Due to the complex computation requirements of autonomous car functions, high-performance ECUs are inevitable for the future automotive system architecture. However, it has been reported that high-performance ECUs are usually more susceptible to the soft-error due to the technology scaling. One of the key methods to tolerate these soft errors (i.e. transient faults) is the lockstep mechanism based on the hardware redundancy. However, since this uses multiple redundant cores to execute a single program, it is very inefficient in terms of resource usage. To cope with this drawback, a new feature, 'Lockstep/Performance mode switch' was introduced. It aims to guarantee safety for safety-critical tasks using the lockstep and maximize throughput for non-critical tasks using different cores for different tasks. This paper proposes a real-time scheduling method in order to efficiently use this new feature following the previous work. We first propose a condition of Periodic Resource Model(PRM) that avoids pessimism while we construct a PRM with the harmonic task set. Then, we partition the given input set into multiple PRMs where each PRM possesses a harmonic task set and has the optimal PRM period and budget. Consequently, The proposed method achieves optimal maximum schedulable utilization, which is more resource-efficient than the previous work.


As the industry progresses into deeper water, one emerging issue is how to design and safely operate the pipelines that carry hydrocarbons from subsea wells to the processing facilities.


It is very important to detect the genetic diversity of carrot for understanding the origin,relationship and classifying of carrot and giving references to the development and utilization of carrot germplasm.Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 34 carrot accessions in the present study.Twenty random primers was used to amplify the total accessions. Among the total 139 RAPD bands identified,99 bands(76.74%) were polymorphic. Five groups were clustered by the digital data of polymorphic bands.There was a certain extent association between RAPD variation and morphological characteristics such as root-shape and root-height of carrot.


The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as a slump in demand among travelers. The tourism industry has been massively affected by the spread of coronavirus, as many countries have introduced travel restrictions in an attempt to contain its spread. In Vietnam, the government has largely been credited for the country's success in keeping COVID-19 transmission rates under control. Early awareness of the pandemic, appropriate, drastic, and people-centric measures, as well as public support, are the main factors behind the success of Vietnam. In that context, it is observed that people's travel demand has bounced back and this research will examine factors driving the public's travel intention in the post-crisis (pandemic) period. The survey was conducted on the Internet using questionnaires designed in the Google platform. Data was collected from April 16 to May 31, 2020, from 154 Vietnamese participants. Research findings demonstrate 4 direct and indirect determinants of travel intention. The strongest effects come from perceived behavioral control which is influenced by subjective well-being. Perceived risk negatively correlates with Self-efficacy and subjective well-being. Conducted in the context of post-COVID-19, the research implies that once the pandemic has been controlled, perceived risks, although still exist, insignificantly influence the public's travel intention.


With this contribution, the results of the measurement campaign performed with a synchronously distributed antenna array testbed operating at the center frequency of 3.686 GHz are presented. For the first time, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the electric field distribution induced by coherent downlink transmission was experimentally assessed in the proximity of the target receiver using a calibrated electromagnetic field probe. This allowed to quantify the actual observed electric field gain and the shape of the electric field enhancement region around the target received. It was found that 16 transmitting antenna elements enhance the root-mean-square electric field level by about a factor of two, in a 2.5λ neighborhood of the target receiver. In addition, a possible disruption of the propagation environment due to the probe movement was assessed through the real-time channel state information feedback.


Morphometric study was conducted on Indian roofed turtle, Pangshura tecta, between January 1997 and December 2000 in several district of Bangladesh. The mean weight of adult male was 92.6 ± 13.3 g and of female 441.1 ± 185.4 g. The length and width of carapace as well as those of the plastron and the height of the shell varied with the body weight of the turtle. The percentage of hard parts of the body weight of P. tecta was 35.8 ± 2.5 %, whereas percentage of soft parts of the body weight was 64.2 ± 2.5 %. The average weight of the female P. tecta was 4.8 times higher than that of the male. Bangladesh J. Zool. 41 (2): 207-215, 2013


This study discusses the ambivalent nature of the informational phenomenon from the perspective of the theory of the dual society of Habermas. Considers that the information has been constituted as driving force more functional integration and strengthening of the systemic world, in detriment of reinvigoration of social integration and reaction of the Lifeworld before the colonizing action of systemic world. The search is configured as theoretical, based on Habermas's hermeneutics, and uses mainly the most important work of Habermas, called Theory of Communicative Action (TAC), to understand its main analytical and conceptual categories. Evidences the need for the information anchor communicative actions in order to promote the strengthening of the lifeworld and the decolonization of its symbolic components. Also, it is imperative to reflect on the relationship between the actions of informational subjects with systemic world, in order to intervene in the development of systemic logic, not allowing it prevail over communicative actions, solidarity and social integration. Expects the hermeneutical paths outlined here are added to others also moved by restlessness as to the possibilities to potentialize the informational processes in the direction of communicative interactions for mutual understanding.


A vast literature has been devoted to the debate whether Chinese is characterized by parataxis.But as little attempt has been made to analyze the term per se,the prominence of the so-called "feature of parataxis" of Chinese may have been exaggerated.The present paper endeavors to explain what "parataxis" means from semiotic and communicative perspectives,and,after trying to demonstrate that there exists no clear distinction between English and Chinese in term of paratactic prominence,concludes that the claim that Chinese is characterized by parataxis might not be well-grounded and therefore should be taken critically.


The anti-proliferation and anti-migration activities of recombinant human disintegrin domain of ADAM15(rhdd ADAM15) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo and the related pathway was determined in this study. rhdd ADAM15 inhibited the proliferation and migration of human cervical cancer He La cells with the IC50 of 2.44 and 1.60 μmol/L respectively evaluated by SRB assay and wound healing assay. Over-expression of disintegrin domain of ADAM15 in He La cells by transient transfection induced the migration inhibition and partial S phase arrest. In addition,the inhibition effect of proliferation of He La cells aroused by rhdd ADAM15 was reversed by EGF,which is the agonist of MAPK signal pathways. Moreover,rhdd ADAM15 inhibited the growth and metastasis of He La cells xenograft in zebrafish. All the results showed that rhdd ADAM15 inhibited the proliferation and migration of He La cells by MAPK signal pathway and the target may exist both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm.


Diapausmg larvae of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella cultivated under artificial conditions were exposed in the laboratory at 10± 1°C /75 ± 5% r. h. to one of the following three gas mixtures (% by vol. ) : Gas 1: 98 % Nz, 2 % Oz; Gas 2: 60 % COz, 32 % Nz, 8 % Oz; Gas 3: 90 % COz, 8 % Nz, 2 % Oz. Residual oxygen contents were reduced during exposure time due to respiration. After 21 days of exposure, values close to zero were determmed m flasks treated with gas 1, around 6% Oz were measured in gas 2-treated and a little more than 1% Oz m gas 3-treated flasks. From the data It can be concluded that 49 56 days Will be necessary to control the diapausmg larvae with gas 1. With gas 2, 100% mortahty were achieved after 42 days and with gas 3 after 28 days. Nondiapausmg larvae from a culture at 25°C were controlled under these conditions after 28 days With gas 1 and in less than 21 days with the COz-nch gases 2 and 3 Thus, the differences in susceptibility between diapausmg and nondiapausmg larvae were greater in treatments with hypoxic than m those With hypercarbic atmospheres


The Nonlinear F.E. code Structural Analysis Program (SAP) in which the primary nonlinear characteristics of bearings, impact elements and steel restrainer cables considered herein in order to investigate the dynamic analysis of a multi-span simply supported MSSS prestressed concrete bridge, equipped with steel restrainer cables and Lead Rubber Bearings LRB devices including Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) effects. A MSSS bridge with restrainer cables and lead rubber bearings at the two abutments and intermediate bents located in North Algeria is selected according to RPOA for seismic design category 1 is considered in this study.  A detailed 3D nonlinear analytical model of study bridge subjected to three components identical seismic excitation including pounding elements, restrainer cables and bearing devices at expansion joints is developed. The nonlinear characteristics of theses boundary elements are represented by bilinear hysteretic models. Under strong seismic excitations, the large longitudinal displacements result the collision between bridge decks or even unseating of these decks at expansion joints of MSSS bridge. Finally, the study reveals among others that in order to prevent deck unseating resulting from restrainer failures and subsequent bridge collapse, particular attention should also be given to proper design of nonlinear characteristics of restrainers and bearing devices.


As a well-known contemporary historian,archeologist and expert in the study of paleography and document.Mr.Li xueqin has an otherwise unique experience in his pursuit of study.He has been keen on reading books ever since he was a young boy,and has had a special interest in the study of signs.He hoped to study mathematical logic,so he applied for entrance to philosophy department of Qinghua University.After he entered the university,he was on loan to archeological research institute to join the compiling of composition of characters found in the Yin ruins for his outstanding achievements in his self-study on inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of Shang Dynasty.Because he encountered great master of the science of history—Mr.Hou wailu later on,He was again on loan to the second research institute of history to serve as assistant of Mr.Hou,carrying on a study of ideology history under the guidance of Mr.Hou wailu.(Until after "the Cultural Revolution",Mr.Li came back to his study of pre-Qin history,which will be accounted in another article).


Humanistic spirit, an unyielding and untiring spirit of strife for the widespread and realization of the universal human values, consists in the ideas of human rights, of democracy, of liberty, and of equality, and the principle of justice, the disposition of benevolence, thesense of peace, the ideal of universal union etc. Philosophy is much more helpful than other humanities and social sciences in cultivating the humanistic spirit, for which its profound or systematic inquiries into all elements of humanistic spirit set down a hardy cognitive ground, for which its penetrating detection of any system and action violating the imperatives of humanistic spirit prepares a reliable theoretic assurance, and for which its valorous accusations of all kinds of systems and actions running in the opposite direction to the appointment of humanistic spirit supply many examples full of attraction and inspiration. The process in which philosophy promotes the cultivation of humanistic spirit let itself be divided into three acts: helping people in understanding fully the humanistic spirit, making them to believe cordially in it, and inspiring them to perform it actively. Philosophy sets up a great deal of shiny models for the cultivation of humanistic spirit. A lot of philosophers heretofore made their admirable and unforgettable contribution to the widespread and realization of humanistic spirit, among whom stand out elite for democracy, fighters for liberty, judges of justice and saints of benevolence.


We construct the gauge invariant three-photon decay amplitude of particle-antiparticle bound states modeled by the Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. Application to the quark-antiquark ($q\bar{q}$) bound states is emphasized. An essential aspect of our formulation is that it applies to any underlying quantum field theoretic model of the $q\bar{q}$ system, and not just to models, like exact QCD, where the quark self-energy $\Sigma$ couples to the electromagnetic field solely via dressed quark propagators. In this way, applications to effective field theories and other QCD motivated models are envisioned. The three-photon decay amplitude is constructed by attaching currents to all possible places in the Feynman diagrams contributing to the dressed quark propagator. The gauge invariance of our construction is thus a direct consequence of respecting the underlying structure of the quantum field theory determining the dynamics. In the resultant expression for the three-photon decay amplitude, all the basic ingredients consisting of the bound state wave function, the final-state interaction $q\bar{q}$ $t$ matrix, the dressed quark propagator, and dressed quark currents, are determined by a universal Bethe-Salpeter kernel.


Local stereo matching as a main category of stereo methods has been studied for decades. Recently, there appeared some well-performed local stereo methods and these state-of-the art methods show comparable performance in terms of quality and better performance in terms of speed with global methods on the Middlebury datasets. However, previous surveys of stereo matching do not consider disparity refinement step, which plays a significant role in improving depth quality for local methods. Thus, in this paper, we focus on the evaluation of the existing disparity refinement approaches and provide some insights into local stereo matching.


The development of a cost‐effective method for manufacturing immunoassays is a key step towards their commercial use. In this study, a piezoelectric inkjet printer and a nylon membrane were used to fabricate a disposable immunoassay. Using a piezoelectric inkjet printer, a cross‐hatch pattern of goat anti‐mouse antibody (GαM) and rabbit anti‐horseradish peroxidase (RαHRP) antibody were deposited on the nylon membrane. These patterns were subsequently treated with a solution containing rabbit anti‐goat antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase (RαG‐HRP). The effectiveness of the immobilization process was examined using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), which oxidizes in the presence of HRP to form a visible precipitate. Optical evaluation of the TMB precipitate was used to assess the precision of the features in the inkjet‐printed pattern as well as antibody functionality following inkjet printing. Uniform patterns that contained functional antibodies were fabricated using the piezoelectric inkjet printer. These results suggest that piezoelectric inkjet printing may be used to fabricate low‐cost disposable immunoassays for biotechnology and healthcare applications.


Irrigation and environmental sustainability in irrigated catchments have, to date, been managed as two competing enterprises under separate and divergent control. There is an increasing quest and support for a "harmonised" business approach to sustainable use of land and water resources to achieve enduring business partnerships in the water management. The "system harmonisation" approach seeks to identify business opportunities for irrigators to become an integral part of an expanding environmental services industry and in so doing support a truly sustainable and diversified irrigation business environment The system harmonisation framework involves an all‐encompassing approach that combines research and business principles to achieve productive and environmental improvements at the catchment level. The framework involves five feasibility steps including three research components and a business analysis component leading to the formation of regional irrigation business partnerships (RIBPs). The system harmonisation process establishes the base physical, economic and social position of the region, identifies the key biophysical, economic, social, environmental or institutional pressure points in the system and the system constraints. Changes in these key pressure points need to be assessed and acted upon, in a comprehensive and systematic way, to enhance the multifunctional productivity of irrigation systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The invention discloses establishment for a Malus hydroponic system. The establishment comprises the following steps: seed stratification; seedling culture; hydroponic system establishment; nutrient solution formula and a configuration method; installation of aeration equipment; seedling transplanting and pre-culture; and environment regulation and the like. The invention provides a device, nutrient solution and an aeration system suitable for Malus hydroponics, and opens a new way for studying root system growth dynamics, nutrition, stress physiology and the like for Malus.


Based on the characteristics of power system and the actual operating experience of sewage plant power system,this article detailedly discusses how to use the series compensation mode of reactor and condenser to realize harmonic governance and reactive power compensation.


The two-phase best-value process has been widely used by public agencies for Design and Build (DB) procurement, with a key issue in the first phase of prequalification the determination of evaluation criteria. This study identified a set of general qualification criteria for design-builders and compares their relative importance by a thorough content analysis of 97 Requests for Qualification (RFQ) for public DB projects advertised between 2000 and 2011 in various regions of the United States. The thirty-nine qualification criteria found are summarized and classified into eight categories comprising: experience; project understanding, and approach; organizational structure and capacity; past performance record; professional qualifications; responsiveness to RFQs, office location, and familiarity with local envi- ronment; and legal status in descending order of their relative importance. A comparative analysis of different types of projects shows that the relative weightings of the qualification criteria vary according to different characteristics of the DB projects involved. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) ME.1943-5479.0000095. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Design/Build; Construction management. Author keywords: Design/Build; Content analysis; Request for qualification.


Objective Drawing from six months to 15 years old children of normal anatomy axis of rotation of the lower limbs of curve,to help identify children of the femur and tibia rotation deformity.Methods Randomly selected out-patient medical examination of 149 cases of normal children,Rule out the possibility of congenital bone,muscle and nerve bilateral lower limb malformations and other diseases caused by abnormal,Separately for each case of children both lower limbs rotation axis angle of the femur including the internal rotation angle,and lateral rotation angle and tibial rotation axis angle measurement,and statistics by age division:21 cases were 6 months to 2 years;43 cases were 3 years old to 4 years,38 cases were 5 years old to 12 years;47 cases were 12 years old to 15 years.Will be recorded in the statistical measurement results.Results The infant within the femur of the rotation average 40°(10°~60°),the average swing in 70°(45°~90°),To the 12 years old,hip internal rotation an average of 50°(25°~65°),external rotation average 45°(25°~65°),The increase with age, increasing the femur in the rotation,outside the decrease in the rotation.In infants,leg-Foot angle of rotation average 5°(-30°~+20°),8 years old,the tibia-the ankle angle and the measurement results Leg-Foot angle measurement results after little change.Conclusions Through 5 monthes to 15 years old children with normal lower extremity of the axis of rotation anatomical drawing,for the clinical understanding of children with lower limb of the axis of rotation changes provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment.Rotation axis of lower limb anatomy changes with increasing age of children,but the lower limb of the axis of rotation of the children over the age of 12 years old was no longer changed,therefore One should considered a possibility of normal developement phenomenon at diagnosis rotation deformity of lower limb with younger than 12 years old chidren.


For first episodes of venous thromboembolism (VTE) that cannot be explained by reversible risk factors, recurrence rates are high after anticoagulation therapy is stopped. Researchers in Austria prospectively examined whether sex was a risk factor …


This paper demonstrates a novel concept for the simplification of model transformations in which composite or complex objects are inserted into an existing model through a well-defined interface. The technique utilizes a model transformation from the domain of the modeling language into the domain of model transformation languages. The user specifies these semantically rich blocks using the original domain-specific modeling language. Then, a transformation generates the necessary model transformation graph to create an instance of the semantically rich, user-defined pattern. Users insert these generated patterns into their customized transformations. The approach is helpful for endogenous transformations in which existing objects may be refactored. It will also serve as a teaching tool for users who are unfamiliar with model transformations: specifically how to represent a newly-created model in the transformation domain. Finally, the approach is designed to reduce specification errors of model transformations in which new (semantically rich) blocks are inserted at key points, as the correctness of the semantically rich blocks is guaranteed, based on their construction in the original domain.


In March 2018, the authors spent a week in Kyoto at RIMS of intense and constructive discussions with Prof. Mochizuki and Prof. Hoshi about the suggested proof of the abc conjecture. We thank our hosts for their hospitality and generosity which made this week very special. We, the authors of this note, came to the conclusion that there is no proof. We are going to explain where, in our opinion, the suggested proof has a problem, a problem so severe that in our opinion small modifications will not rescue the proof strategy. We supplement our report by mentioning dissenting views from Prof. Mochizuki and Prof. Hoshi about the issues we raise with the proof and whether it constitutes a gap at all, cf. the report by Mochizuki.


To induce Mn stress in potato cv. Chandramukhi, plants were grown in refined sand at variable levels of Mn, viz. 0.0055, 0.055, 0.55, 5.5, 11 and 55 mg/l. At d 20 symptoms of low Mn exhibited as inter-veinal chlorosis of young leaves which intensified later, irregular brown spots developed. Whereas at excess Mn (> 0.55 mg/l) inter-veinal chlorosis developed on old leaves followed by necrosis and ultimately death of leaf lamina. In addition, plant growth retarded and tuber yield decreased. Mn stress (> 0.55 mg/1) decreased the biomass, concentration of chlorophylls (a and b), Hill reaction activity, sugars, starch, iron and activity of catalase whereas increased the phenol content and activity of peroxidase and acid phosphatase. The concentration of Mn increased with an increase in Mn supply from 0.0055 to 55 mg/l.


This is a critical evaluation of the politics of Uganda and Kenya from 1960 to 1990. It reviews the political developments of the two countries from a statistic perspective and focuses mainly on the personal power relations among the leading politicians. The aim is to account for the dynamics of factional politics and its effects on political change and state stability. The concept of political clientelism is used to provide the theoretical framework. The study sees factionalism as a process, with clientelism and spoils politics as products, and suggests that although factional politics inevitably leads to spoils politics and instability if left uncontrolled, it can also be utilised into clientelism under certain conditions and this can provide the basis of state stability. This proposition is then used to account for the different political experiences of Uganda and Kenya since independence. It argues that in Kenya Kenyatta's ability to control factional politics and manage personal power relations among the leading politicians led to the establishment of clientelism as a system of rule, which in turn ensured a measure of stability. By contrast, it suggests that Obote's inability to control competition among his ministers only led to the intensification of factional struggles and the forging of temporary and conspiratorial alliances and consequently to instability. The thesis is not a field research project, but a reflection on the literature on the politics of the two countries in an attempt to reinterpret their political experiences a new way. It is loosely divided into three parts. Chapters 1-3 is a general introductory section of the topic and the concept of clientelism. Chapters 4-7 is a more systematic review of politics in the two countries between 1960 and 1970, and focuses primarily on the dynamics and effects of factional politics on state stability. Chapters 7-10 discusses the successor regimes and their response to the legacies of the 1960-70 decade. The prospects of clientelism and stability in the two countries from the mid -1980s, and probable trends up to the year 2000, are also discussed.


A new hybrid system of solar water heater and refrigerator is developed, the theoretical analysis and experimental work are carried out. The experimental results show that heat and cooling can be provided in the hybrid system in which solar solid adsorption refrigeration system is added in traditional solar water heater, it clearly shows that solar energy can be applied efficiently and synthetically, the utilization ratio of total energy is very high. By the way, a lot of practical key technologies which are active in utilizing solar solid adsorption refrigeration are also discussed, so that solar solid adsorption technologies can be applied to families.


Abstract To enhance the sensing performance of a four-layer planar polymer optical waveguide, an adlayer of tungsten disulfide material is introduced. Also, the proposed waveguide is used to demonstrate theoretically the detection of uric acid concentration in blood or urine. The heterostructure of two-dimensional WS2 offers excellent dry lubricity with respect to any other 2D substance, such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide. The proposed waveguide is analyzed using the common path Mach–Zehnder interferometric method. The dispersion characteristic i.e., the effective refractive indices and thickness of proposed waveguide is plotted for a particular wavelength range to optimize the thickness of film layer. The difference in propagation constant and output interference signal for changing the cover medium is calculated. Using the output interference signal, the phase sensitivity 213 degree/RIU is obtained in the proposed waveguide. The maximum obtained sensitivity, limit of detection and limit of quantification for uric acid concentration in the proposed waveguide structure is 6.86 × 10−2 degree mM−1, 0.061 mM and 0.203 mM, respectively.


A number of studies explored beliefs about conditions and medications as predictors of adherence. Two studies using the same sample reported less nonadherence among those with stronger beliefs about the necessity of medications, 169 less nonadherence among those with greater concerns about medications, more intentional nonadherence among those with increasing beliefs that medications are harmful, and more unintentional nonadherence among those with increasing beliefs that medications are overused. Changes in necessity beliefs predicted intentional nonadherence, with increasing beliefs about necessity associated with improved adherence. Beliefs about overuse of medications predicted unintentional nonadherence, with stronger beliefs associated with higher unintentional nonadherence. 169


The spinel Nano-ferrite system NiCrxFe2-xO4 (where x=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) have been prepared using flash auto combustion method. The XRD pattern confirms the formation of spinel Ni-Cr ferrite for the as-prepared samples. Electrical properties of as- prepared samples such dielectric constant and AC resistivity were studied in the temperature range (288- 773 K). It was observed that the AC resistivity increases by increasing Cr content and decreases by increasing frequency. The DC electrical resistivity was found to increase by increasing Cr content from 25*106 to 136*106 Ω.cm, whereas it was found to decrease with increasing temperature. VSM was used to study the magnetic properties of Ni-Cr ferrite at room temperature. It was found that, with increasing Cr content the (Ms) saturation magnetization decreased from 28 to 3 emu/g whereas coercivity increased from 188 to 666 (G).The magnetic moment of the system and Curie temperature decreased by increasing Cr substitution.


Augmented Reality is a relatively new advertising medium, which up until now has only seen limited commercial success. The applications and value thereof, as an effective marketing communications tool has not been understood or quantified in the context of an industry which is currently going through profound changes. To this end, this research attempts to answer some of the critical questions facing practitioners and academics within this field. Using audience engagement as a measure of efficacy, independent test groups were subject to various types of Augmented Reality as well as more traditional, media advertisements. Through the experiments, the impacts of contextual relevance, media integration and message style on Augmented Reality advertising, were tested. The findings strongly support contextual relevance as a key characteristic for a successful Augmented Reality advertising implementation. In addition, it was found that this medium also had a significant impact on the audience's visual and emotive levels of engagement with the subject matter. It was also found through the testing and analysis that the most receptive population group for Augmented Reality advertising are young female Millennials.


In this study, the gasification performance of coal water ethanol slurry (CWES) was estimated in a pilot-scale entrained flow gasifier. CWES was prepared by adding ethanol into coal water slurry (CWS) to estimate the gasification performance of bioethanol-contained coal water slurry. In comparison to CWS gasification, gasification with CWES showed a higher performance, such as composition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency, and total flow rate of syngas. In general, the gasification performance is directly associated with the carbon content of CWS, and it is very difficult to increase the carbon content of CWS while maintaining slurry viscosity to the atomizable level (2000 cP). However, in the case of CWES, the carbon content of slurry can be readily improved and the viscosity of slurry can be reduced at the same time. Thus, the improved carbon content of CWES led to a higher gasification performance than that of CWS. Moreover, if bioethanol is actually used for the p...


The purpose of this research is to study the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance testing of modified membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of reduced graphene oxide sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK/rGO). The reduction of oxide method was employed to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and solution blending technique was applied to form SPEEK/rGO membrane. The structure of rGO and SPEEK were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrical properties of rGO measured show high conductivity at 1.36 x 104 S/m. The DMFC performance of the blended rGO with SPEEK was substantially enhanced by 8 – 15% of open circuit voltage (OCV) and power density compared to those of commercial nafion 112 membrane. Therefore, the fabrication of SPEEK/rGO membrane is proven to improve the DMFC performance.


1. Abstract Controlled Random Search Algorithms (CRSA) are population-set based algorithms specially developed for treating global optimization problems. Like genetic and differential evolution algorithms, a CRSA aims to maximize (or minimize) a certain objective function (fitness) between members of an evolving population of trial solutions (individuals). In certain engineering models used for optimization, the objective function can be given as a combination of effects, each of them depending mostly upon a disjoint subset of the problem variables (genes). This occurs, for instance, in inverse aerodynamic or turbomachinery optimization problems. Population-set algorithms applied to such problems can be accelerated by using distribution strategies. Recently, Hacioglu and Ozkol [10] have proposed an accelerated genetic algorithm by distributing the evaluation, selection and reproduction processes between subsets of the problem variables (gene groups). This strategy has been successfully tested in inverse airfoil design problems. The aim of the present paper is twofold: firstly, to propose an accelerated version of the CRSA, by adapting and extending to it the aforementioned distribution strategy; secondly, to compare the performance of the accelerated and original CRSA in a test function and also in inverse aerodynamic design. 2. Keywords: controlled random search, distribution strategy, inverse airfoil design


External factors of human-machine interaction (e.g., brand reputation) can influence user studies. This study investigates the impact of brand reputation on the evaluation of human-machine interfaces (HMI). A developmental cooperation between two manufacturers created the unique opportunity to evaluate the same HMI in two different vehicles. In a 2x2 between-subjects design, N = 60 participants completed a set of use cases with the infotainment system in a vehicle of one brand. Additionally, a brand-neutral environment was created as a baseline (condition visibility). Usability and user experience operationalized with the System Usability Scale and the meCUE questionnaire served as measures to evaluate the HMI. Results revealed no main effects of brand nor visibility. Additional regressions of attitude measures and a brand reputation questionnaire, however, revealed relationships between reputation and hedonic measures. The results point towards the robustness of usability measures and potential susceptibility of hedonic measures.


We report preliminary results for 3D simulations of a reduced model of electrorheological (ER) fluids. The hydrodynamic interactions are just squeeze flow lubrication and the electrostatic interactions that of point dipoles. In the low Mason number regime the same layer structure seen in earlier non-hydrodynamic simulations is found.


Evaluation of the stability and adaptability of genotypes across different environment conditions is important for release and recommendation of new varieties to ensure their high adaptability. Plant breeders evaluate germplasms in multi-environment trials to study the stability and adaptability of genotypes (G) and to recommend the genotypes to different environments (E). Multienvironment trials for 11 genotypes including 4 check varieties of cotton were carried out during 3 seasons in 3 locations in Mozambique. The objective of this study was to assess the G x E pattern and to evaluate the stability and adaptability of seed cotton yield of a new germplasm in Mozambique. The experiment was set up in Namialo (district of Meconta province of Nampula), Namara (district of Balama, province of Cabo Delgado) and Nhamatanda (district of Nhamatanda province of Sofala). The treatments consisted of 11 varieties, which were established in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The graphic analysis of additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) were used to understand the G x E interaction pattern and to study the stability and adaptability. The results showed significant effect of genotype, environment and G x E interaction. The first two principal components explained about 80% of the detected interaction. The pair of Environment/Genotype showed the E/G combination for high performance. The genotypes and environments showed genetic and environmental performance dissimilarity. The AMMI revealed that genotypes FK 37, BA 919 and Flash were the most adaptable, while BA 2018 and BA 320 were the most stable across the variation of environments. Received 30 March 2016; Revised 5 July 2016; Accepted 11 August 2016.


Proper nouns are names for unique persons, places, and things. One of these "things" can be songs. Songs have specific names, such as "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" or "Jingle Bells." When you hear a song, you often think of its name. We conducted a scientific study to find out which parts of the brain are important for naming a famous song. We already had some clues about which brain region might be important – we knew from previous research that the left temporal pole (LTP) is an important brain region for naming proper nouns. Proper nouns refer to unique persons, places, and things. One of those "things" can be songs, and famous songs have specific names like "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" and "Jingle Bells." We conducted a scientific study to determine which parts of the brain are important for the process of naming famous songs. We already had some clues – we knew from previous research that people with damage to the left temporal pole (LTP) lost their ability to name famous people and places (landmarks). These people had strokes or surgery that damaged the LTP, and were unable to come up with names such as "Barack Obama" or "the Grand Canyon." In a new study, we investigated whether persons with LTP damage could name famous musical songs. The participants listened to famous songs and tried to name them. We found that participants with damage to the LTP had difficulty naming these songs. They named significantly fewer songs than participants with damage in other parts of the brain or participants with no brain damage whatsoever. Our findings support the theory that the LTP is the key brain region necessary for naming unique items, and for the first time, we know these items also include music.


Major goals of such digital sinewave generation including offering the maximum possible efficiency by using the fewest of simplest possible switching transitions; offering the lowest possible distortion by zeroing out a maximum number of low harmonics that impact power quality, whine, vibration, and circulating currents; and by using all digital techniques that are extremely low end microprocessor and/or microcontroller friendly.


During change of marine nuclear power plant load,the water level of steam generator often waved heavily and even more false water level occurred.In the meantime,water level measurement channels failed once in a while.All problems affected heavily self-regulation of water level and operator's correct judgment on the operation states.Therefore,a water level predicting method based on multi-signal reconstruction was brought forward.This method added relevant signals which may affect water level change as input information for prediction.Comparing with predicting method based on analyzing the history of water level change only,this method improves accuracy,stability and reliability of prediction,and supports predicting in longer term.


The Marxist concept of totality has a long history.Hegel regards absolute spirit as totality,and thus inputs an inner dynamic into totality,changing it from a static form to a dynamic and open one.Marx considers the whole process of history as totality,and therefore points out the direction for human liberation and freedom.The essence of Marxist totality is harmony,which aims at the differentiated identity among the different parts.What the conception of building a harmonious society manifests therefore is the identification of the differentiations between man and nature,man and man and within man and himself,all of which,finally,constitutes the total society.


We characterize the absorption of realistic maximally path entangled number states. Specifically we investigate the result of down conversion, filters and a beam splitter. Our goal is maximal absorption. Applications include quantum lithography and metrology.


Objective:To enhance the pigment production byStreptomycessp.PM4 for evaluating its anticancer activity.Methods:Response surface methodology was employed to enhance the production of red pigment fromStreptomycessp.PM4.Optimized pigment was purified and evaluated for the anticancer activity against HT1080,Hep2,HeLa and MCF7 cell lines by MTT assay.Results:Based on the response surface methodology,it could be concluded that maltose (4.06 g),peptone (7.34 g),yeast extract(4.34 g)and tyrosine(2.89 g)were required for the maximum production of pigment(1.68 g/L)by theStreptomycessp.PM4.Optimization of the medium with the above tested features increased the pigment yield by 4.6 fold.Pigment showed the potential anticancer activity against HT1080,HEp-2,HeLa and MCF-7cell lines with the IC50value of 18.5,15.3,9.6 and 8.5 respectively.Conclusions:The study revealed that the maximum amount of pigment could be produced to treat cancer.


With the row material of NiCr foil,Cr3C2 powder,Ti powder,C powder and by the method of TIG,the Ni-Ti-Cr-C compound welding surface was prepared and bonded on the 16 Mn steel.The phase structure,microscopic organization,component distribution and the distribtion of fracture surface microhardness were studied.The welding coating was studied by erosion wear test.With different temperature,angle of attack in the erosion experiments,the erosion capability of the Ni-Ti-Cr-C compound welding surface,16Mn steel and high-chromium cast-iron ball were compared.The result shows that the compose tissue of Ni-Ti-Cr-C compound welding surface is composed by Ni-based sosoloid,TiC and Cr23C6 enhanced phase,and its hardness is beyond 1 900 HV.It is inferenced that welding surface and the base are metallurgical bonding.The erosion capability of Ni-Ti-Cr-C compound welding surface is better than primary material of the blade of mill fan,so that the Ni-Ti-Cr-C compound welding surface can improves the life of mill fan.


This paper discusses an integrated management architecture for building end-to-end management applications. While many efforts have been made by the industry to define the management architecture, the great challenge to the telecommunication software development industry is still to find a technology management strategy to cope with existing and emerging new network and management technologies. Although many of these new technologies enable us to build more functional solutions to our business problems, if the process to manage their evolution and the strategy to integrate them are not defined properly, they can be very disruptive to our application solutions development. This paper demonstrates the software engineering process using integrated management as an example. We discuss some of the principles and experiences of integrated management. We examine the purposes and types of technology integration, the technology management and the application integration. Finally, we discuss a software solution using the integrated architecture, which does not only support management technology integration, but also application integration.


In this paper, we formulated the concept of the process of hitting a car on a fence as a movement along a curved trajectory with a certain radius of curvature. Special attention was paid to the contact of parts of different stiffness (when modeling the fence, these are ground-stand contacts), since the stiffness of the spring added to the contacting surfaces directly depends on the stiffness of the bodies being contacted. When soft bodies contact, its rigidity may be small, which can lead to instability of the solution. Also, the critical deflection of the fence (the transverse deflection of the fence, equal to twice the value of the console departure), after which the beam is inevitably lowered along with the deviated posts and the vehicles move over the fence.


This paper analyzes and compares the differential current of four transformer differential protection schemes with different compensation methods under different fault types and presents the differential current expression by theoretic deduction. It analyzes emphatically the differential current with two compensation methods in common use which are the phase-to-phase current differential protection and phase current minus zero-sequence (self-produced) under two phases ground fault to show that the differential currents is related to the net impedance. Then the sensitivity of the two compensation methods is compared. These conclusion are derived by strict theoretic deduction,and the simulation results based on EMTDC also prove that the conclusion is feasible and effective.


The implementation of Urban Policy in Brazil has as its main tool the Management Plan and must count, obligatorily, on the direct participation of citizens. The Precautionary Principle requires the adoption of measures that aim to prevent the occurrence of damage to those who try to repair what has already been damaged. This paper aims, through legal and bibliographic research, to demonstrate the obstacles that have focused on the realization of what was determined by the Precautionary Principle, given the fact of constitutionally granting the municipality with less than twenty thousand inhabitants the right to have or not the Management Plan.


We proposed a dual-band S-shaped fractal antenna with a compact orthogonal dipole for miniaturization and a reflection mirror for gain improvement. Considering the applications of vehicular navigation systems, the proposed antenna is designed to cover dual-band frequencies of L-Band (1.616 GHz ± 5 MHz) and S-Band (2.492 GHz ± 5 MHz). The -10 dB impedance bandwidths are 238 MHz and 340 MHz respectively for the lower band and the higher band, with an excellent isolation in the whole operating frequency range. The results of simulation and measurement agree with each other quite well.


A Terminal disease is by definition, an advanced progressive and not curable illness that does not respond to a specific treatment, with multiple symptoms and a survival rate of less than six months. Due to the fact that there is no possibility of cure, palliation is the most feasible alternative in this context. Palliative treatment in patients with advanced stages of different diseases raises a challenge in medical care. Clinical advances in symptom management in advanced cancer have driven palliative care as an important discipline in the past decades. Nowadays, we can find a great load of knowledge that not only allows us to have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the most common symptoms in these patients, but also a more successful clinical approach. Even though pain is the most feared symptom in terminal cancer, it is not the only problem that the patient faces. Symptoms such as dyspnea, anorexia-cachexia-asthenia, and other different conditions that may be considered palliative emergencies most be treated as part of the daily care of these patients. Terminal sedation should be evaluated carefully considering all the bioethical dilemmas it carries. The principal goal in symptom management is to improve life conditions and death quality in this group of patients. Therefore, it is essential that the clinical team in charge should be prepared in order to deal with symptomatic problems that may emerge using clinical tools of proven efficiency, and uniform criteria.


While test data on the compressive mechanical properties of human cartilage and bone are common, little information is available concerning the associated cellular viability under such deformations.


Stem cells play key roles in early normal development (e.g. embryonic stem cells (ESCs)), maintenance of adult organs (e.g. hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) and in some cancers (e.g. leukemia stem cells). To what degree these different types of stem cells rely upon shared versus distinct transcriptional programs remains controversial. Sall4 is a zinc finger transcription factor that exists in two distinct splice isoforms, Sall4a (long) and Sall4b (short). Sall4 has been implicated in embryonic, hematopoietic and malignant stem cell transcriptional regulation. Additionally, Sall4 has been proposed as a potential means of ex-vivo hematopoietic stem cell expansion prior to transplantation. Sall4 isoform-specific differences have been described in ESCs, with Sall4b shown to be critical for maintaining ESC "stemness". Here we investigate the role of Sall4 isoforms in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and murine hematopoiesis to unravel shared versus unique transcriptional programs across different stem cell types. Quantitative real time PCR shows that Sall4b is the predominant Sall4 isoform in murine HSCs and lin-, Sca1+, cKit+ (LSK) cells. Sall4b expression decreases in early lineage-committed progenitors, while Sall4a expression is minimal to absent across murine HSCs and progenitors. Next, we evaluated seven pediatric AML samples and found highly variable Sall4 expression across AML cases. All samples had measurable Sall4a and Sall4b; in 3/7 cases Sall4a and Sall4b expression was similar to that of ESCs, in the other 4 cases Sall4 expression was minimal ( in vitro or transplanted in syngeneic mice to assess engraftment and hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo . Sall4a or Sall4b overexpression caused diminished colony forming capacity and cellular proliferation in vitro compared to bone marrow transduced with empty vector (Figure 1). In bone marrow transplant assays, all mice (4/4) transplanted with Sall4b-transduced bone marrow following lethal irradiation succumbed to bone marrow failure within 10 days of transplant. Transplantation of Sall4b-transduced bone marrow into sublethally irradiated mice failed to contribute to hematopoiesis as measured by peripheral blood leukocyte GFP expression (encoded by the viral vector). Together, this data shows that Sall4b-transduced hematopoietic cells fail to engraft and reconstitute hematopoiesis in vivo . We postulated that this phenotype might be mediated through the interaction of Sall4 with Bmi1. Bmi1 is a member of the polycomb complex necessary for normal hematopoiesis, and is known to be bound by Sall4. In preliminary experiments, we have found that overexpression of Sall4 leads to decreased Bmi1 expression at 48 hours post-infection compared to bone marrow infected with empty vector. In conclusion, our data shows that Sall4b is expressed in murine hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, suggesting that Sall4b but not Sall4a influences a hematopoietic cell fate. Additionally, Sall4 expression is variable in AML specimens, implicating a potential pathogenic role in some leukemias, while others are Sall4-independent. Lastly, Sall4 overexpression is associated with decreased expression of the critical hematopoietic gene Bmi1. Together this data suggests that hematopoiesis is dependent upon appropriately regulated Sall4 expression with alterations leading to impaired proliferation and self-renewal. These effects on hematopoiesis appear to be mediated at least in part through a dose-dependent effect on Bmi1 expression. Future studies will evaluate other genes targeted by Sall4 in hematopoiesis and leukemia to define Sall4-dependent gene signatures in normal versus malignant hematopoiesis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This study was aimed to study 1) the operation of croc. farming in the central of northeastern region 2) factors influenced the success of croc. farming in the central of northeastern region 3) present the operation patterns of the successful croc. farming in the central of northeastern region. The statistics used were percentage, mean, Standard Deviation, and Stepwise-Multiple Regression Correlation Coefficient.The results of the study were revealed: 1) all 4 operation aspects as enterpriser characteristics, management resources, business environments, and key success factors of the business were in low level significantly at .05 regardless the research hypothesis 2) key success factors of Croc. farming business consisted of 10 out of total 67 factors and 3) the successful croc. farming business pattern in the central of northeastern region was 7S 2T 3P which comprised Sources of funds, Skills /Training, Sewage Collection, Save environment, Support License, Satisfied of Price, Social networks, Technology of Innovation, Technology of Quality, Place, and Policy of Tax.


Objective To explore a kind of clinical teaching method which can help foster the clinical thinking and problem-solving ability of higher medical vocational students.Methods "Learning and heuristics through the cases" teaching method is designed according to the principle of cognition structure theory,constructionist learning theory and concept of systematic design.It puts forward six key design factors: open environment,addressing problems,situation simulation,teacher leading,interactions between teachers and students,and evaluation feedback.We compared the outcomes of this new method and the traditional teaching method applied in Medical Science course.Results This teaching method differs significantly from the traditional one in training students' creative thinking,problem-solving ability and team spirit as well as enhancing students' interest in study(P0.01).Conclusion Compared with the traditional teaching method,this method produces obvious comprehensive teaching effects in knowledge,behavior and the emotional realm.


Accurate traffic flow prediction is increasingly essential for successful traffic modeling, operation, and management. Traditional data driven traffic flow prediction approaches have largely assumed restrictive (shallow) model architectures and do not leverage the large amount of environmental data available. Inspired by deep learning methods with more complex model architectures and effective data mining capabilities, this paper introduces the deep belief network (DBN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict urban traffic flow considering the impact of rainfall. The rainfall-integrated DBN and LSTM can learn the features of traffic flow under various rainfall scenarios. Experimental results indicate that, with the consideration of additional rainfall factor, the deep learning predictors have better accuracy than existing predictors and also yield improvements over the original deep learning models without rainfall input. Furthermore, the LSTM can outperform the DBN to capture the time series characteristics of traffic flow data.


Marauding first emerged as a suitable topic for the popular imagery manufacturers located in France's eastern garrison cities in the wake of the Allied invasions of 1814-15. During the nineteenth century, however, domestic marauders replaced foreign soldiers as a central theme in military imagery. While foreign soldiers were condemned for such actions, French soldiers were lauded for their marauding talent. Marauding was depicted as part of a martial re-education programme, in which rural recruits were taught to despise their peasant origins and to prey on their countrymen. Thus the soldier acquired a new military morality and developed the skills of quick-wittedness and individual bravura so necessary for his new occupation. Because such fl air was conceived of as inherently Gallic, marauding was also a process of becoming more French. For the state authorities, who censored the production of popular imagery and were even major customers (through the schools), such prints were a means of preparing young men for the transformation from peasants into Frenchmen.


During these decades,learning Chinese has been a heated point in the foreign language teaching and learning.Due to this situation,I suggest to discuss three questions which are related to Chinese language teaching for beginners,they are about whether foreigners can and should learn literacy; whether to teach both pinyin and characters and what to teach first.


Abstrcat The estimation of the depth reinforced with the heavy-tamping method is still one of the important problems remaining to be settled in the heavy-tamping theory. Recent dozen years, many scholars and technicians home and abroad have done plenty of research and discussion in it. Through the analysis of the features and applications of some estimating methods of reinforced depth such as the modified coefficient method of Menard formula, energy method and empirical formula, this article systematically summarizes the estimation problems of the reinforced depth.


The medicinal plants have been identified as one of the most important biodiversities and a great treasure bestowed by nature. This biodiversity is constantly being altered throughout the world, both by anthropogenic as well as non-anthropogenic players. Global export of the products obtained from medicinal plants (used both by traditional and modern system of medicine) is exhibiting a declining trend during a couple of decades. The excessive consumption has put a huge pressure on their abundance, sustainability and even threatened the survival of some of the species. Therefore, serious efforts are required at individual, organisational and government level, to protect and conserve medicinal plants and make a judicious use of them. This can be accomplished by adopting different procedures and techniques broadly categorised into (a) conventional method such as in-situ and ex-situ conservation and (b) non-conventional method such as plant tissue culture. This review gives a comprehensive coverage to different ways and means, which can be exploited to conserve the precious wealth of medicinal plants and plant biodiversity in larger perspective.


SiO2/polyimide(PI) nanocomposite films with low dielectric permittivity with diamines of pyromellitic dianhydride(PMDA) and 4,4-oxydianiline(ODA) were successfully synthesized by a wet phase inversion process.Then removal of the silica cores of the nano-composite films by HF etching gives rise to the nanoporous of PI films.It is found that the dielectric permittivities of the porous films can be reduced from 3.54 of the pure PI to 3.05(1kHz) by using 15 wt% pore-former(SiO2).The nanopores were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The relationships between the structure of the films and the properties,including the dielectric permittivity,the heat resistance,the contact angles and the mechanical strength,were researched.


Differential evolution (DE) is a robust, efficient and simple evolutionary algorithm for various optimisation and engineering problems. It has several outstanding features such as low time complexity, ease to use and robust steadiness. So it is becoming more and more popular and is widely used in more and more applications. However, many questions are deserving to consider the critical balance between global exploration and neighbourhood exploitation. The difference vector of the mutation operator for the direction and neighbour information has not been fully exploited. Therefore, a second-order difference vectors based DE, SODE, is proposed, which can efficiently utilise different direction information from the second-order difference vector. The optimal second-order difference mechanisms are proposed for DE/rand/1 and DE/best/1 to utilise the direction and neighbour information from difference vector. Then, it will guide the individuals toward the possible more encouraging areas. Extensive experiments and comprehensive comparisons show that the second-order differenced mechanism in SODE is much better than the classical first-order difference mechanisms based mutation strategy – 'DE/rand/1' and 'DE/best/1' as far as the converging and steady performance.


Objective To analyze the distribution and time trends of viral hepatitis from 2004 to 2009 in Yangzhong City,with aims to further explore the potential strategies for disease controlling and prevention. Methods The incidence of viral hepatitis from 2004 to 2009 in Yangzhong City was investigated based on the local infectious disease surveillance system,and the annual percent changes (APCs) were estimated by a linear regression of the logarithm on the incidence rates of hepatitis during the six years. Results A decreasing trend was observed for incidence of hepatitis A,hepatitis B and non-type hepatitis in Yangzhong City from 2004 to 2009. The changes of above viral hepatitis over time were statistically significant (P0.05),with the APCs for hepatitis A,hepatitis B and non-type hepatitis were-61.902%,-61.864% and-57.216% respectively. The 30 to 59 age was the peak age (accounting for 60.77%),ratio of male to female was 2.75:1. Types of hepatitis were mainly in farmers and workers (74.26%). The seasonal and geographical distribution of hepatitis was variable. Conclusions The decreasing trends of the incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis B might attribute to the vaccination being carried out among focus groups during the last six years. Integrated control measures should be taken to control hepatitis E,which is an important infectious viral hepatitis in Yangzhong City.


This paper covers unavailability of line-of-sight radio links due to multipath propagation. Multipath fading in the atmosphere is not permanent phenomenon. The five year investigation results of the received radio signal fading in the radio links and their season empirical distributions are presented. Keywords— line-of-sight radio links, multipath, propagation.


The invention belongs to the field of control on household electric appliances, and particularly relates to an air conditioner and a comfortable control method and a comfortable control device thereof. According to the air conditioner and the comfortable control method and the comfortable control device thereof, after a user starts a comfortable control mode through a key input unit, the air conditioner enters a comfort refrigeration mode or a comfortable heating mode; the air conditioner firstly runs according to a target temperature set by the user or a default temperature, then automatically determines a comfortable temperature Ts according to environment parameters, which are acquired in real time, in the current room, sends the comfortable temperature Ts to a center controller of an indoor unit of the air conditioner and finally runs according to the comfortable temperature Ts. According to the air conditioner and the comfortable control method and the comfortable control device thereof, the convenience in operation and use of the user can be improved; intelligence and comfortableness are realized through a key; furthermore, unnecessary energy waste is avoided, and dual aims of comfortableness and energy conservation are fulfilled.


An oven-dried 2-L three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a 6.5 cm × 2.0 cm Teflon-coated elliptical stir bar is fitted with a thermometer, a reflux condenser and a rubber septum. The system is connected to a continuous nitrogen flow and then charged with (1R,2S)-(+)-cis-1-amino-2-indanol (1, 22.2 g, 149 mmol, 2.1 equiv), diethyl malonimidate dihydrochloride (2, 16.4 g, 71 mmol, 1 equiv), and 1 L of dichloromethane (Note 2). The system is heated to 45 °C (internal temperature 43 °C) under an atmosphere of nitrogen in an oil bath for 18 h, stirring at 600 rpm. Reaction progress is monitored by 1H NMR (Note 3) (Figure 1).


Objective: To investigate the role of apoptosis of pancreatic cell in the pathological process in rats with acute pancreatits(SAP). Methods;68 SD rats were randomly divided to 2 groups :SAP group and contrel group. SAP group was submitted to injection of sodium taurocholate under the pancreatic capsule to induce severe acute pancreatitis and jejunostomy was performed. The control had sham operation only. At 12,24,36hours after the induction of SAP,8 rats in each group were killed. The histological severity were assessed by Schmidt method. The apoptotic rate of pancreatic cell determined. One week mortality was calculated. Results: Obvious pathologic changes were observed in pancreas and the apoptotic rate of pancreatic cell in SAP groups were much higher than that in the control group(P0. 01). The mortality rate was 12. 5% in 24h,90% in a week. Conclusion: Apoptosis of pancreatic cell participates in the whole pathological process in rats with SAP.


Recently developed, high-brightness diode laser arrays have been tested at 50°C at output powers of 0.5 W CW and 1.0W CW from 100μm- and 200μm-wide active regions, respectively. The extrapolated lifetimes at room temperature exceed 40000 h. The maximum CW power output prior to catastrophic degradation of the facets is 2.0 W for the 100μm device and greater than 3 W for the 200μm-aperture device.


Labelling the 'other' is one of the most relevant aspects in an armed conflict context. Summarising what the opponent is in one single expression is a strong rhetorical tool in any belligerent discourse. The use of the 'terrorist' label assumes a particularly powerful role in such a construction. Employing Ole Wæver's layered discursive structure, this article aims to study the discursive practices and political consequences associated with the use of such labels. The political implications of using the 'terrorist' label in regards to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in Turkish politics will be analysed as an illustrative case study. The period under analysis extends from April 2007 to January 2008, corresponding to the escalation of a security discourse that led to the (brief) Turkish military incursion in northern Iraq in the winter of 2007–2008. The political exposure and intense usage of the 'terrorist' label in this period makes it particularly ripe for understanding the political discursive context that shapes Turkey's policies towards this protracted conflict. The focus on this period also sheds light on the political reasons underlying the intractability of this conflict.


Making foundation designs is one of the major tasks of a geotechnical engineer. Toachieve such a design, knowledge of the soil stiffness is required. Information about the soil stiffness can be obtained by either laboratory tests or in situ tests. Laboratory testing is time consuming, costly and sample disturbance is inevitable. In situ tests are done directly on the soil encountered on the site and therefore are a good representation of the in situ soil state. CPT's are the most performed in situ tests in geotechnical engineering. CPT's are used to evaluate the subsurface based on the mechanical response translated to cone resistance and sleeve friction. Therefore it is desirable to find a correlation between soil stiffness and CPT results. A lot of research has been done to correlate CPT results, such as the cone resistance, with the stiffness of sand. It has been found that these correlations are highly variable and site specific. State parameters as consolidation state have a high influence on the soil stiffness but are difficult to evaluate from CPT results only. In this thesis the correlation between cone resistance and stiffness parameters for sand is investigated based on a series of Zone Load Tests done at a site in Kuwait. In a Zone Load Test a footing is loaded in steps and the settlement of the footing is measured. First an analytical settlement analysis is done with existing methodologies which use correlation between cone resistance and soil stiffness. The predicted settlements according to these methods are compared with settlements measured in the field. Afterwards, a new site specific correlation between cone resistance and soil stiffness is proposed using regression analysis. A verification of the new proposed correlation is done with the finite element program PLAXIS 2D. The numerical calculations were done with the Hardening Soil model using an axisymmetric approach. Multiple Zone Load Tests are simulated with PLAXIS 2D where the input parameters of the Hardening soil model are obtained from the proposed correlation. The numerical calculated settlement of the footing are in agreement with the measurements in the field and therefore it can be concluded that the correlation found for this site is valid. The general application of the proposed correlation is not confirmed. The research done in this thesis is related to direct settlement. Time dependent behaviour is excluded but could be of significant influence. Carbonate sands, as encountered at the site, are sensitive for particle crushing. Particle crushing can lead to creep effects and therefore it is advised to perform Plate Load Tests to get better insight in the creep behaviour in the sand fill.


LCL filters are preferred over L and LC filters for inverters in PV systems due to their superior harmonics attenuation with smaller component sizes with associated cost reduction. Although there are many design procedures proposed for LCL filters, most of them are relatively complex and do not provide with an optimal solution. This paper proposes a relatively simple yet efficient LCL filter design method which provides an optimal solution. The paper analyzes the parameters related to the filter that needs to be minimized, and proposes a method to optimize the filter. The performance of the design is validated with simulation results in MATLAB™ and experimental results using a hardware prototype. Finally, a comparison is provided with the state-of-the-art design methods currently available.


Drying conditions can greatly affect the physical and mechanical properties of grains. The drying process must be controlled to reduce or minimize drying damage. In this paper the thin layer drying behavior of wheat (Tajan) in a convective dryer is experimentally investigated. The mathematical modeling by using thin layer kinetics drying models available in literature was performed. Drying experiments were conducted at inlet drying air temperatures of 35, 45, 50, 60 and 70°C and at a fixed drying air velocity of 0.3 m/s and initial moisture content of 0.26–0.27 (d.b.). The effects of drying air temperature on the model's parameters were predicted by a linear regression analysis. The constants and coefficients of this model were be explained in terms of drying air temperature. A correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99 was found for the multiple regression model of moisture content during the drying process using different temperature values. Values of the diffusion coefficients for the whole kernel ranged from 2.28 × 10−11 to 1.14 × 10−10 m2/s.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderation effects of religiosity in the relationship between service quality (SQ), customer satisfaction (CS), relationship quality (RQ) and Islamic banking (IB) loyalty in a non-Islamic country.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional research design. The data was collected by a closed-ended questionnaire from a systematic sample of 267 customers of full-fledged Islamic banks in Tanzania. Structural equation modeling and regression analysis techniques were used to analyze the data.

Findings
Results indicate that religiosity is a significant (p < 0.05) moderator of the relationship between SQ and loyalty (β = 0.176), and between CS and loyalty (β = 0.263). However, religiosity sharpens the impact of CS on loyalty (β increases from 0.170 to 0.263, p < 0.05) and does not sharpen the impact of SQ on loyalty (β decreases from 0.338 to 0.176, p < 0.05). The results further indicate that religiosity is not a significant moderator (p > 0.05) in the link between RQ and loyalty (β = −0.112).

Research limitations/implications
This study used only full-fledged Islamic banks in Tanzania. Therefore, future research could be undertaken by including conventional banks that have introduced an IB window.

Practical implications
To build and maintain a loyal customer base, Islamic banks should take advantage of religiosity by providing a wide range of Sharia-based products and services that truly distinguish them from conventional banks. Accordingly, policymakers should establish an appropriate legal framework to enable Islamic banks to leverage religiosity to sharpen the impact of CS on loyalty and hence maintain loyalty in non-Islamic countries like Tanzania.

Originality/value
This study proposes and validates the theoretical model of loyalty in IB by showing the role of religiosity as a moderator in a non-Islamic country. This knowledge strengthens the overall understanding of loyalty in IB. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to examine the moderation effects of religiosity in the link between RQ and loyalty, and thus between SQ, CS, RQ and loyalty in a single study.


Our objective was to characterize retroviral sequences by RT-PCR with gag and env primers on RNA from RT-positive retroviral particles produced by multiple sclerosis (MS) derived B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Sequence variants with high homology to the potentially functional subgroup RGH of the human endogenous retrovirus RTVL-H/HERVH family were found. The same sequences were also speci®cally found in the particulate fraction of a series of MS patient plasma samples and were absent in controls. South-Western blots demonstrate the presence of a nucleic acid binding protein, corresponding in size and function to the nucleocapsid protein, Gag NC, of other retroviruses. We also present indications for transmission of the retrovirus to PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from healthy individuals. T. Christensen, P. Dissing Sùrensen, H. Riemann, H. J. Hansen, M. Munch, S. Haahr, A. Mùller-Larsen Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Biotechnological Institute, Kogle Alle 2, DK-2970 Hùrsholm, Denmark and Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark


Abstract The behavior of females of a species of Megaselia is described. Females perch on leaves and occasionally "dance", fluttering their wings while rapidly running on the leaf surface. During this dance, they evert bright white abdominal sacs that apparently constitute part of a visual display to attract males. The evolutionary basis of these behaviors is discussed.


The heats of thermal decomposition of the compounds listed in the title, together with the complexes Cr(pyridine)4l2, Cr(pyridine)2(H2O)2Br2, and Cd(aniline)2Cl2 have been measured by use of a differential scanning calorimeter. Comment is made on the variation of these heats of reaction.


Background: New York City Project Hypothermia is a collaborative effort involving the Fire Department of New York (FDNY), Greater New York Hospital Association, Health and Hospitals Corporation, th...


Macca carbon (MC), derived from high-temperature carbonized macadamia nut-in-shell wastes from macadamia nut processing, exhibits a high surface area, high number of electrons, and high efficiency in emitting far-infrared (FIR) radiation at wavelengths between 4 and 20 μm. Numerous inventions have demonstrated promising results in health improvement applications, such as increased blood circulation, less inflammation, and enhanced life expectancy. In this study, MC and a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) were coupled to form a new bandage called an MC cohesive bandage. It was manufactured by combining various quantities of MC powder with PSA and applying it to a spandex fabric tape. The peeling test, water permeability, and skin irritation were examined. The quantity of FIR radiation between 6 and 14 μm and the thermal properties of MC cohesive bandages were investigated. The FIR penetration effectiveness was determined by measuring the temperature rises from the streaky pig skin covered with MC cohesive bandages at various depths.


We discuss, in the review, the energy distribution in the small scale magnetic field that pervades the solar surface, and its relationship to X-ray/coronal activity. The observed emission from the small scale structures, at temperatures characteristic of the chromosphere, transition region and corona, emanates from the boundaries of supergranular cells, within coronal bright points. This emission is characterized by a strong temporal and spatial variability with no definite pattern. The variability of the emission occurs on a time scale of a few (1-5) minutes. It is not always correlated in space or time between the different temperature emitting plasmas in a given structure. The analysis of simultaneous, multiwavelength EUV observations shows that the spatial density of the enhanced as well as variable emission from the small scale structures exhibits a pronounced temperature dependence with significant maxima at 10 5 K and 10 6 K. The radiative energy losses computed from the variable and enhanced components of the emission from the small scale structures are much smaller than those from the background quiet Sun. Within the limits of the spatial (1-5″) and temporal (1-5 min) resolution of data available at present, the observed variability in the small scale structure cannot account for the coronal heating of the quiet Sun. The characteristics of their emission are more likely to be an indicator or the coronal heating mechanisms


More than a project, The Big Shift is an epic library tale for the ages. What starts as a simple collection shift grows into a major space-planning project, a lesson in catalog maintenance, and thanks to Hurricane Ike, a disaster recovery effort. The Big Shift tells the story of how the University of Houston Libraries handled the numerous roadblocks put in front of them during a large-scale project. It is hoped that readers from all areas of libraries will read, appreciate, and learn from these experiences.


Recent accounts of interoception have highlighted its role for self-awareness, but what gives it such a privileged status compared to other sources of information about the body, and is it actually warranted? This chapter first explores the many ways one might understand the notion of interoception, rejecting most definitions that are too liberal. It further focuses on the interoceptive feelings that we spontaneously experience, such as thirst, fatigue, or hunger, highlighting the limits of the attentional notion of interoceptive awareness in use in the experimental literature. Interoceptive feelings inform us about the welfare of the organism as a whole and their spatial principle of organization is holistic. This chapter then assesses the contribution of these feelings for the awareness of one's body as one's own. In brief, their role is not to fix the spatial boundaries of the body but rather to provide an affective background to our bodily sensations.


The effect of the integration of a space vehicle cooling system with a cryogenic dynamic power system on propellant and tankage weight and volume has been studied for several power system arrangements. The systems analyzed include one in which all the waste heat produced within the vehicle is absorbed by the cryogenic (hydrogen-LOX) propellants, two in which only part of the waste heat is absorbed by the propellants, and one in which none of the waste heat is absorbed by the propellants. The power system should be designed to utilize as low a percentage of hydrogen as is practical. It is concluded from this study that the minimum propellant weight and volume is obtained when only part of the vehicle cooling load is radiated into space. For missions of long duration, the propellant and tankage weights will far exceed the fixed weights of radiators and power equipment.


At fertilization, an acrosome-reacted sperm fuses to the plasma membrane of the oocyte. It is then internalized into the ooplasm and its head forms the male pronucleus that moves toward the female pronucleus. Experiments using cytochalasin, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, suggest that filamentous actin is necessary for spermatozoa incorporation deep into the oocyte cytoplasm. However, the exact role of actin in the process is not entirely clear and the consequences of inhibiting actin polymerization on embryo development are not known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of cytochalasin B on fertilization and subsequent embryo development in the porcine model. In vitro-matured oocytes were rinsed in fertilization medium, a modified Tris-buffered medium supplemented with 0.1% BSA and 1 mM caffeine. Groups of 30 oocytes were placed into 50-μL droplets of the medium covered with mineral oil. Fresh semen was collected from both a wild-type boar and a transgenic boar heterozygous for the green fluorescent protein (GFP), washed 3 times in Dulbecco's PBS and added at a final concentration of 5 × 105 cells mL–1 to each droplet containing the oocytes. The gametes were co-incubated for 5 h at 39°C under 5% CO2 in air. In the treatment group, 10 μg mL–1 of cytochalasin B was supplemented into the fertilization droplets; control groups received an equivalent amount of dimethyl sulfoxide, the solvent used to dissolve the inhibitor. After gamete co-incubation, potential zygotes were transferred to PZM-3 medium for culture. In experiment 1, mature oocytes were fertilized with the wild-type boar sperm. Embryos at the 6- or 8-cell stage were then collected, the blastomeres were separated and DNA from each blastomere was isolated for PCR analysis to monitor the presence of the male-specific SRY gene. In experiment 2, the GFP transgenic sperm was used for fertilization. Fertilized oocytes were cultured for 7 days and the resultant embryos were examined for GFP expression using an epifluorescence microscope. The developmental stages of the embryos were also determined by staining their nuclei with Hoechst 33342. We found that after cytochalasin B treatment, only 19.1% (21/110) of the blastomeres were positive for the SRY gene, whereas in the control group, SRY was detected in 54.5% (61/112) of the cases. In addition, in the cytochalasin B-treated group, 1.9% (7/376) of the embryos expressed GFP, as indicated by green fluorescence; this percentage was 35.4% (146/412) in the control embryos. The frequency of 2-cell and blastocyst-stage embryos was similar between the control and cytochalasin B-treated groups (84.1 vs 81.0%; and 11.6 vs 12.5%, respectively). The results indicate that the presence of cytochalasin B during fertilization effectively blocks the incorporation of the male nucleus into the newly formed zygote without affecting the developmental potential of the pre-implantation embryo.


Gluten free (GF) protein enriched cookies with reduced calories were developed using sweet potato, rice, sorghum and corn flour. The level of sweet potato flour was standardized and found acceptable up to 55% with corn, sorghum and rice flour at the ratio of 1:3:5 respectively. High protein and low calorie gluten free cookies were developed by replacing sweet potato flour with whey protein concentrate (WPC) at 0, 5, 10 and 15% levels and sucrose with sucralose at 0, 30, 50, 70 and 100%. It's physical, proximate and sensorial characteristics were considered and it was investigated that the thickness and hardness of GF cookies increased; weight, diameter, spread ratio and spread factor decreased with increasing levels of WPC while there was raise in protein and crude fiber content and reduction in fat, carbohydrate and calorie contents. The GF cookies with 15% and 70% replacement of WPC and sucralose respectively scored highest for the entire sensory characteristic.


The basis of a business from the point of view of social responsibility is its responsibility to internal stakeholders and, above all, to its employees: if a company has enough resources to take care of its employees, then this company can be trusted. This approach enables the employer to successfully compete in the labor market for the best specialists and not experience a "staff shortage" in the future. Companies that consistently implement social programs (i.e. are socially responsible) have the brand of a stable and reliable employer. The HR brand represents the image of the employing company in the minds of its employees, as well as potential employees in the labor market.


Microblogging is provides a platform as a popular web-based tools for the opinion leaders to in-fluence public opinion through microblogging, and guide public opinion, the opinion leaders of the identi-fication microblogging significance on the supervision by public opinion. The article first use of the infor-mation entropy inspection and evaluation system of rational nature, then use is not really known measure-ment model for comprehensive evaluation of the collected microblogging user data in a comprehensiveevaluation of the use of information entropy objective to determine the target weight is determined by theconfidence degree of recognition criteria out microblogging user ratings and reviews, and ultimately identi-fy the opinion leaders, the empirical analysis shows that the method has good operability, more objectiveand accurate evaluation results, as opinion leaders in recognition of microblogging, a new research ideas.


This decision document presents the selected remedial actions and no action decisions for Operable Unit 2 (OU2) at Eielson Air Force Base (AFB), Alaska, chosen in accordance with state and federal regulations. This document also presents the decision that no further action is required for 21 other source areas at Eielson AFB. This decision is based on the administrative record file for this site. OU2 addresses sites contaminated by leaks and spills of fuels. Soils contaminated with petroleum products occur at or near the source of contamination. Contaminated subsurface soil and groundwater occur in plumes on the top of a shallow groundwater table that fluctuates seasonally. These sites pose a risk to human health and the environment because of ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with contaminated groundwater. The purpose of this response is to prevent current or future exposure to the contaminated groundwater, to reduce further contaminant migration into the groundwater, and to remediate groundwater.


This study aims to find the effective policy devices for attracting enterprises in rural areas. In the first place, the result of this study suggest two directions fundamentally as follows: Firstly, the government works on more positive lines and from more integrated viewpoint. Secondly, it give the first consideration to the big-enterprises for attracting enterprises in rural areas. Next, the study suggest three practical policy implements also. First, the government put an emphasis on construction favorable infra structure to enterprises`s activity. Second, it is necessary to strengthen the economic supports for location of enterprises in rural areas. Third, the rural self-government make effort strongly to develop the activity to attract enterprises.


Sustainable Development means different things to different people. To the politician, it could mean access to water, renewable energy and biodiversity, as shown in the agenda of the Johannesburg Summit 2002. To the business leaders, as epitomized by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the primary purpose is to use sustainable development as a change agent and to promote the role of eco-efficiency, innovation and corporate social responsibility. To the engineers, a good example is the IEE Sustainability Network which is concerned with a wide range of topics from agriculture and transport to economy and ethics within an engineering context. To the educationalist, the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAE) pioneered a special Visiting Professor scheme in 1998 involving 21 universities. The main driver of the RAE is to encourage universities to incorporate sustainable development concepts based on the Brundtland definition into engineering education.


The responsibility for mental health training officially rests with the Psychiatric Branch of the Medical Division of Peace Corps. In all Peace Corps training programmes provision is made for at least five hours of what are termed &dquo;mental health groups&dquo;. Initially the planning for the implementation of these groups involved the use of principles of anticipatory guidance as developed by Dr. Gerald Caplan. Anticipatory guidance relies heavily upon the notion that if potentially stressful events are reviewed and discussed by individuals about to undergo them, there is a strengthening of the intellectual defences against anxiety. Incapacitating anxiety theoretically should be reduced; furthermore, the prior experience in having learned to share concerns and methods of coping should facilitate the individual's efforts to do the same overseas.


The present study examined the relationship between the secondary emotions caused by suppressing primary emotions (and the "double suppression" of suppressing secondary emotions) and mental health or adjustment. Participants (N=253) completed a questionnaire package containing: (1) items about the tendency to suppress emotions, (2) experiences and frequency of secondary emotions, (3) frequency of double suppression, (4) a scale of overall mental health (GHQ28), and (5) a scale assessing adjustment (measuring one's sense of basic trust). The frequency of secondary emotions caused by suppressing negative emotions, but not the tendency of emotional suppression itself, was associated with mental unhealthiness and maladjustment. The importance of this distinction that mental health and adjustment may be related to the frequency of secondary emotions rather than emotional suppression per se is discussed.


OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of the cisplatinum magnetic targeted nanomedicine(CMTN).METHODS: Using Kunming mice and guinea pigs as experimental animals,the CMTN was injected into the animals' vena caudalis to observe the acute toxicity and the allergy characters.Cisplatinum injection(CI) was taken as the control,LD50 and intensity of allergic reaction of these two medicines were compared.RESULTS: The LD50 of CMTN and CI in mice were15.618 mg·kg-1 and 18.087 mg·kg-1,respectively.No anaphylaxis was noted in the guinea pigs receiving CMTN,but positive anaphylaxis was noted for CI.CONCLUSION: The experiment results showed that the toxicity of the modified CMTN wouldn't increase in a given range of concentration and it wouldn't lead to anaphylaxis.


This study reviews 11 years' experience with carcinoma of the lung in relation to anthracosilicosis at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Wilkes-Barre. Carcinoma of the lung was diagnosed in 7 percent of 2,360 anthracosilliotics compared to 1.08 percent in 31,187 nonanthracosilicotics. Epidermoid carcinoma was the predominant cell type encountered in the anthracosilicotics, but anaplastic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were not The possible role of immunologic factors, chronic microtrauma by the silica particles and uranium radioactivity in the pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma in these cases is discussed. The difficulties in diagnosis are mentioned and in particular, the lower operability and resectability rates of carcinoma in this group is emphasized.


Solar photovoltaic conversion is an approach for the direct conversion of solar radiation to electric power. The spectrum exergy of thermal radiation is derived on the basis of the definition of spectral radiation exergy intensity. By taking the model of a photovoltaic conversion process as an example, the present paper studied the conversion of solar photovoltaic from the view point of exergy analysis, and analyzed the distribution of spectrum exergy efficiency of solar photovoltaic conversion segments in photovoltaic conversion process. All inand outgoing fluxes in the thermodynamic balance equations for spectrum energy and exergy must be known to evaluate the spectrum efficiency of this energy conversion process. The calculation procedure to obtain the spectral energy, and exergy fluxes is described. The energy flow diagram and the exergy flow diagram at given wavelength are described respectively. The results show that the spectral utilization for solar photovoltaic conversion is with promising. INTRODUCTION Traditionally, the analysis of utilization of solar energy is from the viewpoint of energy analysis [1-4]. Exergy analysis is a very effective method to analyze the process heat transfer and it provides a new insight that cannot be obtained from energy analysis. The solar photovoltaic conversion is one of the main approaches to utilize solar energy, and is also one of the spectral selective processes. Photons with energy less than the bandgap energy or photons with wavelengths longer than the cutoff wavelength are not used by photovoltaic devices [5, 6]. Many researchers have investigated the exergy efficiency of photovoltaic conversion process. Joshi et al [7] investigated the performance of photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal system by energy and exergy efficiency, regarded the solar radiation as the black body radiation, and calculated the incident solar radiation exergy by adopting the blackbody radiation exergy formulae. Sarhaddi et al [8] investigated the exergy efficiency of the solar cell array. As the same with Joshi et al [7], Sarhaddi et al [8] regarded the solar radiation as th blackbody radiation. NOMENCLATURE A [m] Area c [m/s] Light velocity in vacuum E [W/m] Energy flux I [W/(m sr)] Radiation intensity L [W/(m sr)] Radiation entropy intensity P [W] Electrical power Q [W/m] Heat flux S [W/(m K)] Entropy T [K] Temperature Special characters  [-] Emissivity  [-] Energy quality factor  [μm ] Wavelength  [-] Efficiency or percentage  [-] The angle between radiation beam and normal direction of the surface  [-] Reflectivity  [W/(m sr)] Radiation exergy intensity  [sr] Solid angle  [W/m] Exergy flux Subscripts/Superscript 0 Environment b Blackbody bg Bandgap cf Cut-off dir Direct terrestrial solar radiation el Electrical em Emission in Inlet loss Loss out Output ph Photon re Reflected However, the references mentioned above regarded the solar radiation as blackbody radiation. In fact, the solar radiation is not the black body radiation for the terrestrial solar radiation utilization. The solar radiation is attenuated by the aerosol and gas, which cannot be regarded as the blackbody radiation. Moreover, the solar cell only absorbs part of the solar radiation. Therefore, the effect of the spectrum must be considered in the analysis the solar photovoltaic process. ENERGY TRANSFER MODEL OF SOLAR CELL The common solar cell consists of the semiconductor material at its backside and a glass layer on the front side. The 12th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics


Manufacturing process for a trench Schottky diode oxide film in the trench has a differential thickness, forming a first nitride layer on the substrate surface, then, optionally a termination trench, a plurality of trenches substrate and forming the. Following the formation and removal of the sacrificial oxide layer, the side walls and bottom surface of the trenches are oxidized. Next, the second nitride layer applied to the substrate, but the second nitride layer overlying an oxide layer of the trench side walls, is etched to expose the oxide layer of the trench bottom. Next, the trench bottom surface is again oxidized, then the second nitride layer remaining is removed from the side wall oxide layer of varying thickness is formed on the side walls and bottom surface of each trench. Next, the trenches are filled with P-type polycrystalline silicon, the first nitride layer is removed, the Schottky barrier metal is applied to the substrate surface. .FIELD 1