Patients with acute brain trauma often hyperventilate spontaneously 12, 33. Chronic spontaneous hyperventilation is also noted frequently in patients who have suffered brain trauma, and such patients retain their responsiveness to carbon dioxide [4] . Since the carbon dioxide responsiveness of the respiratory center has not been determined in patients with acute head injuries and spontaneous hyperventilation, we measured the respiratory response to added dead space (VD) in such subjects. We studied 10 patients between the ages of 16 and 84 years who had suffered severe head trauma or hemorrhage within the preceding 24 hours. These patients were already intubated, were receiving oxygen-enriched gas, and were spontaneously hyperventilating (mean P a c q , 27.6 t 1.4 torr; P a q , 142 2 44.9; pH, 7.48 * 0.01). Rather than increase the F k O z in graded fashion, we interposed airway dead space between the endotracheal tube and a Rudolph one-way valve as described by Giebel [ 11. The expired gas volume was measured utilizing a Wright LD 1000 spirometer. Measurements of heart rate, systemic blood pressure, P a q , P q q , p H , minute ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were determined after a 15-minute control period. Following these control measurements, 100 rnl of artificial dead space was added. After 15 minutes of equili-


The masticatory muscles are the ones of particular academic interest: they are the principal effectors for the various jaw movements during the act of mastication; also they cause intricate changes in facial blood distribution and in dental occlusion during the act of mastication and various facial expressions. Of the masticatory muscles the temporal muscle is especially rich in morphological variations in terms of race, individual, laterality, sex and age. Many papers have been published on the muscle not only in the discipline of anatomy but in those of oral surgery, otorhinolaryngology and dentistry. Most of them put emphasis on its functional aspect rather than its morphological aspect. Few have reported on the morphology of the temporal muscle, and fewer on the subject in relation to the process of its development and growth. In this paper the author investigates the growth of the temporal muscle morthometrically in relation to the one of the skull : the former is represented by the elevation of the inferior temporal line which delineates the limit of origin of the muscle ; the latter by both Martin-Sal-ler's and the author's parameters of measurements of the skull. The materials examined were 21 juvenile and 52 adult Indian skulls, which are divided by Hamada's method of classifying according to dental eruption into four classes : 12 skulls in the late deciduous dentition stage (three to five years of age), five in the early mixed dentition (six to seven years of age), four in the middle mixed dentition (eight to nine years of age) and 52 in the permanent dentition (15 to 35 years of age). The following results were obtained :1) The Indian skulls show gradual growth from the late deciduous to the early mixed dentition stage, more gradual growth from the early to the middle mixed dentition stage and rapid growth from the middle mixed to the permanent dentition stage. 2) The temporal muscle in terms of the inferior temporal line also follows the same growth pattern. 3) The inferior temporal line is relatively higher in adult than in juvenile skulls. This indicates that the temporal muscle enlarges up the side of the skull in response to the increased demands of mastication consequent upon the eruption of teeth. The origin of the muscle wanders forwards and upwards in the late deciduous to the early mixed dentition stage, but largely back


Deng Xiaoping's idea of ruling the country by law is the cornerstone of Deng Xiaoping's Theory,which can be highly generalized as the follows: governing the country by law instead of personal preference;building up the sound relationship between democracy and legal system,ruling party and law,administration and law;enforcing the law and punishing the law violators strictly.All the above theories solve the problems of why we should carry out the ruling by law,and how.It is of great significance to insist Deng Xiaoping's idea for fully putting the law of rule into effect and putting forward socialist political civilization.


Space time adaptive processing (STAP) is an excellent technique for improving ground moving target detection performance of airborne radar. However, covariance matrix estimation required by STAP is commonly corrupted by the presence of target-like signals (i.e. outliers), and thus resulting severe performance degradation. To overcome this problem, a robust non-homogeneity detector based on reweighted adaptive power residue is developed, where an adaptively reweighted scheme is employed to training data set. Therefore, the deleterious effect of outliers on the covariance estimation is eliminated and the robustness of the non-homogeneity detector is guaranteed. Performance analysis using the simulated and measured data validates that the proposed method can effectively remove outliers from the training data and improves the radar detection performance in a dense target environment.


This book examines whether and how children should be involved in the process of resolving family law disputes. Although there is widespread acceptance in the Western world that the views of children should be taken into account, and that the weight given to those views should depend on their age and maturity, there is much less agreement about how children's voices should be heard and the purposes for which they are to be heard. This book examines these issues, drawing upon empirical data from interviews which explore the views and experiences of children, parents, counsellors, mediators, lawyers, and judges involved in such disputes in Australia. Most parents, children, and professionals were in favour of giving children a say, while not allowing them to make the decision. There were, however, quite different rationales for this. Mediators and family report writers, for example, emphasized the enlightenment that can come from giving children a say, while lawyers were more concerned with assessing the competence of children to make rational choices. There was also a general consensus among parents and professionals that giving children a say in resolving family law disputes also involved dangers. On the basis of this research, the book suggests ways in which children can better be heard without placing them at the centre of their parents' conflicts. Children might be given a say in some kinds of decisions much more than others and they should not be asked to choose between their parents competing positions. A major rationale for listening to children in family law disputes is that it provides a window upon children's worlds.


This paper deals with arail joint gap sensor having two detecting coils across to the exciting coil. The sensor, designed for ordinary railways, is able to detect flux change due to eddy current in the rail. The key points of this paper are as follows: (1) principle of measurement by the rail joint gap sensor with two detecting coils across to the exciting coil, (2) rail joint gap sensor use of resonance, (3) and the possibility of rail joint gap measurements for track inspection car with in high lift-off.


Symmetric drug‐related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) is a cutaneous drug reaction characterized by gluteal/anogenital erythema and symmetric involvement of other intertriginous location(s) without systemic signs. Clinicopathologic characterization has been limited to case reports and small series. We describe 19 new cases and review the literature to better define the clinical and histopathologic spectrum of SDRIFE.


Ultraviolet irradiation of a solution of [Ru(NCMe)(CO)2(η-C5H5)][BF4] in MeCN affords [Ru(NCMe)2(CO)(η-C5H5)][BF4](1) in high yield. The acetonitrile ligands in complex (1) are substitution labile and reaction with buta-1,3-diene, isoprene, 1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diene, and cyclohexa-1,3-diene gives the complexes [Ru(η4-1,3-diene)(CO)(η-C5H5)][BF4]. An X-ray crystallographic study on the cyclohexa-1,3-diene cation established that the molecule adopts an exo configuration, the C6 ring showing substantial folding. Whereas trans-penta-1,3-diene reacts with complex (1) to form an analogous complex, cis-penta-1,3-diene affords an isomeric mixture of exo and endo isomers of both the cis- and trans-penta-1,3-diene complexes. This is discussed in terms of a hydrogen-shift process involving a RuII→ RuIV redox reaction. Cyclo-octa-1,3-diene does not react with complex (1), however, both cyclo-octa-1,5-diene and cyclo-octatetraene react to form [Ru(η4-1,5-C8H12)(CO)(η-C5H5)][BF4] and [Ru(η4-C8H8)(CO)(η-C5H5)][BF4], u.v. irradiation of the latter complex affording [Ru(η6-C8H8)(η-C5H5)][BF4]. This is possibly related to a close relationship between the fragments Ru(CO)(η-C5H5)+ and Cr(CO)4. Reaction of the buta-1,3-diene and isoprene cations with Li[CuPh2] and Na[BH3(CN)] respectively affords η3-allyl complexes. An X-ray crystallographic study on the η3-cyclohexenyl complex, [Ru(η3-C6H9)(CO)(η-C5H5)], obtained on reaction of the cyclohexa-1,3-diene cation with Na[BH3(CN)] showed that the C6 ring adopts a boat conformation. Consideration of this observation along with 1H n.m.r. data is used to show that nucleophilic reagents attack the opposite face of the C6 ring to which the ruthenium is bonded. The cyclo-octa-1,5-diene complex reacts with Na[BH3(CN)] to form a 1,4,5-η3-C8H13 complex, which does not isomerise to a 1,2,3-η3-bonded species.


The articles discusses the future of islamic civilization in the aspect of
its rationality. Moslim community condition as recorded in the history
700 years ago, it doesn't seem a dynamic in its development for now
days. Science and technology can not rapidly develops and the future
of ummah depends their fate. After the XIII age AD, the condition of
ummah reveales to us that Islam bring them (umma) to passive and
surrender attitude. They do not play the important roles in deciding
their good condition now and in the future. A high awarded to the
rationality arises a various theology or philosophy that has rational
character in Islam.


The dynamic of dry matter accumulation and distribution of various plant parts, the correlation between them with the yield, and their heterosis by comparing the hybrids to their male-parent from the level of per stem during the panicle heading to grain filling in 25 two-line hybrid rices were studied. The results showed: The variability of the dry matter accumulation and distribution was different among each hybrid, match on the whole, dry matter accumulation of leaf and stem-sheath was the greatest at flowering stage, while that of panicle and stem-plant peaked at the end of filling stage. The proportion of dry matter of leaf and stem-sheath of most hybrids appeared downtrend from the day of panicle heading, while that of panicle ascended at all times. Stem-sheath was the main dry matter storage organ from the 1 to 7 days after heading, while panicle changed into the main dry matter storage organ at 14 days after heading. The correlation between per panicle yield with leaf dry matter after heading was positive, and the correlation coefficient was high from 1 to 7 days. The correlation between per panicle yield with stem-sheath dry matter at 1 day was positive too, while it changed into negative from 7 days after heading. The correlation between per panicle yield with panicle dry matter and the whole stem-plant parts after heading were positive. The correlation between per panicle with dry matter distribution of various plant parts after heading was basically consistent with that of dry matter accumulation. Dry matter accumulation of leaf, stem-sheath, stem-plant of most hybrid matches appeared negative male-parent heterosis, while that of panicle showed positive, and male-parent heterosis of per stem grain yield and seed-setting rate appeared different on the basis of different hybrids.


Our aim was to develop a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate vitamin K intake in patients receiving warfarin. We conducted a cross-sectional study. The FFQ was designed based on a literature review, and included foods containing ≥ 5 μg/100 g consumed by the study group. The correlation between the intake of vitamin K estimated by the questionnaire and habitual intake measured by two 24-hour dietary recalls was assessed, as well as correlations between FFQ, International Normalized Ratio (INR) and serum vitamin K levels. The mean intake of vitamin K, estimated by the FFQ, was 112.6± 82.7 μg/day, and the habitual dietary intake estimated by 24-hour dietary recalls was 85.1±75.5 μg/ day, with a significant correlation between both methods (r= 0.756; p< 0.001). There was no correlation between FFQ and INR (r= 0.054; p= 0.716), or between FFQ and serum vitamin K (r= -0.005; p= 0.982). The strong correlation between vitamin K intake measured by FFQ and habitual dietary intake measured by 24-hour dietary recalls suggests that the FFQ can be used to estimate vitamin K intake.


To compare prospective motion correction (PMC) and retrospective motion correction (RMC) in Cartesian 3D‐encoded MPRAGE scans and to investigate the effects of correction frequency and parallel imaging on the performance of RMC.


The paper reviews the importance of particle size analysis in cement production and how new technology can help in the development of standard operating procedures to produce stable, transferable protocols for laboratory-based measurements.


By far the most important database to help us determine the engineering questions we need to address comes from the Apollo experience. In combing through the Apollo Mission Reports and Technical Debriefings there are numerous references to the problems caused by lunar dust during the missions. These have been sorted into nine classes of difficulties.


An analytical study was carried out using the 3-D explicit finite element (FE) code MSC/DYTRAN to analyse geometric nonlinear impact problems. The panel under investigation has an impact window of 90 x 80 mm with simple support boundary condition. T300/914 preimpregnated unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy composite material was used and the lay-up sequence was [(0/90/45/45){3}]{s}. The nominal skin thickness was 3 mm. The impactor was modelled using solid elements and was excited by assigning an initial velocity. Damage analyses were undertaken using the Chang-Chang failure criteria implemented within MSC/DYTRAN together with degradation models. The progressive impact damage scenario was simulated, enabling the prediction of matrix and fibre failure. Low and high velocity cases were studied under low energy impact, significantly different behaviours were observed. It is concluded that MSC/DYTRAN is an appropriate tool for analysing impact in thin-skinned carbon fibre materials.


A starting material powder comprising particles of W, or a starting material powder blended from a powder of W particles and one or more powders of alloy component particles selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and Mn, or a powder compact molded body thereof, is charged into a pressure sintering apparatus, and while applying pressure of 2.55-13 GPa, is sintered in a temperature range of 1,200°C to the melting point, to obtain a polycrystalline W sinter or polycrystalline W alloy sinter of high density and devoid of anisotropy of the microstructure, having relative density of 99% or greater, and a pore area of 0.2 area% or less, an average crystal grain diameter of 50 μm or less, and an average aspect ratio of crystal grains of 1-2.5, as measured in any cross section of the sintered compact.


There are some benefits for embedded passive devices, such as higher reliability by eliminating the solder joint failure from the surface discrete components, real-estate reduction by reducing the physical size of the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) surface area, better frequency performance by avoiding the inherent parasitic effects from current surface mount technology (SMT). Definitely, embedded passive technology has great potentials on electronic applications, but there are many problems to be resolved at the present stage, one of them is manufacturing processing. The advantages for performing the embedded passive devices in PCBA were discussed firstly. The fabrication processing for embedded resistors in the PCBA was investigated in detail thereafter. The testing results for the embedded resistors fabricated, such as resistance value distribution ranges, relativity standard deviation, product yield, manufacturing tolerance, and control ability for manufacturing process were present lastly, which show the embedded resistors fabricated have the potential to be used in multilayer PCBA in the future.


This report describes the survey of the daily production and productivity rates of county maintenance crews. The observation of work procedures illustrates the many different methods employed by maintenance crews. These observations point out that there is seldom a single procedure or maintenance operation that is fully applicable to different locations. Limitations related to design and operational characteristics of the highway, types of equipment available and a variety of other local factors influence maintenance procedures. Thus, it is evident that efficient maintenance operations depend to a great degree on management factors, particularly the ability of first and second line supervisors responsible for the planning and application of the proper combination of men, equipment, materials, and procedures for routine tasks and emergency requirements in the maintenance program. It is also apparent that standards based on work studies, directly involving crews or individual workers, give realistic and credible results and are more readily accepted by other employees. By monitoring and comparing productivity of crews in the different counties, it should be possible to identify areas where resources are not being used efficiently. The continued monitoring as well as an additional study of more field inspections of productivity, work efficiency, and maintenance adequacy of county maintenance crews is suggested.


Coordination models based on generative communication are well established for modelling interactions between agents in open systems. Because such models focus on shared data spaces and not on the active agents operating on them, they lack adequate modelling power for specifying agent behaviour. Our work is based on the Objective Linda coordination model (Kielman, 1996) which exploits generative communication and object-based modelling in order to meet the requirements of open systems. For Objective Linda, we present a high-level Petri net formalism for agent behaviour specification that combines an easily understandable, visual representation with the applicability of formal reasoning on agent behaviour. Based on this formalism, we introduce a notion of types and subtyping for active agents. We illustrate the benefits of our work on an example from open systems design.


When wireless communication technologies are used in industrial networking, interference to these wireless devices is a major problem. This problem is more in ISM bands. Using licensed bands for industrial sensors and controllers by way of opportunistic spectrum access is being explored in the recent times. But searching by these wireless devices for the available vacant spectrum is a hectic task as many of these devices are very small and operate with limited computing powers. Hence in these kinds of environments it would be better if spectrum sensing task is carried out by more capable devices like access points and share it to all the surrounding tiny wireless devices. It will be more appropriate if the available vacant spectrum details can be obtained from a server like resource. It can alleviate the sensors from carrying out such hectic spectrum sensing activity. It is explored in this work to assess the interference levels in such environments and propose a solution to access licensed bands in opportunistic manner.


An edited book is prone to suffer from a fragmented content and writing style: in addition, if such a publication refers explicitly to a specific geographical area, it faces the danger of being reduced to a simple collection of descriptive case studies. Given these inherent potential caveats, 'Mediterranean Islands and Sustainable Tourism Development' seems to perform in a satisfactory manner. In particular, the book aims to address the issue of sustainable tourism development within the context of Mediterranean islands mainly from a management, policy and planning perspective. Twenty-one contributors examine a multitude of subjects referring to the different facets of sustainability: a common analytical approach seems to hold, namely an examination of a relevant theoretical background followed by a case study on a particular island or a cross-Mediterranean comparison. The book is explicitly structured into four different parts. The prologue first overviews sustainable tourism development in 'insular Mediterranean' mostly by highlighting the main points of each subsequent section of the book (chapter 1) and then examines the interrelation between tourism, development and society (chapter 2). Part 1 discusses a number of common themes in Mediterranean tourism such as the value of natural and cultural resources (chapter 3), the crucial role of transnational tour operators (chapter 4), the impact of gender in tourism employability (chapter 5), and finally destination image and perception (chapter 6). Part 2 explores tourism practices in specific Mediterranean island groups such as the Aeolian Islands in Italy (chapter 7), the Greek Archipelagos (chapter 8), the Croatian Adriatic Islands (chapter 9), the Balearics (chapter 10), the nonisland states' major Mediterranean Islands (chapter 11), and the island states of Cyprus and Malta (chapter 12). Finally, the epilogue relates tourism to issues of public health (chapter 13) and synthesises the prc-


There is no written history of "Opera in Utah," and while references are random, they are consistently found when sought. The list of visiting operatic artists to the Beehive state is imposing, even extraordinary. Equally unexpected is the diversity of standard repertoire, and those works unique to, or composed about Utah. In turn, Utah's operatic assets have given to the world's arsenal of singers, and created an audience of unique proportions. And in the midst of these "voices" is another facet to the life of Leonard J. Arrington.


This paper presents a novel application of robust analysis on the mechanism and behavior co-optimization of a virtual high-performance monopedal robot. The analysis is tailored for the design of high-performance legged robots, and is based on realistic models with a large number of parameters, that are designed to achieve a large variety of tasks. Robust analysis takes into consideration the effects that real imperfections can have on the performance of the real design; something which is neglected in most design studies and can be crucial for certain applications. The results demonstrate that typical optimization approaches tend to over-optimize the model, which results in a theoretical performance that is practically impossible to achieve in reality. Instead, the proposed methodology takes into consideration imperfections of the real world to obtain an average performance that is less sensitive to these uncertainties, and can lead to robot designs that are closer to their design expectations.


Most early modern children are studied for their value as victims or historical objects. This article, however, argues for the narrative function of children, and consequently considers Macduff's son as a harbinger of the queer temporality of Macbeth. Even in the early modern period, children symbolized futurity, yet I contend that young Macduff's unsettling characterization fails to achieve that expectation. He oscillates between innocence and uncanny adultness, contrasting states that mark the young boy as a "queer child." I argue, therefore, that young Macduff's disrupted and disrupting life offers a microcosm of Macbeth's relation to time, revealing this minor character's overlooked structural and thematic significance.


Various substructure synthesis methods, such as component mode synthesis, building block analysis and reduced impedance method, are studied for the determination of vibration characteristics of plate problems. Comparisons are made for each methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Following conclusions are made from the results of computer simulations and experiments. i) The computation time of component mode synthesis is much shorter than that of whole structure analysis. The natural frequencies of lower modes obtained from component mode synthesis are almost same as those obtained from whole structure analysis, but in higher modes the differences between those two methods are increases. ii) The transfer function obtained from building block analysis is same as that obtained from the finite element method. iii) Same transfer functions can be obtained by the reduced impedance method. The computation time of reduced impedance mathod is shorter that that of general finite element method, but for the solutions in broad frequency band it requires long calculation time.


We would like to know whether year-to-year changes, or month-tomonth changes in crop yields or prospects are consistent with observed weather data. Generally, historical weather records extend back farther than records of crop yields. We wish to make use of weather data for the entire period of record even though yield data may be available for a much shorter period. This paper reports on an exploratory inverted matrix approach used in one phase of a crop-weather study. The application of multiple regression methods in the study of relationships between crop yields and weather factors is, of course, not new, but the large amount of computational labor involved has discouraged many workers and our people from attempting correlations studies on a very extensive scale. As pointed out by R. A. Fisher, the use of the inverse matrix solution of a set of normal equations greatly reduces the amount of computations when the same set of independent variables is used repeatedly; in addition, it serves to simplify the calculation of sampling errors of the regression coefficients. However, a large amount of computational work is still required when the various dependent variables are available for only relatively few years, and these periods vary from crop to crop because of the fact that the data or series were started at different points in time. We would like some way of utilizing all the weather and crop yield data available. Therefore, we would like to devise what might be called "generalized inverse matrix solution" for a given State or area which could be used whenever the given set of weather factors were appropriate. However, the sampling errors of the regression coefficients cannot be computed using the elements of this generalized solution where the dependent variables are used for only a subperiod. The inverse matrix solution is obtained for a given set of independent variables (i.e., weather factors) for the entire period of the weather


In vitro all the fungicides were effective in checking the growth and sporulation of Pyricularia grisea. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth was given by Tricyclazole followed by Ediphenphos and Mancozeb 65 per cent WP+Carbendazim12 per cent WP (Saff). In vivo, Ediphenphos and Tricyclazole were found effective in controlling leaf, neck and finger blast. Grain yield and cost benefit ratio were significantly higher in Ediphenphos followed by Tricyclazole, Kitazin and Mancozeb 65 per cent WP + Carbendazim12 per cent WP in Kharif 2009-10 and 2010-11. How to view point the article : Netam, R.S., Tiwari, R.K.S., Bahadur, A.N. and Shankar, Deo (2014). In vitro and in vivo efficacy of fungicides against Pyricularia grisea causing finger millet blast disease. Internat. J. Plant Protec., 7(1) : 137-142.


In this paper,it explores a kind of learning theory based on the society construcfivist from the i- dea of teaching,teaching structure building,the building of the network environment,the evaluation of the teaching network etc.It is a.kind of the geographic professional education network teaching mode in normal uni- versity with teachers in a leading role under the guidance of the"student-centered"and"autonomy,interac- five".This mode of teaching can inspire students to learn geography with great interest.It also can encourage students to be ready and be good at discovering and solving problems.It achieves the deepening of higher geogra- phy teaching reformation and achieves the objective of innovative personnel training.


In its most comiimonly enicountered formii amyloidosis occurs in conjunction with tuberculosis or chronic suppurative lesions. In this type generally known as secondary amvloidosis the amyloid (leposits are most abundant in the spleen, kidney, liver and adrenal glands. Some pathlogists such as Eisen2 claim that the earliest deposits occur in anid around the walls of capillaries, sinusoids and to a lesser extent small arteries and veins, and the substance is stained in a highly characteristic manner by iodline, Congo Red and(I suich metachronmatic dyes as methyl violet.


Three-dimension seismic exploration technique has been mature for simple over-water or over-land conditions,but does not work well for water-land transitional environment.This paper gave an example of such application to the Jining well No.3,Weishan Lake,Shandong where reeds,fish ponds and marshes are widespread on the ground,making the conditions complicated.For this reason,special technical measures have been taken during inducing and receiving,as a result,good data have been acquired.In processing,surface consistent wavelet deconvolution and surface elevation correction are used,giving rise to seismic data with higher signal-noise ratio and resolution.


PURPOSE: To prevent the absorption of lipid by using biomass for producing food, feed, a food additive, a feed additives, feed supplying matter, feed premix for chemical or chemical for oral administration. CONSTITUTION: A lipase blocking agent, especially biomass obtained by the fermenting production of lipstatin, is used for producing food, feed, a food additive, a feed additives, feed supplying matter, feed premix for chemical or chemical for oral administration. In addition, watet insoluble rough fiber added according to a desire is included. The lipase blocking agent is added to the feed depending on the lipid contents of the feed. For example, an ideal feed for a dog or a cat is produced by adding 0.1 to 100 mg to 1 g lipid, desirably 1 to 50 mg to 1 g lipid. Thereby the absorption of lipid is prevented to prevent fatness caused by fat. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


This paper argues that contemporary child and family social work in England and some other states in Europe needs an ethical 'turn'. This paper considers the facts in the Re W judgment and identifies certain features in the case that can be understood as products resulting from a particular paradigm of social work in contemporary practice. National and international implications are considered and hopeful ways forward are proffered: epistemic humility, inner dialogue, and cultivating our humanity The key message of this paper is that Re W indicates that contemporary child and family social work is dominated by an 'automatic' thinking which tends not to 'hear' the voices of actual human beings and a refocusing on ethics work is needed to put humane practice back at the heart of the social work profession. Keywords: Re W, ethics work, child and family social work, social work


Public Service Announcements (PSAs) provide a rare opportunity for American universities to brand their university to a diverse audience of viewers. Research on branding has been in the corporate world for decades, but there is still work to be done with regard to branding higher education in order to fully conceptualize the factors of significance in determining a strong institutional brand. This paper looks to address the issues of branding in higher education by exploring the themes present in PSAs aired by American universities. In study one, researchers examined current PSAs employed by National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision schools of varying academic rank to evaluate the differences in messaging approaches. In study two, the researchers conducted a framework analysis to generate an understanding of what role international themes play in PSAs of 'high-ranking' institutions. This study shows the emergence of a 'global citizenship' theme in communications originating from higher ranked institutions in the USA.


In JHS xc (1970) 196 f., Professor G. L. Huxley writes a column criticising what he takes to be a belief of mine, that seven-stringed lyres came in later than the seventh century B.C.; he says 'I hope that I do not misunderstand Dr West's contention'. I am sorry to say that I meant the opposite of what he supposes.


On the border of the XX-XXI centuries, the humankind faces the deep crisis of transitional period. It mainly connected with the elaboration of the philosophical ideas in the period of the axial epoch. The universities undergo the changes directly connected with the changes in philosophy. The number of the perspective directions outlined where reforms of the modern Russian universities and the philosophy mutually supplementary.


Occupational medicine specialists often demand an access to original medical records kept by patients' family physicians. Referring medical documentation is often not in accordance with the legislation, though the latter is neither precise nor complete. However, certain degree of professional communication between the specialists of occupational medicine and family physicians, regarding patients' medical records, is necessary. Legal, medical and forensic aspects of this communication are discussed and suggestions given for legally and professionally sustainable exchange of information between family physicians and specialists of occupational medicine. The need of legislative amendments is emphasised.


The concept of existential-humanistic approach and method of primary personality-oriented prevention of addictions was done. Science-based organizational and functional mechanism of prevention had based on a model of prevention the addictions in children and adolescents. It is found out that the leading personal and psychological mechanism of formation at school students of an emotional and activity component of motivation of refusal of addictions is the interiorization of values and meanings of «healthy lifestyle» with reduction of manifestations of psychological infantility at the expense of increase in a cognitive component and existential «responsibility transfers». After training statistically reliable difference of experimental group from control group in each of the parallels of the 8, 9 and 10 classes presented in research is revealed. The quantity increased in experimental group quiet, counterbalanced and the number of irritable, uneasy school students decreased, in control group of statistically significant changes isn't revealed. Measurement of level of uneasiness on Bek's scale showed that before preventions maintenance among pupils of the 8, 9 and 10th classes of experimental group the number of persons with low level of a depression and uneasiness made 40,66 %, and by the end of the year and their quantity increased to 52 % (р ≤ 0,007). In control group by the end of the year the number of disturbing school students decreased from 32,33 % to 24,66 % (р ≤ 0,047). Number of persons having situational uneasiness (average level) and their dynamics authentically didn't change in both groups. High level of personal uneasiness at school students of experimental group was observed in 22,33 % of cases at the beginning of a year, and in the end of the year decreased to 9,33 % (р ≤ 0,0001). The number of school students with high level of a depression and uneasiness increased in control group from 32,33 % to 39,33 % (р ≤ 0,089). Thus, the model allows to lower levels of predictors of risk of abuse of addiction's, to make active antiaddiction motivation, to gain skills of counteraction to pressure of group additive norms. Dynamics of epidemiological indicators of the main addiction's diseases and frustration in 1999-2003 (years of forming experiment) and 2004-2011 (a stage of long supervision) across Mezhdurechensk in comparison with three control cities of the Kemerovo region where such work wasn't carried out was analyzed. The received epidemiological results in dynamics in 10years in the experiment region in comparison with control territories and with the Kemerovo region allowed to describe a scientific and practical phenomenon «social stability of positive effect of measures of primary prevention of dependence on addictions» which is characterized by steady statistically reliable decrease in addiction's morbidity and incidence among the population.


Thanks to the wide adoption of GPS-equipped devices, the volume of collected spatial data is exploding. To achieve interactive exploration and analysis over big spatial data, people are willing to trade off accuracy for performance through approximation. As a foundation in many approximate algorithms, data sampling now requires more flexibility and better performance. In this paper, we study the spatial independent range sampling (SIRS) problem aiming at retrieving random samples with independence over points residing in a query region. Specifically, we have designed concise index structures with careful data layout based on various space decomposition strategies. Moreover, we propose novel algorithms for both uniform and weighted SIRS queries with low theoretical cost and complexity as well as excellent practical performance. Last but not least, we demonstrate how to support data updates and trade-offs between different sampling methods in practice. According to comprehensive evaluations conducted on real-world datasets, our methods achieve orders of magnitude performance improvement against baselines derived by existing works.


DOI: 10.21276/sjmps.2018.4.4.1 Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia is widely prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide, resulting in oxidative stress which in turn leads to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus and ageing. Oxidative stress and iron levels were studied in 84 subjects, 36 of whom were anemic (Hb <11 gm/dl) and 48 healthy subjects who were taken as controls. In these subjects serum iron, Total Antioxidant Capacity, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels were estimated. In the present study it was found that anemic subjects had higher oxidative stress as compared to controls and female anemia subjects were more affected than males. Preventive action may help in reducing the morbidities caused by the oxidative stress.


What is the central question of this study? Why does blood pressure increases during cold air exposure? Specifically, what is the contribution of skin and skeletal muscle vascular resistance during whole body versus isolated face cooling? What is the main finding and its importance? Whole‐body cooling caused an increase in blood pressure through an increase in skeletal muscle and cutaneous vascular resistance. However, isolated mild face cooling caused an increase in blood pressure predominately via an increase in cutaneous vasoconstriction.


Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate the detection rate of prostate cancer by digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels followed by standard 12-core transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods: After screening of patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) using DRE and serum PSA level, we enrolled patients for TRUS-guided 12-core prostate biopsy. Indications included PSA level ≥4 ng/ml and/or suspicious DRE findings. A retrospective analysis was done to find out the correlation between suspicious rectal examination and various serum PSA levels in detection of cancer prostate. Results: A total of 847 patients were screened for cancer prostate during our study period (May 2012–February 2020). Among them, 823 patients who underwent prostate biopsy were analyzed. Prostate cancer was detected in 330 cases (40.09%). Mean age of patient (years) with and without prostate cancer was 66.25 ± 9.45 and 64.3 ± 8.96 years, respectively. Median value of serum PSA in patients positive for cancer was 33 ± 260 ng/ml compared to patients without cancer, who had a median value of 9 ± 64 ng/ml (P-value of <0.0001). The detection rate of cancer based on suspicious DRE findings irrespective of PSA was 52.18% (251/481), compared to 45.46% (311/684) using a PSA cut-off of ≥4.0 ng/ml alone. Among 330 patients with positive biopsy, 19 (5.75%) had a PSA level <4 ng/ml and they were identified based on suspicious DRE alone. Conclusion: Suspicious DRE was significantly associated with detection of prostate cancer across all PSA levels. Patients with PSA <4 can harbor prostate malignancy and such cases can be detected by use of DRE in screening of all patients with LUTS.


The singularity expansion method (SEM) has been applied to determine the current and charge induced on a system of perpendicular crossed cylinders. The SEM characteristics of this structure have been studied as the various parameters are varied. The time domain response of one particular geometry has been obtained by SEM and compared to that determined by the more conventional frequency domain analysis and Fourier inversion.


available data suggests that alexithymia could be highly prevalent and independent from disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and it could affect disease management and symptom perception, which may in turn have an impact on health-related quality of (HRQOL). aim this study to assess the influence of alexithymia on HRQOL 95% CI: 1.98 5.65), depressive symptoms (OR=3.65, 95% CI: 1.89 7.08), and presence of a psychiatric disorder (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.27 4.20) were risk factors for poor quality of life. Conclusions: This study shows a high prevalence of alexithymia in IBD. In addition, alexithymia is a significant predictor of HRQOL in patients with IBD.


Vibration of two-directional functionally graded sandwich (2D-FGSW) Timoshenko beams under a moving harmonic load is investigated. The beams consist of three layers, a homogeneous core and two functionally graded skin layers with the material properties continuously varying in both the thickness and length directions by power functions. A finite element formulation is derived and employed to compute the vibration characteristics of the beams. The obtained numerical result reveals that the material inhomogeneity and the layer thickness ratio play an important role on the natural frequencies and dynamic response of the beams. A parametric study is carried out to highlight the effects of the power-law indexes, the moving load speed and excitation frequency on the vibration characteristics of the beams.  The influence of the beam aspect ratio on the vibration of the beams is also examined and discussed.


Measures to foster longer-term cooperation between science and industrial actors represent a significant part of the innovation policy portfolio. Governments support these links to achieve economies of scope and scale, to overcome disincentives of transaction costs and knowledge spillovers and to provide support for knowledge transfer. The evaluations of collaborative schemes share several challenges common to the evaluation of other innovation support schemes, such as problems of time lag, spillovers and behavioural effects, with the added challenge of defining the scope of impact across and beyond the cooperation. Providing a broad evidence base, the chapter nevertheless focuses on a number of extensive evaluations of high-level R&D collaboration. The chapter provides a set of general lessons for the design and implementation of collaborative support instruments, such as alignment of collaboration programmes with other programmes, some provision of formation and education within the programme, and support of managing collaboration projects while keeping bureaucracy at a minimum. Future evaluations of collaboration programmes need to take account of the specificities of each programme and its context much better, and need more convincing ways of demonstrating the causality and contribution of programmes.


The third language acquisition(TLA) is closely related to second language acquisition(SLA) and further it has a richer and more complicated connotation.Because they are facing three different cultures,TLA learners are more easily affected by cultural differences.This special phenomenon should be paid special attention to by the researchers.


To study coagulation of live liver donors with standard coagulation tests (SCT) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and investigate their relationship.


High-quality ZnO films have been grown on Zn-polar ZnO substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. With increasing O/Zn ratio from the stoichiometric to the O-rich flux condition, the growth mode and the surface morphology changed from three-dimensional growth with a rough surface to two-dimensional growth with a smooth surface. The minimum linewidth from the (1010) ω-rocking curve was 100 arcsec, and the n = 2 state of A-exciton was clearly observed in the photoluminescence at 4.2 K. Due to the reduction in the edge-type threading dislocation density, the residual carrier concentration in these homoepitaxial ZnO films was as low as 2.2×1016 cm-3, which is one order of magnitude lower than that previously reported for heteroepitaxial ZnO films.


For understanding the characteristics of structure,diversity and seasonal dynamics of soil arthropod community in Gannan section of the Daxia River wetland,an investigation was conducted at six plots in spring, summer and autumn with field sampling method. It is found that( 1) a total of 35 groups and 8 743 soil arthropod were captured,including 2 743 large-size ones and 6 000 small / medium-size ones,which belong to 3 classes,9 orders and 33 families. Large-size soil arthropod accounts for 35. 52% of the total,small / medium-size soil arthropod accounts for 64. 48% of the total. The dominant groups of large-size soil arthropod include Chironomidae and Doilchopodidae; small / medium-size soil arthropod include Sejidae,Trombidiidae,Isotoma and Proisotoma;( 2) There are significantly seasonal variation in the composition and individuals of soil arthropod community,and the sequences of seasonal dynamics of groups and individual number of the soil arthropod are characterized by autumn summer spring;( 3) The vertical distributions of the group and individual density in a soil profile are characterized by concentration in surface in the depth range of 0 ~ 5 cm and decline with depth. These results will provide useful data for ecological study of soil arthropod in arctic-alpine wetland.


We report three cases of the reconstruction for skin defects of the ankle.(Case 1) A 54-year-old woman. Skin defects of the posterior ankle were found. We performed reconstruction using the lateral calcaneal island flap.(Case 2) A 45-year-old women. Skin defects of the medial ankle were found. We performed reconstruction using the medial plantar fasiocutaneous island flap.(Case 3) A 63-year-old man. Skin defects of the anteriole ankle were found. We performed reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.


Regulation of gene expression is essential for many biological processes. Binding of transcription factors to DNA is a key regulatory step in the control of gene expression. It is commonly observed that DNA sequences with high affinity for transcription factors occur more frequently in the genome than the instances of genes bound or regulated by these factors. However, the mechanism by which transcription factors selectively identify and regulate these genes was unclear. I utilized the transcriptional control of the phosphate-responsive signaling pathway (PHO) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system to address this problem. I applied genome-wide approaches to study how the intrinsic and extrinsic influences shape the binding and regulatory landscape of Pho4, a yeast transcription factor that activates gene expression in response to phosphate limitation. I demonstrated that the DNA binding affinity of Pho4 is necessary, but not sufficient, to dictate Pho4 binding in vivo only a subset of its high affinity binding sites are bound. I found that nucleosomes significantly restrict the sites to which Pho4 binds. At nucleosome-depleted sites, competition between Pho4 and another transcription factor, Cbf1, determines Pho4 occupancy. Competition from Cbf1 also regulates transcription of PHO response: it raises the threshold for transcriptional activation by Pho4 in phosphate replete


The problem of the classification, description by the difference equations and possible models of quasihomogeneous autoregressive random fields, existing in one-dimensional space Rl, is considered. The properties of the quasihomogeneous areas as well as of the parameters changing by not the jumps areas of such fields are considered also. The quasihomogeneous areas determination algorithm is proposed.


Aging is associated with structural alterations of the hippocampus, a key region in episodic memory processes. Aerobic activity and maximal aerobic capacity (MAC), a key measure of cardiorespiratory function and a physiological adaptation of aerobic exercise, have been associated with biological and cognitive resilience of the brain. However, investigations of their relationship with the hippocampus in humans had resulted with inconsistent findings. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between lifestyle's aerobic activity and MAC and hippocampal grey and white matter structure, as well as episodic memory performance in cognitively healthy older adults. In addition, we examined the relationship between aerobic activity and MAC, and cerebrovascular pathology expressed as white matter lesions (WML). Next, we used a regression-based mediation analysis to examine possible biological pathways which may underlie the relationship between MAC and hippocampal volume, which was demonstrated in previous works, and was confirmed in the current study. Fifty cognitively healthy older adults (70.92 ± 3.9 years) were divided into aerobically active (n=27) and non-active (n=23) groups, and performed structural and diffusion MRI. Forty-two participants were also evaluated for MAC. Aerobically active lifestyle and higher MAC were associated with increased hippocampal volume and microstructural integrity, as well as increased fornix microstructural integrity, and lower WML burden (p<.05). In addition, both factors were correlated with increased episodic memory performance (p<.05). Mediation analysis revealed two pathways potentially mediating the relationship between MAC, hippocampal volume, and episodic memory – a white matter pathway consisted of WML and fornix microstructure, and grey matter pathway including hippocampal microstructure. These findings shed light on possible neurobiological mechanisms that could potentially underlie the neuroprotective effect of cardiorespiratory function and aerobic physical activity on hippocampal macrostructure and memory function in the aging human brain.


This is a brief sampling of the various types of Slavic and Eastern European materials "hidden" in the Folger Shakespeare library. Not widely considered a source for such materials, there are treasures to be found in this collection. Beyond translations of Shakespeare's works into Slavic and Eastern European languages, the Folger houses diverse slavic materials including etchings by Wenceslaus Hollar, early books and manuscripts, and modern prompt books and theatrical memorabilia.


Gardner et al. (1974) conducted a series of controlled empirical studies and determined a relationship be tween P-wave veloci ty ,^ , , and densi ty ,p , that has long been used in seismic analysis: p=aV • (1) where p is in g/cm , a is 0.31 when V is in m/s and is 0.23 when V is in ft/s and b is 0.25. Ma jo r sedimentary rocks generally def ine a nar row corridor around this prediction. The ma jo r deviations f rom this trend are anhydrites, coals, and salts. Lindseth (1979) used Gardner ' s empirical data to derive the fol lowing relationship be tween acoustic impedance and velocity: pV=(V-c)/d (2) where p is in g/cm 3 , V is in ft/s, c is 3460 and d is 0.308. This work investigates the use of Gardner ' s relationship, Lindse th ' s relationship, and a hybr id relationship (sum of the two previous equations), with both P-wave and S-wave velocities to predict density. The log data studied in this report are taken f rom the 12-16, 09-17 and 08-08 wells within the Blackfoot field located near Strathmore, Alberta. The Glauconitic member of the lower Cretaceous is of particular interest here. Within it are a shale-fi l led channel and a porous sand-fi l led channel. The sand-filled channel is the producing unit in this area. W e are interested in determining whether density estimation can be improved by the use of S-wave velocity, Vs, and h o w S-wave impedance is related to S -wave velocity. Methods and results Vp versus p plots and Vs versus p plots are generated f r o m the well logs. W e use Vs in Gardner ' s and Lindse th ' s relationships to predict density. Al though these relationships were originally developed with P -wave data, w e find that in the Gardner ' s case Vs fits the expected equations for density predictions as well or better than Vp. A polynomial that best fits the data in a least-squares sense is applied to these relationships to estimate the coeff icients a, b, c and d. Using the est imated relationships, s tandard deviations and variances were calculated. W e find that standard deviation and variance are generally smaller for Vs than for Vp in these density models for two of the three wells analyzed. Table 1 summarizes these results.


With a newly developed method the formation of naphthalene and naproxen particles by rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (RESS) is investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this work a new interaction potential model for naproxen is developed. The new simulation method allows expanding the system very close to the adiabatic curve obtained from reference equations of state, if an adequate expansion velocity is choosen. The expansion paths are also in a good agreement with paths calculated by continuum fluid dynamics simulation for the RESS process. The method shows a good reproducibility and only a small size effect. The properties of the employed potential models are investigated by simulations of liquid films. With regard to the investigated process the models well reproduce the experimental data, respectively those obtained from equation of state. Simulations of argon films over a range of 1.5 orders of magnitude in system size show that only the pressure of the liquid spinodal is affected significantly by the system size due to capillary waves. During the expansion the solubility decreases and naphthalene or naproxen particles precipitate. The heat of formation is more then compensated by the Joule-Thomson effect of the expanding solvent CO2. Therefore there is no artificial influence of a MD thermostat on the system. Expanding systems from different pre-expansion conditions were analysed according to the nucleation rates and the particle growth. The critical supersaturation is about 10 1.6 up to 10 3.4 and the nucleation rate is in the order of 10 28 cm -3 s -1 for both substances. The classical nucleation theory (CNT) predicts nucleation rates which are many orders of magnitude smaller. The underestimation of the nucleation rate is a typical behaviour of the CNT, and has already been observed for many substances in comparison to experimental and simulation results. Macroscopic models of the RESS process can be improved by rescaling the CNT using the nucleation rates obtained in this work. The annealed naproxen particles obtained in RESS simulations exhibit an\-other structure than particles which originate from solidification of liquid droplets. * original German title: "Molekulardynamische Studien zur Partikelbildung von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen mit dem RESS-Verfahren"


A well-known quartz glass crucible for crystal pulling comprises a crucible wall, comprising causing an outer layer, which is provided in an outer region with a crystallization promoter during heating of the quartz glass crucible during intended use in crystal pulling, crystallization of quartz glass with formation of cristobalite. In order to provide starting heretofore a quartz glass crucible having a long service life it is proposed that the crystallization promoter an in quartz glass - additionally to silicon - containing first component and acting as a network acting in quartz glass as a breakpoint former, alkali-metal-free second component, and in that said components in a one layer thickness included having greater than 0.2 mm doping region (8) of the outer layer (6) and enclosed therein.


We investigate effects of the finite pump beam size in optical-pump/THz probe measurements experimentally and numerically. A frequency-dependent size regime in which spectral distortion is minimal is identified and a correction method is presented.


Although the exact mechanisms involved in the causation of primary depigmentation of the skin are not known, the hypothesis of the participation of the nervous system has been considered by many writers, on the basis of indirect clinical evidence. Some cases of vitiligo show absolute (mirror image) bilateral symmetry. This distribution is difficult to explain except on the basis of central nervous system participation, that is, segmental-dermatomal arrangement. However, since the involvement of any one dermatome is usually very incomplete, the fact of dermatomal involvement has not been readily proved. The case reported here brings no final proof but does present what appears to be strong clinical evidence to support the idea that the central nervous system plays a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. REPORT OF A CASE A 28-year-old white American shoemaker, C. D., was first seen in October, 1949, presenting a large area of pigment loss involving


We describe a new expression database which contains video sequences of both played and natural expressions and an expression classification system based on warped optical flow fields and texture features. We analyze the system's generalization performance when confronted with subjects that were not present in the training set and its recognition performance when tested on natural expressions. We evaluate several techniques for combining the classifier outputs computed on single images to perform classification of a temporal sequence of expression images


The mechanical response, material properties, and mechanical failures of the lead-free solder interconnects continuously evolves and changes due to the isothermal ageing process and during thermal cycling. Therefore, it is very important to include such evolution behavior in the finite element-based evaluations of the solder thermal fatigue life analysis. The current article aims to investigate the effect of the pre-isothermal ageing on the mechanical response of the thermally cycled SAC305 lead-free interconnects utilizing finite element analysis and literature-based material parameters. Additionally, this article explores the solder creep response using two common constitutive laws, Anand and Garofalo models. The simulation results showed that the solder mechanical behavior due to thermal cycling is strongly driven by the ageing process especially for shorter time of ageing. Nonetheless, this effect becomes less effective for prolonged ageing periods. Moreover, the numerical computations proved that the solder response becomes mainly dominated by secondary creep rather than viscoplasticity when the solders are exposed to longer ageing durations. Finally, a detailed discussion on the effect of the pre-ageing process on solder plastic strains and inelastic strain energy density and hence the thermal fatigue life is presented.


At Lind, Washington, 20 insecticides were field tested as seed treatments to control wireworms in dry land wheat. Wheat was treated with a slurry method in Sept 1977. All seed treated with insecticide was pretreated with the fungicide HCB. Ragdoll germination tests were initiated 13 days following application of seed dressings and again after 6 months of storage. The field was previously in grass plots for a year followed by two years of fallow. Seed was planted in Ritzville silt loam on Nov'77 at a 30 lb/acre rate and 3/4 inch depth. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications 4 drill rows wide and 40 feet long. Two replications of each treatment were located in different blocks and were positioned by a randomized formula.


Questions

How do thermal migration distance and extreme cold events affect seedling emergence and survival in assisted migration schemes in the sub-Mediterranean context? What role does plant provenance play? Can biotic interactions such as nurse effect of the overstorey and shrub layer buffer the negative responses to plant translocation? Are any of these effects species-specific?

Location

Three pinewoods in the Catalan Pre-Pyrenees, northeast Iberian Peninsula.

Methods

We used a replicated field trial to test the early years establishment of two contrasted provenances of four Quercus species (Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. faginea and Q. pubescens) that were sown and planted along gradients of elevation and understorey microsite conditions in sub-Mediterranean pinewoods. Seedling responses to translocation were evaluated through seedling emergence, seedling survival and re-sprouting after dieback events according to seedling provenance, thermal migration distance, extreme cold events and microenvironment.

Results

The study reports high success of both the planting (with an overall 76.3% of initial 3-yr survival) and sowing (with an overall 50% of seedling emergence) experiments. The results show that: (1) the thermal migration distance and the occurrence of extreme cold events have strong effects on the responses of the translocated species (particularly the evergreen oaks); (2) the forest overstorey plays an important role in attenuating the negative effects of thermal migration distance on seedling survival; and (3) these responses are species-specific. The evergreen Quercus species showed more evidence of high ecotypic differentiation in terms of cold tolerance, enabling local provenances to respond better to translocation. In contrast, marcescent species, showed high phenotypic plasticity that led to a better overall establishment success.

Conclusion

The implementation of assisted migration is a feasible option to increase the diversity and resilience of the sub-Mediterranean pinewoods. Assisted migration programmes should manage risks by thoroughly considering thermal migration distances and the occurrence of extreme cold events when selecting species and seed sources, since Mediterranean tree species show different strategies regarding adaptation to cold. Programme managers should also consider the advantage of planting/sowing under relatively closed canopy to buffer some of the negative responses associated with translocation.


The following study spans three consecutive semesters of investigation into the teaching and learning responses of 77 preservice teachers enrolled in a 3-week language arts field practicum just prior to student-teaching. Despite consistent efforts by university professors to help preservice teachers examine theory into practice during their practica, the data indicated that procedural concerns of time management, teaching expected lessons and content, and classroom management most often focused the practicum experience for the preservice teachers.


(75) Inventors: Robert Lewis Clarke, Orinda, CA (58) Field of Classification Search ................ 429/210, (US); Brian J. Dougherty, Menlo Park, 429/105,347, 232, 231.5, 128 CA (US); Stephen Harrison, See application file for complete search history. Shawinigan (CA); J. Peter Millington, Chesire (GB); Samaresh Mohanta, (56) References Cited Fremont, CA (US); Bernd Busse, Darmstadt (DE) U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS


SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONSIt is important to adopt a Design For Reliability method using the Design For Six Sigma approach to mitigate the early failures in the field and to protect against warranty failures.The early failures or the infant mortality of the product failures in the field which is directly causing the warranty issues and impacting on the company's financial situation. The design team in the OEM company needs to define the project for Design For Reliability for success in the long run of the business and to keep the company's reputation in the marketplace.•The company may have several products in its product line. The company realized the increasing warranty cost, high field failure rates, Catastrophic failures, and a large number of customer complaints.•The industry may also realize that noise would create a bad remark on the company's reputation and liability issues. Hence, it is important to decide to improve the Reliability of the product.•To keep the company's reputation high, the industry may have to replace all failed products with highly reputed other products in their portfolio for free/reasonable cost.•The company also needs to control the damage and keep its customers happy.


Discussions of counterparty credit have long recognised that it is a dual contingency risk. An institution experiences exposure to potential credit loss when a counterparty loses money on its bilateral trades with the institution. This creates positive mark-to-market values on the institution's balance sheet reflecting the present value of money owed by the counterparty. Actual realised losses (credit risk rather than just credit exposure) require that the counterparty default after having experienced losses on its bilateral portfolio of trades with the institution. If the likelihood of default is statistically independent of the market events giving rise to exposure, it is valid to calculate expected credit losses by simulating expected exposure separately and then multiplying by the likelihood of default. Unfortunately, this is not a valid approach if default and exposure are correlated (either positively or negatively) with each other. This chapter describes a means of simulating exposure conditional on default of a counterparty. The expected value of such conditional exposure can then be multiplied by the probability of default to derive a statistically valid estimate of expected loss even when exposure and default are correlated. This makes derivation of expected loss no more computationally burdensome than a standard unconditional exposure simulation.


This study developed a theoretical stability criterion for a selected 2-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic model, and verified this theoretical stability criterion, based on the actual stability conditions of the model computed under various input and boundary conditions. The study established an equivalent empirical stability criterion for practical applications, using the derived theoretical stability criterion. Two case studies were made for a small channel and for a large lagoon. Comparison of the actual computational results from the reference model and the theoretical results show good agreement. It was found that under the same input boundary and initial conditions and the same given distances and time intervals, more stable computations for larger regions could be expected.


Apollon is a now potent member of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins(IAP)family,which inhibits apoptosis by bind and inhibit smac,HtrA2 and caspase-9.This study intended to investigate the expression of apollon and smac in leukemia and their relation to apoptosis.


In this paper we construct a spectral sequence computing a modified version of morphic cohomology of a toric variety (even when it is singular) in terms of combinatorial data coming from the fan of the toric variety.


In order to detect terbutaline (TB) quickly and sensitively, a nuclear-satellite nanostructured Fe3O4/SiO2/Au-MNPs magnetic substrate was prepared for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection. The linear relationship between the concentration of terbutaline and the intensity of the Raman spectrum was investigated by magnetic separation andpH adjustment of the system and a calibration curve was drawn. The experimental results showed that the detection limit of TB using the core-satellite magnetic SERS substrate was 3.77 × 10 mol/L. The detection 收稿日期 :2019-09-11 基金项目 :国家自然科学基金(61805143);上海浦江计划(18PJ1408700) 作者简介 :施 浩 (1995—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为表面增强拉曼。E-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com 通信作者 :张学典 (1974—),男,教授,研究方向为光纤传感与检测。E-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com 第 42 卷 第 2 期 光 学 仪 器 Vol. 42,No. 2 2020 年 4 月 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS April,2020


There are many problems with the constructing over organic soils as the existence of these types of soils always produces geotechnical and engineering problems for regional development. The geotechnical properties of inorganic soil greatly differ from organic soils, which is known for its high water content, low shear strength, high compressibility, acidity and long-term settlement. In this paper, two soils are chosen according to its organic content and acidity content then physical and chemical properties is done to know them characteristics and leaching process is performed to reduce its acidity that affect the properties of it and study the change of leaching on these properties. Dry hydrated lime is added to the natural and leached soils depending on the optimum lime content to improve their performance. From the physical tests, shear strength tests and consolidation test it can be noticed that the soils are behave better after leaching as it reduced in plasticity index, compressibility, and swelling and increase in shear strength. Furthermore, the leached soils are needed less percentage of lime content to produce a pH of 12.4 and the stabilized leached organic soils are behave better than the stabilized natural soils.


Using quantitative magneto-optics and an inversion scheme of Biot-Savart's law the local current carrying capability of various types of grain boundaries (GB's) and interfaces in YBaCuO thin films and bulk material was investigated. In all GB's and interfaces a spatial variation of the local critical current density jc was observed which, however, has different reasons, such as microstructural inhomogeneities, magnetic field dependence of jc and size effects in extended GB's and networks of low angle grain boundaries (LAGB's).


Objective To determine the expression level of human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP) using fluorescent real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Methods Based on the GeneBank sequence analysis of hANP gene,the conserved sequence was selected in the design of primers for RT-PCR. The sensitivity was evaluated by the dilution method. Clinical samples of pleural effusion and serum were then analyzed. Results Single melting peak was observed in the RT-PCR melting curve. The expression level of hANP in pleural effusion and serum samples from patients with lung cancer was 4.68-fold and 16.03-fold higher than the control samples,respectively. Conclusion RT-PCR is specific for the detection of hANP expression. The expression level of hANP was high in the patients with lung cancer.


ScenIC is a requirements engineering method for evolving systems. Derived from the Inquiry Cycle model of requirements refinement, it uses goal refinement and scenario analysis as its primary methodological strategies. ScenIC rests on an analogy with human memory: semantic memory consists of generalizations about system properties; episodic memory consists of specific episodes and scenarios; and working memory consists of reminders about incomplete refinements. Method-specific reminders and resolution guidelines are activated by the state of episodic or semantic memory. The paper presents a summary of the ScenIC strategy and guidelines.


13 March 2015: Cuesta Coal Limited (ASX: CQC) ("Cuesta") advises that it has executed an unsecured loan agreement with its major shareholder Longluck Investment (Australia) Pty Ltd in the amount of $2,500,000. Interest is payable at 6% per annum with a term of six (6) months or as otherwise extended by the two parties in writing. The funds will be used to assist with the short‐term working capital requirements of the Company, specifically the on‐going development of the Company's flagship Moorlands Project, ahead of a proposed placement to professional/ sophisticated investor(s) and/or existing shareholders. The amount and price of the proposed placement is yet to be determined.


Magnetic field changes physical and chemical properties of water. It changes surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, size of water cluster, structure of water molecules; ability to soak salts etc. properties of water. These changes occurred in properties of water have many applications in various fields such as desalination of soil, scale prevention in water pipes and heat exchangers, faster and healthier growth of plants, increase in crop yield, faster seed germination. This article is a comparative study of use of magnetic field and magnetically treated water on growth of plants and increase in crop yield.


Predictions from Maier's theory of "frustration"-instigated behaviour have been tested in an experimental situation differing significantly from that in which the theory was propounded yet containing the central element of "frustration"—the insoluble problem. A water discrimination unit was employed in which the performance of rats would be observed during attacks on insoluble problems, position problems or symbol problems. Two groups, each containing ten Wistar albino rats, served as subjects. The research design consisted of the following phases: preliminary training, development of position responses, exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 50 per cent, punishment and exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 100 per cent, punishment. The design differed for the two groups only at the phase in which the position responses were established. During this phase one group was exposed to a position-reward problem and the other to an insoluble problem. Position responses were established as frequently under position-"frustration" (position stereotypes) as under position-reward (position habits) conditions. Position stereotypes were more rigid—more resistant to extinction—than position habits under conditions of 50 per cent, punishment. Position stereotypes were as readily extinguished under 100 per cent, punishment as were position habits under 30 per cent, punishment. The first two observations conform to predictions made from Maier's theory. The third does not. That is to say, not all situations containing the basic elements of "frustration" give rise to stereotyped behaviour patterns which are as rigid or "fixated" as Maier's theory would predict. It is a reasonable hypothesis that the characteristics of stereotyped responses established in certain "frustration" situations may be described adequately in terms of conventional learning principles without the necessity of resorting to a distinction between "goal-motivated" and "frustration-instigated" behaviour.


spoke out publicly against the burning of Jewish literature and paid a personal price for so doing. In his article, W. focuses on four aspects of Reuchlin's activity: his view of the history of the Jews and their precarious contemporary situation; his groundbreaking research on the Hebrew language; his involvement in the dispute over the treatment of Jewish books by Christians; and his interest in Hebrew studies and the concept of a Christian Kabbalah. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.]


The linear stability of two viscous electrically conducting quiescent fluids, separated by a plane interface, and permeated by a sheared magnetic field parallel to the interface is studied. An analytical study using a short-wavelength approximation shows that, in the absence of surface tension, if the magnetic field vanishes on the unperturbed interface, the configuration is always unstable provided the magnetic diffusivities of the two fluids are different. When the unperturbed magnetic field does not vanish on the interface it may stabilize or destabilize the configuration depending on the values of certain parameters. The growth rates for the instability obtained using a short-wavelength approximation are shown to be in good agreement with the results obtained by numerical solution. The numerical study further shows that the instability has maximum growth rate for wavenumbers of order unity and persists even for long-wavelength perturbations. A physical explanation for the instability is provided.


This work aims to analyze the treatment of environmental issues in an educational proposal for Intercomprehension in Romance Languages (hereinafter called IC) developed by InterRom, a research team from Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, in Argentina. This proposal, aimed at developing high school seniors' language skills from the perspective of teaching and learning IC from text genres, integrates pluralistic approaches to languages with contributions from socio-discursive interactionism (BRONCKART, 2007), from the sociocultural theory of human development (BRUNER, 1994; NELSON, 1996; ROGOFF, 1993; VYGOTSKY, 1962, 1988) and from cognitive approaches to text comprehension and production (BRITTON and GRAESSER, 1996; HAYES and FLOWERS, 1980, HAYES, 1996; SCARDAMALIA and BEREITER, 1992). Through the convergence of these theoretical perspectives, the proposal promotes IC in French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, related to environmental conservation, as well as actions for writing texts in Spanish. The planned language activities involve working with different text genres on environmental issues, such as the extinction of animal species, the production of genetically modified foods and the use of agrochemicals that contaminate the biosphere and threaten the life of all living species, including human beings. The exercises related to these topics, at the same time, encourage students to reflect on critical environmental issues and to develop strategies for writing texts in Spanish. To conclude, it can be argued that the IC proposal is based on social and intercultural approaches that integrate teaching actions, text production processes and science issues regarding the environment. As a result, students are regarded as subjects with competencies to understand discourses from different cultures and to think, write and act within their natural, social and cultural environments.


Genetic diversity is a critical component of global food security. We depend on crop wild relatives as a genetic resource for the continued improvement and diversification of many crops. In this dissertation, I use population genomic approaches to investigate aspects of crop evolution in sunflower, which is a widely grown hybrid oilseed. In Chapter 1, the relevant aspects of crop improvement are reviewed, the sunflower system is introduced, and the research chapters are briefly described. In Chapter 2, I used transcriptome sequencing data to scan the genomes of a panel of cultivated and wild sunflowers and identified genes involved in domestication and improvement. Using data from additional wild sunflower species, I also identified widespread introgression of wild alleles into the modern crop gene pool. Chapter 3 describes a genomic survey of a diverse set of about 300 wild sunflower samples using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). The GBS data allowed me to determine evolutionary relationships and detect gene flow among taxa in the sunflower genus. I selected a subset of these wild samples to develop pre-bred lines, which I describe in Chapter 4. Pre-bred lines act as a bridge through which wild alleles may be introduced into breeding programs. Each of the circa 400 pre-bred lines I generated contain different components of their wild parent's genome which were identified using GBS. Evaluation of these lines in Uganda revealed they could be excellent sources of alleles for disease resistance and drought tolerance. In Chapter 5, I examined relationships among cultivated lines, specifically the two heterotic groups that have been developed for hybrid crop production. Using whole genome sequencing data, I found many genomic regions were targets of selection during the development of these populations, and that patterns of diversity do not support an overdominance model of heterosis. Surprisingly, only two regions, which correspond to introduced wild alleles, are highly differentiated between these two populations. As I conclude in Chapter 6, the history of the use of wild relatives in sunflower breeding is found in the genomes of these plants, and permeates and defines modern lines.


Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. the fruit is a potential anticancer agent. This study was evaluated the anticancer activity of n-hexane fraction (nHF) of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruit towards T47D cell line. nHFwere analyzed for chemical constituents and tested for cytotoxicity, cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis induction and inhibition of cyclin D1 expression. nHF was found to contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with geranyl acetate (26.34%) as major compound. nHF of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits were found to have IC50 85.41 ± 0.78 μg/mL, cause accumulation in G0-G1phase, increased apoptosis and decreased cyclin D1 expression. The results reveal that nHF of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits have cytotoxic activities by inhibition cell cycle and induction apoptosis. Our further study is to isolate compounds that responsible for the cytotoxic activity.


| Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is characterized by an abnormality in the shape of the femoral head–neck or acetabulum that results in impingement between these two structures. Arthroscopic treatment has become the preferred method of management of FAI owing to its minimally invasive approach. Surgical correction involves resection of impinging osseous structures as well as concurrent management of the associated chondral and labral pathology. Research from the past 5 years has shown that repair of the labrum results in a better anatomic correction and improved outcomes compared with labral debridement. Research is underway to improve cartilage assessment by using innovative imaging techniques and biochemical tests to inform predictions of prognosis. Several ongoing randomized controlled trials, including the Femoroacetabular Impingement Trial (FAIT) and the Femoroacetabular Impingement Randomized Controlled Trial (FIRST), will provide critical information regarding the diagnosis, management and prognosis of patients undergoing arthroscopic management of FAI. NATURE REVIEWS | RHEUMATOLOGY ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION | 1 REVIEWS © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Nature Reviews | Rheumatology a Cam b Pincer c Mixed men, and results in shear forces applied from the aspherical portion of the femoral head as it articulates with the acetabulum3,17,18. Repetitive entry of the cam lesion into the hip joint, particularly with flexion and internal rotation, results in chondral delamination and detachment over time. Labral injury with cam-type FAI commonly presents as detachment at the chondrolabral junction rather than as an intrasubstance labral injury3,17 (FIG. 2). Pincer-type impingement has been described more commonly in women, and results from repetitive contact stress of a normal femoral head–neck against an abnormal area of the acetabulum3,19,20. This abnormality can be focal, in the case of acetabular retroversion, or global, in the case of protrusio acetabuli or coxa profunda21. Repetitive contact of the femoral head–neck junction against the abnormal acetabular rim results in degeneration and tearing of the labrum, and a characteristic postero-inferior contre-coup cartilage lesion on the femoral head3. This chondral and labral damage results in a disturbance of hip biomechanical function that precipitates further degenerative changes22 (FIG. 3). Our understanding of FAI has been advanced by clinical and biomechanical studies demonstrating that a restricted hip range of motion might increase the risk of injury to joints proximal and distal in the kinetic chain, such as the pelvis and knee23,24. Athletic pubalgia, lumbar and lumbopelvic injury, sports hernia, adductor and hip flexor injury, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are increasingly recognized as associated pathologies in patients with FAI23,25–27. Cadaveric studies have demonstrated that decreased internal rotation and restricted range of motion due to FAI increases forces and movement across the pubic symphysis by as much as 35%, increasing the risk of developing athletic pubalgia28. Clinical research has shown that reductions in hip internal rotation increase compensatory forces in the knee, potentially increasing the risk of ACL injury in athletes23. The clinical implications of these early biomechanical, clinical and cadaveric data have not yet been fully elucidated, and replication of these preliminary findings in high-quality clinical studies is needed. The dynamic nature of the impingement in FAI has been an area of focus over the past 5 years. The obliquity and tilt of the pelvis is now recognized as a critical factor influencing functional impingement29,30. Pelvic tilt varies between patients, particularly according to sex, pattern of activity and body position. Clinicians are also increasingly aware that radiographic features of FAI can differ between standing and supine radiographs29,30. Patients might compensate for FAI morphology by dynamic alteration in pelvic tilt, with research demonstrating a 5.1° increase in hip flexion and internal rotation with a 10° increase in posterior pelvic tilt in these patients30. Improved understanding of injury propagation through the kinematic chain, as well as of the dynamic nature of impingement in FAI, has improved our ability to both assess associated pathologies in individuals presenting with FAI and inform patients about their risk of future injury. These insights into the pathophysiology of FAI have also improved our ability to accurately classify and diagnose the condition. Diagnosis: new insights The clinical diagnosis of FAI is challenging for clinicians, and has largely relied on a history of groin pain, positive provocative testing and confirmatory imaging31. (FIG. 4). Groin pain and pain on hip rotation have been consistently reported in the literature as being an essential element of the clinical history in patients diagnosed with FAI32. Physical examination Perceptions regarding clinical diagnosis of FAI have been evaluated in national and international surveys33,34, in which 81.7% of responding orthopaedic surgeons reported making diagnoses based on a history of groin pain, and 78.7% reported making diagnoses based on pain from hip rotation33. The most commonly used physical examination manoeuvre is the flexion–adduction– internal rotation (FADIR) test, used by 74.0–87.9% of responding surgeons in this survey; however, given the high sensitivity and low specificity of physical examination manoeuvres as a diagnostic test for FAI, the use of FADIR is recommended primarily as a screening tool only33–35. Systematic reviews36,37 of commonly utilized physical examination manoeuvres for FAI found the diagnostic accuracy and validity of these tests to be low, and the methodological quality of the studies on which they are based to be moderate or poor (TABLE 1). Intra-articular injection Diagnostic hip injections have been widely used to confirm intra-articular pathology before arthroscopic Figure 1 | Different types of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). a | Cam-type lesion. b | Pincer-type lesion. c | Mixed lesion. Key points • Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) between an abnormal proximal femur or acetabulum, or both, results in repetitive microtrauma and early damage to the cartilage and labrum of the hip joint • Restricted hip range of motion in FAI can increase the risk of other associated injuries • Arthroscopic management of FAI is minimally invasive and results in reduced morbidity compared with open surgery techniques • Prospective studies are required to clarify the progression of subtle FAI morphology into hip osteoarthritis R E V I E W S 2 | ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION www.nature.com/nrrheum © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Nature Reviews | Rheumatology a b c treatment for FAI, with patient-reported pain relief from injections of local anaesthetic or corticosteroids suggesting this type of pathology38. However, a prospective cohort study of patients with FAI found that intra-articular hip injection is not a strong predictor of improvement in short-term functional outcomes after arthroscopic treatment39. Nevertheless, a negative response is a predictor of a negative outcome after surgical intervention39. Intra-articular hip injections also seem to have limited clinical benefit as a therapeutic modality. Thus, patients with symptomatic FAI and labral pathology should not expect substantial short or long-term pain relief with intra-articular injections40. Imaging techniques Confirmation of a FAI diagnosis is generally achieved with radiography and advanced imaging modalities, including MRI and CT33. Numerous radiographic parameters have been reported, including the α-angle and head–neck offset for cam-type FAI, and the cross over posterior wall and ischial spine signs, as well as coxa profunda or protrusio acetabuli, for pincer-type FAI41,42. Systematic reviews and surveys have shown the most commonly used measure to be the α-angle or the angle at which the femoral head– neck junction leaves sphericity34,43,44. A 2014 prospective cohort study suggested that an α-angle >60° corresponds to cam-type morphology; however, the definition of an abnormal α-angle is controversial and inconsistent in the literature45. Increased α-angle values have been correlated with a decreased range of movement as well as with labral and chondral damage46–48. Clinicians recognize now that the α-angle should not be considered without other parameters: FAI occurs as a dynamic process, and the presence of an elevated α-angle alone does not imply a decrease in clearance between the femoral head and the acetabular rim41. CT scans improve the accuracy of assessments of the 3D osseous morphology of the hip, which can be particularly useful in preoperative planning or for evaluation of revision hip arthroscopy49. CT offers detailed information on femoral and acetabular version as well as the topography of the cam lesion, and dynamic software analyses of CT data can be used to characterize regions of impingement and hip motion paths more specifically than is possible using radiographic techniques. MRI and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) are considered the most sensitive and specific modalities to diagnose articular cartilage and labral pathology, and are commonly used by orthopaedic surgeons after initial radiographic investigation33. A 2011 meta-analysis50 described the sensitivity and specificity of conventional MRI as 66% (95% CI 59–73%) and 79% (95% CI 67–91%), respectively, for the diagnosis of acetabular labral tears. The sensitivity of MRA was 87% (95% CI 84–90%) and its specificity 64% (95% CI 54–74%)50. However, the interobserver reliability of MRA was reported to be only fair (κ = 0.27); thus, clinicians should evaluate MRI results carefully with respect to clinical presentation51. Trea


Recently, microRNA (miRNA)‐mediated RNA interference has been developed as a useful tool in gene function analysis and gene therapy. A major obstacle in miRNA‐mediated RNAi is cellular delivery, which requires an efficient and flexible delivery system. The self‐assembly of the MS2 bacteriophage capsids has been used to develop virus‐like particles (VLPs) for RNA and drug delivery. However, MS2 VLP‐mediated miRNA delivery has not yet been reported. We therefore used an Escherichia coli expression system to produce the pre‐miR 146a contained MS2 VLPs, and then conjugated these particles with HIV‐1 Tat47–57 peptide. The conjugated MS2 VLPs effectively transferred the packaged pre‐miR146a RNA into various cells and tissues, with 0.92–14.76‐fold higher expression of miR‐146a in vitro and about two‐fold higher expression in vivo, and subsequently suppressed its targeting gene. These findings suggest that MS2 VLPs can be used as a novel vehicle in miRNA delivery systems, and may have applications in gene therapy.


The impact of biomarkers in present day health care system, health management and healthy life is enormous. Clinicians need them for diagnosis, prognosis, effect of therapeutic intervention, and mo ...


Owing to environmental, financial and quality of service (QoS) considerations, energy efficient wireless communications have been paid increasing attention under the background of limited energy resource. This study considers a spectrum sharing cognitive radio network, where the primary system leases its radio spectrum to the secondary system for a fraction of time in exchange for secondary users served as relays to assist the transmission of the primary traffic. Based on the cooperative spectrum leasing protocol, the authors formulate a joint optimisation of relay selection and power allocation under QoS requirements to improve energy efficiency (EE). By employing a greedy spectrum sharing (GSS) algorithm, the optimal relay selection, power and sharing time allocation are readily obtained. Monte–Carlo simulations are performed to demonstrate that significant EE improvement is achieved by the proposed GSS algorithm, and that the network performance is enhanced.


Flexible definitions of the word "climate" may impede policy discussions on climate change. Closing apparent gaps between "climate" and "weather" may help reduce the ambiguity.


OBJECTIVES
Diabetes mellitus (DM), is affecting an ever increasing number of people worldwide. Diabetes is associated with several musculoskeletal manifestations. These may involve, the upper as well as the lower limb. We conducted this study to find out the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in type 2 diabetics in the Kashmiri population.

METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted on 403 patients with diabetes and 300 controls. All patients underwent screening for any musculoskeletal abnormalities. The patients with musculoskeletal abnormalities were further assessed to find the exact diagnosis according to predefined criteria.

RESULTS
The hand was involved in 80 patients [19.8%] in the diabetic group and 15 (5%) patients of the control group. The elbow was affected in 56 patients [14%] in the diabetic group and 24 patients [5.9%] in the non-diabetic group. The shoulder involvement was diagnosed in 61 patients [15%] on the diabetic cohort and 15 patients in the non-diabetic cohort. All the upper limb figures showed a statistically significant difference i.e. P value <0.05.

CONCLUSION
The prevalence of musculoskeletal complications in type 2 diabetics in Kashmir is quite high.


Abstract Mathematical modeling of differential equations is, in some cases, complex to develop through an analytical solution. In this article a description of the variational method is presented, which is used for the qualitative study of partial differential equations: existence, uniqueness and regularity of the solution [1]. The analysis of linear second-order elliptic partial differential equations is shown as an illustration. Finally, an application of the weak formulation of the Poisson equation is shown by the finite element method.


The Upper Kaunertal, as many other valleys situated in the Eastern Alps, has recently undergone large deglaciation processes as a result of global warming, leaving behind large moraines exposed to geomorphic processes. Steep lateral moraines represent large and easily erodible sources of material within an Alpine sediment cascade. In order to quantify the amount of sediments provided by the moraines, methods of surface change detection such as aerial and terrestrial laser scanning or sfm (structure from motion) generated Digital Elevation Models (DEM) are being applied. However, morphological changes due to the melt out of persisted ice are overlain by processes of mass movement, slope wash, and fluvial erosion, and therefore often remain unnoticed. Yet melting alone could account for a volume reduction in the sediment matrix of up to 13%, the additional leaching of water to a further unknown amount. Hence, the hydrological situation on the lateral moraines needs to be clarified. Previous investigations of springs evolving from the LIA lateral moraine were showing light isotope signatures comparable to those of glacier ice, and resulted in first assumption about the presence of ice lenses within the moraines (Kraushaar et al. 2014). Stable isotope measurements applied by Czarnowsky et al. 2015 confirm former findings. However, fail to distinguish between recently developed ice and dead ice lenses originating from former glacial maxima. This study therefore aims to date evolving spring waters on lateral moraines of the Gepatschferner, sampled between May and October 2015, using the radioactive isotope iodine-129. The environmental abundance of this long-lived radionuclide has been, analogue to tritium, significantly altered due to human activity since Nuclear Age, and is therefore believed to provide feasible relative age estimations. Hence, measurements will allow the clarification of the hydrological situation on site and the specification of processes causing volume reduction. Furthermore, the results will have implications for the interpretation of local sediment dynamics as well as the validation of applied surface change measurements.