To elucidate the formation mechanism of N,N′-dialkylpyrazine cation radical during browning reaction of sugars with amino compounds, main products in an early stage of the reaction were determined quantitatively by TLC and GLC. It was shown that the Schiff base, two-carbon fragmental product of sugar, the free radical and deoxyosone were successively produced prior to the browning. Polarographical measurements indicated that the radical formation was induced by the production of some reducing substances in the reaction mixture. These results suggest that the free radical was formed by the reduction of N,N′-dialkylpyrazinium; a compound, which demonstrated to have a strong activity to browning, might be formed by condensation of two-carbon enaminol followed by oxidation.


Recommender Systems apply machine learning and data mining techniques to filter undetected information and can predict whether a user of a system would like a given resource based on his/her interests and preferences. To date a number of recommendation algorithms have been proposed, where Collaborative Filtering (CF) and Content-Based Filtering (CBF) are the two most famous and adopted recommendation techniques. CF Recommender Systems recommend items by identifying other users with similar taste and use their opinions for recommendation. CF Recommender Systems suffer from problems and challenges such as scalability, first rater (new item), data sparsity and cold-start problems. On the other hand, CBF Recommender Systems recommend items based on the content information of the items and match these items with interest and preferences of a user and therefore suffer from an overspecialization problem. In order to generate accurate and good recommendations, Hybrid Recommender Systems combine CF and CBF Recommender Systems to avoid the above aforementioned problems and challenges. This paper initially discusses Recommender Systems in general, then presents an overview of the state-of-the-art research in the area of Hybrid Recommender Systems, specifically from the perspective of types, applications, architectures and algorithms and finally discusses relevant open issues of Hybrid Recommender Systems.


In many cases, when governments commit themselves to green policy targets, they also imply the development of 'green' industries to reach those targets. But, how do governments foster the development of such industries? This is particularly relevant because such industries are often in a very early stage of their evolution. Taking the case of organic farming, we argue that the state's ability to foster 'policy capacity' is critical to the emerging development trajectories of such industries. Focussing on the state's ability to generate policy capacity in the Danish and Australian organic food sector, this article suggests that policy capacity develops as a result of high levels of state and associative capacity and the ability to create conditions favourable for corporatist deliberation. The comparative study undertaken demonstrates that these conditions are met in the Danish case, resulting in a high level of policy capacity. By contrast, Australia suffers from a low level of policy capacity as a result of low state and associative capacity and lack of corporatist deliberation.


Two Eulerian circuits, both starting and ending at the same vertex, are avoiding if at every other point of the circuits they are at least distance 2 apart. An Eulerian graph which admits two such avoiding circuits starting from any vertex is said to be doubly Eulerian. The motivation for this definition is that the extremal Eulerian graphs, i.e. the complete graphs on an odd number of vertices and the cycles, are not doubly Eulerian. We prove results about doubly Eulerian graphs and identify those that are the `densest' and `sparsest' in terms of the number of edges.


Analysis has studied northern part of Jahorina, Ravna Mountain, whose karst plateau presents water aggregation surface for Paljanska Miljacka and Bistrica flows, which are used as water supply for Sarajevo and Pale. This paper presented hydrogeological and hydrological characteristics of the area and applied analyzes of other physical-geographic characteristics which are an essential indicator of the quality of groundwater. Applying various methods, we have obtained maps that shows different ways of groundwater pollution in karst. We analyzed spatial relationships and connections with individual socio-geographical components. Thought correlation methods we obtained results which provided conclusions for possible measures against pollution of groundwater in karst and karst in general.


The rapid and efficient recovery in the event of failures is very important for database system. To aim at the characteristics of embedded real-time main memory database, this paper presents the logging-based recovery strategy and realization technique based on the material embedded real-time main memory database system (ARTs-EDB).


In this paper, the author analyzes the process in which Qian Xue-sen founds the Engineering Cybernetics, compares it with the Wiener Cybernetics, points out that the Engineering Cybernetics which is used in automatic control and adjustment is a kind of technological sciences. In the end, the author believes that the engineering Cybernetics has advanced the Cybernetics in the aspects of Feedback method and Control criterion of not influence each other.


The background of online shopping system,the significance of online shopping simulation experiment system design and research were introduced.Based on the actual online shopping,the system requirement analysis and the total design project of the system were given,business process and the database of the system were design,the online shopping simulation experiment system was realized with Visual studio.net 2005 and SQL Server 2005 database management system.


The alternative fuels, such as biomass, municipal wastes, and underground coal gasification gas, become attractive to the power plants as renewable energy sources or economical fuels. However, the alternative fuels usually have much lower heating value and different chemical compositions from those of coal and natural gas. Firing these alternative fuels in the boilers that are originally designed for coal firing or natural gas firing may cause unexpected boiler operating issues and/or thermal performance degradation. A careful evaluation study is often required prior to implementation. This paper presents the results of a study that evaluated the feasibility of using an underground coal gasification gas as a reburn fuel. The evaluation was done on Eskom's Majuba Unit 5, a 710 MWe opposed wall-fired boiler, located in South Africa. The study utilized heat transfer analysis and computational fluid dynamics models to (1) evaluate the impacts of firing low calorific fuel on boiler efficiency and the boiler auxiliary system performance, (2) develop a conceptual gas reburn injection system, and (3) evaluate the impacts of gas reburn on the boiler thermal performance and boiler NOx emissions. The results indicate that the underground coal gasification gas can be an effective reburn fuel for the Majuba boiler with upgrades on the auxiliary systems.


Apparatus including a maintenance interface unit is described. In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus includes a multi-processor system and maintenance interface unit. Multiprocessor systems use cache coherency to access the memory. Maintenance interface unit, incorporated in a multiprocessor system configured to enable access by a back door to the multi-processor system on behalf of the external maintenance system. Moreover, the maintenance interface unit is also configured to maintain at the same time the cache coherency when performing operations within a multiprocessor system.


We investigated a new phenomenon of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic reconnection in TS-4 torus plasma merging experiments by directly measuring the 3D structures of the current sheet. Removal of all toroidal asymmetry of the device reveals that a strong external drive of reconnection inflow increases the toroidal asymmetry of the current sheet only during the reconnection. This spontaneous 3D deformation of the current sheet increases the reconnection outflow as well as the reconnection electric field, probably because local compression of the current sheet to a thickness less than the ion gyroradius triggers its strong dissipation of the current sheet, responsible for the onset of 3D reconnection. These mechanisms indicate that the 3D reconnection is a newly observed spontaneous process of fast reconnection.


Abstract : The trifuloromethane in either the presence or absence of metabolic activation did not induce a significant increase in mutant frequency at the GPT locus in cultured AS52 cell.


In this paper,we present a new idea on assembly principle and a newly developed robotic assembly systembased on force feedback,which employs a specially designed active/passlve micro manipulator to combine ac-tive accommodation with passive compliance function.The experimental setup we built can carry out assem-bly operation in arbitrary direction in an average time of 1.8 seconds,even under the condition of uncham-fered parts.


Influenced by European Romanticism, Americans have thought and written about their relationship to the natural world at least since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The earliest works of environmental history-concerning the United States at least-were written primarily in the 1930s and 1940s and focused on the West.2 But American environmental history as a distinct field of study-possessing a wide range of nuance and topic-did not take shape until the late 1960s with the emergence of the modem environmental movement. Although it drew enthusiastic support from college students and others caught up in the political and social turmoil of the 1960s, the modem environmental movement was rooted more deeply in the American experience. Attracting major support from the middle and upper-middle classes, and bolstered by the maturing of ecological science, it functioned politically as a coalition of groups with a variety of interests, including natural-environment issues such as outdoor recreation, wildlands, and open space, and in concerns over public health and environmental pollution.


Analytical solutions to the ground-waterflow equation are derived for ten cases of hydraulic interaction between a stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer. The ten aquifer types for which analytical solutions are derived are: a semi-infinite or finite-width confined aquifer; a semi-infinite or finite-width leaky aquifer with constant head overlying the aquitard; a semi-infinite or finite-width leaky aquifer with an impermeable layer overlying the aquitard; a semi-infinite or finite-width leaky aquifer overlain by a water-table aquitard; and a semi-infinite or finite-width water-table aquifer. All aquifer types allow for the presence or absence of a uniform semipervious streambank. Of primary interest are newly derived solutions for water-table aquifers and for leaky aquifers overlain by water-table aquitards. Two computer programs are described that evaluate the analytical solutions for time-varying stream-stage or recharge stresses that are specified by the user. The programs can simulate the effects of stream-stage fluctuations for all aquifer types. However, simulation of basin-wide recharge or evapotranspiration at the water table is permitted only for water-table aquifers and leaky aquifers overlain by a water-table aquitard. For these aquifer types, effects of recharge or evapotranspiration can be simulated alone or in combination with stream-stage fluctuations. The computer programs use the convolution relation to calculate changes in ground-water levels at an observation well or observation piezometer, seepage rates at the stream-aquifer boundary, and bank storage. The program designated STLK1 was developed for application to confined and leaky aquifers, and the program designated STWT1 was developed for application to water-table aquifers. The programs can be applied to the analysis of a passing flood wave, determination of ground-water discharge rates in response to recharge, determination of aquifer hydraulic properties, design of streamaquifer data-collection networks, and testing of numerical-model computer codes. Instructions are provided for constructing the necessary data-input files for the programs, and three sample problems are described to provide examples of the uses of the programs.


Abstract BACKGROUND: Research has consistently suggested urban dwelling in late adulthood is associated with better cognitive ability. Whether early life rural/urban dwelling and its interaction with late-life rural/urban dwelling relate with late-life cognitive ability in the context of Mexico is not well understood. METHOD: Data comes from the 2003 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Early life rural/urban was assessed as respondents' reports of growing up in an urban/rural area. Current rural/urban was assessed by locality size (greater/fewer than 100,000 residents). RESULTS: Both early life and current rural residence were associated with poorer cognitive ability independent of education, literacy, early life SES and health, income/wealth, healthcare access, health, and health behaviors. Compared to individuals who always lived in rural areas, rural to urban migration was associated with better cognitive ability. DISCUSSION: In addition to current rural/urban dwelling, researchers should consider where individuals lived in early life and migration across the life-course.


We propose a compact dual-mode 3 dB power splitter at O-band which is compatible with CMOS process. Gradient-based inverse design with level set method is utilized to optimize the device.


The formation of particles of elemental tin in association with the nucleation of the precipitate phase θ′ in an Al–1.7 at.% Cu–0.01 at.% Sn alloy has been investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of lattice images has demonstrated that these tin particles associated with θ′ platelets formed during short-term ageing (typically 3 min at 200°C) exhibit a crystallographic form that is distinctly different from that previously reported in such ternary alloys and also from that observed in the binary alloy Al–0.01 at.% Sn. Those tin particles that could be clearly identified as β-Sn phase shared a crystallographic relationship of the form (001)Sn‖(001)Al‖(001)θ′, [110]Sn‖[100]Al ‖ [100]θ′ with the α-Al and θ′ phases with which they were simultaneously in contact. The observations imply that, while tin may assist nucleation of platelets of θ′, the formation of θ′ equally influences the crystallography of β-Sn that forms in association with θ′. Following prolonged ageing (typically 50 h at 200°C), the β-Sn particles in contact with θ′ plates had coarsened and diminished in number, and most now exhibited an orientation relationship with α-Al matrix similar to that observed in the binary alloy Al–0.01 at.% Sn (i.e. (100)Sn ) and to that previously observed in the later stages of ageing of the ternary alloy Al–1.7  at.%  Cu–0.01 at.% Sn.


High-paraffin, methane, lowand medium-s ulfur oils and bitumens (zone I) occur in those parts of the depression where the degree of catagenic alteration is highest gas-coal to B 1 stages. Paraffin, medium-sulfur, and tarry oils and bitumens (zone II) are concentrated in the region where the sediments have reached the B 2 -B3 stages. High-sulfur, high-tar, low-paraffin oils and bitumens (zone III) are char cteristic of sediments of th e early brown-coal stage, B 1.


The paper is concerned with the derivation and analysis of nonoverlapping domain decomposition for heterogeneous, anisotropic diffusion problems discretized by the finite element cell-centered (FECC) scheme. Differently from the standard finite element method (FEM), the FECC method involves only cell unknowns and satisfies local conservation of fluxes by using a technique of dual mesh and multipoint flux approximations to construct the discrete gradient operator. Consequently, if the domain is decomposed into nonoverlapping subdomains, the transmission conditions (on the interfaces between subdomains) associated with the FECC scheme are different from those of the standard FEM. However, the substructuring procedure as well as the Neumann-Neumann type preconditioner can be adapted to the domain decomposition-based FECC method naturally. Convergence analysis of a preconditioned iterative algorithm, namely the Dirichlet-Neumann to Neumann-Neumann algorithm, associated with the discrete FECC interface problem is the main focus of this work. Two dimensional numerical results for two subdomains with conforming meshes demonstrate that the preconditioned iterative algorithm converges independently of the mesh size and the coefficient jump.


This paper emphasizes the hardware design and realization of video encoding/decoding system.The high performance system based on TMS320DM642 comprises digital video encoder/decoders(TVP5150 SAA7105) and other important peripheral circuits.The architecture of system and function modules are described,and some solutions are given for the problems according to the practice.In the end,the application foreground and improvement of the system are introduced.


ABSTRACT Compartmentalization (keeping identities separate) and integration (creating a single overarching identity) are two ways in which people can manage their multiple cultural identities. This study examined social network correlates of these two configurations among immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Canada (N= 137). Drawing on sociological theories, we focused on egocentric network indices reflecting bonding capital – the benefits from being embedded in a community – and bridging capital – the benefits from outward-looking social connections. Further, we considered the differential role of three culturally-defined subnetworks: mainstream, heritage, and third-culture connections. The latter played in critical role in fostering identity integration. Network configurations striking a balance between boosting mainstream density and limiting heritage density seemed to be optimally related to identity integration.


Brominate-5-[4-(N-cetryl)pyridyl]10,15,20-(4-pyridyl) porphyrin is synthesized and characterized by~1HNMR,UV,IR and MS.It is used as color reagent in determination of Cu~(2+).The results show that the complex ratio is 1∶1 in the solution of pH=3.2 and the temperature of color reaction is 100?℃ and time is 20?min.Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0~120?μg/L for Cu(Ⅱ).This method has good selectivity and sensitivity.It has been used in the spectrophotometric determination of micro copper in environmental water samples with satisfactory results.


The discussion over womens rights and gender violence has gotten more attention after the Tangshan attack in China. The harsh physical violence the female victims sustained and the social debates about how women could protect themselves caused concern about the legislation in China protecting womens rights, as well as other countries constitutions. Therefore, this study focuses on comparing information on the legislation and historical womens awakening phase between China and Europe countries, by using the comparative research and historical research. Aiming to find out the awakening phases of having equality in China and Europe countries, and how legislation protects their female citizens. The study enumerates the legislation defending the rights of women and history of when they awakened, as the impact, the possible development for womens rights legislation in the future. The results of this analysis show that womens movements began in the 20th century and peaked in both China and Europe, women intended to achieve more equality and fairness in all domains as they have come to understand their value and place in society. At the same time, the historical comparison provides the results that Chinas women are awakening mostly through group activism and political advocacy, whereas Europes women are awakening primarily through sizable womens awakening movements. Hence, even though women still encounter unfair treatment in some underdeveloped places that are less influenced by these movements and legislation, women should keep working toward achieving equality to completely defend their rights. The forms of equality between men and women would then become clear, and able to achieve a better social system.


This paper describes the formulation and properties of a recently developed energetic thermoplastic (ETPE) propellant, which is composed of 45% of newly synthesized glycidyl azide polymer, energetic plasticizer (DEGDN) and nitramine oxidizer (RDX). Compared to conventional thermoplastic propellants, the new ETPE propellant showed approximately 7% higher performance and exhibited similar mechanical properties but a lower burn rate and a higher pressure exponent.


With the socio-economic development and acceleration of urbanization process,the number of pets and the incidence of zoonoses are increasing.In this article the prevalence and causes of bacterial zoonoses in pets in China were briefly summarized,and their control strategies were discussed.


Long-lasting phase oscillations have been observed at injection into the LHC since its first start-up with beam. These oscillations, however, were not leading to noticeable losses or blow-up in operation, and were therefore not studied in detail. In 2017, dedicated measurements with high-intensity bunches revealed that oscillations can lead to losses even slightly below the baseline intensity for the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC. For the first time, high-resolution bunch profile acquisitions were triggered directly at injection and the formation of large-amplitude non-rigid dipole oscillations was observed on a turn-by-turn basis. First simulations can reproduce this instability via bunch filamentation that takes place after injection, depending on the mismatch between the bunch and bucket size in momentum at injection.


PURPOSE: A golf swing video analyzing method capable of effectively detecting an impact point is provided to only analyze recognition region frames extracted from plural frames. CONSTITUTION: A golf swing video analyzing method capable of effectively detecting an impact point setting the predetermined area around a golf ball as a recognition region using a recognition range setting interface provided from a display in a preview mode; recording a golf swing of a golfer using an image capturing device(100); extracting recognition region frames from plural frames outputted from the image capturing device using a recognition region extraction module; detecting an impact point of a club head heating the golf ball by analyzing each recognition region frame using an impact detection module; and editing the recorded video based on the images from the image capturing device using a video editing module(600).


species of land mammals in Guangxi Autonomous Region, belonging to 9 orders and 27 families, have been recorded by the authors. According to the composition of the species and distributional characters on mammals of Guangxi, and also combining the local landform, Climate as well as vegetation etc., the dividing of zoogeographical regions in Guangxi may be divided into 7 infraregions (Ⅲ Order region).1 Mountain infraregion in Southwestern Guangxi Altogether 127 species of mammals are found in this area, occupying 79% of the total number of mammals of Guangxi. Among them, 109 species are considered to be Oriental and 12 species to be Palaearctic mammals, besides, the others to be widely spread mammals.2 Coastal table plain infraregion in Southern Guangxi There are 52 species of mammals in this area we surveyed, of which 41 species belong to Oriental mammals, 7 belong to Palaearctic and 3 belong to widely distributed mammals.3 Mound hills infraregion in Southwestern Guangxi 74 species of mammals are found to occur in the area, of which 63 species represent the Oriental, while 8 species and 3 represent the Palaearctic as well as widely spread mammals respectively.4 Mound mountain infraregion in the Middle and Eastern Guangxi Among the all species recorded in Guangxi, there are included 81 species of mammals from this area, of which 74 species and 5 are respectively considered as Oriental and Palaearctic animals, while remaining 2 as the widely distributed animals.5 Hillock table mountain valley infraregion in the Central Area of Guangxi Based on our investigations in this area, 96 species of mammals have been recorded heretofore . Among these mammals, 83 species belong to Oriental and 6 to Palaearctic, as well as 7 to widely distributed mammals.6 Karst plateau basin infraregion in Northwestern Guangxi Total of 100 species on mammals are found in the infraregion, of which 82 and 11 species represent respectively the Oriental and Palaearctic mammals; and the remaining 7 represent the widely spread mammals.7 Nanling mountain infraregion in Northeastern Guangxi There are 101 species of land mammals in this area. According to analysis of the characteristics of the mammalian fauna, of which 77 species are considered as the Oriental and 19 species as the Palaearctic mammals, and a few others as the widely distrubuted species.


The pre-existing cracks in the brittle substances seem to be the main cause of their failure under various loading conditions. In this study, a simultaneous analytical, experimental and numerical analysis of crack propagation, cracks coalescence and failure process of brittle materials has been performed. Brazilian disc tests are being carried out to evaluate the cracks propagation paths in rock-like Brazilian disc specimens containing single and double cracks (using rock-like specimens which are specially prepared from Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), fine sands and water in a rock mechanics laboratory). The failure load of the pre-cracked disc specimens are measured showing the decreasing effects of the cracks and their orientation on the final failure load. The same specimens are numerically simulated by a higher order indirect boundary element method known as displacement discontinuity method. These numerical results are compared with the existing analytical and experimental results proving the accuracy and validity of the proposed numerical method. The numerical and experimental results obtained from the tested specimens are in good agreement and demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach.


It seems possible that the question of how to arrange reactions so that concentrations oscillate will have multiple answers (cf. Spangler and Snell, 1961; Higgins, 1964; Walter, 1966; Strickland and Ackermann, 1966). Particularly appealing is Goodwin's (1963) idea that oscillations will arise naturally in "controlled" systems, and his demonstration thereof for a simplified case wherein control is exerted through enzyme synthesis. Before learning of Goodwin's work we showed, as follows, that concentration oscillations can occur in systems of catalyzed reactions in which control is directly exerted through negative feedback inhibition of the Yates-Pardee (1956) type. Consider consecutive reactions (each assumed to include an irreversible step) in which formation of substance' Si from Si-, is catalyzed by enzyme E,-1, and conversion to Si+1 is catalyzed by enzyme Ei. Assume that SO is maintained constant (by vastness of reservoir or by replenishment) and Eo is inhibited cooperatively (sequential steps ignored) by p molecules of S,, . Assume further that Si is negligible compared to the ith Michaelis constant, Ki(m), (i.e. the enzymes are "unsaturated") and that S, is slow compared to the rates at which the Si equilibrate with their enzymes. These assumptions imply first-order rate constants, ki = V1(max)/Kj(m) for i > 1, and ko/(l + aSnP) for the 0th reaction, a being the affinity constant of S. and Eo, and (1 + aSv)-' being the fraction of active Eo. kn may be considered to be the velocity constant for the exit of S,n from the system. In turn, a, p, and the k, are parameters in the differential equations governing the system


CONTEXT
Public health agencies have identified the elimination of health disparities as a major policy objective.

OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this study is to assess changes in the association between education and premature adult mortality in Wisconsin, 1990-2000.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS
Wisconsin death records (numerators) and US Census data (denominators) were compiled to estimate mortality rates among adults (25-64 years) in 1990 and 2000. Information on the educational status, sex, racial identification, and age of subjects was gathered from these sources.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The effect of education on mortality rate ratios in 1990 and 2000 was assessed while adjusting for age, sex, and racial identification.

RESULTS
Education exhibited a graded effect on mortality rates, which declined most among college graduates from 1990 to 2000. The relative rate of mortality among persons with less than a high school education compared to persons with a college degree increased from 2.4 to 3.1 from 1990-2000-an increase of 29%. Mortality disparities also increased, although to a lesser extent, among other educational groups.

CONCLUSION
Despite renewed calls for the elimination of health disparities, evidence suggests that educational disparities in mortality increased from 1990 to 2000.


A UK health regulator has issued a warning to makers of mobile medical "apps" that may harm patients.

Neil McGuire, clinical director of devices at the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) said, "Be under no illusion—if you have a medical device and it's software or an app and patients come to grief, we're coming looking."

McGuire spoke at a health technologies seminar in London on 18 March attended by NHS and private sector representatives including device developers and designers. He was asked whether the United Kingdom and Europe would follow the US Food and Drug Administration's lead in taking a supposedly "softer" line on certain classes of devices in guidance issued last …


BACKGROUND: This qualitative study explored the knowledge to practice gaps of occupational therapists who have a vital role in neurodevelopmental supportive care for high-risk infants METHODS: Via purposive sampling, 17 therapists working in public health in South Africa were recruited to participate in virtual focus groups. Data were thematically analysed using a hybrid approach FINDINGS: Five themes emerged, which included (i) occupational therapy and neonatal care in the public health sector, (ii) knowledge acquisition and knowledge synthesis, (iii) knowledge translation and utilisation, (iv) contextual barriers and adaptation and (v) the ideal occupational therapist in the ideal neonatal setting. Facilitators, inhibitors, referrals, and interest in occupational therapy neonatal care were also highlighted CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge to practice gaps in occupational therapy include insufficient training, a decreased interest in neonatal care, staff shortages, multi-disciplinary team rotations and a reduced understanding of the professional role and scope of occupational therapy. Resources, training, and policy development appear to be necessary to inform a standard of care Implication for practice The role of the occupational therapist in supporting high risk infants is generally limited and remains somewhat unknown in current South African contexts. It is essential to identify knowledge-to-practice gaps for occupational therapists supporting high-risk infants in the public health sector for successful implementation of neurodevelopmental supportive care. By the exploration of practitioner opinions and insight through appreciating the role of the occupational therapist in managing high risk infants, contextually specific and relevant knowledge translation interventions may be developed and implemented which have implications for evidence-based practice and more successful outcomes in the high-risk infant.


LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives for this chapter are: 1. To understand the concept of the contract and its relevance in today's workplace 2. To understand the theoretical issues involved in understanding the psychological contract 3. To be able to contrast traditional with new psychological contracts 4. To become familiar with psychological contract typologies 5. To understand the importance of managing psychological contracts for
optimal employee and organisational performance
6. To be able to discuss the implications of psychological contracts for human resource development.


Optical spectra of YAlO 3 (YAP) single crystals are measured for , and // E in the region from 6.5 eV to 42 eV by use of a plane polarized synchrotron radiation, E being the electric field of light. Anisotropic spectral behaviour of the intrinsic absorption including the tail absorption is found, and a tentative interpretation of spectral features is given in terms of the energy levels of the constituent atoms of YAP. It is found that the principal factor determining the interband absorption onset position is the bond length of Y 3+ -O 2- in the compounds of Y 2 O 3 , YAP and YAG. The steepness constants σ s0 of these compounds are found to decrease in magnitude with increasing deviation from the mean value of the Y 3+ -O 2- bond lengths participated in the tail absorptions.


: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of abstraction and its significance in various disciplines. Abstraction is a cognitive process that involves extracting essential features or patterns from complex phenomena, allowing for generalization and simplification. It plays a crucial role in mathematics, computer science, philosophy, art, and everyday life. In mathematics, abstraction is fundamental to the development of theories and models, enabling mathematicians to create concepts that represent a wide range of objects or ideas. In computer science, abstraction is central to the design and implementation of software systems, allowing programmers to create high-level models that capture essential functionality. In philosophy, abstraction is a key tool for conceptual analysis and the exploration of fundamental ideas. In art, abstraction allows for the representation of ideas or emotions through non-representational forms. Beyond these disciplines, abstraction is a fundamental cognitive process that permeates our everyday lives, enabling efficient decision-making and problem-solving. Overall, understanding abstraction and its applications enhances our ability to analyze, create, and navigate the complexities of the modern world.


This article proposes a speed sensor fault diagnosis methodology based on a learning-based data-driven principle in induction motor drive systems. The proposed method is derived from signal estimation and residual evaluation. First, a speed estimator is designed with a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) learning model and a randomized learning technique called random vector functional link (RVFL) network. A data preprocessing method by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is applied to better trace the signal trends, in order to further improve the speed estimation accuracy. After the estimation, the residual between the measured and estimated signals can be obtained, and a decision-making mechanism is developed for fault diagnosis based on an outlier test. The offline test results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the speed signal with a 1.554e $^{-4}$ root-mean-square error (RMSE) and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, real-time tests are also carried out to verify the feasibility and stability during the online stage. Moreover, the proposed approach does not require any motor parameters and other additional hardware, which makes it quite suitable for online practical applications.


Although the papers in this issue range over a wide canvas, what I found most striking was the reminder that we are still afflicted with the 'standoff' (Newton & Shaw, 2015) between those who argue that validity subsumes impact and those who argue that it properly should be limited to the warrant for the inference based on scores. Validity is the most important attribute of a score-based inference and arguably the most important concept in measurement. It is therefore distressing that after generations of work and countless articles and chapters, we still can't agree on what it means. Newton and Shaw offer us the key to putting this debate to rest. They suggest that the choice of a definition of validity is less a matter of logic than 'a matter of ... the costs and benefits of adopting one perspective ...' that seems unarguable: we shouldn't define the term in a way that isn't useful. So, what is gained and lost by insisting that the effects of testing should be considered an aspect of validity? I maintain that we gain very little and lose a great deal. One might argue that including impact under the definition of validity is important to underscore the importance of evaluating consequences. I certainly agree that evaluating consequences is indispensable, and I have devoted much of my career to doing so. However, we can emphasise that evaluating impact is essential without labelling it as 'validity' and confusing it with the quality of the inference. I chose the word 'confusing' deliberately because people outside of the field often find the notion that validity subsumes impact confusing, and this may actually make it harder to convince them of the importance of evaluating impact. Years ago, I watched one of the leading figures in measurement in the US testify at a hearing in the Congress about a proposed system of national tests. One of her principal points was that the system would likely have substantial negative effects, which she labelled as 'consequential validity'. One of the most important politicians before whom she was testifying interrupted her to say that he did not understand what she meant by the term. The expert tried to explain, to no avail. They went back and forth several times, as the governor's frustration grew visibly. Eventually, the governor said that he simply did not understand her argument and told her to move on.


Results. In this group of schoolgirls, 26.0% had undergone FGC at a median age of 4 years. FGC had most commonly been performed at age 1 - 5 years, when 50.9% of the total group had been circumcised. Of the girls attending government schools, 36.6% had undergone FGC. The majority of the procedures had been performed by traditional circumcisers (62.3%), followed by health workers (22.6%). The decision to subject the girl to FGC was most frequently made by mothers (38.7% of the FGC group), the remainder of the decisions being made by fathers (24.5%), both parents (22.6%) and relatives (14.2%). There was a significantly higher prevalence of FGC among girls attending government schools, girls of Guraghe ethnicity, and girls whose mothers had no knowledge about the harm of FGC. A smaller proportion of girls living with both parents than of those living with relatives had undergone FGC. Conclusions. FGC is prevalent in primary schoolgirls in the capital city of Ethiopia, despite improved availability of health information. This situation underscores the need to reinforce the national law against FGC. Creation of awareness should be focused on parents of Guraghe ethnicity and on government schools. Parental education should be promoted, and empowerment of women is required to fight FGC.


In this paper, we propose a novel method of change detection for high-resolution remote sensing imagery. The method has three primary processes: image segmentation, image difference and change detection. The pre-processed multi-temporal images are segmented into objects by a multi-resolution segmentation algorithm. Then a difference image is generated according to the pair of segmented maps with an interval. Each object is represented by the mean value of some spectral absolute-valued differences, which are calculated for each pixel in it. Finally, by defining the iterative degree, a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to search the optimal binary change detection map. In the searching procedure, the crossover and mutation was applied to produce new individuals. According to our experiments using the QuickBird imagery, the Overall Errors of the proposed method decreased by more than 2500 pixels compared with the pixel-based change detection using a GA. Meanwhile, it decreased by more than 1000 pixels compared with the object-oriented change vector analysis (CVA). * Corresponding author. Yuqi Tang is working toward the PH.D degree in Wuhan University. Her research interest includes change detection for high-resolution imagery.


The Development of edible films for the conservation of fungi (Pleurotus sp) emerged with the purpose of increasing the shelf life of food through the development and application of films based on candelilla wax. Five formulas were experimented, which were developed according to the proposed by Oregel et al. In 2016 with some modifications, the formula F1 (Guar Gum 0.8%, Candelilla Wax 0.2%, Glycerol 0.3%), F2 (Guar Gum 0.8%, Candelilla Wax 0.4%, Glycerol 0.2%), F3 (Guar Gum 1.2%, Wax 0.2% candelilla, 0.2% glycerol) and F4 (1.2% guar gum, 0.4% candelilla wax, Glycerol 0.3%) and F5 with the same proportion of F4 ingredients but with the addition of the three preservatives. The elaboration of the films was carried out in 2 stages of experimentation at T = 4 ° C and T = 30 ° C for 15 days. Characteristics such as texture, color and appearance were evaluated, the best evaluated formula was FB5 with a lifespan of ten days at T = 4 ° C, which allowed to increase the shelf life of the fresh product by a 100%.


Hadoop clusters have been transitioning from a dedicated cluster environment to a shared cluster environment. This trend has resulted in the YARN container abstraction that isolates computing tasks from physical resources. With YARN containers, Hadoop has expanded to support various distributed frameworks. However, it has been reported that Hadoop tasks suffer from a significant overhead of container relaunch. In order to reduce the container overhead without making significant changes to the existing YARN framework, we propose leveraging the input split, which is the logical representation of physical HDFS blocks. Our assorted block coalescing scheme combines multiple HDFS blocks and creates large input splits of various sizes, reducing the number of containers and their initialization overhead. Our experimental study shows the assorted block coalescing scheme reduces the container overhead by a large margin while it achieves good load balance and job scheduling fairness without impairing the degree of overlap between map phase and reduce phase.


The paper designed and implemented a kind of portable GPS signal simulator based on embedded ARM/DSP and FPGA.Cubic spline numerica method,with high computation ability and low error was proposed to simulate GPS satellite orbits.Meanwhile,the modularization design can be easily extended to Multi-Mode Satellite signal simulator.The implementation of complex GPS signal simulator was validated by commercial receiver.Compared with usual simulators based on PC,this one is smaller,lighter and more convenient to be used.It can provide a standard signal for receiver production lines and military experiment.


A 35-year-old man who presented with ascites and multiple small peritoneal nodules is still in good health after a follow-up of 6 years despite the fact that two different former histologic sections were interpreted as malignant mesothelioma. The present histologic finding is a well differentiated papillary mesothelioma. We review the literature and discuss the significance of this uncommon finding. It is generally associated with an excellent prognosis. Chemotherapy should be withheld.


Research in Organizations is designed as a basic textbook covering the foundations and methods relevant to doing research in organizations as well as the identification of research questions and the ethical conduct of research. It will be welcomed by professors in business, management, organizational, leadership, and human resource development courses, as well as students and practitioner scholars working on theses and research projects in these fields.


The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the birth of no less than 15 new states. All of them are now in the process of building up new nations. The new states try to create new political systems; their currencies are being changed, their new  ags are being formed, names of places and persons are being changed. The happenings in the Kyrgyz Republic represent, in this respect, no exception. As a part of the on-going process of 'kyrgyziŽ cation', some present-day Kyrgyz choose to change their personal names, Ž rst names and/or surnames. By doing this they want to make the names sound more Kyrgyz or give them a new meaning. These changes are part of a modern political project and also to some degree an attempt to reinvent past practices. The changes are further connected to a general alteration in the use of language. The emphasis on Kyrgyz language is strengthened in all spheres of life. It has to be underlined, though, that the changes of personal names are not a very widespread practice. However, I found the changes politically signiŽ cant and therefore worthwhile making the subject of a paper. I have to make it clear that my presentation Ž rst and foremost is connected to the changes in urban areas. The urban population are usually much more 'russiŽ ed' than the Kyrgyz living in the countryside and at the present time many feel the need to create a new existence more in accordance with Kyrgyz traditions and customs. The changing of names is one of many drives towards this end. In this presentation I wish to draw attention to this process by emphasizing the following:


Interracial relationships cannot be defined purely through the lens of racial difference. Drawing upon loosely structured interviews with three couples, this case study presents lived experiences as a way to better understand interracial relationships in the Netherlands. An intersectional analysis of these interviews uncovers three distinctive themes among couples: 1) their relationship is frequently treated as "common property" to be commented on by family, friends, and strangers alike, 2) the use of "avoidance" discursive strategies when discussing negative reactions, and 3) the enactment of color-blind ideology when talking about race. The personal narratives of individuals in each couples are presented in order to take into account the diverse local realities enacted when embodying these relationships. This research concludes that there is no common value system that indicates the success or failure of a relationship, and that relationships are built at a crossroads of race, ethnicity, class, nationality, gender, religion, and age.


Six non-native deer species have established wild populations in Australia, and most are expanding in distribution and abundance. There is therefore increasing focus on the need to understand and manage these species. Capturing and immobilising wild deer is essential for many research and management applications, but the best methods for doing this have not been identified for the Australian situation. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically reviewed methods used to physically capture and chemically immobilise the six wild deer species in Australia. A variety of physical and chemical restraint methods have been used to capture wild deer in Australia, but these have seldom been reported in peer-reviewed publications. Physical capture methods have employed a variety of trapping and netting configurations. Some chemical immobilisation approaches have used oral baiting, but most have relied on darting of free-ranging animals or hand-injection of physically restrained deer. There is uncertainty about the efficacy and animal welfare impacts of the techniques currently used to capture wild deer in Australia. Improved reporting of capture outcomes would facilitate the identification of 'best practice' techniques for capturing wild deer in Australian environments.


This linguistic study investigates the orthographic nativization of Hispanic borrowed words in Waray Visayan written discourse. The textual source is a news article from Isumat News Portal written in Waray Visayan titled COVID Laboratory ha EVRMC magtitikang na an operasyon. Through a descriptive research method, the words are lexically analyzed as to content words, English equivalents, root words, Spanish equivalents, native affixes, and nativization processes. The analysis reveals that the Hispanic nouns, verbs, and adjectives borrowed by the Waray Visayan article are nativized through full lexical adoption, changing or replacement of letters, orthographic mutation, and adding of native prefixes and suffixes. Thus, the Spanish loanwords have been Filipinized in the Waray linguistic community where sociocultural, economic, and religious activities exist. This further shows that the Spanish words have found unique structure and expression in the Waray Visayan written discourse, not only in literary narratives like the study of Quebec (2021), but also in non-fiction, news article in particular. In effect, it is recommended to conduct the same study with a bigger number of corpora in both written and spoken discourses in Waray Visayan and across the Philippine languages to explore the reach of Hispanic word borrowing and nativization and to investigate other linguistic changes as they undergo nativization.

Keywords: Lexical analysis; word borrowing; nativization; Hispanic words; Waray Visayan language.


Like the Roman God Janus, Physical anthropology –the study of human biological variation– looks in two directions at the same time.


This thesis researches the effect of smart mobility on parking space. To what extent will space become available and how can this be used for the restructering challenges within the urban enviroment?


Summary form only given. There is a growing interest in the industrial applications of high power ultrasound (HPU) generated using a spark discharge in a liquid medium driven by a pulsed power supply. These applications include: metal processing, in particular peening techniques to increase hardness and resistance to cracks, comminution of waste materials such as stainless steel slag, bottle glass and spent nuclear fuel assemblies, and the treatment of mineral ores. The output power of the HPU source depends critically on the electrical characteristics of the pulsed power supply and the dynamic characteristics of the plasma channel that the supply is driving. In general the overall circuit behaves as an under damped RCL circuit. By examining the characteristics of the current transient associated with the discharge, it is possible to derive data on the dynamic behaviour of both the resistance and inductance of the circuit. If data is available on the current transient associated with the operation of the supply driving a short circuit load, it is possible to separate the dynamic behaviour of the resistance and inductance of the power supply from those associated with the plasma channels. Once this has been performed it is possible to calculate the power delivered to the channel and its variation with time. This data can be used to optimise the operation of the HPU source and to test the validity of theoretical models of plasma channel development in liquids. This analysis has been performed on current transient data obtained for a range of spark gap lengths, and voltages. The dynamic behaviour of the channel resistance and inductance is discussed and possible explanations for the observed behaviour are considered.


We investigate properties of jets in proton-proton collisions using two-particle angular correlations. By choosing an analysis approach based on two-particle angular correlations, also the properties of low-energetic jets can be accessed. Observing the strength of the correlation as a function of the charged particle multiplicity reveals jet fragmentation properties as well as the contribution of jets to the overall charged particle multiplicity. Furthermore, the analysis discloses information on the underlying multiple parton interactions. We present results from proton-proton collisions at the center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s}$ = 0.9, 2.76, and 7.0 TeV recorded by the ALICE experiment. The ALICE data are compared to Pythia6, Pythia8, and Phojet simulations.


BACKGROUNDS
Direct anastomosis such as end-to-end anastomosis or extended aortic arch anastomosis are the most commonly used technique to repair aortic coarctation or interrupted aortic arch. Direct anastomosis of the aorta sometimes results in restenosis and/or bronchial compression. To avoid these complications, we have used the technique of the aortic reconstruction using an 0.6% glutaraldehyde-fixed autologous pericardium.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The procedure was performed in 6 patients;4 with aortic coarctation and 2 with aortic interruption. Prognosis, aortic diameter, and the aortic shape measurement on 3-dimensional computed tomography( 3D-CT) were examined postoperatively.

RESULTS
There were no early or late deaths. There was no case of recurrent aortic arch obstruction and/or bronchial compression, The postoperative A/T ratio was 0.48±0.04 on 3D-CT.

CONCLUSIONS
Reconstruction of the aortic arch with a 0.6% glutaraldehyde-fixed autologous pericardium in an aortic coarctation and interruption showed excellent early and midterm outcomes. There were no complications such as bronchial compression or recoarctation. We believe that this technique leads to a higher success for reconstructing the arch to a near to normal morphology and avoiding the so-called Gothic arch, which has been reported to be associated with late complications of hypertension.


Low-energy QCD is still lacking experimental results, fundamental for reaching a good understanding of the strangeness sector. The information provided by the low energy kaon- nucleon/nuclei interaction is accessible through the study of kaonic atoms and kaonic nuclear processes. The lightest atomic systems, namely the kaonic hydrogen and the kaonic deuterium, provide the isospin dependent kaon-nucleon scattering lengths by measuring the X-rays emitted during their de-excitation to the 1s level. The most precise kaonic hydrogen measurement to date, together with an exploratory measurement of kaonic deuterium and of upper-level transitions in kaonic helium 3 and kaonic helium 4 were carried out at the DAΦNE collider by the SIDDHARTA collaboration. Presently, a significantly upgraded setup developped by the SIDDHARTA-2 collaboration is ready to perform a precise measurement of kaonic deuterium and, afterwards, of heavier exotic atoms. In parallel, the kaon-nuclei interaction at momenta below 130 MeV/c is studied by the AMADEUS collaboration, using the KLOE detector and a dedicated setup inserted in the central region, near the interaction point. Preliminary results of the study of charged antikaons interacting with nuclei are shown, including an analysis of the controversial Λ(1405).


Despite a forthcoming law to eliminate sexual discrimination in the labor market, its full implementation will take much time and effort


The multiplication of Newcastle disease virus(NDV) maybe affected by the maternal antibody,the age of embryo,the culture time,the dosage of inoculation,the seed of the virus,the multiple of dilute,temperature,humidity.Using the immunized embryo,we made the best association of the conditions for the multiplication of the NDV.In the ten-day-old embryos with the high maternal antibody(7log2-9log2) inoculated with 1∶ 1 000 -1∶ 5 000 NDV,the allantoic fluid output and hemagglutination(HA) titers attached the quite well extremum.


Errors and Floating Point Arithmetic. Systems of Linear Equations. Interpolation. Roots of Nonlinear Equations. Numerical Integration. Ordinary Differential Equations. Appendix. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.


Author(s): Brooks, Kristen | Advisor(s): Bryson, Norman | Abstract: High Static, Dead Lines: Sonic Spectres and the Object Hereafter provides a textual expansion of ideas explored in Kristen Brooks's practice component of the PhD in Art History, Theory, and Criticism with a Concentration in Art Practice. The condition of the "sonic spectre" is a form of "thickened" media or material culture with connections to sound theory and history—an invisible layer of noise that results from the self-obfuscating conditions of retreat found within the history of technological objects. The degradation of use-value, disconnect of knowledge—the use and misuse of obsolete technological objects and media formats—are recurring examples that amplify the presence of such spectral conditions. Historical artifacts, architecture, and recollections are invoked as primary research texts, exploring the intertwined boundaries between material culture, sound, and folklore. Methodologically, the essays, object lessons, and fictocritical interludes are arranged here to evoke a network of ley lines for the sonic spectre to travel along—and in-between. Each section takes on a theme: traditional haunting, sky borne frequencies, interactions of sound with the body, manifestations of spectrality in media and broadcast, performance rituals as contamination rituals, and finally—landscapes and their sonification. The objects and stories themselves are varied, spanning the mid-19th century to present day. They touch upon military, communications, music, and cultural history—examined when appropriate through lenses of media archeology, folklore studies, landscape theory, the Anthropocene, Thing theory, and object-oriented ontology. Connectivity between these essays is found in the overarching presence of sound—audible sound, microsound, self-generative sound, the sonification of objects, remembered sound, and the contentious territories of supernatural sound.


The use of Turing machines for calculating finite binary sequences is studied from the point of view of information theory and the theory of recursive functions. Various results are obtained concerning the number of instructions in programs. A modified form of Turing machine is studied from the same point of view. An application to the problem of defining a patternless sequence is proposed in terms of the concepts here developed.


Flood discharge atomization is a serious challenge that threatens the daily lives of the residents around the dam area as well as the safety of the water conservancy project. This research aims to improve the prediction accuracy of the stochastic splash model. A physical model test with four types of flip bucket is conducted to obtain the hydraulic parameters of the impinging outer edge of the water jet, the relationship of the splashing droplet diameter with its corresponding velocity, and the spatial distribution of the downstream nappe wind. The factors mentioned above are introduced to formulate the empirical model. The rule obtained from the numerical analyses is compared with the results of the physical model test and the prototype observations, which yields a solid agreement. The numerical results indicate that the powerhouse is no longer in the heavy rain area when adopting the flip bucket whose curved surface is attached to the left wall. The rainfall intensity of the powerhouse is significantly weaker than that of other types under the designed condition, so we choose it as the recommended bucket type. Meanwhile, we compare the rainfall intensity distribution of the original bucket and the recommended bucket under different discharge which rates ranging from 150.71 to 1094.9 m3/s. It is found that the powerhouse and the owner camp are no longer in the heavy rain area under all of the working conditions. Finally, it is shown that the atomization influence during the flood discharge can be reduced by using the recommended bucket.


As many huge reservoirs being constructed, a point of view is gradually spreading in the water conservancy world that the reservoir earthquake is triggered. Although there is only a word,§s distinction between reservoir induced earthquake and reservoir triggered earthquake, it concerns to the basic problem such as the formation mechanism and the prediction of reservoir earthquake. In this paper, we collected in numbers the probability distribution of three kinds of earthquake response time spans:|¤T1 (the time from water-impoundment to the first earthquake), |¤T2 (the time from water-impoundment to the main earthquake) and |¤T3 (the time from first earthquake to the main earthquake) of the reservoir earthquakes(MS?Y4.5) all around the world and also introduced the recent progress of geodesy in monitoring environmental variation caused by water-impoundment and of digital seismic observation in revealing mechanical behavior of seismic origin. Through the comprehensive research we believe that it partlly changes the natural environment and seismogenic environment during water-impoundment. There may be an interaction dynamics feedback mechanism between natural environment, seismogenic environment and earthquake, so that to cause the stronger main earthquake to occur in a few years later. Therefore, it is right to say there is the induced earthquake besides the triggered earthquake.


Proteins are long, non-neutral molecular chains with complex 3D
assembly and conformational flexibility. It is thus not trivial
to model the structure and behavior of proteins, due to
computational complexity. Most modeling approaches completely
overlook charge transfer, even though this phenomenon was found
to be significant in many biomolecular interactions, and
functionally linked to protein structural dynamics [1,2].
Simulations typically consider that all amino acid residues
have integral total charge. However, it was recently shown that
for ubiquitin [3,4] and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
[5], the net total charge on many amino acid residues is not
integral, and it can fluctuate during the simulation. We have
set out to determine whether electron density is indeed
confined to our traditional understanding of molecular
fragments. In our study, we focused on amino acid residues
making up protein chains, and employed Quantum Mechanical
atomic charge calculation approaches to evaluate precisely how
much charge can typically be transferred inside proteins and by
which residues. We also attempted to find out what factors
affect the amount of charge transferred, and to what degree.
Ultimately, we hope to be able to conclude whether amino acid
residues traditionally regarded as neutral indeed carry net
zero charge, or whether it is common for them to borrow or lend
charge density to neighboring residues.


Model driven architecture is an approach to increase the quality of complex software systems by creating high-level system models and automatically generating system architectures and components out of these models. We show how this paradigm can be applied to what we call model driven security for inter-organizational workflows in e-government. Our focus is on the realization of security-critical inter-organizational workflows in the context of Web services, Web service orchestration, and Web service choreography. Security requirements are specified at an abstract level using UML diagrams. Out of this specification security, relevant artifacts are generated for a target reference architecture based on upcoming Web service security standards. Additionally, we show how participants of a choreography use model dependencies to map the choreography specifications to interfaces for their local workflows. IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This paper appears in the publication, Secure E-Government Web Services edited by A. Mitrakas; P. Hengeveld; D. Polemi; J. Gamper © 2007, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB13828


The isothermal oxidation behavior of NiAl-30.9Cr-3Mo-0.1Dy alloy has been investigated in the paper. The results reveal that Dy-addition significantly improves the oxidation resistance, which is attributed to the formation of continuously compact Al2O3 layer and rich-Cr transition layer on the surface of the tested alloy.


Pipelines for fuel transportation range in length from hundreds to thousands of kilometers, with part of their length underground. Due to the high cost of the fluids and products transported an increasing number of criminal activities are taking place all over the world. In addition to causing great economic and environmental losses the illegal activity brings risks to the surrounding population. For example, the accident in Tlahuelilpan, Mexico, due to illegal tapping, resulted in the tragedy of hundreds of deaths. In order to combat such activities, many efforts have been employed to early detect and locate illegal tapping in pipelines. The great challenge of such inspections is the unpredictable activity of the clandestine taps, requiring frequent inspections. Usual pipeline inspection tools, such as ultrasound or MFL (Magnetic Flux Leakage) PIG's, are sensitive for detecting and positioning the anomalies, however, the high operating costs make the recurring application of such tools unfeasible. Focusing on these challenges, a low-cost inspection tool embedded with a minimalist eddy current instrumentation was developed. The results achieved show the capability to detect and differentiate the components existing in the pipeline and illegal taps of different diameters as well as, in a complementary way, the detection of corrosion on the internal surface of the pipelines.


Patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumor cells contain extra copies of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene may be more likely to respond to the drug gefitinib (Iressa), and this high gene copy number may be an effective predictor of gefitinib efficacy, according to a new study in the May 4, 2005 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. EGFR inhibitors have a significant effect in a sub-population of patients with NSCLC. However, the problem that physicians face is how to select the group of patients who will benefit. NSCLC is the leading cause of death worldwide. In patients with advanced disease, chemotherapy produces only modest survival benefits. However, about 12 to 27 percent of advanced NSCLC patients respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib (Tarceva). Methods to predict which patients are most likely to respond to these drugs are under development. To investigate possible predictive markers for gefitinib efficacy, Fred R. Hirsch, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Colorado Cancer Center in Aurora, and colleagues evaluated EGFR status, gene copy number, and protein expression and Akt activation status in 102 patients with advanced NSCLC. "Cancer research is leading us in a direction where we can customize cancer therapy to treat every patient based on the biological profile of their tumor," explained Hirsch. "The results we found in this study are an example of how useful it is for us to profile the tumor to provide therapies that the patients are more likely to respond to." Amplification or high copy number of the EGFR gene (33 of 102 patients) was associated with a better response rate (36% versus 3%), disease control rate (67% versus 26%), time to progression (9.0 months versus 2.5 months), and survival (18.7 months versus 7.0 months) compared with patients with a low number of or no extra copies of the EGFR gene. A similar association was found for patients with high protein expression (58 of 98 patients) compared with patients with low protein expression. EGFR mutations (15 of 89 patients) were also associated with a better response rate and time to progression. However, further statistical analysis revealed that only high EGFR gene copy number is associated with better survival. "In conclusion, results from this study demonstrate that gefitinib is most effective in advanced NSCLC patients with high EGFR gene copy number, expression, or EGFR mutations. Because only high EGFR gene copy number was associated with prolonged survival… and because [fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)] is a readily available clinical test, the EGFR FISH analysis represents an ideal test for selecting candidate NSCLC patients for gefitinib therapy," the authors write. The University of Colorado Cancer Center, located in Denver at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, is the only National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center in the Rocky Mountain Region. Its four-part mission is excellence in cancer treatment, research, education and prevention. For more information, visit the Web site at www.uccc.info.


This zuta offers a presentation of the various printer's marks used by Menasseh ben Israel, and especially the discovery of some sources in Dutch emblem literature for his most prominent and well-known mark and its motto, 'Non odit tamen.'


The design of a robot head, Neuto, for active computer vision tasks is described. The head/eye platform uses a common elevation configuration and has four degrees-of-freedom. All joints are driven by dc servo motors coupled with incremental optical encoders and minimum backlash gear-boxes. Details of the mechanical design, head controller design, architecture of the active vision system, and the performance of the head are presented.


Tailleux has written about the concept of epineutral mixing and has attempted to justify it from an energetic viewpoint. However, Tailleux's approach is incorrect because it ignores the unsteady nature of the density field during baroclinic motions, which in turn leads to incorrect conclusions. Tailleux also asserts that "adiabatic and isohaline parcel exchanges can only be meaningfully defined on material surfaces" that are functions of only Absolute Salinity and Conservative Temperature and are not separately a function of pressure. We disagree with this assertion because there is no physical reason why the ocean should care about a globally-defined function of Absolute Salinity and Conservative Temperature that we construct. Rather, in order to understand and justify the concept of epineutral mixing, we consider the known physical processes that occur at the in situ pressure of the mixing. The Tailleux paper begins with two incorrect equations that ignore the transience of the ocean. These errors echo throughout Tailleux, leading to sixteen conclusions, most of which we show are incorrect. (Comment on Tailleux, R. Neutrality Versus Materiality: A Thermodynamic Theory of Neutral Surfaces. Fluids 2016, 1, 32, doi:10.3390/fluids1040032.)


This article mainly studies the use of brain-computer interaction to control vehicles. The brain-computer interface is a new type of human-computer interaction method, which means that the driver is directly connected to the control system by the brain to control the use and control of peripherals through the electrical signals of the human brain. The system uses brain electrical acquisition devices to study Vehicle control methods based on four imaginary types of front, rear, left, and right. The brain-computer interface system does not need to pass through the traditional brain-muscle physiological channel. This research provides a new method for the disabled to drive cars, and can also assist normal people and unmanned driving systems. Starting from the generation mechanism of motor imagery EEG signals, study the characteristics of motor imagery EEG signals, adopt time-frequency feature extraction methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of original EEG signals, use support vector machines to classify features, and develop vehicle control systems, Connect the front, rear, left, and right commands based on the classification of EEG signals with the car brake.


As one of the dominant techniques for sensing the underwater environments, underwater vision has shown great prospects in ocean investigations and explorations over the last decades. The vision system is usually installed on the platforms of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Due to the limitation of transmission and storage for underwater signals, it is extremely urgent to explore an efficient digital image compression approach for underwater color images. In this paper, an efficient digital image compression scheme based on independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed to deal with the redundancy reduction problem for underwater color images, taking account of the acceptable perceptual quality of reconstructed images.


The article mainly analyzes how innovation affects the social welfare and makes some conclusions as follows: firstly, influences on the price and output of products of innovation by oneself are uncertain, but innovation can enhance social welfare when it reduces the product price or raises the price but diminishes the elasticity of inverse demand curve. Secondly, innovation by cooperation can decrease costs and increase RD expenditure,outputs and profits to every member of the alli-ance , therefore it is good to the social welfare. Finally, there exists a Pareto optimum set of the externality rate if externality is considered in the model, but we must make a balance between the innovation incentives and social welfare.


Information surrounding male anorexia and bulimia nervosa is limited. Currently, health promoters and practitioners in this field have little to guide them apart from the data that informs female anorexia and bulimia nervosa. This paper is based on in-depth interviews with past and present eating disordered men. Using life historical accounts, the men provide rich descriptive information to document their plight with body image concerns and eating disorders. The paper provides insight into the lives of male anorexia and bulimia nervosa sufferers. Further it attempts to draw on their perceptions of what it is like being a male with a disorder that is often perceived as being a female phenomenon. The paper also explores the issues surrounding men and body image in contemporary Western culture. It highlights some of the significant issues confronting men and boys in relation to the social construction of masculinity and the links with body image concerns and eating disorders. Although the paper is not grounded in practitioner based information, it does seek to arouse awareness in those working in this emerging field of study.


Currently, the ecological problems caused by the greenhouse effect are growing more serious, and implementing carbon sequestration methods is an effective way to address them. Arid and semi-arid desert areas have tremendous potential as carbon sinks, and artificial forests in these areas play an important role in absorbing and sequestering carbon dioxide. This study selected three main species of artificial protective trees along the Tarim Desert Highway—Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge, Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. and Tamarix chinensis Lour.—and evaluated them for their carbon sequestration, oxygen release capacity, and economic benefits using Pn (net photosynthetic rate) and biomass methods. The results showed that the average daily Pn value and carbon sequestration and oxygen release per unit leaf area of T. chinensis were significantly higher than those of H. ammodendron and C. mongolicum (p < 0.05). The total carbon storage of the three shelterbelts was 15.41 × 104 t, and the carbon storage of H. ammodendron was significantly higher than that of C. mongolicum and T. chinensis (p < 0.05). According to the net photosynthetic rate method, the annual carbon sequestration and oxygen release of the shelter forest is 6.13 × 104 t a−1, and the transaction price is CNY 13.73 million a−1. The total amount of carbon sequestration and oxygen release of the shelter forest obtained via the biomass method is 97.61 × 104 t, and the transaction price is CNY 218.77 million. This study conducted research on the carbon sequestration capacity of protective forests along the Tarim Desert Highway located in an extremely arid region. It highlights the significant contribution of these protective forests in terms of carbon storage, playing a crucial role in promoting ecological restoration and sustainable development in arid areas. Additionally, this study provides a scientific basis for estimating carbon storage and promoting the sustainable management of artificial forests in arid desert regions.


The ever-increasing power of supercomputer systems is both driving and enabling the emergence of new problem-solving methods that require the effi#12;cient execution of many concurrent and interacting tasks. Methodologies such as rational design (e.g., in materials science), uncertainty quanti#12;fication (e.g., in engineering), parameter estimation (e.g., for chemical and nuclear potential functions, and in economic energy systems modeling), massive dynamic graph pruning (e.g., in phylogenetic searches), Monte-Carlo- based iterative fi#12;xing (e.g., in protein structure prediction), and inverse modeling (e.g., in reservoir simulation) all have these requirements. These many-task applications frequently have aggregate computing needs that demand the fastest computers. For example, proposed next-generation climate model ensemble studies will involve 1,000 or more runs, each requiring 10,000 cores for a week, to characterize model sensitivity to initial condition and parameter uncertainty. The goal of the ExM project is to achieve the technical advances required to execute such many-task applications efficiently, reliably, and easily on petascale and exascale computers. In this way, we will open up extreme-scale computing to new problem solving methods and application classes. In this document, we report on combined technical progress of the collaborative ExM project, and the institutional #12;financial status of the portion of the project at University of Chicago, more » over the #12;rst 8 months (through April 30, 2011) « less


Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD) represents a key node in the National Airspace System (NAS) network and a major hub for two of the largest U.S. carriers (American Airlines and United Airlines). Faced with growing passenger and airline discontent due to chronic delays and congestion, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) led the carriers serving ORD through a gradual schedule adjustment in 2004. A time series analytical technique called Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) is used to compare the volatility of delays for all arrivals and for all departures before and after the introduction of schedule reductions in 2004 at ORD. The purpose is not to explain why delays vary, but rather how they evolve. The empirical findings indicate that the volatility of delayed departures decreased after the introduction of schedule reductions, while the volatility of delayed arrivals was contained. Finally, Cox proportional hazards models show that the lack of avai...


Purpose While Ir-192 remains the mainstay isotope for gynecologic high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy in the U.S., Co-60 is used abroad. Co-60 has a longer half-life than Ir-192, which may lead to long-term cost savings; however, its higher energy requires greater shielding. This study analyzes Co-60 acceptability based on a one-time expense of additional shielding and reports the financial experience of Co-60 in Peru's National Cancer Institute, which uses both isotopes. Material and methods A nationwide survey was undertaken assessing physician knowledge of Co-60 and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for additional shielding, assuming a source more cost-effective than Ir-192 was available. With 440 respondents, 280 clinicians were decision-makers and provided WTPs, with results previously reported. After completing a shielding report, we estimated costs for shielding expansion, noting acceptability to decision makers' WTP. Using activity-based costing, we note the Peruvian fiscal experience. Results Shielding estimates ranged from $173,000 to $418,000. The percentage of respondents accepting high-density modular or lead shielding (for union and non-union settings) were 17.5%, 11.4%, 3.9%, and 3.2%, respectively. Shielding acceptance was associated with greater number of radiation oncologists in a respondent's department but not time in practice or the American Brachytherapy Society membership. Peru's experience noted cost savings with Co-60 of $52,400 annually. Conclusions By comparing the cost of additional shielding for a sample institution's HDR suite with radiation oncologists' WTP, this multi-institutional collaboration noted < 20% of clinicians would accept additional shielding. Despite low acceptability in the US, Co-60 demonstrates cost-favorability in Peru and may similarly in other locations.


The bond strength in reinforced concrete is defined as resistance to slipping of the reinforcing steel bars from the concrete. This slipping resistance is one of the most important features in the performance of the reinforced concrete structure, particularly to its failure mode and mechanisms. In this study, a hybrid model using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been developed to predict and optimize the ultimate bond strength (tu) between the reinforcing bar and the concrete based on numerous variables that influence this property. These variables include 28-day cube compressive strength f'c), concrete cover (c), the diameter of reinforcing bar (db), embedded length (Lm), rib height (hr), and rib spacing (sr). ANN was utilized into the prediction of bond property between the reinforcing bar and concrete based on the aforesaid input variables. The ultimate bond strength predicted by ANN model exhibited reasonably accurate and good agreement with the experimental values. On the other hand, GA was deployed in the search for the optimal combination of the input variables which resulted in high bond strength performance. Optimization results showed that smaller hr and sr developed high quality of the bond between the reinforcing steel bar and the concrete.


IDSS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of IDSS. • Most nations will recognise terrorism as their tier-one security threat; • Iraq will emerge as the international epicentre for the production of global terrorism; • In Afghanistan, the terrorist threat will grow; • Parallel to Al Qaeda, the Iraq-based Zarkawi will build a global network; • Rifts over strategy will develop within the global jihad movement. Three profound developments characterise the contemporary threat landscape. First, the singular threat posed by Al Qaeda will be surpassed by a larger threat posed by the global jihad movement. A conglomerate of four-dozen groups, linked ideologically, will wage both local and global jihad campaigns worldwide. Second, Iraq has replaced Afghanistan as the epicentre of jihad. Like Afghanistan produced the last generation of fighters, the insurgency in Iraq is producing and catalysing a new generation of urban and suicidal terrorists and guerrillas. Third, the increasing porosity of the borders between the threat groups has led to greater cooperation between them. Greater exchange of ideas, technology, and personnel between the groups has increased the scale and magnitude of threat. As the terrorist threat globalises, most governments will recognise terrorism as the tier–one national security threat. Despite enhanced government investment to combat terrorism, the year 2006 will witness the spread of terrorism with increasing frequency and lethality. With an escalation in attacks in Iraq and the renewal of violence in Afghanistan, the threat of politically-motivated violence will grow both in the Middle East and Asia. The primary threat to North America, Europe and Australasia will be from the continuing radicalisation of the émigré pockets. Although Al Qaeda, the most hunted terrorist group in history, will decline in power, strength and size, the threat posed by the global jihad movement will grow. The intermitted successes by governments against terrorist cells planning and preparing attacks will be overshadowed by the tempo of the insurgency in Iraq. The momentum of attacks in Iraq will influence Jihadi


Ray Marshall 6th Annual Konopka Lecture May, 1983 INTRODUCTION Dr. Marshall's insights and perspectives on youth employment have emerged from his work in governmental, private , and academic settings. He served as Secretary of Labor during the Carter Administration (1977-1980) and is presently the Bernard Rapoport Centennial Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at the University of Texas. Dr Marshall has published extensively, and his textbook, Human Resources and Labor Markets, written with Sar Levitan and Garth Mangum, is widely used. In addition to his scholarly work, Dr. Marshall is active on a variety of national committees and task forces related to employment policies.


Mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic raised mental health consequences. This paper examines the triangulation of Digital Literacy (DL), psychological well-being, and effectiveness of remote teaching and learning during the pandemic. Survey responses collected from 518 schoolteachers in Sri Lanka are analyzed with Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method. Results indicate that Remote Education (RE) has twisted a stressful life for educators. DL negatively affects the psychological well-being of the teacher. The effectiveness of teaching and learning and teacher engagement depends upon their DL level. Educators' stress and depression status mediate the outcome of remote teaching and learning mode. Moreover, digital skills count more than the accumulated teaching experience. We emphasize the adaptive role of the teacher for sustainable digital education. The results indicate that augmented education success could be obtained by investing in digital competence. It suggests that upgrading DL is an urgent role and alarms the policymakers and education managers to mitigate the potential mental health and social capital crisis.


One of the most severe resistance theory for factory power plants is the exit to separate work. The stability of generators during the separation from the power system can be increased by group regulation of excitation sys-tems. An algorithm has been developed providing for a faster mutual reynchronization of generators by adjusting forced EMFs on the difference between the rotor speed and the speed of the rotating field of the stator. After synchronization, an automatic excitation control is adjusted to equalize the eigen angles of generators rotors to ensure static stability. Next, conditions are created to resynchronize the electro-station with the power system. The algorithm is designed for factory synchronous generators when leaving for separate work. It is based on a mathematical model of a power plant in Matlab medium, which is calculated for the simplest power plant. The developed algorithm will increase the efficiency of managing emergency regimes of factory power plants during the separation from the power system.


This document presents the investigations on two coupled reference antennas for LTE Band 13 (uplink 777MHz to 787MHz, downlink 746MHz to 756MHz). An important figure of merit to quantify coupling effects in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna systems is the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). The single antenna element is presented with radiation pattern and scattering parameters. It is a planar device, easy to be etched or milled as dimensions are given. The ECC investigations were done by measurement and simulation, the results are presented and compared. A good agreement between the simulated and the measured ECC can be recognized. In wireless data transmission the use of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna technology introduces yet another degree of freedom and vastly rises the reachable data throughput. Transmission systems take advantage of the several different propagation paths. They send different data streams through multiple antennas on different paths through the wireless channels. Receivers pick up the mixed data streams. By orthogonalization in the receiver these paths can be treated as separated ones. The less the received data are correlated, the higher is the performance of the transmission system. Simply spoken, unnecessary introduction of data correlation has to be avoided in all stages of the transmission. Looking at small sized hand held user equipment (UE) it is likely that antennas are closely spaced to each other. This proximity introduces unwanted coupling effects and in this way correlation, which results in a performance degradation. (1)-(15) perform similar investigations, but deal with antennas for other purposes. This paper shows an investigation of the ECC on an antenna setup with two coupled dipoles for LTE band 13.


Two drying methods used in instrument transformer treatment are compared. The advantage of the vapour phase drying technique in instrument transformer treatment is discussed.


The research reported in this paper explores why regional consumers choose to book their
travel arrangements with travel agencies. Consumers can now access on-line bookings for
airlines, accommodation, transportation, sightseeings tours and other related products so why
do they still go to travel agencies for reservations? This paper identifies the attributes which
consumers seek in a travel agent or consultant and determines the relative importance of these
in their selection process. The research will be conducted in two stages. The first stage has
been completed and was a series of in-depth interviews with 10 users of regional travel
agencies and three travel agency consultants. The second stage will be a mail-out survey of
travel agencies in the Darling Downs area of Queensland, Australia. Despite its locality, the
region is a significant consumer of travel with approximately eight retail travel agencies in the
city of Toowoomba alone. The in-depth interviews highlighted the need to de-emphasize two
particular agency attributes considered for inclusion in the survey for stage two. They were,
agency promotion and adequate brochure provision which were deleted from the intended
survey and replaced with parking and travel reward programs as factors worthy of
investigation.


Integration of field devices is currently performed using different device models which all have a different focus. These models are represented by a vast number of different device description formats. For effectiveness of the integration processes, a comprehensive device description model that catches all relevant information is required. Based on an analysis of important formats, a device description model has been designed that covers all relevant information that was formerly stored in those different formats. In this paper the requirements for such a model are discussed, and a universal model integrating existing definitions is described.


A series of homo- and heteronuclear ruthenium and osmium polypyridyl complexes with the bridging ligands 1,3-bis(5-(2-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzene (H(2)mL) and 1,4-bis(5-(2-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzene (H(2)pL) are reported. The photophysical properties of these compounds are investigated, and particular attention is paid to the heteronuclear (RuOs) compounds, which exhibit dual emission. This is in contrast to phenyl-bridged polypyridine Ru-Os complexes with a similar metal-metal distance, in which the Ru emission is strongly quenched because the nature of the bridging ligand allows for an efficient through-bond coupling. The results obtained for the compounds reported here suggest that energy transfer is predominantly taking place via a dipole-dipole, Förster type, mechanism, that may dominate when through-bond coupling is weak. This is in stark contrast to ground state interaction, which is found to be critically dependent on the nature of the bridging unit employed.


meaningful (educational, psychological work with future tutors; preparation of scientific-pedagogical workers for the formation of value-sense orientations of future educator of kindergarten); environmental; technological (forms, methods and stages of work on the formation of value-sense orientations of future educator of kindergarten). orientations of future educator of kindergarten in the process of professional training.


A monograph devoted to the problem of adapting foreign students to the study of science and mathematics in the process of preparing them for study at Ukrainian universities. The monograph theoretically substantiates the conditions for the adaptation of foreign students to the study of the disciplines of the science and mathematics, the structural and functional model of the process under study is developed, the scientific assumption that the implementation of the developed a set of conditions is effective ensures the effectiveness of the adaptation process and helps to increase the level of students' adaptability.


The theoretical base necessary for understanding of probit function is described in this article. The problem of dose - response relationship
is explained and consequently there is mentioned the manner of using of this model in the framework of major hazard prevention. There
is also described the most widely used approach, which serves for developing of probit constants for various chemical substances.


Grupo Joven de la SEI (GJSEI) or Young Group of the Spanish Society for Immunology was founded in 2021 as a platform to support the young members of the Spanish Society for Immunology (SEI), encouraging the participation of the junior members in the academic activities promoted by SEI. The launch of the group arose from the collaboration of the SEI and the young European Federation of Immunological Societies (yEFIS) [1]. The term "young immunologists" involves an extensive range of academic and professional stages, from university students to medical residents and doctorates, all having in common immunology as a cornerstone in their educational and professional pathway. During this training period, healthcare workers and researchers face diverse challenges that could be common to other peers in an equal professional stage (e.g., grants applications and searching for job opportunities, training courses, and conferences). Thus, GJSEI aims to help young immunologists with issues that could appear during their professional training, creating a network that allows them to communicate with the group members and the SEI. To this date, the GJSEI has 104 members, who are distributed in different stages of the professional and academic pathway (Fig. 1), with Ph.D. candidates and hospital immunological residents being the two most numerous groups. Since its launch, the GJSEI has been involved in various activities (Fig. 2) summarized in this article.


In this paper, a method to detect outliers is described in a data oriented manner (rather than algorithmoriented manner) . This method consists of application of Class Outliers: Distance Based (CODB) and Hoeffding tree algorithm. Subsequently, machine learning models were built to detect outlier in data streams. The case study outlined in this paper could be used for building effective and real-time methodologies for outlier detection.


Thinking only of yourself and your own wants and needs puts you above all else, which means that you take the place that rightfully belongs to God. When you do things to serve only yourself, or take actions that hurt others because of your selfish ways, you not only hurt others, but you put your soul in jeopardy. Greed hurts many people, yet often people don't understand that it's their very selves that are hurt the most.


ABSTRACT : Promotion is an important role to increase the volume of sales so the company must pay more attention to promotional activity and the amount of cost. In scientific writing is aimed to know the company promotional activity and influence on the results of sales promotion costs. Data obtained by using multiple regression analysis and multiple correlation. Campaigns that have been done by CV. DELTA turned out to sales promotions that have the most impact. It can be seen from the regression equation is Y = 153.65 1.67 X1 12.56 X2, the coefficient of X1 (advertising costs) amounting to Rp. 1,670.000 from the coefficient of X2 (the cost of sales promotion) of Rp. 12,560.000. The results have been obtained that the correlation or correlation coefficient R = 0.910, which means there is a strong and unidirectional relationship between the costs of promotion with the sale


In this paper, based on the real experiments and experimental data of ethanol coupling reaction to produce C4 olefins, a model which can be used to determine the best combination of catalyst and temperature is constructed by using regression, interpolation, Bayesian neural network and genetic algorithm. First of all, the laws between the temperature corresponding to different catalyst combinations and the conversion of ethanol or the selectivity of C4 olefins are mathematically described and analyzed. Finally, 42 equations with higher goodness of fit were constructed according to different temperatures and ethanol conversion or C4 olefin selectivity to effectively describe the problem, and the analytic hierarchy process was used to evaluate all the quantities that meet the conditions. Then control variables are used to analyze the influence of individual variables, and correlation is used to evaluate the degree of interaction among variables. finally, the Bayesian neural network model is used to fit the functional relationship model between the dependent variable ethanol conversion, the selectivity of C4 olefins and the temperature of independent variables and the combination of catalysts (three variables). Then it mainly discusses how to find the optimal catalyst combination and temperature value to maximize the olefin yield.