B eliev ing th a t Dr. James Rush*a Philosophy of th e Human Voice has ex e rted a g re a te r in flu en ee on p re sen t day tren d s in th e teaohlng of speech th an i s ooomonly acknowledged* th e w r i te r began th i s re sea rch in an e f f o r t to tra o e th e teach ings of Rush from h is f i r s t p u b lic a tio n In 1627 through to modem l i t e r a t u r e . To in su re th a t such a study would in  volve only th e p r in o lp le s th a t t r u ly belong to Rush* i t was found necessary to a s c e r ta in what Rush*8 b a s ic philosophy was* and how much of i t was o r ig in a l w ith him. As a ttem pts were made to a t t r ib u te d e f in i te oonoepts to Rush** invention* th e problem beoama more involved* and an in c rease o f evidence rev ea led a need fo r broader study of th e Philosophy i t s e l f and o f th e l i t e r a tu r e which preceded i t . Then* too* i t was d iscovered th a t James R ush 's p ersonal l ib r a r y was in tac t* w ith a l l th e books and papers he had possessed . That th ese would lend considerab le l ig h t to a re -e v a lu a tio n of Rush*s vocal philosophy was obvious; hence i t was concluded th a t befo re th e f i r s t study should be undertaken* h is Philosophy should be re-exam ined in view o f th ese and o ther a v a ila b le source m a te r ia ls . Although Rush is considered one of th e e a r ly American p ioneers no t only in th e f i e ld of speech* b u t in psychology as w ell* th e re has p rev io u sly been l i t t l e e f f o r t to d iscover p re c ise ly what Rush b e lie v e d . I t i s hoped th a t t h i s re sea rch w i l l f i l l the need fo r a re v e la tio n of h is tru e meaning. In a ttem pting to make accu ra te judgments of Rush's oonoepts* o th e r p u b lic a tio n s of h is were examined* p a r t ic u la r ly The A nalysis of th e Human I n te l l e c t . Although t h i s book was not published u n t i l 1866* i t had been begun in 1618, e ig h t years b efo re Hush completed h ie work on the v o ice . I t i u In fo rm ulating h is ideas concerning th e i n t e l l e c t th a t he had seen th e need f o r d esc rib in g vocal phenomena} th e vooal Philosophy# th erefo re# became P a r t One of h is a n a ly s is o f the Human I n t e l l e c t . An understand ing of th e f a c t t h a t the Philosophy of th e Human Voice was an outgrowth of t h i s s tudy of th e mind, and an outgrowth of a g en era l p h y s io lo g ica l approach to both th e mind and th e vo ice , is e s s e n t ia l to an understanding of h is t ru e concept of vooal a n a ly s is . To compare Kush's w ritin g w ith th a t of h is p red ecesso rs , c a re fu l study was made of th e p u b lic a tio n s of John Mason, 1748} Lord Monboddo, 1774} Charles Avis on, 1775; S ir Joshua S te e le , 1775; W illiam Cockin, 1775; John F o s te r , 1761; Henry Hone of Karnes, 1765; Thomas Sheridan, 1765; John W alker, 1781; James Burgh, 1781; Kbeneser P o r te r , 1824; and Jonathan B arber, 1825. These a re only th e more im portant of th e au tho rs whose w ritin g s have co n trib u ted to th is s tudy . Perhaps th e most unusual source m a te r ia l u t i l i s e d is R ush 's personal n o ta tio n s in th e margins of h is own copies of th e books in h is l ib r a r y . Much l ig h t is thrown on Rush's a t t i tu d e toward c e r ta in w r ite rs and th e i r b e l ie f s by h is c a u s tic c r i t ic is m s , and by h is occasional eager agreem ent, lewspaper comments, and m a te r ia l in unpublished m anuscripts of Rush a lso aided in th e f u l l e r understanding of h is work. In a d d itio n to a chap ter on h is to r ic a l and b io g ra p h ic a l background, and an Appendix which includes an unpublished s e c tio n from th e second e d it io n of the Philosophy c a lle d HTo th e Reader," found In the P r in te r 's Copy to th a t e d i t io n , t h i s s tudy includes the answers to two main questions* F i r s t , what were R ush 's re a c tio n s to previous s tu d ie s on Voice? Second, in the l ig h t of h is so u rces , hour may H ush's a n a ly s is be re -e v a lu a te d to show: (a) h is b a s ic philosophy; (b ) h is o r ig in a l c o n tr ib u tio n s ; and (o) h is a d ap ta tio n and use of the previous s tu d ie s of th e vo ioef th e f i r s t question is answered to th e e f f e c t th a t Rush thought alm ost a l l previous w r i te rs based th e i r observations on in s u f f ic ie n t d a ta , and t r e a te d only p o rtio n s of th e voice system* However, Rush accepted and used any e x is tin g concept th a t seemed in h is judgment to be sound* Saeh p o r t of th e second q u estio n is answered separate ly* In sub s tance the answers re v e a l th a t R ush 's b a s ic philosophy i s th e r e s u l t of p h y s io lo g ica l in q u iry in to , p r im a rily , th e fu n c tio n in g of th e mind, and seco n d arily in to th e ex p ressio n of th e voice* The r e s u lt in g systsm , in a d d itio n to proving th a t such on a n a ly s is of voice and mind could be mode* fu rn ish e s a p lan fo r th e t r a in in g of the m ental power to observe n a tu re and th e g en era l cap ac ity of vocal expression* R ush's o r ig in a l co n trib u  tio n s a re a s so c ia te d m ainly w ith h is concept of th e "R adical and Vanishing Movement »n b u t include in p a r t ic u la r a c la r i f i c a t io n of nom enclature, a d o c trin e of s y lla b ic a t io n , a system of a lp h ab e tic elem ents, and a b e l ie f in th e a p e e if io in te rv a l of in fle c tio n * Other concep ts, such as those concerning ac c e n t, q u a n tity , rhythm, cadence, pause, p i tc h , q u a li ty , fo rc e , and em phasis, a re no t o r ig in a l w ith Rush, b u t a re ad ap ta tio n s of the ideas s e t down by h is p redecesso rs. The answering of th ese questions produces sev e ra l by-produots w hich in d ic a te the s ig n if ic a n c e of th e p resen t find ings* I t is seen th a t the o r ig in a l co n trib u tio n s of Rush a re no t the oonoepts fo r which he is noted today ; I t is shown th a t Rush is aoo red ited w ith o r ig in a tin g c e r ta in concepts which th is study rev ea ls to be only ad ap ta tio n s of e x is t in g id e a s) and, i t i s dem onstrated th a t Rush is n o t p roperly understood today conoerning h is b e l ie f th a t E locu tion should be tau g h t by t ra in in g th e mind to g re a te r observation of n a tu ra l phenomena, and th a t only by t r a i n  ing the voice to p o te n t ia l oapaoity fo r e lo c u tio n o&n a o tu a l vooal ex p ress io n be a t ru e to o l of nature* This research has undertaken to ev a lu a te R ush 's more profound philosophy and h is b a s ic oonoepts* I t shows th a t many vague p resen t-d ay in te rp re ta t io n s of h is teach in g s a re based on sketchy , in accu ra te Ideas of h is "system ." I t i s an e f f o r t to p re se n t a f a i th f u l and unprejud iced ev a lu a tio n of Rush, designed to provoke a more in te n s iv e study and a p p re c ia tio n of h is Philosophy of the Human Voice*


The present paper has the objective to report the case of a neuropath infant that presented transitory hiperthyrotropinemia and alteration of 17-OH progesterone after surgical stress aggravated with septic shock and distributive. The information were obtained by medical records' revision, interview with patient's parents, by accompaniment of its evolution, registering of diagnosis methods, those that the patient was submitted during many admissions, and literature's reviews. The reported case and the literature review show that are frequent changed and instable TSH values, as well as alterations of 17-OH-progesteron, due to many factor, among which surgical stress and inflammatory ones. In this patient's case, neurological factors as inborn errors of metabolism even when not diagnosed can interfere on the child's homeostasis. Descriptors: Hypothyroidism; Adrenal; Metabolism inborn errors, Infant.


We present the case of a 45-year-old woman, with a vaginal wall mass, no urinary system involvement, and only mild symptoms. Local excision was performed. Morphological analysis revealed a leiomyoma. This location is unusual. Local recurrences are exceptional and no cases of metastasis have been described. The etiology has not been clearly established.


Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to participate in the molecular mechanism of human cancers. This study investigates the role of circRNA hsa_circ_0000515 in gastric cancer (GC) cells and the underlying mechanism associated with microRNA-615-5p (miR-615-5p). qRT-PCR analysis
 showed the upregulation of hsa_circ_0000515 and downregulation of miR-615-5p in GC cell lines. Loss-of-function experiments indicated that suppression of hsa_circ_0000515 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Dual-luciferase reporter assay highlighted that hsa_circ_0000515
 was able to act as a ceRNA of miR-615-5p. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0000515 could interact with splicing factors and bind miR-615-5p to regulate progression of GC cells. Deficiency of miR-615-5p reverses the inhibitory roles of si-hsa_circ_0000515 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion
 of GC cells. The findings highlighted the promising uses of hsa_circ_0000515 as a likely novel target for gastric cancer treatment.


Studies on lotic zooplankton are in many ways less advanced than those on the standing waters. The relatively poor state of knowledge on lotic zooplankton is partly due to economic reasons. The aquaculture industry has been on the whole less interested in the zooplankton of rivers and streams than those of lakes and reservoirs and so fewer scientists have worked on the former. The special features of the lotic habitats are that the changes in environment are often more rapid and less predictable and are influenced by factors such as flood and desication which frequently playa major role. Further, studies of stream plankton need much more effort than those in lentic habitat. Many wetland biologists consider zooplankton to be transients of the river biota, washed from lakes, ponds and backwaters. However, sufficient examples are available in literature indicating that the zooplankton of a river form an integral part of the lotic community and contribute significantly to the biological productivity of this ecosystem (Hutchinson, 1967; Hynes, 1970).


AAAS ANNUAL MEETINGST. LOUIS, MISSOURI-- Ancient evidence from the sea floor suggests that the ocean surface some 90 million years ago was hotter than the water in a hot tub--and that climate modelers are underestimating the link between carbon dioxide and warming--researchers reported at the AAAS annual meeting, held here from 16 to 20 February. ([Read more][1].)

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5764/1095a


Provided is a backlight device having improved heat dissipating performance. The backlight device (20) is provided with a fluorescent lamp (90), a reflection sheet (80), a backlight chassis (50), a power supply substrate (60) to be attached to a main body section (51) of the backlight chassis, a tuner substrate (61) and an inverter substrate (62). The power supply substrate, the tuner substrate and the inverter substrate are arranged between the reflection sheet and the main body section of the backlight chassis.


Sesame crackers (Kuih Bijan), a Malay popular traditional snack in Malaysia, is produced by deep frying sesame coated dough balls that are made from glutinous rice flour, sugar and water as the main ingredients. In this paper, the effect of different frying temperature (150, 170 and 190°C) and frying time (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 min) on colour change of the uncoated sesame cracker's dough balls using electrical deep-fryer was investigated. The results showed that the mean values of redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), browning index (BI) and total colour change (ΔE) were found to increase significantly (P<0.05) with elevating frying temperature and frying time as shown in 170 and 190°C. However, the change of all these parameters is less significant at 150°C. Keyword: Colour; Dough balls; Deep-frying; Frying temperature; Time


A case-control study of 24 eyes with endophthalmitis and orbital signs at presentation (defined as ocular motility restriction and/or presence of "T" sign on ultrasonography) was conducted between January 2000 and December 2006. The control group constituted 40 age-and sex-matched eyes with endophthalmitis presenting without orbital signs. Optimal structural outcome was defined as resolution of inflammation and infection. Adverse structural outcome was defined as development of phthisis bulbi or need for evisceration or development of retinal detachment. Optimal functional outcome was defined as improvement in postoperative visual acuity to 3/60 or better. The Pearson chi-square test was used with appropriate significance (