An agamic complex of 20- and 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus subg. Sanguineae, sect. Douglasianae) occurs in western North America, with a 10-stamen taxon disjunct in the upper Great Lakes basin. Here, we recircumscribe the 20-stamen taxa at the core of this complex (C. ser. Douglasianae). This is needed in order to distinguish between a presumptively ancestral diploid and its allo- and autopolyploid derivatives, all differing in breeding system, distribution, morphology, and pattern of genetic variation. The earliest name for these 20-stamen taxa, Crataegus gaylussacia A. Heller, was given to distinctive plants of Marin and Sonoma counties in California that have recently been shown to be autotriploids. In Flora North America, however, this name was applied to all 20-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns. We recircumscribe C. gaylussacia, and also recircumscribe and typify a slightly younger name, C. suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke, with a specimen from southern Washington with the diminished pollen fertility found in allopolyploid, apomictic black-fruited hawthorns occurring east of the Cascades, from northern California north to southernmost Alaska. Finally, we recognize the diploid, self-incompatible, sexual black-fruited hawthorns found west of the Cascades from northern California to southwestern Washington as Crataegus rhodamae-loveae sp. nov. Together with the 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns in predominantly tetraploid, apomictic, and self-fertile C. douglasii Lindl. and its segregates (discussed in detail in a companion paper), these species are linked by whole genome duplications associated in most cases with hybridization, with members of red-fruited C. subg. Americanae, and with each other. We suggest that this complex provides a model for understanding other such groups of Crataegus species that are related by whole genome duplications resulting from the fertilization of unreduced gametes (facilitated by but not necessarily dependent on occurrence of gametophytic apomixis), often together with hybridization. We note that an earlier effort at DNA barcoding these and other hawthorn species that provided limited support for our taxonomic decisions here also demonstrated some limited utility of the original plant DNA barcoding loci in groups like Crataegus. The taxonomic decisions we advocate will warrant consideration when other groups of hawthorns are revised in the light of data like those employed here.


Post-operative small bowel adhesions causing bowel obstruction is uncommon in the paediatric age group. The incidence of adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO) requiring surgical intervention ranges between 2 and 8% in paediatric patients. A retrospective study of all paediatric surgical patients (aged between 1 and 15 years) that were admitted to Waikato Hospital over a 12-year time period. Their demographic variables, details of previous surgery and the admissions details were tabulated. Out of 133 admissions, 65 were excluded and 68 admissions were then analysed. 44 patients were successfully managed nonoperatively and 28 patients underwent surgery (13 early and 15 late). Out of the operative group 4 had to have bowel resections (3 early and 1 late). There was no statistically signifi cant difference between length of stay (LOS) among patients with non-operative and operative management. No statistically signifi cant difference between LOS among patients with early ( ≤ 4 hours) operative management and late ( > 24 hours) operative management. No statistically signifi cance difference in the time of presentation from initial surgery for patients who underwent appendicectomy compared to other laparotomies. Plain abdominal x-ray was the most common investigation tool. We demonstrated the role of non-operative management of children with adhesive bowel obstruction with regular reviews rather than early surgery.


Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, 1990–1999. By Joshua A. Tucker. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 444p. $29.99. On the heels of a generation of scholarship on democratic transition and consolidation in postcommunist countries, and after several election cycles, relatively steady economic growth, and the accession of many countries in the region to NATO and the European Union, the theoretical concepts and assumptions derived from studies of mature democracies have increasingly been applied to the new democracies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. One fine example is Regional Economic Voting in which Joshua A. Tucker effectively probes and refines the assumptions of economic voting in established democracies to suggest how variations in economic conditions have affected political support for postcommunist parties. In particular, Tucker explores whether—and under what conditions—traditional economic voting assumptions, that incumbent parties and certain types of parties (right-wing parties in established democracies) perform better if the economy is better, are supported in postcommunist cases.


A recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) containing coding sequences of infectious bursal disease virus structural proteins, and characterised in that it contains, at a site in its genome, at least one sequence coding for a protein selected from the group consisting of proteins VP2 and VP3 under conditions suitable for the expression of said sequences and the production of said protein, the sequence coding for protein VP4 being absent or unable to be expressed. A vaccine containing said virus is also provided.


In this thesis we consider new approaches to the numerical solution of a class of Volterra integral equations, which contain a kernel with singularity of nonstandard type. The kernel is singular in both arguments at the origin, resulting in multiple solutions, one of which is differentiable at the origin. We consider numerical methods to approximate any of the (infinitely many) solutions of the equation. We go on to show that the use of product integration over a short primary interval, combined with the careful use of extrapolation to improve the order, may be linked to any suitable standard method away from the origin. The resulting split-interval algorithm is shown to be reliable and flexible, capable of achieving good accuracy, with convergence to the one particular smooth solution.


ABSTRACT By combining the ab initio quantum mechanics (QM) calculation and the Drude model, electron temperature- and lattice temperature-dependent electron thermal conductivity is calculated and implemented into a multiscale model of laser material interaction, which couples the classical molecular dynamics (MD) and the two-temperature model (TTM). The results indicated that the electron thermal conductivity obtained from ab initio calculation leads to faster thermal diffusion than that using the electron thermal conductivity from empirical determination, which further induces a deeper melting region, a larger number of density waves travelling inside the copper film, and more various speeds of atomic clusters ablated from the irradiated film surface.


In this paper we introduce an innovative version of the recently proposed Layered ORthogonal lattice Detector (LORD). LORD is an attractive MIMO detection algorithm, which aims to approach the optimal Maximum-Likelihood (ML) detection performance with a reasonable complexity, quadratic in the number of transmitting antennas rather than exponential. LORD is also well suited to a hardware (e.g. ASIC or FPGA) implementation because of its regularity, deterministic latency and parallelism. Nevertheless, its complexity is still high in case of high cardinality constellations, such as the 64-QAM foreseen by the 802.11n standard. We show that, when only global latency constraints exist, e.g. a fixed time to detect the whole OFDM symbol, the LORD complexity can be remarkably reduced (up to 60%), still approaching the ML performance.


Building technology courses are set up for the students of architecture specialty,and its teaching quality affects the realization of train objective.It is necessary to combine the course of building technology with building design in the department of architecture.The research and exploration of the course construction which is suitable for national institutes,is useful to realize the objective of cultivating application-oriented talents in architecture.


In general relativity, the fields on a black hole horizon are obtained from those in the bulk by pullback and restriction. Similarly, in quantum gravity, the quantized horizon degrees of freedom should result from restricting, or pulling-back, the quantized bulk degrees of freedom. This is not yet fully realized in the - otherwise very successful - quantization of isolated horizons in loop quantum gravity. In this work we outline a setting in which the quantum horizon degrees of freedom are simply components of the quantized bulk degrees of freedom. There is no need to quantize them separately. We present evidence that for a horizon of sphere topology, the resulting horizon theory is remarkably similar to what has been found before.


It deals with the main supports of semantic analysis in translation and a few things which should be paid attention to.


The invention discloses a capacitor mismatch adjusting device used in the chip and is composed of the capacitor to be adjusted, comparator maladjusted adjusting capacitor, adjusting capacitor and comparator. The capacitor mismatch compensating circuit of the invention adopts the charge on the self-adapting adjusting mismatch adjusting capacitor, increases the speed of the circuit, and eliminates the affect to the capacitor mismatch from the channel charge afflux and the clock feedthrough caused by the on-off of the diode. It is also benefit to increase the precision of the capacitor match.


Helicobacter pylori is perhaps the most prevalent and successful human pathogen worldwide. Since it was initially suggested in 1983 by Marshall and Warren to be implicated in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, H. pylori has also been implicated in gastric carcinoma and was classified as a class I carcinogen. Over half of the world's population is colonised with this gram-negative bacterium with most infections being acquired early in life and may persist for the life of the individual. H. pylori infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. While infected individuals mount an inflammatory response that becomes chronic, along with a detectable adaptive immune response, these responses are ineffective in clearing the infection. H. pylori has unique features that allow it to reside within the harsh conditions of the gastric environment, and also to evade the host immune response. Therefore, disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonise a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonisation of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. In this review, the various virulence factors expressed by this bacterium and how they interact with the host epithelium to influence pathogenesis are discussed.


Commentary on: Vinter CA, Jensen DM, Ovesen P, Beck-Nielsen H, Jorgensen JS. The LiP (Lifestyle in Pregnancy) study: a randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention in 360 obese pregnant women. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2502– 7.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2]

Approximately 30% of pregnant women in developed countries are overweight or obese.1 Maternal obesity is a major risk factor for maternal and fetal complications, including maternal and fetal mortality, miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, infection, thromboembolic disease, induction of labour, macrosomia, caesarean section and stillbirth.2

In 2009, the Institute of Medicine revised its recommendations for weight gain in pregnancy advising that overweight and obese women should restrict gestational weight gain to 15–25 lb (6.8–11.3 kg) and …

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With the successful operation of the Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) during 1997's Mars Pathfinder (MPF) mission, geochemistry data are now available from three sites on Mars. APXS raw spectra for six soils and five rocks have been converted to compositional abundances. The Viking Lander X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRFS) successfully measured elemental abundances of nine soils at Viking 1 and eight soils at Viking 2. Although the three landing sites are located in different parts of Mars, the soils exhibit broad similarities, with an iron-rich chemistry similar to that of palagonite. However, the Pathfinder sods show some significant differences from Viking soils, notably an enrichment in silica and depletion in sulfur. The XRFS samples consisted of near-surface and deep (up to 22 cm) soils acquired by a collector head at the cod of a retractable boom. It was possible to collect and analyze pebbles as large a 2 cm, but only sod, some in the form of consolidated clods, was sampled. In contrast, the APXS measured materials in situ. This resulted in MPF "rock" analyses that probably had a significant dust component and, as explored here, "soil" analyses that may have contained a rocky component We examine several possibilities to explain these differences and other attributes of the APXS and XRFS data sets: 1) The APXS soil measurements actually sampled a mixture of Viking-like soil and small bits of high-silica, low-sulfur rock, 2) The soils were derived from high-silica rocks mixed with a minor component of globally-homogenized dust; these soils are chemically distinct and have a separate geologic history from the Viking soils. 3) The weathering environment was different at the Pathfinder landing site compared to the Viking sites, and 4) Uncertainties in the XRFS and APXS measurements result in reported elemental abundances different than those that are actually present We show that none of the possibilities can be discounted, but that an MPF soil distinct in composition from Viking sods is best supported by the available data.


In article the characteristic of structure of the crime provided by article 273 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation is given. Offers on optimization of criminal liability for creation, use and distribution of harmful computer programs are provided.


Throughout historl philosophers of the world have been talking about "things that cannot be put into words". Wittgenstein, a famous philosopher listed a series of things which he thought cannot be put into words:logical forms, subject, the world as a whole, life and ethics, objective existence, etc. In fact, from the viewpoint of the basic philosophy and the hierarchy of languages,"the things that cannot be put into words" are not mystical. While the expression of language has its limits, it also has its way of expression, The understanding of the logic of our language is the key to solve many philosophical problems.


The purpose of this study is the improvement of the efficiency of design process that reaches to detail design from initial design. Genetic algorithm is applied to the initial design stage and conjugate gradient method is applied to the detail design stage. The design solution obtained by GA can be adopted as an initial design solution in the detail design stage because GA has the advantage of the capability of the global search in the optimization process. Furthermore, the regularization method is applied as an avoidance strategy of the ill-posedness that encounters at the process of the detail shape determination. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined through an application to the optimization problem of the inner boundary shape determination in temperature field.


A nother New Year has arrived, and for Science , which celebrates the 125th year of its publication, it's a happy anniversary. Please don't worry—we don't plan to salute the occasion with a summary of all the new knowledge that has been introduced in our pages over the past century and a quarter.


Sulfuric acid pressure-oxidation leaching process from tin dust with indium was studied.Effects of various factors on leaching had been investigated.The results show that leaching rate of indium can reach 93.66% under the conditions including ratio of liquid to solid of 4∶1,H2SO4 initial concentration of 150 g/L,leaching temperature of 150 ℃,oxygen partial pressure of 0.7 MPa,and leaching time of 150 min.


The use of tests and measurements has been fascinating to the writer through several years of school experience. How much pupils learn, whether they measure up to other pupils and in what fields of knowledge they excel have been questions to which the answers were always interesting. Therefore, when it became a possibility to use results of a state-wide testing program as thesis material it was at once accepted. The work has been interesting and the findings justify the labor involved, in the opinion of the writer.


The Second World-Wide Failure Exercise is an international activity, organized by Hinton and Kaddour [The background to the Second World-Wide Failure Exercise (WWFE-II). 2012.], aiming at a better understanding of the limitations of existing failure criteria to predict failure under triaxial stressing. Part A of the exercise was to apply the failure criteria to the 12 test cases defined by the organizers of second world-wide failure exercise to predict strength. The presently reported Part B is to compare the predictions with the before unknown strength measurements, also provided by the organizers of second world-wide failure exercise. Hashin's [Failure criteria for unidirectional fiber composites. J Appl Mech 1980; 47(6): 329–334.] model is used in its original form with one exception which is explained in the article. Problems with inhomogeneous stress distributions, arising in certain samples, are addressed. The deviations between predictions and measurements are quantified and explanations for those are given for the individual load cases.


Based on identification of fossil charcoals from 11 sites in the Hexi Corridor, we reconstruct the local vegetation community and human impact on it in the period from 4300 to 2400 cal. yr BP. More than 20 broadleaved taxa and 4 coniferous trees are present. The charcoal identifications show that vegetation in the period 4300–2400 cal. yr BP differed regionally because of variations in local topography and water supply, with limited diversity in the northwest Hexi Corridor and relatively rich diversity in the southeast area. In the northwest Hexi Corridor, the oasis woodland consisted mainly of Tamarix sp., Salix sp., and Populus sp. In the southeast region, the vegetation was a mix of coniferous forest and broadleaf woodland. By comparison with modern patterns of vegetation, broadleaf trees were much more abundant and the spruce forest extended down to relatively low altitudes, suggesting greater vegetation cover and richer diversity than today. There was also temporal variation. In the period from 4300 to 4000 cal. yr BP, woodland was relatively scarce, while the greatest diversity of plants appears in the period from 4000 to 3500 cal. yr BP, probably because of better moisture conditions at that time. After 3500 cal. yr BP, there was the appearance of woodland dominated by Morus alba, suggesting that cultivated trees may have played a key role in the lives of local people.


The paper deals with the quantitative assessment of the safety culture at facilities involved in the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. Based on the method of the "internal" assessment of the safety culture, being developed in the A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre, Moscow, 123182, Russian Federation, the comprehensive evaluation of the safety culture has been carried out with respect to the personnel of the following facilities: the Northwest Center for Radioactive Waste Management - SevRAO (NWC SevRAO) and the Far Eastern Center for Radioactive Waste Management- DalRAO (FEC DalRAO), which are subsidiaries of the RosRAO Enterprise.


A city fragmentation causes a lot of negative effects in urban environment such as: disconnecting the environmental, functional and compositional relations, a loss of urban compactness, chaotic development, visual chaos, a domination of technical landscape, reduction of security. This is why one of main challenges for urban planners is to connect the fragmented structures by creating friendly, attractive and safe public space.
The aim of a paper is to examine the causes and negative effects of city fragmentation and to introduce the possibilities of using Green and Blue Infrastructure when creating public spaces connecting fragmented urban tissue. Properly design public spaces can solve a problem of divided existing urban structures and to overcome spatial, functional and visual barriers.


Sirs—Cigarette automatic vending machines were rare in Italy until the early 1990s, and were gradually introduced, mainly in urban areas, over the last decade. We considered the frequency of use of vending machines by minors (aged 13‐17), using data from a survey investigating smoking habits, carried out through seven subsequent waves based on nationally representative samples, conducted between March and May 2003. The samples were selected from telephone lists, within strata of age, sex, geographical area, and size of the municipality of residence, in order to be representative of the general Italian population, and included a total of 7210 individuals. Using a 'quota' method (by sex and age, i.e. 13‐14 and 15‐17), a sample was identified of 498 subjects aged 13‐17. Data collection was based on telephone interviews, carried out in about 500 municipalities from all of the 20 Italian regions, using automated data collection instruments. 1 Out of 498 subjects aged 13‐17 interviewed, 60 (12%) were current cigarette smokers, with an average daily consumption of 7.1 cigarettes. Of these, 87% bought their cigarettes themselves, 94% from stores and 35% from vending machines (27% at least twice per week; the proportion is over 100% since some subjects reported both). In Italy, tobacco stores are allowed to sell cigarettes to minors aged 16 and over. Overall, automatic vending machines accounted for 15% of tobacco sales to Italian minors (22% in the North, 10% in the Centre, 7% in the South of the country). Although these figures are relatively unstable, given the small number of smokers interviewed who were minors, they confirm the interest of the tobacco industry and distribution aimed at tobacco sales to minors, 2,3 and indicate that a considerable proportion of cigarette consumption by minors in Italy is linked to automatic vending machines. Consequently, to restrict sales to the youngest, from 2004 vending machines will be closed in Italy between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m., following an agreement between the Minister of Health and the National Tobacco Agency (ETI). The large majority of cigarettes are however sold in stores, and intervention at this level is also required, with an extension to 18 years of the age limit for buying cigarettes.


Abstract : This is a companion document to MOSAIC: A Workflow Architecture for Analytic Enrichment that describes the current need for integration of document analytics and a general approach to solving this problem. This document directly addresses the implementation issues of the candidate architecture, with specific frameworks for the different architectural subcomponents analyzed and compared. Ultimately, recommendations are offered. The goal of this effort is to develop a Natural Language Processing architecture to be used by subject matter experts who are researchers and engineers, termed domain expert engineers here. This architecture, titled MOSAIC, is intended to be shared across multiple projects and hosted in the sponsor s environments and is intended to be compatible with and facilitate a streaming document flow as opposed to execution on a static batch of documents, which would require an entire corpus be present before processing could commence.


Abstract The legitimacy of climate policy is a necessary condition for the broad acceptance of government interventions and civic participation. News media are an important source of information for public perceptions and beliefs concerning climate change and climate policy,
 which people will use to grant or deny legitimacy. In this article we apply the theoretical perspective of media framing to analyse Dutch newspaper coverage of climate change and climate policy during April and May 2019, by means of systematic manual content analysis. We use these empirical
 findings to further reflect on their potential significance for policy legitimacy as experienced by their readership. Overall, the newspapers pay little attention to climate change as a contested phenomenon and to humanity's contribution to its cause and solution. In the fight to reduce
 CO2-emission, the Dutch government is portrayed as the principal agent. The responsibility of individual citizens is less often highlighted. Hence, newspaper coverage does not seem to challenge the fight against climate change as a legitimate policy goal. It does, however, pay ample
 attention to specific policy interventions to reduce CO2-emission and the controversies that surround them. In line with, or as a reflection of these findings, differences within public opinion are to be expected concerning the legitimacy of policy interventions, both with regard
 to their desirability on paper (input) and their actual (side) effects (output).


High saturated fat intake contributes to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes. Developmental programming refers to a stimulus or insult during critical periods of life which includes fetal and subsequent early neonatal life. Programming alters progeny physiology and metabolism with immediate, transient, and durable effects. Maternal nutrition and metabolic state in gestation and lactation shapes progeny development and health. However, paternal nutrition and metabolic state also shapes progeny outcomes, albeit to a lesser extent. A high saturated fat diet ingested by mothers during gestation and/or lactation presents a nutritional insult that induces diabetogenic changes in progeny physiology and metabolism. High-fat programming is induced by maternal high saturated fat intake during defined periods of gestation and/or lactation and programs the physiology and metabolism of the progeny throughout life. This more recently adopted form of developmental programming reflects society in both affluent and developing countries. High-fat programming induces adverse changes in β-cell development and function in neonatal, weanling, and


A large part of everyday life consists of eating in different social contexts in which choices all the time will be based on how and what to eat. The purpose of this study was to investigate how young people perceive that there is a direct or indirect peer pressure that can affect choice of food in different social contexts, and how peer pressure can look. In the study, five respondents aged 17-25 were interviewed. The results showed that there is a direct peer pressure in form of direct comments on how and what someone eats. The results also showed that an indirect peer pressure comes in different contexts. It hides behind various comments, looks, strange atmosphere, knowledge of how someone else eats, various standards groups, and society's construction of norms and stereotypes. The most central to the choice of food seemed to be how the individual is formed during childhood as well as the codes, norms and regulations that apply in the context of the moment. Furthermore, the results showed that an indirect peer pressure formed during childhood, which is linked to Bourdieu's theory of habitus


Objectives: Interdental toothbrushes are made and sold in various design types and brush thicknesses. However, there is little research on which type of interdental toothbrush currently manufactured and sold on the market is the most effective in eliminating interdental plaque. Therefore, this study aims at comparing the elimination rate of artificial dental plaque between reciprocatingand rotating-types of interdental toothbrush based on the frequency of application and thickness of brush. Methods: This study focused on the effective management of dental plaque using interdental toothbrush, a recommended item for personal dental hygiene. The method was as follows: artificial dental plaque coloring was applied to the distal surface of artificial tooth #46 and the mesial surface of #47. The area was subject to reciprocal movement three and six times to eliminate artificial plaque. Results: The results showed that using a 0.7mm rotating interdental toothbrush, on the proximal surface of each molar, the elimination rates were: on the distal surface of #46, upon three applications 40.24%, upon six applications 30.41%; on the mesial surface of #47, upon three applications 44.52%, upon six applications 29.72%. Conclusions: These results showed that for rotating-type interdental toothbrushes, a high dental plaque elimination rate was observed even though many reciprocal movements were not performed.


A series of mononuclear, dinuclear and polynuclear silver(I) complexes (1-6) bearing 2-pyrazole-substituted 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives (L-1, L-F(1), L-2) have been synthesized and characterized by H-1 and C-13 NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of L-1 (L-1 = 2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline) with AgClO4 or AgBF4 afforded two dinuclear silver(I) complexes [Ag-2(O-2(CH3CN)(2)] (ClO4)(2) (1) and [Ag-2(L-1)(2)(CH3CN)(2)](BF4)(2) (2), in which two [AgL1(CH3CN)](+) units are linked by Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag interaction (Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag separation: 3.208(2) and 3.248(1) angstrom, respectively). A one-dimensional polymer {[AgL1]BF4)}(infinity) (3) consisting of an infinite center dot center dot center dot Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag center dot center dot center dot chain (Ag center dot center dot center dot Ag separation: 3.059(1) angstrom), as well as a dinuclear complex [Ag-2(ClO4)(2)(L-1)(2)] (4) in which the perchlorate anions instead of solvents are involved in the metal coordination, have also been obtained. The mononuclear complex [Ag(L-F(1))(2)](BF4) (5) was synthesized from L-F(1) (L-F(1) = 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline) and AgBF4, while the dinuclear [Ag-2(BF4)(2)(L-2)(2)] (6) was isolated from L-2 (L-2 = 24N-(3-methyl-5-phenylpyrazole)]-1,10-phenanthroline). The photoluminescence properties of the ligands and complexes 1-6 have been studied both in the solid state and in solution.


Success in greenhouse production is due, in part, to the use of a well-characterized substrate and a suitable fertigation schedule, among others. The behavior of several mixtures of stone substrate (tezontle, pumice) with improvers (potassium acrylate copolymer and agave fiber) was evaluated in this research. The physical properties of the resultant mixtures, such as water- and air-retention, drainage and apparent density. Were measured and then, the energetic state of the mixture (Field Capacity (FC)) was calculated in laboratory. Afterwards, the mixtures were exposed to irrigation in greenhouse conditions; the FC and drainage were measured. T-3 (pumice with 8g of potassium acrylate copolymers) and T-6 (pumice agave fiber) were distinguished by having a favorable moisture retention, T-1 (pumice) was selected as control. These treatments were carried in a greenhouse cucumber crop cycle.


Summary

Ecological studies in New Zealand require consideration of the impact of exotic (introduced) organisms from disparate environments. A survey of Ophiostoma species isolated and identified from Pinus radiata stumps, the bark beetle Hylastes ater collected from these stumps and from P. radiata seedlings following sublethal damage by H. ater, was undertaken in 10 reforestation sites in New Zealand. Nine Ophiostoma species were isolated and identified in this survey. Ophiostoma galeiformis and Ophiostoma huntii were isolated most frequently from all the substrates sampled. Ophiostoma floccosum, Ophiostoma setosum, Leptographium procerum and Leptographium truncatum were also isolated from stumps, damaged seedlings and beetles. Ophiostoma quercus was only isolated from stumps and beetles and Ophiostoma ips only from beetles. A strong relationship between the severity of H. ater feeding damage, and the presence and number of species of Ophiostoma was found. Eight Ophiostoma species were transmitted by H. ater to P. radiata seedlings in laboratory transmission experiments. From the results of this field survey and the laboratory experiments we confirm that H. ater is a vector of Ophiostoma species to P. radiata seedlings in New Zealand.

Resume

Les etudes ecologiques en Nouvelle-Zelande doivent particulierement prendre en compte l'impact des organismes exotiques (introduits) provenant d'environnements varies. Une etude des especes d'Ophiostoma isolees et identifiees a partir de souches de Pinus radiata, du scolyte Hylastes ater recoltea partir de ces souches, et de semis de Pinus radiata apres degât sub-letal cause par Hylastes ater a ete realisee dans dix sites de reboisement en Nouvelle-Zelande. Neuf especes d'Ophiostoma ont ete isolees et identifiees dans cette etude. Ophiostoma galeiformis et O. huntii ont ete les plus frequemment isolees quels que soient les substrats echantillonnes. O. floccosum, O. setosum, Leptographium procerum et L. truncatum ont egalement ete isoles a partir de souches, de semis attaques et de scolytes. O. quercus a ete isole uniquement a partir de souches et de scolytes et O. ips seulement a partir de scolytes. Une forte relation a ete mise en evidence entre la severite des degâts dus a l'alimentation de H. ater et la presence et le nombre d'especes d'Ophiostoma. Huit especes d'Ophiostoma ont ete transmises par H. ater sur semis de P. radiata dans des experiences de transmission au laboratoire. Les resultats de l'enquete de terrain et des experiences de laboratoire confirment que H. ater est un vecteur d'especes d'Ophiostoma sur semis de P. radiata en Nouvelle-Zelande.

Zusammenfassung

Okologische Untersuchungen in Neuseeland mussen den Einfluss eingeschleppter Organismen berucksichtigen. An zehn Wiederaufforstungs-Standorten in Neuseeland wurde eine Inventur der Ophiostoma-Arten durchgefuhrt, die von Pinus radiata–Stumpfen, von an diesen Stumpfen gesammelten Borkenkafern (Hylastesater) und von P. radiata-Samlingen nach subletaler Schadigung durch H. ater isoliert wurden. Hierbei wurden neun Ophiostoma-Arten nachgewiesen. Ophiostoma galeiformis und Ophistoma huntii wurden am haufigsten isoliert und kamen auf allen Substraten vor. Ophistoma floccosum, O. setosum, Leptographiumprocerum und L. truncatum wurden ebenfalls aus Stumpfen, geschadigten Samlingen und Kafern isoliert. Ophistoma quercus wurde nur aus Stumpfen und Kafern, Ophistoma ips nur aus Kafern isoliert. Es wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen dem Ausmass des Frassschadens durch H. ater und dem Vorkommen und der Anzahl der Ophistoma-Arten gefunden. In Laborubertragungsversuchen wurden acht Ophistoma-Arten durch H. ater auf P. radiata Samlinge ubertragen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Feld- und Laboruntersuchungen bestatigen H. ater als Vektor von Ophistoma-Arten auf P. radiata-Samlinge in Neuseeland.


This paper presents amodified p-q theory based unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) connected into a three-phase four-wire (3P4W) distribution system to handle the significant power quality problems viz. voltage and current harmonics, voltage sags and swells, voltage unbalancing, load unbalancing and low power factor due to excessive reactive power demand. A UPQC, which is the consecutive connection of shunt and series active power filters (APFs) combinedly connected to a dc link, is capable of rectifying all the above power quality problems concurrently. The concept of fundamental frequency positive sequence (FFPS) extraction derived from generalized cascaded delayed signal cancellation (GCDSC) technique and p-q theory are integrated in the UPQC control which results into its robust performance under highly undesirable conditions. To lighten the burden of reactive power on shunt APF, reactive power apportion between shunt and series APF is successfully accomplished with the power angle control (PAC)algorithm without hindering the major function of UPQC. The triggering signals for both converters are generated with the help of hysteresis band controller. An elaborated analysis of UPQC performance under dynamic loading condition with linear and non-linear single-phase and three-phaseloads is carried out in the simulation work done on the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.


Few arguments can be made for withholding clinical trial data.1 One is an ethical issue over patient confidentiality; another is that disclosure leads to patient harm.

The drug industry understands the potential influence of academics, and rewards can be substantial. For example, according to Roche's 2011 financial report, John Bell received 390 000 Swiss Francs (£260 450; €322 450; $420 000) last year for his role on the board of directors.2 What do Roche and its shareholders expect for this level of involvement and remuneration? And, how could this role facilitate …


PURPOSE: To reduce the amt. of chlorofluorocarbon being a foaming agent or to avoid the use of chlorofluorocarbon, in obtaining the title product by reacting org. polylsocyanate and an NCO reactive compd., by adding a specific foaming accelerator to the NCO reactive compd. CONSTITUTION: When the title product is obtained by reacting org. polyisocyanate and a NCO reactive compd., a foaming accelerator being a cyclic urea compd. represented by formula [wherein R 1 is 1-6C alkyl or lower alkyl substd. by an NCO reactive group; R is H, 1-6C alkyl or -(CH 2 ) m -X (X is OH or NH 2 and m is 0-2); n is 1 or 2 and at least one R or R has NCO reactivity or an NCO reactive group] having at least one NCO reactive substituent is added to the NCO reactive compd. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


A comparative analysis of efficiency of frequency image filtering algorithms of Wiener and Tikhonov, under conditions of distorting noise with Rayleigh and exponential probability density functions. Quality filtering characteristics (signal/noise ratio of the initial and processed images) are calculated.


For measurements in low-intensity neutron fields (e.g., to determine the neutron source strength of a Th gamma test source for the BOREXINO Experiment [1]), it is absolutely indispensable to know the intrinsic background of detectors. During a two-month measurement campaign, all He detectors of the NEMUS neutron spectrometer [2] were investigated in the underground laboratory of PTB (UDO) [3] and their lower detection limit was determined.


There are women who have decided not to have any further interaction with men, even to speak to a man collecting a ticket on a bus. Gays who no longer want to waste time with straights. Blacks who cant be bothered with whites. Disability activists who only wish to live and speak with others living with disabilities. Why do people become separatists? If the concept of separatism is known at all, it tends to offend for its apparently brutal refusal to accept a common humanity. In this paper, I look at letters that have been prompted by a notion of political separation and that try to articulate it as a necessary reason for ending a correspondence. In the case that forms the centerpiece of my discussion, that of a lesbian writing to end a friendship with an ex-boyfriend, I consider too, what happened when she wished to resume the correspondence some years later. I argue that such a return exemplifies a dialectical pattern of return in both correspondence and separatism.


The native migration flows from the Italian Mezzogiorno to Central and Northern Italy have recently begun to increase once more. The idea suggested in this paper is that the intensification of internal migration in Italy can be associated with a double dynamic : the significant upwards convergence between the Centre-North and the Mezzogiorno in education levels ; and the progressive divergence between the two areas in their productive structures. As shown by the factor content of trade, such output divergence has been sustained by recent internationalization processes that have had an asymmetric impact on the Italian regions.


Shallow oilfields frequently contain oils that not only have low API gravity and high viscosities, but are also highly variable in terms of these properties. It is thus crucial to gather sufficient oil quality data to sample a statistical cross section of the oil population. This paper describes how API gravity and dead oil viscosity can be predicted from geochemical parameters that can be measured on core or sidewall core samples, thus allowing oil samples to be accessed with greater spatial coverage than could reasonably be achieved with conventional fluid sampling. This technique is demonstrated on cored wells from the large Schrader Bluff viscous oil accumulation in Milne Point, Alaska. An oil can inherit a particular API gravity or viscosity from a variety of causes. Consequently, spatial variations in such bulk oil properties can be difficult to map empirically simply by contouring data, because more than one controlling factor may be operative. A major step forward in fluid mapping is to identify and quantify these controls, and map them. In Schrader Bluff the controls were discovered to be degree of biodegradation, and the presence of an in-mixed second charge of (light) oil. Variations in these processes can be mapped withmore » a much greater degree of certainty than the bulk oil properties, and the individual maps combined to predict gravity and viscosity. Further, conceptual models exist for these processes, opening the possibility of model-driven prediction of oil properties and sweetspots in areas away from well control.« less


Nymph of the emma field cricket, Teleogryllus emma, were reared on several types of artificial diets. The development period of nymphs were 55.4 days when only a single food, wheat bran, was provided, and it did not show a significant difference compared to the rearing results of the Danong diet and mixed diet. The supplying period of fish meal as the animal feed, the high emergence rates were obtained at 3rd instar with 90% and 4th instar with 100%. For the added amount test, when more than 40% of the diet was added, it confirmed that the insect weight increased. The characteristics of development according to each added amount of the vegetable food (dry bean-curd residue and corn powder) were investigated to minimize the dangers of the degeneration of diet when rearing with a single feed during the instar period. First, as the added amount of bean-curd residue increased, nymphal development period became longer and the emergence rate became low. With corn powder as the single diet, all died before becoming adult. However, when corn powder was added up to 30%, no difference existed in the breeding results.


The stereochemistry of the product of acetolysis of benzonorbornenyl methanesulphonate has been shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction to be π-(exo-2-acetoxybenzonorbornenyl)-exo-tricarbonylchromium.


The binding of genetically engineered Family II cellulose binding domains (CBDs) of Cellumonas fimicellulases to cotton fabrics was studied and possible textile applications were investigated. Family II CBDs bound to cotton cellulose increased dye affinity, especially for acid dyes, but with very poor washing fastness. Ironing of the protein bound fabrics before dyeing increases dye affinity, which is probably due to protein denaturation and thus increases exposition of ionic groups. For desorption of CBD proteins from the cotton fabric, high levels of mechanical agitation and alkaline conditions (pH .7) are necessary. Binding of Family II CBDs to cellulose releases fine particles, whereas migration and desorption did not. Long time storage of cotton fabrics with adsorbed CBD proteins did not cause changes in their physical properties and did not damage cotton cellulose. The presence of water on the surface of cellulose was found to be essential for the interfabric migration of Family II CBDs. The double binding cellulose domain binds strongly on cotton and their interfabric migration is smaller. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.


ABSTRACT A common finding in the area of motivation and psychological well-being is that internally motivated individuals exhibit greater levels of happiness than externally motivated individuals. In this paper we answer the question of whether internally or seemingly externally motivated students report higher levels of satisfaction than individuals who are conflicted in their motivations or are amotivated. We show that both seemingly externally motivated individuals and internally motivated individuals report higher levels of happiness than non-motivated individuals or individuals who are conflicted in theirmotivations. These findings are consistent with self-determination theory. These findings are important in recognizing that well internalized external motivations are likely not detrimental to the well-being of undergraduate college students. Aspirations which are consistent, regardless of whether they are internal or seemingly external likely result in higher levels of happiness among university students.


It is the verbal communication and non-verbal communication that contribute to human communication.Body language is one of the special forms in non-verbal communication.This paper analyses the differences between verbal and non-verbal communication.,giving a detailed analysis on effects of body language in intercultural communication.So learning,understanding and knowing the different nations' body languages and the effect


Titanium compound other than titanium dioxide, oxygen deficiency type titanium oxide, is composed skeletal oxynitride of titanium or titanium nitride, and macroporous titanium compound monoliths having a controlled macropore and electron conductivity, a manufacturing method thereof provide. And macroporous titanium dioxide monoliths having a bicontinuous structure of the skeleton and macropores comprised of titanium dioxide, and a metal having a titanium reducing ability is contained in a container, the container is a vacuum atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere, by heating the monoliths and the metal, performing the gas-phase reduction to take the oxygen atom of titanium dioxide constituting the monolith the metal as an oxygen getter, co of the macropores and composed skeleton of oxygen deficiency type titanium oxide It has a continuous structure, and a method of obtaining a macroporosity oxygen-deficient titanium oxide monolith having electron conductivity that is based on oxygen-defective titanium oxide.


There is no question that radiopharmaceuticals have a role in the management of patients with metastatic bone disease. There is also no question that fractionated external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is highly effective and generally well tolerated when delivered with large open or focal fields.


The BVT+BANT and related standards are introduced, the BVT vibration tester and BANT beating noise tester developed by Hangzhou Bearing Test Research Center are also described. The test systems are widely applicable for bearing manufacturers to inspect beating vibration, beating users such as house appliances, machine, metallurgy and petroleum to check and accept bearing products, academy and scientific research institute to analyze bearing vibration.


There is shown the condition of air environment at the food enterprises in this article. The submitted laboratory researches have revealed pollution of air environment by aerosols and chemical substances. The level of pollution of air differed at the various enterprises and in a row of cases exceeded limiting admitted concentration.


Smart Grids are smart networks of energy transmission and distribution that enable a two-way communication between the consumer and distributor. Smart Grids are important for energy sustainability and environmental preservation avoiding the non-renewable energy consumption since decentralized suppliers are able to supply energy demands through renewable energy. It will be possible to encourage renewable energy consumption using a dynamic pricing adopting different prices to each energy source. Some network and security issues arise with that network communication like if it will be able to calculate the price in a suitable time interval. So a challenge is to analyze the impact of ICT on this operation. We analyzed the impact of a dynamic pricing on consumption changes and energy generation, and the delay time to calculate the price in a clustered network architecture.


The objective of this study was to assess the effects of rituximab on bone mineral density (BMD) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 1 year after treatment. Thirty active female SLE patients treated with rituximab were compared with 43 SLE women not treated with rituximab. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) before initiating biologic therapy and after 1 year. The mean age was 38.5 ± 2.1 years; median disease duration was 7 years. In the rituximab group, after 1 year of follow-up, BMD at the femoral neck (FN) decreased from 0.980 ± 0.130 g/cm2 to 0.809 ± 0.139 g/cm2 (−17.4%; p = 0.001). Similarly, BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) decreased from 1.062 ± 0.137 g/cm2 to 0.893 ± 0.194 g/cm2 (−15.8%; p = 0.001). In control subjects, BMD at the FN decreased from 0.914 ± 0.193 g/cm2 to 0.890 ± 0.135 g/cm2 (−2.6%; p = 0.001), and BMD at the LS decreased from 0.926 ± 0.128 g/cm2 to 0.867 ± 0.139 g/cm2 (−6.2%; p = 0.09). After 1 year, SLE patients had lower BMD at both the FN and LS, but the loss was greater in postmenopausal patients who had received rituximab therapy.


You've been on your feet seemingly forever, putting in a long day hard at work in the dental practice. Now you've finally got a chance to breathe; but how should you spend your precious moments of free time? We think you deserve a break – and a good dose of the lighthearted, fun and downright silly side of dentistry.


In this talk I will review our latest progress and results in the development of novel supercontinuum (SC) light sources operating in the UV to mid-IR spectral regions based on various specialty optical fibers - from microstructured silica to all-solid soft glass designs. I will give an overview of the unique properties of coherent SC generation in all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers pumped by ultrashort pulses and the possibilities they offer for ultrafast photonics applications, ranging from high quality single-cycle pulse generation to ultrafast spectroscopy. This talk will also explore the exciting new possibilities enabled by ANDi fibers in the mid-IR spectral region using novel soft glass fiber designs. I will also report on our latest development of high power mid-IR SC sources pumped by fiber-amplified semiconductor laser diodes at 2 µm. In combination with the latest generation of ultra-low-loss mid-IR guiding hollow core photonic bandgap fibers, these reliable and ultra-bright broadband light sources enable the realization of compact and versatile multi-band, multi-element spectroscopic gas measurement devices in the mid-IR for environmental, security, and healthcare applications.


This paper introduces a humpback whale hunting behavior inspired whale optimization with differential evolution (WODE) technique-based tracking algorithm for the maximum power point tracking in the dynamic as well as the steady-state conditions of a partially shaded solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This "WODE" technique is used for quick and oscillation-free tracking of the global best peak position in a few steps. The unique advantage of this algorithm for maximum power point tracking in partially shaded condition is as, it is free from common and generalized problems of other evolutionary techniques, like longer convergence duration, a large number of search particles, steady-state oscillation, heavy computational burden, etc., which creates power loss and oscillations in output. This hybrid algorithm is tested in MATLAB simulation and verified on a developed hardware of the solar PV system, which consists of multiple peaks in voltage-power curve. Moreover, the tracking ability is compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The satisfactory steady-state and dynamic performances of the new hybrid technique under variable irradiance and temperature levels show the superiority over the state-of-the-art control methods.


This article describes the newest stage in the development of modern technological media. I call this stage "media analytics." It follows the previous stages of massive reproduction (1500–), broadcasting (1920–), the use of computers for media creation workflows (1981–), the Web as global content creation and distribution network (1993–), and social media platforms (2004–), to name just a few such stages. Unlike other stages, the new stage is not focused on new mechanisms for creation, publishing, or distribution of media, although it also affects these operations. Instead, this new stage is about automatic computational analysis of the content of all online digital media, personal online behaviors and communication, and automatic actions based on this analysis.


One of the elements in this environment is water.  Dufan (Dunia Fantasi), Ancol Lake and Gelanggang Samudera (GSA) are some of recreation object having water features in a different settings such as water fall, fountain, and wading that interesting to study. Such of this water feature were taken for the research. In this research water features were grouped as static to dynamic water i.e. fountain I and II in Dufan, water fall I in Dufan, static water I in Dufan, wading I and II in Ancol Lake, and water fall II and static water II in GSA.The aims of this research was to study the effect of different setting in inducing number visitor, the type of activities, various of  age and long of visit duration, visit frequency, and to identify the attributes of visitor. The result showed that the largest visitor and activities were in dynamic water feature setting. This water feature setting visitor induced by adult people. The largest visit was on the fountain feature setting II and wading I which have high shade leveland more complete site furniture and then others. The largest visit frequency was on water feature setting which have easy access in all direction. The attributes that  influence from the highest were use and significance attributes, visibility attributes  and the last on the formal setting attributes.


In the present study was conducted evaluating the antibacterial activities and antiSAP (Secreted aspartic proteinases) of Candida albicans extracts of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water from the aerial part of Palicourea guianensis, in addition, was performed a phytochemical profile by ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV) and evidence of certain secondary metabolites features.
Determination of antibacterial activity was performed by the agar diffusion method, against microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus, the extracts showed no positive results at concentrations tested. The assessment of antiSAP activity was determined by four different techniques: spectrofluorimetry, HPLC, SDS-PAGE and RT-PCR in real time, showing inhibition percentages of 50% compared to positive control, pepstatin A; the most promising being the dichloromethane extract and the aqueous extract. We also studied the kinetics of inhibition of both, enzymatic and genetic expression level using fluorometry techniques and RT-PCR in real time, respectively. The most promising extracts against antiSAP activity were the dichloromethane extract and the aqueous respectively.


Oral presentation assessments are commonly used in higher education. This paper conducts an exploratory study and investigates student perceptions of oral presentation assessments on two aspects, the benefits of oral presentations for presenting students and the engagement of non-presenting
 students during presentations. A mixed method with both qualitative and quantitative survey questions is used for collecting data from students undertaking an elective Finance course in the third year of an undergraduate degree. Results show that presenting students perceive the oral presentation
 assessment as beneficial to their learning and developing presentation skills. Peer evaluations and reciprocal peer questioning, intended to increase non-presenting students' engagement during presentations, are also well-received by students. The frequency count of students' feedback
 indicates that reciprocal peer questioning facilitates engagement better than peer evaluations.


The COVID-19 pandemic has had a mammoth impact on all spheres of human life—social, cultural, mental, and academic—to different degrees. The current study reports the authors' reflection on the Indian EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers' pedagogical challenges and opportunities on a sudden shift towards OTL (online teaching-learning). The qualitative method used here is a content analysis of narrative representations from 50 EFL teachers working in different schools and colleges/universities referring to their experiences on this unforeseen teaching situation and suggestions for improvement. In-depth analysis revealed teachers' concerns over technical problems, lack of resources, learner motivation, and participation in addition to online assessment. Amidst these limitations, the participants tried to cope with this sudden shift with resilience and often with impromptu solutions—planning, access to digital equipment, collaboration, and school policy—for improving OTL.


Step by step, the UK government is shedding some of its illusions about Brexit, argues Holger Schmieding (Berenberg). The United Kingdom has already accepted that it will have to meet the legally binding financial commitments it incurred while it was a member of the European Union (the so-called Brexit bill) and is going along with the EU's timetable for negotiations (divorce issues first, transition deal next, outlines of a future trade deal last). Last Friday saw another set of concessions being made by the Prime Minister.


This brief was developed based on the Comparative Evidence Paper Rethinking the effect of informality on inclusive growth: lessons from Colombia and South Africa for their regions. That document was authored by an inter-regional team of researchers, based on regional evidence, as well as original data collection and analysis on a particular research topic. All ELLA publications can be found in the programme website. DPRU (Development Policy Research Unit), South Africa POLICY BRIEF


Along with proving the sufficiency of the Qur'ān for the extraction of the religious knowledge, the Qur'ānists have doubted the authenticity and the authoritativeness of the sunna and Ḥadīth. One of their reasons for the inauthenticity of the sunna is the inefficiency of the Ḥadīth evaluation and criticism system. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study first analyzes their main reasons for this inefficiency, including the existence of inauthentic traditions in Ḥadīth collections, the prevalence of forgery and fictions in Ḥadīth, the ignorance of internal criticism by Ḥadīth transmitters, the existence of gaps in the principles of the Rijāl ideas, and the existence of forgery and distortion in the chains of transmission. Then, the responses of the Ḥadīth defenders are discussed, including the possibility of justifying the Ḥadīths that have been deemed inauthentic, the ignorance of the different linguistic levels of the Ḥadīths, the Ḥadīth transmitters' constant efforts to purify the Ḥadīth legacy and identify the fabrications from the time of their issuance, the traditionists' efforts in and attention to the textual examination and strict Rijāl investigations.


Recent results on jet physics at the Fermilab Tevatron $p\bar p$ collider from the CDF Collaboration are presented. The main focus is put on results for the inclusive jet and dijet, $b\bar b$ dijet, $W/Z+$jets and $W/Z+b$-jets production.


It has been recognized for many years that in some families, Alzheimer's disease segregates as an autosomal dominant disorder (reviewed in St. George Hyslop et al., [l]). In these families, the disease is generally of early and relatively constant onset [l]. In contrast, most cases of Alzheimer's disease occur in the elderly, without a clear genetic aetiology. The pathogenetic relationship between the rare, early onset, genetic cases and common, late onset sporadic cases is not clear. Some authors hold the view that a large proportion of late onset cases are genetic in aetiology, but occur sporadically because other members of the family die before they express the disease.[2]., others suggest that late onset cases, even when they are familial, may not be genetic in aetiology [ 31. In those families with a clear autosomal dominant inheritance of disease, molecular genetics and linkage analysis offer a route to the localization of the defective gene which is independent of the pathology of the disorder. In 1987, St. George-Hyslop and colleagues [4], using four large pedigrees with early onset Alzheimer's disease, demonstrated that the predisposing gene was on the long arm of chromosome 21, close to the genetic markers, D21S16 and D21S1/11. This location is presumably related to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome [ 5 ] . At about the same time the gene coding for beta-amyloid, the major proteinaceous component of the neuritic plaque, was cloned and also localized to the same genetic region .[6,7]. This localization of the beta-amyloid gene led to speculation that the amyloid gene was the Alzheimer's disease gene [8]. However our group and others have subsequently shown that the two loci are distinct [9, lo). It would seem that the occurrence of the amyloid gene and the Alzheimer's disease locus on the same chromosome is a coincidence. By a combination of physical mapping of the chromosome and through the analysis of more families multiply affected by early onset Alzheimer's disease, our group has confirmed the linkage of Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 21 and shown that the most likely position for the Alzheimer's disease gene is close to the centromere on chromsome 21 [ 11, 121. Van Broeckhoven and her colleagues [13] have also obtained evidence suggesting that the Alzheimer's locus is close to the centromere on chromosome 21: data from all these groups and others is currently being analyzed to try and obtain a closer fix on the precise location of the abnormal gene (St. George-Hyslop et al., in preparation). Currently, the most likely map order around the Alzheimer's disease locus is: -


The study characterized the virological patterns and the resistance‐associated substitutions (RASs) in patients with failure to IFN‐free regimens enrolled in the real‐life setting. All 87 consecutive HCV patients with failed IFN‐free regimens, observed at the laboratory of the University of Campania, were enrolled. All patients had been treated with DAA regimens according to the HCV genotype, international guidelines, and local availability. Sanger sequencing of NS3, NS5A, and NS5B regions was performed at failure by home‐made protocols. Of the 87 patients enrolled, 13 (14.9%) showed a misclassified HCV genotype, probably causing DAA failure, 16 had been treated with a sub‐optimal DAA regimen, 19 with a simeprevir‐based regimen and 39 with an optimal DAA regimen. A major RAS was identified more frequently in the simeprevir regimen group (68.4%) and in the optimal regimen group (74.4%) than in the sub‐optimal regimen group (56.3%). The prevalence of RASs in NS3 was similar in the three groups (30.8‐57.9%), that in NS5A higher in the optimal regimen group (71.8%) than in the sub‐optimal regimen group (12.5%, P < 0.0001) and in the simeprevir regimen group (31.6%, P < 0.0005), and that in NS5B low in all groups (0‐25%). RASs in two or more HCV regions were more frequently identified in the optimal regimen group (46.6%) than in the simeprevir‐based regimen group (31.6%) and sub‐optimal regimen group (18.7%). In our real‐life population the prevalence of RASs was high, especially in NS3 and NS5A and in those treated with suitable DAA regimens.


The IFMIF LIPAc cryomodule, whose final design and fabrication status is presented in [1], houses eight halfwave resonators and eight solenoids which will be assembled on a support frame in clean room. Due to the short lattice defined by beam dynamics constraints, there is not much room between two elements for the operators' hands to connect them. In order to test, optimize and validate the clean room assembly procedures and the associated tools, a test bench, consisting of a frame, a little bigger than one eight of the final support has been manufactured. In order to start the tests before the delivery of the actual key components of the cryomodule, a dummy cavity, solenoid and coupler were manufactured and will be used to perform tests outside and inside the clean room to validate the assembly procedure and the tools. The mock-up will then be used to train the operators for the assembly of the whole string. THE IFMIF LIPAC CAVITY STRING The cavity string of the IFMIF LIPAc cryomodule, which is depicted in Figure 1, is made of eight 176 MHz half-wave resonators with their power couplers, eight focusing solenoids each equipped with beam position monitors (BPMs) two warm/cold transitions with beam valves, and a pumping line connected to the two central cavities [2]. Due to their size and weight, the couplers are mounted vertically and connected to each cavity at their mid-plane. In order to meet the beam dynamics constraints [3], the cryomodule has been designed to be as short as possible: 400 mm space is allowed for the solenoid package – i.e the focusing solenoid, the BPMs and one bellows on each side [4] – and 280 mm for the cavity equipped with its tuning system. This one is a compression mechanical tuner attached to pads welded to the helium tank of the cavity [5]. These pads are close to the cavity / solenoid interface flange and could hinder operators' hands for the connection. All the elements of the cavity string are placed on a frame made of titanium. Because of the thermal shrinking of the 5.5 meter long frame during the cool down of the cryomodule about 8.4 mm – it is not possible to directly attach the cavities and the solenoids on this one in order to be compatible with the couplers which are in interface with the vacuum vessel. To leave the cavities and solenoids longitudinal position independent from the titanium frame, C-shaped elements with needle rollers similar to the ones presented in [6] are used. Each cavity and solenoid is fixed on an invar rod which is attached to the frame in its centre. Because of the low thermal expansion coefficient of invar (0.4 mm/m between ambient temperature and liquid helium temperature to compare to 1.5 mm/m for titanium), this invar rod fixture determines the longitudinal positions of the couplers. Figure 1: The IFMIF LIPAc cavity string. The C-shaped elements also assure a fine alignment of the cavities and solenoids around the beam axis with accuracy of ±1 mm and ±10 mrad for the solenoids and of ±2 mm and ±20 mrad for the cavities. The cavity alignment is particularly critical because of its long power coupler. The coupler is connected to the vacuum tank through a flexible bellow and to a RF line. A bellow deformation or a small force in the RF line connection could drive to a resulting moment of rotation, which could perturb the cavity alignment. The spring washer package has been calculated to balance this resulting moment and to keep the cavity alignment. PRINCIPLES IN THE CAVITY STRING ASSEMBLY The beam line is a critical part as it must be free of any pollution for the good performance of the SRF Linac. It means that all the components of the beam line – cavities, solenoids, couplers and accessories – must be assembled in an environment free of dust, an ISO 5 clean room.


The abroad advance of a domestic car increased and A domestic car export is increasing in America market. The sale of the car have been commanded greatly owing to J.D. Power and Associates conducted independent surveys of customer satisfaction A domestic car is true satisfying result in IQS. A Vibration of Doortrim was increased by the speaker compared with former time. The relation is determined with the Door module of the car to the reason. The car to be produced recently is closed completely the outside pannel with the inside pannel of the door because of Sealed module preventing of rainwater and improving of aucoustic. furtermore, An Ansorption pad for door trim exised between insied and outsied was unnecessary. but, by reason of terrivle vibration of the door speaker, We analyzed a vibration problem which brings Sealed Module that has the problem common We analyzed whether the trim-pad covered the whole inside of the doortrim gave the vibration any influence.


Introducing epistemology to healthcare students represents a challenge. Yet to be able to practice based on evidence, it is important that healthcare professionals gain an adequate level of research literacy as part of their health care education. This article presents a new way to teach epistemology using a workshop design. Three scientific perspectives on epistemology: humanistic, social science and natural science, are used as lenses to analyse situations from everyday healthcare practice represented by a video. Video is used to facilitate transfer of knowledge and to make it meaningful for students to engage in learning epistemology. Afterwards, three teachers facilitate the students' group work to ensure they get to understand the difference between the scientific perspectives. The workshop has received very good evaluations as students state that for the first time they understand how epistemology directly links to practice.


In this work, join and meet algebraic structure which exists in non-near-linear finite geometry are discussed. Lines in non-near-linear finite geometry  were expressed as products of lines in near-linear finite geometry  (where p is a prime). An existence of lattice between any pair of near-linear finite geometry  of  is confirmed. For q|d, a one-to-one correspondence between the set of subgeometry  of  and finite geometry  from the subsets of the set {D(d)} of divisors of d (where each divisor represents a finite geometry) and set of subsystems {∏(q)} (with variables in Zq) of a finite quantum system ∏(d) with variables in Zd and a finite system from the subsets of the set of divisors of d is established.


Thispaperpresents thedesign ofacardiovascular monitoring system, forimplementation onanembeddeddevice. Designofthenecessary hardware isdescribed, andECG and Stethoscope analysis methodologies aredetailed. A computational costanalysis ispresented whichshowsimplementation ona commercially available microcontroller isfeasible.


Abstract The influence of viscosity on the Mach reflection of shock waves in a steady flow of a monatomic gas is studied by solving the Navier–Stokes equations numerically. Based on the nested block grid refinement technique, the flow near the shock wave intersection is simulated, and its behaviour with increasing Reynolds number is studied. The computations are performed for the interaction of both strong (free-stream Mach number $M_\infty = 4$) and weak ($M_\infty = 1.7$) shock waves. In the strong reflection of shock waves at all Reynolds numbers in the examined range, it is found that there exists a small-size zone behind the shock wave intersection where the flow parameters differ from those predicted by the Rankine–Hugoniot relations and hence deviate from the predictions of the inviscid three-shock theory. The structure of this zone is self-similar: in coordinates normalised to the mean free path of molecules in the free stream. The structure is identical at all Reynolds numbers considered in the study. As the Reynolds number increases, the size of this zone in physical coordinates decreases, but the maximum difference between the viscous and inviscid solutions in this zone remains constant, reaching approximately $10\,\%$ for pressure. In the weak reflection of shock waves, the flow structure behind the shock wave intersection is not self-similar, i.e. the flow fields at different Reynolds numbers do not coincide in the normalised coordinates, but converge, as the Reynolds number increases, to the parameters predicted by the inviscid three-shock theory.


A single-line flow system, through which a reagent carrier stream is circulated, is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of acidity (expressed as citric acid content) in fruit juices and soft drinks. The reagent carrier solution consists of pH indicator (Methyl Orange, MO) and sugar (sucrose) in an acetate buffer solution. The method is based on the acid-base neutralization detecting the color change of MO. The resulting solution, after passing through a flow through cell, returns to the reservoir and reused repeatedly. Sucrose is added in the reagent carrier solution to compensate both the differences in refractive index and viscosity between the reagent carrier solution and the sample solution, which make the sample injection directly without any dilution process. Several parameters were optimized, resulting in a simple, fast, and ready constructed acidity analyzer. Fruits juices and soft drinks could be analyzed without any prior chemical treatment. Among several organic acids, citric acid is the major acid in fruit juices. It is frequently added to the industrial drinking derivatives to keep quality and flavor of products constant. The acidity is determined routinely during the processing of drinking products. It is expressed usually as citric acid content. Commonly used techniques for this analysis is titration with the standard base(1). Normally all batch titrations involve quite high volume of reagents consumption and manually operations which are subjected to time consuming and personal error. Therefore, an on-line, near real time acidity analyzer is very desirable. Flow injection analysis (FIA) is widely accepted as an analytical technique capable to perform rapid analysis, and offers many advantages over batch titration (2-4). For the assay of acidity in fruit juices, several procedures (5-7) based on the flow injection method have been proposed employing mixing chamber or variation in reagent flow rate, using spectrophotometry or potentiometry as detection techniques. Imato and Ishibashi reported the spectrophotometric FIA determination of strong acids and bases using a pH indicator and buffer solution (8,9). This method is excellent because the estimation of end point is not necessary. The calibration graph can be constructed from the peak heights (absorbances) of the standard solutions of various concentrations. We developed this method into a cyclic FIA for the determination of strong acids and bases, where the reagent carrier solution was circulated and reused repeatedly (10). Recently we found this cyclic FIA was applicable to citric acid determination in a similar manner as above. In quality control, actual sample analysis without any prior chemical treatment should be desirable in order to decrease sample handling steps while also saving time of analysis. These facilities can be provided by exploiting the direct determination with the simplest manifold. This paper therefore describes the


In the introduction the editor discusses articles within the issue including one by Eichelberger on water shortages in Northwest Alaska, one by Yach and colleagues on the role of corporations in decreasing food insecurities and one by Monteiro and colleagues on how to reduce food scarcities.


The ac electrical properties and the I‐V Δ characteristics of Au–MoO3–Au thin‐film sandwiches were measured under dc voltage bias. The capacitance of the samples is a strong function of the temperature and dc voltage bias. It increases as much as a factor of 20 for a 2900‐A‐thick sample as the temperature is increased; this variation is reduced with increasing voltage bias. At 325 °K the capacitance is a strong function of the dc voltage bias, decreasing from its zero‐bias value by about 50% at V = 1.5 V. The voltage dependence of the capacitance decreases with decreasing temperature, and at T = 77 °K it is essentially voltage independent. The conductance is also observed to be strongly dependent on temperature and dc voltage bias. For V≲0.6 V, it initially increases strongly with increasing temperature and reaches a maximum value at about 310 °K. With further increase in temperature, it decreases to a minimum value and then increases monotonically. For V≳0.6 V, the conductance increases monotonically wit...


The title compounds have been prepared in high optical and diastereoisomeric purity by diethylaluminium chloride-assisted condensation of suitable phenols with (R)-(+)- or (S)-(–)-citronellal; the X-ray crystal structure of a hexahydrocannabinol analogue is reported.


A weakly-coupled few-mode fiber used for Mode-division Multiplexing transmission is designed, and the polarization-dependent principal mode-related properties of the twofold degenerate LP11/21 modes propagation are compared in terms of DGD and power distribution.


O besity and sedentary lifestyles are common today. While obesity has become a global phenomenon , America is leading the way (Chopra, Galbraith and Darton-Hill, 2002). There are a number of national initiatives such as Healthy People 2010 (Kep-pel and Pearcy, 2009). However to be successful in empowering a nation to lead healthy and active lives, it has to start with the individual. It is possible that everyone can be more active and make healthy dietary choices. In order for this goal to be achieved, it has to begin with a positive can do attitude and peer support. Meeting the goal of obtaining a healthy and active life starts with small changes that can be maintained over a lifetime. We are all in this together and every individual should be active and eat well. This goal can be achieved. When was the last time you heard someone say they had free time? Most likely it would be difficult to recall. As a nation we are constantly telling each other how busy we are. While I cannot imagine that the lives of our forbearers two hundred years ago were less busy, they had one advantage over our present generation: The lifestyles of our ancestors were more active by nature and necessity. As our activity levels decrease, our obesity levels increase. In 2008, 38.2 % of N.H. residents had a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25, which is considered overweight, and 24.2 % had a BMI ≥30, which is considered obese (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The implications for this are staggering. The cost to keep this population alive for the remainder of their normal life expectancy will be very high. Yet there is a simple solution—adding more activity to daily life. Many will say it won't make a difference to include small amounts of physical activity into your life as fitness experts say as much as sixty minutes per day is required to stay healthy (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Yet the alternative is not sedentary. Moderate amounts of physical activity and exercise will benefit your overall health. It may seem as if college students have a disadvantage because their daily course schedule is decided for them. If someone preferred to exercise in the afternoon and now they have classes or labs every afternoon, they would consider themselves unable to exercise. Instead of complaining, think about …


BACKGROUND
Blood-circulating miRNAs have been reported to act as potential biomarkers in various cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

OBJECTIVE
This study was to assess serum miR-98 levels in NSCLC patients and explore its potential prognostic value.

METHODS
The relative expression levels of miR-98 were detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the sera of 127 NSCLC patients and 60 healthy controls.

RESULTS
Our results showed that serum miR-98 expression was down-regulated in NSCLC patients compared with healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested that serum miR-98 could be used as a potential marker in the diagnosis of NSCLC. In addition, decreased serum miR-98 was positively correlated with worse TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, as well as unfavorable overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that serum miR-98 expression was an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC.

CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, serum miR-98 might be useful as a promising biomarker for prognosis prediction of NSCLC.


a quantitative method was used to analyze the genetic expression of recessive epistasis in cross of GMS × restoring line combinations of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Six types were identified, each having 3 genetic expressions. The genetic behavior of recessive epistatic GMS is discussed.


The Right to health protection is one of the most fundamental constitutional rights. It is subject to criminal legal protection. While the attacks on him appear not only in the form of crimes such as causing harm by negligence (part 2 of article 118 of the Russian Criminal Code), failure to assist a patient (article 124 of the Russian Criminal Code), etc., but also corruption crimes. Corruption threatens the normal relationship between doctor and patient, medical institution and patient, which reduces the quality of medical care. It threatens not only people's property, but also their lives and health. Manifestations of corruption in health care are different, they are many, and they should all be taken into account in determining measures and means to combat this dangerous social phenomenon. The effectiveness of the fight against corruption in the health sector is largely due to the knowledge of its various manifestations. These problems are the subject of the proposed article


This paper studies the negative effects of storage conditions on archaeological ceramic artifacts since they may spend much of their lives in storage areas and units (in the excavation or Museums). The ceramic artifacts are subject to deterioration from chemical interactions to some extent between the main matrix of it and the surrounding deterioration factors in these areas and units or sometimes happen from the materials used in treatment steps as old or new restoration. Thus, archaeological ceramic artifacts can be unstable even over short periods. Maintaining the proper environment, like control of light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilating, air pollutants, and pests inside the storage areas and units, is required. So diligent and continuous observation of these conditions is required. In addition, these areas must be adequate to accommodate the particular characteristics and quantity of objects. The paper studies some affected ceramic samples through different investigative and analytical methods to recognize the harmful deterioration effects, such as Digital Optical Microscope to investigate the destructed ceramic artifacts, The Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with the Energy Dispersive system (SEM-EDX) detailed ceramic surface composition and its initial structure. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) recognizes the mineral composition and crystalline phases in ceramic; in addition, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) determines the almost firing temperature of ceramic artifacts. This study evaluates the different deterioration aspects of archaeological ceramic artifacts; it gives some practical solutions to avoid a high percentage of deterioration problems before it happens by providing an appropriate storage environment, materials, and units.


The components of situational awareness ability for the grid information network are analyzed,and models for evaluating the ability of situational awareness are established both in the information domain and the cognitive domain.In the information domain,three aspects of information quantity including completeness,accuracy and timeliness are proposed to evaluate the situational awareness ability.In the cognitive domain,the Logistic equation is established in combination with the quantitative analyses of the information domain in order to describe the change of the situational awareness quality from time to time.The simulation results show the promotion of completeness,accuracy and timeliness for the situational awareness quality,which verify its rationality.


Article Literature Review of Determinants of Company Liquidity Ratios related to the influence of Pre-IPO Conditions and Post-IPO Conditions is a scientific article to find out the phenomenon of influence between variables in further research related to the preparation of a hypothesis, within the scope of Financial Management. The preparation of this Literature Review article applies library research techniques, which are searched through Google Scholar, Mendeley and other academic online media. The issues raised in this article (Literature Review) are: 1) The effect of the condition of the company before the IPO on its liquidity ratio; 2) Effect of Company Conditions After IPO on Liquidity Ratio. Besides these two independent (exogenous) variables that influence the dependent variable (endogenous) Liquidity Ratio, other factors that can also be factors are Sales Growth, Earning per Share (EPS), and Ownership Structure.


Pulse diagnosis is an important diagnosis method in Oriental medicine. To develop reliable pulse diagnosis devices, it is essential to develop pulse classification algorithm that can replace Oriental medical doctor's decision for pulse images. In this work, we present a clinical result on the concordance between doctor's decision and a newly-developed algorithm determining the floating pulse and sinking pulse. The concordance for the sinking pulse is good (above 81%), while for the floating pulse is poor (about 50%).


The public elective course system in higher vocational colleges is designed to broaden the students' basic knowledge,strengthen the students' all-round qualities,cultivate the students' key vocational abilities and educate the students for a sustainable development in the system of basic cross-subject education..


Using toner having a high coloring power, and the gradation can be developed at a low electric field intensity while maintaining, and provides a magnetic carrier that can perform image formation of high image quality. The magnetic carrier has a magnetic carrier particles having porous magnetic core particles and a resin at least. Electric field intensity just before break-down of the magnetic carrier is a 1300V / ㎝ than 5000V / ㎝ below.


6628 Background: Over use of routine surveillance imaging to detect recurrence in women with EBC was recently identified as one of the top five opportunities to improve the quality of cancer care by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. We undertook a population level assessment of the current practice of surveillance imaging in EBC women treated in Ontario Canada. Methods: Incident early breast cancer patients diagnosed 01/07 – 12/09 in Ontario, Canada were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry. Patient records were linked deterministically to provincial health care databases to provide comprehensive medical follow-up. Basic (chest x-ray, abdominal x-ray and abdominal ultrasound) and advanced (computed tomography [CT] or bone scans) surveillance imaging scans completed during the first and second year of follow-up care (starting 6 months after surgery or upon completion of adjuvant chemotherapy) were identified. Logistic regression models were used to identify covariates associated with advanc...


The Confucian translations by Roger T.Ames and Henry Rosemont are intended to compete with cultural universalism,which is propagated by Western scholars with their pride in western philosophy and religion.The translated works are characterized by post structural approaches——the co-existence of transliteration and interpretation,creative writing and imitation,subversion and fluency.This article highlights some prominent features of The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation,analyzes the translators' strategies embodied therein and proceeds to generalize the enlightenment it provides for translation studies.


The main characteristics of the reproductive biology of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron have been studied in Ebrie lagoon (Ivory Coast), with a comparison between natural and cultured populations. In this lagoon, the two species breed throughout the year without interruption. However, seasonal variations in the intensity of the sexual activity have been observed and are more pronounced at the Layo aquaculture station, where the hydroclimate is more unstable than in other lagoon sectors studied. The proportion of mature individuals, the mean GSI, the relative fecundity and the spawning frequency are higher during the dry season than during the rainy season. In rearing enclosures, both species reach sexual maturity at a smaller size, and produce smaller but more numerous oocytes than in the wild. On the other hand, the relationship between the spawn weight and the female body weight are remarkably similar under both situations. For S. melanotheron , which is a male mouthbreeder, the number of brooded eggs or fry is positively related to the male body weight. In 2 m 3 concrete tanks, the mean elapsed time between two successive spawnings is about 2 weeks for S. melanotheron and about 3 weeks for T. guineensis .


PART ONE: The Conservative Soul PART TWO: And The Walls Came Tumbling Down PART THREE: Conservative Values PART FOUR: Steps Toward Reclaiming Conservatism A Final Word Acknowledgements A Note on Sources Suggested Reading


A new model that is capable of generating singleor double-celled steady, incompressible, intense vortices is proposed. As was evident in earlier experiments, depending on the values of scaling constants, it is shown that the axial-velocity component may attain proŽ les ranging from jet-like to wake-like. In general, the radial-velocity proŽ le has a similar shape as the tangential velocity, developing a direction reversal near the axis of rotation when the two-celled vortex appears. For the case of a one-celled vortex, the tangential velocity behaves like that of Rankine's vortex with viscous smoothing near the core. However, as the reverse  ow inside the core matures the tangential velocity reduces gradually from the forcedvortex proŽ le while its maximum value is augmented. The evolution from a one-celled to a two-celled vortex is also characterized by a migration of the vorticity peak from the central axis toward the core. The present theory suggests that the implementation of the experimental data for the tangential velocity near the core depends on the quality of the secondary  ow.


This study aims to specify and suggest a solution for the problems in the field of speech communication education provided by the current curricula of Korean education. It also aims to provide what must be considered at the stage of establishment of educational contents for achieving the appropriateness. Educational contents are a specific expression of study goal and, therefore, must be chosen with good reflection upon the goal. Thus, the educational contents in the field of speech must be decided so that the learners may effectively acquire the knowledge needed to augment their speech capability. The speech- educational contents provided by the 7th Curricula of Korean Language Education are not regarded as suitable, because they were organized without any appropriateness and with no meticulous consideration of the basic principles to be followed in organizing study contents. The choice of speech communication educational contents should be based on a clear-cut evidence and a sufficient reflection of the characteristics of speech and speech communication education. Besides, the study contents must be organized in order that the learners may acquire a general knowledge necessary for increasing their speech capability and the ways of speech customized to diverse situations and goals of speech. Such contents must be organized under the principles of continuity, sequence, and integration and must enable an efficient teaching-learning of speech communication. Designing the curricula of speech communication education urgently necessitates a systematic research on what must be taught and learned to increase the learner``s speech capability.


Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are positively coupled to phospholipase C (PLC) via Gαq‐proteins and are expressed in the medium‐sized projection neurons of striatum. To characterize the group I mGluR/PLC‐sensitive modulation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) signalling, primary neuronal cultures were prepared from the striatum of E19 rat embryos or neonatal day‐1 rat pups. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals were examined with fura‐2/AM at a signal cell level. After 17–18 days in culture, a profound Ca2+ response consisting of two phases was induced in cultured striatal neurons following bath application of the selective group I agonist, 3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). The [Ca2+]i elevation was concentration‐ and time‐dependent, and was blocked by coexposure to the group I antagonist, N‐phenyl‐7‐(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen‐1a‐carboxamide (PHCCC), or the PLC inhibitor, U‐73122, but not to the group II/III antagonist (RS)‐α‐methylserine‐O‐phosphate monophenyl ester (MSOPPE). A series of further pharmacological studies demonstrated that the initial spike‐like transient was dependent on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization through 1,4,5‐triphosphate‐sensitive stores, and the second long‐lasting rise was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ influx through N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and especially L‐type voltage‐operated Ca2+ channels. Lastly, using an immediate early gene c‐fos as a report of inducible gene expression, the resultant [Ca2+]i elevation contributes to DHPG‐stimulated c‐fos mRNA and Fos protein expression in striatal neurons as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, respectively. These results demonstrate that group I mGluRs are able to affect Ca2+ homeostasis at multiple levels and trigger Ca2+‐sensitive gene transcription in striatal neurons.


We have performed a joint experimental and theoretical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of NO adsorbed on Rh(111). The experimental STM images showed a strong sensitivity to the tip conditions that could be altered by dipping the tip into the sample or by application of voltage pulses. Only via STM simulations performed over an exhaustive range of tip-apex terminations, including several contaminants in different adsorption geometries and with different spatial orientations, we have been able to reproduce the rich variety of measured images. From the analysis, we are able to infer a realistic structural model for the ultimate tip-apex structure involving apex geometries considerably more complex than those typically employed in STM modeling.


The 'Study Walk-through' is a method to help translate a research protocol into an accurate and successful study. This toolkit describes the study walkthrough approach, why it might be of benefit to a research study, and how you can use successfully implement the method using practical examples and 'How to' guidance.


We analyze theoretically an experiment in which a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate is cut in half, and the parts are subsequently allowed to interfere. If the delay between cutting and atom detection is small, the interference pattern of the two halves of the condensate is the same in every experiment. However, for longer delays the spatial phase of the interference shows random fluctuations from one experiment to the other. This phase diffusion is characterized quantitatively. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


The computer generated hologram, or CGH, is the current de facto standard for accurate surface figure measurements of aspheres and freeforms. In this paper we will go over the history of the CGH technology development: from the birth of the holography to the invention of computer generated hologram; from early application of the CGH in testing aspheric surfaces to the development of precision fabrication techniques; from use of the CGH as null lens to more innovative applications testing and aligning optical systems. Dr. Wyant is a pioneer in the early development of the technology. His specific contributions will be introduced in detail. Efforts underway to expand the CGH use are also described.


A variety of algorithms are presented that are useful in the color graphics displays of large sets of three-dimensional aerodynamic data. These methods augment established techniques for rapidly and interactively reviewing an assortment of smooth-shaded, color-coded illustrations for experimental and computational distributions of both scalar and vector quantities.