Accurate simulations of large deformation hyperelastic materials by the FEM is still a challenging problem. In a total Lagrangian formulation, even when using a very fine initial mesh, the simulation can break down due to severe mesh distortion. Error estimation and adaptive remeshing on the initial geometry are helpful and can provide more accurate solutions but are not sufficient to attain very large deformations. The updated Lagrangian formulation where the geometry is periodically updated is then preferred. However, it requires data transfer from the old mesh to the new one and this is a very delicate issue. In this paper, we present an updated Lagrangian formulation where the error is estimated and adaptive remeshing is performed in order to reach high level of deformations while controlling both the accuracy of the solution and mesh distortion. Special attention is given to data transfer methods and a very accurate cubic Lagrange projection method is introduced. A continuation method is used to automatically pilot the complete algorithm including load increase, error estimation, adaptive remeshing, and data transfer. A number of examples will be presented and analyzed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this work develops the thermal damage curve for 132 kV conductors in transient state with the aim to propose the overload settings implemented in the overcurrent function, because there is the possibility that in electrical system present old protection equipment that does not have an overload function. The study is based on the research for a real case of the Provincial Interconnected System (PIS) of San Juan, Argentina. The PIS has a particularly conflictive node where a large amount of conventional hydroelectric generation and PV plants with approximately 300 MW are concentrated. During the study, overloads were found in the lines that exceed the damage curves of the conductors, so due to this, adjustments of the overload setting in the overcurrent function are proposed to avoid irreparable damage. At the same time, the possible schemes automatic generation disconnection (DAG) are analyzed as alternatives to conductors overload scenarios, considering that the photovoltaic generator can be disconnected in case of fault conditions, and when it remains connected to the system, it will not inject reactive power, because currently there is not requirement on the part of the coordinating entity CAMMESA.


Understanding how the permeability of a porous medium changes as function of solid fraction and pore geometry is vital in many significant areas. Here, we construct a number of different porous media via computer methods. We then simulate the flow of a viscous liquid through the solid packing using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods. Qualitative comparisons of flow between the two methods are generally good as are the quantitative permeability comparisons. The relative computational efficiency of both methods is examined with the LB method being superior to SPH for this application.


This study expands on an earlier study about diabetes nurses' experiences of the Guided Self‐Determination intervention in face‐to‐face consultations among people with type 2 diabetes. This current study investigates Guided Self‐Determination in an electronic format with the aim to explore what can be learned about the written form for health communication from the perspectives of diabetes nurses in primary care.


THE FELINE PATIENT, 3rd edn Gary D. Norsworthy, Mitchell A. Crystal, Mitchell A. Grace, and Larry P. Tilley. 776 pages, hardback, £64.99. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978 0 7817 6268 7

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THE third edition of 'The feline patient' aims to


Two studies were undertaken to verify the effect of the forage to concentrate ratio of the diet on B-vitamin concentrations in ruminal contents. In Study 1, eight primiparous and eight multiparous cows were used in a cross-over design, and concentrations of biotin, folates and vitamin B12 were determined in ruminal fluid and plasma of cows fed a high-forage (HF; 58:42 forage to concentrate ratio; DM basis) or a low-forage (LF; 37:63 forage to concentrate ratio; DM basis) diet. In Study 2, six ruminally cannulated lactating cows were used in a cross-over design to evaluate the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (HF = 60:40; LF = 40:60; DM basis) on concentrations of seven B-vitamins in the particle-free fluid and in both liquid- and solid-associated bacteria. Results showed that B-vitamins were present mainly in the bacterial fractions of the ruminal content, while only limited amounts were found in the surrounding fluid. A change in the forage to concentrate ratio had a greater effect on vitamin conce...


European economies, in their recent process of economic growth, have experienced significant structural changes mainly linked to trade opening, greater economic integration and development of high technology industries and services. All this has meant, in general, an increase in the participation of women in economic activity. However, economic and social indicators tell us about the existence of a labour and wage gender gap, which is especially pronounced in some Mediterranean countries such as Spain. The objective of this paper is to explore the role played by the female employment on economic growth from an input-output perspective. More specifically, taking Spain as starting point, and extending the analysis to other European economies, we are particularly interested in studying how the model of growth, the different sectoral specialization and trade structure have resulted in a certain composition and distribution of female labour. More specifically, we study the extent to which countries have tended to a higher concentration of female employment in primary sectors, if such employment is concentrated at the beginning or the end of the vertically integrated production chain and therefore may be more susceptible to offshoring, we calculate feminization indexes by sectors (Seguino, 2000) and finally, we relate these structures with the process of expansion and internationalization of demand. In summary, we try to analyze to what extent the evolution of female labor gaps is explained by these structural factors. The work aims to be a first approach to gender issues using analytical and theoretical tools of input-output analysis.


We present the current status of a non-perturbative lattice calculation of the moments of the pion and kaon distribution amplitudes by the RQCD collaboration. Our investigation is carried out using $N_f=2+1$ dynamical, non-perturbatively O(a)-improved Wilson fermions on the CLS ensembles with 5 different lattice spacings and pion masses down to the physical pion mass. A combined continuum and chiral extrapolation to the physical point is performed along two independent quark mass trajectories simultaneously. We employ momentum smearing in order to decrease the contamination by excited states and increase statistical precision.


A new 3-DOF de-coupled parallel robot mechanism with 3-dimension(3-D) translation is synthesized and investigated according to the structural theory of parallel robotic mechanisms based on the units of the single-open-chain limb. First, mobility analysis and motion output analysis for the parallel mechanism are addressed; then the closed-form analytical solutions are developed for both the forward and inverse kinematics. Numerical calculation and input-output motion relationship are also discussed. The promising parallel mechanism is only composed of revolute joints and easy of manufacturing.


We propose a mobile ad hoc network that is robust against high density node environment, assuming a situation in which nodes are overcrowded and communication becomes difficult in environments where event venues and evacuation centers at the time of disaster. In this proposed method, nodes are autonomously clustered to propose a strong mobile ad hoc network when congestion occurs. By network simulation, we have confirmed high tolerance against network congestion compared with the conventional method.


neutral theory, nearly neutral theory, population genetics ABSTRACT Our understandi ng of the causes of molec ular evolution is not as certain as it was a decade ago when Kimura's neutral theory appeared to explain major features of DNA conservation and change. The last ten years have seen the development of empirical approaches and statistical tests for detecting selec tion in DNA and a proliferation of data that challenge our current understanding of the molecular evolutionary process. We begin this review with a discussion of protein polymorphism and divergence: two major areas of research where the strictly neutral model cannot explain general patterns in the data. We then present a survey of statistical methods for detecting positive selection, which includes tests for balancing selection, for sequence convergence, and for un usually high rates of evolution that cannot be accounted for by neutral models. Finally, we present findings of a number of groups working on within- and between-species variation in Drosophila: These highlight the importance of adaptive evolution, purifying selection, and recombination in understanding levels and patterns of nucleotide variation.


mum exemptions that the General Assembly could allow were $1,000 for the head of a family, plus $200 for each dependent under sixteen years of age, and $500 for all others. An income tax under such limitations was interpreted as placing a very disproportionate burden upon the poorer classes. It was frequently pointed out that the provision for taxing intangibles was no more than a " joker " inserted to try to carry through the strict limitations on the income tax. Instead of advocating the adoption of something we do not like, merely because it is better than something we have, and then attempt to change it through amendment, the opposition pointed out the difficulty of securing amendments and the likelihood of getting what we really want much quicker through a new constitutional convention. Illinois, then, will continue to center her revenue system around the general property tax, notoriously administered under elected assessors, in spite of the use of oaths and the provision for fines and imprisonment upon both assessors and assessed. But the vote of December 12 indicates that the people will have nothing to do with changes which obviously favor large incomes to the disadvantage of the poorer classes.


Based on the investigation,the paper discusses the goods-flow,delivery mode,delivery quantities and technical economic features of the channel in Chongqing foreign trade,analyzes the main problems of the delivery channel and puts forward some advices.


The powders and solids clogging materials, apparatus and method for refilling while preventing contamination, as well as new to the use of weldable and peelable endless tubular film (1). The present invention includes a base in the form of refillable while eliminating contamination, not only prevents contamination, shows a refill and development of which can perform a sterile state.


Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) has already gained its popularity in fault diagnosis for the oil-immersed transformers. However, owing to the fuzziness and uncertainty between the failure phenomena and failure mechanisms, power equipment failure reasons are very complicated and the accuracy of existing algorithms is low. Diagnostic methods based on artificial intelligence are commonly introduced in the field above. Because of the complexity of the network, the speed of the algorithm convergence is badly affected. With the limitation of artificial guidance and expertise, the current algorithms are short of the self-learning ability. That is why there is no common diagnostic program can be formed. Based on this reason, the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques Algorithm (ISODATA) based on DGA is proposed. First, the feasibility of transformer fault diagnosis method based on the ISODATA and DGA are analyzed, as well as its limitations. In order to improve the efficiency of the algorithm, a genetic algorithm is introduced to optimize the transformer fault diagnosis model by reducing the dependence of the initial clustering for ISODATA based on DGA. Through these methods, the accuracy and efficiency of optimizing diagnosis are improved. With the analysis of the principles of fuzzy ISODATA algorithm and genetic algorithm, and the optimization the initial cluster centers on ISODATA algorithm, the feasibility of the optimized transformer fault diagnosis program is proved. Finally, a specific case is programmed and compared to prove its accuracy and efficiency by analysis and comparing indicators before and after improvement. It is shown in the experimental comparison that the number of iterations is less after the improvement with the same precision and the operating speed is faster with the less error. The results showed that the fuzzy ISODATA algorithm optimized by the genetic algorithms is more in line with actual needs by largely overcoming the dependence on initial cluster center and can be easily applied to oil-immersed transformer fault diagnosis.


The current study explores consumer attributes such as attitudes, subjective norms, connectedness, and price consciousness and their relationship with purchase intentions of Hispanic shoppers within the locally produced food category. Four hypothesized direct-path relationships and one moderation effect across the four proposed paths were tested via a two-step process in structural equations modeling. Results of measurement model testing suggested that a five-factor model fits well for the Hispanic group. Within the structural model process, a significant positive relationship was found between two proposed paths: consumer attitudes with intention to purchase and price consciousness with intention to purchase. A moderation effect of perceived product availability was found only for the path of price consciousness with intention to purchase. These results suggest that factors such as subject norms and connectedness, often associated with the local food category, may not be important drivers for purchase intentions for the Hispanic food shopper in retail grocery channels. However, other factors relating to attitudes, price consciousness, and product availability may be more salient. From this exploration, implications for marketers are provided and future research directions suggested.


Background: Between 1% and 2% of the population in the developed world experiences a nonhealing or chronic wound, characterized by an apparent arrest in a stage dominated by inflammatory processes. The Problem: Bacteria are present in these wounds. Does this interfere with the wound healing and does the bacterial mode of growth play a role? Basic/Clinical Science Advances: Research groups have proposed that bacteria might be involved in and contribute to the lack of healing of these wounds. Wound samples have been investigated by standard culturing methods, molecular methods, and peptide nucleic acid‐based fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA FISH) for direct identification of bacteria. By means of the classic culturing methods, Staphylococcus aureus has been detected in the majority of the wounds, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been observed less frequently. In contrast, using PNA FISH, a large fraction of wounds have been observed to contain P. aeruginosa. Further, PNA FISH has revealed the structural organization of bacteria in the samples. It appeared that P. aeruginosa aggregated as microcolonies imbedded in the matrix component alginate, which is a characteristic hallmark of the biofilm mode of growth. These microcolonies were detected inside the wound bed, whereas S. aureus, when present, are detected on the surface of the wound. Clinical Care Relevance: Biofilms are extremely tolerant to antimicrobials and components of the host defense. This tolerance becomes particularly evident for the clinician. To achieve a beneficial effect, treatments require high concentrations of antimicrobial compounds, for a prolonged time. Especially P. aeruginosa biofilm eliminate neutrophiles by excreted rhamnolipids. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of P. aeruginosa in the biofilm mode of growth and its concomitant elimination of neutrophiles is the main cause of inefficient eradication by antibiotic treatment and activity of the innate immune system, respectively.


In the article it is offered to count the spatial sign with provision for mosaic-tiered structure of wood when estimating rising trees. It is noted that the diameter of stems has mediated (indirect) relationship with average distance to the nearest tree


Closed single cycle O/sub 2//CO/sub 2/ combustion integrated with a unified cleaning system is proposed to produce a continuous supply of carbon dioxide for deep-sea sequestering research on the Island of Hawaii. It has been suggested that the quantity needed for injection might be about 100 tons per day, compressed to the appropriate pressure and then transported by a pipeline to an ocean depth of 2000 feet or more and dispersed. This research project is so far only partly defined but likely will be run for a period of years, perhaps five or ten years or longer, in order to assure the viability of this method of CO/sub 2/ disposal. The closed cycle plant with its required cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) can produce an approximately 98% CO/sub 2/ exhaust gas byproduct, likely suitable for ocean disposal research without further processing, while producing electric power for distribution. A range of liquefied gases might also be recovered for export. This would be the first commercial scale demonstration of the O/sub 2//CO/sub 2/ combustion method with a projected net plant thermal efficiency improvement, so far as is known.


Writing is one of the compulsory skills that is tested in the final examination and it must be mastered by students of Senior High School. However, the eleventh graders of SMA N 2 Magelang still find difficulties in learning writing, especially in narrative text. It can be proved by the result of the average score of the writing test of 32 students, which was only 67.97. This score does not reach the minimum achievement criteria of 78. There are several factors influencing that condition. The writer conducted a research to overcome that problem by applying Deliberative Democracy Technique. There are two main objectives in the research. The first is to know whether Deliberative Democracy Technique can increase the learning motivation of narrative text writing skill. The second is to know how great the improvement of the narrative text writing skill after being taught by using Deliberative Democracy Technique of the eleventh graders of SMA N 2 Kota Magelang in the school year 2015/2016 is. The subject of the research is the eleventh graders of SMAN 2 Magelang, comprising 32 students. The writer conducted a classroom action research for this purpose. It was divided into three phases: Pre-cycle, Cycle I and Cycle II. The writer used non test (observation, questionnaire and documentation) and test as the instrument to collect the data. Based on the writer's observation and questionnaires, it is showed that most students had behavioral change, they increase learning motivation.


Four pristine and two oxidized Argonne Premium Coals have been investigated by in-situ high-temperature 13C-NMR. In-situ monitoring for changes of mobility and chemical structure for coals has been successfully accomplished. Characteristic temperatures for coals during the early stage of carbonization were determined from the series of spectra of in-situ high-temperature 13C-NMR. It was found that the temperature of minimum of half-width, Tm, and the temperature interval from softening to minimum of half-width, Tsm, correlate to the coal rank for the three lower rank coals tested. It was suggested that aliphatic carbons in coal have a large role for depolymerization and/or polymerization of coals oxidized during heating.


The invention belongs to the technical field of electric power signal detection, and relates to a method for detecting the frequency, phase and amplitude of an electric signal in an electric power system. Firstly, acquiring a voltage signal or a current signal of the electric power system, properly processing the acquired signal, and performing Park transformation and mean filter to obtain signals v and v ; and then, obtaining measurement values of the amplitude, initial phase and frequency of the signal, namely V, phi and f , and integrating 2 pi f to obtain theta ; finally, adding up phi and theta to obtain the measurement value theta of the phase of the input signal. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of quickly and accurately detecting the changed values of the frequency, phase and amplitude of the signal after changing, and accurately acquiring the frequency, phase and amplitude of the signal in case that the signal is interfered and polluted; facilitating control and stability of the electric power system; ensuring safe and reliable operation of electric power and electronic devices in the electric power system; and facilitating power and frequency control of distributed power generation or a micro electric power system.


Clinical psychiatrists are today in a position to prescribe an expanded range of antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. The introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952 was followed by many others. They varied in potency and in side-effect profile, but they shared the capacity to cause extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). These side-effects were produced by a mechanism intrinsically similar to that responsible for the antipsychotic effectiveness of the drug. They seemed to be the price that had to be paid for the resolution of psychotic symptoms.


A new nematode species belonging to the family Rhabditidae, genus Phasmarhabditis , was isolated in the city of Bari (strain BAR) and near the village Gravina (strain GRA) in Apulia, Italy, and is described herein as Phasmarhabditis apuliae n. sp. The original hosts were Milax sowerbyi and M. gagates . Females are 2623 (2262-2848) μ m long with a long tapering tail. Prominent papilla-like phasmids are present. Males are 2096 (1898-2363) μ m long. They have a peloderan bursa with nine pairs of rays arranged as 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 3. Each ray bears a single papilla. A non-paired papilla is located near the ventral appendage anterior to the cloacal aperture. Prominent papilla-like phasmids are situated close to the tail tip. Dauer juveniles have lateral fields formed from two prominent wide ridges and have three incisures. Phasmarhabditis apuliae n. sp. seems to be a facultative mollusc-parasitic nematode that is capable, in a similar manner to P. hermaphrodita , of long-term survival in the saprophytic phase on decaying organic matter. Ecology, morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Phasmarhabditis nematodes are discussed.


A pilot study was conducted among patients with chronic impaired consciousness in order to assess the response of energy expenditure at rest (REE) during craniocerebral hypothermia. It was found that REE increased in 70.59% of patients, and decreased in 29.41%. It is assumed that the decrease in REE is associated with preserved metabolic activity in the intact parts of the cerebral cortex and may indicate the presence of rehabilitation potential, and the decrease indicates the presence of gross damage that excluded the selectivity of hypothermic exposure.


This study aimed to assess the multilevel effects of natural hazards on trust in Chinese society. Using the Chinese General Social Survey conducted in 2012 as well as provincial disaster damage records, the study examined how individuals' past experiences of disasters and province-level damage (measured by the number of affected people, deaths, and economic loss) are associated with various forms of trust: in-group, out-group, generalized, and political trust. The results indicate that Chinese individuals with experience of disaster demonstrate higher levels of out-group trust but lower levels of political trust. Similarly, at the province level, damage from the previous 3 years of disaster events (2009-2011) was positively associated with residents' out-group trust while negatively affecting their political trust. However, when provincial damage was aggregated for the past 5 years of disasters (2007-2011), which included the historic Sichuan earthquake of 2008, only total deaths showed a positive effect on generalized trust. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Wind histories considering time and spatial correlativity has been simulated by auto regressive simulation method. Then the wind-induced vibration analyses for Schwedler reticulated dome under horizontal wind loading are finished. The rise-span-ratio is 1/8, 1/5 and 1/4. By summarizing the responses of nodes and elements some valuable conclusions have been obtained. Then the wind induced vibration coefficients of displacement and internal force are calculated. And the uniform wind induced vibration coefficient of displacement and internal force for the whole structure is 3.0.


Long span cable-stayed suspension bridge has hangers on the inside of deck due to the train load placed on the center of deck and transverse distribution load of wide girder. In particular, the early stage of erection deck of suspended part which has weak torsional rigidity than final state can cause excessive torsion in the girder by wind load. Therefore, it is important to secure the wind stability during erection. First, Construction stage analysis have been performed and found the most unfavorable erection phase. Then, evaluation of wind stability were performed by numerical buffeting analysis. Further research was carried out to improve the wind stability during erection stage by the addition of structural measures. In order to increase the torsional stiffness of the deck, it is possible to cross X-type bracing cable connecting main cable with deck and to replace hanger of suspension part to Rigid beams. And the use of Strut connecting each main cable has been suggested as a way to diminish torsional deformation of girders that may be occurred by asymmetric vertical mode of main cable in the early erection of suspended deck. Above methods were found out to be efficient to reduce the torsional deformation of deck. But X-type bracing cables need to adjust the length of the cable for each erection phase. For rigid beam, limited usage can be adapted. On the other hand, strut has less limitation compared to those methods, however economic problem should be reviewed depend on the number of its uses.


The separation of structure and algorithm in NN simulating model and how to reuse the code of NN through language description are introduced. Through comparing meny kinds of neural networks, the rules for NN to follow are concluded the feasibility of separating the structure and the algorithm is demonstrated, and the ideal boundary of the separation and the method of appropriate description and combination of these two parts are given. Users need only give the description of the new structure designed, then select an appropriate one in the algorithm library, and a neural network program will be generated automatically. Up to now, such a method of separating structure and algorithm is considered having advantage and significance.


A country's foreign policy is determined by primarily two sets of factors. One is the country's position within the existing operational international political environment and the other is a domestic economic social and political factor present within the states frontiers. These sets of domestic and external considerations shape a states' foreign policy. However changes in these factors also produce simultaneous changes in foreign policy considerations of a state. Indonesia's foreign policy since its independence is no exception. After its independence from Dutch colonial control the foreign policy of Indonesia can be divided into three distinct phases -the period when Sukamo was the president of the country (1949-1965), foreign policy under president Suharto ( 1966-1998), and foreign policy after Suharto's fall from power in May 1998. Indonesia's foreign policy during these three distinct phases exhibited patterns of continuity in certain respects and changes in the other. According to Prof. F.S.Northedge, " Foreign policy constitutes an endless dialogue between the powers of continuity and the powers of change.~» This article intends to explore the features of continuity and change as reflected in Indonesian foreign policy since independence. The ftrst part of the article will discuss the basic premises or the foundations of Indonesia's foreign policy during the time ofSukamo. The second part would analyse the trends of continuity and change in Indonesia's foreign policy after Suharto came to power. And the fmal section would evaluate the foreign policy orientations of the country after President Suharto's resignation in May 1998. It would also be interesting to see as to whether there has been any significant break with the past as far as the present foreign policy of Indonesia is concerned.


The regulation of the constitutive requirements of pirate crime in international convention is obviously out of date and limited clearly the entirety and effectiveness of punishment to pirate crime.Based on the comparison of the concept and constitutive requirements of pirate crime between international convention and the new development of the pirate crime,the paper gives a new definition of the subject of crime,the subjective,the object of crime,the venue and so on.In addition,the article gives the proposals to relax the constitutive requirements of pirate crime.


because they were written before the breakup. Barbara Jancar makes the ineffectiveness of self-management in dealing with the environment very clear and John B. Allcock shows how the strong bias against private entrepreneurs shackled the Yugoslav economy right up to the end. Other articles retain their interest despite the collapse of Yugoslavia. The brief appreciation of Fred Singleton's life by Tony Topham is personal, entertaining and worth reading to get an understanding of this pioneer of Yugoslav studies. Sabrina P. Ramet's article on the Yugoslav press is well informed and its analysis of nascent pluralism in Slovenia in the midto late 1980s is particularly useful. Marko Milivojevic makes a plausible stab at working out the murky administrative relationships within the Yugoslav intelligence and security communities. The editors of this collection have tried to avoid the danger they realized attended their effort by denying that the studies they offer "set out to provide a prediction about the future of Yugoslavia." Instead they identify their editorial task as indicating the choices and constraints within which Yugoslavia's future development would be determined. Unfortunately for all of us, especially the Yugoslavs, the choices proved much more narrow than we hoped and the constraints almost non-existent.


Chemical and biological substances are the source of strange odors in water supply. The presence of trace amount of the odorous substances has serious effect on the quality of water. Therefore, the related studies on the enrichment and removal of the odorous substance in water supply are introduced. This paper mainly uses ozone oxidation technology to oxidate both of off-flavors in drinking water, analyzing the removal efficiency for GSM and MIB through gas chromatography. The results of the experiment indicate that removal efficiency for MIB is not evident. By contrary, the oxidation efficiency for GSM is better and the removal efficiency can reach 65.1%.


This study uses author co-citation analysis to trace prospectively the development of the cognitive neuroscience of attention between 1985 and 2005 from its precursor disciplines: cognitive psychology, single cell neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and evoked potential research. The author set consists of 28 authors highly active in attentional research in the mid-1980s. PFNETS are used to present the co-citation networks. Authors are clustered via the single-link clustering intrinsic to the PFNET algorithm. By the 1990 a distinct cognitive neuroscience specialty cluster emerges, dominated by authors engaged in brain imaging research. Introduction In 1986, Joseph LeDoux and William Hirst (1986) co-edited Mind and Brain: Dialogues in cognitive neuroscience. In the preface, they state: "Researchers in both the brain and cognitive sciences are attempting to understand the mind. Neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists should be natural allies, but tend to work in isolation of one another. Mind and Brain represents a pioneering attempt to bring these two fields closer together. The editors' objective was to force scientists who are working on the same problem but from different perspectives to address each other." (p. i) Since the publication of LeDoux and Hirst's book, a new mind-brain science, cognitive neuroscience, had emerged from this initially forced dialogue. Cognitive neuroscience is now a vigorous, expanding, institutionalized discipline, with its own departments, centers, chairs, journals, and societies. The present study examines how cognitive neuroscience developed from those initial, forced exchanges. It will concentrate on one research area within cognitive neuroscience, research on attentional systems. Attentional systems enable us to select, voluntarily or involuntarily, from the vast stream of stimuli impinging on our senses, those stimuli that require in-depth processing. (See Hirst, 1986 for further explanation.) Attention is a mental construct that must be inferred from behavioral and other experimental data. Thus, research on attention should provide an interesting initial case study of how scientists integrated ideas and methods of neurobiology, largely dominated by behaviorist principles, with those of cognitive psychology, the science of the mental, to create a cognitive neuroscience of attention. This paper uses author co-citation analysis to study the development of the dialogue. The analysis follows White (2003) in using raw author co-citation data to construct pathfinder associative networks, PFNETs. (Dearholt and Schvaneveldt, 1990) PFNETs simplify, or prune, co-citation networks, in such a way that the distance matrix for the original network is preserved. PFNETs have become popular in bibliometric studies for several reasons. PFNETs simplify networks, but retain structural information, thus facilitating visualization. (Borner, 2003; Chen, 2001) In addition, they simply the mapping process for co-citation data (White 2003) In two respects, the author co-citation analysis and PFNETS used here differ from those typically found in the literature. First, most author co-citation analyses begin by generating a comprehensive set of authors publishing in a discipline and use co-citations to map the intellectual structure of the discipline. (McCain, 1990: Borner, Chen, & Boyack, 2003) In contrast, this study attempts to trace the dynamic development of a new discipline prospectively, using a relatively small set of authors: 28 neuroscientists and psychologists, whose work figured prominently in LeDoux and Hirst's forced dialogue on attention in the mid-1980's. These authors were the pioneering researchers in this nascent field. Their published work represents the proto-literature of the cognitive neuroscience of attention. This study traces how the structure of the proto-literatures changed from a loosely linked set of precursor literatures into a literature that served as the basis for the cognitive neuroscience of attention. Later studies will examine how this proto-literature, its authors, their students, and co-authors contributed to the further development of the field. Second, most uses of PFNETs in the bibliometric literature present the finished PFNETs as binary graphs; that is, edges in the graph have weight zero or one. However, co-citation networks are valued graphs, wherein edge weights are co-citation counts. Here edge weights are put to interpretative use. Firstly, bibliometricians use centrality measures to identify important authors in co-citation networks. Author centrality is usually based on degree, betweeness, or closeness centrality, but these measures are defined only for binary graphs. (Dearholt & Schvaneveldt, 1990; White, 2003) Flow betweeness centrality (Freeman, Boragatti, & White, 1991) is a centrality measures defined for weighted graphs that proves more suitable for these data. Secondly, typically nothing is said in many bibliometric studies about the construction of the PFNET. The PFNET algorithm begins with a set of unconnected nodes and adds edges to the net in decreasing order of edge weight. At any stage in net construction, nodes are either isolated or belong to a cluster containing at least two nodes. PFNET construction is an agglomerative clustering procedure equivalent to single link clustering. (Dearholt & Schvaneveldt, 1990) However, unlike a dendrogram, the PFNET contains an explicit representation of the links between author pairs that are responsible for the merging of clusters. Observing changes in PFNET structure, its clusters, and the order in which clusters merge, reveal how the publishing scientific community changes its judgment of the pair-wise salience of the cited authors' work, how these changes give rise to new specialty clusters, and how the salience of specialty clusters change over time. Finally, the PFNETs are defined by two parameters r, the dimension of the Minkowski metric used in the net, and q, the length of the path over which a triangle inequality defined from the metric must be observed. Most PFNETs appearing the bibliometric literature are r = ∞, q = n – 1 nets, where n is the number of nodes in the network. This parameter choice results in the greatest pruning of a citation network. A PFNET(∞, n-1) has the property that only two kinds of edges appear in it, primary edges and secondary edges. A primary edge connects an isolated node to another node (isolated or not). A secondary edge connects two nodes that are already included in separate, but previously unconnected clusters; that is, secondary edges join pre-existing node clusters. This feature allows one to state a hypothesis about the development of the cognitive neuroscience of attention explicitly in terms of the types of edges appearing in the PFNETS (∞, 27) below. If LeDoux and Hirst were correct in their description of the dialogue between mind and brain scientists in 1986, one would expect to see a PFNET where brain scientists and mind scientists belong to distinct specialty clusters that are connected, if at all, only by secondary edges having low co-citation weight. As the dialogue matures, one would expect to see the specialty clusters connected by secondary edges having higher co-citation weights. Eventually one might expect to see mixed clusters of neuroscientists and psychologists, where neuroscientists and psychologists are joined by primary edges at relatively high levels of co-citation; that is, one would expect to see the emergence of a cognitive neuroscience specialty clusters relatively early in the construction of the PFNET. This hypothesis is examined using PFNETs for 28 highly-cited attention authors, based on citation data over a 20 year period, from 1985 through 2005. Methods An author co-citation study requires the identification of an appropriate set of authors. Citation analysts rely on journals in the field, textbooks, comprehensive reviews or comprehensive, on-line literature searches. Such studies allow one to map the intellectual structure of the research discipline in which the authors are engaged. In the early 1980s, there were no cognitive neuroscience journals or textbooks, no comprehensive reviews of a nonexistent or nascent field, and no authors readily identifiable as cognitive neuroscientists. The chapters in LeDoux and Hirst (1986), however, provide useful surrogates for review articles in a non-existent research area. LeDoux and Hirst engaged neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists in dialogues on four research themes common to neurobiology and cognitive psychology in the mid-1980s: attention, perception, memory, and emotion. For each research theme, a neuroscientist and a cognitive psychologist wrote a review from their disciplinary perspective. Each author also commented on the review of their theme written from the other scientific perspective. The reviews and exchange of commentaries attempted to highlight similarities and differences between the neurobiological and psychological approaches to the research theme, with an emphasis on finding common, or at least neighboring, ground. Thus, these reviews cite what could be considered the proto-literature for cognitive neuroscience. It is rare that we have an explicit attempt to identify independent, but potentially relevant, research that could provide the basis for a new interdisciplinary field. The co-citation analyses here exploit this unique opportunity trace the trajectory of cognitive neuroscience from forced dialogue to new research front. Hirst (1986) wrote the review of attention research from the psychological perspective. D. L. Robinson and S.E. Petersen (1986) wrote the review from the neurobiological perspective. The Hirst review cites 93 distinct authors; Robinson and Petersen cite 135 distinct authors in their review. (These author counts include all authors on multi-authored papers.) In each review, numerous authors were cited multiple times. To keep the numbe


The sugarcane sector is gaining a huge prominence in the Brazilian agribusiness. The GDP of the sector in 2015 crop was over then US$ 113 billion along the entire production chain (UNICA, 2016). This auspicious period is accompanied by new challenges and opportunities, which makes the sector a hot field for academic research, theoretical and applied. Given the industry plurality which today goes beyond its traditional niche, alcohol and sugar, the sector is increasingly strongly its share in the energy sector, electricity and renewable fuels. Thus it is necessary to incorporate the new dynamic of production that these products bring to the administrative reality of the sector. Therefore, in addition to discussing theory and methodology related to the mathematical modeling used as a support to sector management, this work aims to contribute to the literature by incorporating and discussing the new production possibilities that biogas production brings to the traditional production mix. The main tools used in this analysis are the portfolio theory and the theoretical and applied framework of robust optimization. From these techniques it is built up an optimization model where one seeks to minimize risk for a given return, the principle of portfolio theory, assessing the risk with CVaR, a better measure of risk than traditional variance. Through this model, the role of biogas, an unusual product in the Brazilian plants, is analyzed considering a hypothetical plant. Based on this model it is implemented robust optimization techniques in order to assess whether the results observed in the deterministic model remains in the case robust.


ABO‐incompatible organ transplantation requires pre‐transplant conditioning to reduce ABO antibody levels in the recipients. With respect to replacement fluids used in plasma exchange, we intended to verify whether fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) containing soluble ABO substance (SAS) is more effective than albumin solution in reducing ABO IgG antibody levels.


The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has been quietly working on new ways to gather health care data. What are some of these pilot programs and how might they affect payment and health care services?


The surface of TiO2 nanoparticles was modified with organic coating method,and the toluene-2,4-diisocyanate(TDI)/TiO2 nano-hybrid composite was successfully fabricated.TiO2 nanoparticles and TDI/TiO2 nano-hybrid composite were characterized by infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),contact angle measurement(CA),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) as well as dispensibility experiment.FT-IR spectra and TGA results show that TDI exists on the surface of TiO2 in forms of physical adsorption and chemical bonding,and an organic coating layer is formed.The calculated numbers of reacted —OH for surface density is about 4.0 per nm2,and the chemical coating efficiency is 57.97%.The contact angle value shows TiO2 nanoparticles are remarkably changed from performance hydrophilic to hydrophobic because of the modification.The contact angle value of TDI/TiO2 nano-hybrid composite against water reaches as high as 147°.TDI/TiO2 nano-hybrid composite can well disperse in lubricant oil for at least 20 d in terms of the dispersibility experiment.


e18048 Background: ASCO and Friends of Cancer Research have proposed that cancer clinical trials must ease eligibility criteria to make the trials more generalizable in "real-world" patient populations. The specific items in exclusion criteria included presence of brain metastasis (BM), which is commonly seen in small cell lung cancer patients. Frequency and trend of BM as exclusion criteria in extensive-stage (ES) SCLC trials is unknown. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search to identify prospective clinical trials in patients with ES-SCLC. Pubmed search was conducted with key words "small cell lung cancer" and "extensive" in title. Websites of 20 oncology journals were also searched by their online archives. Recent review articles in ES-SCLC were also investigated for additional articles. Eligible studies must have enrolled primarily ES-SCLC and been published in English. Studies involving brain/chest radiation and brain metastasis specific trials were excluded. Studies were categorized into allowed/undefined, conditional, or complete exclusion of BM. Chi-squire test was used for categorial group comparison. Results: A total of 491 published studies were identified by Pubmed (240), journal websites (198), and review articles (53). Early publication year (1970-1999) and first-line/maintenance setting were associated with higher incidence of complete exclusion of cases with BM (p < 0.0001, 0.0233, respectively). Studies in the 1990s had the highest incidence (27%) of exclusion. In 2010, only 12% allowed or undefined BM. There is no correlation between complete exclusion of BMs and other clinical characteristics including journal impact factor, region, trial phase, randomization, sample size, patient performance status, and age limit. Conclusions: A significant number of ES-SCLC trials continue to exclude patients with BM. Future studies need to ease eligibility regarding BM according to ASCO/Friends recommendations.[Table: see text]


The emerging technology of pulsed intense ion beams has been shown to lead to improvements in surface characteristics such as hardness and wear resistance, as well as mechanical smoothing. We report here on the use of this technology to systematically study improvements to three types of metal alloys aluminum, iron, and titanium. Ion beam treatment produces a rapid melt and resolidification (RMR) of the surface layer. In the case of a predeposited thin-film layer, the beam mixes this layer into the substrate, leading to improvements that can exceed those produced by treatment of the alloy alone. In either case, RMR results in both crystal refinement and metastable state formation in the treated surface layer not accessible by conventional alloy production. Although more characterization is needed, we have begun the process of relating these microstructural changes to the surface improvements we discuss in this report.


Abstract : To design simply-supported, flexible impact beams spanning between cells or bents for lock approach walls, a dynamic structural analysis of the beam under impact time-history loads for design- specific barge trains is required. At several locks, this flexible structural feature is the primary structural member resisting the glancing-blow impact event of a barge train as it aligns itself with a lock. This technical report describes an engineering methodology used to conduct this dynamic structural analysis and visualize the resulting deflections, moments, and shears. This engineering methodology is implemented with a PC-based FORTRAN program and visual modeler named Impact_Beam. The engineering formulation for Impact_Beam uses time-history force data that are scaled for design specific barge trains to perform a dynamic structural response analysis for either a single degree of freedom system or a modal timehistory analysis for the simply supported beam subjected to a impact load that is travelling along the beam. Time-history force data has been collected from the interpretation of the results from the 1997 full-scale barge train impact prototype experiments conducted at Old Lock and Dam 2 just north of Pittsburgh, PA, and of the 2008 full-scale barge train impact experiments conducted at Winfield Lock and Dam, Winfield, WV. This database of pulse time-history can be scaled for site specific design barge trains with approach angle and velocity using the companion software Impact_Force. It is also possible to use force time-histories from other impact simulation software (e.g., dBEAS). The engineering formulation for Impact_Beam is verified against the original Winfield experiments using modal time-history analysis and dBEAS simulations using single degree of freedom analysis.


A significant part of contemporary medicine is based on the discovery and development of drugs, which are often molecules of ten to thirty non-hydrogen atoms. It is important to know the crystal structures of drug compounds and candidates for various reasons: fundamental understanding of structure and bonding vis-à-vis physiological action, the physical and chemical properties of polymorphs which are frequently encountered in drugs, and the relevance of polymorphism to patent protection and limits thereon. As it happens, many of these materials are available only as powders, and therefore any structural information must be obtained from powder diffraction. Advances in instrumentation and data analysis techniques, both commercial and in the public domain, are proving equal to the task. However, judging from the literature, structure determination from powder data SDPD is still an obscure art, practiced by relatively few crystallographers. This is despite the outreach activities of a significant number of the innovators of SDPD, who have been working to develop and promulgate powder techniques. I will review the state of the art and present some new results, such as the structures of chloramphenicol palmitate polymorphs.


A progression in numbers and a decrease in median age and parity is shown by a comparison of figures for acceptors of Thailands Chulalongkorn Clinic family planning services form 1965 to 1974. The number has risen from 12138 in 1965 to a total of 85000. The median age has decreased steadily from 29.3 to 25.9 and the median parity had decreased from 4.3 to 2.5. The clinic has achieved a steady increase in acceptors especially those in the lower parity and younger age groups.


In the coupled atmosphere-fire model WRF-SFIRE [6, 7], the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model [12] runs at 300m–1km horizontal resolution, while the fire model runs at the resolution of 30m or finer. The wind has a fundamental effect on fire behavior and the topography details have a strong effect on the wind, but WRF does not see the topography on the fire grid scale. We want to downscale the wind from WRF to account for the fine-scale terrain. For this purpose, we fit the wind from WRF with a divergence-free flow over the detailed terrain. Such methods, called massconsistent approximations, were originally proposed on regular grids [10, 11] for urban and complex terrain modeling, with terrain and surface features modeled by excluding entire grid cells from the domain. For fire applications, WindNinja [13] uses finite elements on a terrain-following grid. The resulting equations are generally solved by iterative methods such as SOR, which converge slowly, so use of GPUs is of interest [2]. A multigrid method with a terrain-following grid by a change of coordinates was proposed in [15]. The method proposed here is to be used in every time step of WRF-SFIRE in the place of interpolation to the fire model grid. Therefore, it needs to have the potential to (1) scale to hundreds or thousands of processors using WRF parallel infrastructure [14]; (2) scale to domains size at least 100km by 100km horizontally, with 3000 × 3000 × 15 grid cells and more; (3) have reasonable memory requirements per grid point; (4) not add to the cost of the time step significantly when started from the solution in the previous time step; and, (5) adapt to the problem automatically, with minimum or no parameters to be set by the user.


Uptake of zinc into placental villous syncytiotrophoblast is the first step in its transfer from mother to fetus. To help characterise physiologically significant pathways of zinc accumulation by these cells, we incubated cultured layers of syncytiotrophoblast cells derived from human near‐term placental tissue with serum ultrafiltrate (containing the zinc complexed with low molecular mass serum constituents), dialysed serum (containing the zinc bound to the serum proteins) and whole serum, each of whose endogenous zinc was tracer‐labelled with 65Zn(II). Zinc label from both fractions of serum readily entered a rapidly labelled EDTA‐sensitive cellular compartment, probably representing zinc bound to the outside cell surface and in accumulative fashion, an EDTA‐resistant compartment, probably consisting largely of internalised cellular zinc. Movement of zinc into the EDTA‐resistant pool was strongly temperature‐dependent and did not occur via the EDTA‐sensitive pool from either serum source. Transfer of zinc from the low molecular mass serum fraction into the EDTA‐resistant pool was saturable, the concentration giving half‐maximal rate being 1.2 m̈mol/l nonprotein‐bound zinc. No nonsturable component was detected. Zinc from the serum protein‐bound fraction entered by a saturable component, already saturated at physiological total protein‐bound zinc concentration, and by an apparently nonsaturable component, not appreciably accounted for by nonspecific fluid‐phase endocytosis. The results show that zinc is acquired by placental syncytiotrophoblast from the low molecular mass serum zinc pool probably by a carrier‐mediated process, and at least as importantly, from the zinc bound to serum protein, possibly by an endocytic mechanism. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Device for determining the voltage and current delivered by a photovoltaic panel installation provided with such a device and method of matching impedance from such a device. # A device for determining the voltage and current delivered is proposed for first photovoltaic panel with means for measuring current and voltage, first and second terminals connected to the input of the first panel, further comprising a third terminal to the output terminal of a second panel, a fourth terminal connected in parallel with the second terminal to a third photovoltaic panel and wireless means for sending current and instantaneous voltage measurements, means conveniently connected extent so that it is possible to know remotely operating point of a photovoltaic panel being arranged in series with two photovoltaic panels.


Let \begin{document}$i≥2$ \end{document} , \begin{document}$Δ≥0$ \end{document} , \begin{document}$1≤ a≤ b-Δ$ \end{document} , \begin{document}$n>\frac{(a+b)(ib+2m-2)}{a}+n'$ \end{document} and \begin{document}$δ(G)≥\frac{b^{2}}{a}+n'+2m$ \end{document} , and let \begin{document}$g,f$ \end{document} be two integer-valued functions defined on \begin{document}$V(G)$ \end{document} such that \begin{document}$a≤ g(x)≤ f(x)-Δ≤ b-Δ$ \end{document} for each \begin{document}$x∈ V(G)$ \end{document} . In this article, it is determined that \begin{document}$G$ \end{document} is a fractional \begin{document}$(g,f,n',m)$ \end{document} -critical deleted graph if \begin{document}$\max\{d_{1},d_{2},···,d_{i}\}≥\frac{b(n+n')}{a+b}$ \end{document} for any independent subset \begin{document}$\{x_{1},x_{2},..., x_{i}\}\subseteq V(G)$ \end{document} . The result is tight on independent set degree condition.


The lossless compression FPGA implementation method is studied in this paper,which is based on the improved LZW algorithm.The improved LZW algorithm,unlike the traditional one dependent on a fixed-word-width dictionary,adopts a hierarchical dictionary system composed of several varied-word-width independent dictionaries.So it can take full advantage of FPGA's parallel processing capabilities so as to realize the high-speed lossless compression.With this method,a data lossless compression system in the FPGA is successfully designed,and the test results show that,when the system clock is 50 MHz,the compression speed comes up to a range from 66.67~246.15 Mbit/s.


We report the unidirectional transport of ionic dyes by new soft matter ratchets, which are made of melamine foam with non-centrosymmetric triangular shapes and driven by an AC electric field. The ...


The finding of Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) is not a sentence, nor is it a finding of guilt or an acquittal. Rather, it is a disposition whereby the individual found NCRMD is found to be not criminally responsible for committing an offence. While the outlined objectives of the forensic mental health system are that of a rehabilitation and recovery centered around mental health treatment, the lived experiences of those in the forensic mental health system do not always reflect these objectives. Using a qualitative thematic analysis of interview transcripts of patients who were living in the forensic mental health system, this research sought to highlight similarities between the hardships experienced by those found NCRMD and those experienced by people in other carceral spaces. As a result, five themes were developed which highlighted the punishing experiences of those in the forensic mental health system: 1) Unheard and Ignored Voices; 2) Negative Interactions with Staff; 3) Loss of Identity; 4) Slow Moving Process; and 5) Unpleasant Environment. These themes were then analyzed against two different accounts of punishment: Hayes' (2017) Flew-Benn-Hart account of punishment and Sykes' (1958) conception of the pains of imprisonment to highlight the similar hardships between the prison system and the forensic mental health system. THE HARSH REALITY OF NCRMD Lefaive 4 Table of


The constructional technics and good qualities of biogas digesters mad of bamboo-weaved concrete were discussed in this paper. Their safety and reliability were analyzed based on the structural characteristics. It is showed that the new biogas digester was low-cost,high efficient and reliable. At the same time,the importances of construction and spreading this new kind of biogeas digester in rural areas were discussed in detail, in view of structural materials,cost and protection of forestry ecological environment. They can be used not only to improve environment destroyed by cutting, but also to solve the energy problems,to boost local people's living standard and to realize sustainable development and utilization of rescources. All these showed that it is of great strategical significance to spread the structure.


Objective To compare and analyze the effect of TP(paclitaxel+cisplatin) and NP(vinorelbine+cisplatin) program in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.Methods 120 patients of advanced breast cancer from January 2008 to January 2012 in Liaoning Tumor Hospital were selected and divided into group A and group B with 60 cases in each group.TP program was used in group A and NP program was used in group B.Curative effect and adverse reaction situation after 2 cycles in the two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate in group A(70.0%) was better than that in group B(58.3%),the difference was statistically significant(χ2 = 8.236,P 0.05).The total effective rate in early cure patients in group A(82.6%) was better than that in group B(57.7%),the difference was statistically significant(χ2 = 12.457,P 0.05);the difference of total effective rate in patients with retreatment in group A(62.2%) and group B(58.8%) was not statistically significant(χ2 = 1.586,P 0.05).Incidence of phlebitis in group A [15.0%%(9/60)] was lower than that in group B [40.0%(15/60)],the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05);incidence of muscle pain and unable in group A [33.3%(20/60)] was higher than that in group B [6.7%(4/60)],the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05).Conclusion The TP and NP program in advanced breast cancer have a good effect,but the efficacy of TP program is higher than NP program,drug side effects is smaller,it is worthy of promotion and application.


Medical fears are common in children and can have long-term implications for future attitudes toward health care. Providing accurate information about an impending medical procedure can help the inexperienced child prepare for a painful or unpleasant medical experience and ultimately adapt to the experience more rapidly. The main strategies for providing developmentally appropriate medical information to children are reviewed, and common errors made by parents and medical staff are highlighted. However, anxious children who have already experienced difficult or painful medical procedures are unlikely to be helped by additional information. Distraction, relaxation, and imagery techniques specifically designed for such children who already have developed medical phobias are reviewed. The importance of parents and other adults as "coaches" for children during stressful medical procedures is addressed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Generally, steganography is used to embed data into multimedia (images, audio or video), one of the used algorithm in steganography is the Least significant bit (LSB) .which sometimes can be detected by robbers, where this will affect privacy of the hidden data, thus, this paper will try to enhance the security of the embedding data by using LSB with secure hash function family (SHA).These two algorithm (SHA) and (LSB) -togetherwill be used to enhance the privacy of images in online social network (OSN) , The implemented technique includes two stages , hashing and embedding ; in hashing the (SHA) algorithm will encrypt signature of the user to obtain hash value , while embedding will embed the hash value into the image ,that's how the technique will guarantee that no signed images could be re-upload by other users . Keywords— steganography; Least significant bit; robbers; secure hash algorithm; Online social network


The embedded cubature Kalman filter (ECKF) is proven as a kind of algorithm that has higher precision than cubature Kalman filter. Based on the ECKF, a new algorithm, named composite ECKF (CECKF), is presented in this paper. The new CECKF can increase filter precision by means of reusing the embedded cubature rule in the process of numerical approximation, which can realize higher precision than ECKF in theory. At the same time, another new algorithm, named adaptive CECKF, is also put forward by introducing an adaptive method based on CECKF. Through the comparison of simulation, the proposed methods are able to enhance filter precision.


In 1710, a group of German Palatine refugees landed in the New World courtesy of Britain's Queen Anne. While British propaganda boasted charitable and religious motives behind the Palatine relocation to America—particularly in light of the Catholic-Protestant feud gripping Europe at that time—the historical record paints an alternative picture. Based on the evidence, the move was predominantly an act of convenience and profit to the Crown. Britain had a need to remove excess poor from its midst, make its northerly Colonies profitable, and ensure Colonial security in the face of Iroquois threat. England viewed the Palatines as an ethnically homogenous people whom they could exploit to meet these economic and security needs.


Abstract Anarchy is often contrasted with law, order, or security. But anarchist societies, by which I mean societies that lack a monopoly of coercive force, need not be lawless. They can develop sophisticated legal systems that regulate the behavior of their members and protect their rights. International law, market anarchism, and other models of anarchism such as the one proposed by Chandran Kukathas already exhibit or could plausibly exhibit complex legal rules and institutions. I will show that insofar as these models rely on consent, they all share similar structural flaws, namely, that they cannot meet basic rule-of-law values such as equality before the law and access to legal remedies for wrongs that embody and respect individual moral equality, even minimally conceived. The implication of this argument is not to vindicate state-based legal systems. Rather it is to show that legal systems, state-based or not, must have a strong nonconsensual, coercive element: the process of making, applying, and enforcing law must, to some extent, be severed from consent if law is to perform its function of providing for minimal justice.


As the role that innovation plays in social development and historic progress becomes more and more highlighted,it has been accepted by historic materialism that innovation has been one of the direct forces that promotes historic progress.Holding the idea of "innovation as the direct force of historic progress",this paper probes into the subject,core and dominant forces of historic progress in an attempt to promote and advocate innovation.Such a study is inducive for the society to develop in a quicker,better,smoother and more harmonious and sustainable way.The idea proposed therein,as the inheriting and development of historic materialism,is of great significance both for the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics,and for the enforcement of the outlook of scientific development.


Three different methods are used for the quantitative local texture analysis of fibre textures. Two methods are based upon the evaluation of BRAC-BRENTANO diffraction diagrams. In the first method relative intensity parameters are calculated, whereas in the second Rietveld preferred orientation factors are determined. The third method uses measured pole figures and the series expansion (Bunge).


Mycoviruses are the viruses that infect fungi and prevalent in all major groups of plant pathogenic and edible fungi. The first mycovirus was reported in 1962 from the cultivated mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ); the infected mushrooms developed malformed fruiting bodies, grow slowly, mature early and resulting in serious yield losses. Although the majority of known mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes that are packaged in isometric particles, but there are also some reports of DNA mycoviruses. These are transmitted intracellularly during cell division, sporogenesis and cell fusion, but apparently lack an extracellular route for infection. Their natural host ranges are restricted to individuals within the same or closely related vegetative compatibility groups. Mycoviruses causes debilitating diseases of mushrooms; reduce the virulence of their phytopathogenic fungal hosts, production of killer proteins and increase the thermal tolerance of infected host plant. These fungal-virus systems are precious for the development of novel biocontrol strategies. Hypovirulence associated mycoviruses and killer yeast to control plant diseases is emerging as one of the latest biological tool.


Intrusion detection system is used to monitor the system and network activities to identify anomalies and attacks so that integrity, availability, and confidentiality can be preserved. Here an intrusion detection system based on Artificial Immune System is proposed based on Natural Killer (NK) cells with immunological memory. NK cells are created and each NK cells detection radius is determined using the negative selection algorithm and is trained to detect various attacks. Effective cells with high fairness values are proliferated and distributed to the network using clonal selection algorithm. In this paper, two types of NK cell are used-a Heavyweight NK cell (HWNK) and a number of Lightweight NK cells (LWNK). The incoming data is vectorized and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC1) is created. Then based on this MHC1, any of the receptors i.e. Activating Receptor or Inhibiting Receptor is activated. If it is the signature of an attack, Activating Receptor is activated. Activating receptor activation results in either cytokine release or apoptosis. Here cytokine release means an alarm is generated informing the administrator and apoptosis stands for dropping of the packet. If Inhibiting Receptor is activated, it's a normal packet there is no action Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility, Vol. 9 4, 515–534. doi: 10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.942 © 2021 River Publishers 516 B. J. Bejoy and S. Janakiraman taken. The technique proposed yields high accuracy, better detection rate and quick response time.


Coupled thermoviscoplasticity equations are developed based on the rational theory of thermodynamics. The equations account for the second sound effects and are compatible with the state variable constitutive theories. Second sound effects were considered by adding a new vector, which represents the "elastic" heat flow, to the list of the independent variables required to completely define the state of the body. To demonstrate the second sound effects and the nature of the new vector, the problem of heat conduction in a slab subjected to a puisive heat flux is solved using the finite-element technique.


This work is an analysis of incorporation of leather powder residue to soil in order to apply it in soil-cement bricks. The leather powder is a byproduct of the finishing step of leather manufacturing that contains chromium in its composition. This element, when in its hexavalent form, is carcinogenic. Experiments were performed regarding brick pressing, water absorption, simple pressing, leaching and solubilization so that the mixtures have the minimum requisites for using the brick. The doses were 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% in volume of leather powder in soil. Only the 10% dose met the requisites of ABNT: NBR 8491:1984 that prescribes a minimum resistance of 2 MPa and absorption content lower than 20%. For this dosage, according to the limits stated in ABNT regulation NBR 10004:2004 , the leaching extract was classified as a Class II non-inert, which makes it possible to use it for civil construction purposes.


Serious accident of landslide occurred while risks of dam of Tuanjie Reservoir were eliminated and the dam was reinforced.In this paper,landslide reasons,technical scheme for dam risk elimination and reinforcement as well as treatment effects are fully analyzed and introduced.


ABSTRACT This study has investigated naturally occurring radioactive materials (N.O.R.M; 238 U, 222 Rn) for 353 drinking groundwaterwells in metamorphic rock areas in Korea. Uranium concentrations ranged from N.D (not detected) to 563.56µg/L(median value, 0.68µg/L) and radon concentrations ranged from 108 to 11,612 pCi/L (median value, 1,400 pCi/L).Uranium and radon concentrations in the groundwater generally are similar to USA with similar geological setting.Uranium concentrations in 9 wells (2.6%) exceeded 30µg/L, which is the maximum contaminant level (MCL) by the USenvironmental protection agency (EPA), radon concentrations in 46 wells (13%) exceeded 4,000 pCi/L, which is theAlternative MCL (AMCL) by the US.EPA. The log-log correlation coefficient between uranium and radon was 0.32. Thecorrelation coefficient between uranium and pH was 0.12 and the correlation coefficient between radon and temperaturewas −0.01. The correlation coefficient between uranium and HCO 3 was 0.09 and the correlation coefficient betweenuranium and Ca was 0.11. The median value of uranium was high Chung-Buk (1.78µg/L), Gyeong-Buk (1.37µg/L), In-Cheon (1.06µg/L) for each province. On the other hand, the median value of radon was high In-Cheon (2,962 pCi/L),Chung-Buk (2,339 pCi/L), Jeon-Buk (2,165 pCi/L) for each province. Jeon-Buk for log-log correlation coefficient is thehighest (0.63) among provinces. Key words :NORM (Uranium, Radon), Metamorphic rock, Groundwater, Correlation coefficient, MCL and AMCL


– Afrothismia saingei, a new species of Burmanniaceae (tribe Thismieae) from Mt. Kupe in South-West Cameroon is described and illustrated. It differs from the other species of the genus Afrothismia by the size of its flower, the long, distinctly heteromorphic tepals with fringed basal extensions, the dorsal invagination of the perianth tube and the unique shape of the internal flange.


Lead Content Levels In Blood Samples Among Residents Living In Several Villages In Porong River Area. Previous study results stated that Porong River water was contaminated by sohd und liquidwastes onginuted from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. Some parameter including that ofheavy metals at some sampling points were exceeded the existing standards. This study was designed to evaluate lead content in blood among residents live in four villages near Porong River in Sidoarjo District, so as information concerning lead exposure risk resulted from environmental factors can be provided accordingly. As many as 68 blood samples of pregnant women were analyzed, lead content of 5 blood samples (7.35%) were exceeded the existing standard. All the respondents having lead content exceeding the standard were living in Kebogoyang Village. The mean value of the lead-content in blood was 8.73 µg/100 ml. The highest mean value of lead content of the blood samples was happened in Kebogoyang Village (16.57 µg/100 ml), whereas the lowest one was in Balongtani Village (3.80 µg/100 ml). The exposure sources of the pollutant had not been detected yet. It is necessary to per form surveillance of environmental risk factors in routine basis, so as potential pollutant sources and transport can be detected properly. Keywords: Lead, blood, pollution, heavy metal


A thorough study concerning the artificial sandy beach slope stability is studiedin this paper. The performance analysis of the cross shore profile was using experimental approaches. A 2 (Two) - dimensional physical model was set up in the laboratory wave flume. The initial slopes (n) of the artificial sand beach model are n =1:6. This study result also compared with some theories established from previous research. The results indicate that the sandy beach slopes are adjusted due to wave attack to form either steeper or flatter stable slopes. The range of stable slopes (nf1) are 3 ≤n ≤ 12. It was observed that the sand particles at the lower part of the slope are transported upward and deposited at a higher part of the slope and vice versa. Experimental result showed the stability of beach profile with the utilization of bar as well as berm. The result also showed significant corelation between stabilizing slope (tan α) and wave steepness (H0/L0).


Abstract Bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and other salmonids in the Pacific Northwest are believed at risk of local and regional extinctions because of ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation. Biologists have focused on defining and protecting critical stream channel characteristics, but there is little information regarding the scale or spatial geometry of habitat that may be necessary for the species' long-term persistence. We investigated the influence of habitat patch size on the occurrence of bull trout by determining the presence or absence of fish in naturally fragmented watersheds of the Boise River basin in Idaho. We defined patches of potential habitat for bull trout as watersheds above 1,600 m elevation, a criterion based on the presumed restriction of local populations by stream temperature. We used logistic regression to investigate the possible influence of patch size as well as stream width and gradient on the occurrence of bull trout at reach, stream, and patch scales of analysis. Both st...


Polarization properties of horn antenna are studied in the paper. The linear and circular polarized horns are simulated. There are four lobes in the cross-polarization pattern of linear polarized horn. And the phase of cross-polarization is changed at each bound of the quadrants. That of co-polarization, meanwhile, keeps almost the same value. There is a notch in the center of circular polarized horn cross polarization pattern. And the phase of both co-polarization and cross-polarization is continuous. Far field and near field measurement of horn antenna is analyzed to demonstrate the simulation. Keywords—polarization; horn; cross-polarization; phase


We present the results of a 6 cm VLBI monitoring program of the core dominated, radio loud quasar 1642+690. 3.6 cm VLBI observations are also presented. The 6 cm observations, carried out in 1986.4, 1988.2, 1992.2 and 1994.7 confirm that the source is variable, both in morphology and in flux density, its changes reflecting a complicated evolution. We propose a few evolutionary scenarios, and favour the interpretation of the superluminal character of 1642+690, with a flow of superluminal components ejected from the core at a very similar high apparent speed, beta(app) similar to 9, in agreement with the first claim of superluminal motion in this source.


The readability of a time-frequency representation generally depend crucially on a priori choices of some analysis parameters, which are often chosen heuristically. We describe here a set of methods for automatically selecting optimal parameters, exploiting sparsity requirements.
Using Shannon or Renyi entropies for defining sparsity, we show that the "optimal" representation unfortunately often depends on the criterion. Therefore, we present several ways out for correcting such a shortcoming. In particular, we exploit the idea of "local optimization" in the time-frequency plane. Two different approaches are presented. In a supervised approach, the user can manually select the time-frequency domain in which window optimization is to be performed. In the unsupervised case, an iterative algorithm yields an automatic time-frequency segmentation, together with a corresponding inversion algorithm. As a by-product, it also provides multilayered representations for signals, using reconstructions from a given window type only.


Magnetization measurements on single-crystal cubic $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ with an applied magnetic field along three inequivalent high symmetry directions [100], [110], and [111] reveal weak magnetic anisotropy. The fits of the magnetic susceptibility to the result from a quantum Monte Carlo simulation on the Heisenberg spin-chain model, where the chain is formed via the dominant third-nearest-neighbor exchange interaction ${J}_{3}$, yield the intrachain interaction $({J}_{3}/{k}_{B})$ between 50.12(7) K for the applied field along [110] and 52.5(2) K along [100] with about the same $g$ factor of 2.2. Single-crystal neutron diffraction unveils the transition to the magnetic ordered state as evidenced by the onset of the magnetic Bragg intensity at ${T}_{\text{N1}}=5.25(9)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with no anomaly of the second transition at ${T}_{\text{N2}}$ reported previously. Based on irreducible representation theory and magnetic space group analysis of powder and single-crystal neutron diffraction data, the magnetic structure in the Shubnikov space group $P{4}_{1}32$, where the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}S=1/2$ spins antiferromagnetically align in the direction perpendicular to the spin chain, is proposed. The measured ordered moment of $0.52(6)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, which represents 48% reduction from the expected value of $1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, suggests the remaining influence of frustration resulting from the ${J}_{1}$ and ${J}_{2}$ bonds.


The invention relates to an exhaust gas analyzing device for a diesel vehicle, in particular to a particle filter used for an exhaust analyzing device of a diesel vehicle. The filter comprises a housing, a connecting cover, a locking cover, a handle and a filter element body; the filter element body comprises an internal element, a connecting shaft, a primary filter element and a precise filter element; the internal element is fixedly arranged in an element body mounting room; the connecting shaft is connected with the internal element and is arranged towards a gas chamber; the middle part of the internal element is radially provided with a radial airway; a first axial airway is arranged at the right side of the radial airway; the connecting shaft is fixedly connected with the internal element through a shaft rod; a mounting opening is formed between the internal element and an end head; the primary filter element is arranged outside the mounting opening; and the precise filter element is arranged in the internal side of the mounting opening. The particle filter provided by the invention has the advantages that the content of the detected gas is maintained to the utmost extent, the maintenance is convenient, and the particle filter has the characteristics of reliable working and convenience in maintenance.


Abstract Memory for four news stories was tested among 80 English adults. A 2 × 2 × 2 design was used, varying mode of presentation (transcript vs. tape recording), mode of questioning (printed questionnaire vs. tape recording), and mode of answer (written vs. spoken). Subjects who received the news stories in print remembered the material better than those who received them aurally, regardless of the style of questioning or the style of answering. The results provide further support for the "primacy of print" hypothesis.


Objective To study the clinical effects of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation(NPPV) on patients with acute exacerbating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary encephalopathy.Methods The clinical data of applying noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation on 78 patients with acute exacerbating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary encephalopathy in department of respiratory diseases,Yuebei people's hospital from June 2008 to June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed,and arterial blood gas analysis was performed before ventilation,2 h and 24 h after ventilation.The therapeutic effect and adverse reaction of NPPV were observed.Results After treatment,the clinical symptoms of patients gradually improved compared with before applying noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation,the level of PaCO2 reduced(P0.01),the level of PaO2 increased(P0.01),the level of PH increased(P0.01).Conclusion It is effective of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation on patients with acute exacerbating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary encephalopathy,so it is valuable for clinical application.


The brewing technology of ground cherry wine was studied in this paper. The optimal technologic parameters were obtained as followed: inoculation volume 6%, sugar content 16%, temperature 22 ℃, the time of primary fermentation 7 d. The clear ground cherry wine was achieved after centrifugal separation at 4000 r/min for 25 min. The product quality could be further improved by aging.


By cutting in intentional homicide of traffic accident crime,this paper proves that the action of antecedence may cause the duty of action,then concern how to handle the equal-value issues. It should be evaluated on the whole in concrete judgment,which means one hand we should think about the correlation between the act after the accomplishment of crime and the basic crime,on the other hand,we should try to avoid prohibiting the repeated evaluation on the same act.


Shunt wound conducting wires are divided into two groups, and multiple conducting wires piled up can be wound in radial. In each layer, coordinated transposition is carried out for two groups of conducting wire for multiple times. Number of transposition in each layer is identical to total number of parallel wound conducting wire. Interval of two pieces of transposition is equal to number of turns in each layer divided by number of conducting wire. After winding in each layer is completed, stay or oil lead fluting paper is placed to wind next layer. Method for winding next layer is same as the method for winding previous layer. The method is applicable to transformer coil of mobile substation in mining explosion suppression type. The invention solves defect of added loss caused by incomplete transposition as well as solves issue of too many windings in parallel in axial direction.


The first two presidential periods of Juan Domingo Perón were characterized by an intense educational agenda. Between 1946 and 1955, Perón prioritized three strategies in the education field. The first was the implementation of different policies in order to promote an enrollment expansion. The second strategy involved a structural reorganization of the education system in order to favor a reorientation of students toward technical education. The third strategy targeted school content. In this aspect, the Peronism government introduce two types of modifications: first, an updating of school content; second, the insertion of material related to Peronist ideology in the curriculum. The effectiveness of these policies can be considered by using statistical data and revisiting a study of school notebooks of the period of interest that provides evidence on how teachers react toward the incorporation of content related to the Peronist doctrine.


The present invention discloses a main transformer 110kV at an internal bridge wiring protection blocking prepared from the cast improved method, comprising the steps of: when the selected bridge switches from the cast, added bit logical bridge switching points, to achieve the main Transformer / high back-up / blocking non-power protection opens into automatic switching is valid; selected incoming line standby, the switch is closed bridge bit logical add, to achieve the main Transformer / high back-up / non-power protection into the latch opening automatic switching invalid; intake line standby since the administration mode, operation of increasing the main transformer protection bridge logic 710 switches OFF position; the present invention within the bridge wiring 110kV main transformer protection blocking improved automatic switching method may be implemented only main transformer protection blocking bridge switches from the cast, without line blocking prepared from the cast; and avoid tripping bridge switch 710 causes the standby power source of the secondary impact to the system.


The coupling of the long range orientational order of the mesogenic units to the polymer backbone in side chain liquid crystal polymers can result in mesogens lying preferentially parallel on perpendicular to the backbone. Copolymers are prepared from the monomers CH 2 =CH-CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 R (R=OH, OPhCO 2 PhCN, CH 2 OPhCO 2 PhCN) in which the two homopolymers show these two possibilities. Their phase behavior is determined in order to assess the competiting influences of these two opposite couplings


Perovskite solar cells have several advantages over traditional solar cells such as the ability to control the film morphology during the deposition and crystallization of the perovskite layer. The efficiency of perovskite solar cells can be modified using physical and chemical techniques to achieve better efficiencies. In this paper, we study the fabrication of typical inverted structure perovskite solar cell using reuse PbI2. The optimization condition of PbI2 recycle based perovskite solar cell is reported with the maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.14% which is comparable to the cell made by fresh PbI2. Out finding has shown the potential of reuse PbI2 precursor which eventually leads to cost reduction in perovskite solar cell fabrication.


TLR3 was the only member of recognizing dsRNA,more and more data showed that TLR3 had important antivirus infection function,while the research on chicken TLR3 was relatively few.By biology informatics analysis,we conducted the study on chicken TLR3 sequence characteristics.It was found that chicken TLR3 had at least two transcripts,both of which consisted of four coding exons,one predicted an 896 amino acid protein,another transcript were deleted most exon 3,predicted one 214 amino acids protein.Comparsion analysis showed that the homology of chicken TLR3 amino acid sequence among species was higher than that nucleotide sequence.Evolution analysis showed that TLR3 amino acid sequence could reflect the genetic distance among species effectively.


A variable area radial turbine with a moveable nozzle sidewall was experimentally evaluated. The turbine was designed for an advanced variable capacity gas turbine rotorcraft engine. The turbine has a mass flow rate of 2.27 kg/sec (5.0 lbs/sec), and a rotor inlet temperature of 1477K (2200 F). Testing was conducted at a reduced inlet temperature, but the aerodynamic parameters and Reynolds numbers were duplicated. Overall performance was obtained for a range of nozzle areas from 50% to 100% of the maximum area. The test program determined the effect on performance of: (1) Moving the hub or shroud sidewall; (2) Sidewall-vane clearance leakage; (3) Vaneless space geometry change; and (4) Nozzle cooling flows. Data were obtained for a range of pressure ratios and speeds and are presented in a number of performance maps.


It's an exciting time in computer science education on the K-12 landscape. Educational jurisdictions around the world are incorporating computer science concepts, as well as related computational thinking components, into their mandatory, K-12 curriculum. As we develop and implement curriculum initiatives with an eye on the future and the 21st century learner and citizen, what wisdom can we gleam from the past? In Ontario, Canada computer science education dates back to 1966 with the release of the Ministry of Education's Data Processing course that included a number of computer science and computer programming concepts and ideas. The document also frames computer education within the context of an emerging field and highlights the importance of students developing appropriate computer skills in order to thrive in the labor market and society. While we often consider computer science curriculum initiatives in K-12 education nascent, are important historical policy and initiatives being overlooked? This lightning talk shares preliminary findings from an analysis of five historical computer science curriculum documents. Grounded theory was used to discover emergent themes and concepts apparent in historical documents including ethical computing, the role of technology in society, and the cross-curricular nature of computer science skills. These preliminary findings inform the discussion surrounding the use of historical curriculum to establish best practice in existing curriculum and policy development.


The biomass oil pyrolysed from rice straw was refined through distillation process under one atmosphere pressure. Four distilled fractions were obtained in the temperature ranges of 54–64, 72–80, 84–92 and 96–100 °C respectively. Their chemical components and special group structures were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The tribological performances of the prepared fractions were evaluated by MQ-800 four-ball tribometer as well. The results showed that both density and acid number of the biomass oil increased with the distillation temperature and that the total distillation yield was 55.7%. Every distillation fraction had different anti-wear and friction reduction. Their average friction coefficients were 0.185, 0.227, 0.179 and 0.293 in 30 minutes, and the average wear scar diameters were 1.035, 0.958, 0.870 and 0.983 mm under a rotation speed of 1450 rpm respectively. It was found that the fraction distilled in the temperature range of 84–92 °C showed better friction reduction and wear resistance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


FIELD: printing industry. SUBSTANCE: method of printing includes stages, where object having external surface is provided. The first component of image is printed onto external surface. The first transparent layer of coating is applied onto external surface in order to cover the first component of image. The second component is printed on the first transparent layer of coating. And selectively the second transparent layer of coating is applied over the first transparent layer of coating and the second component of image in order to cover the first and second components of image. EFFECT: suggested method of printing makes it possible to create high-quality images, which are provided with a feeling of image depth with the possibility to select texture on the whole surface, on which printing is carried out. 20 cl, 29 dwg


Total HIV-1 DNA has been shown to reflect reservoir size in HIV-1 infected individuals and correlate with viral rebound time after therapy interruption. Quantification of total HIV-1 DNA level may be used to study and evaluate reservoir elimination therapies. There is currently no FDA approved HIV-1 DNA quantification assay available. The performance of a research uses only kit, Ultrabio HIV DNA quantification kit, was compared to a commonly used laboratory qPCR method targeting the gag region (GAG PCR). The limit of detection (LOD) and precision was evaluated with serially diluted 8E5/LAV DNA. LOD of Ultrabio Kit and GAG PCR was determined to be 4 and 25 copies/reaction, respectively. The Ultrabio Kit showed less variation when HIV-1 DNA concentration was lower than 20 copies/reaction. Twenty-six HIV-1 infected patients' PBMCs samples were quantified by both methods and the Ultrabio kit showed higher sensitivity. GAG PCR was unable to detect 2 of the samples while Ultrabio Kit was able to detect all. Both 2 samples had undetectable viral load. The quantified HIV DNA copies/million cells of the 24 detected samples by both methods showed good correlation, r=0.91. The difference was within one log.


In this article, the author offers remarks he made at a Transportation Leaders Meeting held under the auspices of the National Conference of State Legislatures in San Antonio, Texas in December 2006. The subject was the growing transportation budget shortfall. The focus of the remarks was on the role of tolling and private capital in financing roadways, and the implication of these trends for the relationship between states and the federal government. The author suggests that the increasing interest in tolls are pragmatic considerations; they may be the only way state transportation officials can finance new road capacity because their budgets provide only enough funds to maintain existing roads. A second reason is that tolls are seen as a means of reducing traffic congestion.


Abstract The effect of sample collection, storage conditions (time and temperature), and freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA), PSA complexed with α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT-PSA), and total PSA (tPSA) in serum was studied. The analytes were quantified using immunoassays for tPSA and fPSA on the Elecsys system 2010 and a research assay for ACT-PSA on the ES system (Roche Diagnostics). The stability of the analytes was calculated as percentages of the values measured in samples 1 h after blood collection. When the samples were stored at 37 °C, at room temperature or at 4 °C, the stability of ACT-PSA was less impaired than that of fPSA. To avoid erroneous results in the determination of PSA isoforms and their corresponding ratios, serum samples should be preserved at 4 °C when the analysis is performed within 8 h after blood collection, or they should be stored at −80 °C if the analysis is not feasible during that period.


This paper will show how the relatively voluminous surviving records about exchange rates in the middle ages can help to illuminate the much murkier question of medieval interest rates. We will first explain how the medieval FX market operated and its links to the money market. Next, we will set out the sources of our data on medieval exchange rates, the methodology for calculating interest rates from these exchange rates and provide our results for some key financial centres. These will be used to answer two fundamental questions: first, did the relationship between exchange rates include an element of interest and could FX transactions therefore be used to circumvent the usury prohibition? Second, what were the levels of interest charged on commercial loans in the Middle Ages and how did these compare to rates on government debt and consumer credit? We will also explore some distinctive seasonal patterns in these interest rates at different financial centres and show how these relate to wider trade flows. Finally, we will consider the significance of our findings for the current debate over whether there was a long-term halving of the risk-free interest rate after c.1350.


Treatment of an enterocutaneous fistula is complex and may require multidisciplinary management, especially when associated with a neoplastic process. Here, we describe the case of a 59‐year‐old patient with a squamous cell carcinoma that had invaded the abdominal wall through a chronic enterocutaneous fistula identified 30 years ago. We combined parietectomy with small intestine and colon resection and inguinal lymphadenectomy in order to obtain clear surgical margins. At the same time, plastic surgery involved the implementation of a large bioprosthesis and coverage with a vastus lateralis muscle free flap.


In its three decades of formal existence in Nigeria, counselling is still an emerging
profession. This paper does not attempt to evaluate the current status of counselling in Nigeria.
Instead, the major thrust of the paper is to bring to light a major dimension that a number of
practitioners tend to ignore in their interaction with Nigerian clients-that is, the client/family
interface. This dimension is a major distinguishing factor in bringing in culture-relevant variables
and how these variables impact and impinge on the counselling process, counsellor effectiveness and
acceptabilit