Abstract A large number of studies of ideological congruence, and of the effect of public opinion on policy outcomes more generally, have relied on the Kim-Fording (KF) measure of median voter opinion. This measure has the great virtue of being readily calculable – no direct measurement of voter opinion is required – but it rests on assumptions concerning party locations and voter behaviour that are unquestionably incorrect, at least some of the time. This article explores the sensitivity of the KF measure to violations of its core assumptions through simulation experiments. It then uses public opinion data to assess the degree to which consequential levels of violation occur in actual democratic systems. The article concludes with a discussion of what the KF median really measures and where it can – and cannot – be safely used.


A 72 year-old woman is referred to your office by her internist for vulvar lesions. She denies itching or pain and states that the lesions have been there for years. Her medical history is unremarkable.


The feasibility of supporting a turbocharger rotor on air foil bearings is investigated based upon predicted rotordynamic stability load accommodations, and stress considerations. It is demonstrated that foil bearings offer a plausible replacement for oil-lubricated bearings in diesel truck turbochargers. Also, two different rotor configurations are analyzed and the design is chosen which best optimizes the desired performance characteristics. The method of designing machinery for foil bearing use and the assumptions made are discussed. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 26–28, 1998


The invention provides a wind power high temperature electrolytic hydrogen preparation system and a method. The system comprises a direct current power source, an alternating current power source, a high temperature super hot water vapor preparation unit, an auxiliary heat storage unit, a high temperature electrolytic hydrogen preparation unit and a heat exchange unit. The direct current power source rectifies alternating currents of a wind turbine generator system (WTGS) into direct currents of first voltage; the alternating current power source rectifies alternating currents of the WTGS into alternating currents of a second voltage; the high temperature super hot water vapor preparation unit prepares super hot water vapor based on the alternating currents of the alternating current power source; the auxiliary heat storage unit receives the alternating currents of the alternating current power source to store energy; the high temperature electrolytic hydrogen preparation unit utilizes direct current of the direct current power source to electrolyze the super hot water vapor prepared by the high temperature super hot water vapor preparation unit to prepare hydrogen; and the heat exchange unit exchanges heat in the high temperature electrolytic hydrogen preparation unit and the auxiliary heat storage unit so that the high temperature electrolytic hydrogen preparation unit is maintained at a stable temperature. When the alternating current voltage output by the alternating current power source is reduced apparently, the auxiliary heat storage unit supplies stored energy to the high temperature super hot water vapor preparation unit, so that the high temperature super hot water vapor preparation unit outputs super hot water vapor stably.


The present invention relates to relates to TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) composition for preventing and treating mediated diseases comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof represented by the formula Ⅰ as an active ingredient of the present invention compound is treated for a disease HuR protein is inhibited from binding to the aRE (AU-rich element) region present on a TNF-α mRNA by inhibiting the TNF-α secretion by reducing the mRNA half-life effectively because TNF-α-mediated and It may be useful for prevention of zero. [Formula 1] Wherein R1 is And, R2 is to be. Α-TNF (tumor necrosis factor-α), protein HuR, ARE (AU-rich element)


On the basis of the ISO standardization activity in the field of the industrial applications of programming languages, this work describes the current state of the activity, and deals with the most important characteristics of these languages, pointing out their advantages and applicational limits. Some possible orientations for the development of this activity are discussed.


Objective To study the observation and nursing care of gastroscopy for extracting upper gastrointestinal tract foreign bodies.Methods 68 patients with upper digestive tract foreign body were performed the electronic gastroscopy for extracting foreign body.According to the characteristics and position of foreign body,the preoperative preparation was well conducted,the condition observwtion and postoperative guidance were strengthened.Results Among 66 cases,foreign bodies in upper gastrointestinal tract all were smoothly extracted.2 cases had little intraoperative errhysis in wound surface and esophageal mucosa injury without the complications of perforation and massive hemorrhage.Conclusion Gastroscopy for extracting foreign body from upper gastrointestinal tract is safe and effective with small trauma and less complications.Good nursing care is conducive to to ensure the operative effect.


To assess the safety for disposal of radioactive waste-cement-bentonite composition, the leaching of 1 3 7 Cs from a waste composite into a surrounding fluid has been studied. Leaching tests were carried out in accordancewith a method recommended by IAEA. Determination of retardation factors, K F and coefficients of distribution, k d , using a simplified mathematical model for analyzing the migration of radionuclides, has been developed. Results presented in this paper are examples of results obtained in a 10 year mortar and concrete testing project, which will influence the design of the engineered trenches system for a future central radioactive waste disposal center.


Macromomycin-I, a chromophore-containing form of an antitumor protein antibiotic macromomycin, was found to be a potent inhibitor of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in intact nonsynchronous and G 1 /S-synchronized HeLa S 3 cells. This inhibitory effect depended on the drug dose and duration of treatment, but was essentially independent of the cell cycle position, within the G 1 through S phases. A parallel inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed in lysates and purified nuclei from drug-treated cells (as measured by incorporation of radioactive dTTP into DNA), indicating that the drug interferes with DNA biosynthesis after formation of deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The addition of a cytoplasmic fraction from untreated cells to purified nuclei from drug-treated cells failed to overcome the inhibition of DNA synthesis, while a cytoplasmic fraction from drug-treated cells was able to stimulate efficiently DNA synthesis in purified nuclei from untreated cells. Moreover, the inhibition of DNA synthesis in nuclei from drug-treated cells could be overcome by the addition of exogeneous DNA. These data demonstrate that macromomycin-I acts on DNA replication by interfering with the template and probably does not affect DNA polymerase or other factors involved in replication. In addition, macromomycin-I was found to enhance the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into DNA in HeLa S 3 cells in the presence of hydroxyurea; thus, the drug seems to stimulate DNA repair. Both findings, inhibition of DNA replication and stimulation of repair synthesis, probably arise from the drug's damage to DNA and support the assumption that this damage is a primary event in the cytotoxic action of macromomycin.


REQUESTED ACTION: Each year the State of Georgia sponsors a program entitled "Governor's Honors." The Governor's Honors Program is a six-week summer instructional program at Valdosta State University. The program is designed to provide intellectually gifted and artistically talented high school students challenging and enriching educational opportunities. Activities are designed to provide each participant with opportunities to acquire the skills, knowledge and attitudes to become independent, life-long learners. The 2008 Program will be in session from June 8 through July 19. The students representing Cherokee County are: (See Attachment A) SUMMARY EXPLANATION AND BACKGROUND:


This paper explores the use of omni-directional video, a high impact immersive medium, by a performance group and multi-disciplinary team of artists and scientists. CREW develops artistic strategies from and for this technology that lead to unprecedented levels of presence and intimacy as well as novel ways of mixing and experiencing different levels of reality. We argue that sensorial deprivation is a key element in creating a sense of presence in a video-captured world and use synaesthetic negociation as a concept to describe our tendency to unify the different sensorial stimuli to a coherent and meaningful experience. In reconfiguring the overall sensory, mixing physical stimuli with live and prerecorded stimuli, different levels of reality seem to blur, opening up the embodied experience of a transitional environment. Although these findings were not derived from a scientific research set-up in the traditional sense, we argue that the artistic practice as performed in close collaboration with scientists offer particular insights to the research on presence. Keyword--Immersive Technology, Performance, Virtual Environment, Sensorial Deprivation, Embodiment, Transitional Space


Abstract: Remains of various ascomycetes, mainly ascospores, have been detected during palynological studies of lake sediments, peat deposits and samples from archaeological sites. Many taxa can be identified to genus or species level of extant taxa. Ascospore remains may sometimes give indications about the palaeohabitat: for instance, Amphisphaerella dispersella suggests the presence of Populus in the vicinity. Among the identified fungi are several species of the Sordariales, which are valuable dung indicators in archaeological sites. Coprophilous fungi also characterise samples from the Pleistocene mammoth steppe.


Exposure of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of cadmium stearate to H2S gas yielded size-quantized CdS in the hydrophilic interlayers of the stearic acid LB film, and the CdS formed therein could be grown by repetition of the immersion in aqueous CdCl2 and exposure to H2S gas without destroying the layered structure.


The -mqgamma- command estimates the quantiles of the potential-outcome distributions for each treatment level from censored observational data in which the dependent variable is inherently positive, such as time-to-event data and health-expenditure data. Differences in these marginal quantiles are quantile treatment effects. The implemented estimator is a regression-adjustment type estimator based on a two-parameter gamma distribution for each potential outcome.


One cardinal way to speed up America's economic growth is for government to underwrite scientific research and education, particularly in the realm of pure science where corporation-supported R & D often cannot afford to venture resources because of time lag and the chancy nature of a payoff. Government support, this article claims, could free science and many scientists from the bread and butter demands of technology so that they can make the big discoveries upon which tomorrow's productivity must inevitably be based.


The beam parameter product is the most important characteristic value of a materials-processing laser. Known formulas lead to expressions that show its relevance to kerf width, depth of focus, and taper. These new expressions are then applied to fiber optic beam delivery. A formula is presented to minimize reflection losses by specifying antireflection coatings with the right spectral and hence angular bandwidth. These optical principles were used in the engineering of two improved processing heads to image the fiber end face onto the workpiece. A welding objective offers 106 mm of free working distance for reliable welding at high power. A cutting objective offers a 0.3-mm spot size with a 400-μm fiber. Both objectives consist of three lens elements only, thus minimizing cost, mass, and reflection losses. They are corrected to transverse aberrations less than 1/5 and 1/20 of a 400-μm fiber core diameter, respectively.


The trend of technology nowadays requires massive machine-to-machine communications and this can be done only through the application of artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning to different devices through wireless sensor networks. One of the applications is through the development of acoustic disdrometer. Acoustic disdrometer is a tool that measures the amount of rainfall through the sound produced as the raindrops hit the piezoelectric sensors. With this, the main purpose of this study is to develop predictive models through the application of machine learning algorithms that can be used to categorize the intensity of the amount of rainfall from ambient noise. In the study, there were three machine learning algorithms that were used, namely: support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors and Naïve-Bayes classifier. All models obtain confusion matrix (CM) accuracies of 99.14%, 99.14% and 89.27%, respectively. These predictive models were successfully implemented and validated through cross validation (CV) and out-of-sample accuracies.


The paper approaches the optimized configuration of soil and water conservation measures from the configuration of soil and water conservation measures in different time intervals of the Wuding River basin and by taking the benefits of sediment reduction as the objective of study.It considers through analysis that the configuration of soil and water conservation measures is closely related to the benefits of sediment reduction,warping dams should make up rational proportion in the configuration of soil and water conservation measures and the proportion of warping dams in the Wuding River basin should be greater than 3% and;the proportion of closing and prohibiting in treatment measures should be further increased in the configuration of slope control measures.


Abstract Research on Jewish life in Vienna prior to the Holocaust understandably focuses on places, where it predominantly took place: the Leopoldstadt and the city centre. This view fails to consider the suburb, an area that reflects spatial aspects of Jewish life and does not evoke the connotations typically associated with being Jewish but is instructive as it regards questions of »Jewish difference«. Based on the biographies of two Jewish sports officials, the article shows that (Jewish) difference was defined primarily by parameters of space which manifest as »Bodenständigkeit« (being native): In actual fact, at least in the field of popular culture, ascriptions to a non-Jewish suburb were more powerful than the Jewishness of the officials: In self-perceptions as well as in external ascriptions the meanings of Jewishness were informed by suburban affiliations.


Speeding up the development of personnel strategyadapting to a severe situation on personnel competition after the entry of WTO as well as meeting challenges are focal points of the reform of state-owned enterprises in our country.Setting up and perfecting the encouragement mechanism of state-owned enterprise administrators are important acts for preventing en-terprise personnel to drop out assuring the stability and healthy department of state-owned enterprises.Here are author's viewpoints in this article.The necessityfoundation in policypresent situation and existing problems of practicing the system of annual salary.How to strengthen encouragement mechanism of state-owned enterprise administrators and so on.


Non linear optical response and reverse saturable absorption behavior of various rare earth phthalocyanines such as Nd, Eu, Sm and La in di-methyl formamide (DMF) solution were studied under high power Nd:YAG laser excitation. The size of the central metal atom of the Pc ring is found to considerably affect the nonlinear response of these systems. Excited state absorption cross sections of these systems are measured from the limiting characteristics. The SmHPc2 system yields maximum value for absorption cross-section and its potential application in DMF as a suitable optical limiter is also discussed.


Final steps in the biosynthesis of spiramycin was studied by using cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. The spiramycin-related compounds were tested for transformation with Streptomyces ambofaciens, a spiramycin producing strain, under the condition inhibiting the biosynthesis of aglycone by cerulenin. Forocidin I (4'-demycarosyl 9-deforosaminyl-spiramycin I) was converted into forocidin III (3-propionyl forocidin I), neospiramycin I (4'-demycarosyl spiramycin I), neospiramycin III (3-propionyl neospiramycin I), and spiramycin III (3-propionyl spiramycin I). Neospiramycin I was also converted to neospiramycin III and spiramycin III. Spiramycin I was rapidly transformed into spiramycin III, while neospiramycin III was not converted to any other compounds. These results suggested that the binding of forosamine to aglycone precedes the mycaroside formation, and that the acylation of aglycone at C-3 occurs in the final step of spiramycin biosynthesis.


There is disclosed a cleaning liquid for producing a semiconductor device which comprises (A) fluorine-containing compound; (B) water-soluble or water-miscible organic solvent; and (C) inorganic acid and/or organic acid, optionally, further comprises (D) quaternary ammonium salt or (D') a specific organic carboxylic acid ammonium salt and/or an organic carboxylic acid amine salt; as well as a process for producing a semiconductor device by forming a resist pattern on a substrate equipped on the surface with an insulating film layer or a metallic electroconductive layer, forming a via hole or electric wiring by dry etching, removing the resist pattern by ashing treatment with oxygen plasma; and effecting an cleaning treatment with the above cleaning liquid. The above cleaning liquid and production process can readily remove the deposit polymer formed in the case of dry etching without impairing metallic film and insulating film.


A 3-D finite element model is used to simulate water jet spot welding. The simulation is validated using the experimental data obtained by one of authors with other workers. The simulations identify parameters which correlate well with the quality of the welds produced. In particular the levels of equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) and shear stress directions are shown to predict whether or not two materials will weld well together.


From 1 January 2012, directive 2008/101 extends the EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme to aviation activities. In this judgment, the Court rejects the claim of American air carriers that the directive should not be applied because it is contrary to international norms.Although critical of the reasoning in both the Opinion and the judgment, this comment generally supports their final conclusion on the conformity of Directive 2008/101 with international law. The first section deals with the determination of the rules of international law that, in the present case, can be relied on to challenge the Directive. In particular, it discusses the rejection of the Chicago Convention from the international norms relevant to the present case. The second section focuses on the three substantial challenges to Directive 2008/101: the "jurisdiction," "capacity" and "free trade" grounds. The third section explores alternative ways to justify Directive 2008/101 as an exception to international norms.


Poplar is an important bioenergy tree species. lncRNAs play important roles in various biological regulatory processes, and their expression pattern is more tissue-specific than mRNAs. In this study, P. deltoides "Danhong" (Pd) and P. simonii "Tongliao1" (Ps) with different growth rates and wood quality were used as experimental materials, and the transcriptomes of their shoot apical meristem, xylem, and phloem were sequenced. Furthermore, high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the expression patterns of genes and lncRNAs are different between the two genotypes. 6,355 lncRNAs were identified. Based on target prediction, lncRNAs and target genes were involved in ADP binding, oxidoreductase activity, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and cyanoamino acid metabolism. The DElncRNAs in two poplars were co-expressed with transcription factors and structural genes of lignin and flavonoid pathways. In addition, we found the potential target lncRNAs of miRNA. This result provides basic evidence for a better understanding of the regulatory role of lncRNAs in regulating phenylalanine molecular pathways and wood formation.


This paper deals with the problem of distributed H∞ consensus filtering for a continuous-time Itô-type stochastic system with Wiener process disturbances and Markovian coupling intercommunication delays. The problem is solved based on distributed H∞ filters in combination with consensus strategies. The set of filter nodes form a communication network whose topology is modeled by a directed graph that describes estimates exchanged among neighboring nodes. A refined technique is provided to tackle the complicated coupling of the exchanged estimates in the presence of random coupling intercommunication delays. Moreover, a sufficient condition on the existence of desired distributed H∞ consensus-based filters is established such that the resultant filter error system is mean square exponentially stable with a weighting H∞ consensus performance index. The filter design problem is posed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally an illustrative example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed filter design method.


It discloses a method for predicting ventricular tachyarrhythmia (the VTA), apparatus and computer program product. In order to provide a mechanism that allows VTA effectively predict events within a few hours prior to the onset of the actual event, determine the set of parameters of cardiac repolarization repolarization central chamber (12) indicates that the object in successive time periods, thereby to obtain complex a set of time series of polarization parameters. Based on the time series, generating (13, 14) indicative of changes in ventricular repolarization of the heart at least a polarization change based on the at least one indicator variable and the predicted change indication variable (13-15) the potential risk of a ventricular tachyarrhythmia .


Reports the findings from a study examining how overseas students adapt to their new country of residence. Looks at the place attachment process of migrant students studying in Australia and Singapore. Focuses the analysis on adaptation to the physical and social environments. Discusses attachments to objects and provides suggestions as to how universities can assist in the adjustment process.


Abstract The General Atomics Target Fabrication team was tasked in FY03, under its ICF Target Support contract, to make a new type of double-shell target. Its specifications called for the outer shell to have an inner lining of PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)) that would keep the xenon gas fill from occupying the target wall. The inner shell consisted of a glass shell coated with 2000 Å of silver and filled with 9 atm of deuterium. Furthermore, the delivery deadline was less than seven weeks away. This paper describes the fielding of this double-shell target, made possible through the combined efforts of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and General Atomics target fabrication specialists.


To the Editor.— Histiocytosis X (HX) with involvement of the skin and mucous membranes as the only manifestation of the disease is rare. 1 We report herein a case of a 32-year-old man with skin lesions resembling molluscum contagiosum and genital lesions simulating multiple chancres of the penile shaft without any apparent systemic involvement. Report of a Case.— A 32-year-old man with unremarkable medical and family history and in good general condition was seen on Sept 16, 1985, complaining of asymptomatic nodular lesions on the skin and penile shaft that had progressively appeared for one year. Eleven skin lesions were detected on examination. They consisted of painless nodules 3 to 8 mm in diameter, hard elastic, red-brown, with a smooth (Fig 1) or ulcerated surface. The majority of the lesions were localized on the trunk, one on the nose, and one on the penile shaft. At the balanopreputial groove, a


A composition for forming a coating film is provided to obtain a silica-based coating film having a relatively low dielectric constant and improved mechanical strength and electrical properties. A composition for forming a coating film comprises a siloxane polymer obtained by hydrolyzing a silane compound containing an alkoxysilane compound represented by the formula of R1nSi(OR2)4-n (wherein R1 is a C1-C20 organic group, R2 is a C1-C4 alkyl group, and n is 1 or 2), followed by carrying out condensation, wherein the alkoxysilane compound represented by the above formula is present in a mole fraction of 0.5 or higher in the silane compound.


A companion volume to the highly touted CISO Handbook, this bookpresents tools that empower organizations to identify those intangible negative influencers of security that plague most organizations, and provides further techniques for security professionals to identify, minimize, and overcome these pitfalls within their own customized situations. The book also discusses some proactive techniques that CISOs can utilize in order to effectively secure challenging work environments. Reflecting the experience and solutions of those that are in the trenches of modern organizations, this volume provides practical ideas that can make a difference in the daily lives of security practitioners.


Several installations have proved that a significant reduction of the leakage can be obtained. Leakage rates of less than six percent have been observed and the improved leakage rate will The middle section of the upper radial sealing plate are connected with the rotor shaft so that it always follows the axial movements of the shaft during operation. The outer sections follow the movement of the rotor flange by means of sliding shoes.


The transfer of rural surplus labor force is an important method of resolving the Three Rural Issues,and also the main approach to achieve the new socialism rural construction.Owning to the undeveloped economy in Gansu Province,the transfer of rural surplus labor becomes greater noteworthy.How to adapt to the requirements of market economy and transfer the rural surplus labor in reasonable and ordly way.These are directly related to the success or failure of comprehensive construction to well-off so-ciety in Gansu province.This article attempted to analyse the current situation of rural surplus labor force in Gansu Province,then examined the main problems existed during it and finally proposed the corresponding methods to promote the labor force transfer.


The Handloom industry fulfils one of the basic needs i.e. the cloth. It is one of the oldest cottage industries in India. The artisans of India are famous for hand spinning, hand printing and hand typing. The handloom sector occupies a distinct and unique place in Indian economy. Handloom products are symbolic to the Indian civilization. India has a long tradition of excellence in making high quality of handloom products with extraordinary skills and craftsmanship. Consumers prefer handloom brands irrespective of current fashion trends. They give recognition to our indigenous industry. They have perception that the handloom products are medically good for skin and have Aesthetic sense. The use of handloom products effect swadeshi feelings and even the purchase of handloom products satisfy them.


High-quality professional development is essential in supporting accomplished teaching. But how is the efficacy of professional development evaluated?

The authors present several methods for conducting a critical analysis of professional development. Using a large-scale professional development initiative as the focal point, they first explain six widely cited principles of high-quality professional development and show evidence of them in the initiative#146s design and structure. Second, they report findings from pre- and postsurveys of participants over three years, which showed statistically significant positive differences in teacher understanding of literacy concepts. Third, the authors present a vignette to illustrate how one coaching tool used in the project supports teachers in making instructional shifts based on student learning.

The authors suggest that those who offer professional development for teachers should evaluate their programs through accepted principles of design. They conclude with additional questions related to meaningful, robust accountability systems for professional development.


Recent findings have generated new interest in the biomaterial properties of silica-containing structures useful for bone replacement. The sol-gel-route seems to be most appropriate to mimic biological processing because it works under ambient conditions and furthermore allows the formation of a mineral phase from solution and the integration of a second component. The present work provides a strategy to mimic the natural processes of biosilicification under ambient conditions. By going beyond the nano- and micro-level, the authors established an advanced procedure for the preparation of monolithic silica-collagen hybrid xerogels.


Arab-Israeli Conflict," "The Palestinian Dilemma," "U.S. Mideast Arms Policy," "Rivalry in the Persian Gulf," and "14 Centuries of Islam." These are followed by brief country surveys. The final section includes a relatively extensive chronology (from 1945 through late 1981), very short biographies, the texts of the Camp David agreements and the subsequent Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, and finally a bibliography. The book gives an overall impression of a series of extended newspaper articles, and therein lie its strengths and weaknesses. Nearly all the current issues and events that make the news in this country are discussed in a simple and concise manner that avoids confusion. The numerous boxes, graphs and maps—on topics as varied as U.S. arms sales, Washington lobbyists, U.N. Resolutions 242 and 338, oil production figures, and changing Arab-Israeli boundaries—all provide helpful background material. Credit should be given as well for the inclusion of the chronology and other essential documentation. All too clearly, however, the Middle East presented in these pages is the region as viewed from Washington. Despite the writer's good intentions, it is not surprising that the portrait which emerges is obviously ethnocentric. Developments are all too often viewed solely in terms of the influences exerted by, and the impact on, East and West, while the recurrent term of "anti-American, anti-West" is applied to nearly every occurrence that does not appear to directly favor U.S. interests. The book works best when providing a narrative description of U.S.. foreign policy issues in the region, but attempts at fuller explanations or analysis are rarely more than superficial and often inaccurate. Much of this may be due to a basic lack of familiarity with the subject, as indicated by the incomplete and highly idiosyncratic bibliography. On balance, then, it appears that the various shortcomings of this handbook outweigh its strengths as a reference source. Undoubtedly, the beginning student of Middle East politics would be better served by such well-regarded annual surveys of the region as Europa's The Middle East and North Africa and The Middle East Annual Review.


The present invention is a plastic battery pack by compressing station strain deformation occurring after the molding of the case, a plastic battery pack for an electric that can secure the dimensional accuracy of the other component mounting including the battery pack to secure the inner space of the battery pack case car case after there is provided a strain relief device. Strain relief device of the plastic battery pack case for an electric vehicle according to the present invention in order to accomplish the above object, the base part having a casing insertion space; Fixing part for fixing the battery pack case is inserted into the case insertion space; And is inserted into the inside of the battery pack case, the inner space of the case by the inclusion under pressure the inner surface of the case-side direction in the reverse transformation method to the deformation station deformation to prevent a case occurs that parts of an inverse distortion generation unit It characterized in that it can be secured.


The demand for food is predicted to rise by 40–50% by 2030 due to the increasing population. The post-harvest losses need to be reduced by using advanced food processing techniques. Solar drying is...


Mobile satellite communications are expected to play an increasing role in future wireless communications. In this paper, we consider the joint optimization of multibeam precoding and scheduling in a downlink multicell satellite communication system where the users in each cell share the link in a time-division multiple access fashion. Multicell satellite precoding is considered in conjunction with user time resource allocation to minimize the overall satellite transmit power while satisfying the communication capacity requirement for all users. We also derive an alternative optimization problem using the signal-to-leakage ratio to facilitate parallel optimization with reduced computational complexity.


In order to ensure the safety of cast iron pressure vessel dryer,stress distribution of cast iron dryer pressure vessels was analysized using finite element method,which was used to determine the danger stress zone.Meanwhile,acoustic emission characteristics of cast iron dryer were measured during two pressure cycle in water-pressure experiment,which is started up from 0.5 MPa.The results showed that the risk areas are mainly distributed in the cylinder of the ring structure,where structures are not continuous,under design pressure.No evident acoustic emission sources have been detected during two pressure cycle.In view of GB/T 18182-2000 "Acoustic emission testing of metal pressure vessels and the results of evaluation method",the overall class is graded A-class,other non-destructive testing does not required.


We observe the suppression of the 1D transport of an interacting elongated Bose-Einstein condensate in a random potential with a standard deviation small compared to the typical energy per atom, dominated by the interaction energy. Numerical solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation reproduce well our observations. We propose a scenario for disorder-induced trapping of the condensate in agreement with our observations.


The aim of this paper is to provide an empirical contextual picture of what is truly valued most in different public and private sector organizations. Through a series of qualitative in-depth interviews (n = 38), that were a follow-up to an earlier survey study among public and private sector managers (n = 382), a number of crucial organizational values were presented to and discussed with a selection of top managers from a variety of Dutch public and private sector organizations. The decision-making context from the interviews provides insight into why, when, how and to what extent specific values are important. A number of unexpected differences and similarities between organizations with a different sectoral status emerge from the data, which shed new light on existing predispositions on value preferences in government and business conduct. © 2010 The Author. Public Administration © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


The purpose of this work was to explain how the caries-preventive agent xylitol interferes with the growth of Streptococcus mutans. It was found that the xylitol-sensitive strain of S. mutans 27352 (serotype g) and LG1 (serotype c) took up 14C-xylitol when the labelled pentitol was added to cells growing at the expense of glucose. Uptake of xylitol by growing cells of S. mutans 27352 XR and LG1 XR, two xylitol-insensitive spontaneous mutants, and of S. mutans GS5-2, which was also insensitive to xylitol, was practically inexistent under the same conditions. Alkaline phosphatase treatment followed by enzymatic analysis and thin-layer chromatography revealed that the accumulated product was xylitol phosphate. Intracellular concentrations of 5–7 mM for resting cells and of up to 60 mM for growing cells were calculated. Xylitol was phosphorylated at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate by toluenized cells of S. mutans LG1, but not by toluenized cells of GS5–2 and S. mutans LG1 XR. The phosphorylation of xylitol was dependent on phosphoenolpyruvate and required the presence of both soluble and membrane cellular fractions in the reaction mixture. This indicated that xylitol was transported and phosphorylated by a phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation by isolated membranes of S. mutans LG1 in the presence of the soluble fraction was inhibited by fructose but not by glucose, mannose or galactose. Measurement of phosphoenolpyruvate: phosphotransferase activities in isolated membrane revealed that strain 27352 and LG1 had activities for fructose and xylitol; membrane from 27352 XR and LG1 XR had very little activity for fructose and xylitol. It was concluded that xylitol was transported and phosphorylated by a constitutive phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase system in S. mutans. The data suggested that xylitol toxicity in S. mutans is caused by the intracellular accumulation of xylitol phosphate.


Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a common problem for the mankind. Chinese MSW disposal is characterized with an intense population, the limited land resources, complex composing in MSW, coupled with a weaker environmental awareness and poor public administration. This paper introduces the features and its current situations of the waste industry, analyzes the superficial phenomenon, the underlying factors and the dilemma of the waste proposal industry. The author holds that the hard part of MSW proposal lies in sorting; the focal point community and the core issue management. It is of vital importance to 1) realize the significance of waste sorting, and strengthen the sorting management; 2) highlight the community's function; 3) standardize the recycling system; 4) perfect the processing system; 5) regulate the industry; 5) establish the industrial development mechanism.


IN AMERICA DURING the 1990s, a so-called "community justice" movement gained popularity. In theory, this movement offers a means to 1) bring less formal justice processes to neighborhoods, and 2) increase citizen involvement in crime control efforts (Barajas 1995; Bazemore and Griffiths 1997; Bazemore and Schiff 1996; Griffiths and Hamilton 1996). Whether referred to as community justice, restorative justice (Zehr 1990), or even community restorative justice, a wide variety of programs are said to illustrate principles that underlie the approach. Depending on the commentator, these programs include victim-offender mediation and reconciliation, conflict resolution, family group conferencing, circle sentencing, reparative probation, restitution, community service, and victim services (Bazemore and Griffiths 1997; OJJDP 1998; Umbreit and Coates 1999). Some commentators include community policing, neighborhood courts, and community capacity-building and revitalization (Barajas 1995; NIJ 1996a). Bazemore and Griffiths (1997) warn that the term "community justice" may be too broad to properly reflect the specific influence of restorative justice principles. In both Canada and the U.S., for example, community justice sometimes refers simply to the handling of justice decisions by local communities or indigenous groups (NIJ 1996b; Griffiths and Hamilton 1996). In such cases, the full set of restorative principles and goals may not be embraced. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the goals and values underlying the diverse approaches often categorized in the U.S. as "community justice," to identify inconsistencies and contradictions that may exist among these approaches, and to suggest points of divergence among the approaches that may cast doubt on the usefulness of the term "community justice." Community justice is often contrasted with a retributive justice and punishment approach (Bazemore and Umbreit 1995), but it also has been framed as a counterpoint to traditional individualized treatment, where the argument goes that there is a lack of concern for crime victims, whether they be individual victims or the community (OJJDP 1998). Viewed by its proponents as a new paradigm that offers an alternative to sanctioning and supervision based on either retribution or traditional treatment assumptions (Bazemore 1994), community justice is sometimes described as a balanced and restorative justice model in which accountability, competency development, and community safety are each addressed.1 In this instance, the primary goals are 1) to repair the damage or harm experienced by individual victims and the community, and 2) to meet the needs of victims, communities, and offenders (Bazemore and Griffith 1997). It is immediately clear that depending upon the viewpoint an extremely wide variety of programs can fall under the label "community justice." Umbreit and Coates (1999) argue that community restorative justice is not a particular program, but rather a set of principles. Bazemore and Griffiths (1997) note that defining community justice as a program may serve to limit the vision and practical application of what they regard as a more holistic response to crime. The danger, of course, is that the community justice label becomes so all-inclusive that it ceases to have much meaning and it becomes whatever anyone says it is. As a result, it would be difficult if not impossible to identify, in practical terms, what it is about a community justice intervention that might produce the desired outcomes.


Abstract The molecular structure, polarity and conformations in solution of 1,3,5-tris(diphenylphosphinoxidemethy1ene)benzene 1,3,5-[Ph2P(0)CH2]3C6H3 have been studied by X-ray, dipole moments and quantum chemistry methods. It have been shown, that in crystal molecule has the conformation in which two diphenylphosphinoxide fragments dispose on one and the same side, but the third - on the other side of central benzene ring plane with torsion angles CSP2-CSP2-CSP3-P 60–80° and CSP2-CSP3-P=O about 50–70°. In solution conformational picture is more rich: side by side with the structures realized in crystal, conformations with all three diphenylphosphinoxide fragments disposed on one and the same side of central benzene ring plane with torsion angles CSP2-CSP2-CSP3-P 70-90° and CSP2-CSP3-P=O about 70–75° become preferable.


The distribution of 209 chemical substances among the 2,315 species of lichens that have been reported in a literature of approximately 1,000 papers is summarized. The information is used to assess the extent and the nature of chemical evolution in the lichen-forming fungi and to evaluate the present supraspecific (especially generic and familial) classifications of these plants. The order Lecanorales is the seat of most of the chemical variation, especially in the secondary natural products most useful in systematics, namely the sub- stances formed by coupling of phenolic units such as the orcinol and p-orcinol compounds. Most genera and families that are well defined morphologically and appear to represent natural taxa show highly uniform chemistries of several to many biogenetically related substances or sets of substances. Many genera with chemistries discordant for the families in which they are currently classified also seem to have affinities elsewhere from morphological information. In the lichen-forming fungi, which lack a fossil record, comparative phytochemistry is the most useful independent check that exists to evaluate the naturalness of systems of classification based upon morphology.


The macromoleculars dendrimer is a new kind of promising polymer material which contains arranged branches emanating from a core molecule together with a well-defined number of terminal groups corresponding to each generation. A great deal of dendrimers with different cores, branches, and terminal groups have been synthesized. Dendrimers have been identified as promising candidate materials for a wide variety of applications that include catalyst, medical science and so on .The application of functionalized dendrimer has attracted the attention of a number of researchers. In this article the syntheses and properties development of the dendrimer/metal complexes and nanocomposites materials were summarized, the latest development of dendrimer/metal complexes materials and dendrimer/metal nanocomposites were investigated


Graphene layer, and a transparent conductor comprising a permanent dipole layer on the configured graphene layer to electrostatically dope the graphene layer. .FIELD 1


A simple self-transfer aid robotic system is proposed in this paper. A person with weak leg muscles who uses a wheel chair is assumed to be the target user. By using the self-transfer aid robotic system, a user can transfer between a wheel chair and a toilet, for example. The proposed self-transfer aid robotic system is a two DOF system of a single link robotic arm with a saddle on the top, and a horizontal rotation mechanism driven manually. A user puts his/her belly on the saddle of the robotic arm, and then the robotic arm lifts the user's body. After rotating the user's body, the robotic arm lowers the user's body. The experiments on the burden measurements to human and the transfer aid robotic system were conducted to design a simple self-transfer aid robotic system. It is confirmed that a long robotic arm is better to decrease the human's burden; however the robotic burden is increased. The opposite phenomena were obtained using a short robotic arm. Considering the experimental results, a test system of a self-transfer aid robotic system was fabricated. The experiments on the self-transfer aid were conducted with the assistance of elderly test subject. Finally, in order to build into a purchased transfer aid system, the designs of an arm raising control unit are introduced.


Abstract The author presents a geospatial analysis of the Peru-Chile Trench located in the South Pacific Ocean by the Generic Mapping Tool (GMT) scripting toolset used to process and model data sets. The study goal is to perform geomorphological modelling by the comparison of two segments of the trench located in northern (Peruvian) and southern (Chilean) parts. The aim of the study is to perform automatic digitizing profiles using GMT and several scripting modules. Orthogonal cross-section profiles transecting the trench in a perpendicular direction were automatically digitized, and the profiles visualized and compared. The profiles show variations in the geomorphology of the trench in the northern and southern segments. To visualize geological and geophysical settings, a set of the thematic maps was visualized by GMT modules: free-air gravity anomaly, geoid, geology and bathymetry. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of the bathymetry in both segments show that the most frequent depths for the Peruvian segment of the Peru-Chile Trench range from -4,000 to -4,200 (827 recorded samples) versus the range of -4,500 to -4,700 m for the Peruvian segment (1,410 samples). The Peruvian segment of the trench is deeper and its geomorphology steeper with abrupt slopes compared to the Chilean segment. A comparison of the data distribution for both segments gives the following results. The Peruvian segment has the majority of data (23%) reaching 1,410 (-4,500 m to -4,700 m). This peak shows a steep pattern in data distribution, while other data in the neighbouring diapason are significantly lower: 559 (-4,700 m to -5,000 m) and 807 (-4,200 m to -4,400 m). The Chilean segment has more unified data distribution for depths of -6,000 m to -7,000 m. This paper presents GMT workflow for the cartographic automatic modelling and mapping deep-sea trench geomorphology.


Strokes are among the leading causes of serious physical and mental impairm ent in adults. The far more prevalent type of stroke is ischemic stroke, which accounts for around 80% of all cases. These can be formed by a cardiac embolism, arterial embolism, or a minor blood vessel disease in the brain. Epilepsy is a severe neurological condition marked by spontaneous seizures. Physical therapies as well as occupational therapy are crucial components of treatment programs for increasing functional ability and avoiding deconditioning. The main clinical findings were limited range of motion, moderate tightness, and patient relying on someone else. Treatment strategies have been demonstrated to be beneficial in reducing difficulties and better patient outcomes. The physiotherapy program included a range of motion exercises, strength training, functional mobility exercises, posture control exercises, balance shift exercises, weight-bearing exercises, and the use of electric modality.


This dissertation concerns the Al-doped ZnO nanorod array thin film about their synthesis, modification, and photoelectrochemical application. The main aim is to develop a photoanode without an extra transparent conducting oxide and to enhance it's absorption in the visible light region via sensitization by quantum dots. The content contains three parts: (1) The preparation and properties of Al-doped ZnO nanorod array thin film;(2) photoelectrochemical properties of Al-doped ZnO nanorod array thin film;(3) surface modification of Al-doped ZnO nanorod array thin film for solar water splitting application. Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanorod arrays thin films with various Al/Zn molar ratios were synthesized by chemical bath deposition. The resultant AZO nanorods were well-aligned at the glass substrate, growing vertically along the c-axis [001] direction. Also, they had an average diameter of 64.7  16.8 nm and an average length of about 1.0 μm with the structure of wurtzite-type ZnO. The analyses of energy dispersive X-ray spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that Al atoms have been doped into the ZnO crystal lattice. The doping of Al atoms did not result in the significant changes in the structure and crystal orientation, but the electrical resistivity was found to increase first and then decrease with increasing the Al content owing to the increase of carrier concentration and the decrease of mobility. Also, the transmission in visible region increased but the increase was reduced at higher Al doping level. After hydrogen treatment, the AZO nanorod arrays thin films remained their morphology unchanged. However, the electrical resistivity decreased significantly due to the formation of oxygen vacancies and interstitial hydrogen atoms. When the real Al/Zn molar ratio was about 3.7 %, the conductivity was enhanced about 1000 times and a minimum electrical resistivity of 6.410-4 Ω-cm was obtained. Also, the transmission of ZnO nanorod arrays thin film in visible region was significantly increased but the increase was less significant for AZO nanorod arrays thin film, particularly at higher Al doping level. In addition, the current-voltage curves of the thin film devices with ZnO or AZO nanorod arrays revealed that AZO had higher current response than ZnO and hydrogen treatment led to the more significant enhancement of current responses (about 100-fold). ZnO nanorod array thin film with Al-doping and hydrogen treatment was developed as a photoelectrode combining the functions of transparent conducting oxide thin film and photoactive 1-dimentional nanostructured semiconductor into a single layer for photoelectrochemical water splitting. In this study, it was demonstrated that hydrogen treatment and Al-doping enhanced the dark currents, photocurrents, and hydrogen generation efficiencies largely and the enhancement by hydrogen treatment was more significant. The maximum photoinduced hydrogen generation efficiency was about 0.020 %. The efficiency was low, but it was also significantly improved by quantum dots and dye sensitization. Furthermore, hydrogen treatment also improved the photosensitivity and the stability under illumination significantly. The minimum decay time constant and rise time constant were 1.71 and 1.22 s, respectively. And after current-voltage scanning upon illumination for 50 cycles, the 1-dimentional morphology still remained unchanged but those without Al-doping and/or hydrogen treatment were altered seriously. The good photoresponse and stability made the Al-doped ZnO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment replace traditional transparent conducting oxide (ITO or FTO) as a novel photoanode to split water and have wide applications in the photoelectrochemical field. CdS-sensitized AZO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment was fabricated by chemical bath deposition and investigated the effect of various CdS sensitization on their photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties. To enhance the absorption in the visible light region, it was sensitized by CdS nanoparticles which efficiently increased the absorption around 460 nm and reduced the electron-hole recombination of AZO nanorods. It exhibited better PEC property after CdS sensitization. In addition, when CdS nanoparticles formed a monolayer on the surface of AZO nanorods at sensitized cycle number of 3, a maximum short current density of 3.21 mA/cm2 and a maximum hydrogen generation efficiency of 4.15 % were obtained under illumination. The PEC performance of CdS-sensitized AZO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment was comparable and even slightly superior to some earlier works for using FTO、ITO or Ti foil as substrates to grow CdS-sensitized ZnO nanorod array. In addition, we also found that CdS-sensitized AZO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment possessed better photorespons and stability than bare the AZO nanorod array. We further explored the effect of hydrogen treatment and Al-doped on PEC performance at the same CdS sensitization, it displayed higher conductivity of electron transport layer had higher efficiency of hydrogen generation. It was also successfully demonstrated that AZO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment could be used as a photoanode and their PEC performance could be improved by sensitization with quantum dots capable of visible light absorption.


In this paper we question how power/knowledge relations and their connection with the patient's body are (re)constructed in the virtual world of online health communities. Research on bodies and organizations has tended to focus on the bodies of employees, and we contribute a better understanding of the 'other' bodies that organizations interact with and examine these bodies in a virtual context. We analyze excerpts from online conversations between patients and healthcare providers making decisions about treatment plans. Our results show that power/knowledge relations normalize patients' bodily responses and legitimize certain knowledge bases over others. Moreover, the virtual context of the online communities creates a physical distance, which allows the patient to gain some control over the information that flows from her or his body. At the same time, the interpretation of this information is still bound by existing power/knowledge relations.


The perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnet is an ideal candidate for racetrack memory due to the low stray field, allowing the closely packed domain wall (DW) and high recording density. Herein, the dynamics of DW motion driven by the magnetic field and current are investigated in the synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) Ta/Pt/Co/Pt/Ru/Pt/Co/Ta structures with different thicknesses of the top magnetic (TM) Co layers. The results illustrate that the direction of the DW motion will be reversed when the field pulse is below a critical field for the sample with a negligible remanence ratio. As for the current‐driven DW motion case, a significant enhancement of the DW velocity, as well as a strong suppression effect on the tilting of DW's plane due to the strong interlayer exchange coupling for the SAF structure, is found. The fast DW velocity and small tilting angle in SAF are valuable for spintronic racetrack memories.


Our approach to the study of the narrative aspects of learning mathematical problem-solving extends the conception of narrative as the central artefact of interest, to include the process of collaborative dialog and emergent narratives. This perspective favours the conception of the dialogical aspects of interaction as shared achievements of co-participants and central meaning-making procedures. On the other hand, our qualitative analysis of transcripts of collaborative problem-solving interactions online revealed striking resemblances with the narrative form. Based on these observations we attempt to establish a link between the narrative and dialogical perspectives and explore relevant implications for the design of the Virtual Math Teams collaborative learning environment. Truth is not to be found inside the head of an individual person, it is born between people collectively searching for truth, in the process of their dialogic interaction. (Bakhtin, [1], p.110) Introduction Research in the field of Narrative Learning Environments (NLEs) is concerned with questions such as how to characterize the contribution of narratives and narration to learning, and how to use knowledge of narratives to design learning environments. As part of the Virtual Math Teams (VMT, see http://mathforum.org/wiki/VMT) research project, we have investigated talk-in interaction within the context of collaborative mathematical problemsolving online and have found similarities and differences between the narrative approach and a dialogical perspective on sense-making and interaction. Therefore, we propose to extend the idea narrative learning environments to encompass collaborative discourse-construction environments which, in addition to using narratives, offer also the possibility of collaboratively building meaning-centered narratives integrating a diverse set of linguistic and extra-linguistic objects (e.g. mathematical objects and their derivative properties). In the following sections we present these perspectives and offer some reflections for future research and development. The next section briefly presents the problematic of narrative learning environments. Section 2 introduces the main ideas of the dialogical theory of Mikhail Mikhailovici Bakhtin and its relevance for narrative learning. Section 3 presents in detail a qualitative analysis of a chat transcript as part of the VMT project. Section 4 concludes with some implications for design and future research.


Abstract Background Lack of access to specialists is often a deterrent to comprehensive health care, especially in rural areas. Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) affects 1% of the US population, and with the availability of highly efficacious treatment, it is imperative innovative steps are taken to screen and treat these patients. The South Carolina Hepatitis C Telehealth Initiative (SCHTI) is designed to provide Infectious Diseases (ID) consultation to rural providers caring for HCV-infected individuals across the Southeast. SCHTI is an interdisciplinary collaboration incorporating physicians, pharmacists, nurses and case managers from USC, MUSC, and Vanderbilt University. Methods SCHTI tele-consultation sessions were initiated in 2016, are held weekly, and provide a short didactic followed by discussion of patient cases with real-time feedback to the presenting providers. In addition, the program provides 1-hour continuing education certification for physicians, pharmacists and nurses. The South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services has approved SCHTI as an alternative to in-office expert consultation. Results From July 2016 through December 2018, 63 sessions were conducted, with 43 unique providers presenting cases and over 160 clinical attendees. Participating providers include Infectious Diseases, Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, amongst others. 259 cases have been reviewed, with a mean of 4.11 cases/session. Genotype 1a predominated and 44% of cases had advanced liver fibrosis. An increasing number of cases are young patients outside the high-prevalence birth cohort, and these individuals have a history of intravenous drug use. Overall, 13% of HCV cases were co-infected with HIV. Conclusion SCHTI provides multidisciplinary HCV teleconsultation to providers across the Southeast and is improving access to specialists and high-quality health care for patients across rural areas within the Southeast. Future outcomes to be assessed include sustained virologic response rates, relapse rates and impact on hepatic and extra hepatic morbidity and mortality from CHC. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


The results of Coulomb excitation experiments using ..cap alpha.. particles and /sup 16/O ions and employing both particle spectroscopy and particle gamma coincidence techniques are presented. The intrinsic quadrupole moments of the quasi-gamma band and of the K=0 octupole band have been determined. It was found that these excited band moments are within experimental uncertainties equal to the ground band intrinsic moment.


Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a growing class of anticancer agents combining the targeting ability of an antibody with the potency of a cytotoxic agent. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®, or Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1)) is approved for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2+ (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer and in development for other HER2+ indications. This chapter explores the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) strategy and data for T-DM1. In the course of the development of T-DM1, a substantial body of information was generated describing the ADME characteristics of the ADC. The strategy was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of T-DM1, including its PK/PD, distribution, in vivo and ex vivo stability, catabolic fate, and excretion. The foundation upon which PK and ADME evaluation is built is thorough and robust bioanalytical methods capable of determining the presence of key components of the molecule of interest.

Keywords:

ADME;
antibody-drug conjugates;
bioanalytical methods;
ex vivo linker stability;
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2+;
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model;
trastuzumab-DM1


The taxonomic position of strain D14, which has a broad spectrum and efficiently degradation dyes bacterium, was investigated based upon the phenotypic properties, 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene sequences. The cells were gram-negative rod (0.6μm~1.0μm×1.0μm~4.0μm) and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Optimum growth occurred at 20℃~30℃ and pH8.0.Positive for hydrolysis of galatin, Tween 80 and Tween 40.Hydrogen sulfide is produced from thiosulfate. The strain utilized a variety of electron acceptors, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric compounds and thiosulphate. The physiological properties, tested by BIOLOG GN2, were similar to the genus of Shewanella. The analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the novel isolate revealed that the closest relatives was Shewanella putrefaciens, with 97% sequence similarity. However, the levels of gyrB similarity between strain D14 and Shewanella putrefaciens were 87%. The DNA G+C content was 49.3mol%. The dominant fatty acids were iso-15:0, 16:1ω7c, 15:0 and 16:0, which were similar to the profiles of other Shewanella species. On the basis of its physiological and molecular properties, strain D14 appears to represent a novel species of the genus Shewanella, for which the name Shewanella cinica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Shewanella cinica is D14~(T).


Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises automatic sensors that are dispersed into a huge region. WSN is constructed from huge sensors, which is allocated to a particular task and the majority of task involves reporting and monitoring. However, as the network can be extended to several sensor nodes, there is a high chance of collision. Thus, this paper devises a novel technique for performing both collision detection and mitigation in WSN. Initially, the simulation of WSN is performed, and then the selection of cluster head is done using fractional artificial bee colony (FABC). Here, the network‐based parameter is extracted that involves received signal strength index (RSSI), priority level, delivery rate, and energy consumed. The deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) is adapted for collision detection. Here, the training of DRNN is done using lion crow search optimizer (LCSO). After collision detection, the collision mitigation is performed with a pre‐scheduling algorithm, namely dolphin ant lion optimizer (Dolphin ALO). Here, fitness is considered for collision mitigation that includes energy, sleep index (SI), delivery rate, priority level, E‐waste, and E‐save. The proposed method outperformed with the smallest energy consumption of 0.185, highest throughput of 0.815, highest packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 0.815, and highest collision detection rate of 0.930.


Climate models integrate our best knowledge of the climate system behavior, its governing principles and ongoing changes, providing unique tools for studying the Earth's past, present, and future states. In addition to their widespread use by the research community, model-based solutions offer crucial guidance for decision-makers in their efforts to anticipate and mitigate hazards associated with climate change. The success of both efforts is often tied to the ability of a user to interpret model results and reproduce solutions in order to build on previous achievements. However, modeling capabilities remain limited in their accessibility, as rerunning simulations created by other groups can require expertise and manpower. Furthermore, potential users may face challenges associated with limited on premise computational and storage resources. These common impediments slow down the overall progress of model development, diminish the general openness of modeling activities, and make collaboration between various groups less efficient.


We describe a procedure for determining the generalised scaling functions fn(g) at all the values of the coupling constant. These functions describe the high spin contribution to the anomalous dimension of large twist operators (in the sl(2) sector) of N = 4 SYM. At fixed n, fn(g) can be obtained by solving a linear integral equation (or, equivalently, a linear system with an infinite number of equations), whose inhomogeneous term only depends on the solutions at smaller n. In other words, the solution can be written in a recursive form and then explicitly worked out in the strong coupling regime. In this regime, we also emphasise the peculiar convergence of different quantities ('masses', related to the fn(g)) to the unique mass gap of the O(6) nonlinear sigma model and analyse the first next-to-leading order corrections.


1. Larvae of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and wormlions (Diptera: Vermileonidae) display a convergently evolved sit‐and‐wait hunting strategy of building pitfall traps in sandy areas. This study investigated a sympatric population of antlions and wormlions in the lowland rainforest of Borneo for substrate moisture, particle size and temperature preferences. It was hypothesised that these animals would show different preferences regarding these microhabitat traits.


A B S T R A C T This paper aims to investigate the pull-in phenomenon of functionally graded(FG) capacitive nanocantilevers subjected to an electrostatic force and thermal moment due to an applied voltage and thermal shock considering the intermolecular force within the framework of nonlocal elasticity theory to account for the small scale effect. The FGnano-beam is made of mixture of metal and ceramic which the material properties vary continuously through the thickness according to an exponential distribution law (E-FGM). The nonlocal elastic behavior is described by the differential constitutive model of Eringen which enables the present model to become effective in the analysis and design of nanosensors. The nano-beam is modeled assuming the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the equations are derived using the equilibrium of an element. A Galerkin-based step by step linearization method has been used to solve the governing static deflection equation. The present solution is validated with existing results reported in previous studies. The effects of temperature change, Van der Waals (VdW) or Casimir force and small scale factor on the five types of FG nano-beams are discussed in detail. The results indicate that VdW/Casimir force and thermal moment reduce the pull-in voltage; however, on the contrary, small scale effect cause to slightly increase the amount of pull-in voltage.


Thank you very much for reading language and religion a journey into the human mind. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their chosen novels like this language and religion a journey into the human mind, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious virus inside their computer.


The governance of loss and damage through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has been marked by tensions over loss and damage financing, which is viewed as being necessary when mitigation and adaptation are insufficient for preventing climate change and its negative impacts. An increasing number of affected parties have resorted to litigation as a means of holding the major emitters responsible for climate change, and for compensating damages. Despite this, loss and damage cases in the courts have mostly been unsuccessful because of issues around uncertainty, attribution, and the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events. This paper, which is partly an abridged version of an earlier article, proposes an alternative to litigation the application of restorative justice to resolving loss and damage claims. For small island developing states, which are disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and which are already experiencing loss and damage from tropical cyclones and sea-level rise, facilitated restorative dialogue could provide a viable avenue to build and restore trust in the UNFCCC process.


According to the nonlinear characteristics of sliver evenness,a local linear forecasting method and a global neural networks forecasting method were given to predict a segment of sliver evenness. The results show that the two methods are good at forecasting the series in short-term,and the local linear forecasting is better than the other in this condition. At the time,it also approves the validity of the application of chaos nonlinear in the analysis to sliver evenness.


Abstract Sharing of scientific data can help scientific research to flourish and facilitate more widespread use of scientific data for the benefit of society. The Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China (WestDC), sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), aims to collect, manage, integrate, and disseminate environmental and ecological data from western China. It also aims to provide a long-term data service for multidisciplinary research within NSFC's "Environment and Ecology of West China Research Plan" (NSFC West Plan). An integrated platform has been developed by the WestDC, and this has the function of data sharing, acting as a knowledge repository. Major data sets developed by the WestDC include basic geographic data, the regionalization of global data set for China, scientific data for cold and arid regions in China, scientific data for the cryosphere in countries that neighbor China, data relating to the inland river basins in northwestern China, and data submitted by the NSFC West Plan projects. In compliance with the "full and open" data sharing policy, most data in the WestDC can be accessed online. Highlights include detailed data documentation, the integration of data with bibliographic knowledge, data publishing, and data reference.


O Partee: What I want to talk about today concerns not just semantics so much as the relation between semantics and syntax. Although the work that I have been doing and that I will talk about is mainly within the thoery of Montague grammar, I think that some of these ideas are equ.ally applicable to transformational grammar. Emmon and I both have been talking a lot about Montague grammar while we have been here. I don't want to make it seem as thou.gh we think transformational grammar is, in the past, all of no value. It is certainly true that much of the recent work in Montague grammar by linguists has drawn very heavily on past work in transformational grammar and many linguists are now formulating theories which try to use best parts of Montague's work together with best parts of transformational work. So the theory of transformationd graUl.lm:r, I think, should still be considered a very important part of the enterprise which now I call MontL1g ue grz.mmar. T he general topic wi thin which this paper is a part is the topic of con straints on gr8mmars. Tr.e goal of linguistic theory is to try to characterize what it is that makes human languages distinctive, how human languages are the actual human langua ges and what we think to be all of the pcssible human languages differ from other imaginable kinds of languages including the languages of computers or the languages that arc invented by logicians. The class of human languages seems to have a lot of very particular properties and to cha:raterize these is one of the important goals of linguistic theory. In general, the formulation of these properties comes in two parts: one being the very general form of a linguistic theory and the other part being formulation of certain universal constraints within such a theory. 'Within the theory of transformational grammar, most of the constrain.ts that have been studied ai-e constraints on form of rules. There has been a lot of work on things like the


Lipids are important in establishing cellular homeostasis by conducting varied functions including relay of extracellular signals. Imbalance in lipid homeostasis results in metabolic diseases, and is tightly connected to discrepancies in immune signalling. The phosphorylation status of the lipid second messenger phosphatidylinositol phosphates is implicated in key physiological functions and pathologies. By contrast, little is known as to how phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipid acyl chains contribute to cellular processes. Here, by employing a mass-spectrometry-based method, we show a role for PI acyl group chains in regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cells lacking ABC transporter ABCB1. In response to canonical stimuli, Abcb1-/- cells revealed defective priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome owing to blunted TLR-dependent signalling. Cellular lipidomics demonstrated that ABC transporter deficiency shifted the total PI balance such that Abcb1-/- cells exhibited reduced ratio of the short-chain to long-chain acyl chain lipids. Changes in PI acyl chain configuration accompanied diminished levels of ganglioside GM1, a marker of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains, in deficient cells. Strikingly, this was not due to differences in the expression of enzymes that either synthesize PI or are involved in acyl chain remodelling. Our study thus suggests an important role for PI lipid chains in priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome thereby highlighting the metabolic regulation of immune responses.


Abstract
In Indonesia, the association between fatigue and predictors of fatigue has nearly never been studied, particularly in adult cancer patients. This research is part of a larger research project to predict the prevalence of fatigue in adult people with cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between fatigue, respondent characteristics, and the performance scale among adult cancer patients in one-day care units. This study is a quantitative correlation investigation using a cross-sectional design with correlation and t-tests. Sixty-seven participants were selected from the medical records of adult cancer patients who met the criteria. Research findings indicated that there was no correlation between age, gender, type of cancer, ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) Performance Scale, and body mass index on the incidence of fatigue in adult cancer patients (Pvalue = 0.684; 0.977; 0.38; 0.224; 0.284), although there was a significant correlation between a previous fatigue and the occurrence of recent fatigue (Pvalue = 0.000). This study may be utilized as a basis for future studies on adult cancer patients experiencing fatigue in hospital settings.
 Keywords: Cancer patients, Demographics, ECOG performance scale, Fatigue


Objective To summary our experiences in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating the caliceal diverticular calculi and postoperative outcome with technical modification.Methods A retrospective review was performed on 34 patients with caliceal diverticular calculi who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy between January 2009 and June 2013.The patients were divided into 2 groups.In group A (1 1patients),stones were removed and diverticular neck was incised.In group B (23 patients),fulguration of diverticular wall was performed after the stone removal and diverticular neck incision.Group A had 11 cases including 4 male and 7 female with average age (36.7± 16.0) years.Mean size of stone was (1.8±0.4) cm.Mean maximum diameter of diverticulum was (2.3±0.5) cm.Group B had 23 cases including 10 male and 13 female with average age (40.1±12.0) years.Mean size of stone was (1.9±0.6) cm.Mean maximum diameter of diverticulum was (2.3±0.8) cm.There were no significant difference in stone size and maximum diameter of diverticulum within two groups (P>0.05).The following parameters such as operative time,drop in hemoglobin,stone clearance,complication rate and ablation rate of diverticulum were compared between two groups.Results In group A,average operative time was (62.7±11.7) min.Mean hemoglobin dropping was (12.0t9.7) g/L.Stone clearance rate was 90.9% (10/11) and overall complications rate was 18.2% (2/11).The ablation rate of diverticulum was 63.6% (7/11).In group B,average operative time was (76.3±21.6) min.Mean Hemoglobin reducing was (12.9±16.7) g/L.Stone clearance rate was 91.3%(21/23) and overall complication rate was 21.7%.The ablation rate of diverticulum was 91.3% (21/23).There was no significant difference in stone clearance and complication rate between two groups.It seemed that the operativc timc in group B was longer than that in group A.However,no significant difference was found (P>0.05).The ablation rate of diverticulum in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05).Conclusion In percutaneous nephrolithotomy treatment for caliceal diverticular calculi,fulguration to diverticular wall is an effective method to achieve diverticular obliteration and reduce possibility of stone recurrence.

Key words:
Caliceal diverticular calculi;  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy;  Diverticulum fulguration


Terrain-induced airflow disturbances are the major cause of low-level windshear at HKIA. Previous studies of the disturbances mainly focus on the effect of Lantau Island in east to southeasterly winds. The present study is the first account of the impact of Lantau Island on the airflow in the southwest monsoon, which affects at times the south China coast in the summer. Three typical types of terrain-disrupted airflow in the southwest monsoon are analyzed, namely, reversed flow, wind streaks and small-scale waves. They are studied in depth using LIDAR observations and numerical simulations. It is shown that the background southwesterly flow with specific wind and thermodynamic structures could be disrupted by the complicated Lantau terrain, resulting in low-level windshear.


Operating conditions of the global market environment dictate the need for strengthening innovation as the most effective way to improve the competitiveness of the economy and further develop it on an intensive basis. The rationale for the strategic direction of development, in which a key role is given to innovation, is unprecedented success of economies of highly developed European countries and other countries of the world, which was resulted from the practical implementation of innovative models of development. In the first part of the article systematization of cluster development problems has been presented, based on the results of the generalization of European and international experience. The basic areas for stimulating cluster initiatives, as well as implementing them in the practice of the national economy have been determined. The necessity for further development of clusters as a key tool for stimulating the innovative activity of enterprises in order to create the necessary conditions for improving the competitiveness of the economy has been proved. The second part, which is to be presented in the next issue of the journal, contains the possible scenarios of development of the Ukrainian economy in the future 10 – 15 years on the basis of the concept of Eastern Europe modern development. The results of the analysis, obtained by comparing the different options of regional cooperation of certain countries of Eastern Europe have been presented, and the position of Ukraine in the formation of the necessary capacity for further development of its economy has been determined.


Photoelectric photometry of stars in M 67 and the Hyades when transformed to the UBV system implies an observational inconsistency of - O" O5 in (U- B) in published values for ffie two clusters. if one accepts this correction, the (U- B), (B- V) diagrams for the two clusters are nearly indistinguishable. An interpretation of the new color indices leads to negligible reddening for M 67 and a mild metal deficiency. Key words: clusters - ultraviolet excess - metal abundance - color excess


A new approach toward epitaxial growth of group III nitrides using an "anti-surfactant" is presented. Two unique phenomena, quantum dot formation and dislocation termination, were recognized using this approach. The presence of Si atoms as an anti-surfactant on (Al)GaN surfaces modified the nitride epitaxial growth kinetics. These phenomena appeared to be independent; however, the growth mechanisms indicated a common surface event, which included the formation of a monolayer thick Si–N mask (nano-mask) within the fractional coverage on the surface. The Si–N nano-mask influenced the morphology of the deposited GaN surface, i.e. quantum structures, and also contributed to the termination of threading dislocations in GaN films.


In this paper,it is investigated that the algorithm of web rank——PageRank algorithm for the search engine of Google Web,and the estimate method of computational results.The principle of the algorithm,analysis method,and the implementing of program in MATLAB are introduced systematically by an instance.


This study analyzed the formation processes of the small community "Hot" and the changes in residence status of the pastoralists in "Hot" and identified the current status of the settling of these pastoralists and the processes thereof. 1) With the establishment of the people's commune in 1958, "Hot" as the pastoral residential groups for nomads was organized and stabilized. 2) In the land being studied, with only a narrow land area and a small number of livestock, it appears that the ranching style, where collective houses and lands are jointly used in each "Hot" was established to effectively manage the division of lands and livestock. 3) Space compositions for "Hot" are based on the configuration that existed when they were nomads. With crowded buildings or influences of government policies, visible boarders which separate livestock or the boundaries of each household, appeared. 4) Space concepts for traditional yurt are used in the space composition for the stabilized residences. The space concepts are affected by the settling down process, the Han people and urban residences. New and old space concepts co-exist.


This book is a commendable contribution to the history of women in higher education. The essays succeed at several levels: they document the obstacles women faced at a distinguished university; they illuminate the attempts of strong-willed women at various times and various levels to carve out a greater sphere for women; they are sensitive to how the feminine ideal has changed over time and how women at Brown have been affected by and acted upon these changes; and they study the university in all its complexity, as a collection of students, faculty, administrators, and alumnae, influenced by and affecting the larger culture. And by including scholarship by faculty, alumnae, activists, and students, the book exemplifies an inclusive and diversified perspective that we should welcome in the history of higher education.


Olutamatergic transmission is an important factor in the development of neuronal death following transient cerebral ischemia. In this investigation the ef fects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on neuronal damage were studied in rats exposed to 10 min of transient cerebral ischemia in duced by bilateral common carotid occlusion combined with hypotension. The animals were treated with a blocker of the ionotropic quisqualate or a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) receptor, 2.3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)q uinoxaline (NBQX), given postischemia as an intraperitoneal bolus dose of 30 mg kg-I followed by an intravenous infusion of 75 Il-g min-I for 6 h, or with the noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker dizocilpine (MK-801) given 1 mg kg-I i.p. at recirculation and 3 h postischemia, or with the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid (COP The synaptic release of the excitatory amino acid glutamate following an ischemic insult is considered to be an important factor in the development of neuronal death. This notion is supported by exper iments where surgical transection of glutamate containing afferents to the hippocampus was per formed, thereby inhibiting glutamatergic neuro transmission and leading to a decrease in ischemic cell damage ipsilateral to the transection (Wieloch et aI.


We discuss the construction of totally geodesic cycles in locally symmetric spaces attached to arithmetic subgroups in algebraic groups G of type F4 which originate with reductive subgroups of the group G. In many cases, it can be shown that these cycles, to be called geometric cycles, yield non-vanishing (co)homology classes. Since the cohomology of an arithmetic group is related to the automorphic spectrum of the group, this geometric construction of non-vanishing classes leads to results concerning the existence of specific automorphic forms. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). Primary 11F75, 22E40; Secondary 11F70, 57R95.


This paper presents the utilization of advanced mud logging to support drilling of horizontal well on the Ignyalinsky license area of Eastern Siberia. The advanced mud logging complex includes specialized software for recording and analysing geological and technical drilling parameters; technological sensors for registration of drilling parameters with the permissible limits of errors no more than 1%; advanced gas logging by using a high-resolution chromatograph at suction and return lines; geochemical analysis devices for XRF, XRD cuttings analysis and natural gamma radiation analysis of cuttings; the use of cuttings weighing machines to quantify the degree of the wellbore cleaning. This article discusses the application of listed data for geosteering and clarifying the geological model of the reservoir.
 The lithological analysis of cuttings is carried out on the base of mineral and elemental cuttings composition, which, unlike field data of a standard mud logging survey, exclude the concept of "human factor" during analysing the lithology of cutting samples.
 The data on mineral and elemental composition of wells were interpreted to clarify the lateral variability of the reservoir and to highlight potential reservoir intervals. Advanced gas logging was used to identify potential reservoir interval in pilot well, and consequently to plan MDT works.
 Data on elemental composition of cuttings sample from pilot section and from core analysis of nearby exploration wells were used to construct geochemical profile of the reservoir. Furthermore, reference chemical elements were selected to mark the well position in the reservoir: exit above or beneath the target interval. XRF elemental analysis while drilling was used to improve borehole position in conjunction to LWD data.
 The elemental composition of cuttings of horizontal well were used for facial interpretation, which is not captured by LWD tools. So, ancient fluvial channel bodies were identified on the base of geochemical rock typing, and potential reservoir intervals are suggested. The performed interpretation was verified by the resultsof the multistage hydraulic fracturing.


Starch, being one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, has been modified as starch-based thermoplastic materials for decades. In this work, we have demonstrated a green and facile method...


The techniques of preparing nanocrystalline alumina powders were reviewed.The methods mainly include sol-gel,precipitation,microemulsion,and detonation.The advanced sintering techniques such as hot-pressed sintering,microwave sintering and spark plasma sintering were also described.Comparing with the conventional ones,nanocrystalline alumina ceramics using these new sintering techniques exhibit more superior properties.


In this paper we present new content analysis methods effective in multimedia based services. The problem of multimedia content delivery and retrieval has become more and more important due to the growing amount of video information that is delivered to consumers today. The classical searching and retrieval mode in multimedia databases is by name; however the name cannot truly describe the semantic content of most video content. The solution for this problem is visual content extraction. This means that the multimedia content will be characterized not only by name but also by the most representative information contained. This information is known as visual feature and there are any methods that try to extract visual features from multimedia streams. The methods presented in this paper are based on colour and spatial information and are used for extracting patterns from images and videos. The process of multimedia content retrieval consists of three stages: semantic video modelling, video segmentation and feature extraction. The result of semantic video modelling is the representation of raw data in a more structured form, and it is essential in the following stage. Video segmentation means the partition of an image into a set of non overlapping homogenous regions whose union is the entire image. The presented segmentation methods used are edge-based, region-based and motion-based, and are used for moving or static object detection.


A 35‐year‐old woman was admitted to our hospital with an abnormal shadow on her chest roentgenogram. Computed tomography showed that a tumor was located in the right upper mediastinum. Resection of the tumor by video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed. Operative findings determined that the tumor originated from the right vagus nerve and was diagnosed as schwannoma by pathological examination.


In order to solve the problem of insufficient illumination uniformity of the blackboard, this paper provides a design method of the optical system that can achieve uniform illumination of the blackboard. The energy conservation law is used to make the optical system form uniform illumination on the target surface at a specific position. After simulation, the results show that the optical system can make the illumination uniformity of the blackboard reach 0.84.


The Neranleigh-Fernvale strata outcrop and underlie much of the Brisbane CBD and surrounding city areas. Many high-rise buildings and significant sections of recently constructed tunnels in the city are founded in these rocks. This paper reviews some key factors impacting on intact rock strength. Indicative strength values are provided as a guide for the conceptual design of engineering structures constructed in these strata. Strength estimates may be confounded because laboratory tests are often limited to a narrow range of foliation dips (25 to 45) relative to the direction of compressive loading of the test samples. There is a convincing correlation between weathering and strength.


The Reidemeister orbit set plays a crucial role in the Nielsen type theory of periodic orbits, much as the Reidemeister set does in Nielsen fixed point theory. Extending our work on Reidemeister orbit sets, we improve our theorem for formulae for Nielsen type essential orbit numbers.


A great Jeal has been publishe<l in recent years upon cytoplasmic structure.• appearing in fixed material. Among them, those described as Golgi elements , bodies. apparatus and llictyosomes hd ve. perhaps, recei vcd most attentio11 . It iH unfortuimte that thPsP, togeth(•r with other strnctmcs. hav0 been classed as ·· Cytoplasmic inclusions .. (Gatenby. UH 7 -:21, ancl othE'n,). This is a. misleading krm which obviously does not convey the meaning inten<lecl ..


This paper proposes adaptive PD controller in digital solar cell buck converter. The solar cells and other alternative energy sources has increased, so it is necessary to seek energy conversion optimization of energy sources. There are several research topic of DC-to-DC converter circuits for battery charging have been utilized with buck converter. In the solar buck converter, the problems of illumination change, solar panel dust, and aging circuit are a nonlinear problem, so a digital controller needs to be designed to solve. The determination of the PD controller constants depends on the system characteristics. This paper proposes adaptive PD controller that adjusts the control value according to the output target real time, so that the system can be optimized to overcome nonlinear problems such as various illumination changes, solar panel dust, and aging buck circuit. In the experimental results, the input voltage and the load change for target output voltage which adaptive control laws can be adjusted real time to achieve the robustness of the system.


Using AVHRR (1982-1999) and MODIS (2000-2004) LAI products from 1982 to 1999, seasonal and interannual variability of LAI in China were analyzed. The results indicate that the LAI in most of China increase at different ratio while decreases in some area of Tibetan Plateau, the south of Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Sichuang Provinces and part of northeastern China. With the correlative degree method, it is demonstrated that temperature is the most closely related to the LAI change in China in this period; It also shows such LAI change has close relationship with soil moisture and precipitation as well. We compared the multi-year-averaged monthly LAI from AVHRR during 1982-1999 with the monthly LAI from MODIS during 2000-2004, finding that in winter, the LAI from AVHRR agrees to the LAI from MODIS, but in summer, during which the vegetation is growing up, the LAI from AVHRR is larger than from MODIS. The LAI from AVHRR is in good agreement with MODIS in each month in arid and semi-arid region. This long-term LAI data can be used in land surface model. Analysis was conducted to examine how sensitive land surface parameters are to LAI interannual variability. The result shows that the response is mainly in the range of ±15%, but for the fraction of the direct beam absorbed by canopy, the relative error is even larger than 40%, which suggest that the inter-annual difference of LAI must be considered in climate models.


the reconfiguration process for the electrical radial distribution system is to find a radial operating framework that minimizes power losses of electric distribution networks. It is a combinatorial and complex procedure to determine the optimum radial configuration of the distribution system by frequently varying the operating status of network switches with keeping the network operating constraints. Therefore, this paper proposes the Harris hawks optimization (HHO) to find the optimal combination of switches that results in a radial configuration with minimum system power loss. The main revelation of this algorithm is the cooperative behavior and chasing manner of Harris' hawks in nature. In HHO operation, many hawks attack their victims cooperatively from several paths trying to surprise it. Harris hawks can detect a variety range of chasing patterns based on the dynamic nature of circumstances and escaping patterns of the victim. The validation of suggested HHO method is tested on the 33 IEEE bus distribution network. In addition, the obtained results proved the accuracy and efficiency of the suggested algorithm by comparing with other existing optimization algorithms. Key words_ Distribution system, distribution system reconfiguration, Harris hawks optimization, Real Power loss reduction.