Patients who have undergone extensive small bowel resection require chronic parenteral nutrition and administration of fluids via the intravenous route. Dietary care is the supplementation of the process of treatment. After the alignment of nutritional status of the patient and controlling the loss of nutrients, electrolytes and water, it is possible to start nutrition via the alimentary route, including orally. The supply of nutrients by the enteral route should be started with small volumes, and be gradually increased, controlling the number of defecations and the patient's hydration status. Properly managed enteral nutrition exerts a positive effect on the process of adaptation of the bowel. Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) should receive individual dietary recommendations, considering the extent of resection, its cause, nutritional and hydration status, nutritional preferences, and the degree of meeting the demand for nutrients via the parenteral. In the planning of dietary management it is also important to consider the social and emotional context of oral food intake, affecting the quality of life of patients with short bowel syndrome. The objective of the study is presentation of the state of current knowledge concerning dietary management in adult patients with short bowel syndrome. Karolina Goral1,2, Przemysław Matras3, Michał Skrzypek1 1 Department of Clinical Dietetics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland 2 Clinical Nutrition Unit, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No.4, Lublin, Poland 3 First Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University, Lublin, Poland European Journal of Medical Technologies 2018; 4(21): 1-9 Copyright © 2018 by ISASDMT All rights reserved www. medical-technologies.eu Published online 30.10.2018 EJMT 4(21) 2018 • European Journal of Medical Technologies 2 Copyright © 2018 by ISASDMT Introduction Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is the condition after discontinuation of intestinal function due to surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine, or a functional disease as a result of which the intestine, despite its normal length, becomes inefficient, e.g. due to an intensified inflammatory process or disorders in the gastric motility [1,2,3]. In adult patients, SBS is related with a decreased functional length of the small intestine of the length less than 200 cm [1,2,3]. Among the main causes of SBS in adults are mentioned mesenteric vascular occlusion (as a result of arterial or venous thrombosis), Crohn's disease, complications following surgical treatment, radiation enteritis, malignant tumours, familial polyposis, more rarely abdominal injuries, sclerosing peritonitis, and numerous intestinal fistula [4,5]. SBS is the most frequent pathophysiological mechanism of chronic intestinal failure (CIF), and among adult patients occurs in 64.3% of patients with CIF [6]. In physiological conditions the absorption of the majority of nutrients and minerals occurs within the first 100 cm of the jejunum. Vitamin B12 and bile acids are absorbed mainly in the distal part of the ileum, while magnesium in the distal part of the ileum and the proximal part of the colon. Absorption of water and sodium occurs within the whole intestine and depends, among other things, on the mechanisms of transport of sodium and osmolality in the intestinal lumen [2]. About 9 litres of fluid pass through the small intestine daily, including the beverages and food consumed, saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and bile. In physiological conditions, 7 litres are reabsorbed in the jejunum and ileum, 2 litres pass through the ileocaecal valve and are absorbed in the colon [2]. In the final part of the ileum and the initial part of the colon are produced many gastrointestinal hormones and neuromodulators which play a key role in the control of gastrointestinal secretion and regulation of the intestinal motility [2]. In patients with SBS, due to the decreased functional surface area of the intestine, the absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and water is insufficient. In the case of the lack of their proper supply by the intravenous route, there occur dehydration, fatal complications related with electrolytic disorders and organ complications (mainly renal failure) [2]. Insufficient digestion and absorption of nutrients, trace elements and vitamins are associated with the occurrence of severe malnutrition and serious deficiency of vitamins and microelements. In patients with SBS, the absorption of enterally administered drugs is also disturbed [7]. SBS is a difficult clinical condition, often causing disability, and related with high morbidity, mortality, and a decreased quality of life of patients [8]. Estimation of the incidence of SBS is difficult. This results, among others, from its multifactor etiology and discrepancies in the assessment of the length of the intestine related with the use of various methods of measurement of the intestine left. Estimations concerning the occurrence of SBS are based on data from registers of patients covered with Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN). SBS is the most common indication for HPN and concerns 75% of patients receiving chronic nutritional therapy [2]. The frequency of application of HPN in England is 12 (6-19)/1,000,000 population, in Italy 30/1,000,000 population, in the USA > 40/1,000,000 population. In Poland, about 28/1,000,000 inhabitants are covered with HPN [7]. Patients with SBS are exposed to specific complications, including an increased frequency of the occurrence of cholelithiasis, an excessive secretion of gastric juice, nephrolithiasis, magnesium deficiency, electrolyte disorders, and lactic acidosis [2]. Chronic parenteral nutrition exerts an effect on the development of some complications, such as chronic renal failure, hepatic diseases, and metabolic bone disease [2]. The occurrence of deficiency of nutrients and minerals after extensive resection of the bowel depends on the site of surgery, its extent and type of surgery undergone. Considering the anatomy of the portion of intestine left, 3 types of SBS are distinguished (Fig. 1): Type 1 – with end-jejunostomy formed (SBS-J); Type 2 – jejuno-colonic anastomosis with part of the colon in continuity (SBS-JC); Type 3 – jejuno-ileal anastomosis with ileo-cecal valve and the entire colon in continuity (SBS-JIC) [2]. EJMT 4(21) 2018 • European Journal of Medical Technologies 3 Copyright © 2018 by ISASDMT In the course of SBS, 3 phases are distinguished: acute phase, adaptation phase, and stabilisation phase. The acute phase lasts, on average, for 3-4 weeks after resection. An excessive secretion of gastric juice and disorders in the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and neuromodulators usually persist for up to 6 months [2]. In order to avoid serious complications in the acute phase, such as dehydration and acute renal failure, electrolyte deficiency or metabolic acidosis, it is necessary to monitor the state of the patient in hospital conditions [2]. In the acute phase, oral nutrition is contraindicated considering an increase in fluid loss from the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an increased number of defecations. The demand for nutrients, minerals, fluids and electrolytes is entirely covered via the parenteral route. In the adaptation phase, there occurs a gradual regaining of efficiency by the intestine. During this time, the patient requires HPN, compensating for water-electrolyte disorders and the deficiency of nutrients [2]. In parallel, rehabilitation of the intestine is also carried out, including dietary care and pharmacological treatment, mainly of disorders on the part of the gastrointestinal tract [7]. Intestinal adaptation leads to structural and functional changes increasing the absorption of nutrients and fluids in the portion of the intestine left [5]. Adaptation changes (villous hyperplasia, deepening of the crypts, increase in the enzymatic activity of the brush border) are related with an increase in the area and mass of the intestinal mucosa, and consequently, an increase in the absorption of nutrients, minerals, water, and electrolytes [5,9]. The adaptation process takes place most intensively during the first 2 years after resection; however, an increase in the capability for absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes by the intestine left is also possible during the later period [5,9]. Nutrients administered to the intestinal lumen, through trophic stimulation of the intestinal epithelium, increase in blood flow, regulation of secretion of the pancreatic juice and intestinal hormones, exert an effect on the activity of the intestinal neurons and intestinal motility [5,9]. The volume of enteral nutrition should be gradually increased, paying attention to the number of defecations [5]. Due to intestinal adaptation, in a considerable number of patients with SBS it is possible to limit the supply of nutrients and water administered via the parenteral route to the benefit of enteral nutrition, including orally [9]. At the final stabilization phase the intestine left obtains the maximum degree of absorption capability. However, the achievement of nutritional autonomy is Fig. 1. Anatomy of the portion of intestine left in SBS, from left to right: type 1 – with end-jejunostomy formed (SBS-J); type 2 – jejuno-colonic anastomosis with part of the colon in continuity (SBS-JC); type 3 – jejuno-ileal anastomosis with ileo-cecal valve and the entire colon in continuity (SBS-JIC) Source: own compilation. EJMT 4(21) 2018 • European Journal of Medical Technologies 4 Copyright © 2018 by ISASDMT not possible in all patients, and this depends, among other things, on the length of the intestine left [7]. The goal of treatment of patients with SBS is the provision of a proper supply of nutrients, vitamins, electrolytes and water, indispensable for the maintenance of the normal status of nutrition and hydration, introduction of entera


Photoionization modeling of certain low-ionization broad absorption lines in quasars implies very compact (Delta R~0.01 pc), galaxy-scale (R kpc) absorbers blueshifted by several 1000 km s^-1. While these are likely signatures of quasar outflows, the lifetimes of such compact absorbers are too short for them to be direct ejecta from a nuclear wind. Instead, I argue that the absorbing clouds must be transient and created in situ. Following arguments detailed by Faucher-Giguere, Quataert, & Murray (2011), I show that a model in which the cool absorbers form in radiative shocks arising when a quasar blast wave impacts an interstellar cloud along the line of sight successfully explains the key observed properties. Using this radiative shock model, the outflow kinetic luminosities for three luminous quasars are estimated to be Edot,k~2-5% L_AGN (with corresponding momentum fluxes Pdot~2-15 L_AGN/c), consistent with feedback models of the M-sigma relation. These energetics are similar to those recently inferred of molecular outflows in local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies and in post-starburt winds, suggesting that active galactic nuclei (AGN) are capable of driving such outflows. Radiative shocks probably affect the multiphase structure of outflows in a range of other systems, including narrower and higher-ionization quasar absorption lines, and compact intergalactic absorbers ejected by star formation and AGN activity.


Energy demand is increasing all over the world, and to fulfill this need, more energy is required to be produced. Coal power plants produce around 39% of energy, but during energy production, these coal power plants also generate waste in the form of coal fly ash (CFA). The reuse of CFA is the only solution to control this waste; fly ash can be used in different products. Therefore, this study utilizes CFA with rubber as filler materials in the rubber industry. There are different techniques (such as nozzle design technology, air classifier, and optimization of CFA to convert crushed fly ash into valuable microparticles. Treated CFA is applied to produce medium voltage insulated cables and fire resistance cables with different kinds of rubber, such as styrene–butadiene and Ethylene–propylene. The study found that by applying CFA in insulated cables, the elongation at break increased by 50%, and volume resistance 2.2 × 1016 Ω·cm, insulation resistance increased 70% by using CFA with magnesium in the recipe of insulated cables. The CFA increased the collection rate of cleaning by 30% using this technology, and product life expectancy increased by 5–20%.


For the first time the catalytic action has been demonstrated by a supported palladium-containing catalyst on the hydrolytic splitting of the carbon-carbon bond in organic compounds by water in the liquid phase at an elevated temperature.


This paper summarises the findings of a small survey of young workers carried out by the Ministry of Youth Affairs. The findings provide an interesting 'snapshot' of the experiences of a cross-section of young people working in the new industrial relations environment. The survey is exploratory in nature and is not statistically representative.


This was an application by the Attorney General of Canada to set aside an arbitral award that the respondent oil investors obtained against Canada under Chapter 11 of the 1992 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).1 The respondents were investors in the Hibernia and Terra Nova offshore petroleum extraction projects. As such, they were subject, by the terms of a 1985 agreement between the federal government and Newfoundland known as the Atlantic Accord and implemented by statute in both jurisdictions, to "benefits plans" requiring expenditures for research and development, as well as education and training, in the province. The respondents alleged that this arrangement, and the "guidelines" issued in 2004 to give effect to it, were impermissible performance requirements contrary to Article 1106 of the NAFTA. A majority of the three-person NAFTA arbitral tribunal agreed and awarded the respondents approximately $19 million in damages. The tribunal unanimously found that the guidelines constituted performance requirements, but it split on the issue of whether the guidelines fell within


Scopus is a well known repository of metadata about scientific research articles. In this work, we gather data from this repository to create a social graph of scientific authors, starting from citations among their articles. Moreover, using data mining techniques, we infer some relevant research topics for each author, from the textual analysis of the abstracts of his articles. As a case study, we have limited our research to the authors who have published at least one article about Sentiment Analysis, in a decade. Starting from the more relevant terms extracted from abstracts, we then perform a clusterization of users. This shows the emergence of some subtopics of Sentiment Analysis, which are studied by distinct groups of authors.


At optimal doping, different cuprate compounds can exhibit vastly different critical temperatures for superconductivity ($T_c$), ranging from about 20 K to about 135 K. The precise properties of the lattice that determine the magnitude of the $T_c$ are currently unknown. In this paper, we investigate the dependence of the optimal doping $T_c$ on the parameters of the Emery ($d-p$) model for the CuO$_2$ planes in the cuprates. We show that the best scaling is obtained not with the parameters of the model written in the real ($d/p$-orbital) space, but rather written in the space of effective Wannier orbitals. In this basis, one obtains a model of three sublattices coupled through all possible 4-point interactions. We identify multiple predictor variables that fit the experimental $T_c$ to about $\pm4$ K and that depend on the coupling constants in the transformed Hamiltonian.


The Meteosat Third Generation geostationary satellite will be equipped with an infrared sounder sensing the Earth infrared emission in two bands between 670-1210 and 1600-2250 cm with a sampling rate of 0.625 cm. The main objective of the infrared sounder is to retrieve temperature and water vapour profiles but its spectral coverage and resolution enable us to resolve strong and moderate hot bands of CO2. In this study we apply concepts of correlation interferometry to assess the capability of this instrument to retrieve CO2 column amount. Correlation interferometry is particularly suited for Fourier Transform Spectrometers, which observe the interferogram. By properly exploiting interferometric radiances we can isolate channels which are mostly sensitive to CO2 alone. These channels can be used to build up a linear regression between CO2 mixing ratio integrated over the atmospheric column and the radiances themselves. The methodology is capable to retrieve CO2 with an accuracy of ± 5-6 ppmv over a single Instantaneous Field of View. Once averaged over a 3x3 pixels mask the accuracy may improve to ± 1.5-2 ppmv.


The utility model relates to a water-tube reactor which comprises a reactor casing and a cooling tube bundle mounted inside the reactor housing, wherein the cooling tube bundle consists of parallelly-connected cooling tube bundle heat exchanger unit bodies, soft drink outlets of the cooling tube bundle heat exchanger unit bodies are connected with upper-capped-end soft drink outlets through soft drink communicating pipes and soft drink main pipes, and water inlets of the cooling tube bundle heat exchanger unit bodies are connected with lower water inlet main pipes after passing through water connecting pipes. The adoption of the parallelly-connected cooling tube bundle heat exchanger unit bodies prevents the tube-on-sheet thickness of the tube-on-sheet water-tube reactor from increasing with the increase of equipment diameter, effectively reduces the reactor manufacturing difficulty, can easily achieve assembly, replacement or maintenance of the cooling tube bundle heat exchanger unitbodies, and can avoid scrapping of the reactor as a whole. The water-tube reactor can improve the stress state of the reactor in operation, reduce the possibility of damage to the parts within the cooling tube bundle due to temperature difference stress, improve the operation reliability of the equipment, and reduce the manufacturing cost. The water-tube reactor is especially suitable for the production of large-scale water-tube reactors, and is in line with the large-scale development trend of reactors.


The fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Libert) de Bary was investigated as a potential biocontrol agent for the pasture weed Californian thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., in New Zealand. However, its biocontrol activity was found to be inconsistent. Three reactions were observed when spores of the pathogen were applied in high numbers: the pathogen (1) killed the plant, (2) killed the aerial tissues, but the plant resprouted, or (3) it had no effect on the plant. Evans (2008) proposed the endophyte-enemy release hypothesis (E-ERH), predicting that the presence or absence of co-evolved host plant resident microbes (endophytes) makes the plant either more resistant or more susceptible to attack by a pathogen. It was therefore hypothesised that the observed inconsistency of Sclerotinia to control Californian thistle was attributed to variation in the presence/absence of key endophyte populations. To test this, we first assessed which endophytes were present in Californian thistle plants and how much they varied within a plant and between plants at varying distances. Both culturing methods and the molecular technique DGGE were employed to identify endophyte populations. Results indicate the endophyte populations are not influenced by individual plants or fields, but may be influenced by their location in the plant (i.e. leaf, root, seed and seed pappus). Key endophytes were identified, selected and tested to determine if they had a significant impact on the pathogenic activity of Sclerotinia on Californian thistle. Preliminary results indicate endophytes can influence the success/failure of this weed biocontrol agent.


Abstract : This document presents documentation necessary to use the System Cost Reliability Analysis Program (SCRAP). This program, developed by OOAMA/MMERR, was established to realistically determine, in real time, the Total Annual Logistic cost of an aircraft weapon subsystem or system and to perform cost sensitivity analyses on these weapon subsystems or systems.


We propose a new hierarchical scheme for yard crane (YC) workload management in container terminals. We also propose a time partitioning algorithm and a space partitioning algorithm for deploying YCs to handle changing job arrival patterns in a row of yard blocks. The main differences between our approach and most of the methods in literature are (1) the average vehicle job waiting time instead of the number of jobs is used to balance YC workload and to evaluate the quality of a partition, (2) the YC working zone assignment is not in units of yard blocks and our space partitioning algorithm generates more flexible divisions of the workload from all blocks, and (3) the YC deployment frequency is not fixed but is decided by our time partitioning algorithm with the objective of minimizing average vehicle waiting times. The scheme combines simulation and optimization to achieve our objective for a row of yard blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed binary partitioning algorithm TP2 makes substantial improvements in job waiting times over the basic partitioning scheme and another existing algorithm (Ng, W. C. 2005. Crane scheduling in container yards with intercrane interference. Eur. J. Oper. Res.164(1) 64--78) in all tested job arrival scenarios.


Task based parallel programming has shown competitive outcomes in many aspects of parallel programming such as efficiency, performance, productivity and scalability. Different approaches are used by different software development frameworks to provide these outcomes to the programmer while making the underlying hardware architecture transparent to her. However, since programs are not portable between these frameworks, using one framework or the other is still a vital decision by the programmer whose concerns are expandability, adaptivity, maintainability and interoperability of the programs. In this work, we propose a unified programming interface that a program can use for working with different task based parallel frameworks transparently. In this approach we abstract the common concepts of task based parallel programming and provide them to the programmer in a single programming interface uniformly for all frameworks. We have tested the interface by running a single program which implemented matrix multiplication (gemm operation) with three frameworks that are optimized for shared memory, distributed memory and GPU architectures, respectively, while the cooperation scheme is configured externally with no need to modify the program. Further possible extensions of the interface and future potential research are also described.


Abstract Pasteurized milk (225g) adjusted to pH 6.2 was set with 3.5 milk clotting units of chymosin (EC 188.8.131.52). The same amount of milk at pH 5.8 was set with 3.5 milk clotting units of porcine pepsin (EC 220.127.116.11). Fifteen minutes after clotting, the curd was broken, and curd and whey were separated by centrifugation at 3500×g for 20min. The curd (30g) was extracted at pH 6.8 in 450ml water or at pH 6.2 (chymosin) or 5.8 (pepsin) in 450ml 1 M sodium chloride. Chymosin was completely released from the curd and accounted for by both methods of extraction. Pepsin was completely released and accounted for after extraction in 1 M sodium chloride at pH 5.8 but was partly inactivated during extraction at pH 6.8. Assay of curd extracts and whey by a linear agar diffusion test accounted for 102±6% of the pepsin activity added to milk when the curd was extracted in 1 M sodium chloride. Extraction at pH 6.8 allowed recovery of only 63% of the activity. Chymosin recovery was 100±5% by both methods of curd extraction.


Changing the teaching media from chalkboard to Computer- based does not only develop IT-awareness among teaching staff but also enhance their readiness to teach and quality
of teaching. As a result, the students pay more attention to the lectures and in the long run students get better knowledge and understanding about the course.
In the developing countries reading habit is still a practice done by quite a few people. The changing of teaching media as well as the shift from teacher-centered learning to student-centered learning has changed the way students acquire knowledge and make use of the library and multimedia facilities. Gadjah Mada University has been working hard to change the method of teaching by
helping the teaching staff develop IT-based teaching materials and put them on the intranet; making teaching material databases available through the digital library; and providing easier access to the library users. In addition, IM text messaging, blogs and mailinglist have been the media to discuss and share ideas and knowledge among
lecturers and students too


Upper and lower bounds are established for the entropy numbers of certain diagonal operators between Banach sequence spaces. These diagonal operators are isomorphisms between the spaces considered in the paper and weighted sequence spaces considered by Leopold so that the entropy numbers in question coincide with those considered by Leopold. The results in the paper improve the previous results in at least two ways. The estimates in the paper are 'almost' sharp in the sense that the upper and lower estimates differ only by logarithmic factors for a much wider range of parameters. Moreover, all the upper estimates are improvements on the previous ones, the improvement being quite significant in some cases.


Extraction of coherent structure of turbulence by the wavelet thresholding method is demonstrated. The method is not only a basis of dynamically adaptive algorithm but a powerful tool to improve our understanding of physics of turbulence. The method is applied to steady isotropic homogeneous turbulence filed. It is shown that the wavelet can extract the energetic components with lower degree of freedom while the multi-scale nature of turbulence is not destroyed.


Commercial software for structural analysis and design has significantly evolved in recent years. Nowadays, they are more user- friendly, in addition to providing engineers with more modeling options to solve complex problems and geometries. Tapered elements in gen- eralandhaunchedbeamsinparticularweretraditionallydifficulttomodelinthepast;therefore,mostcommercialsoftwaredidnotincludethem in their element libraries. Recently, leading commercial software worldwide for structural analysis such as ETABS or STAAD-Pro allow engineerstomodelhaunchedbeamsintheelasticrangeofresponse.However,thetechnicalinformationprovidedwithinthesoftware'smanual does not always describe the details of the numerical modeling; i.e., whether it is based on rigorous traditional methods or is just an approximationbaseduponthecalculusofvariations.InthispapertheapproximationsobtainedwithcommercialsoftwareforasetofRCframes with symmetric haunched beams under lateral loading in the elastic range of response are reported when compared with those obtained with a traditional beam theory in which shear deformations are included. It is shown that the modeling used in commercial software is in general reasonable;however,itleadstoanunderestimationofthelateraldisplacements.Dependingonthesoftwareandthemodelingoptionused,lateral displacementsvaryfrom62toalmost100%ofthosecalculatedusingtraditionalbeamtheory.DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000143. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Beams; Lateral displacement; Computer software; Elasticity. Author keywords: Tapered elements; Haunched beams; Nonprismatic beams.


In order to understand the biological role of lipids in cell membranes, it is necessary to determine the mesoscopic structure of well-defined model membrane systems.


A free space optical communications system is analyzed for the different link range and temperature conditions. The transmission performance of the proposed system is confirmed experimentally and parameters Bit Error Rate and Signal to Noise Ratio are taken to be in major consideration to analyze the system.


SHORE (Scalable Heterogeneous Object REpository) is a persistent object system under development at the University of Wisconsin. SHORE represents a merger of object-oriented database and file system technologies. In this paper we give the goals and motivation for SHORE, and describe how SHORE provides features of both technologies. We also describe some novel aspects of the SHORE architecture, including a symmetric peer-to-peer server architecture, server customization through an extensible value-added server facility, and support for scalability on multiprocessor systems. An initial version of SHORE is already operational, and we expect a release of Version 1 in mid-1994.


Abstract : The radiosensitivity and nuclear volumes were determined for seven species of mammals, eight species of insects, and one species of plant, Araucaria excelsa. The following cells were selected as indicators of radiation sensitivity: (1) Mammals -- columnar epithelial cells of the duodenal intestional mucosa; (2) Insects -- endothelial cells lining the mid gut; (3) Plants -- the non-dividing, interphase nuclei of the tunica and outer corpus cell layer of the terminal shoot meristem. The mammals were whole-body irradiated with a 1 MVp x-ray unit; the insects whole-body irradiated with a 300 KVp x-ray unit; and the plant, totally irradiated with Cobalt 60 gamma rays. The interphase chromosome volume (nuclear volume divided by the diploid number of chromosomes) for each species was determined and plotted against its respective LD50. The mammalian species had a positive slope whereas the insect species had a negative slope. The plant, Araucaria, when plotted with the data obtained by Capella and Conger (June, 1966) also had a negative slope. The positive slope obtained with mammalian species indicated that the larger the interphase nuclear volume, the less sensitive the animal was to ionizing radiation. The inverse of this was true for plants and insects. It was concluded that a relationship between LD50 and interphase nuclear volume does exist and would be valuable as a predictor. (Author)


A spectrally modulated, spectrally encoded (SMSE) framework is adopted for implementing code division multiple access (CDMA) with partial band interference suppression. SMSE signals are constructed within an architecture governed by cognitive radio (CR) principles and supported by software defined radio (SDR) implementation, a union referred to as CR- based SDR. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals, a foundational part of future 4G systems, are collectively classified as SMSE because data modulation and encoding are applied in the spectral domain. Framework applicability was demonstrated for realistic 4G signals by illustrating consistency between resultant analytic SMSE expressions and published results. Framework implementability and flexibility is further demonstrated herein using more complex CDMA signal structures. Modeling and simulation results are presented for a form of multi-carrier CDMA using polyphase codes with adaptive spectral notching (interference avoidance). Collectively, the SMSE implementation of this system correlates very well with theoretical predictions for multiple access scenarios.


This paper reviews the mechanistic and genetic effects of spilt crude oil and associated drill site chemicals on some Nigerian plants. Methods that range from morphological and physical observations, physico-chemical, anatomical, cuticular to cytological and cytogenetic analyses were reviewed. Quality data on various negative consequences of exposure of plants to pollution and contamination by crude oil-related pollutants were x-rayed. Proper legislation, monitoring and enforcement of sound environmental Laws by stakeholders were advised. Government collaboration with research institutions in order to keep abreast with new research findings was suggested as a way to help strengthen, manage and reinforce environmental Laws in order to protect our sources of food.


Military aircraft research opportunities for the future are briefly surveyed. Aircraft control theory, design analysis, systems integration and flight characteristics are discussed.


Dear Editor, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a rare immunodeficiency characterized by chronic or recurrent infection of the skin, mucous membranes, and nails with candidal and non-candidal infections. Heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations are found in approximately 50% of the cases. Long-term antifungal therapy is considered the first-line option but resistances to antifungals, particularly azoles, represent a serious concern, leading to the use of intravenous or second-line therapies such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, and JAK–STAT inhibitors. We present a case of a 9-year-old female with a heterozygous missense mutation in STAT1 (c.862A>G; p.Thr288Ala), with a longstanding, disfiguring, and recurrent skin infection by Trichophyton rubrum successfully treated with a combination of topical imiquimod, terbinafine, and ketoconazole. The lesions started when she was 4 years old. She was initially successfully treated with oral itraconazole (5 mg/kg/day) for 10 months, but it was suspended due to hepatotoxicity, with consequent progression of the lesions. Fluconazole (4 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks resulted in some improvement but quickly relapsed after suspension and did not work when reintroduced. During this period, she maintained treatment with either topical ketoconazole, terbinafine, or ciclopirox. Physical exam showed thick erythematous-desquamative plaques at both feet plus onychodystrophy (Figure 1(A)). Skin biopsy showed an exuberant inflammatory response at the dermis, rich in polymorphonuclear cells, and fibrosis, along with hyperplasia of the epidermis permeated by fungal structures—identified as T. rubrum in the mycological exam (confirming a previous result). Itraconazole (5 mg/kg/day) for 4 months resulted in significant improvement (Figure 1(B)) but was associated with significant hepatotoxicity during follow-up. Because oral antifungal was not an option and topical antifungals resulted in quick relapse, we hypothesized that adding imiquimod to a topical fungistatic plus a fungicide antifungal could avoid disease relapse. She started topical imiquimod 5% twice a week (one sachet per week) combined with topical ketoconazole (20 mg/g) and terbinafine (20 mg/g) daily in the affected areas. Treatment for 12 months showed no adverse effects neither loss of efficacy. The initial reaction was marked by an initial inflammation that subsided after a couple of weeks with a reduction of scaling and evolution to atrophic and hypopigmented scar-like lesions. The direct mycological examination was negative. The nails and the periungual skin, where the initial lesions were thicker, kept some of the changes (Figure 1(C)). Imiquimod is a potent activator of the innate immune system and its antifungal role has been described in chromoblastomycosis and chronic tinea interdigitalis. It acts through stimulation of TLR7 and/or TLR8—a sub-family of Pattern Recognition Receptors


This article covers how many safety issues on site can be traced back to a failure to assure robustness in temporary works.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the therapeutic effect of 125IUdR on gliomas.

METHODS
By means of growth-curve, clonogenic formation experiment and MTT assay, the inhibitive effect of 125IUdR on the proliferation of C6 cells was studied in vitro. Wistar rats with intracerebral C6 gliomas were used to verify the therapeutic efficacy of 125IUdR in vivo.

RESULTS
C6 monolayer cells were efficiently inhibited by 125IUdR in a time-and-dose-dependent manner. In the MTT assay, after treament with 150 kBq/ml 125IUdR for 5 days, the inhibition rate reached 93.06%. In murine transplantable tumor, 125IUdR had significant therapeutic effect on rats bearing solid tumor glioma C6. After treatment with 125IUdR for 5 days, the tumor weight of experiment group was lower than that of blank group and control group (P<0.01). The median survival of animals treated with 125IUdR (27 days) was markedly longer than that of control group (9 days) (P<0.01). Na 125I and 127IUdR showed little inhibitive effect on the proliferation of C6 cells in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION
125IUdR can markedly inhibit the growth of Glioma cell line C6. 125IUdR has potential for the treatment of malignant brain tumor.


Novel 2-aryl AICAR (5-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide) derivatives 8 were synthesized via the Su zuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of 8-bromoadenosine Following conversion of the adenine moiety of 4 to hypoxanthine (5) and the introduction of a MEM group, hydrolysis of 7 gave desired 2-aryl AICAR derivatives 8.


Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detection (MLSD) in the optical receiver has been proposed to combat the nonlinear effects in optical channels. The MLSD is typically implemented through a Viterbi algorithm. In this paper, it is shown that a low-complexity maximum likelihood sequence detector with proper metrics can achieve better results. Computational complexity grows exponentially with the length of the channel impulse response and makes it unsuitable for high data rates. To practically enable uncompensated long haul with MLSD, complexity must be minimized. While in the linear regime such a model is available and linear impairments such as chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion can be almost fully compensated by adaptive equalizers, this is not the case for nonlinear impairments, whose mitigation is essentially based on heuristic strategies. Fiber nonlinearity remains as one of the major limitations for long haul transmission.


Abstract : This report describes the procedures of analysis and dynamometer testing that were used to develop data and supporting technology for improving the maintenance and continued airworthiness of civil aircraft tires. As related to the inspection, retread and repair of aircraft tires under Advisory Circular AC 145-41, improved criteria which characterize typical tire operating environments and opening scenarios (associated with long range, medium range, and short haul transport airplanes) are defined. Based upon these criteria and scenarios which include tire loading, temperature, and roll distances, means to assess tire fatigue life were developed. Results of this effort may be used for the identification of in-service acceptance criteria and prescribed retread limits.


ASHP President Cynthia Brennan (front row on the left) and Executive Vice President Henri R. Manasse Jr. join other leaders in celebrating the 30-year existence of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. Photo by Ezra Gregg Photography.

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The presidents and chief


THE class u(u> 3) of a doubly transitive group of degree n is, according to Bochert,f greater than \n — § Vw. If we confine our attention however to those doubly transitive groups in which one of the substitutions of lowest degree is of order 2, it appears that the class is greater than \n — \ Vw — 1. The proof of this statement rests essentially upon the following LEMMA. The degree of a diedral group of class u generated by two non-commutative substitutions of order 2 and degree u is at most §w. Let s and t be the two substitutions in question, and let the order of their product be N = 2pip2 a2 • • • Pn, where pi> P2, ' are distinct odd primes. The transitive constituents of {s, t] may be arranged as follows: s has mi cycles displacing letters not in t, and t has ra2 cycles displacing letters not in s; there are Xi regular constituents of order X{, with a generator in both s and t (thus common cycles of s and t are explicitly included, while the preceding type of constituent of degree and order 2 is excluded) ; there are yj non-regular constituents of degree Yj and order 2Yj, Yj an odd number; there are yd non-regular constituents of degree Yd and order 2 Yd, Yd even, with the generator of degree Yd in s, and the generator of degree Yd — 2 in t; in like manner there are yd' constituents of the order Yd with Yd — 2 letters in s and Yd letters in t. Since transitive


Abstract β-Hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase of Escherichia coli has been purified 1200-fold. Its molecular weight is estimated at 28,000 by gel filtration and by zone sedimentation analysis. At all stages of purification, the enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of β-hydroxydecanoate to a mixture of β,γ- and α,β-decenoates, α,β predominating; the β,γ:α,β product ratio does not change with purification. Several additional lines of evidence are presented which argue that a single enzyme is responsible for the formation of both isomeric decenoates. Attempts to alter the activity and β,γ:α,β specificity of the enzyme have proved unsuccessful. The enzyme is active over a wide pH range and is insensitive to sulfhydryl poisons. The presence of a thioesterase activity in E. coli is noted.


A Coriolis mass flow sensor includes a flow tube, a light source, and a light pipe having a light inlet situated to receive light from the light source and a light outlet for emitting light received from the light source. A light detector receives light from the light pipe light outlet, and a drive device vibrates the flow tube such that the flow tube moves through a light path between the light outlet of the light pipe and the light detector. In certain embodiments, the light pipe defines a generally square cross section. A sensing aperture having a predetermined shape is situated between the light outlet of the light pipe and the light detector. The sensing aperture passes a portion of the light emitted from the light outlet of the light to the light detector, such that the light entering the light detector has the predetermined shape.


Recently, many types of insole in the market claim their effectiveness for improving sports performance without having clear evidence. The present study aimed to clarify how the shape of shoe insoles and the foot alignment affect the maximum muscle strength (back strength). Thirty two healthy university athletes (171.7±4.54 cm, 70.3±5.95 kg) participated in this study, and measured their 3D foot shape and back strength in 3 conditions (barefoot and two types of insole which has different structures). The back strength was significantly increased when wearing an insole with specific hind foot support (DELTA) than those of the other two conditions. The DELTA insole was found to restrict foot pronation, and add the height on foot longitudial arch.


This thesis uses individual-level observational data to make new contributions to the literature. In total joint replacement, patient attributes associated with long-term gains from surgery are uncovered, while methodological contributions are made to the optimal timing of patient-reported outcomes, the identification of regression to the mean, and the estimation of an appropriate control group to improve the accuracy of economic evaluation. In congenital heart disease, a microsimulation model is developed to project the demographics of an at-risk cohort, and a costing study is completed to highlight the costs of uncertainty in anticoagulation treatments. Finally, the advantages of 'big data' techniques such as classification and regression trees (CART) for health economics analysis are show-cased in the CART modelling of general practitioner prescribing for cardiovascular disease, and the drivers of decision-making in health funding.


In order to calculate the earthquake action of structure-soil interaction system,the complex mode frequency domain method based on seismic code-non-stationary seismic random model is studied systematically.(Firstly,the dynamic equation of structure-soil interaction system is established.According to the fact that the first mode contributes to the main part of the total motion,the structural responses are unfolded by the first mode.Aimed at the situation that the mass matrix is non-symmetric and the damping matrix is non-classical,the complex mode theory is used to decouple the equations.Then the earthquake responses and earthquake action are attained in frequency domain by adopting Clough-Penzien-three-step non-stationary seismic random model which has the same ground motion parameters as the design response spectrum of seismic code.(An example is presented to show the application of this method.And the earthquake actions of base fixed structure based on seismic random model and design response spectrum are given for comparison.


Acoustic wave ash clean-out is a method of using energy of sound field to clean out ash on the surface of materials.The working principles and applications of acoustic wave ash clean-out device on ESP and bag filter are mainly introduced.


Grand rotation curves (GRC) within ~400 kpc of M31 and the Milky Way were constructed by combining disk rotation velocities and radial velocities of satellite galaxies and globular clusters. The GRC for the Milky Way was revised using the most recent Solar rotation velocity. The derived GRCs were deconvolved into a de Vaucouleurs bulge, exponential disk, and a dark halo with the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) density profile by the least chi-squares fitting. Comparison of the best-fit parameters revealed similarity of the disks and bulges of the two galaxies, whereas the dark halo mass of M31 was found to be twice the Galaxy's. We show that the NFW model may be a realistic approximation to the observed dark halos in these two giant spirals.


The effects of a partial substitution of Ga for Fe on the structure and magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Nd8.4Fe87.1B4.5 were studied. With increasing Ga content, the magnetic properties of the nanocomposite magnets first improve, reach maxima at 1.1 at. % Ga, and then degrade. The addition of Ga helps to control the morphology, especially the grain sizes of both alpha-Fe and Nd2Fe14B. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(00)22308-6].


The purpose of the survey is to find out what perception children in preschool have about the car as a technical system, how its components interact, and also their perception on various components ...


The properties of the excited states of the electrons system on the quantum ring are studied,when the electric fields are applied to it.The electric fields include both/either the external field and/or from the impurity charges.The results show that these fields can controll the eigen state energy and the persistant current as well.In certain case,the amount of persistant current can increase by several order of magnitude between adjacent excited states.This conclusion will be very useful for design the micro-electron devices.


The number of disputes resolved with the use of alternative dispute resolution in Russia is insignificant compared to other countries: mediation and arbitration practically are not used. The article considers the main reasons for the unpopularity of alternative dispute resolution in Russia: lack of a mechanism for choosing the appropriate dispute resolution method; paternalistic sentiments of most citizens; quick consideration of cases by the state court and increase in the consideration time of the case during the conciliation procedure in case of its failure; low cost of cognizance for the parties, imperfection of mechanisms for promoting out-of-court dispute resolution; preservation of a monopoly on the dispute resolution by the state for the purpose of social management; the use of conciliation by the parties in order to abuse the right. The use of alternative dispute resolution methods will increase in popularity when these reasons are eliminated.


Engineers are accustomed to collaborating with multidisciplinary teams while working with physical prototypes. In the age of COVID-19, that is often impossible. This article delves into how some engineers have learned to work together virtually—while developing new skills that will help them when they return to their labs.


This research was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effect of including the biological product VITAFERT® (VTF),
as microbial additives in the cattle fattened in silvopastoral system with Leucaena leucocephala supplemented with 6 g MS.kg PV-1 of sugar cane.
Fifteen animals Zebu cross by trial were used during 165 days of rainy period. The treatments were: 1) grazing ad libitum + sugar cane,
2) grazing ad libitum + sugar cane + 6 mL.kg PV-1 VTF and 3) grazing ad libitum + sugar cane + 9 mL.kg PV-1 VTF. A random regression models
were applied starting from a PROC MIXED, a trial were included as fixed effect and the animal nested inside treatment as aleatory effect
and the residual error. Growth models of weight x age were used. Several indicators of the productive performance were determined.
There were difference (P>0.001) for the daily half gain (GMD) in the treatments with inclusion of the VTF regarding the control.
Also, there was difference (P>0.001) in the increment of live (IP) and the hectare yield in the treatments where VTF was given with
relationship to the control. The non-lineal model (Logistic) showed adequate adjusted for the first and second treatment. However,
the lineal model presented appropriate adjusted in the third treatment. It is concludes that the use of the VTF as microbial additives
in the fattened of beef cattle in silvopastoral systems with leucaena, complemented with sugar cane generated a productive effect
contrasting on the GMD, the IP and the hectare yield in the treatments where VTF was given.


Background/aim Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare sex chromosome abnormality in women, occurring in approximately one in 2500 live births, associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata of which short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, and dysmorphic features are the most frequent. Morbidity and mortality are clearly increased compared with the general population, and the average age at diagnosis is quite delayed. Even if the majority of females with TS have a non-mosaic 45,X karyotype, several karyotype variations exist, including short or long arm deletion, ring X isochromosome of the long arm, and 45,X 46,XX mosaicism. This explains the large phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities of TS, which make the diagnosis and especially the management increasingly difficult. We present in this work a genetic study of TS in the Tunisian population to establish a genotype–phenotype correlation, which would be of great help for the diagnosis and the care of patients. Patients and methods A total of 26 unrelated Tunisian girls were included in this study. All patients underwent a complete clinical and biochemical examination as well as karyotyping. The screening for the SRY gene was carried out by fluorescence in-situ hybridization or by PCR. Results Cytogenetic results showed a prevalence of the 45,X karyotype in 46% of patients and various proportions of the other karyotypes. However, genotype–phenotype correlation revealed several discrepancies regarding the major signs and the age at diagnosis. The comparison of the approaches used for the screening of the SRY gene showed that karyotyping is unable to detect low 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and that it is the PCR that would be able to do, eliciting its role to make a reliable diagnosis. Conclusion The karyotype alone is not sufficient to make a TS diagnosis in cases of weak mosaicism, and the great heterogeneity that reigns the syndrome elicits an epigenetic and transcriptomic exploration of several genes that recently seem to be involved in the disease.


Abstract Purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the use of secondary market tractors due to the improvement of the technological process of their input control. In order to achieve the set goal, the following tasks were solved: the methodological foundations of the incoming quality control of tractors on the secondary market were justified; the proposed algorithm of the technological process of the input quality control of the tractor on the secondary market with the determination of the main functional, ergonomic and traction-energy indicators was implemented in practice. Research methods. Materials and initial data for research became the basis of qualitative assessment of tractors, taking into account the specific features of the development of the secondary market of tractors. Research methods consisted in studying, analyzing, comparing, summarizing and evaluating data regarding the results of determining the consumer properties of tractors under their operating conditions. The results of the study. The secondary market of tractors in Ukraine is in the stage of formation, during which it is evaluated, first of all, their efficiency, which characterizes not only the ability to work (perform the necessary functions), but also to comply with regulatory and technical and design documentation. Currently, used general-purpose tractors of the «KhTZ-170», «MTZ-80» and «John Deere» series 8R tractors are sold in Ukraine, during the purchase of which their operability is predicted in the presence of damage that manifests itself in a violation of the tractor's serviceability while preserving its operability. Based on the results of research and the experience of other countries, the need to introduce a separate legal act in Ukraine, which would regulate the requirements and procedures for assessing compliance for single samples used, as well as independently assembled is substantiated. Conclusion. An important direction of improving the technical equipment of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, as well as the loading of repair and other agricultural service enterprises, is the development and effective functioning of the secondary market of tractors and agricultural machines, which will allow speeding up and improving the quantitative and qualitative composition of the machine-tractor fleet. At the same time, one of the main elements in the system of improving the quality of agricultural machinery is the proper organization of incoming control of these products on the secondary market. The issue of commissioning (registration) of tractors purchased on the secondary market is currently not finally settled in Ukraine and requires the development of a separate legal act. Key words: tractor, consumer properties, secondary market, input control, measuring equipment, performance forecasting, and tractor registration.


Abstract Objectives: The objective of this retrospective study was to quantify the clinical and economic burden of significant bleeding in lung resection surgery in the US. Methods: This study utilized 2009–2012 data from the Premier Perspective DatabaseTM. Adult patients with primary pulmonary lobectomy or segmentectomy procedures were categorized by the surgical approach (VATS vs open) and primary diagnosis (primary or metastatic lung cancer vs non-lung cancer). Patients requiring ≥3 units of blood products with at least 1 unit of PRBCs: "significant bleeding" cohort; those requiring <3 units: "non-significant bleeding" cohort; and those not requiring blood products: "no bleeding" cohort. A matched cohort analysis was performed between the "significant bleeding" and the "no bleeding cohort" using matching variables: hospital, lung cancer diagnosis, year of surgery, APR-DRG severity score, procedure type and approach, age, and gender. Results: The "All-patient" cohort comprised 21,429 patients: 213 "significant bleeding"; 2,780 "non-significant bleeding"; and 18,436 "no bleeding". Overall incidence of significant chest bleeding was 0.99%. Patients from "significant bleeding" cohort and "non-significant bleeding" cohort had 2.5 days and 2 days (p < 0.0001) longer length of stay in the hospital compared to those in the "no bleeding" cohort, respectively. Overall, hospital costs for "significant bleeding" cohort were higher than "no bleeding" cohort for those who were covered under Medicare ($59,871 vs $23,641), were ≥76 years of age ($64,010 vs $24,243), had greater severity of illness ($97,813 vs $51,871) and underwent open segmentectomy ($74,220 vs $21,903). Hospital costs for "significant bleeding" cohort and "non-significant bleeding" were significantly higher ($11,589 and $5,280, respectively, p < 0.0001) than no bleeding cohort. Conclusions: Although significant bleeding during lung resection surgery is rare, patients with such complication could stay longer at the hospital and cost an average of $13,103 more than those without.


This paper describes a resource allocation is an important issue in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. Formulaically systems, the interference across different cells makes the optimization of resource allocation difficult. While inter cell interference(ICI) for the downlink of multicell systems in general and orthogonal frequency division multiple access networks, the uplink has received less attention.Inter cell interference coordination schemes can be viewed as a scheduling strategy used to limit the inter-cell interference such that cell edge users in different cells preferably are scheduled on complementary parts of the spectrumwhenneeded.The common theme of ICIC avoidance schemes is to apply restrictions to the usage of downlink resources such time/frequency and/or transmit power resources.Such coordination of restrictions will provide an opportunity to limit the interference generation in the area of cellular network.Accordingly,signal to interference and noise ratio(SINR) can be improved at the receivers in the coverage area, which will provide capability for increased(cell-edge) data rates over the coverage area,or increased coverage for given data rates.


As one kind of automatic and highly effective saving water irrigation equipment,the center pivot sprinkling machine has many excellent characteristics,such as water saving,labor saving,production increase,and wide adaptability.The center pivot sprinkling machine obtained more and more applications in developing the formalization and the intensified agriculture process in China.According to a typical project region,the standardized design process was developed from starting of the project to the arrangement of equipment rationalization.The results would be beneficial to enhance the project design level and to improve the quality of the irrigation project.


With the rapid growth of logistics, it is important to gain further insight into the strategic benefits of logistics services. The study examines the current situation of Korean domestic 3PLPs. Based on the discussed this, the study surveys In-company situation of Korean domestic 3PLPs. Finally, the study gets the survey results that common features of Korean domestic 3PLPs.This study provides a theoretical foundation for academics and also practical guidelines for logistics services industry


An account of sociology in Austria, stressing postwar developments. Austria has a long sociological tradition, dating back to the pioneering days before WWI. In addition to great figures marginal to sociology such as S. Freud, L. Gumplowicz, and M. Adler and A. Schaeffle, it produced a respectable body of sociological work by M. Jahoda, P. F. Lazarsfeld, C. Buhler and others in the areas of family, youth and work and unemployment. These promising beginnings were cut off by the Nazi Anschluss. After the war Austrian sociology revived and created a numher of institutions: (1) the Soc Sci Res Instit. (Sozialwissensch aftliche Forschungsstelle), directed by L. Rosenmayr, which conducted surveys of youth and leisure; (2) the Institute for Res in Religious Sociology (Institut fur Kirchliche Sozialforschung) which published a study on churchgoing in Austria by E. Bozenta (it found that the Austrian churchgoing rate is 34.5%, lower than the Netherlands and Ireland and higher than France and Italy, and workers' churchgoing rate is higher in new industries than in the older industries where the workers have a tradition of socialist atheism); and (3) the Instit for Higher Studies and Scientific Res. (Institut fur Hohere Studien and Wissenschaftliche Forschung), created with the aid of the Ford Foundation, which brought to Vienna 'big names' like T. Parsons, P. F. Lazarsfeld and C. Buhler. An account is given of a 1955 study of Vienna's declining pop by a group of young Dutch sociologists, which caused some lively Austrian reactions to the description of Vienna as Die Todesurne (the urn of death). I. Langnas.


A detailed study of a virus isolated from potato has been made. The virus isolate was both sap transmissible and transmissible by Myzus persicae Sulz. which was found to be a very effective vector. Typical symptoms of the diseases were produced within 11 to 12 days of inoculation. Various symptoms produced on chilli and potato variety are described. The virus had a thermal inactivation point of 55-60° C., a dilution end point of 1: 500-1:750 and a longevity of two days at room temperature in vitro. The virus was tentatively identified as Potato virus Y.


To measure the transmission characteristics of a signal line or other four-terminal network, a multifrequency test signal is fed through that network via a first channel to one input of a differential amplifier whose other input receives via a second channel a substantially identical comparison signal. A difference signal in the output of the differential amplifier, after rectification and possible filtering, is used for manual or automatic adjustment of an amplifier (or attenuator) and a delay unit in either or both channels until the magnitude of that difference signal is a minimum, its residual value indicating fre quency-dependent distortions such as background noise or phase jitter not removable by broad-band adjustment of signal level and phase delay. The test signal, advanta geously provided by a generator of the pseudorandom type, may be delivered to the second channel by that generator ahead of the four-terminal network to serve as the comparison signal; alternatively, the latter signal may be produced on the output side of the tested net work by an identical generator under the control of synchronizing pulses extracted from the measuring sig nal traversing that network.


CONTEXT
Anorexia nervosa is complicated by severe bone loss and clinical fractures. Mechanisms underlying bone loss in adults with anorexia nervosa include increased bone resorption and decreased formation. Estrogen administration has not been shown to prevent bone loss in this population, and to date, there are no approved, effective therapies for this comorbidity.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether antiresorptive therapy with a bisphosphonate alone or in combination with low-dose transdermal testosterone replacement would increase bone mineral density (BMD) in women with anorexia nervosa.

DESIGN AND SETTING
We conducted a12-month, randomized, placebo-controlled study at a clinical research center.

STUDY PARTICIPANTS
Participants included 77 ambulatory women with anorexia nervosa.

INTERVENTION
Subjects were randomized to risedronate 35 mg weekly, low-dose transdermal testosterone replacement therapy, combination therapy or double placebo.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
BMD at the spine (primary endpoint), hip, and radius and body composition were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS
Risedronate increased posteroanterior spine BMD 3%, lateral spine BMD 4%, and hip BMD 2% in women with anorexia nervosa compared with placebo in a 12-month clinical trial. Testosterone administration did not improve BMD but increased lean body mass. There were few side effects associated with either therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Risedronate administration for 1 yr increased spinal BMD, the primary site of bone loss in women with anorexia nervosa. Low-dose testosterone did not change BMD but increased lean body mass.


This study aims to analyze the feasibility of the HoloLens Augmented Reality device through the development of a prototype that renders volumetric data in a holographic environment. The prototype was developed with the Unity3D game engine. The results indicate that it is possible to perform the visualization of volumetric data, using classic techniques of Volume Rendering in HoloLens. However, the limitations of the device, mainly in relation to the memory space, restricted the size of the tested models. On this basis, real-time display rates were only achieved for low-resolution models, which points to the possibility of optimizations in the prototype to reduce memory consumption and processing costs.


A data simulator that can facilitate the development of improved sampling and analysis procedures for spatial analysis is proposed. The simulator, implemented in MATLAB, provides a graphical user interface and allows users to generate data layers satisfying given spatial properties and a response variable dependent upon user specified functions. It has a modular structure and is capable of modeling response function heterogeneity (both in spatial coordinates and in driving attribute space) as well as unexplained variance, sensor error, spatial data sampling and interpolation. As an illustration of the potential uses of the simulator in precision agriculture, the effect of sampling density and interpolation on neural network prediction of crop yield was assessed.


Propulsion of polystyrene particles in the evanescent field of the first group of higher order modes in an optical microfiber were studied. Higher speeds were observed for higher order mode propulsion than for fundamental mode.


By establishing relations between operators on compositions, we show that the posets of compositions arising from the right and left Pieri rules for noncommutative Schur functions can each be endowed with both the structure of dual graded graphs and dual filtered graphs when paired with the poset of compositions arising from the Pieri rules for quasisymmetric Schur functions and its deformation.


The presence of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in fresh vegetables can be considered as a silent food safety concern, contributing to dissemination of resistances in the community. Here, we have studied the presence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates in organic fresh produce and the resistance of these isolates to eleven chemotherapeutic agents. A total of 50 samples of organic fresh vegetables (carrot, tomato, arugula and lettuce) marketed in Valencia (Spain) were analyzed. More than half of the vegetable samples analyzed (27 out of 50, 54%) were positive for the presence of coliform bacteria, including samples of all types of vegetables tested (90% arugula, 70% carrot, 50% lettuce and 10% tomato samples). A total of 37 isolates belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were identified: Pantoea agglomerans (nine isolates), Serratia marcescens (six) and Enterobacter cloacae (five), among others. Only five isolates were susceptible to all agents tested (13%), and no resistances to streptomycin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole or chloramphenicol were found. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (31 out of 37), and 15 isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic. Resistances to other agents were less frequent: nitrofurantoine (six isolates), cefotaxime (four), tetracycline (two), and gentamicin (one). Multiresistances to two (ten isolates), three (one isolate) and four agents (five isolates) were also observed. These results point out that control of Int. J. Food Nutr. Saf. 2014, 5(2): 39-49 Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA 40 organic fresh produce should be improved to avoid contamination with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, probably from human and/or animal origin, which can be considered as a serious issue concerning the quality of organic produce.


Objective The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week Tai Chi exercise intervention on working memory in older adults using ERP-fNIRS. Method Fifty older adults were randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving a 12-week Tai Chi exercise intervention or a control group receiving regular daily activities. Working memory was assessed using the n-back task before and after the intervention, and spatial and temporal components of neural function underlying the n-back task were measured using ERP-fNIRS. Results The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in reaction time and accuracy on the 2-back task and showed higher activation levels in the R-DLPFC. Additionally, the Tai Chi group displayed significant increases in P3 amplitude in the overall n-back task. Conclusion These findings suggest that Tai Chi interventions can enhance working memory in older adults, as evidenced by increasing neural activity and improving HbO in the R-DLPFC during the 2-back task.


A technique allowing electron-electron collisions to be included together with the electron\char21{}neutral-species (atom or molecule) collisions in a Monte Carlo simulation is developed for the case of a weakly ionized gas (ionization degree lower than ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$). The validity of this technique is checked by studying the evolution over time of a set of electrons (in an infinite medium) assuming that they collide only between each other. The space variation of the electron energy distribution function and some mean swarm parameters are calculated for a steady-state discharge established between two plane-parallel electrodes. The importance and the effect of the electron-electron collisions in argon are discussed and interpreted for two situations depending on the electron density at the cathode.


The article analyses the budgetary provision of the regions in the Volga Federal District. A vertical and horizontal imbalance of budgets has been revealed. Only two regions are not subsidized, with estimated budgetary capacity above the national average. To balance the budget system and strengthen its resistance to crisis phenomena in the economy, the resilience property of public finances was considered. It has been established that one of the instruments of resilience is interbudgetary transfers, the improvement of distribution methods of which makes it possible to increase the flexibility and adaptability of the regional economy in a period of environmental turbulence. The existing models for the use of intergovernmental transfers are identified and considered: 1) the introduction of blocks for the distribution of subsidies into the system of substantiation of budgetary appropriations based on the developed methods, 2) a binary model for managing the socio-economic development of the region, which performs the dual functioning of the transfer mechanism and priorities strategic development. In order to increase the territories resilience, a model for managing the transfer mechanism is proposed, which, unlike the existing ones, provides for taking into account the stage belonging of the territories, the features and patterns characteristic of each stage of the life cycle (four stages: education, development, maturity and decline).


Poverty is a common experience for children growing up in the United States. Although only about one in five children are in poverty each year, roughly one in three will spend at least one year living in a poor household. Child poverty is a significant concern to researchers and policymakers because early childhood poverty is linked to a multitude of worse outcomes, including reduced academic attainment, higher rates of non-marital child bearing, and a greater likelihood of health problems. Moreover, childhood poverty, especially when it is deep and persistent, increases the chances that an individual will be poor as an adult, thereby giving rise to the intergenerational transmission of economic disadvantage. In this chapter the authors review research on the dynamics of child poverty and the influences of poverty on development during childhood and early adulthood in the United States. They begin by describing trends in child poverty. Next, they present three dominant frameworks for understanding the influences of poverty on families and discuss challenges faced by researchers interested in measuring causal effects. Then they review studies that estimate childhood poverty's influence on development in three domains: educational attainment and achievement, behavior, and physical health. They conclude by discussing policies that show promise in attenuating the links between childhood poverty and development across the life course. Enduring Influences of Childhood Poverty Poverty is a common experience for children growing up in the United States. Although only about one in five children are in poverty each year, roughly one in three will spend at least one year living in a poor household. Child poverty is a significant concern to researchers and policy makers because early childhood poverty is linked to a multitude of worse outcomes, including reduced academic attainment, higher rates of non-marital child bearing, and a greater likelihood of health problems. Moreover, childhood poverty, especially when it is deep and persistent, increases the chances that an individual will be poor as an adult, thereby giving rise to the intergenerational transmission of economic disadvantage (Jäntti, this volume). In this chapter we review research on the dynamics of child poverty and the influences of poverty on development during childhood and early adulthood in the United States. We begin by describing trends in child poverty. Next, we present three dominant frameworks for understanding the influences of poverty on families and discuss challenges faced by researchers interested in measuring causal effects. Then, we review studies that estimate childhood poverty's influence on development in three domains: educational attainment and achievement, behavior, and physical health. We conclude by discussing policies that show promise in attenuating the links between childhood poverty and development across the life course. CHILD POVERTY DYNAMICS In the U.S., child poverty rates are higher than rates for the adult and elderly populations (Wallace and Meyer, this volume). In 2006, nearly 17.4 percent of children lived in families with incomes below the official poverty threshold compared with only 10.8 percent of adults. Another 22 percent of children lived in families with incomes less than 200 percent of the poverty threshold. Although it is difficult to make international comparisons, research suggests that U.S. has one of the highest rates of child poverty among western industrialized nations (Bradbury and Jäntti, 2001).


The activity of Control Center operators is important to guarantee the effective performance of Power Systems. Operators' actions are crucial to deal with incidents, especially severe faults, like blackouts. In this paper we present an Intelligent Tutoring approach for training Portuguese Control Centre operators in tasks like incident analysis and diagnosis, and service restoration of Power Systems. Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) approach is used in the training of the operators, taking into account context awareness and the unobtrusive integration in the working environment.


In article the analysis the Internet crime and criminogenic objects of search and search activities of law-enforcement bodies is carried out, the list of tasks of search activities is provided. Survey results of the operational workers formulated for clarification of the questions connected with use the Internet as a source of information on a crime are given. The conclusion about an imperative need of development of questions of legal and standard regulation of carrying out operational search actions on the Internet, about the translation of HORDES on the Internet in a legitimate form with strictly outlined activities framework with the corresponding standard and legal instructions is drawn.


A solution-dispersible hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticle material based on triazatruxene, TATHBP-DCV, was readily prepared through Suzuki coupling polymerization in a miniemulsion, followed by post-functionalization of its numerous terminal aldehyde groups into dicyanovinyl groups. Efficient energy transfer from the polymer core to the peripheral terminal units quenched the emission of TATHBP-DCV, which was turned on in hydrazine vapor. In particular, fluorescence fiber-optic detection of hydrazine vapor was realized with a limit of detection down to 1.1 mg m−3 in 5 minutes.


Despite a very low gain the Orsay free electron laser has been operated above threshold using TiO2/SiO2 multilayer dielectric mirrors of extremely high reflectivity. We report two methods for measuring this reflectivity both based on an optical cavity decay time measurement. The high signal over noise ratio allow measurement of any losses such as scattering, absorption or transmission down to 10-7. Due to the high U.V. flux of synchrotron radiation, reflectivity degradation from 99.992 % to 99.9 % has been observed.


Since a tokamak fusion reactor operates in a cyclic mode, thermal stresses will result in fatigue in structural components, especially the first wall and blanket. Type 316 stainless steel in the 20% cold-worked condition has been irradiated in the HFIR in order to introduce helium as well as displacement damage. A miniature hourglass specimen was developed for the reactor irradiations and subsequent fully reversed low cycle fatigue testing. For material irradiated and tested at 430/sup 0/C in vacuum to a damage level of 7 to 15 dpa and containing 200 to 1000 appm He, a reduction in life by a factor of 3 to 10 was observed. An attempt was made to predict irradiated fatigue life by fitting data from irradiated material to a power law equation similar to the universal slopes equation and using ductility ratios from tensile tests to modify the equation for irradiated material.


After China entering the WTO,our sport goods brand will face more serious competition. While at competition with the brand of home and abroad,we must firstly understand our self-brand and make objective analysis on it.Based on it,the corresponding suggestions and countermeasures were put forwarded.


Total immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum produced by dairy cows in Costa Rica. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of total immunoglobulins (Ig) in colostrum produced by dairy cows and establish the effect that breed and parity can have on Ig concentration. The data presented correspond to determinations of concentration of total Ig determined by a colostrometer in 537 colostrum samples obtained between the year 2010 and 2012, during the months of August to November in 50 dairy farms in the provinces of San Jose, Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago. Cow breeds were classified into Holstein, Jersey, HolsteinxJersey and other. Farm size ranged from 10 to 300 milking cows. For the purposes of this study, good quality colostrum was considered when Ig concentration was ≥ 50 mg/ml. Immunoglobulin concentration ranged from 10 to 140 with an average of 85 mg/ml. Of all the samples analyzed, 13.2% had an inadequate concentration of Ig. When considering breed effect on Ig concentration, no significant differences were found. Parity number significantly influenced Ig concentration and it was found that Ig concentration increases linearly with parity number. The information collected in this study indicates that Ig concentration in colostrum is good and that failure of passive transfer of immunity could be due to other factors such as the volume of colostrum consumed and the time between birth and the first feeding of colostrum.


This paper deals with continuous-time branching processes which allow a temporally-decreasing immigration whenever the population size is 0. In the critical case the asymptotic behaviour of the probability of non-extinction and of the first two moments is investigated and different types of limit theorems are also proved.


Much has been learned in recent years about cell and tissue interactions in general and about control of cell behavior by influences from surrounding tissues. The pilar apparatus offers outstanding examples of tissue interactions, and if we could understand the laws that govern development and growth of hair we would be much closer to understanding the laws that govern life itself (1), I'll divide my discussion into three parts: normal hair growth; alopecia, especially so-called scarring alopecia; and 'neoplasia, especially basal cell epithelioma. Normal' The hair apparatus is a fibro-epithelial organ from the beginning (2). The fetal epithelial hair germ IS supported and surrounded by an accumulation of mesenchymal cells, with which it is united by a PAS positive basement membrane. The primary mesodermal germ is the precursor of the fibrous root sheath which surrounds and guides the epithelial column during its downgrowth through the dermis into the subcutaneous fat tissue. Eventually it forms the dermal papilla inside the hollow matrix, and this papilla is the governor of all later events. During anagen, the pilar matrix cells appear to be completely alike morphologically, yet they mature and keratinize in six different ways to form


Collectively, thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) offer significant potential for short-term demand response. This intrinsic flexibility can be used to provide various ancillary services or to carry out energy arbitrage. This study introduces an aggregate description of the flexibility of a heterogeneous TCL as a leaky storage unit, with associated constraints that are derived from the TCL device parameters and quality of service requirements. In association with a suitable TCL control strategy this enables a straightforward embedding of TCL dynamics in optimisation frameworks. The tools developed are applied to the problem of determining an optimal multi-service portfolio for TCLs. A linear optimisation model is constructed for the optimal simultaneous allocation of frequency services and energy arbitrage. In a case study, optimal service allocations are computed for eight representative classes of cold appliances and the results are validated using simulations of individual refrigerators. Finally, it is demonstrated that clustering of appliances with similar capabilities can significantly enhance the flexibility available to the system.


Recently the study of network backup server has developed rapidly and its achievements have become a center of attraction. In this paper we focus on I/O subsystem performance analysis for network backup server. The key issue is to analyse the trade-off between direct I/O and buffered I/O mechanism. We investigate how the two mechanisms affect overall performance of network backup server. We designed and implemented the backup server and conducted several experiments. Experimental result shows overall performance of direct I/O method outperforms traditional buffered I/O mechanism.


The paper deals with archaeological findings on the territory of the Penza Governorate in the 19th - beginning of 20th centuries based on the materials of the State Archive of the Penza Region. To compare the information obtained with the published data, the study used published sources such as: the Reports of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, the description of antiquities of the Governorate (A.A. Spitsyn, 1925) and other sources. The process of archaeological study of the Penza Governorate in the pre-revolutionary period depended on the activities of the provincial statistical committee, the provincial scientific archival commission, independent researchers and the provincial administration. As a result a set of archaeological discoveries made on the territory of the Penza Governorate in the 19th - beginning 20th centuries was drawn up. The list of findings includes facts of the discovery revealed in the research of archaeological sites and individual artifacts with indication of detection time, place and composition of the find or treasure. According to the research, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, 148 evidence of found antiquities were revealed. Coins, Stone Age tools, jewelry and other items had different destinies: they remained in the hands of the finders, were sold, melted down, settled in scientific organizations and museums of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Penza. In most cases, the treasures were returned to the finders, and less often they were transferred to the metropolitan museums and given a reward for them. The issues raised in the paper are inextricably linked with the problem of accounting and protection of archaeological monuments and preservation of cultural heritage.


Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is not uncommon in the head-and-neck region. The nonspecific symptomology mimicking benign or inflammatory lesions result in delayed diagnosis, often in advanced stage, mandating multimodal therapy. Moreover, this delayed diagnosis may contribute to poor outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study is to share our experience in managing RMS affecting head-and-neck region. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of six cases treated at a tertiary care institute. Results: Four cases diagnosed to have RMS of the paranasal sinus, one case involving the temporal bone, and one case with tumor presenting in the nasopharynx underwent treatment. Spinal metastasis was detected in two patients. A 5½-year-old child presenting with RMS temporal bone had the longest period of follow-up. Conclusion: This paper presents a series of six such cases that were treated by the senior author. Embryonal RMS of the temporal bone survived for more than 7 years and is on follow-up. Alveolar variant of RMS has a poor survival of >3 years in our series.


Poly(urethane-isocyanurate)s were synthesized by reacting toluene diisocyanate and poly(propylene glycol) with various stochiometric ratios (1–3) in the presence of different concentrations of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and ferric acetylacetonate (FeAA). The influence of the NCO/OH ratio and the catalyst type and concentration on the extent of urethane and isocyanurate formation were examined using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. No trimer formation was observed in the presence of the FeAA catalyst. The percentage of the trimer group and the trimer/urethane content were found to be increased with increasing the stochiometric ratio or DBTDL concentration. The thermal decomposition of the copolyurethanes in an inert atmosphere was studied by means of thermogravimetry (TG). The TG curves showed three decomposition steps with the principal degradation temperature at about 355–385°C. The effects of the NCO/OH ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and heating rate on the thermal stability of the copolyurethanes were determined. The Flynn–Wall, Kissinger, and Ozawa methods were used to calculate the activation energies of thermal decomposition. The swelling behavior of solid copolyurethanes in toluene showed that, as the DBTDL concentration and/or NCO/OH ratio increased, the swelling ratio and average molecular weight between crosslinks were decreased whereas the crosslink density was increased. The sol fraction of solid copolyurethanes was examined and found to be reduced when the percentage of DBTDL or the stochiometric ratio was raised. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 963–972, 2003


Objective To discuss stability of mixture of Vitamin K1 and VitaminC et in the glucose injection.Methods A HPLC method was applied to determine concentration of Vitamin K1 in the mixture and to observe the change of mixture at the appearance,pH,particulate and concentration.The column was Hypersil BOS C18(4.6mm×200mm,5um),the mobil phase was ethanol absolute-aether(95:5)and detected wave-length was 254nm,the flow rate was 1.0ml/min;Results In the 5 hours Vitamin K1 had obvious change at the appearance,pH,particulate and concentration.Conclusion It is not stability to the mixture of Vitamin K1 and VitaminC,Inosine et in the glucose injection.The Vitamin K1 used singleness in the glucose injection.


Several techniques for human activity recognition (HAR) in a smart indoor environment have been developed and improved along with the rapid advancement of sensor technologies. However, recognizing multiple people's activities is still challenging due to the complexity of their activities, such as parallel and collaborative activities. To address these challenges, we propose a transformer with a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (GRU) deep learning (DL) method, called TRANS-BiGRU, to efficiently learn and recognize different types of activities performed by multiple residents. We compare the proposed model with the state-of-the-art models and various DL models, such as Ensemble2LSTM (Ens2-LSTM), bidirectional GRUs (Bi-GRU), and traditional machine learning (ML) models, such as support vector machine (SVM). Our experimental results based on the center for advanced studies in adaptive system and ARAS public data sets show that our model significantly outperforms the existing models for complex activity recognition of multiple residents.


A study was conducted on the outbreak of blue tongue (BT) disease in sheep flock maintained in farm (Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Andhra Pradesh) and under field conditions (around Palamner). The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates due to BT disease were 5.45, 1.09 and 20.00%, respectively in farm flock and 27.14, 9.71 and 35.79%, respectively in farmers 'flocks. Among the pregnant animals, abortion rate was 42.86 and 46.67%, in farm and farmers 'flocks respectively.


This diploma thesis discusses the methods of multi-criteria assessment. The goal of this work is to discuss individual multi-criteria assessment method variants and propose the options for their use for the field of safety practice. The work includes specification and definition of the field of multi-criteria assessment and classification of individual methods. It also explains individual multi-criteria assessment method variants from the aspect of the field of the integrated rescue system, crisis management and protection of property. The last part proposes options for use of multi-criteria assessment methods under the conditions of the integrated rescue system, crisis management and protection of property and people.


From about 1930 on various scattered notes appeared from time to time, pointing out certain radio effects that probably resulted from meteors. However, the real birth of the serious observation of meteors by radio took place on the night of October 9–10, 1946, when the Giacobinid meteor shower returned in considerable strength. This was observed with re-built World-War II radar equipment in both England and the U.S.A., and the results achieved left no doubt concerning the value of the new technique in meteoric astronomy. Figure 1 illustrates two historic examples of meteor echoes recorded in England on this occasion (Appleton and Naismith, 1947; Hey et al. , 1947). Since this date the field has expanded rapidly. Useful general summaries may be found in a number of monographs, e.g., Lovell (1954), McKinley (1961).


A new way of optimum presented in the paper is used to solve the question of the least squares. Whether the question is nonlinear or not is bypassed. It proves that the way is convenient and feasible after solving the linear and nonlinear question by programming.


Can it be assumed that a specific environmental constraint imposed on different species leads to a convergence in, for example, morphology? A phenotype expressed in response to external stimuli (e. ...


Not all active faults and seismogenic faults produce strong earthquake.Only few of them can produce an earthquake in tens of years.Here we specially call them as′strong earthquake-generating fault′.A strong earthquake-generating fault is not a simple plane but a slab-shaped body with a certain thickness.As the slab-shaped body has undergone multi-phase fracture,a ruptured loose inter-bed was formed.When the inter-bed is dislocated,it produces confined wave and causes strong earthquake to occur on the fault with abruptly increasing seismic intensity.Thus,important buildings must be set away from the fault.In the 1999 Jiji M7.6 earthquake in Taiwan,the Shigang Dam region designed with 0.15g could stand against the effect of 0.5g acceleration.The buildings in the region did not fall down,though they were fractured.This case is worthy to be used for reference.


Connecting with the actual situation of the cataloguing work in National Library of China,this paper analyzes some problems existing in the cataloguing work through downloading the data of Chinese books at this stage,and puts forward some methods for making correct use of downloaded data.


Investigations of some magnetic and spectroscopic properties of rare-earth ions based on approximate Hartree-Fock calculations are reported. First, a set of conventional, nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions were obtained for ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$; second, calculations for ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ were carried out in which spin-orbit coupling was directly included in the conventional Hartree-Fock equations in order to obtain some estimate of wave-function dependence on $J$ and the resulting effects on experimental quantities. These results are then used to discuss spin-orbit splittings, hyperfine interactions, and the determination of nuclear magnetic moments, the Slater ${F}^{k}(4f, 4f)$ integrals, and the crystal-field parameters, ${{V}_{n}}^{m}={{A}_{n}}^{m}〈{r}^{n}〉$, all of which depend fairly critically on the precise form of the $4f$ wave functions. Comparisons are made with experiment and with the result of previous theoretical investigations which relied on either Hartree or modified hydrogenic wave functions or on semiempirical parametrizations. The usual spin-orbit formula, $〈\frac{{r}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dr}}〉$, is found not to give agreement with experiment; the reasons for this are discussed, and some evidence is described which indicates the importance of including spin-orbit exchange terms between the $4f$ electrons and the core. The implications of this result for efforts to relate $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ integrals to experimentally observed spin-orbit coupling parameters are discussed, as is the relation (and use) of $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ integrals to the determination of nuclear magnetic moments. Our $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ values agree very closely (i.e., to within 5%) with Bleaney's parametrized values, and, hence, so do our estimates for the hyperfine interactions. A sampling of estimated rare-earth nuclear magnetic moments, based on the conventional Hartree-Fock $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ data, is given; comparison with previous estimates are made; and several causes of the uncertainty in these and all other estimates are discussed. The spectroscopic properties of these ions in a crystalline field are interpreted on the basis of the simple crystal-field theory. The $〈{r}^{n}〉$ integrals are found to be in good agreement for $n=2, 4, \mathrm{and} 6$ with the Elliott and Stevens parametrization formula, but the assumption of the constancy with $Z$ of the ${{A}_{n}}^{m}$ is not valid, as is shown by analysis of the available trichloride and ethyl-sulfate data. Systematic discrepancies between experimental and theoretical ${F}^{k}(4f, 4f)$ have been found which are similar to but greater than what has been previously observed for smaller ions. Finally, the role of spin polarization and aspherical distortions (of the closed shells and the $4f$ electrons) is indicated, particularly from the "unrestricted" Hartree-Fock point of view, and an estimate of the field due to polarization of the core electrons is given for all the ions. Results for smaller ions and their implications for the interpretation of observed rare-earth magnetic and spectroscopic properties are sketched.


In this software of agricultural drought assessment system in production index of Shanxi Province,many original data are applied,and putting data into a database is the request of the process of writing.In this paper,the methods of how to create relational database and the methods and thinking of how to put the historical data into a computer program to calculate using some specific methods of DBMS and SQL langague embeding in Visual Basic are introduced,and some relational problems are also discussed.


Accretion-induced collapse (AIC) from oxygen/neon/magnesium composition white dwarf (ONeMg WD) + stripped helium (He) star binaries is one promising channel to form peculiar neutron star objects. It has been discussed that the WD's magnetic field may alter the accretion phase in the WD binary evolution. By considering non-magnetic and sufficiently magnetized WDs, we investigate the evolution of ONeMg WD + He star binaries with detailed stellar evolution and binary population synthesis simulations. The role of the magnetically confined accretion in the possible formation pathway for like millisecond pulsars (MSPs) and magnetars is also studied. Comparing with the case of spherically symmetric accretion, the mass accumulation efficiency of the WDs is enhanced at low mass transfer rate under the magnetic confinement model. The initial parameter space of the potential AIC progenitor systems moves toward shorter orbital period and lower donor mass (but not so significantly) due to the effect of the magnetic confinement. This also allows final MSPs to have lower-mass WD companions and shorter orbital periods. There is no significant difference between the Galactic birthrates of the AIC derived with and without the magnetic confinement, which implies that the magnetic field of the WD does not dramatically change the number of ONeMg WD + He star binaries which can produce AIC. It is worth noting that these conclusions can be applied for the CO (carbon/oxgen) WD + He star binaries as progenitors of type Ia supernovae, because the accretion phases of ONeMg WDs and CO WDs are similar. The Galactic rate of magnetars possibly formed via AIC of highly magnetized WDs is 0.34 × 10−4 yr−1.


This paper presents a multi-source data integration approach for the detection and location of a geological feature causing communication between two reservoirs separated by 500 feet of non-reservoir rock. The technique used involved plotting the interpreted distance to a possible conductive fault / fracture corridor established from multiple well tests to establish it's most reasonable location. The nature and extent of the feature was constrained by available image log and seismic data.