This paper analyzes the role and significance of service sector in terms of its contribution to employment in Malaysia. It also discusses the goals of New Economic Policy (NEP) in restructuring the social fabric and employment patterns. A two-sector model is adopted to analyze the growth of service sector in Malaysia. The findings indicate that the rising income hypothesis component accounted the highest percentage change in the service share of employment (56.4 percent) followed by lagging productivity hypothesis component (39.5 percent). The former component indicates that rising income acts as the central cause of the movement of the Malaysian economy towards service industries, while the latter component reflects lagging performance of labour productivity in the service sector. The service sector takes a leading role in providing jobs for the Malaysians and by allowing as many members of the public to participate and contribute to the economic growth through employment opportunities, the concept of unity in diversity and inclusiveness among members of Malaysian society could be achieved.


of Irian Jaya, the part of New Guinea belonging to Indonesia. Together the two provinces comprise about 30,000 square miles, forming an irregular right-angled triangle, with the coast of the Bismarck Sea as its hypotenuse. The triangle is bounded by low ranges of hills and mountains, which surround a huge, level alluvial plain across which winds, from the west to the east, the broad and sluggish Sepik River, fed by tributaries from both north and south. The population consists of about 300,000 people divided by their use of separate languages into more than two hundred groups, which vary in numbers from a few with 40,000 people to several with less than a hundred. In the Sepik Provinces (Figure 1)1 214 Papuan languages are spoken, while a few Austronesian languages are found on the coast. The people were once as culturally diverse-a certain amount of homogenization has taken place in recent years-but some cultural features were so widespread as to be practically universal. For one, the Sepik people were notably warlike. As might be expected of people with basically neolithic cultures, their weaponry was limited to the usual archaic modes of piercing, crushing, and defense; they used spears, spearthrowers, shields, bows and arrows, clubs, slingshots, and-the present subject-daggers made of human or cassowary bone. The cassowary deserves a special introduction at this point: it is a large ratite bird resembling an ostrich or emu, which inhabits some eastern Indonesian islands, New Guinea, northern Australia, and New Britain (Figure 2). There are three species: the one commonly found in the Sepik Provinces is the Single-wattled or Northern Cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus). It is the largest land creature of the area, standing nearly as tall as the average man. It is, besides, an imposing sight in its black, wispy plumage, with its garishly colored head crowned by a bony casque, and its long single wattle conceptualized by the natives as a female breast. (Natural facts notwithstanding, the cassowary is always considered female.) The cassowary, moreover, is in both mythology and real life a large, dangerous, and aggressive


In this work, the half life of the β decay of 52V was measured by following the activity of 32 samples of 50 μg each after they were irradiated in the IEA‐R1 reactor of IPEN‐CNEN/SP. The results were then fitted using a non‐paralizable dead time correction to the regular exponential decay and the individual half‐life values obtained were then analyzed using different statistical methods (Weighted Average, Normalized Residuals and Rajeval Technique), resulting in a value of 3.733(4) min. The obtained result is somewhat smaller than tabulated one but the difference does not surpass two standard deviations.


Information on ethylenethiourea (ETU) was collected to estimate the amount of actual intake into the body. Useful information such as physical properties, toxicological data and environmental data was selected and described for the preparation of material safety data sheets (MSDS).


Available bit rate (ABR) is one of the ATM transfer capabilities as standardised by the ITU-T and specified by the ATM Forum. It is intended for sources that have the ability to reduce or increase their information rate in response to control signals from the network. A unique property of ABR is once the connection has been established, the network may change the ATM layer transfer characteristics, i.e. the cell rate that can be supported. The network provides feedback to the user about these characteristics. A user adapting its traffic accordingly, expects a low cell loss ratio. This paper addresses some of the challenges related to charging ABR connections. Different categories of ABR users are introduced, indicating that within the framework of ABR as currently standardised, there are some degrees of freedom for allocating the ABR capacity, which are believed relevant to charging. The effect of three different charging schemes are described: (1) charging proportional to the connection duration (time only); (2) charging proportional to the number of cells offered to the network (volume only); and (3) charging based on a combination of both variables (time and volume). It is shown that the allocation policy used may be relevant for which charging scheme may be applied. Therefore, each of these basic charging schemes are assessed for a particular allocation policy.


This study aimed to assess the implementation of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services delivered by rural health units (RHUs) in Tarlac City. This study determined the available health services in the health centers; described how target clients are informed of the services; described the system of how these services are supported and the flow of their delivery. The assessment by the 178 health workers focused on the adequacy of the budget and supplies; adequacy of the number of RHU personnel; and their competence in delivering the services. The 487 mothers assessed the extent of information and dissemination; adequacy of health services or programs; availability and adequacy of health providers when they are needed. The problems experienced by both the RHU personnel in delivering the health services as well as those encountered by the target clients in availing them were also identified. An action plan involving educational institutions in health promotion was developed.


This article proposes that the motel, with its conjunction of mobility and temporary arrest, is activated in the domestic present by the aftereffects of violent national or local occupation. Often described in terms of a temporary and secondary homeliness, the motel might also be entertained as an imagining of everyday life without routine, without closure: the possibilities of mobility disconnected from linear progress and allied instead to chance and desire. The motel is envisioned as an architectural remnant of an often violent longing for distance and freedom that colors colonial and domestic enterprises. Acknowledging Benjamin's desire for a "heightened graphicness," this article attempts to read the motel as an interference device, a transgressive architecture that complicates linear accounts of progress, family, and history. The motel as interference device is fabricated in an "image" drawn from various constructions of motel; from Nabokov's Lolita, Edward Hopper's Western Motel, Laurie Anderson's Puppet Motel, and Meaghan Morris's At Henry Parkes Motel.


The World fauna of Agonum Bonelli, 1810 was analyzed by cladistic parsimony implementing Nixon's ratchet, based on 135 terminals representing 131 species, and 138 unit-coded characters, including 98 external morphological characters, 21 characters of the female reproductive tract and ovipositor, and 19 male genitalic characters. The cladogram was outgroup-rooted to the African Agonidium Jeannel, 1948. Phylogenetic data were summarized via strict consensus; this consensus was used as the basis for cladistic classification. A single preferred cladogram was chosen from among 4576 unambiguously optimized, equally parsimonious cladograms using Goloboffs fit value as an optimality criterion, and converted to a taxon-area cladogram for biogeographic analysis. Coxal and femoral setation has generally increased during phylogenesis, and served to define natural groups. The configuration of the female bursa copulatrix helped define the Agonum ingroup. Spermathecal duct length has increased dramatically during diversification of Agonum, though reversal to a short, broad duct has also occurred. A balanced cladistic classification based on relationships maintained in the strict consensus cladogram recognized four subgenera: Platynomicrus Casey, 1920 (2 spp.), Europhilus Chaudoir, 1859 (28 spp.), Agonum (29 spp.), and Agonothorax Motschulsky, 1850 (72 spp.). Nomenclatural changes necessitated by the cladistic analysis include: 1, Megalonychus Chaudoir, 1843 = Agonum Bonelli, 1810; 2, Agonops Bousquet, 2002 = Agonum Bonelli, 1810; 3, 12 species previously combined with Megalonychus are NEWLY COMBINED with Agonidium, whereas the remaining 32 species previously combined with Megalonychus are provisionally assigned to Agonidium pending future study. Fossil locality data were used to determine Pliocene and Pleistocene distributional limits, and to establish minimum ages for extant taxa. Estimates of species duration for three species preserved in the Beaufort Formation of Arctic Canada range from 3–4,000,000 yr. Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil localities in eastern North America and Greenland augmented extant species distributions analyzed biogeographically. Dispersal-vicariance biogeographic analysis (DIVA), which optimized area relationships among major areas of endemism in the northern hemisphere using the taxon-area cladogram, indicated that Agonum diversification began in Eocene time when Europe and Eastern North America were connected by North Atlantic Land Bridges. Eocene origin of Agonum is consistent with a Paleocene-constrained biotic connection to the African outgroup Agonidium. Subsequently, Beringian exchange was associated with Agonum diversification through Late Miocene and Pliocene. Dispersal across Pleistocene-aged Beringia is associated strictly with extant Holarctic and circumpolar species. Plesiomorphically, Agonum beetles were marsh dwellers. Subsequent ecological specialization has involved use umbrotrophic bogs, gravel and cobble streambank habitats, shores of saline lakes and seashores, and moist forest floors. Speciation has followed both an allopatric vicariant mode, and peripatric isolation of peripheral populations. Both Mayr's centripetal speciation and Brown's centrifugal speciation models were supported by geographic relationships of various sister species, indicating that environmental factors have greatly influenced speciation mode, especially of peripheral isolates.


Internet addiction has become a critical problem on adolescents in Taiwan, and its negative effects on various dimensions of adolescent development caught the attention of educational and psychological experts. This study examined the correlation between cognitive (locus of control) and emotion (emotion venting strategies) factors on internet addiction of adolescents in Taiwan. Using the Compulsive Internet Use (CIU) and the Emotion Venting Strategy scales, a survey was conducted and 215 effective samples (students ranging from12 to14 years old) returned. Quantitative analysis methods such as descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlations and multiple regression were adopted. The results were as follows: 1. Severity of Internet addiction has significant gender differences; boys were at a higher risk than girls in becoming addicted to the Internet. 2. Emotion venting, locus of control and internet addiction have been shown to be positive correlated with one another. 3. Setting the locus of control as the control variable, emotion venting strategy has positive and significant contribution to internet addiction. The results of this study suggest that coaching deconstructive emotion strategies and cognitive believes are encouraged to integrate with actual field work. Keywords—Emotion venting strategy, locus of control, adolescent internet addiction.


Lifelong learning is often promoted in ageing societies, but little is known about its returns or governments' ability to advance it. This paper evaluates the effects of a large-scale randomized field experiment issuing vouchers for adult education in Switzerland. We find no significant average effects of voucher-induced adult education on earnings, employment, and subsequent education one year after treatment. But effects are heterogeneous: Low-education individuals are most likely to profit from adult education, but least likely to use the voucher. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of existing unrestricted voucher programs in promoting labor market outcomes through adult education.


Dried root and stem tissue samples from the plant, Datura innoxia, were exposed to solutions containing six metal ions, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Eu3+. The resulting binding isotherms were generated using multiline atomic emission spectra of supernatant solutions. Application of regularized regression analysis to these isotherms revealed binding sites exhibiting both low and high value conditional affinities. Low affinity sites (1.5×10-2 to 2.5×10-1 ) were postulated to involve electrostatic physisorption processes with large potential capacities (0.11 to 3.2 moles gram-1). These involved Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions. High affinity sites revealed conditional constants varying from 2.5×102 to 1.3×109 with potential capacities of 12 μmoles g-1 to 0.15 moleg-1. These were attributed to surface complex formation and included each metal ion studied. This is the first reporting of relative affinities and capacities for metal ion biosorption under competitive conditions involving seven metals. Similarities in measured affinity constants for each metal when comparing root and stem tissue materials suggest similar predominate chemical interactions involving either of these binding mechanisms. These results support mechanisms involving carboxylates for both root and stems materials. Site densities clearly show the vast majority of binding interactions to be governed by more general electrostatic forces. Such would be advantageous for the application of this plant for phytoextraction purposes.


The present study suggests a shift in perspective of workplace design towards a salutogenic and user-centred approach, one that promotes users' health and well-being in buildings. Intelligent buildings should support a sense of coherence and be functional in accordance with the users' needs. This article aims firstly to identify the dimensions of a workspace quality that could promote human well-being and secondly, to create a preliminary framework for workplace development. In addition to the chemical, physical and microbiological factors of indoor air and the quality of the indoor environment, the focus of this article is on the functional, psychological and social dimensions of the workspace. A workspace that can promote human well-being supports work tasks and work processes; is ergonomic and accessible to all; respects privacy and the personal need for space; strengthens a sense of control; enhances work flow and engagement; and promotes communication and learning. Multiprofessional empirical research, piloting and feedback from different user groups are needed in order to convert theoretical knowledge into functional design solutions.


The present invention relates to a system for receiving telecommunication signals, comprising at least one sensor signal with equipment at least one antenna and at least one first converter; at least one head-end with at least one control device, at least a distribution network consisting of a first section connecting the converter with the head-end and a second section connecting the head-end with receiver units television; wherein the antenna receives a television signal consisting of TV channels located in respective first frequencies; and wherein the converter converts at least one of the first respective frequencies of the television channels of the television signal in at least one of the second frequencies of respective television channels of the television signal.


Several benzylideneaminothiophenols were electrochemically oxidized in methanol containing sodium acetate as the supporting electrolyte, to afford the corresponding 2-arylbenzothiazols. The reaction proceeded via intramolecular cyclization involving the formation of a new bond between the benzylic carbon of the substrate and the sulfur of the thiol group. Based on the yields, room temperature and the use of two equivalents of sodium acetate relative to the substrate as the supporting electrolyte were found to be the optimal reaction conditions. The electrooxidation presumably involves a two-electron oxidation process.


Extracted from text ... 322
Title: Data analysis for the behavioural sciences using SPSS.
Authors: S. L. Weinberg and S. K. Abramowitz
Year: 2002
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0 521 632080 (hardback, 752 pages)
This text makes a useful contribution to the available literature on statistical data analysis for the behavioural sciences as well as providing an innovative approach to the presentation of such material. The authors successfully integrate instructions for the practical use of SPSS into a thorough and detailed statistical text that fluidly allows the focus to shift away from the calculations proper, towards a rich understanding and interpretation of ..


Identifying and understanding the fatigue response of athletes following intensive training and competition is necessary to avoid injury, performance decrements and overtraining. There is an abundance of tests and monitoring tools that have been used to describe the fatigue response of both individualand team-sport athletes. These tests typically include measures of neuromuscular function, subjective questionnaires, blood and salivary markers, or physical performance tests. Importantly though, the tests employed must be valid, reliable and practically convenient in applied settings. Investigators have commonly assessed fatigue measures during tournament competition [1-3] or over subsequent days following competitive matches [4-6] in an attempt to identify the time course of the fatigue-recovery cycle. This provides an understanding of how an athlete recovers from competition and guides training loads and recovery practices when athletes may be most vulnerable to nonfunctional overreaching and injury.


s of the 4th Regional Symposium on Fossil Algae Cluj, Rumania (2001) AGUIRRE J., BACETA J.I., BRAGA J.C., and PUJALTE V. Danian coralline red algae from the Basque-Cantabrian region, W Pyrenean basin, N Spain Lower Palaeocene coralline algae are poorly known and crucial aspects of their evolution, such as biodiversity changes through, and the recovery after, the Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction event are not well understood. This is partly due to the scarcity of shallow-marine deposits from this time interval. Danian shallow-water carbonate rocks, however, crop out extensively in the Basque-Cantabrian region in the western Pyrenean domain. During the latest Maastrichtian and the Palaeocene, this area was an E-W elongated basin opening to the North Atlantic. Pelagic deposits formed in the central, deeper part of the basin, whereas wide, distally-steepened ramps and rimmed carbonate shelves developed at both the southern and northern margins. At the southern margin, three Danian depositional sequences can be recognised (Ma-Da, Da-1 and Da-2). The Ma-Da sequence (lowermost Danian) is mostly formed of outer-platform marly limestones. The Da-1 and Da-2 sequences (lower and upper Danian respectively) are made up of coral-algal patch reefs at the shelf edge, which grade landwards into well-stratified lagoonal limestones. Coralline algae are very abundant in all sequences, offering a unique opportunity for characterising the coralline algal assemblages that recolonised the shallow-water environments immediately after the K/T extinction. We sampled two sections located east of Vitoria (Alava), in the central part of the southern basin margin. The two lower depositional sequences, Ma-Da and Da-1 sequences, are exceptionally well exposed in the Urbasa section, while Da-2 sequence, crops out in the Lizarraga section. Coralline algae were collected from the outer-platform marly limestones of the Ma-Da sequence as well as from both the coral-algal reefs and lagoonal deposits of the Da-1 and Da-2 sequences. Extensive dolomitization, however, has hindered the accurate identification of the coralline algae from the Da-1 sequence. In the Urbasa section, the Ma-Da sequence contains encrusting laminar coralline plants that grew on fine-grained substrates and small for-algaliths with encrusting red algal thalli. Coralline algal assemblages are dominated by Sporolithacean species. A few plants can be attributed to members of the subfamily Melobesioideae, including Lithothamnion villaegranis Poignant and other Lithothamnion species. Distichoplax and putative mastophoroids can also be found. In the Da-2 sequence, at the Lizarraga section, coralline red algae occur as rhodoliths made up of encrusting and warty plants and loose fragments of branching thalli. The algal assemblages comprise the taxa that occur in the lowermost sequence and additional species that first appear in the upper Danian rocks. The latter include several Lithothamnion species, Mesophyllum sp. and scarce examples attributable to mastophoroids. Elianella elegans and, in lesser amounts, Parachaetetes asvapatii are major components of the reef boundstones. The peyssonneliacean Polystrata alba is also very frequent in the intermound deposits. ARP G., REIMER A., and REITNER J. Photosynthesis-induced biofilm calcification and Calcium concentrations in Phanerozoic oceans Photosynthetic carbon assimilation is commonly invoked to cause CaCO3 precipitation in cyanobacterial biofilms that results in the formation of calcareous stromatolites, which were common in the marine realm from the Archean to the Cretaceous. However, biofilm calcification patterns in recent lakes, and simulation of photosynthetically-induced rise in CaCO3 supersaturation, demonstrate that this mechanism does only apply in settings low in dissolved inorganic carbon and high in Ca. By combining simulation results with paleo-pCO2 curves, we show that Phanerozoic oceans sustaining calcified cyanobacteria must have had considerably higher Ca concentrations than today. Predicted occurrences of marine calcified cyanobacteria correspond to their observed abundances during the Phanerozoic, with the major exception of the Cretaceous that reflects a significant drawdown in Ca caused by calcareous plankton. The enigmatic lack of calcified cyanobacteria in stromatolite-bearing Precambrian sequences can now be explained as a result of high dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations.


The basic objective of this research is to explore the contribution of motorway network development in minimizing accident costs. results of the study are based on Croatian experience. The likelihood of a statistically negative correlation between the total motorway length and traffic accident costs will be investigated through observation of variations in the total length of motorways and the number and type of accidents that occurred. The results are based on statistical methods of regression and correlation analysis. The analysis spans the period between 2000 and 2013. The conducted regression analysis has confirmed that one newly constructed kilometre of motorways results in a decrease of social accident costs by 761,488 €. The gathered data suggest that the expected effects of further construction of Croatian motorway network on traffic safety are lessening, so in order to increase traffic safety further measures to improve traffic culture of all traffic participants should be implemented with more vigour.


Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are prepared in a new tandem route from aryl propargylic alcohols (I) and 2-aminopyridines in the presence of ZnCl2 and CuCl.


Many of us take for granted the sense of smell. Yet many researches show that the human nose can distinguish over 10,000 different smells, which have various physiological and psychological effects.Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses essential oils from plants for healing. It is useful for relieving pain, stress and tension, for improving mood and promoting relaxation. Therapies using essential oils complement alternative medicine techniques such as acupuncture, massage therapy and reflexology.Essential oils have been used for therapeutic purposes for nearly 6000 years. The ancient people used them in cosmetics, perfumes and drugs. They were also commonly used for spiritual, therapeutic, hygienic and ritualistic purposes.Generally speaking, researchers are not entirely clear how aromatherapy may work. Some experts believe the "smell" receptors in your nose communicate with parts of your brain that serve as storehouses for emotions and memories. When you breathe in essential oil molecules, they stimulate these parts of your brain and influence physical, emotional, and mental health, or they interact in the blood with hormones or enzymes.Compared to other healing techniques, aromatherapy is associated with relatively few risks or side effects. Aromatherapy oils can cause allergic reactions or sun sensitivity when rubbed directly in the skin. Some oils are toxic, and taking them orally in wrong dosages can be fatal. And, of course, it does not produce instant results.The advantages of aromatherapy include safety, availability, relaxation and easy usage. It is a natural, non-surgical and non-invasive procedure.Although there have been periods of persecution, decline and oblivion in the field of Russian aromatherapy, it is Russia where the notion "phytoncides" was invented by Boris Tokin, a famous Russian microbiologist, and many ideas of aromatherapy were improved by Russian professor, Vyacheslav Nikolaevskiy.Nowadays, aromatherapy in Russia undergoes times of depression in the context of research projects. However, it is widely used by many people in everyday life. This process is not controlled by the State, and it can lead to serious health problems.


Habitat quality on the breeding grounds has been typically evaluated by investigating patterns in nesting success, while events that occur following fledging have been largely ignored. However, one especially overlooked aspect of breeding ground quality is how habitat affects post-fledging survival, which can be very low and can greatly influence population recruitment. In this study, we estimated survival rates, identified habitat features selected by fledglings, and then evaluated the extent to which habitat selection and other biological factors influenced survivorship of fledgling Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) and Worm-eating Warblers (Helmitheros vermivorum). From 2004-2007, we radio-tagged and recorded daily locations of 51 Ovenbirds and 60 Worm-eating Warbler fledglings in southeast Ohio, USA. We compared vegetation structure between actual fledgling and random locations using a chi-squared analysis. For each species separately, known fate models in program MARK were used to generate post-fledging survival estimates and evaluate the influence of biological covariates. Post-fledging survival rates were similar for the two species and estimated to be 65% for Ovenbirds and 67% for Worm-eating Warblers. Overall, fledglings of both species actively selected habitats characterized 32 by dense vegetation that contained 40-60% more woody stems in the understory compared to random locations. Moreover, use of dense vegetation actually promoted survival. Fledgling condition at the time of radio-tagging also was positively related to survival during the post-fledging period. Conservation strategies can be improved by taking into account fledgling habitat requirements. Although riparian thickets and tree-fall gaps within some forests may provide abundant post-fledging habitat, other forests may lack the features necessary to maximize fledgling survival. In these cases, managers should consider actively creating suitable post-fledging habitat. Introduction Although the breeding ecology of North American songbirds has been the focus of numerous studies, ecological information concerning other life cycle stages remains surprisingly incomplete. In fact, basic ecological parameters (i.e., survivorship, habitat use) during the post-fledging period are just beginning to be understood for some species, despite the evidence suggesting that juvenile survival rates play important roles in population ecology and demography (Anders & Marshall 2005; Yackell Adams et al. 2007). For migratory songbirds the post-fledging period generally spans 2-3 months beginning with fledging from the nest and lasting until the initiation of fall migration. Our poor understanding of post-fledging ecology results primarily from the difficulty associated with collecting data on birds during a phase when they are furtive and do not broadcast their presence through song. Nevertheless, recent technological advances have allowed for the miniaturization of radio-transmitters, thereby permitting researchers to track bird's movement, habitat 33 use, and survivorship. Despite increased interest and an unprecedented number of studies on post-fledging ecology over the last 10-15 years, much research in North America has focused on a single species, the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina; Anders et al. 1997; Powell et al. 2000; Vega Rivera et al. 1998), and few data exist for the majority of forest songbirds. Traditionally, breeding and post-fledging habitat use was assumed to be similar, but empirical studies show this is not necessarily the case (Anders et al. 1997; Vega Rivera et al. 1998). Habitat needs might be expected to change across the annual cycle given that breeding birds need to meet numerous reproductive requirements (i.e., nest site selection, mate acquisition, courtship, nestling provisioning), whereas non-breeding birds, including fledglings, should be primarily focused on survival. Indeed, differences in habitat use between breeding and postfledging periods are well documented for Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus), which frequently move their broods into areas of dense vegetation including young aspen stands (Thompson & Dessecker 1997) and alder thickets (Rusch et al. 2000). Similarly, there is strong evidence that Wood Thrush move from their mature forest breeding areas into habitats with dense vegetation during the post-fledging period (Anders et al. 1997; Powell et al. 2000; Vega Rivera et al. 1998). The extent to which most other forest-breeding migratory birds exhibit these same patterns remains


The Session Initiation Protocol is the session controlling protocol of application layer of NGN(Next Generation Network).JAIN SIP,developed by SUN Company.,is the java-standard interface to a sip signaling stack for implementing SIP application.This paper present a framework of multimedia conference system user agent based on the architecture and implementation mechanism of JAIN SIP,analyzed the function of each layers which include the architecture of JAIN SIP,the command signaling of user agent(joining conference,adding conference,deleting conference etc),processing of multimedia information etc.Developing SIP-based applications with JAIN SIP will improve the development efficiency and the applications will gain high reliability and portability.


The role in ecology is shown on the example of collective and individual gardens of Altai region. Once are the sources of additional income for the needy population. The development of the collective gardening on the pats of the region allows to increase the consumption of the fruits and berries. It is 28,5 kilogram for one year or 22,5% of the quota now. The further development of the collective gardening will be if the administration of the region will help.


This study, addresses and sheds light about religion in America and its importance and contributing to build the American faith and also how the Americans shifted from worship to secularism during the last fifty years by illustrating this issue during this period of time with statistics that had been taken and tested from different polls in the states as it shows in some graphs, figures, tables and maps of the distribution of the U.S populations according to their religious affiliations and diversity as well as the attending of weekly services according to each religious affiliation throughout the weekend for instance Friday for Muslims in which they attend mosques, Saturday for Jews at synagogues and Sunday for Christians at churches. The work is divided into four chapters; the first one is devoted to a general introduction about the subject, after we identified the issue, the aim of the study, the hypothesis and the methodology at the very beginning of this study, the second chapter is about the historical background and general over view about religions in America as well as religious affiliation and diversity. In addition to the status of religion in the American political system. The third chapter is a statistical study of religions in America which consists worship, places of worship and aspects of worship in the USA also holidays and religious awareness. The last chapter is about freedom and individualism in the American religion including secularization of America, the shift from worship to secularism and causes and consequences of this religious or social behaviour.


The Karasu River (Sinop, Turkey) was sampled for bacteriological analyses and investigation of antibiotic resistance at the bacterial isolates. In the study, the physical properties and numbers of total aerobic (TA), total coliform (TC), faecal coliform (FC), faecal Streptococci (FS) and Escherichia coli in water samples were investigated. E. coli strains were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, antibiotic resistant genes, virulence genes and plasmid DNA analysis and fingerprinting techniques. The bacteriological analysis results showed that the difference between TA, TC, FC and FS numbers (p > 0.05) was not significant for a total of four stations. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) values of tested strains were found in range from 0.4 to 0.7. The antibiotic resistance genes of strains; tetA (33.9%), blacym‐2 (12.5%) and cat1 (16.7%) were screened by PCR method. Out of a total of 57 E. coli isolates, 11 E. coli strains were positive for the eae (19.6%) gene, representing atypical EPEC, whilst only one strain was positive for the eae and stx1 (1.7%) gene, representing STEC. Present study has shown that the aquatic environments can be reservoirs of pathogenic E. coli strains. The study also indicated that PCR‐based techniques might especially be helpful in the rapid identification of multidrug‐resistance analysis and virulence genes of strains. Karasu stream, which is important in Sinop province, Turkey, was investigated for the first time in this study in terms of a molecular microbiological perspective.


In this paper a model of a hypothetical flexible spacecraft that resembles French multi mission satellite SPOT is selected. This model represents a multivariable system that is difficult to control due to strong cross couplings. In order to get a good insight, initially analysis of the model is carried out from the perspective of control design challenge peculiar to this system. Later a systematic multivariable robust controller is designed based on  H Loop Shaping Design Procedure. The designed controller is able to stabilize the overall system but is unable to minimize oscillations in structure that cause fine pointing issues. To remove the problem of small amplitude oscillations for this design, input command shaping technique is applied that is able to effectively minimize oscillations. Finally, robustness and performance of the designed controller is demonstrated through numerical simulations. 


Testing is one of the most expensive tasks in today's software development cycle and it is very important to devise techniques that speed up the whole testing process. In a recent paper [9], it has been shown that tests on database applications can be speeded up by using proper test execution strategies and test optimization algorithms. This papers proposes a new test execution strategy called SAFE-OPTIMISTIC and a new test optimization algorithm called SLICE*. SAFE-OPTIMISTIC is better than the strategy proposed in [9] in which it reduces testing time without jeopardizing test quality. SLICE* has a better performance than the test optimization algorithms in [9] in all cases and it keeps on performing well even if the subject application and the test suite evolve.


Abstract A quick separation technique for grain size correction of trace metal contents in River Elbe sediments has been developed. The fraction < 20 μm was separated with a special settling tube and analyzed by totally reflecting X‐ray spectroscopy (TRFA). An approximate proportionality was found between the content of Zn resp. Mn in the fraction < 20 μm and the ratio of their total content to Cs and Fe as conservative elements.


Objectives. Lessons learned in research and treatment of opioid dependence demonstrate the need to include pregnant women in clinical trials.

Methods. Two double-blind, double-dummy, randomized controlled trials comparing buprenorphine and methadone in opioid-dependent pregnant women were conducted. In both studies, participants received voucher-based incentives for attendance and completion of study assessments. In the MOTHER trial, participants additionally received escalating voucher incentives for drug-free urine samples. Neonatal abstinence syndrome was treated with oral morphine solution based on standardized modified Finnegan scores.

Results. After a mean treatment period of 13.79 weeks in the Pilot study (PS, n = 18) and 20.78 weeks in the MOTHER-trial (MT, n = 41), respectively (p < 0.001), PS patients delivered at mean doses of 14.00mg buprenorphine/52.50mg methadone and MT participants at 13.44mg buprenorphine/63.68mg methadone. Nonsignificant differences regarding dropout rates were found (22% in PS versus 10% in MT), but dropout was significantly earlier in the MT (p = 0.013). Significantly higher rates of concomitant consumption of opioids and benzodiazepines occurred in the PS compared with the MT (p < 0.001), however, with no significant differences in neonatal data between both settings.

Conclusions. Early treatment enrolment combined with contingency management contributes to reduced illicit drug use throughout pregnancy, surprisingly without influencing neonatal outcome parameters.


Recently, there are many reports on earthquake-related electromagnetic phenomena. Anomalous Total Electron Content (TEC) changes preceding large earthquakes are one of the most promising phenomena among of them. In this study, we investigate TEC anomalous variations in time and space for the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. In this study, TECs are computed with using the GEONET and Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM). In order to remove a daily variation of TEC, 15 days backward running average (TECmean(t)) and its standard deviation σ(t) at a specific time are taken for the normalization. The normalized TEC GPS-TEC* (t) is defined as follows: TEC * (t) = (TEC(t)-TECmean(t))/σ(t). For the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, GPS-TEC* anomalies exceeding +2σappear 3-4 and 5 days before the earthquake. Their total durations are 13 and 14 hours, respectively. GIM-TEC* anomalies exceeding +2σappear 3-4 days before the earthquake. The duration is more than 20 hours. In space, the region of GIM-TEC* anomalies 3-4 days before the earthquake appears over northern Japan and remains more than 24 hours. These results are consistent with the previous statistical analysis around Japan. Detail will be give in the presentation.


There is a paradox in the standard model of cosmology. How can matter in the early universe have been in thermal equilibrium, indicating maximum entropy, but the initial state also have been low entropy (the"past hypothesis"), so as to underpin the second law of thermodynamics? The problem has been highly contested, with the only consensus being that gravity plays a role in the story, but with the exact mechanism undecided. In this paper, we construct a well-defined mechanical model to study this paradox. We show how it reproduces the salient features of standard big-bang cosmology with surprising success, and we use it to produce novel results on the statistical mechanics of a gas in an expanding universe. We conclude with a discussion of potential uses of the model, including the explicit computation of the time-dependent coarse-grained entropies needed to investigate the past hypothesis.


Geographic and socio - economic health inequalities are realities that cannot be denied as characteristics for every human community. In this paper, authors based on two composite indicators created to reflect socio - economic deprivation and population health status in Neamt County, conducted a territorialisation of the mentioned dimensions, with the main purpose to underline the differences between territorial - administrative units. To assess the intensity of the relationship between deprivation and health and to identify the correlation degree between the two elements, statistic analysis was used. It is well known that a low level of socio - economic development of a population is accompanied by a poor health. The results can be used as starting points to calibrate public health policies according to local characteristics, measures needed when reduction of geographic and socio - economic inequalities are to be obtained.


Abstract The Iowa-curve methodology is based on the use of survival curves and is commonly employed for estimating the useful life of industrial property subject to depreciation charges. This article is an overview of this methodology. We point out some of the problems associated with it, and suggest ways of rectifying them. When there is paucity of retirement data for a single group of properties, the methodology calls for the consolidation of properties from different groups. We point out that such consolidations can lead to the gross underestimation of useful life due to an apparent paradox, which is reminiscent of Simpson's paradox.


Compared with older 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists, palonosetron requires fewer drug administrations to prevent chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) following multiple‐day chemotherapy. We conducted a phase II multicenter study comparing palonosetron plus aprepitant to palonosetron alone in patients undergoing a range of induction chemotherapy regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).


Why are support groups important? How are they formed, run and ended? How can untrained personnel develop a basic capability in running support groups? Psychological support is now known to be a significant counter to the psychological and physical effects of stress and life pressure. Support may be provided in various forms but the support group is both efficient and powerful. It is suitable in healthcare, education, and elements of industry and commerce. However, professionals in these sectors will often hold back from offering support groups because of lack of training and experience. This book is designed to overcome this problem. It is written for professional people who can see a value for support group work within their organization and working life but hesitate from lack of experience. Presented in a conversational style, the book serves as a tutorial outlining the benefits of support groups and the essential aspects of forming, beginning and then running a support group. It also provides practical examples and case discussion with a focus on the problems and queries that a novice leader might encounter. Leading a Support Group is an excellent resource for a wide range of professionals that includes nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech and language therapists, dieticians, clinical psychologists, health psychologists, social workers/care worker supervisors, teachers and human resource personnel.


From the perspective of banking competition difference,this paper empirically examines the regional regulation effects of China's tightening monetary policy on debt financing of enterprises.It is found that,after the monetary tightening,the listed companies that barrow money from banks in regions where the level of banking competition is lower are more sensitive to the monetary policy.This effect is more obvious in the samples of the non-state-owned listed companies,but it is not so in the samples of the state-owned listed companies.The further analysis shows that,in lower-competition regions,the monetary tightening leads to a greater decrease in money borrowed by the non-state-owned companies from banks than that by the state-owned companies,but it doesn't has such an effect in higher-competition regions.The above results show that the increase in banking competition will help the non-state-owned listed companies reduce the negative impacts of monetary tightening.


Extra-abdominal desmoid defined as progressive, locally invasive lesions composed of uniform fibroblasts forming abundant collagen and arising within the skeletal muscle or its fascial covering.It does not form regional or distant metastasis, but the rate of recurrence is high.The basic principle of treatment of desmoids is adequate local excision and local persistence, even after multiple operative procedure, should be controlled by adequate local excision.A extra-abdominal desmoid that appeared in the gastrocunemius and flexor hallucis longus muscles of the leg was reported.


With the increasing density of multi-chip module, the discontinuity of microwave interconnect was the choke point which restrains its integral performance. From the point of vertical interconnect via, the matrix pencil moment method, FDTD, edge-element FEM, microwave network model method and CAD model method of vertical via interconnect were introduced. The analysis of these methods shows their advantages and shortcomings. The conclusion comes that FDTD and Edge-element FEM are better than others in analysis interconnect via.


Winters, characteristically, was not content to leave it a simple matter of taste or a personal idiosyncrasy, but elaborated it strenuously into an article of dogma, and made it an integral part of his critical system. As with his other heterodox theses, he did not hesitate to push this one to its most bizarre extremes, so that what starts as a temperamental distaste for a certain strain in literature grows into the most sweeping attack on the mimetic principle since Plato, an attack more sweeping than Plato's since it admits of no contradictions or qualifications, and since it is never itself couched, as it is in Plato, in the quasi-mimetic form of dialogue, but advances like a military campaign, flanked and buttressed by argument and counterargument. Any such defiant act of iconoclasm, aiming to unseat an opinion nearly universally held for two thousand years, would be worth a glance, but when the attempt comes from a gifted critic whose most wrongheaded formulations have always had the power to fix attention on crucial issues, it deserves a nearer scrutiny. Winters sometimes couched his pronouncements as "problems" or "exercises" or invitations to debate. The present essay would like to take him at his word in this regard, unhappily aware that he can no longer speak for himself in rebuttal. The authority of his name, and the challenging mixture of brillance and perversity in his analysis of the issue in question make it desirable to initiate, at least, a reasoned reply.'


AIM
To establish a polarographic method of parallel catalytic hydrogen wave for determination of glimepiride.

METHODS
The catalytic wave of glimepiride in the presence of K2S2O8 was used to improve the analytical sensitivity. The rapid determination of glimepiride was done by linear single sweep polarography.

RESULTS
The catalytic hydrogen wave of glimepiride was measured at ca. -1.36 (vs SCE) in 0.09 mol x L(-1) Na2B4O7-KH2PO4 (pH 6.24 +/- 0.1) supporting electrolyte. When 1.0 x 10(-2) mol x L(-1) K2S2O8 was present, the current increased by 25 times, and the peak potentioal was unchanged, producing a more sensitive parallel catalytic hydrogen wave. The peak current of the parallel catalytic hydrogen wave was rectilinear to the glimepiride concentration in the range 1.0 x 10(-7) - 4.2 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1) (r = 0.9990, n = 9). The detection limit was 5.0 x 10(-8) mol x L(-1).

CONCLUSION
The proposed method could be applied to the determination of glimepiride in pharmaceuticals without preliminary separation.


Performance degradation prediction for space solar cells under irradiation with low-energy electrons is greatly affected by displacement threshold energy (Ed) when a displacement damage dose (DDD) model is used. According to recent studies, the Ed of P atoms is much lower than the conventional Ed value in InP-type solar cells irradiated with low-energy electrons. This indicates that the value of Ed typically used in DDD model leads to significant error in performance degradation prediction. In this study, degradation of AlInGaP solar cells is observed after irradiation with 60–500 keV electrons. The results suggest that the Ed of P atoms in AlInGaP solar cells is much smaller than the conventionally used Ed value. By using the DDD model with the Ed value obtained in this study (Ed = 3.5 eV for P), we demonstrated that the performance degradation predicted by the DDD model agrees well with the experimental results.


Simple Summary The development of novel therapies for cancer treatment is the key to improve patient prognosis. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising technology to treat all kinds of cancers, but the exact mechanisms of its action have not yet been identified. This study aimed to understand the effects of CAP treatment on melanoma cells to contribute to its potential use in tumor therapy. We identified a strong activation of the unfolded protein response along with a reduction in intracellular ceramide levels, which were linked to each other and to CAP-induced cell death. Furthermore, we showed that pharmacological reduction in ceramides strengthens the effects of CAP treatment in melanoma cells. Abstract Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) describes a partially ionized gas carrying large amounts of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). Numerous studies reported strong antitumor activity of CAP, thus rendering it a promising approach for tumor therapy. Although several cellular mechanisms of its cytotoxicity were identified in recent years, the exact molecular effects and contributing signaling pathways are yet to be discovered. We discovered a strong activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) after CAP treatment with increased C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, which was mainly caused by protein misfolding and calcium loss in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, both ceramide level and ceramide metabolism were reduced after CAP treatment, which was then linked to the UPR activation. Pharmacological inhibition of ceramide metabolism resulted in sensitization of melanoma cells for CAP both in vitro and ex vivo. This study identified a novel mechanism of CAP-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells and thereby contributes to its potential application in tumor therapy.


Each free end coil of the helically wound thread insert has a hook recess (14) for engagement with an installation tool. A terminal end on each free end coil is slightly reduced alogn the longitudinal axis of the wire. During insertion the outer screw thread adjacent the tapered terminal end first contacts the parent material. The hook recess has a camming surface coincident with the crest of the inner thread and a lead surface transverse to the crest of the inner thread. The camming surface (29) is formed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the wire and the lead surface at an angle to the transverse vertical plane of the wire.


We investigated structural and electrochemical properties of thin film electrodes of cobalt hexacyanoferrate, NaxCo[Fe(CN)6]0.902.9H2O, against x. The compound exhibits a high capacity of 135 mAh/g and an average operating voltage of 3.6 V against Na, with a good cyclability. The discharge curve exhibits two plateaus at ≈3.8 and ≈3.4 V, which are ascribed to the reduction processes of Fe3+ and Co3+, respectively. The ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles reveal the robust nature of the host framework against Na+ intercalation/deintercalation. Thus, cobalt hexacyanoferrate is a promising candidate for the cathode material of sodium-ion secondary battery (SIB).


Southend-on-Sea Borough Council is congratulating schools after figures released nationally showed a rise in the number of pupils achieving 5 or more A* - C GCSE grades including English and maths.


In this paper SEED, the Korea Standard 128-bit block cipher algorithm is implemented with VHDL and mapped into one FPGA. SEED consists of round key generation block, F function block, G function block, round processing block, control block and I/O block. The designed SEED is realized in an FPGA but we design it technology-independently so that ASIC or core-based implementation is possible. SEED requires many hardware resources which may be impossible to realize in one FPGA. So it is necessary to minimize hardware resources. In this paper only one G function is implemented and is used for both the F function block and the round key block. That is, by using one G function sequentially, we can realize all the SEED components in one FPGA. The used cell rate after synthesis is 80% in Altem FLEXI0KlOO. The resulted design has 28Mhz clock speed and 14.9Mbps performance. The SEED hardware is technology-independent and no other external component is needed. Thus, it can be applied to other SEED implementations and cipher systems which use SEED.


This review considers the present status of theoretical and experimental investigations of fine metallic particles (FMP) with characteristic dimension from 100 to 1 nm. An analysis is made of the influence of the size of FMP on the structure, on the phonon spectra, the heat capacity, the Debye temperature, the behavior of the FMP in an electromagnetic field, the relaxation of the electronic spins, the magnetic susceptibility, and the optical properties. Changes in the structure and in the phonon spectrum are due chiefly to disintegration of the surface layers of atoms and to the large curvature of the surface of the FMP. The electronic states of FMP are treated with allowance for the pronounced discreteness of the levels. A comparison is made of theoretical and experimental results on the effect of the parity of the number of electrons in the particles on the paramagnetic susceptibility and on the Knight shift. Relaxation of electron spins in FMP of alkali metals is discussed with allowance for the effect of the surface and of impurities, and also of a possible contribution from the pronounced discreteness of phonon and electron states. Investigations of optical properties and of plasma oscillations indicate an important role of surface states in relation to electronic transitions in FMP.


Patients with end-stage renal disease need a reliable trouble-free vascular access, a goal that has yet to be achieved. The initial and best procedure is the direct arteriovenous (AV) fistula of the Brescia-Cimino type with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft often necessary as a primary or secondary means of access. The most frequent clinical problems requiring fistula study are graft thrombosis and inadequate dialysis as manifest by arterial "sucking," increased venous pressure, or high recirculation of dialyzed blood. Other problems requiring study include arm edema, enlarging venous aneurysms or graft psueudoaneurysms, and venous varicosities. Prosthetic grafts have a much higher risk of insufficiency than direct AV fistulas, occurring 1 to 1.5 times per patient and year. Thrombosis occurs in more than 60% of prostheses, and more than half are recurrent. Anatomic causes of fistula failure include a venous outflow stenosis in about 85% of cases, an arterial stenosis in about 5% of cases, and a combination of the two in about 10% (1). Venous stenoses in direct AV fistulas generally occur within 5 to 6 cm of the AV communication. Graft venous stenoses usually occur at the graft to vein anastomosis or within 2 to 3 cm of the anastomosis. In about 15% to 20% of cases, venous lesions may occur far proximal to the anastomotic site; therefore, the entire venous system to the level of the superior vena cava should be studied. These proximal venous lesions tend to occur at sites of physiologic narrowing where turbulence leads to intimal hyperplasia. Common locations include the axillary vein as it passes underneath the pectoralis minor muscle, the subclavian vein as it enters the chest between the clavicle and first rib, at valves, and at sites of previous trauma secondary to central venous lines (2). Most of these venous stenotic lesions are the result of a combination of intimal hyperplasia and perivenous fibrosis. These stenoses are often resistant to dilatation and require the use of high-pressure balloons. Stenosis may also occur within a graft because of progressive pseudointimal hyperplasia or trauma from repeated puncture. I have not dilated intragraft lesions because of the generally diffuse nature of the problem and because of the lack of muscular structure and elasticity in a graft and the subsequent risk of graft rupture. My standard approach for dealing with a significant venous stenosis has been percutaneous angioplasty done at the same time as the diagnostic angio-


This study sought to compare high affinity glutamate transporter (GLUT) activity in the PVN of euhydrated versus water‐deprived Sprague‐Dawley rats. Control rats received water ad libitem. Treated rats were deprived of water for 48 h. After sacrifice, PVN synaptosomes were prepared and glutamate uptake was measured using [3H]‐glutamate as substrate. Uptake was both saturable and Na+‐dependent. In PVN synaptosomes from euhydrated rats (n=4) the Km of uptake was 17.6 ± 3.8 (SEM) nM and the Vmax was 541 ± 22 (SEM) pmol/min‐mg protein. In water deprived rats (n=4), the Vmax of uptake in PVN was 808 ± 58 pmol/min‐mg protein, which was significantly (p < 0.001) greater than in controls, whereas Km (21.2 ± 7.3 nM) was not different. Results indicate that water deprivation increases PVN synaptosomal glutamate uptake and suggests that local glutamatergic activity may be enhanced by water deprivation. These findings are consistent with evidence for ionotropic glutamate receptor activation in the PVN contributing to sympathetic excitation and maintenance of arterial pressure during water deprivation. Although mechanisms by which water deprivation stimulates glutamate uptake are not yet known, increased GLUT gene expression and trafficking of GLUT to the cell surface are presently under investigation.


A comparative study is presented regarding the evolutionary design of complex multi-state cellular automata.
In particular, two-dimensional cellular automata will be considered in combination with pattern development problem as a~case study.
Two techniques for the representation of transition functions for the cellular automata are proposed: a conventional table-based method and an advanced concept utilising conditionally matching rules.
It will be shown that using a proper settings of Evolution Strategy, various working solutions can be obtained using both representations.
Some observations from an analysis of resulting cellular automata will be presented which indicate that the behavior of the automata is totally different and depends on the representation applied.
Specifically, the table representation exhibit a chaotic development during which a target pattern emerges at a moment.
On the other hand, the conditional rules are able to achieve behavior that progressively constructs the target pattern which, in addition, represents a stable final state.
Moreover, the latter method also exhibits significantly higher success rate which represents one of its advantages and proves an importance of systematic research in this area.


This article draws a connection between the faculty of conscience and the capacity for embodied feeling. It suggests that the capacity to engage with conscience and the ability to be responsive to oneself and to others at a sensate level are directly connected and that through embodied practices of sensing and feeling one can cultivate forms of personal conscience, which, in these terms, is not just an intellectual or cognitive moral capacity but is also related to the capacity for sensate experience that is informed by the ability to feel our own bodies. If one cultivates a sensate relationship with oneself, with others, and with society, a deeper level of embodied feeling and a growing responsiveness to the world can emerge, and for me this is called conscience. Conscience involves making a relationship with the world in a particular way, one that is responsive and responsible to it. Yet I contend that understanding the centrality of sensate experience for critical conscience tends to be foreclosed in many contemporary theoretical discussions due to an emphasis upon the body as a site of normalization and subjection. In this article I examine the pitfalls of approaches to embodiment that are overly so focused, and I contrast them with an approach to conscience that highlights sensation and embodied responsiveness. I moreover argue for the potential significance in moral and political terms of particular embodied practices that ignite and empower bodily sensation for the cultivation of conscience.


The method of the invention consists in a first step (1) Learning to present a determined number of examples to the input of a neural network for the estimation of the inverse of the Jacobian matrix of the control task from each example corresponding to a variation in the perception of the environment of the robot in relation to a determined movement of the robot in space, and in a second step (2) implementing the neural network having been trained in step (1) learning, to be controlled in closed loop the robot movements in real perception of its environment, through the neural network, so that it coincides with the position reference to reach, the process is stopped when the actual perception of the robot coincides with the reference position. applications: industrial control, assembly, shipping, etc .. pointing system


A variety of human interferons α, β and γ are now recognised. Three types of α‐interferon have been submitted to clinical assessment. Overall, the results have been disappointing. Attention is now directed towards their use in combination with conventional cytotoxic agents.


A general fuzzy controller cannot control a timevarying delay system effectively and even causes the system to lose its stability.This paper discusses some causes for degrading control quality and presents a kind of selfcompensating fuzzy control algorithm with feedforward for the timevarying system based on fuzzy PID.The simulation of MATLAB has proved that this gorithm possesses a good control quality,which is suitable for systems with timedelay and timevarying parameters.It can be realized easily in engineering.


Background:The cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) shell liquid (CNSL) scientific interest of the has grown significantly, due to its diverse technological potential arising from its rich composition for biological application. It is mainly related to protection, against microorganisms. It has been reported to substitute chemical compounds application(pesticides). Thus reducing their persistent residues (to consumers and the environment. This work evaluated a green strategy for storage fungi decontamination commonly infecting grains (maize Zea mays L. and wheat-Triticum aestivum L.) by applying CNSL. Materials and Methods:In this study, a 25g portion of naturally contaminated corn samples (Total: 3, M1, M2 and M3) and wheat (Total: 2, W1 and W2) were weighed, diluted and exposed to different percentages of CNSL, through inoculation in triplicate to (10 -3 ) in culture medium containing PDA, followed by the addition of increasing volumes of CNSL (10, 20, 30 and 40%, corresponding to 2/20, 4/20, 6/20 and 8/20 mL for CNSL / PDA Medium A control was prepared with PDA (without CNSL) and incubated at 25 ± 1 ° C for 7 days.The reading was performed with the help of the colony counter and the effect of applying CNSL in different percentages in the development of fungi was compared with the control in relation to the intensity / reduction of fungal colonies (CFU/ g). Results: It was observed, at all CNSL levels applied, some inhibitory potential, over the cereals fungi load. The overall mean inhibition percentage in corn and wheat samples, respectively, was: 37 and 35% inhibition at 10% CNSL; 46 and 42% inhibition to 20% CNSL; 54 and 59% to 30% CNSL; 78 and 100% to 40% CNSL. The most effective was at 40%. Conclusion: CNSL can be a promising green method for fungi decontamination to be adopted by grain storage units. Further studies on in situ (large scale) and sensory evaluation will be carried out. Key Word: Cashew nut shell liquid; Fungicide; Grains; Maize; Wheat. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 18-06-2020 Date of Acceptance: 02-08-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has a crucial role in the diagnosis and conservation of historical buildings, which are typically characterized by articulated fabrics, constructed over decades using different materials and construction techniques. All these issues lead to very complex structural behaviour whose reliable assessment cannot disregard from a sound interpretation of data from SHM systems. SHM systems can be classified into (i) static systems, monitoring the long term time evolutions of specific quantities (such as amplitude of cracks, inclination of walls, relative distances, etc.) and (ii) dynamic systems, continuously monitoring the dynamic response (velocities, accelerations) in order to gather information upon overall dynamic properties such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The recorded raw data need to be processed in order to distinguish eventual evolutionary trends from the seasonal and daily variations related to thermal effects. In the present work, a simple unified approach for data interpretation acquired from both static and dynamic SHM systems installed in historical buildings is presented. The approach is aimed at: (i) introducing reference quantities for interpretation of seasonal and daily variations, (ii) providing order of magnitudes of reference quantities and (iii) identifying eventual evolutionary trends which could be related to the presence of potential structural criticalities. The approach is illustrated referring to the "Two Towers" of Bologna.


For a environment propellant group,the simulation model,mass model and orbit model of adjacent space aircraft were established.By setting combustion chamber pressure,ample oxygen coefficient and nozzle exit pressure as variables,the performance of adjacent space aircraft was analyzed.The results show that it will be better with higher combustion chamber pressure under specific task for improving adjacent space aircraft performance.The best ample oxygen coefficient can be achieved at 0.99.If permitted,the nozzle area expansion ratio deployed should be as big as possible,since it is limited by rocket outer diameter and technology level,etc.The correlation study could provide a guidance for the system project study of other similar adjacent space aircrafts.


Objective To study the probable mechanism of action that ZZC( Zhuanggu Zhentong capsules) inhibit the migrations of breast cancer. Methods Implanted tumors were established and were randomly divided into 4 groups at first,i. e. modeling group( MG),preventing group( PG) with ZZC,treating group( TG) with ZZC and positive controlling group( PCG) treated by Shenyi capsules( SC),and treated with various treating procedures. We evaluated the inhibiting rate of tumor growing by light microscopy respectively; immunohistochemical ABC procedures were taken to determine the expressive activities of protein system in the terms of biodynamic correlation,such as FAK,PI3K and MEK1 /2,among different groups with a comparative analysis. Results There were statistically significant differences in the volumes of tumors among the nude mice of PG,TG and PCG( P 0. 05),with the inhibitory rates of tumor growing being 56. 84%,36. 49% and 35. 45% for them respectively. As determined by SABC immunohistochemistry followed by image analysis on the cellular adhesionrelating proteins in sections of various groups,the expressive activities of FAK,PI3K and MEK1 /2 were much higher in the samples of MG than that of PG,TG and PCG,with significantly statistical differences among them( P 0. 01). Conclusion It can be concluded from this experimental study that ZZC bring about inhibitory effect on the expression inhibition of FAK to induce decreased expressive activity of PI3K and MEK1 /2 in these cells so as to destroy the formation of fibrous skeletons in an inhibited way and bring about through its intervening effect on their biodynamic mechanism.


In the field of transportation, the usefulness of research findings is, in part, a function of the effectiveness of information transfer between researcher and user. All too often practicing transportation professionals are unaware of new ideas, methods and procedures useful in carrying out their daily responsibilities because of poor information transfer. Transportation researchers and users alike recognize several major problems that hinder effective information transfer, yet few organized attempts are made to solve these problems. This paper will explore the information transfer process in urban transportation with emphasis on the ethical implications upon those who conduct research in transportation. The technology transfer process, barriers to the use of transportation research and information transfer are discussed and analyzed in order to develop principles for the conduct of applied research in transportation. This was developed from a U.S. Department of Transportation funded project conducted at the University of Wisconsin. The objective of that project was to identify problems in the dissemination and implementation of innovative ideas in urban transportation planning and means to deal wit those problems.


Response surface methodology was used to optimize technological parameters for ultrasonic-assisted extraction and ethanol precipitation of polysaccharides from Actinidia arguta Sieb.et Zucc..Three factors including ultrasonic power,ultrasonic time and solvent/material ratio were selected to maximize the yield of polysaccharides.Ethanol concentration,ethanol volume and precipitation time were selected to maximize the yield of polysaccharides precipitated by ethanol.The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were obtained as follows: ultrasonic power 260 W,ultrasonic treatment time 8 min,and solvent/material ratio 6:1(mL/g),resulting in a polysaccharide yield of 1.48%(m/m).The optimal conditions for precipitating polysaccharides from the crude polysaccharide solution obtained were achieved after 4 h precipitation with 7-fold volume of 90% ethanol,and a polysaccharide yield of 1.55%(m/m) was obtained under these conditions.


This study compared policies of elderly abuse of long-term care facilities on WHO, Main countries for improvement of Korean policy. So, This study reviewed policies of elderly abuse of long-term care facilities on WHO, Main countries. So, This study reviewed risk factors that may increase the potent...


From 1990 up to 1998, total of 42 cases of flaccid dysfunction of the elbow following poliomyelitis, birth palsy, brachial plexus injury, etc., were treated with Steindler-Mayer elbow flexorplasty at Chen Hsin Rehabilitation & Medical Center. The average age at operation was 13 years old (range, 6 to 25 years). The follow up period averaged 4.2 years (range, 6 months to 7.5 years).
According to the criteria of Mayer and Green's scoring system, the results after flexorplasty were assessed. More than sixty percent of cases showed good result, and ninety percent of cases had satisfactory improvement of activities of daily living. Stretching & strength exercise after elbow flexorplasty is very important to diminish the tendency of pronation and flexion contracture of the elbow.


Using data from a national sample of American workers, the authors develop measures for "prosocial unionism"—the belief that unions contribute to the common good—and use regression analysis to determine its impact on public support for unions and on workers' likelihood of supporting a union in a representation election in their workplace. Results show that the public's support for unions is stronger when the public believes that unions act in the interests of all working people instead of just their members. The analyses also show that workers who believe unions have social benefits are significantly more likely to say they would vote "yes" in a union election than those who do not hold this belief. These findings imply that if unions address political and social justice goals that transcend the workplace, their legitimacy and their success in attracting public support and members may be enhanced and help stem the tide of shrinking union density.


In a recent result (see Jaffar Ali and shivaji [1]), it was shown via the method of sub-super solutions that a semipositone problem with a sign changing weight has at least one positive solution. In this paper we want to investigate that solution numerically.


Aims  Prospective studies of autonomic nerve function are rare. We have followed the progression of autonomic dysfunction in relation to nephropathy over 14 years in Type 1 diabetic patients.


SUMMARY
Applications of lithium chloride (LiCl), zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) or nickel sulphate (NiSO4) to the roots of sugar-beet plants in the glasshouse encouraged settling on the leaves of adult apterae from a clone of Myzus persicae (Sulz.); conversely, treatment with boric acid (H2B2O7) inhibited aphid settling. Larviposition of M. persicae was increased by NiSO4 and tin chloride (SnCl2). Viruliferous M. persicae transmitted beet yellows virus (BYV) more efficiently to plants treated with LiCl or H2B2O7 than to those treated with copper sulphate (CuSO4), ZnSO4 or SnCl2. The sulphate and chloride anions of the applied chemicals appeared to have little effect on M. persicae and virus transmission.

It is suggested that applications of trace elements to sugar beet affected M. persicae and virus transmission by changing the concentrations of trace elements in the aphids' diet and by altering the metabolism of the leaf tissues in the host plant.


Two simple, specific, accurate, precise and reproducible and robust methods have been developed and validated for the Simultaneous UV spectrophotometric method was a determination using the First order derivative Method at 226 nm and 250 nm over the concentration range 4-12 μg/mL for Ethinyl Estradiol and 20-60 μg/mL for Cyproterone Acetate respectively. The % recoveries of the both the drugs were found to be 99.30- 101.77% and 98.78-100.25% for Ethinyl Estradiol and Cyproterone Acetate respectively. In Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method, the chromatographic system was equipped with Phenomenex C18 column and UV detector set at 230 nm, in conjunction with a mobile phase of Acetonitrile and 0.01M Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer (pH 3.5, adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio of 70:30 % v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The described method was linear over a concentration range of 1.75-8.75 µg/mL for Ethinyl Estradiol and 100-500 µg/mL for Cyproterone Acetate respectively. The retention time was 3.37 ± 0.0052 min and 6.09 ± 0.022 min for Ethinyl Estradiol and Cyproterone Acetate respectively. The % recoveries of the both the drugs were found to be 99.90-102.05 % and 98.48-100.63 % for Ethinyl Estradiol and Cyproterone Acetate respectively. Methods were statistically validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, LOD, LOQ and robustness according to ICH guidelines and can be used for analysis of combined Tablet Dosage Form


Thermoelectric materials can be used for solid state power generation and heating/cooling applications. The figure of merit of thermoelectric materials, ZT, which determines their efficiency in a thermoelectric device, remains low for most conventional bulk materials. Nanoscale and nanostructured thermoelectric materials are promising for increasing ZT relative to the bulk. This review introduces the theory behind thermoelectric materials and details the predicted and demonstrated enhancements of ZT in nanoscale and nanostructured thermoelectric materials. We discuss thin films and superlattices, nanowires and nanotubes, and nanocomposites, providing a ZT comparison among various families of nanocomposite materials. We provide some perspectives regarding the origin of enhanced ZT in nanoscale and nanostructured materials and suggest some promising and fruitful research directions for achieving high ZT materials for practical applications.


In The Economic Person, Peter Danner offers a thoughtful, provocative and balanced analysis of a subtle and often overlooked but important distinction: That between the ''individual'' and the ''person.'' While economic analysis is typically viewed as treating people as rational maximizers to be analyzed apart from their social networks and value rankings, Danner suggests that this approach, while informative, is incomplete. Economic considerations are foundational in people's lives, but they are not the only considerations. This is because we have two dimensions, the physical and the embodied spirit. As a result, our decisions are driven by social and moral considerations that go far beyond the standard fare of traditional economics. This, in turn, opens our economic behavior to both economic analysis and moral scrutiny. Danner's main message is that either economic analysis or moral scrutiny by itself provides only a partial picture of people's economic behavior. However, perhaps to the surprise of some, the two approaches are compatible, and if used jointly are synergistic: The understanding gained from combining both approaches will exceed the sum of understanding gained from both approaches taken separately. A strength of Danner's presentation is its balance. He acknowledges the merits and limitations of both approaches. His presentation is respectful of different points of view, and conducive to discussion and reflection. In fact, it will likely spark these responses when he offers what some might see as shocking or even heretical statements. For example, that prices are means through which moral values are expressed and value hierarchies constructed. REVIEW OF SOCIAL ECONOMY, VOL. LXI, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2003


Abstract We motive and calculate Newton–Cotes quadrature integration variance and compare it directly with Monte Carlo (MC) integration variance. We find an equivalence between deterministic quadrature sampling and random MC sampling by noting that MC random sampling is statistically indistinguishable from a method that uses deterministic sampling on a randomly shuffled (permuted) function. We use this statistical equivalence to regularize the form of permissible Bayesian quadrature integration priors such that they are guaranteed to be objectively comparable with MC. This leads to the proof that simple quadrature methods have expected variances that are less than or equal to their corresponding theoretical MC integration variances. Separately, using Bayesian probability theory, we find that the theoretical standard deviations of the unbiased errors of simple Newton–Cotes composite quadrature integrations improve over their worst case errors by an extra dimension independent factor ∝ N - 1 2 {\propto N^{-\frac{1}{2}}} . This dimension independent factor is validated in our simulations.


Auto-ignition behavior of lubricating oil is studied experimentally using a cone calorimeter. Based on its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), the adopted lubricating oil has a flash point temperature of 228°C, The measurement of auto-ignition behavior was carried at atmospheric pressure in range of temperature between 350°C to 550°C. In this work, the optical density of smoke resulting from the combustion process was measured at auto-ignition temperature. The result of this study shows that the auto-ignition behavior of lubricating oil is strongly depend on conditions of gas mixture, i.e. oil vapor, nitrogen, and oxygen mixtures. The lubricating oil started to ignite at irradiance temperature of cone heater at 500°C with a measured heat flux value of 16,7 kW/m2. At lower temperatures ignition of the mixture occured by piloted igniton sources. No ignition was observed at temperature less than 350°C. At higher irradiance temperature and heat flux (550°C and 21,1 kW/m2), auto-ignition occured at shorter time to ignition and producing higher value of smokes optical density of 1 - 1.4 m-1.


A recent Nature article provided preliminary evidence that infants age 2–6 months old, who were later diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), fixated more on the mouth than eyes and more at objects than people when viewing videos of typical childhood social scenes (1). While the sample was small, a reliable pattern of decline in eye fixation accurately predicted their level and classification of symptoms at age three suggesting that – for the first time – an infant could be assessed within the first 6 months of life for their potential of developing ASD (see Table Table11 for studies that used eye-tracking with infants 12 months and younger). These eye-tracking devices, which are currently in clinical trials, could provide access to an affordable and objective tool with the potential for extremely early intervention. Detecting ASD risk during the first 6 months of life presents unprecedented opportunities to intervene, providing children opportunities to build critical skills before autistic characteristics fully emerge. Because the eye-tracking device allows for a non-invasive, portable assessment, the device could also enable pediatricians to provide comparable screening services globally. With such promise, a near future where infants are placed into an eye-tracking device at routine pediatric visits is compelling, if not guaranteed.


In recent years, Japan was hit by great deal of natural disasters such as earthquake and tsunami. During these disasters, food supplies were ordered by the Japanese government for each family. Japanese government encouraged, at least, three days food storage and if it is possible, the duration is extended to one-week. Since the disaster timing is unknown, food supplies for disasters must be able to be stored at normal temperature for a long term (up to 25years). Therefore, food supplies that marketed as long-term preservation is necessary to overcome these situations. This study aimed to design a 3-day menu using commercially available food supplies for disaster situations. Furthermore, we evaluated the taste and evaluated blood sugar level measurement after consuming each meal during the three days. It is necessary for us to offer a meal preventing hyperglycosemia after a meal. The hyperglycosemia after a meal is to cause obesity, fatty liver, Alzheimer's dementia. However, the commercial disaster food included a lot of glucose. That is a reason why our blood sugar level is easily up after eating that. The commercial disaster foods that blood sugar level is hard to rise are necessary for us. And the commercial disaster food is expensive (We can purchase the normal retort pouch for approximately 100 Japanese yen, but the disaster edible retort pouch is around 500 Japanese yen.), there is a financial burden, we understood. Low-price commercial disaster foods are necessary for us.


Robotics has lots of use in the industrial world and has lots of development since the industrial revolution, due to its qualities of high precision and accuracy. This paper is designed to display the qualities in a form of a writing robot. The aim of this study is to construct the system based on data gathered and to develop the control system based on the model. There are four aspects studied for this project, namely image processing, character recognition, image properties extraction and inverse kinematics. This paper served as discussion in modelling the robotic arm used for writing robot and generating theta for end effector position. Training data are generated through meshgrid, which is the fed through anfis.


It is critical for surgeons to have a full understanding of the complex courses and ramifications of the human internal iliac artery and its parietal branches. Although numerous anatomical studies have been performed, not all variations at this site are currently understood. Toward this end, we characterized these blood vessels in fetal pigs to provide additional insight from a comparative anatomical perspective. Among our findings, we identified the internal iliac artery as a descending branch of the abdominal aorta. A very thick umbilical artery arose from the internal iliac artery. The superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and internal pudendal arteries formed the common arterial trunk. Although the superior gluteal artery emerged from the common trunk from inside the pelvis, the inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries bifurcated at deep layer within the gluteus muscles after leaving pelvic cavity. We were unable to detect an obturator artery emerging from the internal iliac artery. A branch supplying the hip adductors was identified as arising from the inferior epigastric artery which itself was derived from the distal end of the external iliac artery. In conclusion, we identified the anatomic characteristics of the internal iliac artery and its parietal branches in the fetal pig. Our findings provide new insight into the comparative anatomy of the internal iliac artery and will promote understanding of related morphogenetic processes.


RATIONALE
Although both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are independently recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular disease, little is known about their interaction.

OBJECTIVES
We hypothesized that T2DM and OSA act synergistically to increase vascular risk, and that treatment of OSA would improve vascular reactivity in patients with T2DM+OSA.

METHODS
Cross-sectional study of 141 adults with T2DM, OSA, T2DM+OSA, and controls, followed by a 3-month, parallel-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing active and sham continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in 53 adults with T2DM+OSA. Endothelium-dependent macro- and micro-vascular reactivity (flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery and acetylcholine-induced dilation of forearm micro-vasculature, respectively) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess left- and right-ventricular mass/volume.

RESULTS
Mean+SD FMD was 6.1±4.0%, 7.3±3.6%, 6.8±4.5%, and 4.8±2.9% in controls, T2DM-only, OSA-only, and T2DM+OSA, respectively. We observed a significant T2DM*OSA interaction on FMD, such that the mean effect of OSA in those with T2DM was 3.1% (95% CI 0.6 - 5.6) greater than the effect of OSA in those without T2DM. Three months of CPAP resulted in a mean absolute increase in FMD of 0.3% (95% CI -1.9 - 2.5); primary endpoint), with a net improvement of 1.1% (95% CI -1.4 - 3.6) amongst those with adherence ≥4 hours/night. A significant T2DM*OSA interaction was found for both LV and RV end-diastolic volume, such that OSA was associated with a 22.4mL (95% CI 3.2 - 41.6) greater LV end-diastolic volume and 23.2mL (95% CI 2.6 - 43.8) greater RV end-diastolic volume in those with T2DM compared to the impact of OSA in those without T2DM. We observed a net improvement in LV end-diastolic volume of 8.7mL (95% CI -7.0 - 24.4).

CONCLUSIONS
The combination of T2DM+OSA is associated with macro-vascular endothelial dysfunction beyond that observed with either disease alone. CPAP for 3-months did not significantly improve macro-vascular endothelial function in the intent-to-treat analysis; however, CMR results suggest that there may be a beneficial effect of CPAP on LV diastolic volume. Clinical trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01629862).


The article deals with the issue of refuting the negative perception of the wolf among the inhabitants of Alaska in the novel A Wolf Called Romeo by Nick Jans. The pejorative perception of the wolf's existence has its source in the persecution of this predator that began in the 17th century. Nick Jans' non-fiction novel relates to the seven-year coexistence of Juneau residents in Alaska with a lone, untamed wolf. This novel demythologizes stereotypical, negative beliefs about wolves. This song is an important voice on the policy of protecting wolves in Alaska and is a literary illustration of the stages of gradual change in the way people perceive wolves from a negative to an affirmative attitude.


People with negative self-views seem to behave more predictably than people with positive self-views. To explain this puzzle, the authors conceptualized a self-view as a schema and postulated that negative self-views are more tightly organized schemas than are positive self-views. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrated that the elements of a negative self-view are more tightly interconnected than those of a positive self-view. Studies 2-6 demonstrated and examined a consequence of this principle, namely, that negative self-descriptions are more consistent than positive self-descriptions. For people with negative self-views, different contexts evoke the same tight schema, producing more consistent self-descriptions. This explanation integrates several findings about the self and has important implications for personality theory and assessment


The investigation of the supporting installations of community sports facilities in Suxian District,Chenzhou,was to help work out some corresponding measures to solve the corresponding problems.Some suggestions are put forward for better supporting installations of community sports facilities and a better development of the nationwide fitness program.


The performance of solid oxide fuel cells is affected by various polarization losses, usually grouped in ohmic, activation and concentration polarization. Under typical operating conditions, these polarization losses are largely dependent on cell materials, electrode microstructures, and cell geometry: as an example, the performance of a tubular cell is strongly limited by the ohmic polarization due to the long current path of electrons, while in a planar cell each of these losses has a comparable effect. It is therefore of interest, in case of planar geometry, to investigate the main performance limiting factors. In this paper, a performance evaluation of planar circular-shaped seal-less SOFC cells was performed. Two different designs of planar cells are considered: both have porous NiO–YSZ anode as mechanical support, NiO–YSZ anode active layer, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, and only differ for the cathode design: (1) strontium doped lanthanum manganate (LSM)–YSZ cathode functional layer (CFL) and LSM cathode current collector layer (CCCL); (2) yttria doped ceria (YDC) blocking layer and lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite oxide (LSCF) functional layer.


This paper presents a novel direct-drive linear compressor for air brake system in electric vehicles. By integrating the free piston and mechanical springs into a moving-coil type electromagnetic linear oscillating actuator (EMLOA), the structure of the proposed linear compressor is increasing compact. Moreover, the novel features, such as high thrust force constant, better controllability, and high resonant frequency, enable the linear compressor to operate most efficiently at resonance. The thrust force constant is enhanced by employing quasi-Halbach array and is tested to be high (74 N/A) and unchanged over the whole stroke. Dynamic modeling and experiment validation are performed to analyze dynamic characteristics of the linear compressor. The experimental and simulated data agree well, by regulating the frequency and amplitude of the excitation current, the high efficiency of the EMLOA (91.7%) and the low energy volume ratio of the linear compressor (7.3 kW/(m 3 /min)) indicate that the proposed linear compressor is significant energy saving compared with conventional compressors.


A field experiment was conducted in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin to study the characteristics of leaching and soil P loss in the leachate from slope cropland of purple soil under natural rainfall during maize growth period.The results showed that there was significantly exponential correlation between the amount of leachate and the precipitation.By contraries,amount of leachate had nothing with rainfall density.The law of two wave crest had been displayed in the processes of P leaching.Different fertilization had significant effects on the contents of DTP in leachate.The content of DTP from treatment NP is the highest which achieved 0.047 mg·L-1.62%~85% of DTP in different treatment plots is PO-P which is the main form of DTP.DTP transported by leaching from different treatment plots varied from 4.0 g·hm-2 to 7.5 g·hm-2.


This paper proposes a simple and effective method to improve direct translation for the zero-shot case and when direct data is available. We modify the input tokens at both the encoder and decoder to include signals for the source and target languages. We show a performance gain when training from scratch, or finetuning a pretrained model with the proposed setup. In in-house experiments, our method shows nearly a 10.0 BLEU points difference depending on the stoppage criteria. In a WMT-based setting, we see 1.3 and 0.4 BLEU points improvement for the zero-shot setting, and when using direct data for training, respectively, while from-English performance improves by 4.17 and 0.85 BLEU points. In the low-resource setting, we see a 1.5 ∼ 1.7 point improvement when finetuning on directly translated domain data.


Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor lightenings travel in a straight line. What really interests me is whether God had any choice in the creation of the world. Fractals in nature originate from self-organized critical dynamical processes. Since Euclid (300 BC) we have been used to perceiving nature with the concept of a three-dimensional (3-D) geometry. We measure linear structures in one dimension, area-like structures in two dimensions, and volume-like structures in three dimensions. However, when we measure an object in terms of these three dimensions, we are aware that the geometric model describes a solid body, while a natural object may be inhomogeneous, porous, or even mostly empty, if we think on atomic scales. The counterpart to Euclidean geometry, the set theory with discrete elements, has been introduced by mathematicians cept of discrete, irregular, inhomogeneous structures has then been discovered in the real world by Benoit Mandelbrot, who coined the definition of a fractal dimension, which represents a generalization (in terms of rational or irrational numbers) to the Euclidean dimension (which is restricted to integer values of 1, 2, 3, or n). A fractal dimension is a scale-free quantity that describes the fractional filling of a structure over some scale range, but usually does not extend to infinite microscopic or macroscopic scales. Popular examples are the coastline of Norway, ferns, trees, mountain landscapes, snowflakes, or clouds. The reason why we dedicate a chapter to fractal geometry here is, of course, because self-organized criticality also is governed by scale-free powerlaw distributions of observable parameters. Therefore, fractal geometry is nothing else than the spatial counterpart of self-organized criticality processes observed in the temporal and energy domain. In a paper


Objectives: This study examines the use of credit, or "fronting," in the illegal drug economy. We study how fronting affects transaction costs and insulates against law enforcement in drug distribution networks and what role fronting plays in the management of interpersonal network ties. The emphasis is on the cooperative dimension of credits. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 68 incarcerated drug dealers in Norwegian prisons. Most were mid-level dealers (66 percent), dealing with many different drugs, but amphetamines were the main drugs distributed (38 percent). Using qualitative content analysis, we explore their perspective on the fronting of illegal drugs and associated practices in the illegal drug economy. Results: We find that dealers are generally skeptical toward fronting drugs, and accepting fronted drugs, but that this practice still is common. The main reason is that the practice secures a faster turnaround. Credits are embedded in social relationships both economically and socially. Previous social relationships are often a prerequisite, but fronting is also used to build trust. Conclusion: Although transaction cost economics captures the economic dimension of credit, insights from economic sociology and in particular the social embeddedness approach are necessary to understand the interplay between economic and social factors when drugs are fronted in the illegal economy.