Management of riparian habitats is controversial because land use policies have historically emphasized economic values (e.g., timber production) at the expense of ecological and social values. Attempting to manage these valuable resources to attain the greatest combination of benefits has created a long-term controversy that continues to the present. Our analysis indicates that at mid to large spatial scales, healthy riparian ecosystems and land management activities are not mutually exclusive, but the degree of compatibility is determined by policy decisions based on competing demands and pressing timelines as well as available scientific knowledge. Current management schemes on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska are appropriately addressing large spatial scales and incorporating the principles of disturbance ecology. We found no scientific evidence that either the default prescrip-tions or the options for watershed analysis in the Northwest Forest Plan and Tongass Land Management Plan provide more protection than necessary to meet stated riparian management goals. We believe that additional alternative riparian management strategies could be implemented and evaluated in concert to shorten the time needed to realize effective strategies that fully meet riparian management goals. Projecting other public inventories for the 2005 This study is an overview of the current inventory status and projections of future forest inventories on other public timberland. Other public lands are lands administered by state, local, and federal government but excluding National Forest System lands. These projections were used as part of the 2005 USDA Forest Service Resource Planning Act Timber Assessment Update. Though the projected inventory volume varies across regions, both softwood and hardwood inventories on other public timberlands in the United States are projected to increase 60 percent during the next 50 years. on oral presentations at the conference plus a synthesis paper that summarizes workshop themes, discussions, and related information. Topics include early detection and rapid response; control techniques, biology, and impacts; management approaches; distribution and mapping of invasive plants; and partnerships, education, and outreach. 6 Six years of monitoring for ozone injury by the PNW Forest Inventory and Analysis Program are reported. The methods used to evaluate injury, compute an injury index and estimate risk are described. Extensive injury was detected on ozone biomonitoring sites for all years in California, with ponderosa and Jeffrey pines, mugwort, skunkbush, and blue elderberry showing injury. Little or no injury was detected in Oregon and Washington. The relation of observed injury to ambient ozone levels is discussed. The areas with the highest modeled risk of ozone injury are the area east of Los Angeles, the southern Sierra Nevada, and portions of the central coast. This report examines socioeconomic changes that took place between 1990 and 2040 on and around lands managed by the Mount Hood National Forest in Oregon to assess the effects of the Northwest Forest Plan (the Plan) on rural economies and communities there. Three case communities were studied: the Greater Estacada Area, the Upper Hood River Valley, and the Villages of Mount Hood from Brightwood to Rhododendron. The report characterizes the region and its history, discusses management changes on the forest under the Plan and how they were perceived, describes socioeconomic change in the communities and how they were linked to the Plan, and evaluates how well the Plan socioeconomic goals were met in the Mount Hood National Forest case. (25 percent) and ponderosa pine (17 percent) types. The majority of net wood volume (55 percent) comes from trees ranging in size from 11 to 23 inches diameter at breast height. The most commonly recorded cause of tree death was bark beetle attack, with over half of the mortality volume attributed to these insects. Reviews history of research in silviculture and related topics in the Douglas-fir region from circa 1900 to the present, concomitant changes in forest practices, and influence of research on these practices. Discusses some current problems and associated changes in research emphasis. The LSSEs are both spatially and temporally large scale, with experimental treatment units between 5 and 100 acres and proposed study durations of 20 to 200 years. A defining characteris-tic of the LSSEs is that a broad range of response variables are measured in order to characterize the response of forest ecosystems to experimental treatments. We discuss the general value and limitations of the LSSEs and highlight some possible roles that can be played by the LSSEs in addressing management issues emerging at the beginning of the 21st century. Citizen-agency interactions in planning and decisionmaking after This report reviews the growing literature on the concept of agency-citizen interactions after large wildfires. Because large wildfires have historically occurred at irregular intervals, research from related fields has been reviewed where appropriate. This issue is particularly salient in the West where excessive fuel conditions indicate that the large wildfires occurring in many states are expected to continue to be a major problem for forest managers in the coming years. This review focuses the five major themes that emerge from prior research: contextual considerations, barriers and obstacles, uncertainty and perceptions of risk, communication and outreach, and bringing communities together. It offers ideas on how forest managers can interact with stakeholders for planning and restoration activities after a large wildfire. Management implications are included. 2007. The utility of strategic surveys for rare and little-known Northwest We compiled and evaluated the effectiveness of strategic survey projects conducted for the federal survey and management program of the Northwest Forest Plan to advance the program's adaptive management. We found 96 projects were initiated and direct costs were almost $5 million. Significant advances to rare species management resulted, and lessons learned from our evaluation can refine future implementation effectiveness. 2007. Riparian buffer and density management influences on microclimate of young headwater forests of western Oregon. Forest Science. 53(2): 254–269. We investigated the influences of buffer width and upslope density management treatments on riparian microclimates of headwater streams of western Oregon. Spatial variation in stand density, canopy cover and microclimate were monitored along transects from stream center upslope into thinned or unthinned stands, and with riparian buffers ranging in width from 7 m to 65 m. Three to five years after thinning, summer air and soil temperatures increased and relative humidity decreased with upslope distance from stream. Gradients were strongest within 10 m of stream center. In thinned stands, afternoon air temperature was 1 to 4 °C greater and relative humidity up to 18 percent less, than unthinned stands. With retention of buffers 15 m or wider, air temperatures at stream center differed by less than 1 °C and relative humidity differed by less than 5 percent from that for unthinned stands. Buffers of all but the narrowest widths maintained stream-center microclimate similar to that for unthinned stands. We evaluate: (1) the proportion of stream length bordered by debris fans and the spacing between fans, (2) the recurrence interval of debris flows in unmanaged watersheds, (3) the proportion of wood recruited to streams by debris flows, and (4) how various habitat parameters (boulder deposits, large wood, sediment, and pools) vary by distance from debris-flow fans. Based on our analysis and related papers, we propose several attributes of erosion relevant to aquatic habitats for consideration in natural resource management, using debris flows and timber harvest as an example. data, (2) compare the proportion of variation in stream habitat features explained by landscape characteristics summarized within and among different spatial scales, and (3) assess regression residuals for spatial autocorrelation. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Forest Science. 53(2): 281–293. This study examined benthic and emergent macroinvertebrate communities in streams flowing through basins 20 to 40 years following forest harvest and compared them to communities in streams flowing through old-growth forests. The objectives were to determine (1) if benthic or emergent taxa richness, benthic densities, shredder densities, and emergent abundances were higher in streams where the surrounding conifer forest had been harvested two to four decades ago and (2) if benthic or emergent community composition differed between forest types. Given that headwater streams undergo physical and biological changes seasonally, this study also explored how taxa richness, densities/abundances, and community composition differed among seasons. amphibians. We synthesize data these topics, and propose management approaches to target sensitive biota at reach to landscape scales. and vertebrates to riparian buffers with upslope thinning. We found trends for increased stream intermittency posttreatment, and at some sites bank salamander abundances were altered. Instream faunal abundances were not affected; however, power to detect a change was an issue. (see Corvallis lab order form.) 53(2): We characterized headwater stream habitats, fish, and amphibian fauna, in and along 106 headwater stream reaches at 12 study sites within managed forest stands 40 to 70 years old in western Oregon. Headwater stream types in our sample included perennial, spatially intermittent, and dry reaches. We captured 454 fish of three species groups and 1,796 amphibians of 12 species. Using canonical correlation, nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination, and generali


Abstract Planning education does not exist as an independent professional education in Finland. The educational background of the majority of practising urban planners (approximately 50–60%) is architectural education. Because of this national particularity, this paper concentrates on architect-planners as a professional group, and presents findings from a national survey the authors conducted in Finland in January 2009. The key question in this paper is how Finnish architectural education prepares urban planning professionals for their work, and how architect-planners perceive the strengths and weaknesses of architectural education with respect to the competence demands they face. The conclusions of the study point to certain inner contradictions inside the architectural profession. Architectural education passes on a somewhat narrow conception of art which translates into an emphasis on individual creativity, questioning and problem solving skills. Striving for excellence in the art of architecture, perceived in this way, seems to work against developing the students' skills in negotiation, conflict management, interdisciplinary teamwork and leadership, all of which are indispensable for practising architects. Resolution to the contradiction is sought from the work of Dana Cuff (1991) and Kristina Nilsson (2003), who associate artistry with the social ability to manage complex problems creatively and reflexively, in cooperation with other professionals and actors from other fields. Such a redefinition of art and artistry in architectural education might help settle the tensions the authors have identified in the survey analysis.


Introduction and objectives Bronchiectasis can contribute to severe and difficult to control asthma. It is important to recognise bronchiectasis in asthmatics and treat them accordingly. In order to estimate the presence of bronchiectasis in severe asthma, and the relation with the clinical and functional parameters we studied 40 patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, in a stable condition. Methods The symptoms, the duration of asthma diagnosis, the number of exacerbations/year, cycles of corticosteroids and antibiotic treatment/year, spirometry, and bronchial colonisation were estimated. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed to evaluate the presence and extent of bronchiectasis. HRCT were studied by an expert thoracic radiologist, according to Smith scale for bronchiectasis (score 0–24), taking a score≥3 as radiologically significant. Results Forty patients were studied, 28 women, mean age (±SD) 57.9 years (±12.4), 32 non smokers. Mean ACT score was 14.2(±4.9). The main symptoms were: cough (92%), wheezing (95%), dyspnea (92%), sputum production (72%) of which mucoid (52%), mucopurulent and purulent (48%). Mean duration of asthma diagnosis was 16.5(±11.5) years, exacerbations: 4.4(±2.7)/year, corticosteroid per os cycles/year: 4.4 (±3.1), antibiotic cycles/year: 2.8(±2.2). In 27 patients (67,5%) bronchiectasis was diagnosed: Smith score: 5.2(±4.2). The mean FEV1 was 72.6% (±21.1) of predicted, FVC 79.1% (±19.4), FEV1/FVC ratio 67.3 (±9.7). Nine patients (22.5%) were colonised with pathogens, 6 of whom with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Patients with sputum production had a higher Smith score compared to those without expectoration (6.3 ± 4.2 vs 2.3 ± 2.2 respectively Z = 2.8, p = 0.005). In addition, patients with pathogens in sputum cultures had a higher Smith score compared to those with normal flora (10 ± 4.2 vs 3.8 ± 3 respectively, Z = 3.5, p < 0.0001) (Figure 1).Abstract P67 Figure 1 Smith score in patients with pathogens in sputum cultures and in patients with normal flora No correlation was found between the extent of bronchiectasis and the lung function parameters. The severity of bronchiectasis (Smith score) was correlated to the number of antibiotic cycles/year (p = 0.002, r = 0.48). In addition, a lower ACT score was related with a higher asthma exacerbation rate (r = -0.52, p = 0.001). Conclusion The evidence of bronchiectasis on HRCT is common in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma. Sputum production and pathogen isolation in sputum culture may indicate the presence of this comorbidity and the need of antibiotics as an additional treatment.


The growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) are group of bacteria mainly found in the rhizosphere of plant, having capability to stimulate their health and growth and also defend them from different soil-borne pathogens by different mechanisms. In current study, total thirty-four strains of PGPR were isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy banana plants and differentiated on the basis of morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Phosphate solubilizing ability, capability of auxin production as well as sideroshore competency of PGRP were also investigated for the stimulation of plant growth. Out of 34 isolated strains, six isolates were found positive with high siderophore producing activity, six strains were confirmed having the ability of production of indole acetic acid (IAA), and 17 isolates were found with excellent ability to solubilize the insoluble phosphate. As enzymatic production seemed to have a significant role in inhibition of different pathogens of plants, most of the isolates in current study were found positive for the production of amylases, oxidase, pectinases, proteases, lipases, catalases. Furthermore, seven PGPR isolates also showed the antifungal activity with maximum 51.59% and 50.48% growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense in vitro. Thus, these rhizosphere isolates might be used to endorse plant growth and a good biocontrol for pathogenic fungi in banana growing areas of Pakistan

Rhizobacteria are bacteria associated with roots that form symbiotic relationships in many plants. They are an important group of microorganisms used in biofertilizers. Biofertilization represents about 65% of the overall yield nitrogen gracefully Rhizobacteria are regularly alluded to as plant development advancing rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPR was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become increasingly used in scientific literature. PGPRs are host plants of different species with different relationships. The two main classes of relationships are rhizospheric and endophytic.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were first defined by Kloepper and Schroth to describe soil bacteria that colonize plant roots after seed inoculation and enhance plant growth. The following elements are involved in the process of colonization: the ability to survive inoculation of seeds, to multiply in the spermosphere (response to the seed), and the attachment to the surface of the colonizing system. The ineffectiveness of PGPRs in the field has often been attributed to their inability to colonize plant roots. An

assortment of bacterial characteristics and explicit qualities add to this procedure, however just a couple have been distinguished. These include motility, chemotaxis to seed and root exudates, production of pili or fimbriae, specific cell surface composites of production, Protein root exudates and detection of specific composites for use. of the quorum. The generation of mutants in the expression of these traits helps us understand the precise role that each plays in the colonization process. Advances in identifying new, previously uncharacterized genes are made using unbiased screening strategies that rely on gene fusion technologies. These strategies use reporter transposons and in vitro expression technology (IVET) to detect genes during colonization. Using molecular markers such as green fluorescent protein or fluorescent antibodies, it is possible to confocal laser scanning microscopy using the root on the individual rhizobacteria of the monitor. This approach was also combined with a probe targeting rRNA to monitor of the quorum.

Studies on sugar beet crops have found that some root colonizing bacteria are deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB). DRB had reduced germination rates, root lesions, reduced root elongation, root distortions, increased fungal infection, and reduced plant growth. In one trial, the yield of sugar was reduced by 48%. Six strains of rhizobacteria have been identified as being DRBs. The strains belong to the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter and Arthrobacter. Due to the large number of

taxonomic species yet described, a complete characterization was not possible because the drb is very variable. The presence of PGPR has been shown to reduce and inhibit the colonization of DRB on sugar beet roots.

Rhizobacteria are also able to control plant diseases that are caused by other bacteria and fungi. Disease is suppressed through induced systematic resistance and through the production of antifungal metabolites. Pseudomonas biocontrol strains have been hereditarily adjusted to improve plant development and improve the sickness obstruction of horticultural yields. In horticulture, inoculant microscopic organisms are regularly applied to the seed layer of seeds before being planted. Vaccinated seeds are bound to set up enormous enough rhizobacterial populaces inside the rhizosphere to create outstanding gainful consequences for the harvest

Many have been used for the selection of microbial biological control agents, with no system being more efficient than another. One approach has been to isolate potential microbial antagonists from the environment, such as soil, seeds or roots. This is based on the premise that any antagonist will be ecologically adapted to this environment and will be able to survive and express activity as a biological control agent. Another approach has been to isolate antagonists from suppressive soils for a particular pathogen. This approach was used for the isolation of Streptomyces griseoviridis, a biological control agent for the control of Fusarium and Pythium spp.  It is also used for the isolation of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, an effective biological control agent for Fusarium wilt in sweet potato and tomato. Alternatively, pathogens of propagules or mycelia have been isolated from soils as antagonists have been isolated. In this case, the antagonists have the potential to attack the pathogen and be adapted to the environment in which the pathogen is active. The rating procedure has been used to obtain several pathogens of sclerotic antagonists, including.

Biological control can be simply defined as the application of one living organism to another. This process is also called biological control. Biological application is mainly introduced to reduce a pest population and to produce pest-free yields. It is a self-sustaining, long-term treatment method for the management of invasive plants. The living organism applied in this system is used to suppress a weed infestation and to control pests, including insects, pathogens and grazing animals. Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Verticillium, and Armillaria are some of the most common soil pathogens in the Pacific Northwest. Excess moisture and soil pH are the catalysts for these pathogens to thrive. Phytophthora causes downy mildew. Armillaria and Rhizoctonia cause root rot (a tree of the base at honey fungi is a visual symptom of Armillaria); Verticillium and fusarium are known to cause wilt. Their life cycle varies, so it is important to take note of the weather conditions, soil conditions, location and other obvious factors that directly impact the sick plant or heavy foot traffic.


An embodiment method for forming an image sensor includes forming an anti-reflective coating over a surface of a semiconductor supporting a photodiode, forming an etching stop layer over the anti-reflective coating, forming a buffer oxide over the etching stop layer, and selectively removing a portion of the buffer oxide through etching, the etching stop layer protecting the anti-reflective coating during the etching. An embodiment image sensor includes a semiconductor disposed in an array region and in a periphery region, the semiconductor supporting a photodiode in the array region, an anti-reflective coating disposed over a surface of the semiconductor, an etching stop layer disposed over the anti-reflective coating, a thickness of the etching stop layer over the photodiode in the array region less than a thickness of the etching stop layer in the periphery region, and a buffer oxide disposed over the etching stop layer in the periphery region. The invention also provides a backside structure for BSI image sensors.


1. Some years ago the writer published a book in which he developed a new theory of the algebraic functions of a complex variable. The theory in question was purely algebraic in its character and perfectly general. The higher singularities gave rise to no specific difficulties due to their greater complexity and no exceptional cases had to be reserved for separate treatment. The capital result of the theory might be said to be the "Complementary Theorem"—a theorem which is considerably more general than the Riemann-Roch Theorem. The book, however, presents its difficulties for the reader, and, in particular, the sixth chapter would seem to have been a stumbling-block. For this chapter the writer has already given several comparatively simple substitutes, and the reader of the present paper will find that, among other results, those of the chapter in question follow in very easy fashion from the representation of a rational function in the form (8). The method of the "deformation of a product," which plays a conspicuous part in the earlier chapters of the book, is here dispensed with. The residues of what we call the principal coefficient of the reduced form of a rational function will be found to play an important role —a role which is already implied in the argument of the book and which is brought into evidence in a paper by the writer published in Vol. XXXII. of the 'American Journal of Mathematics' under the title "The Complementary Theorem." In the present paper the apparatus for handling the residues in question will be greatly simplified. We have no need of the function R ( z, v ) defined in Chapter IX. of the book, and at the same time we are able to dispense with the functions ξ s ( i ) ( z, v ) and the more or less complicated formulae connected with these functions in the earlier presentation of the theory.


The present period of historical development is characterized by the action of two megatrends, the first of which, linked to the shifting of world processes in the direction of chaos, is conditioning the emergence of new semantic principles of human activity. In other words, it is the result of continuous changes and mutations; the interpenetration of various fields of activity and knowledge; movement in the direction of a unity of understanding of all aspects of life on Earth. The second megatrend is characterized by movement away from the technocratic perception of the changes that are going on, by a desire to gain harmonious understanding of what is taking place. It is obvious that both the first and the second trends are disrupting the basis of the traditional picture of the world, and this can be looked at in different ways. Researchers agree that the old


In this experiment, we consider the nonlinear control of a robotic arm with joint flexibility. The specific mechanism under investigation is an attachment to rotary Quanser experimental setup. Flexibility is attained by attaching the link to the motor shaft using a pair of springs. There is some discretion in choosing the joint stiffness as there are different locations that the springs can be attached on the body as well as several spring choices. The goal of this project is to model and control the flexible joint for the case in which the arm is oriented vertically. This introduces a non-linearity into the system in the form of a sinusoid, as a result of the potential energy due to gravity. The output to be controlled is the tip angle, which is given by the sum of the motor angle θ and the joint deflection α with respect to the motor shaft. The non-linear model of the dynamics will be linearized by means of state feedback in such a way that the input-output response between the voltage applied to the motor and the tip angle becomes that of a linear system. After the system has been rendered linear by feedback, it can be controlled using any linear control system design.


Abstract International education is widely recognised as providing a range of positive outcomes for students, universities, and both the source and destination countries. New Zealand politicians, however, see international education as a means of generating significant export earnings able to subsidise the local provision of university education. New Zealand universities have been criticised as underperforming in comparison to their Australian counterparts in attracting revenue from international students. This article explores the evidence of that observation by examining the patterns of enrolment by international students in New Zealand and Australian universities. The analysis identifies significant drivers of the international student enrolments in Australia and discusses potential strategic and policy implications for international education in New Zealand that respond to these drivers.


The cognition of the authority center is crucial to Chinese gradual reform,and it displays the inertia under the circumstance of uncertainty and the bounded rationality,which is one reason for the path dependence.The characteristics of the inertia are neutral and are caused by the cognitive pattern,property of the team cognition and the culture,so it is necessary to hold the objective attitude and pro-mote its proactive effects.


Biceps brachii distal tendon injury is rare, 2.55–5.35 per 100,000. This nosological form did not have a gender modality and was previously found mainly in middle-aged men (46.3 y.o.). By 2022, this injury "rejuvenated" and began to occur more often, covering the categories of juniors and young athletes, whose professional activities have expanded significantly with the advent of new power disciplines, contact sports and popularization of bodybuilding. The authors note the negative impact of smoking and the use of anabolic steroids, statins and obesity on the incidence of these lesions. The maximum supination force in this type of injury is reduced by an average of 40 %, and the maximum flexion force is reduced by an average of 20 %. Considering the significance of functional disorders not only of the elbow joint, but also of motor patterns of the entire upper limb girdle for professional athletes, sports-organized people and people involved in the physical aspects of labor, surgical treatment is recommended. Nonsurgical treatment can be aimed at suppressing edema and inflammation, limiting early movements in the elbow joint and increasing secondary muscle tension, and it is suitable for patients with low functional demand, poor compliance and high risks of both surgical treatment and anesthesia care. That is, the choice of treatment tactics is still based, in addition to anatomical changes and on the "subjective" patient data, his/her needs for physical activity and requires an algorithmic approach in order to avoid both known complications and confidently predict a positive result during the prehospital period. Based on ten years of clinical and practical experience adjusted by widely available scientific periodicals, we have developed a scheme that is understandable to every specialist in the field of traumatology, orthopedics or sports medicine, and is applicable regardless of the medical institution level. For the first time, this scheme was published in this work.


This study aims to determine the impact of airport trains on taxis at Yogyakarta International Airport and find out whether there are differences in the income of conventional taxis. This research was taken in March 2022 at Yogyakarta International Airport. In obtaining data the author uses quantitative methods with questionnaires. The data was obtained from the results of distributing questionnaires to 55 all taxi drivers at the airport. The data processing method used was validity test, reliability test, statistical descriptive test, and hypothesis testing which included independent sample t-test. The results show the mean value of 2.56 which means it is negative. Researchers tested the Independent t-test hypothesis to calculate the difference in the income of taxi drivers before and after the airport train. The result is a value of 0.000, the value is less than 0.05, this shows the impact of airport trains on the income of conventional taxis.


Literature surveying various perceptual protocols and objective measures reveal no clear agreement to decide transient periods of dis/dys fluency as pathological stuttering or normal non fluency. Part of this confusion arises because of lack of objective dependable measures to differentiate the two conditions. In this context, the present study evaluated speech of 10 normal and 10 stuttering children speaking Kannada (a south Indian language) on refined acoustic measures viz.formant patterns, speed of transitions, F2 transition duration, and F2 transition range as possible indicators for differential diagnosis. Results reveal stuttering children exhibited longer transition duration, shorter extent and faster speed of transition and abnormal F2 transition patterns. The results are discussed from theoretical and clinical perspectives.


Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) was examined to explore its trypanocidal activity. The compound is easily taken up by trypanosomes via its aquaglyceroporins but is not converted to a glycolytic intermediate due to the lack of a respective kinase. Investigating the DHA-induced cell death it became evident that parasites die by autophagy rather than by necrosis or apoptosis. Since autophagy is not well studied in African trypanosomes our work offers a way to investigate the importance of autophagy for trypanosomes not only for stress coping but also for organelle reconstruction during differentiation. Antiproliferative Effect of Dihydroxyacetone on Trypanosoma brucei Bloodstream Forms: Cell Cycle Progression, Subcellular Alterations and Cell Death N.L. Uzcátegui, D. Carmona-Gutiérrez, V. Denninger, C. Schoenfeld, F. Lang, K. Figarella and M. Duszenko Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; In press


We define multiple decomposable probability measures on R(see [18]) as a generalization of Loeve's ([6], [7]) c-decomposable laws (c € R). We consider multiply decomposability sets as a generalization of Urbanik's decomposability semigroups D(P) ([21]). We characterize Bunge's nested classes of C-decomposable laws ([1]) using the properties of multiply decomposability sets. We give representations of characteristic functions of laws, whose multiply decomposability sets contain certain sets.


New conjugated copolymers containing alternating N-hexyl-3,8-iminodibenzyl and divinylbenzene chromophores {poly(N-hexyl-3,8-iminodibenzyl-1,2-ethenylene-2,5-dihexyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene) (P1) and poly[N-hexyl-3,8-iminodibenzyl-2,5-bis(hexyloxy)cyanoterephthalidene] (P2)} were synthesized according to Wittig and Knoevenagel polymerization. A copolymer containing alternating carbazole and divinylbenzene derivatives {poly[9-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-carbazole-1,2-ethenylene-2,5-dihexyloxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene] (P3)} was also synthesized for comparison. The copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and toluene. Absorption and photoluminescence measurements revealed that cyano substitution at the vinylene moiety in P2 brought about a significant bathochromic shift and led to an electroluminescence color change from green to orange. The band edge energies of the copolymers were estimated from cyclic voltammograms and optical band gaps. P1 and P3 showed similar highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, indicating that the electron-donating abilities of the iminodibenzyl and carbazole chromophores were comparable. However, compared with those of P1 and P3, the HOMO and LUMO levels of P2 were greatly reduced because of conjugating and electron-withdrawing CN groups. The threshold electric field of an Al/P1/ITO glass single-layer light-emitting diode was approximately 10 × 105 V/cm, whereas those for P2 and P3 were 7.5 and 16 × 105 V/cm, respectively. The electroluminescence emission maxima of P1–P3 were 498, 514, and 559 nm, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3847–3857, 2002


The presented LLY-l 140 hydraulic Curing press which has high precision and efficiency, with resonable structure, advanced control system, it's technical property reached the advanced level of the year 90's in the world, to operate more easier and quicker for users.


This paper presents the results of comparisons of COBRA-SFS (spent fuel storage) temperature predictions with experimental data from the TN-24P (Transnuclear) spent fuel storage cask loaded with unconsolidated and consolidated spent PWR fuel. Peak cladding temperature predictions using the COBRA-SFS code are compared with test data and predicted axial and radial temperature distributions are compared with measured temperature profiles. The pre-test accuracy of the COBRA-SFS code in predicting temperature distributions is discussed, along with the effect of post-test model improvements on temperature predictions. This paper also briefly describes the COBRA-SFS code, which is designed to accurately predict flow and temperature distributions in spent nuclear fuel storage and transportation systems. 6 refs., 14 figs.


This study examines how English has penetrated the Korean language by analyzing Anglicisms in weekly news magazine articles, with special reference to translation as a mode of language contact. For this purpose, it conducts a diachronic quantitative analysis of the occurrence of Anglicisms by compiling and utilizing corpora consisting of translated and original Korean news magazine articles over a period of 20 years. The results of this analysis are explained through a qualitative analysis of sociolinguistic factors influencing contact-induced language change. The findings suggest that Anglicisms increased over the 20-year period at a greater pace in original texts than in translated ones. Various sociolinguistic factors, including language ideology, language policy, and linguistic attitude, affected the results either positively or negatively. In addition, translators, as key agents of language contact, seem more conservative than other native speakers in changing their attitude toward Anglicisms, partly due to the complex decision-making process of translation. These results help broaden the scope of translation studies by introducing a new contact linguistic perspective.


Epoxypropane is reacted with hydrazine hydrate forming hydroxy propyl hydrazine as the main constinents of the mixed product which is an aldehyde removing agent. The process of production is simple, investment of equipment is low, but the yield is rather high and energy consumption is low. It can be applied directly applied for the removing aldehyde in the course of purification of ethyleneoxide, the aldehyde content in the final product may be lower than 100 ppm.


Biomedical photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a soft‐tissue imaging modality that combines the high spatial resolution of ultrasound (US) with the contrast and spectroscopic opportunities afforded by imaging optical absorption. Exact reconstruction algorithms for PA imaging have been described for spherical, cylindrical, and planar sensor arrays. Many applications to date have used a cylindrical measurement geometry because a single US transducer may be scanned straightforwardly in a circle around a sample. However, planar US arrays composed of piezo or optical elements with small element sizes and fast acquisition times are readily available, making them an attractive option for imaging applications. To capture sufficient data for an exact PA reconstruction with a planar geometry requires an infinitely wide array. In practice, of course, it will be finite, resulting in a loss of resolution and introducing artefacts into the image. To overcome this limitation, it is proposed that acoustic image sources are use...


An analytically sensitive and selective clinical research method has been developed for the analysis of aldosterone in plasma using the Xevo TQ-XS Mass Spectrometer. Benefits Analytical selectivity of the chromatographic method provides separation of isobaric species ■ LC-MS/MS enables high sample-throughput using multi-well plate automation ■ Excellent agreement to EQAmean values for aldosterone ■


Applications of deep learning (DL) in autonomous vehicle (AV) projects have gained increasing interest from both researchers and companies. This has caused a rapid expansion of scientific production on DL-AV in recent years, encouraging researchers to conduct systematic literature reviews (SLRs) to organize knowledge on the topic. However, a critical analysis of the existing SLRs on DL-AV reveals some methodological gaps, particularly regarding the use of bibliometric software, which are powerful tools for analyzing large amounts of data and for providing a holistic understanding on the structure of knowledge of a particular field. This study aims to identify the strategic themes and trends in DL-AV research using the Science Mapping Analysis Tool (SciMAT) and content analysis. Strategic diagrams and cluster networks were developed using SciMAT, allowing the identification of motor themes and research opportunities. The content analysis allowed categorization of the contribution of the academic literature on DL applications in AV project design; neural networks and AI models used in AVs; and transdisciplinary themes in DL-AV research, including energy, legislation, ethics, and cybersecurity. Potential research avenues are discussed for each of these categories. The findings presented in this study can benefit both experienced scholars who can gain access to condensed information about the literature on DL-AV and new researchers who may be attracted to topics related to technological development and other issues with social and environmental impacts.


Background Preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, affecting 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide. Aim The study aimed to examine the potential value of maternal serum concentration of placental protein 13 (PP13) in early diagnosis of preeclampsia (11–13 weeks of gestation). Patients and methods This study was carried out on 120 pregnant women at risk for preeclampsia (60 women with advanced maternal age >35 years, and 60 women with a history of chronic hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus) and 40 women apparently healthy as controls. Serum PP13 was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits from SinoGeneClon Biotech Co. Ltd, catalog number: SG-10912. Patients signed an informed consent form. Assiut Faculty of Medicine approved The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, with registration number IRB: 17101046. Results PP13 was significantly decreased in pregnant women with risk factors for preeclampsia (women with advanced maternal age > 35 years, as well as women with a history of chronic hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus) compared with the control group. Conclusion This study has revealed that serum levels of PP13 can be used as a predictive test in preeclampsia.


SCHUTT / Homöotherapie der Tuberkulose AHZ Ainsi on a pû obtenir des bons resultats avec un extrait d'Hamamelis lequel a ete administre par voie bucale et en aerosol. II se fait sentir un besoin imperieux d'une expe*rimentation sur une vaste echelle et ceci dans le sens d'une experimentation pathogenesique et aussi au lit du malade. S u m m a r y : After having taken into consideration the dramatic advances achieved in the domain of both chemotherapy and thoracosurgery in connection with the treatment of consumptive patients, one is faced with the fact that the question whether or not there still is any sense in applying the homeopathic method to the eure of TB. has been unreservedly answered in the affirmative. The reason of such a conviction lies in the fact that auto-reactions of the sick organism which may be induced resp. intensified by adequate homeopathic mesures are necessary to a permanent healing. The selection of these measures depends on the symptomatic picture and the constitution of the patient — this being generally the case with homeopathy. Besides, satisfactory results have been obtained with a hamamelis-extract administered either orally or by inhalation. Exhaustive trials condueted on the largest scale both by means of pharmacologic control and clinical observation have proved imperative in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the remedy. (Anschr. d. Verf.: Dr. med. R. Schutt, 239 Flensburg, Adelbyer Kirchenweg 1)


We demonstrate a label-free biosensor imaging approach that utilizes a photonic-crystal surface to detect attachment of individual nanoparticles down to ~65×30×30nm3. Matching nanoparticle plasmon resonant-frequency to the photonic-crystal resonance substantially increases sensitivity of the approach.


Fruit growth is a biophysical process that depends mainly on the daily balance between vascular (xylem and phloem) and transpiration flows. This work examines the seasonal and daily behaviour of apricot fruit growth as well as their vascular and transpiration flows. Seasonal patterns of the shoot and fruit growth, as well as fruit surface conductance and dry matter accumulation, were monitored at regular times intervals during the season on "Farbela" and "Ladycot" cultivars. In addition, the daily courses of leaf and stem water potentials and leaf gas exchanges were monitored at 66 and 109 DAFB. On the cultivar "Farbela", the daily patterns of phloem, xylem, and transpiration flow to and from the fruit were determined through precise and continuous monitoring of fruit diameter variations. Branch sap flow was also determined through the thermal balance method. Apricot fruit growth showed a double sigmoid pattern, typical of other drupaceous species. Stem and leaf water potential maintained values above the stress threshold, and in the last part of the season, the leaf photosynthetic rate increased. Leaves received higher sap flow in the morning and at midday, while a higher amount of xylem water was moved to the fruit in the late afternoon. Fruit showed high transpiration rates, which led to fruit shrinkage during the warmest hours of the day. High xylem inflows balanced the transpiratory losses, while phloem import was lower and occurred mainly during the mid-day hours. As a result, the fruit grew mostly in the late afternoon and night, and its growth was sustained mainly by xylem fluxes, which represented over 90% of the fruit's total inflows. Later in the season, fruit transpiration and xylem flow decreased but did not stop even at harvest. Phloem import increased its importance throughout the season and, in the final stages, accounted for 36% and then 66% of the daily relative contribution to fruit growth. This knowledge represents a starting point to improving apricot orchard management in terms of irrigation and fertilisation.


Interleukin‐25 (IL‐25), a T helper type 2 (Th2) ‐related factor, inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes/macrophages. Since Th2 cytokines antagonize classically activated monocytes/macrophages by inducing alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs), we here assessed the effect of IL‐25 on the alternative activation of human monocytes/macrophages. The interleukins IL‐25, IL‐4 and IL‐13 were effective in reducing the expression of inflammatory chemokines in monocytes. This effect was paralleled by induction of AAMs in cultures added with IL‐4 or IL‐13 but not with IL‐25, regardless of whether cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interferon‐γ. Moreover, pre‐incubation of cells with IL‐25 did not alter the ability of both IL‐4 and IL‐13 to induce AAMs. Both IL‐4 and IL‐13 activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), and silencing of this transcription factor markedly reduced the IL‐4/IL‐13‐driven induction of AAMs. In contrast, IL‐25 failed to trigger STAT6 activation. Among Th2 cytokines, only IL‐25 and IL‐10 were able to activate p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. These results collectively indicate that IL‐25 fails to induce AAMs and that Th2‐type cytokines suppress inflammatory responses in human monocytes by activating different intracellular signalling pathways.


The scientific process is conducted through investigative activities ranging from simple investigations of the surrounding nature to more complicated investigations to predict natural phenomena and solve various problems. Science learning should be carried out with a scientific approach that emphasizes scientific processes in which interactions with technology, the environment, and other sciences fields could not be avoided. Science learning through a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education approach is among approaches that are world-widely suggested, including in Indonesia, as can be seen in the national curriculum focal points. Unfortunately, as far as our knowledge is concerned, there is no such guide for teachers in implementing STEM education, including suggestions on the real issues and topics of STEM projects related to those issues. In this paper, based on a study of the content of the physics curriculum at the high school level, we propose real problems related to physics contents and possible STEM project topics derived from these fundamental problems. We emphasize topics that are technologically simple and easy to implement nationally, including in remote areas, but pedagogically contain rich aspects of learning.


Carbon Fibres are the most used reinforcement for advanced composites. due to their superior electrical and mechanical properties and light weight, which in turn is translated into a high strength/density ratio composite. Their usefulness is intrisically related to their microstructure, i.e. , amount of functional groups, degree of heat treatment and porosity. The amount of functional groups has a strong influence on the composite properties while heat treatment and porosity are responsible for carbon fibre's strength and modulus. During processing a number of cracks, voids and fibrillar misalignments, are created either during the PAN precursor processing and during heat treatment to final convertion to carbon. Such inhomogeneities give rise to an appreciable scatter in carbon fibres strength. Their brittle failure behaviour and scatter in strength are characteristic features of any other ceramics material. The most used statistical tool that deals with this characteristic variability in properties is the Weibull statistics, either as a statistical process control tool or during qualification programs. Thus, the present work investigated the influence of the testing gage length in the strength, Young's modulus and Weibull modulus of carbon fibres in order to stablish a guideline tool for a qualification procedure for these materials. Filaments of gage length of 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm were tested. The increase in the gage length leads to a decrease in carbon fibre's strength due to an increase in flaw population. The Young's modulus was calculated by two methods: (i) interaction between testing equipment/specimen and (ii) ASTM D3379M. The first method proved to be more accurate considering manufacture's data for Young's Modulus (280 GPa). The Weibull modulus calculated from the tensile tests for gage lengths tested varied from 5,0 to 5,5 indicating a good homogeneity in terms of properties and a good control of processing parameters. Key-words : Carbon Fibres, Young's modulus, Tensile Strength, Weibull modulus.


Introduction It is well known that hypertension is accompanied by a structural change in arteries of various size, from the small resistance artery to the large conduit artery. In this issue of the journal, Rizzoni et al. [1] report an interesting study demonstrating that small artery remodeling is significantly correlated with a morning blood pressure (BP) surge in essential hypertension. In their study, small artery remodeling was directly assessed by the media thickness to lumen diameter ratio (M/L ratio) of the subcutaneous small artery. Based on previous reports, including their own study on the morning BP surge, it is time to join forces on morning hypertension in clinical practice [2,3]. In this editorial comment, I would like to stress the importance of the morning BP surge from a two-clinical points of view: (i) as a triggering risk factor in high-risk patients and (ii) as a possible indicator of prehypertension.


The SINOPEC popularized and applied the exploration and production information system SEMIS V3.0 to meet the requirements of the present development of the petroleum information and to realize the"standardization, systematization,network"information management.The system not only can manage and store all kinds of information generated in the process of exploration and production,but also show report forms as well.The interactive information inquiry from figure to menu is realized to meet the requirements of the exploration and production.It gives a great of support to the science and quick decision on the petroleum exploration and production.


FIGURE 26. Distribution maps for the species covered in this work, with the exception of P. atrifemur Girault for which only specimens of uncertain identification or with vague locality data were available.


Adding noise to stimuli to be discriminated allows estimation of observer classification functions based on the correlation between observer responses and relevant features of the noisy stimuli. Examples will be presented of stimulus features that are found in auditory tone detection and visual vernier acuity. using the standard signal detection model (Thurstone scaling), we derive formulas to estimate the proportion of the observers decision variable variance that is controlled by the added noise. one is based on the probability of agreement of the observer with him/herself on trials with the same noise sample. Another is based on the relative performance of the observer and the model. When these do not agree, the model can be rejected. A second derivation gives the probability of agreement of observer and model when the observer follows the model except for internal noise. Agreement significantly less than this amount allows rejection of the model.


Category: Ankle; Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: There is limited literature on the effects of socioeconomic factors on outcomes after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). In the setting of hip or knee arthroplasty, patients of a lower socioeconomic status demonstrate poorer post- operative satisfaction, longer lengths of stay, and larger functional limitations. It is important to ascertain whether this phenomenon is present in ankle arthritis patients. This is the first study to address the weight of potential socioeconomic factors in affecting various socioeconomic classes, in terms of how they benefit from ankle arthroplasty. Methods: This is retrospective cohort study of 447 patients who underwent a TAA. Primary outcomes included pre-operative and final follow-up AAOS pain, AAOS disability, and SF-36 scores. We then used postal codes to determine median household income using Canadian 2015 census data. Incomes were divided into quintiles based on equal amounts over the range of incomes. These income groups were then compared for differences in outcome measures. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t- test. Results: A total of 447 patients were divided into quintiles by income. From lowest income to highest income, the groups had 54, 207, 86, 64, and 36 patients, respectively. The average time from surgery to final follow up was 85.6 months. Interestingly, we found that patients within the middle household income groups had significantly lower AAOS disability scores compared to the lowest income groups at final follow-up (26.41 vs 35.70, p=0.035). Furthermore, there was a trend towards middle income households and lower post-operative AAOS pain scores compared to the lowest income group (19.57 vs 26.65, p=0.063). There was also a trend toward poorer AAOS disability scores when comparing middle income groups to high income groups post- operatively (26.41 vs 32.27, p=0.058). Pre-operatively, patients within the middle-income group had more pain, compared to the lowest and the highest income groups. Conclusion: Patients from middle income groups who have undergone TAA demonstrate poorer function and possibly more pain, compared to lower and higher income groups. This suggests that TAA is a viable option for lower socioeconomic groups and should not be a source of discouragement for surgeons. In this circumstance there is no real disparity between the rich and the poor. Further investigation is needed to explore reasons for diminished performance in middle class patients.


In the context of modern day, issues of social solidarity and wealth redistribution become matters of great concern to the world due to lack of moral conducts within human society in which lead to injustice to happen. Thus co-operation of individuals and their society towards achieving peace and harmony is part of social justice realization. While Islam laid down certain rules and responsibilities on individual and society of mutual social care, Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966) has detailed out the Islamic conception together with his views and approaches towards establishing the basis of social solidarity among members of society including role of inner dimension or faith (iman) as the most important element in establishing feelings of love and mercy in the human conscience towards other members of the community. This paper discusses Qutb's views on social solidarity and its pre requisites as manifested in his writings, Fi Zilal al-Quran and other works. Using content analysis technique and secondary data analysis, the study works and analyses Qutb's ideas and thought in regards to social solidarity that appear in his writings particularly his Fi Zilal al-Quran. Other secondary data related to Qutb's thought are also taken into account in order to have a clear worldview about the latter arguments. Result of the study shows that Qutb's conception of social solidarity was in parallel with Islamic teachings. His emphasis on faith (iman) as the most important element in establishing feelings of love and mercy in the human conscience was in line with some other classical scholar's perspectives believing that the establishment of social solidarity became one of the solutions in solving Muslim social, political and economic disparities facing Muslims.


PurposeThis study explored the feasibility of developing scaled inspection tools for use during external inspection of health and social care facilities to give improved accuracy in identifying facilities "at risk", a tool for risk-adjusted frequency of inspection, and greater consistency of judgements.Design/methodology/approachThis paper summarises the development through working groups and workshops involving 20 experienced inspectors (nurses and social workers) of the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority who inspect the 206 nursing and 182 residential care homes in Northern Ireland. A brief evaluation survey, including response to a case vignette, gathered inspectors' views after using the tools for six months.FindingsEight two-dimensional Scaled Inspection Tools were created, each embodying a scale of performance (seriousness of risk issue) and a scale of the ability of the facility to manage that issue, each axis comprising four points. The Scaled Inspection Tools were used for on-site inspections during 2017–18. Evaluative comments were generally positive. The case vignette seemed to highlight greater risk aversion amongst newer inspectors.Research limitations/implicationsThe creation of scaled inspection tools adds credibility to the potential for developing risk-based governance in service regulation. Further testing of domains and their scope is required.Practical implicationsPrompts for each domain were found essential to guide inspectors. Despite the challenge of change, inspectors became enthusiastic about use for evaluating risks, and managers about improvements in consistency of inspection.Social implicationsKnowledge derived from statistical approaches needs to be incorporated into inspection and regulation, just as in other aspects of professional practice.Originality/valueScaled inspection tools, with two orthogonal axes corresponding to seriousness of risk and ability to manage the risk (inverse of likelihood of harm), proved acceptable and intuitive in use. The study gives credibility to the possibility of developing screening and surveillance approaches to risk-based governance in service regulation.


Al-jedaibi Hani K. (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) DETERMINING HOW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS CHANGING THE ROLE LEADERSHIP IN VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION. (Title) Training and Development Dr. Lynnette Brouwer December 2001 (Major) (Research Advisor) (Month/Year) The American Psychological Association (APA) 35 (Name of the Style used in this research) (Pages) The information revolution has changed how people conduct business in many different ways. The Internet technology became the new channel of business that is, less expensive and complex for both, businesses and consumers. Most companies can start their businesses on the Internet with low cost and still deliver the same product or service. Customers have more choices and convenient in buying new product for a competitive price. Virtual organization is the name of this type of company that conducts their business on the Internet. With employees working in distant locations. That creates a huge challenge to the leaders in these organizations, since they have to make the employees more unified, energized, working in teams and understand the vision of their organization. To implement the leadership skills over the virtual organization, leaders ii have to know how to use the technology that will enable them to deliver their leadership skills. E-leader (electronic leader) became the new style of leadership that will shape the virtual organization to thrive in this electronic economy. The purpose of this study is to determine how information technology is changing the role of leadership in the virtual organization. The study will define the virtual organization, and leadership. Then explore different strategies that the new leader can use to be an effective in the virtual organization.


Many of the environmental factors that shape selection on plant life-history traits, including temperature, water availability, growing-season length, nutrient availability, and biotic community, differ between urban and rural environments, as well as within urban environments. Therefore, we might expect that plant life-history traits are of central importance to plant adaptation to urban environments. While the study of adaptive evolution of plant life-history traits in urban environments is in its early stages, those studies that have been conducted provide clear evidence for adaptive divergence between urban and rural plant populations in plant life-history traits related to phenology, fecundity, and dispersal. This chapter reviews the existing studies that provide a foundation for understanding the adaptation of plant life histories in urban environments, and also point to directions of potentially fruitful further research.


Journey to my new master's—meditations by the way—view of Covey's residence—the family—the author's awkwardness as a field hand—a cruel beating—why it was given—description of Covey—first adventure at ox driving—hair breadth escapes—ox and man alike property—Covey's manner of proceeding to whip—hard labor better than the whip...


Modern extragalactic molecular gas surveys now reach the scales of star-forming giant molecular clouds (GMCs; 20–50 pc). Systematic variations in GMC properties with galaxy environment imply that clouds are not universally self-gravitating objects, decoupled from their surroundings. Here we re-examine the coupling of clouds to their environment and develop a model for 3D gas motions generated by forces arising with the galaxy gravitational potential defined by the background disk of stars and dark matter. We show that these motions can resemble or even exceed the motions needed to support gas against its own self-gravity throughout typical galactic disks. The importance of the galactic potential in spiral arms and galactic centers suggests that the response to self-gravity does not always dominate the motions of gas at GMC scales, with implications for observed gas kinematics, virial equilibrium, and cloud morphology. We describe how a uniform treatment of gas motions in the plane and in the vertical direction synthesizes the two main mechanisms proposed to regulate star formation: vertical pressure equilibrium and shear/Coriolis forces as parameterized by Toomre Q ≈ 1. As the modeled motions are coherent and continually driven by the external potential, they represent support for the gas that is distinct from that conventionally attributed to turbulence, which decays rapidly and thus requires maintenance, e.g., via feedback from star formation. Thus, our model suggests that the galaxy itself can impose an important limit on star formation, as we explore in a second paper in this series.


In this paper, neutronic analysis in a laser fusion inertial confinement fusion fission energy (LIFE) engine fuelled plutonium and minor actinides using a MCNP codes was investigated. LIFE engine fuel zone contained 10 vol% TRISO particles and 90 vol% natural lithium coolant mixture. TRISO fuel compositions have Mod①: reactor grade plutonium (RG-Pu), Mod②: weapon grade plutonium (WG-Pu) and Mod③: minor actinides (MAs). Tritium breeding ratios (TBR) were computed as 1.52, 1.62 and 1.46 for Mod①, Mod② and Mod③, respectively. The operation period was computed as ∼21 years when the reference TBR > 1.05 for a self-sustained reactor for all investigated cases. Blanket energy multiplication values (M) were calculated as 4.18, 4.95 and 3.75 for Mod①, Mod② and Mod③, respectively. The burnup (BU) values were obtained as ∼1230, ∼1550 and ∼1060 GWd tM–1, respectively. As a result, the higher BU were provided with using TRISO particles for all cases in LIFE engine.


Six 3-component variety mixtures of spring barley and their component varieties have been grown in 17 different environments (3 years, 3 locations, 3 different growing systems). For three of the six mixtures, the grain yield was significantly higher than the average yield of its components; in none of the mixtures it was significantly lower. The variation in grain yield over environments of all variety mixtures was compared to the variation of all component varieties. The six mixtures were on average more stable than the 14 component varieties grown in pure stands with respect to actual yield as well as to rank values of yield.


The Unites States-Japan Workshop P-165 brought together approximately 60 scientists and engineers to discuss critical topics of plasma facing materials and components for the next-step fusion device. In addition to the United States and Japanese participants, there were several guest attendees from Europe. The international makeup of the participants greatly enhanced the success of the workshop. The author jointly chaired a workshop session entitled Impact of Neutron Effects to Plasma Facing Materials and Plasma Facing Component (PFC) Feasibilities for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER),'' and presented an overview paper on neutron effects and materials selection for the next-step plasma facing devices. The author presented his work on the effects of neutron irradiation on graphites and carbon-carbon (c/c) composite materials, which are strong candidate materials for PFC's in ITER. The workshop addressed many issues of current concern to the PFC/PFM community including: plasma erosion of PFM's; trapping/detrapping of hydrogen isotopes; large machine operating experience; and extent of the materials database.


ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate and compare the retention rate, safety, and efficacy of two different lamotrigine (LTG) titration protocols for newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. Methods We retrospectively evaluated newly diagnosed epilepsy patients taking LTG from January 2012 to December 2021. In one titration protocol, LTG was taken once daily; in the other, LTG was taken twice daily. Clinical characteristics, seizure outcomes, adverse effects and patient retention rates were evaluated. Results A total of 193 patients were included. There was no significant difference in seizure outcomes or adverse effects between patients treated with LTG once daily and twice daily. However, the retention rates were significantly higher in the once-daily group than in the twice-daily group (73.03% and 55.77%, respectively). Conclusion The effectiveness and safety of LTG were not significantly different between the two different LTG titration protocols groups. However, the retention rate of the patients treated with LTG once daily was higher than that of the patients treated with LTG twice daily.


Navigation has long been considered an art form best practiced by experienced sailors. But today, thanks to the multitude of affordable, hand-held, Global Positioning System receivers on the market, almost anyone can be a navigational Magellan. The US Department of Defense (DOD) is at an advantage: it reserves for its own use the most accurate form of geolocation available, which puts X within a meter or two of the spot. Meanwhile, civilian users have to be content with X at best 100 meters from the spot, thanks to deliberate degradation of the signal by the DOD. That may soon improve. Pressure for more accurate civilian signals is being generated by the explosive growth in the numbers of users and applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS), known in the United States as Navstar GPS. Part of the demand stems from changes prompted by CPS in the way some industries operate. As the demand for improved service grows, so does the need for more accuracy. Greater accuracy translates into a call for additional signals. Two extra civilian carrier frequencies are coming with the next batch of satellites (known as Block IIF) that are now in the design and construction phase and scheduled for launch beginning in 2003. The additional signals will put nonmilitary users as close as 10 meters or so to the spot by taking advantage of the multiple frequencies to correct positioning errors that occur naturally when only one signal is available. Plus, new signals won't be intentionally degraded by DOD.


Urban expansion in which non-urban land use converted to urban land use is an important aspect of urbanization.With the progress of urbanization,Fuzhou City,located in the center of the Fuzhou Basin,Southeast China,has witnessed a rapid urban expansion process.To reveal the dynamics of urban expansion,remote sensing technique was employed.The use of the index-based built-up index(IBI) and a supervised classification has extracted urban built-up land information of the city from multi-temporal Landsat MSS/TM images of 1976,1986,1996 and 2006.The results show that during the 30-year study period the urban built-up area of Fuzhou has increased from 33 km2 in 1976 to 138 km2 in 2006,a net increase of 105 km2.Due to the formation of the new urban areas such as Jinshan in the west and Kuai'an in the southeast,and the fast growth of Mawei,the previously-dispersed urban areas of Fuzhou are almost connected with each other from west to east.The study also reveals that massive urban expansion took place mainly in the late 20 years after 1986.The urban growth has been slow in the first 10 years and fast in the late 20 years.The urban expanded to the north first,then to the east,and finally to the west,and was sprawled in a planar way rather than a linear way.Driving force analysis indicates that fast economic development,population increase,government decisions and terrain conditions are all factors contributing to the urban expansion of Fuzhou.Unlike many other rapid growing cities in the country,Fuzhou's urban expansion was mainly driven by the tertiary industry rather than the secondary industry based on the increase rate.The rapid urban growth of Fuzhou City has brought about environment and resources repercussions to the city.Among them,the most serious problem is the urban heat island phenomenon.The considerable increase in built-up land areas in the Fuzhou Basin has significantly altered the landscapes of the basin and the thermal environment of the city.As a result,the whole basin in 2006 was almost in a heat island state.This has caused a severe urban heat island effect for the city and therefore attention should be paid by the government decision makers.


The International Journal of Strategic Communication, published by the Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, issued a specially themed edition entitled "Future Directions Of Strategic Communication" in November 2018.
In the foreword the editors, Howard Nothhaft from the Department of Strategic Communication, Lund University Campus Helsingborg, Sweden; Kelly Page Werder from the University of South Florida, USA; Dejan Verčič from the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; and Ansgar Zarfass from the Norwegian Business School in Oslo, Norway, explain how the idea of the special edition emerged at the pre-conference of the International Communication Association's 67th Annual Conference, held in May 2017 in San Diego, California. The conference hosted 42 academics from 14 countries who delivered 21 presentations. The special edition features 10 articles which are undeniably excellent. The aim of the editors was to provide answers to some key questions; one of their findings was that a universal understanding of the key pillars underlining strategic communication was still missing. They also explored the idea of the key perspective and its contribution, the use of appropriate strategies and concepts of communication, lessons learned from recent debates on strategic management and strategic connections, how empirical studies have contributed to the discussion, and the development of the field in different parts of the world.
In the first section, entitled The Emergence of a Paradigm, the editors offer an interdisciplinary perspective within academic strategic communication, which will provide a permanent definition of its purpose, so far lacking.
The second section, entitled Conceptual Foundations of Strategic Communication, includes four articles by six different authors. The articles are mainly theoretical and connected to other fields in addition to strategic communication.
The third section, Expanding the Body of Knowledge, consists of three articles by eight authors. They focus on the key concepts, identity and function of the basic discipline.
The final section, Future Directions of Strategic Communication, contains a single article written by all four editors, and will likely attract the most attention, especially from those dealing with strategic communication in security, defence and military contexts. The authors introduce the term strategic communication and its history, which are both understood very differently in different fields. They then describe the origins of the two, also referring to Edward Bernays' significant role, with his Propaganda and the development of the term public relations. Throughout history, both of them have been and still are closely linked to security, defence and military topics. This connection is explained in great detail through an explanation of the terminology and its nuances; for example, the use of the concept of strategic communication in public administration, while the term corporate communication is mostly used by the private sector. The old, yet recently growing, interest in communication in the context of military and national power is highlighted. These topics are not usually very popular with the public, particularly in the case of new weapons with a strong deterrent effect and the related collateral damage, which demands more versatility and skill in communication. Logically, Bernays is credited as the 'father of communication', developing his skills mostly after World War II through various American assistance programmes for the old European continent.
Some light is also shed on the term strategic, i.e. what is and what is not strategic in the field of communication.
The special edition of the International Journal of Strategic Communication, entitled Future Directions of Strategic Communication, is targeted at strategic communication enthusiasts. It is recommended for academics and experts who deal with strategic communication in any form, especially those who work in security, defence or military structures and would like to explore this further in the future. The existing high quality theory and excellent practical experience are the best combination for the development of new theories, concepts and ideas.


The dietary intake of nutritional elements by Koreans as determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare's National Nutrition Survey have been reported for . But these data were based on not dish but food. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare dish sources of energy and macronutrients (carbohydrate, fat, protein) in the diets of three area (large city, small city and rural). Dish sources were evaluated from two-day record obtained in the secondary analysis of the 1993 Korean National Nutrition Survey. The result, large city and small city had higher fat and protein intake than did rural. Otherwise, carbohydrate intake among rural was higher than those among large and small city (p


Objective
To investigate application values of Liquid-based cytology(TCT), cell block and immunohistochemical on estimating sources of malignant tumor cells in hydrothorax.

Methods
Collect 113 cases of Pleural effusion by Liquid-based cytology that are tentatively diagnosed as malignant tumor or suspected malignancies from January 2013 to June 2016 in Yuncheng Central Hospital. Through centrifuging to collect sediment cells and make paraffin block, 99 cases are selected for immunohistochemical examinations, through the CK7,CK20 and villin immunohistochemical staining determine the direction of the source of tumor, then targeted choose the TTF-1,NapsinA,CK5/6,p63,CR,Syn,CgA,CA125,GCDFP- 15,ER,PR and CDX-2 antibody to immunohistochemical staining.

Results
Among 94 cases of adenocarcinomas by TCT, 92 cases are still diagnosed as adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. In addition, tumours sources of 92 cases are as following: 70 cases are from lung, 2 cases are from breast, 6 cases are from ovary, 8 cases are from alimentary canal, 1 case is from peritoneal serouspapillary carcinoma, and 5 cases are unknown sources. The other 2 cases are definitely diagnosed as reactive mesothelial cells and tumors of mesothelium respectively. The same diagnostic results of squamous-cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma by TCT, cell block and Immunohistochemistry are 2 cases and 3 case respectively. The sensitivity and idiosyncrasy of Immunohistochemistry on determining the direction of tumours sources are 94.6% and 100% respectively, which are better than histological examination.

Conclusions
Making hydrothorax into cell blocks for immunohistochemical examination not only save tumor cells in hydrothorax, but also gathering and collecting tumor cells by centrifuge improves positive detection rate of cellular pathology and contributes to differential diagnosis of tumour cell, analysis of tissues sources, gene mutations detection and molecular targeted therapy. Therefore, it is significant to prolong patients'lives, lessen their pain, improve living quality and clinical values.

Key words:
Liquid-based cytology; Cell block; Immunohistochemica; Tumor cell origin


Viscous transonic flows at large Reynolds numbers over 3-D wings were analyzed using a zonal viscid-inviscid interaction approach. A new numerical AFZ scheme was developed in conjunction with the finite volume formulation for the solution of the inviscid full-potential equation. A special far-field asymptotic boundary condition was developed and a second-order artificial viscosity included for an improved inviscid solution methodology. The integral method was used for the laminar/turbulent boundary layer and 3-D viscous wake calculation. The interaction calculation included the coupling conditions of the source flux due to the wing surface boundary layer, the flux jump due to the viscous wake, and the wake curvature effect. A method was also devised incorporating the 2-D trailing edge strong interaction solution for the normal pressure correction near the trailing edge region. A fully automated computer program was developed to perform the proposed method with one scalar version to be used on an IBM-3081 and two vectorized versions on Cray-1 and Cyber-205 computers.


CHATTLMOOGRA oil is an old drug in the treatment of leprosy, but it is only in comparatively recent years that a really useful remedy has been evolved from it. Long trials and experiments by Manson, Roux, Heiser, Rogers, and others have culminated in 'alepol,' a preparation of sodium hydnocarpate suitable for injection, and from the account given by Sir Leonard Rogers at the annual meeting of the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association on Feb. 24, it seems that it is possible with this to achieve a cure or something very near a cure in a sensible proportion of cases, especially if treatment is commenced at an early stage. Renewed interest in leprosy and its intensive investigation has also shown that the disease is more prevalent in Great Britain and elsewhere than had been supposed, and the Association has a considerable task before it. Besides surveying the problem, it has distributed the remedy on a large scale, and has provided seeds of the plant (Taraxtogenos hurzii) from which the oil and ultimately the separated gynocardic acid is prepared, so that the drug may be grown locally in the various foci where it is needed. No one should imagine that a certain cure for all cases of leprosy has been discovered, but there is no doubt that the new remedy represents a very important advance in that direction.


Group resource management is provided utilizing assignment of resources in a persistent manner, which involves assigning a channel and resources to a user device for a specified interval while allowing users within the group to be multiplexed dynamically. A first bitmap is created that is a function of the number of users in the group and the number of channels assigned to that group. A second bitmap is created that has a number of bits equal to a number of on bits contained in the first bitmap. The second bitmap can assign a rate option or a size option, which is a function of a profile of a group member that corresponds to the bit. The rate option and size option can be indicated in each x-bit position in the second bitmap Both broadcast and multicast are supported.


A fully relativistic approach is described for obtaining the resonance contribution to the cross sections for transitions between magnetic sublevels in highly charged ions due to impact with an electron beam. We derive the relativistic distorted-wave cross section for the ion in a lower N-electron magnetic sublevel to capture a directive electron and form a doubly excited (N + 1)-electron magnetic sublevel. Also the autoionization rate from this magnetic sublevel to an N-electron magnetic sublevel is derived. The resonances are then treated as the two-step process of electron capture followed by autoionization to the final sublevel with the effects of autoionization to a different final level or radiative decay of the doubly excited sublevels included. These resonance contributions are added to the relativistic distorted-wave results for the "direct" contribution to give the complete cross section. Numerical results expressed in terms of the collision strengths are calculated and studied for He-like oxygen and iron and for Be-like oxygen. These are of interest for electron beam ion trap experiments and population alignment analysis.


Structural health monitoring (SHM) is of vital importance to the detection of damage in large structures. Ultrasonic transducers used to excite and receive signals have become an important part of SHM. For the traditional PZT ultrasonic transducer, there are some shortcomings such as poor flexibility and designability. Due to the limitation of structure shape, the rectangular interdigital transducers, which are widely used in structural health monitoring, have difficulty in receiving signals in all directions and the frequency bandwidth is narrow and the detection efficiency is low. On this basis, it is proposed to use the flexible piezoelectric material PVDF as the substrate. Combined with the dispersion theory of aluminium plate and the design principle of IDT, an omni-directional flexible annular PVDF Interdigital Transducer (PVDF-IDT) is designed. The device is produced by 3D printing technology. The sensitivity, frequency response, orientation and other performances of the flexible annular PVDF-IDT are calibrated, which lays the foundation for its application in structural inspection.


This article considers key aspects of the Vatican II declaration on religious freedom Dignitatis Humanae and John Courtney Murray's role in its formulation. This will be done with concern for the broader theological context as exemplified in Thomas Aquinas. After a brief outline of the difficulties Murray faced and their resolution, the discussion moves in four stages: a summary of the key ideas in the document on the relationship between truth and freedom from which the following three ideas receive a focus; the person (dignity and conscience); rights and their evolving context; historical consciousness and its role as a mode and locus of theological reflection. Here, a suggestion is offered about the interrelationship of speculative and practical reason in doctrinal development. Cover Page Footnote I am indebted to the constructive criticisms and helpful suggestions made on an earlier version of this article by two reviewers. This article is available in Solidarity: The Journal of Catholic Social Thought and Secular Ethics: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/solidarity/vol8/iss2/4 Declaration on Religious Freedom: Three Development Aspects


Construction projects are getting progressively complex and their scales are getting sophisticated. Along these lines, it is getting more problematic to finish the projects inside planned cost limits. In Oromia public building construction projects these problems were raised as a typical challenge. Hence, evaluation of factors affecting the accuracy of cost estimation in public projects was the aim of this study. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were utilized for information assortment. Relative Importance Index (RII) was utilized for information investigation. Totally sixty -two variables were investigated and the best five most significant were selected by this assessment based on the average view of respondents. These significant factors are; Material price/accessibility /source /quality /imports, Experience and ability of the consultant, Variability in the Economy of the country, and financial conditions of client.  Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (rho) investigation was conducted by the assistance of SPSS 20 version for a testing level of connections among respondents on the positioning of the factors affecting the accuracy of cost estimation. Spearman's rank correlation results were 0.823 among Clients and Consultants, 0.813 among clients and contractors, and 0.802 among Consultants and Contractors. The outcome shows that the rate of the rank correlations was a high positive number, which implies there is a positive connection between them on the ranking of factors disturbing the accurateness of cost estimation in public building construction projects in western Oromia.


The sisal industry in Kenya has been among the world leading producer of sisal. During sisal leaf decortications, only 2.7-7.3% of the leaf produces the fiber. Through auditing, in the year 2010, Kenya generated 611, 875 tonnes and 3, 511, 900 m of sisal solid waste and wastewater, respectively. Total and volatile solids, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents in the wastes were in the ranges of 12-84%, 67-83%, 55.7-76.7% and 3.7-21.6% on dry weight basis, respectively. This study has shown anaerobic co-digestion of solid sisal waste with cow manure is a feasible process with normalised methane yields of 0.301 and m/KgVS.


Magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) [1, 2] is a pulsed-power driven approach to inertial confinement fusion. Electrothermal instabilities (ETI) are thought to seed Magneto-Rayleigh Taylor (MRT), sausage mode, and kink mode instabilities in the imploding liner of MagLIF [3]. Understanding ETI may provide a way to improve fusion performance in MagLIF through instability mitigation. A single-capacitor pulsed power device was built with a low peak current of 4 kA and a long risetime of 600 ns to lengthen the transition time from the solid phase to the vapor phase. We have studied ETI growth rates on this facility. These growth rates have good agreement with ETI theory [4]. Preliminary results have shown the value of this facility and a need to investigate ETI further. We report on recent modifications and improvements to the facility and plans for future ETI studies.


The book focuses on stress in the context of education and health. The first part is concerned with stress in educational settings including stress, anxiety, and coping of preschoolers, primary school children, college students adolescents and teachers. The second part deals with stress and its effects on health, e.g. while coping with a distaster, with chronic pain or myocardial infarction.


In this paper, we consider a wireless network setting where a base station (BS) employs a single unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mobile relay to disseminate information to multiple users in the presence of multiple adversaries. The BS, which is on the ground, has no direct link to the users or the adversaries, who are also on the ground. We optimize the joint transmit power of the BS and the UAV, and the UAV trajectory. We introduce the information causality constraint and maximize the average worst-case secrecy rate in the presence of the adversaries. The formulated average worst-case secrecy rate optimization problem is not convex and is solved sub-optimally. First, we optimize the transmit power of the BS and the UAV under a given UAV trajectory. Then, we optimize the UAV trajectory under the sub-optimal UAV and BS transmit power. An efficient algorithm solves the average worst-case secrecy rate maximization problem iteratively until it converges. Finally, simulation results are provided, which demonstrate the correspondence of the UAV optimal track and transmit power allocation to what is suggested by the previous theoretic results.


In this paper,the synthesis of dichloro (phthalocyanino) silicon is studied. Dichloro (phthalocyanino) silicon is obtained by adding the product into methanol. Dichloro (phthalocyanino) silicon is converted to silicon phthalocyanine dihydroxide by adding the dichloro (phthalocyanino) -sulfuric acid solution into cold water, the total product yield is 77%. Compared with the traditional alcoholysis, this route can enormously improve the reaction yield, and their structures are confirmed by IR.


Abstract This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Sustainable and Healthy Eating (SHE) Behaviors Scale. The original scale included eight factors and thirty-four items related to the SHE behaviors of adults. The research was carried out in three stages with a total of 586 participants aged 19 to 50 years. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to evaluate internal consistency reliability and the test–retest method was applied. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to determine the factor structure. The model obtained with EFA was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbachαcoefficient of the scale was found to be excellent at 0·912, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was found to be good at 0·832 using the test–retest method. Considering the suitability of the data for factor analysis, the Kaiser–Meier–Olkin coefficient was 0·859, and the significance level of the Bartlett test of sphericity was less than 0·05 (χ2=3·803,25; P < 0·05). As a result of EFA, the items of the scale were found to be distributed in seven factor dimensions. The factor loadings of the items were between 0·516 and 0·890, and the factors explained 67 % of the variance. Considering the fit indices obtained as a result of the analysis of this model with CFA, it was seen that the model had an acceptable fit (χ2/sd = 2·593, comparative fit index = 0·915, Tucker–Lewis index=0·902, standardised root mean square error = 0·0754 and root mean square error of approximation = 0·067). In conclusion, the Turkish version of the SHE Behaviors Scale has credible reliability and construct validity to assess the sustainable and healthy eating behaviours of the Turkish adult population.


Field and greenhouse trials have shown that ultra-low-volume applications (ULV) of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] exhibit a greater phytotoxic effect on barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Bonanza′) at a given rate than do high-diluent-volume applications with a conventional hydraulic sprayer. Three greenhouse studies and one field trial were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual drop makeup on the effectiveness of ULV applications. Barley plants were treated at the four-leaf stage with one, three, or nine drops (1 μl each) of glyphosate and a non-ionic surfactant with the concentration of the drops adjusted so that the total amount of active ingredient applied to each plant was constant. Application of a single, concentrated drop was significantly more effective in reducing total shoot growth than were applications of more dilute drops in greater number. When the dilute drop was supplemented with additional surfactant, phytotoxicity was restored, provided there was a sufficiently high concentration of glyphosate in the drop. With the substitution of a commercial formulation of glyphosate, the response of barley to variations in drop number and drop concentrations followed a similar trend. The response of field-grown plants did not differ from plants grown under controlled conditions.


In this paper a queuing system G/GI/ ∞ with stationary input is considered. It is given a necessary and sufficient condition for existing with the probability 1 of an infinite number of moments of calls, in which the system is empty.


Abstract
An interactive computer application reporting patient pulmonary function data has been developed by Washington, D.C. VA Medical Center staff. A permanent on-line data base of patient demographics, lung capacity, flows, diffusion, arterial blood gases and physician interpretation is maintained by a minicomputer at the hospital.

A user oriented application program resulted from development in concert with the clinical users. Rapid program development resulted from employing a newly developed time saving technique that has found wide application at other VA Medical Centers. Careful attention to user interaction has resulted in an application program requiring little training and which has been satisfactorily used by a number of clinicians.


The Internet of Things has become a fast-growing area and has attracted considerable attention from the research communities. To provide satisfactory performance and efficiency in smart applications, it is inevitable to apply proper and efficient load balancing mechanisms. This paper presents a container-based load balancing and monitoring approach in fog-cloud environments. The presented architecture is composed of application services, message queuing system and online monitoring tools to address fault-detection, reliability, higher efficiency and scalability that are essential requirements of smart applications. In addition, an implementation of the proposed approach by using well-known technologies is presented, and the system is evaluated. Results indicate that using this model satisfies the requirements and can be considered as a practical solution to fog computing applications.


AIM:To compare the effectiveness of incision suture and no suture in small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery.METHODS:Totally 420 patients 477 eyes with cataract underwent small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery through sclera tunnel incision(6-7mm) and implanted rigidly artificial crystal(The diameter was 5.5 mm),the incisions of 205 patients 230 eyes(group A) with cataract were symmetrically sutured two needles,the incisions of 215 patients 247 eyes(group B) with cataract were not sutured.Bare eye vision and corneal astigmatism were observed at postoperative 2 days and 3 months.RESULTS:At postoperative 2 days,bare eye sight or the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) through spherical mirrors ≥0.5 was in193 eyes(83.9%) in group A and in 190 eyes(76.9%) in group B,at postoperative 3 months,bare eye sight or BCVA by spherical mirrors ≥0.5 was in 205 eyes(89.1%) in group A and in 198 eyes(80.2%) in group B,there was statistical difference in vision changes at postoperative 2 days and 3 months between two groups(P 0.05);At postoperative 2 days,mean corneal astigmatism was 1.53±0.59D in group A and 1.85±0.97D in group B,at postoperative 3 months,mean corneal astigmatism was 1.05±0.43D in group A and 1.31±0.65D in group B,there was statistical difference in mean corneal astigmatism at postoperative 2 days and 3 months between two groups(P 0.01);In group A there were no postoperative complications such as incision leakage,shallow anterior chamber,iris encephaloceles or iris embedded in sclera incision,etc;but in group B there were 3 eyes(1.21%) with incision leakage and shallow anterior chamber after operation and 4 eyes(1.62%) with iris encephaloceles and iris embedded in sclera incision at postoperative one day.CONCLUSION:Incision suture in small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery has better visual recovery,less corneal astigmatism and more safe than that no suture.


The worry about M&CS security is getting more serious as M&CS have become close to the outer networks by employing information technologies. Against the threats like cyber attacks, standardization of M&CS security measures are being worked out recently . However, it is often hard for users to know which standard or guideline to follow in actual development. We have decided to provide reference documents that provide an overview of security standards and guidelines including their features.


The aim of this research was to know what the students' perception toward the implementation of skimming and scanning strategy in reading class on the VIII grade at SMP Muhammadiyah Sampang. The method used in this research was descriptive method. The subject of this study was 50 students. The data was taken on February 2015. Questionnaire was used to obtain the main data and the interview as supporting data. There were two indicators of this research; skimming and scanning. 86% of the students perceived that skimming helps them finding clue words, typographical cues, and finding the unusual words to determine the main idea of the text. More ever, 84% of the students stated that scanning is a good strategy for finding specific information. The researcher can conclude that the students' perception on the implementation of skimming and scanning strategies for teaching in reading class is positive.