlation was between yield traits and quality traits and so was between quality traits and botany traits. The most important factors for yield were single-fruit seed weight and single-fruit seed number, less important factors were kilo-grain weight, single-fruit weight, length of main vine and leaf number. Single-fruit seed weight, single-fruit weight, kernel weight and producing-kernel ratio were improved by controlling the length of main vine and leaf number during the course of selecting breeding aiming at multi-trait.


Neither the study of the short term outcomes of prostate biopsy nor the accompanying editorial covers the potential of transrectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy to cause needle track seeding and extracapsular extension of tumour.1 2

This was identified in 1991 and acknowledged in a 1997 Health Technology Assessment report.3 4 It noted that diagnosis of …


The structure of NaAlSirO, glass has often been studied as an analogue for that of silicic magmas. We describe here 2eSi and 2?Al MAS-NMR spectra for glasses quenched from pressures of 8 and l0 GPa. Unlike in our recent studies of alkali silicate glasses, we see no suggestion of a coordination number increase for Si. We do find some evidence for five-coordinated aluminum, but the narrow, discrete t6tAl peak reported by Ohtani et al. (1985) is not present in our spectra. Coordination changes in tectosilicate liquids may occur by a mechanism different from that in liquids containing abundant nonbridging O.


Around 15% of the global population live with some kind of disability suffering from isolation and reduced quality of life. They travel three times less often than the general public due to poor infrastructure and as they feel uncomfortable when their disability is noticed by others. There is a need to understand the challenges these individuals face at an emotional as well as clinical level and to develop advanced assistive solutions which will enable people to undertake more activities which require complex movements and experience full societal integration.


This paper investigates how language as a tool of statecraft has changed over time and whether it remains relevant and legitimate in the current globalised context. Viewing the issue from an interdisciplinary perspective, it considers the role language policies have played at different stages in history, from enabling European nation-states to forcibly to carve out a new identity around a unified language, to fulfilling the imperialist mission of 'educating' colonised populations in an attempt to generate lasting economic and cultural benefits for colonial powers. Language policies survived the decolonization process and took new soft power forms in an attempt to address current day challenges. The authors argue, based on the analysis of expert interviews and data sources (both primary and secondary), that while the discourse and means of implementing language policies have changed under new conditions – particularly the rejection of force in language promotion, the domination of English, the protection of minority dialects, and the technological changes linked to globalization – the belief in the power of language to shape allegiances remains, on the political level, unchanged.


Objective To establish HPLC fingerprints of Lycoris radiate(L′Her.)Herb..Methods HPLC was applied on Agilent 1100 with VWD detector at 232nm and acetonitrile-methol-water solution,the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min.Results The RSD of relative retention time and peak area of coexist peaks met to method requirement during the investigation of precision,stability and repeatibity trials.All of the 10 batches of samples shared a high similarity.At the same time,the contents of three alkaloids in 10 batch samples and other samples were determined.Conclusion The fingerprint of Lycoris radiate(L′Her.)Herb.can be used as their characteristic chromatography fingerprint of Shisuan.


Based on the CL reaction of ferricyanide with methyldopa in sodium hydroxide media sensitized by the fluorescent dye,dichlorofluorescein, a novel flow injection chemiluminescence(CL) system for the determination of methyldopa was described.The proposed method had a linear range of 1.0×10~(-8)~1.0×10~(-6) g/mL with the detection limit of 5.8×10~(-9) and RSD of 2.9%(1.0×10~(-7)g/mL,n=11).This method was sensitive,simple,rapid,and was successfully applied to the determination of methyldopa in tablets.


The condition for an n-th order parametric resonances of transverse motion is The proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) requires the construction of a cw 1.4 GV superconducting (SC) linac that is capable of producing 400 kW beams of all ions from protons at 900 MeV to uranium at 400 MeV/u. The design of such a linac was outlined at the previous Linac conference. This linac will accelerate multiplecharge-states (multi-q) of the heaviest ion beams, for which the beam current is limited by ion-source performance. The linac consists of two different types of accelerating and focusing lattice: for uranium below ~85 MeV/u the focusing is provided by SC solenoids installed in cryostats with the SC resonators while in the high-beta section the focusing elements are located outside of the cryostats. A detailed design has been developed for the focusing-accelerating lattice of the linac. Beam dynamics studies have been performed with the goal of optimization of the linac structure in order to reduce a possible effective emittance growth of the multi-q uranium beam. A wide tuning range of the accelerating and focusing fields is required for acceleration of the variety of ions with different charge-to-mass ratios to the highest possible energy in single charge state mode. The focusing must be retuned for different ion masses to avoid resonance coupling between the transverse and longitudinal motions. Any visible impact of this coupling on the formation of beam halo must be avoided due to the high beam power. l t 2 µ µ =


The equations of motion of lattice vibrations are formulated with the action principle as a starting point. Aa a result, one obtains, in addition to the equations of motion, the conservation laws for energy and momentum. The latter are contained in a set of finite difference equations. Boundary conditions on the field variables must be specified over a region equal to one lattice spacing in order for the entire procedure to be meaningful. The quantized version of the theory can be constructed in a conventional way, and the commutators of the field variables exhibit a set of periodically spaced singularities. In this way we construct a field which is nonlocal with respect to its dependence on space variables, but is local with respect to its time dependence.


Prosopis species is a medicinal plant, well-known for its beneficial effects in treating various smooth muscles disorders, and its phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different bioactive compounds in different parts of the plant, most of which show a great role in reducing cardiovascular risks. In the present study, the cardiovascular effect of Prosopis farcta Root Extract (PFRE) was investigated in vitro for possible mechanisms of the extract effect in the vascular reactivity of isolated goat coronary artery (CA) using Organ bath and PowerLab Data Acquisition system. The results of the recording and analyzing of the effect of the PFRE in isolated CA, showed the negative inotropic activity of the extract in CA rings with intact-endothelium, while in CA ring with hyperglycemic-induced endothelium dysfunction the extract tended to vasodilate the CA ring non-significantly, and the extract induced dose-dependent vasodilation in CA rings pre-constricted with high concentration of (30 mM)KCl and showed no effects on contractions induced by (1X10-3-1X10-5) Phenylephrine PE, which is an indicator for its blockade activity on L-type voltage-dependent Ca+2 channel and non-interfering of the extract with the receptor-operated Ca+2 channel. The mechanical recording of the CA ring activities, revealed different potassium (K+) channels including selective calcium-activated potassium channel, ATP-sensitive potassium channel, and different endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF) including nitric oxide and Prostacyclin (PGI2 ) seems to have no role in the relaxation effects of the extract, while the endothelium derived-hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF); epoxy eicosatrienoic acid (EET) showed significant participation in the vasodilation effects of the extract. On the other hand, the extract tended to relax the CA rings through its antagonizing of Ca+2, reducing and inhibiting Ca+2 influx and release from internal stores and interfering with the voltage-operated Ca+2 channels through its alkaloid and flavonoid active compounds which suggested to be the most predicted mechanisms for the maintenance of vasodilating tone and coronary circulation of the PFRE in coronary artery.


Undocumented migrants' bodies are typically assumed to exhibit signs of their so-called "illegal" status. In the absence of phenotypic, linguistic, or religious diacritics of categorical outsidership, however, how are migrants made legible and policed? How might they navigate state surveillance by exploiting their perceived equivalences with members of a host community? Indonesians were long encouraged to informally emigrate to neighboring Malaysia because they readily assimilated as Malay-speaking Muslim members of the greater "Malay race." More recently, however, they have figured in countervailing narratives as a parasitic and frustratingly elusive presence in need of expulsion. This article outlines how Indonesian migrants and Malaysian citizens are responding to these developments by jointly reevaluating their qualitative equivalences. First, it sketches how "diasporic infrastructures" linking Indonesia and Malaysia have enabled the conditions of possibility for the production of equivalences between migrants and hosts. Second, it sketches a semiotics of "grading" (a process whereby agents discern and evaluate qualitative intensities), examining how equivalences between these commensurate collectivities are settled, indicated, and framed along gradations of more-or-less-ness. Third, it assesses how sonically graded differences in embodied qualities of talk can unsettle equivalences between migrants and citizens, potentially putting migrants at risk.


A direct method for measuring dynamic phase pressures for water and oil and calculation of relative permeabilities is introduced. The method provides dynamic capillary pressure, which is necessary for a realistic calculation of relative permeabilities. By measuring the individual in-situ phase-pressures and saturation from material balance, the dynamic rock/fluid interaction properties were determined. Hence, the drawback of the traditional unsteady-state calculation method of relative permeability, namely neglecting capillary pressure is overcome. Outcrop sandstone cores were confined in an epoxy sleeve, allowing small pressuremonitored water-and oil-wetting porous membranes to be in capillary contact with the rock fluids. Brine and Exxsol-D60 (dead oil) were used to represent oil and water and the experiments were performed at low pressure and temperature. Many prototype experiments testing different components were done. Eventually, drainage using different rates was performed followed by an imbibition process using a low capillary rate. The combination of this method with in-situ saturation measurements and a traditional special core analysis method, gives an improved procedure for directly calculating relative permeabilities over the entire saturation range: For low and intermediate wetting phase saturations, where capillary forces are predominant, the new method is especially applicable. As the saturation increases, the traditional method will be sufficient for inverting the relative permeabilities. In future, this method can be applied to both unsteady- and steady-state commercial experiments, comprising both two- and threephase processes.


The paper studies the coseismic changes of water level and water temperature caused by the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.The differences of water level and water temperature variations caused by the MS 8.5 Sumatra earthquake on Sep.12,2007 and the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008 are analyzed.The result shows that the well water level change caused by Wenchuan earthquake is dominated by rising.Spatial distribution of wells with water level rising or descending exhibits regional difference.The proportion of wells is higher with water level and water temperature changes in the same directions than in the reverse direction.Water temperature mainly dropped when water level fluctuated.Compared to remote earthquake,near earthquake caused bigger changes in water level and water temperature in wells.Coseismic changes of all the well water level and most of water temperature kept the same direction regardless of distance,magnitude,focal mechanism of earthquakes or epicentral directions,though water temperature direction changes occurred only at some peculiar wells.The water temperature direction changes were caused by changes of artesian condition and water level response from fluctuations to steps.The direction of water level changes might be controlled mainly by both local geological structures and hydro-geological conditions of the well.However,the direction of water temperature relates with mixing of water in the well,the location of the water temperature probe and other factors.The mechanisms of water temperature coseismic change are more complicated.


Bayesian optimization (BO) has emerged as the algorithm of choice for guiding the selection of experimental parameters in automated active learning driven high throughput experiments in materials science and chemistry. Previous studies suggest that optimization performance of the typical surrogate model in the BO algorithm, Gaussian processes (GPs), may be limited due to its inability to handle complex datasets. Herein, various surrogate models for BO, including GPs and neural network ensembles (NNEs), are investigated. Two materials datasets of different complexity with different properties are used, to compare the performance of GP and NNE—the first is the compressive strength of concrete (8 inputs and 1 target), and the second is a simulated high‐dimensional dataset of thermoelectric properties of inorganic materials (22 inputs and 1 target). While NNEs can converge faster toward optimum values, GPs with optimized kernels are able to ultimately achieve the best evaluated values after 100 iterations, even for the most complex dataset. This surprising result is contrary to expectations. It is believed that these findings shed new light on the understanding of surrogate models for BO, and can help accelerate the inverse design of new materials with better structural and functional performance.


This paper aims to study the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on employee's performance. Employees obviously work for the organization for monetary benefits but these monetary compensations and rewards are not the sole requirement of all employees. Some of them need salary increment and bonuses to get themselves motivated while others need recognition and non-monetary benefits. The study was aimed to discuss how the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation can hinder or increase the motivation level of employees. Several motivational theories have also been discussed in this paper that helps in better understanding of why and how employees are motivated. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is said to have significant impact on employee's performance.  Our study examined 60 female and 143 male respondents (n=203) of banking sector to study the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on employee's performance. There was a positive relationship of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of employees with their performance. With the increase in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, employee's performance tends to increase as well. We also have discussed some of the future directions and recommendations so that it can help future researchers to study the other constructs that can affect employee's performance.


Metis is the coronagraph on board the Solar Orbiter ESA/NASA mission, it is designed to study the solar corona by providing an artificial solar eclipse. Metis features two channels: the ultraviolet H I (121.6 nm) and the visible light (580-640 nm). This work is focalised on the latter. Radiometric performances have been tested on-ground using a flatfield panel (uniform illumination), and the in-flight stability can be verified through the light reflected from the instrument door. When the Sun light impacts on the spacecraft shield, a fraction is reflected in the direction of the door, which then partly reflects it inside Metis. The analysis of the door images confirms its integrity and that of its subsequent optical components, since the reflected intensity follows as expected a 1/r2 law, r being the Sun-spacecraft distance. Further analysis is being performed on such images to verify the operating status of various elements of Metis. Complementary ray-tracing simulation studies on the door retro-reflectivity properties are also in progress.


Introduction Providing an innovative and sustainable solution for the refurbishment of road bridges and users safety: this is the aim of the European research project SUREBridge (Sustainable Refurbishment of Existing Bridges), co-financed by the European Commission through the ERA-NET Infravation 2014 Call. Due to the expected increase in the traffic volume, existing bridges will be subjected to more severe actions in the near future. Consequently, the need to refurbish these infrastructures, often structurally deficient and obsolete, will increase dramatically. At present, construction and maintenance activities relating to bridges imply costly and time-consuming procedures, with a negative impact on traffic flow and welfare in wider terms. In addition to disturbance, disruption, and pollution, other main challenges are the inefficient use of resources, i.e. materials, energy, waste management, and recycling. Thus, the target of the SUREBridge project is to increase the load-carrying capacity of concrete and steel-concrete bridges to the desired level, exploiting the remaining capacity of the superstructure and preserving the structural elements of the deck. This is achieved by using tailor-made glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) panels, installed on top of the existing concrete slab, and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates, applied to the bottom side of the girders. Such laminates are pre-stressed by using an innovative technique, which avoids stress peaks in the CFRP-concrete interface, thus preventing early Composite Materials for the Sustainable Refurbishment of Bridges


The utility model discloses a laser demarcation instrument digitization detecting device based on a linear array CCD (Charge Coupled Device) and relates to a laser demarcation instrument detecting device. The laser demarcation instrument digitization detecting device comprises a laser demarcation instrument to be detected, wherein the laser demarcation instrument to be detected is provided with a cubic wall, a linear array CCD detector, an area array CCD detector, a serial HUB and an upper computer; by matching 8 paths of high-precision linear array CCDs with one path of area array CCD, all detecting indexes of the laser demarcation instrument are collected, and a detecting result is printed, coded and counted; and the workload for tuning, calibrating and detecting the laser demarcation instrument can be greatly reduced, and meanwhile, damage to human eyes caused by visual detection and the subjectivity of visual detection of different detecting staffs are also avoided, therefore, a detecting method is safe and reliable, and the result is more objective and scientific. The utility model not only can be used for detection and calibration of laser demarcation instrument manufacturers, maintenance departments, and the like but also can provide a laser demarcation instrument detecting standard for relevant industries, such as quality technical supervision departments, metrological verification departments, surveying and mapping departments, national defense and military industries, and the like.


AbstractRecently, there has been a revival of interest in the Lanczos potential of the Weyl conformal tensor.Previous work by Novello and Neto has been done with the linearized Lanczos potential as a model of aspin-2 field, which depends on a massless limit of the field. In this paper, we look at an action based on amassless potential, and show that it is classically equivalent to the linearized regime of general relativity,without reference to any limiting case. 1 Introduction It is well-known that the quantization of gravity has been a challenging problem unsolved for several decades.There have been a number of attempts to rewrite general relativity in terms of different variables to providean alternate viewpoint that might prove fruitful. In general, these new ideas – such as connection variables,twistors, and the null surface formalism – are based on geometric notions. However, we could also follow thelead of Feynman [4]: start with a linear action for a spin-2 field, and build up general relativity by requiringconsistency and gauge invariance. Certainly, in any tensor with more than two indices, we can find a spin-2piece to work with. Yet we can combine these two approaches, since there exists a spin-2 piece of a tensor(in addition to the metric) that has a geometric interpretation – namely, the Lanczos potential L


The architecture of Iran is wholly based on the comprehensive use of knowledge of both metaphysical and physical sciences. Architecture and structural engineering in Iran involve a great range of buildings distributed over a vast area from the borders of China to the Mediterranean coastlines. Certain design elements, developed by Iranian architecture and aesthetics, persisted for thousands of years and exerted a marked effect on other successive styles of construction throughout the world. Architecture in Iran solved complicated structural problems and created magnificent architectural masterpieces. In this paper, the evolution of Persian traditional architecture is discussed and a general overview of the paramount virtues of the traditional architecture and historical buildings of Iran with emphasis on structural and scientific features will be presented.


Abstract : This report describes the development of a flutter suppression actuator technique and the wind tunnel evaluation of that technique. The report also describes the flightworthiness testing of a direct drive Fly-By-Wire flight control system applied to the aileron axis of an F-4 aircraft. Also included is an evaluation of an angular rate sensing augmentation actuator supplied to the Air Force for evaluation. Presented in the material are the test results of all three experimental evaluations. Further testing of the flutter suppression is recommended to clarify an anomoly in the results of the testing. The direct drive control system passed its environmental testing used to establish flight worthiness. The rate sensing actuator operated as designed.


HTTPS has become a vital component of the WWW ecosystem. However, today's application-layer middleboxes in the cloud are largely "blind" to HTTPS traffic. We propose a novel system infrastructural solution, called CloudEye, that allows middleboxes to selectively manipulate HTTPS traffic. A key design philosophy of CloudEye is to hide all the complexity from client and server applications (thus being transparent to them) and to have middlebox-related functions managed by a dedicated OS service. CloudEye provides control of what information the middlebox can access through new techniques such as HTTPS tags and shadow connections, without changing the TLS/SSL or HTTP protocol. CloudEye is secure and easy to use. We implemented its prototype on Linux/Android, and demonstrated its low overhead and rich use cases on off-the-shelf mobile devices and cloud servers.


Pseudogenes are non-functioning copies of genes in genomic DNA, which may either result from reverse transcription from a messenger RNA transcript (termed processed pseudogenes) or from gene duplication and subsequent disablement (non-processed pseudogenes). As pseudogenes are apparently 'dead', they usually have a variety of disablements (e.g. insertions, deletions, frameshifts and truncations) relative to their functioning homologues. We have derived an initial estimate of the size, distribution and characteristics of the pseudogene population in the ribbon worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genome, performing a survey in 'molecular archaeology'. Based on the estimated 18,576 proteins in the worm (i.e., in the Wormpep18 database), we have found 3,814 corresponding pseudogenes and pseudogenic fragments, about one for every 5 genes. Few of these appear to be processed. Details of our pseudogene assignments are available from http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/genome/worm/intergenic. The population of pseudogenes differs significantly from that of genes in a number of respects: (i) Pseudogenes are distributed unevenly across the genome relative to genes, with a disproportionate number on chromosome IV; (ii) The density of pseudogenes is higher on the arms of the chromosomes, unlike the density of genes; (iii) The amino-acid composition of pseudogenes is midway between that of genes and (translations of) random intergenic DNA, with the largest differences for Phe, Ala, Asp and Glu; And (iv) the most common protein folds and families differ between genes and pseudogenes -whereas the most common protein fold found in the worm proteome is the immunoglobulin fold, the most common 'pseudofold' is that of phosphoglycerate mutase, which is only moderately abundant in the proteome. In addition, the size of a gene family bears no relationship to the size of its corresponding pseudogene