in which R denotes hydrogen, aryl, substituted aryl or a straight chain or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, which is optionally interrupted by O, S, N, N-alkyl, N-aryl or N-aralkyl, and which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, halogen, phenyl, alkoxycarbonyl or dialkylamino, the two alkyl radicals together with the nitrogen atom optionally forming a 5 to 7-membered ring, which optionally contains a heteroatom from the group comprising O, S, NH or N-alkyl and these aforementioned alkyl and phenyl radicals in turn optionally being substituted by halogen, trifluoro methyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto or SO2-alkyl, R2 represents the radical CXR8, R8 having the meaning indicated for R1 and being identical to or different from R1, and X representing oxygen, sulphur or the radical NR'R10, R9 and R10 being identical or different and each hav ing the meanings of R and being identical to or dif ferent from R1; or represents the radical SOR1, in denoting 1 or 2 and Ril having the meaning indicated for R1 and being identical to or different from R, or R1 and R2 together represents a group of the general formula -COR12)(Y-R3), Y representing oxy gen, sulphur, NH or N-alkyl, and R12 and R13 each having the meaning indicated for R, being identi cal to or different from one another and R, and optionally together forming, with inclusion of -C-Y, a 5 to 7-membered ring, which optionally contains a heteroatom from the group comprising O, S, NH or N-alkyl, R3 has the meaning indicated for R and is identical to or different from R1, or represents furyl, phenyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinoli nyl or pyridyl, the rings optionally being substituted by 1, 2 or 3 identical or different substituents from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, SO-alkyl (n=0,1 or 2) or NR'R'0, R9 and R10 having the meaning indicated above, R represents hydrogen, trifluoromethyl or alkyl, and R5 represents hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, halogen, nitro, SO-alkyl (n=0, 1 or 2) or CXR8. These alkene car boxylic acids can be reacted with amine of the for mula HNR6R7 to give amides which are useful as antihypertnsives, diuretics and uricosuric agents.


hoping that z\, z2, ... converges to a zero of F. What can stop this process from find ing a zero of F? For one thing, there might not be a zero of F. For another, the process might terminate for some integer k in the event that F'izk) does not have an inverse. A domain of attraction corresponding to a given root of F consists of the set of all starting values z0 that lead, through convergence of z\, z2, ..., to this root. Newton's method can lead to chaotic domains of attraction, even for simple choices of F (see [8]). This can lead to striking pictures but constitutes a nightmare for the numerical analyst. This fact, if nothing else, leads one to the damped Newton's method, which consists of


We study the problem of guessing the realization of a finite alphabet source, when the only knowledge available about the source is that it belongs to a (finite or infinite) family. We identify good guessing strategies that minimize the supremum redundancy (over the family) due to mismatch, and identify this min-sup value.


Six categories of ripple-like aeolian bedforms have been identified in MOC images, and their physical attributes are compared to large ripples on Earth. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.


Diary of Joe Summers, written from 1880 to 1912 in Alto, Texas. Diary entries focus on changes in the weather and everyday life. It includes an introductory biographical sketch of Summers and an index following page 340.


A standardized, systematized and legalized budget is the premise for standardized administration of expenses and also the effective measure to gain profit from administration and to gain profit from standardization. Standardizing operative procedures, systematizing supplies and sequencing operations are effective ways to make the most of military expenditure, enhance standardized management of expenses and guarantee the balance between receipts and payments. Thisarticle starts with enhancing management of expenses and probe into the reform of reimbursement.


Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It has now become evident that Pneumocystis may also be responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in non-HIV–infected immunocompromised patients. The presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of PCP infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have been well described. The same cannot be said for the heterogeneous group of non-HIV–infected immunocompromised patients who develop PCP infections. The review describes the differences in presentation, diagnosis, organism burden, response to therapy, and recommendations for prophylaxis in the non-HIV patients with Pneumocystis infection.


In order to solve the problems of difficult convergence and local optimal solution of ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, and low convergence accuracy of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, a particle swarm optimization ant colony optimization (PSO-ACO) fusion algorithm is proposed to deal with the three-dimensional (3D) path planning problem of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV). In this algorithm: based on the idea of spatial stratification, a 3D grid model is established to build underwater environment model; PSO algorithm is used to pre search the path and quickly obtain the solution, which is used as the initial pheromone increment of ACO algorithm; the pheromone global updating method of ACO algorithm is improved: an adjusting factor is added to the pheromone global update equation to accelerate the convergence speed of ACO algorithm; the state transition equation of ACO algorithm is also improved, so that the algorithm has a greater probability to select the point with the largest weighted product of pheromone and heuristic information as the next path point. Experimental results show that the fusion algorithm effectively improves the global search ability and shortens the search time.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the accent systems of Gyeongsang Korean by contrasting them with Tokyo Japanese. Both dialects are classified as having the pitch accent. Every dialect has its own regularity in its accent, which is also found in the accents of causative-passive forms, which I describe in this paper. Until now there have been many literatures on the accent system of causative-passive forms in Tokyo Japanese while its Korean counterpart is lacking pilot studies and data. Therefore, in this paper, by adopting methodologies of the pilot studies on Tokyo Japanese, and also by using the data collected from the fieldworks relating to Gyeongsang Korean, I will discuss the regularity found in the accent of causative-passive in Gyeongsang Korean in contrast with Tokyo Japanese.


A facile and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) via CoPrecipitation in the presence of aqueous leaf extract of Ficus hispida L. The optical, crystalline, structural morphology and magnetic behaviour of the synthesized Fe3O4 NPs were characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The absorption spectrum reveals the peak at 379 nm, which confirm the formations of Fe3O4 NPs. XRD results reveals the formation of phase pure Fe3O4 NPs with cubic inverse spinel structure with crystallite sizes of 11.04 nm. The FESEM and TEM images clearly show that the spherical shape of Fe3O4 NPs with average particles size of 10.96 nm. Bright circular rings in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern showed good crystallinity. VSM results show super paramagnetic behaviour of Fe3O4 NPs. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs have potential to adsorption of Methylene Blue(MB)


The isolation of yeasts from soil or other highly contaminated material has been a rather laborious procedure in the past. When dilution plates are prepared with well separated colonies, the yeast or yeast-like organisms are usually eliminated entirely. If the plates are made using acidified agar with the dilution reduced to give adequate numbers of fungus colonies, the small yeast colonies are usually obscured by such rapid spreading molds as Rhizopus, Trichoderma, and Mucor. Hence, it would be advantageous to have a means of rapidly isolating yeasts in large numbers from such highly contaminated material as soil. Since it has become well established that aureomycin is highly active in inhibiting the growth of gram positive, gram negative, and acid fast bacteria, it appeared that there might be a method devised for enhancing the isolation of yeasts with the use of aureomycin.


The main indicators characterizing the power efficiency of steam-turbine and gas-turbine cogeneration stations are compared. It is shown that cogeneration stations with gas-turbine installations outperform cogeneration stations with T-type steam-turbine installations in all the main criteria.


Visible oral and oropharyngeal premalignant lesions may be used to monitor for a second primary oral cancer. To control for bias, we focused on the visible oral and oropharyngeal premalignant lesions of patients with oral cancer with a positive betel‐nut chewing habit. Visible oral and oropharyngeal premalignant lesions that can predict second primary oral cancers were studied.


School systems often experience shortages of maths and science teachers, reflecting difficulties in both recruiting and retaining people qualified to teach these subjects. In England, teachers with maths and science degrees face a higher outside pay ratio than other teachers and also tend to leave the profession at higher rates. We evaluate a policy aimed at improving retention by providing targeted uplifts in pay worth 8% of gross salary for early-career maths and physics teachers. Leveraging variation in eligibility across time, regions and school subjects, we find that eligible teachers are 23% less likely to leave teaching in state funded schools in years they were eligible for payments. This implies a pay-elasticity-of-exit of -3, which is similar to results from evaluations of similar policies in the United States. Our analysis suggests that the cost per additional teacher retained through the policy is 32% lower than training an equivalent replacement teacher. Taken together, these results suggest that persistent shortages of maths and science teachers can be reduced through targeted pay supplement policies. School systems often experience shortages of maths and science teachers, reflecting difficulties in both recruiting and retaining people qualified to teach these subjects. In England, teachers with maths and science degrees face a higher outside pay ratio than other teachers and also tend to leave the profession at higher rates. We evaluate a policy aimed at improving retention by providing targeted uplifts in pay worth 8% of gross salary for early-career maths and physics teachers. Leveraging variation in eligibility across time, regions and school subjects, we find that eligible teachers are 23% less likely to leave teaching in state funded schools in years they were eligible for payments. This implies a pay-elasticity-of-exit of -3, which is similar to results from evaluations of similar policies in the USA. Our cost effectiveness analysis suggests that the cost per additional teacher retained is 32% lower than the costs of training an equivalent replacement teacher. Taken together, these results suggest that persistent shortages of maths and science teachers can be reduced through targeted pay supplement policies. Acknowledgments: This work Gatsby This work The statistical data work does not imply relation to interpretation or analysis the statistical data. This work uses research which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates.


The "global (world) food problem" in this study refers to the ability of humanity to fully provide itself with vital food of good quality and in accordance with physiological norms (healthy diet) while maintaining ecological balance (preventing irreversible changes in the human environment). The last condition - the principle of "sustainable development", was proposed about fifty years ago and underlies almost all modern concepts of the development of civilization. The concept of "healthy diet" ("healthy diet") is one of the key ones in the analysis of the problem of food supply for the population - as an important criterion in assessing the degree of food availability. In accordance with the definition contained in the materials prepared for the Summit, "healthy diet" (Healthy Diet) - a condition for good health and disease prevention. It is characterized by sufficient (without excess) amount of nutrients, as well as substances that promote health, allows you to avoid the consumption of substances harmful to health. For the purposes of further research, we will define the relationship between the concepts of "healthy diet" and "healthy foods". The first concept is general, including a balance in essential nutrients, a sufficient amount of the daily diet when using "healthy" (without the content of unhealthy substances) products. Thus, "healthy foods" are part of a "healthy diet".


Introduction Paul Hindemith (November 16, 1895 - December 28, 1963) is certainly considered to be one of the leading musical figures of the twentieth century. His breadth as a musician is probably without peer during his life. "If there were ever a complete musician, Paul Hindemith was surely that man. Composer, theorist, scholar, conductor, violinist, and teacher, Hindemith excelled in whatever role he chose to perform."1 He was a pioneer in performing pre-classical music and his work at Yale with the Collegium Musicum from 1945 until 1953 was particularly important. He wrote numerous theoretical and pedagogical books and was one of the most prolific composers of his century. He was well known as a performer on a number of instruments. He even played bass drum in a regimental band briefly during part of World War I.2 He was especially a highly regarded viola player performing both solo and chamber music; he premiered the Walton Concerto in 1929. Later in life, he became a "globetrotting conductor"3 and achieved considerable notoriety in that field. Symphony in B-flat Many scholars and conductors view Paul Hindemith's Symphony in B-flat as being one of the most important works in the repertoire for wind band. Composed in 195 1 , it has enjoyed countless performances since its premier by the United States Army Band in that year. It is interesting to note that its creation came about because of an invitation extended to Hindemith to serve as a guest conductor. A representative of the U.S. Army Band in Washington, D.C., called on Hindemith at his New Haven home late in 1950 and invited him to be a guest conductor at one of their concerts scheduled for February. He agreed to come but suggested mat if his appearance could be arranged for a later date, "I just might write a little something." It could be and he did. The new date was 5 April and the "little something" was no less than the monumental Symphony in Bb for Concert Band, which he completed by 19 March. Hindemith conducted the first performance, played by me U.S. Army Band in me Departmental Auditorium, Washington, D. C. The composer gave the original manuscript of the score to the U.S. Army Band archives, inscribed "To Captain Hugh B. Curry after a very pleasant time with the Band and with many thanks."4 Weiss,5 Belcik,6 and Thurston7 provide greater background information on how Hindemith was invited to guest conduct the Army Band as well as history about the manuscript and first performance. Hindemith as a Conductor As noted above, Hindemith enjoyed considerable success as a conductor. While most of his activity as a conductor occurred later in life, he did begin earlier in his career. "In 1914 Hindemith joined the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra as a first violinist. He was promoted to deputy leader during the same year and to leader in 1917."8 According to Giselher Schubert, Hindemith made his first public appearance as a conductor in 1915. 9 This early experience combined with his significant work as an orchestral performer would have informed his later contributions on the podium. In the 1950s, "as his enthusiasm for teaching waned, he turned all the more energetically to conducting, leaving himself increasingly little time to compose."10 He was especially active conducting his own music during the middle and late 1950s. Under two different initiatives between 1954 and 1957 (see below), Hindemith recorded fourteen of his most significant orchestral works on the Deutshe Grammophon (DG) and Columbia (EMI) labels; this included the Symphony in B-flat. It might be assumed that part of his motivation was to provide his own specific insight into performance of his music. James H. North notes "Hindemith preferred to play or conduct first performances of his works."11 Hindemith made his views about conductors quite clear. As he wrote to Willy Strecker: "Ninety-nine percent of conductors are so devoid of wits that it is better to show them first how it should be done. …


Many integrated circuits (ICs) are regular in that they contain multiple copies of the same subcircuit or module which are interconnected in a uniform manner. Regular circuits are widely used in ICs because they are easy to design and manufacture. They are also easy to test because they need relatively few test patterns to detect faults. This thesis investigates the testing properties of regular circuits. A major goal is to obtain better ways to test ICs by exploiting their existing regularity, or by making them more regular.
The structure of regular circuits typically takes the form of one- and two-dimensional arrays, convergent and divergent trees, as well as compositions of these structures. Of these, a tree tends to be the most common underlying structure, being found in such practical circuits as decoders, comparators, adders, register files, and ALUs. Hence, the testability of trees, which include one-dimensional arrays as a special case, is the focus of this work. Formally, a circuit is called a tree if there is at most one path from each primary input to each primary output. The modules of a tree form natural groups called levels, depending on their distance from the primary outputs. The definition of a tree is extended here to include control lines that are shared by all modules in the same level; hence, trees can also be controlled or uncontrolled.
The testability of trees is analyzed under a functional fault model that allows the function of any module to change to any other function. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for an uncontrolled tree to be completely testable. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the more difficult case of controlled trees. The extent to which common tree circuits, such as multiplexers, decoders, and parity trees, satisfy these testability conditions is also investigated.
Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived that allow trees to be tested with very few test patterns. The notion of L-testability is introduced and characterized; a tree is L-testable if all modules in the same level can be simultaneously tested. An L-testable tree has a test set whose size is proportional to its number of levels. Trees can be viewed as a set of overlapping one-dimensional arrays of various lengths and types; this allows the known testing properties of arrays to be extended to trees. A tree is C-testable if it can be tested with a constant number of tests independent of the tree's size. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for a tree to be C-testable, as well as, conditions for C-testability using the minimum number of tests.
In practice, tree circuits often fail to satisfy all the conditions for L- or C-testability. For such cases, we present low-cost design-for-testability (DFT) methods to make a tree either L- or C-testable by adding extra inputs to its modules. These methods are applied to simple tree circuits such as multiplexers and decoders. We also use them to make large tree-like circuits, including a carry-lookahead adder and an arithmetic-logic unit, easily testable. Finally, we describe the complete design of a small microprocessor that exploits regularity and the proposed DFT methods to achieve a very high degree of self-testing.


The pre-hydrolysis of poplar with hot water was carried out,and then the kraft cooking was proceeded.The influence of pre-hydrolysis on the properties of pulp,black liquid(BL) and paper were investigated.The results indicated that pre-hydrolysis can obviously improve the effect of delignification in subsequent kraft cooking,thus reduce the alkali charge.The yield of pulp decreases slightly,while the kappa number drops rapidly with the increase of P-factor.The viscosity of pulp descents acutely when the P-factor is higher than 500.To a certain extent,pre-hydrolysis contributes to the utilization of BL in alkali recovery plant because of the higher solid content and corresponding gross calorific value of BL.However,pre-hydrolysis will increase the difficulty of pulping,having a negative effect on the physical properties except for the brightness and tear index.In addition,the properties of pulp and paper are similar under the same P-facter in pre-hydrolysis process.


Newborn pain is a non-stationary made by babies in reaction to certain circumstances. This infant facial expression can be used to recognize physical or psychology condition of newborn. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of illumination levels for infant pain classification. Local Binary Pattern (LBP) features are computed at Fuzzy k-NN classifier. Eight different performance measurements such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Area under Curve (AUC), Cohen's kappa (k), Precession, F-Measure and Time Consumption are performed. Fuzzy k-NN classifier is employed to classify the newborn pain. The outcomes accentuated that the suggested features and classification algorithms can be employed to assist the medical professionals for diagnosing pathological condition of newborn pain.


The design of a new on-site data collection platform of the railway disaster prevention and safety monitoring system based on AVR microcontroller is introduced by using structure and network formation to achieve the real-time monitoring of the railway scene wind speed,rainfall,snowfall,earthquake and other data.The structure,function,extended function,interface transfer,hardware and software realization of the distributed real-time monitoring unit are focused on.


THE association of otosclerosis with local and systemic factors has been widely studied in the hope of contributing to the solution of the cause of this serious condition. Lindsay (1950) has again reviewed the problem and described four of his own cases of otosclerosis associated with other diseases, two of which were intraeranial neoplasms. The stage of activity and size of the otosclerotic lesions seemed to indicate that they may have developed in the course of the terminal illness. In the case presented in this paper otosclerosis and malignant melanoma have occurred in the same ear of a woman 68 years of age. Sections of the petrous bone revealed a well-defined otosclerotic focus in the active stage; a finding considered by some authors to be uncommon in patients of this age (Nylen, 1951).


A new, simple, and sensitive spectrometric method was developed for hydroquinone (HQ) determination in the presence of other depigmenting agents (kojic acid (KA), glycolic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (AA)), commonly introduced in skin lightening products. The method is based on the oxidation of the depigmenting agents by potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid medium and subsequent measurement of the amplitude of the first-order derivative absorption spectrum at 268 nm. By applying the zero-crossing method, at this wavelength, the oxidation products of KA, AA, and GA do not interfere in the indirect determination of HQ. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0.22–22 μg·mL−1 HQ, with a detection limit of 0.07 μg·mL−1. The developed method was applied with good results for the first time to the rapid determination of HQ in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures, thus proving that it could represent an effective tool for various skin lightening products analyses.


The mathematical problem of calculating the yield of an isotope produced in a chain of first order transformation processes is discussed. Several new approximation formulas are derived, as well as the well-known general exact solution. A sample calculation of the pile yield of isotopes in a chain of radiative neutron capture processes is carried out, illustrating a method of tabulation designed to minimize numerical errors.


In this study we have attempted to answer whether there is correspondence between aquatic macroinvertebrate communities and the typological classification of white and clean-water streams in western Amazonia lowlands. We worked within two distinct hydrographic basins: Moa River catchment (clear-water streams) and Azul River catchment (white-water streams) in Serra do Divisor National Park, Acre State, Brazil, sampling 10 streams in each basin. A total of 2,952 individuals were collected, distributed among 134 taxa. Our results show that macroinvertebrate communities, at genus as well as family level, are in concordance to a priori classifications that distinguish between white and clear water streams. The main implication of our results for biomonitoring is that biotic variation between white and clear streams can be partitioned regionally, which would improve the bioassessment accuracy of the Amazonian streams.


Objective To study the feasibility and short-term effects of double Intrafix fixation in single-tunnel double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament(PCL) reconstruction with anatomical placement of hamstring tendons autograft.Methods Arthroscopic PCL reconstruction was carried out in 16 patients with PCL injuries by using the quadruple hamstring tendon autograft.The femoral tunnel was placed at approximately the 10 ∶30 position on a left knee and 1 ∶30 on a right knee,with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion using an outside-in PCL femoral guide.The tibia tunnel was placed at the center of the PCL remnant through the anterior medial portal(AM) portal using a curved PCL tibia guide set 55°.The anterolateral(AL) and posteromedial(PM) bundles were rotated by rotating the positioning tool to achieve the desired positions of the bundles and were fixed by femoral Intrafix and tibia Intrafix fixation.Results A follow-up check up was made in the 16 patients for 8~14(11.81±1.91) months.The Lysholm scores improved from a preoperative score of 20~47(32.63±8.03) to 85~97(91.44±3.72)at follow-up.There were significant difference in the Lysholm scores between preoperative group and postoperative group(t=44.20,P0.01).No postoperative complications such as synovitis and ligament rupture and movement restriction occurred.Conclusions Double Intrafix fixation in single-tunnel double-bundle PCL reconstruction with anatomical placement of hamstring tendons autograft can be simple,effective,useful,reproducible and gives a satisfactory short-term results.


Based on the microscopic mechanisms of (1) charge-excitation-induced negative effective U in s1 or d9 electronic configurations, and (2) exchange-correlation-induced negative effective U in d4 or d6 electronic configurations, we propose a general rule and materials design of negative effective U system in itinerant (ionic and metallic) system for the realization of high-Tc superconductors. We design a Tc-enhancing layer (or clusters) of charge-excitation-induced negative effective U connecting the superconducting layers for the realistic systems.


Following the reboot of Doctor Who and the popularity of Sherlock, the BBC has become a major exporter of quality television to the world. One sign of the success of UK television in the United States comes at the annual San Diego Comic-Con, where BBC America has made a concerted effort to build a loyal US audience. This chapter analyzes the importance of Comic-Con in the transnational circulation of British television texts within the American industry. Comic-Con provides a space for the promotion of UK television brands where American and British fans can meet, and where international media companies mingle with US conglomerates. There is a transatlantic trade relationship between the United States and United Kingdom; at Comic-Con, the BBC and its flagship series Doctor Who and Sherlock compete with networks such as CBS and HBO. Through the targeted promotion of British branding these series have become successful transnational commodities.


Meticulous production management system of mould enterprises is important ways and means of mould enterprise informatization.This paper analyzes the existing production management of mold enterprise the existing main problems,and based on this puts forward necessity of meticulous production management system and creates the model of the system,and the system process and data processing flow chart briefly explain,and through the enterprise operation of the system in an example to verify the feasibility of the system.


We present a calculation of the required number of bits to be received in a system of communications in order to achieve a given level of confidence. The calculation assumes a binomial distribution function for the errors. The function is numerically evaluated and the results are compared with the ones obtained from Poissonian and Gaussian approximations. The performance in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio is also studied. We conclude that for higher number of errors in detection the use of approximations allows faster and more efficient calculations, without loss of accuracy.


Through silicon via (TSV) is a promising vertical interconnection method to achieve a 3-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) system. However, high-speed digital signals suffer from severe distortions induced by TSV interconnects. In this paper, we propose a TSV equalizer using an ohmic contact on a double-sided silicon interposer to reduce the inter-symbol interference (ISI) of the TSV interconnects in a 3D IC system.


Abstract:Indigenous community members—including Elders, storytellers, writers, poets, artists, scholars, activists, editors, and publishers—have worked for decades to increase Indigenous representation in publishing. They know that storytelling is at the core of Indigenous knowledge systems and ways of life. Many feel a responsibility to share their stories, knowing that publishing in a good way—committed to Indigenous values and protocols—can promote healing and strength among Indigenous cultures and address a lack of understanding among settler Canadians about Indigenous people's lives and experiences. By conducting interviews, reading widely, and reflecting on my own experience, I gathered knowledge about some themes, subjects, and concerns that are repeatedly raised in discussions around publishing for and by Indigenous people; this is one model for learning about sharing stories in a good way in the publishing industry.


Because Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a young country and still in its formative stage in my inaugural lecture I have decided to consider the 2 diverse subjects of the planning of postgraduate training or making of specialists and the problem of providing access to health care in rural areas. Postgraduate training is a new issue in PNG and preoccupies the minds of many young doctors. Thus it is the responsibility of both the Health Department and the University to develop appropriate goals and guidelines on the issue and to channel this desire and push for specialization towards a direction compatible with the best interests of the nation. Primary health care at the village level by so-called barefoot doctors 1 regard as another essential and vital issue in this country. What will be said here should be regarded as suggestions and comments which I hope will be of interest and use to the Health Department and Medical Faculty. They may want to reflect upon the content of this talk and to consider it while developing their shortterm or longterm plans. While the proposed suggestions and comments are not the final and ultimate solutions to the issues of postgraduate training and village health care facing this young nation I believe they can serve as a skeleton or framework for postgraduate medical training and for providing universal access to health care in the villages. Attempts will be made to keep the goals and resources of both the Health Department and the Medical Faculty in mind and to include the minimum needs of the country at the present time and in the future. The talk will consist of 4 parts: 1) general comments on the issue of health; 2) training of specialists who will be the leaders trainers researchers and guardians of the standard of health care for the nation; 3) the development of a so-called barefoot doctors system for every village in the country to promote the health of the villagers nationwide; and 4) concluding remarks. (authors)


Abstract The contribution of molluscan studies to the interpretation of Weald Clay nonmarine environments in the Weald Sub-basin of the Wessex-Weald Basin is summarized. Sedimentological signatures of Weald Clay shell beds reflect a range of lagoonal, lacustrine and alluvial environments and show that the low-diversity molluscan assemblages were subjected to varying degrees of post-mortem modification. These faunas indicate freshwater and fluctuating brackish-water conditions, ranging into the brachyhaline field. Combined palaeontological and sedimentological evidence suggests both Boreal and Tethyan marine influences during the most saline episodes.


It has been discovered that water insoluble alcoholic solutions of alkyl hydroxamic acids serve as selective collectors for the flotation of phosphate mineral resources (Miller et al., 2000). The effectiveness of the new collector chemistry has been demonstrated by the results from single stage bench scale flotation experiments for feed material from plants in Florida, North Carolina, and Utah. In the best case, from experiments with low grade (5% P20 S) coarse feed (16 x 35 mesh), a single stage phosphate recovery of 95% was achieved with a concentrate grade of 31% P20 S' Such a separation efficiency could not be achieved using the traditional fatty acid/fuel oil collectors as is evident from a comparison of the respective grade/recovery curves.


The design of voltage multiplier module used for energy harvesting system from ambient at downlink radio frequency range (935.2 MHz-959.8 MHz) of GSM-900 is presented. The function of this voltage multiplier circuit is to convert the RF energy signal into DC voltage that can be used to energize the low power electronic devices. The design was based on the Villard voltage multiplier circuit. A 4-stage Schottky diode voltage multiplier circuit was designed, modeled, simulated, fabricated and tested for its performance. Multisim was used for the modeling and simulation work. Simulation and practical tests were carried out for various input power levels at the specified frequency band. The RF input power levels verses the output voltages at the nodes of the Villard network were recorded. The input for the voltage multiplier module was fed through an efficient matching network from an RF energy harvesting antenna which is designed at 377 Ω impedance. For a received signal of -27dBm (1.99) μW at the antenna modules produce a DC output voltage of 2.1 V across 100 kΩ load.


The alkaline sulphite treatment has been successful in the desalination of archaeological artefacts for 25 years now. The phenomena due to post-excavation decay can be explained with knowledge of basic corrosion principles. Beside those theoretical aspects more practical questions of the desalination treatment are reviewed such as the storage conditions for objects in the time span between lifting and desalination treatment, the use of appropriate chemicals and materials, their disposal and treatment of the objects after finishing desalination. This leads to some still open questions where systematic investigations are lacking. One is for example wether the desalination of freshly excavated artefacts might be simplified to a large extent by preventing the formation of akaganeite after excavation. The chloride content of akaganeite can only be extracted by using strong alkaline and reducing solutions, whereas its precursors are water soluble. In this context of akaganeite formation several alternatives for storage of freshly excavated artefacts are addressed.


This research aims to know the level of health of the Cooperative Development Employees PT PLN in Samarinda, along with its development in 2014-2015 seen from 4 (four) aspects namely those: organization, governance and management, produktivity, as well as the benefits and impacts. This was an evaluative descriptive research, in which the object evaluated the Cooperative Development Employee PT PLN in Samarinda. The data analysis technique used the Regulations of the State Minister of  Cooperative and Small- and Medium-Scale Enterprises No:06/Per/M.Kukm/V/2006. The results of the research showed that health level of the Cooperative Development Employee PT PLN in 2014-2015 was in the moderately healthy enough category with a mean score of 67,13 with the details as follows. (1) The organization aspect attained a mean score of 20,75; (2) The governance and management aspect attained a mean score of 17,63; (3) The produktivity aspect attained a mean score of 17,25; (4) The benefits and impacts aspect attained a mean score of 11,50. The level of health of the Cooperative Development Employees PT PLN in 2014 given a score of 68,25  and in 2015 obtained a score of 66,00. So that the development of Cooperative Development Employee PT PLN level in 2014-2015 fell of 2,25% with a mean score obtained at 67,13 and included in category are healthy enough. Keywords:    health level, cooperative, organization aspect, governance and management aspect, productivity aspect, benefits and impacts aspect


In recent years researchers have taken keen interest in studying the long term relationships between stock markets of different nations and many studies have also been done on the cointegration of stock indices with major macroeconomic variables. In this study I have tried to investigate the possibility of cointegration between four indices of Indian stock market viz. CNX Small Cap, CNX Mid Cap, CNX Nifty, and CNX Nifty 500. All these indices have different market capitalization and it will be of great interest to study their co movement over a long period of time. I have used Engle-Granger test and Johansen Cointegration test for testing the presence long term relationships among the chosen indices. Results confirm the presence of at least one cointegrating relationship between the four indices.


In this second paleoanthropology chapter, the focus shifts to later human evolution with members of the genus Homo. Over the evolution of our genus, morphology and behaviors emerge that are more similar to our own. In reconstructing the insect portion of the diet for these hominins, present-day foragers provide a better-fit model than nonhuman primates. The genus Homo was the first to colonize outside of Africa, and as humans began to occupy the far reaches of the world, environmental conditions were less suitable for insect eating in some regions over others. Outside of the tropics, the predictability and reliability of insects as a food source is greatly reduced, so the absence of insect eating in these regions today may have a deep history.


The research was conducted in July 2012 in the area of mangrove swamp of Halang Island, Rokan Hilir Regency. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sedimentary organic matter and makrozoobenthos diversity in the mangrove of Halang Muka Island and Halang Belakang Island. The results showed that the relations his of organic sediment and abundance of makrzoobenthos showed a strong and positive correlation , wheres mean that increased organic matter will increase the abundance of makrozoobenthos. More species were also found well the greater diversity as the organic increased sedimentary.


Remodeling of cardiac t‐tubules in normal and pathophysiological conditions is an important process contributing to the functional performance of the heart. While it is well documented that deterioration of t‐tubule network associated with various pathological conditions can be reversed under certain conditions, the mechanistic understanding of the recovery process is essentially lacking. Accordingly, in this study we investigated some aspects of the recovery of t‐tubules after experimentally‐induced detubulation. T‐tubules of isolated mouse ventricular myocytes were first sealed using osmotic shock approach, and their recovery under various experimental conditions was then characterized using electrophysiologic and imaging techniques. The data show that t‐tubule recovery is a strongly temperature‐dependent process involving reopening of previously collapsed t‐tubular segments. T‐tubule recovery is slowed by (1) metabolic inhibition of cells, (2) reducing influx of extracellular Ca2+ as well as by (3) both stabilization and disruption of microtubules. Overall, the data show that t‐tubule recovery is a highly dynamic process involving several central intracellular structures and processes and lay the basis for more detailed investigations in this area.


As a special word-building style, overlapped characters were firstly sorted out and explained by Xu Shen(许慎) of the Han Dynasty(汉). The ways of building these characters are complete which have obvious ideographic functions of strengthened information. And they are characterized by the nature of imagination, and perfect comformity. Overlapped characters are the products of the elementary stage of Chinese character development and the "quick growing form" from the pictographic stage to the ideographic stage. They are finally substituted by pictographic characters because of their ambiguous meaning, complicated writing.


Adaptability of microbe to different carbon sources was studied in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) with glucose as nutriment for a long term, and different microbe were separated and identified by morphologic, physiological and genic method. The results show that 1) the MFC with glucose as carbon source can work in new environment with different carbon sources, including glucide (lactose and saccharose) and their ferment product (lactate, acetate and ethanol); 2)the maximal voltage output and coulomb efficiency of MFC with glucide as carbon source are lower than those of MFC with their ferment products; 3) three kinds of bacteria were separated and identified as Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas aeruginosas respectively, and it was shown that these bacterial are active in electrochemistry.


The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the perceptions of Nigerian professional accountants on the issue whether the joint provision of audit and Non-Audit Services (NAS) does in fact impair the independence of the Nigerian auditor and, if so, what regulatory option/s could safeguard his independence. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 120 professional accountants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, while t-test and ANOVA were used to determine whether there are any significant differences in the perception of the problem according to gender, job type and post-qualification experience. The findings suggest that professional accountants are of the opinion that provision of NAS to audit clients does impair the independence of the auditor. Beyond that, however, they prefer selective prohibition of NAS to audit clients on the basis of the nature of work. This study has practical implications for the Nigerian Security and Exchange Commission that is yet to legislate on joint provision of audit and NAS to audit clients of Nigerian listed companies. For the Central Bank of Nigeria, this study provides evidence that its barring of Nigerian auditors from providing some NAS to its bank clients was in the right direction. Going beyond merely ascertaining whether the joint provision of audit and NAS impairs the independence of the Nigerian auditors, the paper finds out some of the significant reasons for the respondents' opinion and their preferred solution to the problem. Perhaps, this is the first time a Nigerian study has gone this far, thus making invaluable contribution to the scanty literature in this area in Nigeria.


To facilitate weather property estimation from images, a large-scale image dataset associated with rich weather information is developed. Based on the taken time and geographical information of an image, we associate it with weather properties obtained from a weather forecast website. Through data filtering like indoor/outdoor classification and sky region detection, a clean and large-scale image-weather dataset (named Image2Weather dataset) consisting of more than 180,000 photos is built to promote related researches. In addition to reporting statistical characteristics of this dataset, we investigate the relationship between several visual features and weather properties, which then serve as the foundation of interesting applications like weather type classification and temperature estimation. We show effectiveness of weather property estimation based on the Image2Weather dataset, and discuss how it can be leveraged to facilitate related studies in the future.


The article Offered acguaints with the developed by the author an educational-methodical text-book for students, including theoretical bases of the museum-exhibition work, separate aspects of the museum work, and also tests allowing students to estimate and check the received knowledge. The author traces the formation and development of the museum as a social-cultural institute, regards questions of the funded, cultural and educational activities of the museum, as well as the management.


This paper presents some results of the current Interreg IIIC project POLYNET, and the finished Interreg IIC projects GEMACA and EURBANET, dealing with the new phenomenon: the polycentric Mega-City Region, addressing key questions about business life in these regions, the economic performance of these regions and the value, feasibility and design of planning polycentric urban regions. The focus is on the emerging functional urban region of RhineRuhr and the difficulties in seeking to move forward in developing a 'European Metropolitan Region RhineRuhr'.


Since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health care systems across the US have reported substantial personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages, compromising their ability to keep health care professionals safe while treating increasing numbers of patients.1 Gloves, face masks, N95 respirators, powered air-purifying respirators, eye protection, and gowns are central to transmission-based precautions. Initial delays in COVID-19 testing increased PPE use, further intensifying demand. Consequently, some health care professionals have resorted to directly sourcing PPE from personal networks. Infection prevention teams across the country have focused on supply conservation with extended use and reuse protocols. These teams have also collaborated with others (engineers, the maker community, local businesses, and community volunteers) to create new forms of PPE, including respirators and eye protection. At the same time, reports suggest there are overseas suppliers with sizable quantities of PPE who want to supply US health care systems, but logistic issues related to quality, payment terms, and air cargo capacity are among the barriers. The usual PPE supply chain for health care systems works as follows. Sourcing teams select 2 to 3 large, well-established distributors. Health care systems place orders to selected distributors, and supplies are delivered weekly. The distributors in turn buy from manufacturers or, in many instances, contract third parties to manufacture products that the distributors then sell to the health care system. At present, US-based PPE production is limited, and more than 70% of respiratory protection supplies used in the US are manufactured in China. With large spikes in global demand and drastically reduced production in China during early 2020, major distributors have been unable to fill orders. Some health care systems currently face estimated delays of 3 to 6 months for requested supplies. Meanwhile, new suppliers and intermediaries have emerged in the PPE supply chain. Some health care systems have resorted to purchasing PPE from unvetted sources without the ability to fully evaluate supplier quality—a task traditionally managed by distribution partners. As such, new PPE clearinghouses run by physician volunteer groups are emerging to connect vetted suppliers with health care system needs. Why are mainstream distributors—with whom health care systems have had trusted relationships for years—not finding and aggregating these fragmented sources of PPE to fulfill demand? These distributors have dedicated teams specializing in supplier quality assessment and due diligence. Distributors also have more cash on hand to provide the payment terms that PPE suppliers now demand. Why haven't distributors closed this critical gap? There are 2 potential reasons. First, distributors would rather supply PPE manufactured in their own factories or contract sites than buy from the open market. Second, distributors are unwilling to pay the higher asking price given concerns that they may not be able to recover added costs. Both reasons demonstrate a fundamental break in the routine PPE supply chain, limitations amplified by COVID-19. The frightening reality is that the routine US PPE supply chain was not designed with the primary objective of protecting health care professionals. Rather, it was designed to fulfill demand while focusing on efficiency and price. While this supply chain can fulfill normal demand, it cannot meet unexpected increases that occur during a public health crisis, such as the current COVID-19 outbreak or the 2009 influenza A outbreak. Author affiliations and article information are listed at the end of this article.


Catanzarite V. A., & Stein, D. A. (1995). 'Crystal' and pregnancy--methamphetamine-associated maternal deaths. Western Journal of Medicine, 162(5), 454-457. The deaths of two pregnant women admitted to hospital were determined to be caused by the effects of methamphetamine abuse. Although the primary discussion concerns the issues surrounding the death of these two women, the effects on the fetus/newborn are also discussed. (NCAC Abstract)


The purpose of this study is to examine the recognition of the important degree of intangible combat power components. Combat power is expressed as the sum of tangible power and intangible power. The Korean Army has long gone through the mistake of estimating the level of combat power by evaluating only the tangible combat power.We admit that intangible combat power cannot be expressed in measurable numbers.Nevertheless, there is a need to properly understand and evaluate the important degree of intangible combat power components. And operating the unit according to the evaluation result is the key to rational command. Therefore, it is very meaningful to study the recognition of the important degree of intangible combat power components.
In this study, the recognition of the important degree of intangible combat power components recognized by the military expert group (army general promoted officers) was analyzed by applying the AHP technique. Then, the results of KCTC, which was evaluated for training in the most war-like environmental conditions, were analyzed to determine how the components of intangible combat power influenced the training results. And then we looked the differences between the two analyzes and found some reasons for the differences. Lastly the alternatives to solve the discrepancies and further research tasks were presented.


This thesis presents a very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI) approach to the generation of musical sounds. The approach allows the generation of rich musical sounds using models that are easy to control and have parameters corresponding to many of the physical attributes of musical instruments. The generality of the approach for music systhesis is demonstrated by presenting several primitive sound generation mechanisms. Utilizing these primitives, several musical instruments are assembled to produce struck, plucked, and blown sounds. Refinements of the instruments are easily accomplished by adjusting or rearranging different functional components. A concurrent computing engine supporting the sound generation mechanisms is presented along with details of its VLSI implementation. Involved in the implementation is a new CMOS design methodology. Several alternative architectures for the computing engine are also presented and studied.


We present a method of analysis for evaluating intrusion detection systems. The method can be used to compare the performance of intrusion detectors, to evaluate performance goals for intrusion detectors, and to determine the best configuration of an intrusion detector for a given environment. The method uses a decision analysis that integrates and extends ROC (receiver operating characteristics) and cost analysis methods to provide an expected cost metric. We provide general results and illustrate the method in several numerical examples that cover a range of detectors that meet a performance goal and two actual detectors operating in a realistic environment. We demonstrate that, contrary to common advice, the value of an intrusion detection system and the optimal operation of that system depend not only on the system's ROC curve, but also on cost metrics and the hostility of the operating environment as summarized by the probability of intrusion. Extensions of the method are outlined, and conclusions are drawn.


Argumentation-based safety assurance is a promising approach for the development of safe software-intensive medical devices. However, one challenge is safety assessment by an independent authority. This article presents an approach that enables argumentation-based safety development on the one hand, while providing means for assessing the product's safety afterwards on the other hand. We combine a generic safety case with an engineering model, which results in specific quality questions for assessors and provides a generic argumentation structure for manufacturers.


In many energy storage applications, the inevitable calendar aging of batteries results in both short service life and decreased battery performance. In this article, a generative adversarial network-based (GAN-based) model is proposed for both point and probabilistic forecasts of battery calendar aging, i.e., the capacity forecast GAN (CFGAN), which will be the first work that applies GAN to calendar aging forecast. GAN's ability to learn arbitrarily complex distributions has enabled CFGAN to approximate all the possible (arbitrarily shaped) joint distributions. By taking electrochemical knowledge as the guidelines for designing CFGAN's crucial part, i.e., the conditioner, CFGAN has maintained a satisfying consistency between knowledge and data, making it both knowledge-driven and data-driven, i.e., knowledge+data-driven, which has improved its theoretical strength and forecast performance significantly. Illustrative results on practical calendar aging case studies demonstrated the superiority of CFGAN in forecasting and generalizing to unwitnessed conditions, implying that the CFGAN built in deep structure has grasped the complex multimodality of the condition-varying calendar aging process.


IN 1945 MacKee and his co-workers (1945) published the results of their work on the penetration of certain substances into the dermis. Shortly after this another paper (MacKee, Wachtel, Korf and Hermann, 1945) appeared, with an analysis of the results of using a special sulphur lotion with penetrating properties in the treatment of acne Anilgaris. This was labelled iiitraderm sulphur. These results were so good that they stimulated my interest to try to duplicate them. With this in mind and with some eight months' experience with the use of the lotion in private practice, it was decided to try its effect on an unselected group of acne cases among students at the University of Toronto. The University Health Service of the University of Toronto, directed by Dr. C. D. Gossage, makes itself responsible for the health and care of some 16,000 undergraduate students yearly. Each student is examined carefully in the autumn when he returns to the University. I t was decided that those students who had acne would be interviewed by the staff doctor making the routine examination, and asked if they were interested in being subjects of an investigation into the treatment of their acne. Those who were interested were then examined with special reference to their skin, and a history was taken relative to their acne. The history included the following : (a) Duration of acne. (6) Location of eruption. (c) Severity of eruption. (d) Accompanying dandruff. (e) Family history of acne. (/) Previous treatment and effect. (g) Seasonal incidence. (h) Spontaneous improvement in the past. (i) Present status of eruption, i.e. average, good or bad.


This paper is concerned with scalar linear advection equation.A difference scheme satisfying three conservation laws is proposed,which is of the third-order Godunov type with piecewise parabolic reconstruction.Coefficients of the reconstructed function in each grid are determined by three conservation quantities.Although the equation is linear,the proposed scheme is nonlinear.Numerical experiments show that the scheme is nonlinearly stable and has good structure-preserving property in long-time numerical simulations.


1. Mountains and ecosystem "The primary source of flowing waters, energy, and biodiversity are the mountains. Forestry, agricultural and mineral products with pivotal importance also come from the mountains, which furthermore serve as recreation areas. Mountainous environments are part of the complex and intertwining network of ecological systems on our planet, and are vital for maintaining its integrity." (Mountain Institute) The mountains of the world occupy around 24 percent of the Earth's total surface, present on all continents except for the Antarctica, and represented in all major ecological systems from deserts to tropical forests and icy polar ranges. Whichever the location, they share an important property: the climate, the vegetation and the soil change in a rapid pace within limited distances, corresponding to the scale of elevation and contributing to the dramatic variation of biodiversity. It is exactly this versatility that makes defining mountainous environments difficult. As a general rule, mountainous environments lie more than 300 meters above sea level, but it is more expedient to divide them into zone systems with custom features based on height, inclination and natural landscape (eg. subalpine, rainforest). About 12 percent of the planet's human population live in the mountains, and an additional 14 percent live in their close proximity and in dependence on resources originating from there. About half of all mountainers are concentrated in the Andes, the Hengduan-Himalaya-Hindu Kush system, respectively in the African mountains. While mountain ranges in the Northern hemisphere are sparsely populated, the population density can grow over 400 souls/[km.sup.2] in some mountainous tropical areas. The population and economic impact of mountain regions in the EU bear great importance, especially in agriculture, tourism and forestry. 20% of all agricultural areas in Europe lie on high ground, as well as 27% of all operating farms. The territory of five EU member states--Austria, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain--is covered with mountains in more than 50% (Dax, 2004). Most of the people living on the mountains make a rather miseable living doing agricultural filed work. These groups of people have no or minimal political influence, and the local economies are bound to agricultural production and relies on barter exchange. The social, cultural, environmental and economic influence of mountain ecosystems determines the living standard and health of the population. Due to their heavy reliance on their immediate environment, they have developed a pronounced cultural identity, as well as specialized skills and knowledge. In recognizing the significance of the mountains, the first step was the Agenda 21 13. chapter entitled ..Management of Vulnerable Ecosystems: Sustainable Development of Mountains... In the 1992 United Nation conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, it was stated that mountainous areas have an impact on the lives of more than half of Earth's total population, hence the issue of local resources like waters and biodiversity should be treated with due seriosity. Considering the growing international interest towards mountain tourism, The Mountain Forum organized and electronic conference in 1998, entitled Community-based Mountain Tourism: The Connection between Sustainability and Enterprise in Practice. By the end of the conference, the parties had agreed to the following practical points, aiming at a more balanced distribution of touristic resources and proceeds, and emphasizing local governance, partnership, sustainable development and conservation: 1. Holistic management strategies, 2. Local governance and management of resources, 3. Supportive natonal and regional policies, 4. An evenly balanced resource utilization and decision making regarding the low-lying and high-lying territories, 5. …


Realizing an active horizontal suspension system using negative stiffness for attenuating the effect of direct disturbance to the isolation table is presented in this paper. The inclination of the suspension system causes dislocation of the suspended table. The vibration isolation characteristics of the proposed active system controlled by negative stiffness controller are investigated on horizontal and inclined surface in this study. Negative stiffness is accomplished between the isolation table and the middle mass and positive stiffness is accomplished between the middle mass and the base. The transfer function approach is used to design the controllers. The infinite stiffness and the corresponding zero compliance to the isolation table against direct static disturbance is achieved by series combination of the negative stiffness and positive stiffness of equal magnitude. Both the isolation table and the middle mass are driven by voice coil motors (VCMs) according to the relative displacements of the table and mass which are measured with eddy current gap sensors. The control method for realizing negative stiffness as well as infinite stiffness to the isolation table with VCM is presented analytically. The validity of this technique is confirmed experimentally and theoretically. The results show that the active system with proposed control method can suppress direct static and dynamics disturbances associated with horizontal translation.


Abstract Soybean production in the Cerrado area is limited by the acidity and excess of aluminum in the soil. Thus, the use of agricultural lime and gypsum is necessary to decrease these factors and favor soybean growth. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of lime and gypsum doses on soybean yield and nutrition, in a no-tillage system (NTS). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized blocks design, with four replications, and tested lime doses (0, 2, 4, 8, and 10 t ha−1) combined with the gypsum doses (0, 1, 2, and 4 t ha−1), applied to a Xanthic Haplic Ferrasol, in a Cerrado area intended to the implantation of a soybean crop under NTS. The traits leaf nutrition, hundred-grain weight, and the grain yield were evaluated in the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The application of lime combined with gypsum significantly changed the calcium content in the leaf, hundred-grain weight, and yield in the 2015/2016 season, and hundred-grain weight in the 2016/2017 season. Lime doses increased soybean nutrition for Ca, Mg, and yield in two seasons; however, are decreased N and K. N, P and Mg (season 2016/2017) are increased by Gypsum doses and decreased K and Mg (season 2015/2016).


Part 1 Introduction: shortcomings of the relational model extensions of the relational model object oriented database systems. Part 2 Concepts of OOP: concepts of OOP in LISP and AutoLISP concepts of OOP in SmallTalk and OPAL. Part 3 Analysis and design methodology: developing an application. Part 4 Implementation techniques: indexing techniques transaction management perspective for OODBMSs.


This paper analyzes the significance of Hotel Management Major post practice,explores the problems in post practice process and proposes corresponding countermeasures.


Climate change creates adverse conditions for rice production in rice growing regions. For adaptation to mentioned challenges, cultivation of resistant varieties to biotic and abiotic stresses is required. Mutation technique is very effective for improving main agronomic characteristics such as yield, quality and resistance to diseases and pests. It is well-known not only in worldwide but also in Vietnam. In recent years, the marker assisted selection (MAS) strategy have been used for selection of traits that are difficult and costly performed measurement and score. In this article, we present the works on the application of gamma ray irradiation and MAS technique for improving of Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) resistant rice variety BT62.1. This variety is short growth duration, high quality, easily cultivation and bacterial leaf blight resistance (carrying Xa7 and Xa21 genes), but low yield and needs to be improved. BT62.1 dry seeds were treated with 300 grey of Cobalt-60 gamma rays. Irradiated seeds were grown in experiment field of Mutation and Heterosis Division, Agriculture Genetics Institute. All M1 individuals were harvested separately for next season. From M2 to M4, mutant lines were also collected and planted in family. In M5, all mutant lines were breeded by MAS. Then they were inoculated for resistance to bacterial leaf blight and evaluated of main agronomic traits. The mutant lines, with resistant genes and good traits were kept breeding for stable and diversity analysis. The results of evaluation of genetic similarity and cluster analysis showed that genetic diversity in 40 mutant lines and original variety; Eight promising mutant lines of M5 generation retained as short duration, good quality, bacterial leaf blight resistance as original varieties but they have the higher yield than the original ones. Out of which, 2 mutant lines M24 and M33 have the highest yield (more than 7 tons/ha). These promising mutant lines are selected for further evaluation.


Ac tree initiation voltage of Ar-impregnated LDPE is much lower than vacuum-degassed LDPE, and even lower than normal (air-impregnated) LDPE. Injected electrons are accelerated in polymer free volume. In Ar-impregnated LDPE, the hot electrons collide with Ar atoms in free volume and excite them to metastable level. Metastable atom can return to ground state after transferring the energy by collision with free volume wall. The energy transferred from metastable atom breaks polymer bond of free volume wall, and creates micro cavity in short time.


In the course of some investigations with regard to the Earth's magnetism, it occurred to me that a magnetised body must possess magnetic inertia in virtue of its magnetisation, just as an electrified body possesses electric inertia. I am not aware that this has been considered before, nor have I seen any calculation of the amount to be expected. The method of dimensions shows that the magnetic inertia of a body of magnetic moment m should be a numerical multiple of m 2 a -3C-2, where C is the velocity of radiation and a a linear dimension of the body ( e. g ., the radius, in the case of a sphere).


Purpose Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are shown to play various key roles in cancer development and progression. This study sought to identify the role of one circRNA, circHIPK3, in colon cancer and determine the mechanism by which it impacts this disease. Methods CircHIPK3, miR-524-5p, and Nr4A2 expression were measured using qRT-PCR. Colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined using CCK-8 and transwell assays, and apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of related proteins. The correlation between miR-524-5p and circHIPK3 or Nr4A2 was con�rmed using dual-luciferase reporter gene analysis. Finally, animal experiments were used to evaluate the effect of circHIPK3 silencing in vivo.


This report is an assessment of the validity and potential effectiveness of the proposed project activities included in the USAID/Thailand Health Population and Nutrition Needs Assessment of May 1980. Activities concern reduction in infant and child mortality reduction of population growth and increased life expectancy. The public sector health delivery system includes a network of service outlets: 92 provincial hospitals 288 district hospitals 4165 Tambon health centers 1674 midwifery centers 14142 village health volunteers and 100871 village health communicators. These outlets serve about 15% of the people providing curative preventive and promotive health interventions. The remaining 85% seek care in the private sector primarily at pharmacies or other drug outlets. Thailand has a crude birth rate of 29.9/1000 and a crude death rate of 7.9/1000. The annual population growth in 1979 was 2.2%; it was 3.2% in 1970. Prevalence of contraceptive usage was 52% in 1979; knowledge of contraceptive practices was 93%. Family planning includes the following methods: oral contraceptives (59.1% users) female sterilization (13.3% users). In recent years malnutrition has risen to 57%. 2/3 of people in Thailand obtain their water from shallow open wells creating an obvious chance for contamination. This report recommends the early identification of infant and preschool malnutrition by regular weighing in the villages and by targeting education and food supplements to the already malnourished. Also it is recommended that USAID support village level project water systems. Efforts are underway to decrease the population growth rate to 1.5% by 1986. Intensive research funds obtained from USAID should be used to determine the reasons for variation in the effectiveness of the National Planning Program (NFPP). Other major findings and recommendations are made concerning nutrition village services national price policies and costs of programs. Further data collection is necessary to evaluate the program in more detail.


Challenges exist between the university course professors, pre-service teachers, and field work partnerships in literacy education programs. This article discusses a need to create and implement a pre-research field work agreement to increase the efficiency of literacy research projects conducted between the university and the practicum school partnership. Based on collected formal and informal research, disconnects are hindering the overall literacy research project goals from being accomplished. Specific challenging issues that are identified include ensuring placement diversity, geographical issues, researcher access to records, and adequate placement opportunities within the needed content focus supported by a highly qualified mentor. Resolutions to the challenges can be better addressed if a systematic, organized pre-research field work partnership agreement is in place.


Preface Abbreviations Introduction 1. The project 2. The social sciences and New Testament interpretation 3. Methodological limits and possibilities 4. Where from here? Part I. Paul: Community-Building Institutionalization: 5. Attitidues to the world/ethics 6. Ministry 7. Ritual 8. Belief 9. General conclusion Part II. Colossians and Ephesians: Community-Stabilizing Institutionalization: 10. Attitudes to the world/ethics 11. Ministry 12. Ritual 13. Belief 14. General conclusion Part III. The Pastoral Epistles: Community-Protecting Institutionalization: 15. Attitidues to the world/ethics 16. Ministry 17. Ritual 18. Belief Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index of Biblical passages discussed Subject index.


Dance is an independent art that expresses human emotions. Dance works must meet the audience and must be presented by dancers. The dancers show the success of the dance works, mainly reflecting the integration of their comprehensive qualities. This paper analyzes the dancers' stage performance quality and internal quality to show that a dancer can only achieve better stage performances with good comprehensive quality, which is recognized by the audience.


Financial support is very important in the innovative sphere, because it creates the basis of the whole economic development. There are several ways how this support can be organized: from the family money to government subsidy. This paper focused on a relatively new way how a startup as a small innovative business can gain finance - crowdfunding platforms. As a preparation for the analysis theoretical concepts of innovative startup investment were considered and the unique characteristics of crowdfunding market were examined. The purpose of the study is to underline main characteristic of startups as a way of financial innovation performance, analyze the determinants of crowdfunding platform's effectiveness, define an optimal strategic behavior for a platform to accumulate greater amount of investment and increase the number of startups which achieve their financial goals. Analysis is based on the data from 105 crowdfunding platforms during last 3 year (from 2018 till 2020). As a result, based on the multiple linear regression an analysis was conducted which showed that age, platform type and scope are main characteristics of crowdfunding platform efficiency while commission type is not correlated with startup crowdfunding success rate.


of water, nutrients and as a medium for growing. Soil stores, filters, buffers and transforms substances that are introduced into the environment. This capability is crucial in producing and protecting water supplies and for regulating greenhouse gases. Soil is a provider of raw materials. Soil is also an incredible habitat and gene pool. Soil is a fundamental component of our landscape and cultural heritage. The properties of soil vary tremendously from region to region. Soils under tropical rainforests are vulnerable to erosion and nutrient depletion if the vegetation cover is removed. Oasis regions in deserts and the Sahel show how seemingly infertile soils can be cultivated in the presence of water. The wetlands of Congo and other major African systems are stores of soil organic carbon and important wildlife habitats. The black, clay-rich soils of the Nile Valley in Sudan are rich in nutrients but difficult to cultivate when very wet or very dry. Soils with high salt levels are not suitable for the cultivation of crops but may support a unique plant community. AFRICA SOIL ATLAS OF


Fred B. Kniffen, born only 18 days after the present century began, was descended from colonial New England stock. In 1840 his grandfather moved from New York to southern Michigan where some of the Kniffen family still live. Born in Michigan, Kniffen moved with his family to Kansas at an early age then to Wisconsin where he attended high school. After high school, he worked for a year including time on the ore docks of Lake Superior. With the money saved, he went to the University of Michigan and received a degree in geology. Following graduation, Kniffen was at loose ends and after working in a variety of jobs he went to Alaska where he thought it would be exciting, but had doubts. Once his wanderlust was satisfied, he decided to go to graduate school. Having met Carl Sauer at the University of Michigan, the logical choice was to go to the University of California, Berkeley where Sauer had moved in 1923. At Berkeley, Kniffen met Alfred Kroeber and under the influence of both Sauer and Kroeber, among othe...


Aiming at the problem of pattern recognition of traffic mode in elevator group control system,this paper proposes a pattern recognition method of elevator traffic mode based on multi-value classification Support Vector Machine(SVM).It analyzes the collected elevator traffic flow data using the direct multi-value classification SVM.The traffic mode classifier is established and it can provide an efficient solution for the recognition of non-linear system with multiple-input and multiple-output.Experimental results show that the method can result in global optimization,small classification errors and the ability to meet group control systems.


In the "The Belt and Road" vision, Chinese engineering develops rapidly in foreign country. Engineering claims and their management have been the weak links in the field of engineering construction, mainly reflected in the legal system is not perfect, the claim consciousness is weak, the lack of experience in construction management, claims the lack of specialized personnel and etc. To solve this problem, first, this paper analyzed the claim of duration and cost in the determination of the circumstances. Then according to the comparative analysis of different forms of contract claims on project, in order to help Chinese contractor to select a reasonable contracts in foreign engineering, and enhance the sense of claims. After the occurrence of the claim, a reasonable claim can be made according to the agreement.


In this thesis,according to the goal of the cultivating applied talents in the independent colleges,combined with our teaching practice,the reforms of the university physics experiment teaching are investigated in the teaching methods,designs of the curriculum content,laboratory management etc. From the feedback of our practice,these reforms are important for the cultivation of students' science,the habits of the application mathematics,analysis and resolution the questions abilities.


10 mg tablets of norethisterone acetate were prescribed to 19 women with functional metrorrhagia and to 13 with premenstrual syndrome and or dysmenorrhea. The 19 metrorrhagia patients 18-51 years old had uterine fibroids hyperplastic mucosa or bleeding related to menopause ovulation or an IUD. They took 1 or 2 tablets for 10 days the 1 tablet per day from Days 20 to 25 of the cycle for 2 or 3 cycles. Tolerance was excellent; results were good or very good in 16 women and unsuccessful in 3 women with firbroids. The other 13 aged 16-38 years had either premenstrual syndrome (swelling pelvic and breast congestion and sometimes nausea) or premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea either due to the classic adolescent premenstrual syndrome or to gynecologic treatments such as hysterectomy and unilateral ovariectomy. They were given 1 tablet daily from Days 20 to 25 or Days 5 to 25 for 2 or 3 cycles. Results were very good in 2 good in 3 fair in 5 and unsuccessful in 3 2 of whom could be explained by anatomical considerations.


Crowley's research explored the ways in which experimental art and music conjoined in Eastern Europe after the death of Stalin. It examined the relations between new 'intermedia' art practices and power in the region, and resulted in an exhibition shown at two venues, the Museum of Art in Łodź, Poland (2012) and Calvert 22, London (2013), and a book organised around a 13,000-word essay by Crowley (2012).
The exhibition, curated by Crowley and Daniel Muzyczuk, featured works by artists and composers from Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. Crowley initiated this project in 2008 with a series of interviews with artists active in the 1960s and 1970s: Milan Grygar (Prague), Katalin Ladik and Dora Maurer (Budapest), Alex Mlynarcik (Zilina), Krzysztof Wodiczko (New York) and Krzysztof Szlifirski (Warsaw).

Many of the works in the exhibition had not been seen or heard since they were first created. Recreation was itself a form of research. Two works – a performance entitled Just Transistor Radios (1970) and an interactive environment, the Spatial-Musical Composition (1968) – were recreated with their original authors. The practical and philosophical questions that followed from the reconstruction of happenings and installations were addressed in conversation between the curators, Crowley and Muzyczuk, and a musicologist, published at artmargins.com (2012).
The exhibition was widely reviewed: The Wire described it as being 'lushly arranged and superbly researched' (2012). Crowley was invited to speak about his research at CUNY and MoMA, New York (2012 and 2013), Cafe Oto, London (2013), Raster Gallery, Warsaw (2012) and BLAF Festival, Bratislava (2013). MoMA commissioned Crowley to write an essay on the theme for its C-MAP website promoting new research extending the geographies of modern art. The Łodź show was awarded the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage's Sybilla Prize for 'best art exhibition of 2012' in Poland.


avascular plane: relevance to radical retropubic prostatectomy – anatomic and surgical commentary. Urology 2002; 59: 472–9. 25 McNeal JE. The prostate gland: morphology and pathobiology. Monogr. Urol. 1988; 9: 36–54. 26 Khan MA, Partin AW. Surgical margin status after radical retropubic prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2005; 95: 281–4. 27 Epstein JI. Pathologic assessment of the surgical specimen. Urol. Clin. North Am. 2001; 28: 567–94. 28 Kordan Y, Salem S, Chang SS et al. Impact of positive apical surgical margins on likelihood of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 2009; 182: 2695–701. 29 Wright JL, Dalkin BL, True LD et al. Positive surgical margins at radical prostatectomy predict prostate cancer specific mortality. J. Urol. 2010; 183: 2126–7.


Foreign body aspiration( FBA) is one of the main cause of accidental death in childhood. This study was designed to evaluate the incidence of FBA and its corresponding symptoms and signswith resultant dangers in the community.Ninety-nine cases were studied. Foreign body aspiration into the airway is one of the dramatic pediatric emergencies. It is more common in children aged 6 months to 5 years. Pea nuts and food items account for most cases. Right main stem bronchus is the most common site involved. The initial cough and choking like episodes may be followed by a symptomless interval before leading to further complications. Chest radiograph findings may vary from normal to hyperinflation, obstructive emphysema or pneumothorax. Removal by ventilating rigid bronchoscope with optical forcep is the definitive treatment.


Sorption of ethylene, ethane, and propane into poly(ethyl methacrylate) and the concomitant dilation of the polymer are measured at 15°C. Each sorption isotherm has a reverse-sigmoid shape described by the extended dual-mode sorption model, and dilation isotherms are similar in shape to the corresponding sorption isotherms. Inflection on the isotherms is due to isothermal glass transition induced by the sorbed gases, whose concentration is the glass transition concentration Cg. The Cg value for propane is in accord with concentration at an abrupt change found on a curve of the concentration dependence of diffusivity. Partial molar volumes of the gases at rubbery state and glassy state are evaluated from sorptive dilation data above and below Cg, respectively. A correlation between plasticizing ability and partial molar volume for the gases is discussed.


There are numerous forces which are shaping the future of the hospitality industry and particularly, the lodging industry. The growth of the information highway and the rapid technological advances taking place are making significant demands upon all types of customer service related information systems. The ability for smaller-sized hospitality related businesses to tap into these information systems will become more restrictive in the near future as transnational and multi-national organisations vie for strategic positioning for this information. The larger corporations will also compete for an ever-decreasing pool of limited capital in a global network where optimum returns on investments will determine which projects receive funding. Limited labour markets, downsizing of corporations, personal safety and security, health issues, terrorism, and increasing demands for more customer services at an excellent price/value ratio are some of the other most pressing issues facing hospitality managers of the fu...


.........................................................................................ii Chapter One: Introduction 1.1Background of the study .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................. 3 1.3Objective of the study ........................................................................................ 6 1.3.1General objective ............................................................................................ 6 1.3.2Specific objectives .......................................................................................... 6 1.4 Significance of the Research ............................................................................. 6 1.5 Methodology and Method ................................................................................. 7 1.6 Method...........................................................................................................................................7 1.7 Scope of the study ............................................................................................. 9 1.8 Ethical issues .................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Organization of the Thesis .............................................................................. 10 Chapter Two: Rural Land Dispute Settlement Across Various Jurisdictions 2.


Experimental techniques to repair focal defects in articular cartilage involve replacing a small area of damaged cartilage with an artificial implant. An important consideration with these devices is the potential for cartilage to wear against the implant surface. To evaluate these implants and to screen for optimal materials and finishes, a method to quickly and accurately predict in vivo cartilage wear is required. Although pin-on-disc wear testers are frequently used to evaluate the wear of engineering materials, and multi-station test machines are available commercially for rapid testing, they have not often been used to test cartilage wear.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Noise analysis is one of the promising techniques for early detection, but usually it is rather difficult to identify the anomaly sources. On the other hand, the cause consequence tree and artificial intelligence techniques are successfully applied to analyses for rather large disturbances. The authors proposed an identification technique for rather small disturbances, where the projective operator technique was applied to an analysis of the observed vector, and the type and approximate magnitude of the disturbances were estimated with fairly good accuracy. The applicability of this technique to boiling water reactor and pressurized water reactor (PWR) plants was verified by computer experiments. Since a PWR plant has remarkable nonlinear characteristics due to the nonlinearity of the control system, the observed vector was nonlinearly transformed by using the addition observed signals, which are closely related to nonlinear sources. Although the above studies were made for plants operated at normal power, nuclear power plants will be operated with automatic frequency control (AFC) with an increase in power generation rate in the near future. Thus, the authors extended their previous studies, i.e., the projective operator technique was applied to disturbance identification in PWR plants operated with AFC.


It is usually the practise in railroad signaling to automatically control the operation of signals and other safety devices in the system by means of a relay operated in an electrical circuit which is completed through the rails of the track. The track is sectionalized by placing insulated joints in the rails so that each section becomes insulated from adjoining sections. The rails are utilized throughout the entire length of a section as conductors for carrying current from a source of energy located at one end of the section to the track relay at the opposite end. The relay operates in a closed circuit and is normally energized. When a train enters a track section the wheels and axles of the cars form a conducting path for the current to flow directly from one rail to the other instead of flowing through the relay. This shunts the relay sufficiently to cause it to release its contacts thus allowing the signals to operate in such manner as to indicate the presence of the train. If the relay fails to shunt with a train in the section the signals not only fail to protect the train, but give false indications advising approaching trains that the track is clear. Continuous track circuits as they are employed in the present state of the art are recognized as the safest means of controlling signals, but even so where they are used the integrity of the entire signaling system is dependent upon the proper functioning of the track relay. It is therefore important to study the various characteristics of the track circuit particularly in connection with the shunting action of the relay.


The present investigation was mainly focused on the bioavailability of phytate -phosphorus in the poultry feed using Aspergillus niger phytase. Twenty six weeks old, layer chicken (Gallus domesticus) were selected and randomly allocated to four dietary treatment groups with eight replicates each per treatment group. The birds were treated with three dosages such as 200U, 400U and 600U of phytase enzyme per Kg of diet. The enzyme showed 6–8% increase in the body weight and 4–5% increase in leg thickness when fed with 600U of enzyme/Kg diet. The overall egg quality showed an increase of 13.6% of weight and improved the shell thickness by 13–14% when the layers were fed with 400U and 600U of the enzyme respectively. Free phosphorus availability in control birds was found to be very low when compared to experimental birds. The total phosphorus excreted in the fecal matter was reduced to 14% with 600U of the enzyme and the amount of phosphorus utilized by the experimental birds was 20% more than the control birds.


In this thesis, we present a new architecture of differential T/R switches for wireless local-area network (WLAN). If we use the balanced-type circuit, the number of the devices, such as a balun, can be reduced. The balanced circuit can also improve the poor ground and suppress the common-mode interference. In addiction, the proposed architecture consumes no DC power at the receiving mode, which is especially suitable for portable wireless applications.
 The LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) is chosen for its low loss and multi-layer structure, which will give better insertion loss and give more freedom in balanced-type device design. The design procedure and measurement results of two differential switches operating at 2.4GHz and 5.2GHz are presented in this thesis.


This article refers to 'Prevalence, characteristics and outcomes of older patients with hereditary versus wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy' by A. Porcari et al. , published in this issue on pages 5 1 5–524. In 2002, the group from the National Amyloidosis Centre in the UK published data showing that 3.7% of patients referred to them with a presumptive diagnosis of light-chain (AL) amyloidosis actually had a mutation in the transthyretin (TTR) molecule as a cause of their amyloidosis. 1 That important paper underscored the need for comprehensive evaluation of all patients with sus-pected AL amyloidosis, in order to provide accurate diagnosis and to avoid unhelpful and potentially toxic therapy. In the intervening years it has become apparent that, contrary to the belief 20 years ago, the prevalence of TTR amyloidosis (ATTR) is considerably higher than that of AL amyloidosis. This surge in diagnosis has been driven by the widespread availability of imaging agents used previously for bone imaging, most specifi-cally 99m Tc-3,3-diphosphono- 1 ,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (DPD) scintigraphy in Europe and 99m Tc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy (PYP) in the United States. These agents are avidly taken up in the heart of patients with ATTR and their use has obviated the necessity for endomyocardial biopsy in the majority of patients, previously required in almost all patients with this condition. With accurate single photon emission computed


The planting density on dry matter accumulation at mature period of "Fulong 1","Jinkai 2" and "Shendan 16" were investigated.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation were difference between apparatus of three variety at different planting density.Furthermore,the seed was biggest and the male spike was least,which showed in mature period the dry matter mainly distributed to seeds.In same planting density,the dry matter of same apparatus were difference between variety,which showed the distributing ratio of dry matter was effected by the variety.The distributing ratio of dry matter was same between whole plant and seeds;furthermore,they decreased with the planting density increase,which showed the planting density also effected the dry matter accumulation of whole plant.


As the first step of an endeavor to remedy the issue of administrative inefficiency in the emergency referral system of Alberta Health Services, we present a study which analyzes the administrative time cost (excluding patient assessment time) of two alternative processes compared to the current process of referral. One alternative is a label/standardized form process which uses our emergency consultation chit to standardize referral information. The other, an electronic process, utilizes a software prototype we developed on two networked computers using Java and open source libraries. The electronic process is capable of streamlining referral information transfer between organizations in the emergency referral system and interfacing with existing Electronic Medical Record systems. The study results reveal that both alternative processes reduce administrative time cost compared to the current referral process. The electronic process demonstrates a technically feasible and time-cost effective remedy for the issue of administrative inefficiency.


Objective To explore the curative effect of intraocular lens implantation and nursing for senile cataract patients. Methods Retrospective analysis was taken for 240 cases of senile cataract patients receiving intraocular lens implantation and preoperative and postoperative nursing from 2008 to 2011. Results After the intraocular lens implantation, 240 cases of senile cataract patients were healed, postoperative visual acuity reached 0.5 to 0.7 in 128 cases, accounting for 53.3%; 0.8 to 1.0 in 91 cases, accounting for 37.9%; more than 1.1 in 21 cases, accounting for 8.8%. Conclusion Good preoperative and postoperative nursing for senile cataract patients is beneficial to successful operation and rehabilitation for elderly cataract patients.


Chromatographic analysis of air-dried root barks and seeds of Calodendrum capense Thunb led to the isolation of calodendrolide ( 1 ), limonin ( 2 ) and limonin diosphenol ( 3 ) whose structures were elucidated using physical and spectroscopic techniques. The compounds and the crude extract were then tested against mosquito 2 nd instar larvae of the species Aedes aegypti Linn senso stricto , a yellow fever vector at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Calodendrolide ( 1 ) was the most toxic as it killed all the larvae even at the lower concentration of 25 ppm. In addition, concentrations of 15, 10, 5 and 1 ppm of this compound retained moderate efficacy. Calodendrolide ( 1 ), C. capense root bark crude, limonin ( 2 ), and limonin diosphenol ( 3 ) had LC 50 values of 13.1, 29.2, 71.6 and 217.1 ppm, respectively.

 KEY WORDS : Aedes aegypti , Limonoids, Calodendrum capense , 2 nd instar larvae, Limonin, Limonin diosphenol
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2005, 19(1), 145-148.


The analysis of curves has been routinely dealt with using tools from functional data analysis. However its extension to multi-dimensional curves poses a new challenge due to its inherent geometric features that are difficult to capture with the classical approaches that rely on linear approximations. We propose a new framework for functional data as multidimensional curves that allows us to extract geometrical features from noisy data. We define a mean through measuring shape variation of the curves. The notion of shape has been used in functional data analysis somewhat intuitively to find a common pattern in one dimensional curves. As a generalization, we directly utilize a geometric representation of the curves through the Frenet-Serret ordinary differential equations and introduce a new definition of mean curvature and mean shape through the mean ordinary differential equation. We formulate the estimation problem in a penalized regression and develop an efficient algorithm. We demonstrate our approach with both simulated data and a real data example.