Abstract 308 Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is an alloimmune response after allogeneic hematopoietic stem transplantation (HSCT) mediated by donor T cells against antigen presented by recipient dendritic cells. Our studies with a murine model of GVHD indicate that the complement system regulates the alloimmune response leading to acute GVHD. We used the disparity in MHC class I and II antigens between BALB/c (H-2d) as donors and either wild-type (WT) or complement deficient C57BL/6 (H-2b) as recipients. We found that mice deficient in the central component of the complement system (C3−/−) had significantly lower GVHD-related mortality and morbidity compared to WT recipient mice. Within 8 weeks after BMT, 80% of WT recipient mice and only 25% of C3−/− mice died (p=0.0008, n=20 in each group). While WT mice showed a moderate to severe GVHD in the skin, intestine, liver, lung and kidney, C3−/− mice had mild changes in these organs, reflected in a significantly lower GVHD scores compared to WT mice. Donor T cells proliferation is a critical step in development of GVHD. Therefore, we analyzed donor-derived T cells in C3−/− mice 7 days post-transplant, and found a significantly lower number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen, lymph node and Peyer9s patches compared to those in WT mice. Complement deficiency not only affected the number of T cells but also their polarization. In the spleen and lymph nodes of C3−/−mice, we found a significantly lower number of IFNg-producing T cells and Th17+IFNg+ cells compared to WT recipients, consistent with a reduced Th1 and Th17+ differentiation of donor T cells in C3−/− recipient mice. Since the interaction between recipient-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and donor T cells is one of the initial events in the pathogenesis of the alloimmune response in GVHD, we analyzed both lymphoid and nonlymphoid DCs in the C3−/− recipient mice. Murine lymphoid DCs are divided into CD8a+ and CD8a− subsets that stimulate Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. We detected a significantly lower number of CD8a+ (Th1-driven) and higher number of CD8a− (Th2-driven) DCs in the spleen of C3−/− recipient compared to WT mice. Additionally, the number of CD8a+ DCs was significant decreased in lymph node of C3−/− mice. In the nonlymphoid tissues, CD103+ DCs are developmentally and functionally related to the CD8a+ DCs. We studied DCs in the lung, liver, intestine and skin of recipient mice and found a significant reduction in the number of CD103+ DCs in the lung of C3−/− compared to WT recipient mice. Thus, C3 deficiency is associated with a decrease in Th1-driven DCs in both lymphoid (CD8a+) and nonlymphoid organs (CD103+) resulting in a reduced donor Th1 differentiation in C3−/− recipient mice. In the present study, we show for the first time that complement plays a role in GVHD. Our results are consistent with the findings of previous studies showing that C3 production by DCs in allograft is essential for maturation of DCs, effective antigen presentation to alloreactive T cells, and the development of Th1 response. We demonstrated that a similar effect of complement after BMT might be important in regulating Th1-driven DC activation and donor Th1/Th17differentiation, and in determining the severity of GVHD. Our study improves the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GVHD and provides a rationale for using complement inhibitors as a novel potential therapeutic tool in GVHD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This paper discusses the possibility of a growing tension between employee progression and capability development which emerges as a result of talent management strategies. It is argued that the inter-relationship between the increasing trend to develop talent management strategies, combined with skills shortages and the attitudes of 'Generation Y' employees, leads to the outcomes being, potentially a reduction, rather an increase, in organisational capability. A qualitative case study is used to demonstrate this potential relationship and develop an agenda for future research. 1 Associate Professor Deborah Blackman National Institute for Governance, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia Phone: + 61 2 6201 5076 Fax: + 61 2 6201 5239 Email: email@example.com


Issues of High Performance Computer (HPC) system diagnosis, automated system management, and resource-aware computing, are all dependent on high fidelity, system wide, persistent monitoring. Development and deployment of an effective persistent system wide monitoring service at large-scale presents a number of challenges, particularly when collecting data at the granularities needed to resolve features of interest and obtain early indication of significant events on the system. In this paper we provide experiences from our developments on and two-year deployment of our Lightweight Distributed Metric Service (LDMS) monitoring system on NCSA's 27,648 node Blue Waters system. We present monitoring related challenges and issues and their effects on the major functional components of general monitoring infrastructures and deployments: Data Sampling, Data Aggregation, Data Storage, Analysis Support, Operations, and Data Stewardship. Based on these experiences, we providerecommendations for effective development and deployment of HPC monitoring systems.


This correspondence serves as an "alternative view" to the recent editorial entitled "AICD Benefit".^ There were several important points raised by the editor fhat invite further deliberation. I would like to address three particular issues that were raised: (1) the physician's ability to predict endpoinfs that would fhereby a priori discriminate individual patient and group "benefit" (i.e.. usage of the device); (2) the suggestion that patient groups with and without "therapeutic" AICD discharge have disparate long-term outcome; and (3) the notion that lack of "therapeutic" AICD discharge predicts future lack of "benefit" thereby prompting nonreplacement at end-of-battery-life.


Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of different extracts of Hydnocarpus laurifolia seeds in both normal and diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats weighing about 180-250 g were taken and divided into eleven groups, with six rats in each group. Diabetes was induced by giving streptozotocin (30-50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Rats that showed blood glucose levels >250 mg/dl were selected for the study. Metformin (50 mg/kg) was given as a standard oral hypoglycemic agent. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed in all groups of rats. Results: The petroleum ether and ethylacetate extracts of H. laurifolia seeds at different doses was prepared and administered orally. The blood glucose levels were estimated by glucose-oxidase method. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of the test drugs in diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (p<0.0001) at 1 hr, 2 hr and 4 hrs respectively when compared to diabetic group. Conclusion: The results suggested that H. laurifolia seed extract may have potent anti-diabetic activity, justifying the use of the drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Hydnocarpus laurifolia , Achariaceae, Oral glucose tolerance test, Anti-hyperglycemic activity


This paper presents an automatic air monitor by measuring the level of exhaust gas of a motorized vehicle that will be applied in the indoor parking area. This research is Real Time Operation System, accurate, low-resource, portable and reliable at low prices and connected to networks based on IoT applications. This research will provide information that is needed by people, especially whose will visit crowded places, so they can avoid air pollution. This system utilizes the latest advances in multi-sensor technology, setting several sensors in one device with Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology


BACKGROUND
The consistently increasing reports of bacterial resistance and the reemergence of bacterial epidemics have inspired the health and scientific community to discover new molecules with antibacterial potential continuously. Frog-skin secretions constitute bioactive compounds essential for finding new biopharmaceuticals. The exact antibacterial characterization of dermaseptin related peptides derived from Agalychnis annae is limited. The resemblance in their conserved and functionally linked genomes indicates an unprecedented opportunity to obtain novel bioactive compounds.

OBJECTIVE
In this study, we derived a novel peptide sequence and determined its antibacterial potentials.

METHOD
Consensus sequence strategy was used to design the novel and active antibacterial peptide named 'AGAAN' from skin secretions of Agalychnis annae. The In-vitro activities of the novel peptide against some bacterial strains were investigated. Time kill studies, DNA retardation, cytotoxicity, beta-galactosidase, and molecular computational studies were conducted.

RESULTS
AGAAN inhibited P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, and S. typhimurium at 20 µM concentration. E. coli and S. aureus were inhibited at 25 µM, and lastly, B. subtilis at 50 µM. Kinetics of inactivation against exponential and stationary growing bacteria was found to be rapid within 1-5 hours of peptide exposure, depending on time and concentration. The peptide displayed weak hemolytic activity between 0.01%-7.31% at the antibacterial concentrations. AGAAN efficiently induced bacterial membrane damage with subsequent cell lysis. The peptide's DNA binding shows that it also targets intracellular DNA by retarding its movement. Our in-silico molecular docking analysis displayed a strong affinity to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

CONCLUSION
AGAAN exhibits potential antibacterial properties that could be used to combat bacterial resistance.


Objective To observe the clinical manifestation of 101 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,and summarize the effective clinical nursing methods for gastrointestinal hemorrhage patients.Method The 101 cases with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were randomly divided into the trial group(n=51)and the control group(n=50).The trial group were divided into three grades,and the grade nursing included condition observation and life care.The control group gave the traditional basic nursing mode.Results Compared with the control group,the clinical nursing effects of the trial group were better,and difference was significant(P0.05).Conclusion Giving good observation and nursing during bleeding,paying attention to medication guidance and health guidance at discharge,actively cooperation with doctors at emergency,and doing grade nursing can significantly improve the nursing quality and the rescue success rate.


Does stress cause breast cancer? Some studies have said yes, others no, but their results have often been hampered by small sample size or inadequate


The Internet offers what must be the best available medium to track, contribute to and distribute free software. Unfortunately, as soon as national boundaries are crossed, the Internet has never really been capable of transmitting such large bodies of software within a reasonable amount of time. This has led to the installation of large dedicated archives whose sole purpose is to build up repositories of this software wherever there is the demand. Initially such archives of software may have been kept up-to-date by manually sending magnetic tapes back and forth. This process was later automated as international network links were established. It is at this point that most archives in operation today have stopped. The bandwidth crisis that is currently making large parts of the Internet virtually useless is just what is needed to spur on the next generation of technologies to make electronic information and software dissemination more effective. In this paper we take a very brief look at the history of archive sites. We then present in more detail the differences and evolution in traffic flow that we have observed from our FTP archive and through our National World-Wide Web caching service. This is followed by a discussion of a proposed European wide scheme to make FTP archives more effective by co-operative effort and finishes with a preview of software currently under development at HENSA Unix which addresses the problem through a new, more flexible and scalable approach based on a combination of caching and mirroring.


With many years of experience in lube oil production,Beijing Branch of Sinopec Lubricant Company independently developed China' s first automatic batch blender control system with independent intellectual property right based on DCS platform,which realized automatic blending of automatic batch blender(ABB) device,automatic cleaning of the matched pigging line,and dynamical monitoring and management of the tank systems via a protocol conversion card.At present,the system has been successfully applied in lube oil production.


This multiple case study described functional illiterate parents' lived experiences in Modular Distance Learning through their struggles, coping mechanisms, and realizations as supervisors of their children's learning. The data from each of the functional illiterate parents was checked to discover similarities and differences between cases for a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Specifically, this study examined five functional illiterate parents who were purposively chosen in one of the rural areas in General Santos City, Philippines. The findings showed that the key informants struggled with their incapability to supervise learning, emotional stress, difficulty in handling young learners, difficult modules, irresponsible children, and prioritizing other responsibilities. In order to deal with these struggles, their coping mechanisms were calls for assistance, positive thinking, avoiding overthinking, problem avoidance, trusting children's ability, and parent as a student. Their realizations were modular distance learning is difficult, education is pivotal, parents' involvement is important, children learn better face-to-face, and children become responsible. The results of the cross-case study revealed that while some emerging themes were carried out by all functionally illiterate parents, others were carried out by specific functionally illiterate parents. Nevertheless, it was found out that all functionally illiterate parents have struggled, learned to cope with the struggles, and gained realizations as surrogate teachers in modular distance learning.  Article visualizations:


Purpose – This paper's purpose is to address the fact that many intelligent and experienced managers in industry do not really understand about business finance, how profits are generated and what they can do to improve them. This paper shows how the traditional perception problems of dryness, difficulty and irrelevance of finance training can be overcome. Furthermore the paper covers how managers can create action plans within their own areas of interest to have an impact on the company performance.Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes how physical, board‐based simulations can be used to give a learning experience of finance and business in an effective and time efficient way. The paper lists the problems of finance training, explains the means by which a good simulation overcomes these problems, and shows how small performance differences can make a.significant impact.Findings – The post‐training research shows that participants find the experience of finance in a simulation to be very effe...


As a representative work of English contemporary writer William Golding,Lord of the Flies is viewed as a model fable and invites many interpretations.Political implication in it is analyzed from the three main characters.


There are cross-cultural studies, and then there are cross-cultural studies. Most of the studies presented in this symposium are studies of a few cultures or nations and are thus considered to be cross-cultural. I want t o focus on the other type of cross-cultural study; namely, those studies based on the popular cross-cultural sample survey research design. These studies are in a category all by themselves. They formally test theories by confronting theory with data collected from random samples of societies and by mathematical statistical tests that allow decisions t o be made between or among rivaling theories. A term used by some practitioners of this latter type of cross-cultural research is hologeistic. Hologeistic studies are "holos" whole, "ge" earth studies.',2 Such studies attempt t o test theories about human behavior regardless of space and time. The term helps distinguish our cross-cultural activities from our cross-culturally oriented behavioral science colleagues, and it provides a conveninet referent for the variety of study styles that hologeistic studies encompass. As a group, hologeistic studies have recently been engrossed in an extremely productive period. The growth curve is currently exponential (see F I G U R E 1). It conforms t o growth characteristics for scientific activity in general, although social science growth is a fairly recent p h e n ~ m e n o n . ~ Let me turn to a brief characterization of each of the different types of hologeistic study. I will attempt t o give a background of each type, show or indicate the growth of each type, and comment on the status of theory and method in each. The unheralded roots of global comparative study in the social sciences are truly the debates carried out by America's Founding Fathers documented in the Federalist Papers4 Hamilton, Jay, and Madison in the middle 1700's were comparing institutional forms of governments in Europe and America in an effort t o determine the growth of the United States Government. A century later we had B a c h ~ f e n , ~ Tylor,6 Frazer,' and Westermarck' assembling masses of comparative data selected to support their ideas about descent, religion, magic, and marriage. The lack of scientific rigor in theory construction, operational categorization, sampling, quality control analysis by these scholars was outweighed by the sheer volume of evidence they brought forth t o support their arguments. Their works remain as classics. They stand as a point of departure for the first generation of systematic scientific hologeistic study. Sir Edward B. Tylor perfomed the first hologeistic study in his 1889 paper entitled "On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions" applied to laws of marriage and d e ~ c e n t . ~ This first holocultural study, or cross-cultural survey, was the model for comparative global studies popularized


The absence of a natural apical constriction in permanent tooth makes endodontic treatment a challenge. Traditionally, calcium hydroxide was used for inducing the formation of an apical barrier. Currently, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has shown promising results for apexification procedures. In an open apex, it is imperative to limit the MTA placement within the confines of the root canal for predictable healing. The placement of an internal matrix may limit the extrusion to some extent. Many materials can be used as internal matrix such as collagen membrane, calcium sulphate, hydroxyapatite, freeze dried bone, and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) among others. This case report presents a successful demonstration of the management of an open apex using MTA placed over an internal apical matrix of PRF.


Background Malaria transmission in Siaya County is high and perennial with peak transmission in May-July and October-November. The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have historically conducted malaria surveillance in western Kenya during peak malaria transmission season through annual population-based cross-sectional surveys. However, it may be important to characterise the seasonal spatial variation in malaria transmission for surveillance purposes, to monitor malaria interventions, and to inform decisions for changing and targeting malaria control strategies. We describe the feasibility of implementing a continuous malaria indicator survey (cMIS) for malaria surveillance in Rarieda sub-County, Kenya. Methods All households in the study area were GPS-mapped and household members enumerated. Community interviewers were trained and assessed in collecting blood for malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), preparation of dried blood spots on Whatman 903 filter paper, preparing blood smears, and performing HemoCue® tests for haemoglobin determination. Community interviewers were also trained to provide appropriate treatment with antimalarials and haematinics based on test results. They visited a random subset of 5 houses in the study area each week and collected and transmitted data in real-time throughout the year. Results Four trained community interviewers visited a total of 1041 compounds, and consented and tested a total of 4714 participants for malaria by RDT in year one. Approximately 27% were positive for malaria by RDT and were offered treatment. Conclusions A large number of compounds were visited by few staff in year one. This suggests that cMIS may be a viable way to perform year-round surveillance, and to offer malaria testing and treatment in the community with minimal staff. Further analysis of results from cMIS and comparisons to existing surveillance platforms are warranted to determine if cMIS can provide accurate estimates of malaria case burdens throughout the year.


A pair of consensus development conferences held in the United States and in Sweden presented an unusual opportunity for a cross-cultural study of technology transfer The two conferences were based on the same topic and the same set ofprocedures, providing a chance to test the replicability of the concept of the consensus development conference in different cultures with different health care systems. The purpose of the study was to compare the two experiences, addressing the following questions (I) Can the consensus development process operate across cultural differences and still yield similar results ? (2) Do differences in the health payment system effect the consensus development process ? The study concluded that the consensus development conference is an effective technology transfer procedure both in the United States and in Sweden. The process was effective regardless of differences in language, culture, and health care delivery systems Conclusions reached by consensus development panels regarding the safety and efficacy of the technology were similar Inclusion of issues of need and cost at the Swedish conference expanded the agenda beyond that of the U S conference, however the consensus development process remained the same


In this paper I briefly describe the results of the numerical evaluation of the mass-independent 4-loop contribution to the electron g -2 in QED with 1100 digits of precision. In particular I also show the semi-analytical fit to the numerical value, which contains harmonic polylogarithms of eiπ/3 , e2iπ/3 and eiπ/2 one-dimensional integrals of products of complete elliptic integrals and six finite parts of master integrals, evaluated up to 4800 digits. I give also some information about the methods and the program used.


A programme of research on the seismic behaviour of retaining walls has been in progress at Cambridge University since 1981. Centrifuge tests have been conducted both on cantilever walls and isolated mass walls, retaining dry sands of varying grading and density. This paper describes the centrifugal modelling of fixed-base cantilever walls retaining sand with a horizontal surface level with the crest of the wall. The bumpy road shaking device was used to simulate seismic disturbance. Base shaking tests were conducted on model microconcrete walls to investigate failure behaviour when a series of shaking (earthquake) episodes were triggered. In similar tests on aluminium alloy model walls strain gauges were installed at different depths to measure dynamic bending moments during simulated earthquake episodes. Data of displacements, accelerations, and bending moments have been shown to be capable of straightforward correlation. The results provided further support for the approximate quasi-static elastic and plastic interaction models previously proposed by the authors. An attempt at the modelling of models using different bumpy tracks on elastic walls of different scales retaining identical fills proved to be quite successful. The number of the covering abstract of the symposium is IRRD 286058. (TRRL)


Dynamic design considerations for aerospace vehicles are discussed, taking into account fixed wing aircraft, rotary wing aircraft, and launch, space, and reentry vehicles. It is pointed out that space vehicles have probably had the most significant design problems from the standpoint of structural dynamics, because their large lightweight structures are highly nonlinear. Examples of problems in the case of conventional aircraft include the flutter encountered by high performance military aircraft with external stores. A description is presented of a number of examples which illustrate the direction of present efforts for improving aircraft efficiency. Attention is given to the results of studies on the structural design concepts for the arrow-wing supersonic cruise aircraft configuration and a system study on low-wing-loading, short haul transports.


When determining whether a civil society organization has charitable status, the orthodox position has it that the activities carried on in pursuit of its purposes are not relevant. This article considers the extent to which this is correct and argues that there are in fact a number of situations in which it is appropriate to consider the potential or actual activities carried on by a prospective charity. It also considers the impact of the decision in R (on the application of Independent Schools Council) v Charity Commission [2011] UKUT 421 (TCC), [2012] Ch 214 and the desirability of placing even greater emphasis on a charity's activities in light of the regulatory consequences of charitable status.


In the search of new materials for the solar-to-fuel technology, we turn to the material class of perovskites that offer wide possibilities in manipulation of its chemistry and catalytic activity. Here, we access the role of Cr in the La0.6Sr0.4Mn1-YCryO3-σ perovskite solid solution hitherto unexplored for two-step solar thermochemical fuel production. A multi-component Calphad defect model for the system La-Sr-Cr-Mn-O is therefore optimized and used for computations of oxygen nonstoichiometries and redox thermodynamics of the La0.6Sr0.4Mn1-YCryO3-σ solution series in the temperature range of 1073 to 1873 K as a potential operation window for solar-to-fuel conversion. Modeling results reveal two advantages of substituting manganese by chromium. Firstly, it is possible to reduce the heat capacity with up to 10%, to a value of 132 J mol-1 K-1. Secondly, the thermodynamic driving force for solar-to-fuel conversion increases and the Cr-doped materials provide higher yield and efficiency at isothermal operation. The proposed model allows for continuous simulative scanning of redox thermodynamics from zero Cr-doping to a fully substituted chromite perovskite. For isothermal water splitting, the composition La0.6Sr0.4Mn1-YCryO3-σ displays the highest fuel yield and efficiency of 2.7% due to a high thermodynamic driving force at elevated temperature for this composition. These predictive insights give prospects for engineering the thermodynamics of the oxygen release reaction in perovskites towards higher fuel production and efficiency in solar-to-fuel reactors with isothermal operation.


Abstract The economy and innovation strategy of a city is related with local statistics in more than a single way. As a knowledge-based process, defining a strategy relies on the collection and analysis of a large set of local statistics. As a communication dependent process, implementing that strategy depends on the ability to communicate the main indicators of the city performance. When measuring the economic activity of a city, one of the challenges lies i potential conflicts between the spatial and the administrative limits of the city consequences of the mismatch, when it exists. A strategy, as a programme oriented towards the future, usually intends to promote emerging sectors or trends that usually are not easy to understand under the statistical framework. Therefore, when trying to proceed with the monitorization or promotion of the economic specialization profile of the city might be a challenge in itself. In this paper we will illustrate these issues using the Lisbon economy and innovation strategy. INNOVATION STRATEGY


This report describes pe diatrics as practiced with the Arabian-American Oil Company (Aramco) in Eastern Saudi Arabia by an American physician. "Observations made dur ing approximately six years of pediatric practice with Aramco are presented, though with no attempt to cover every aspect of this practice or of life here."


In order to solve the multi-objective optimization problem in the complex engineering, in this paper a NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithms based on Support Vector Regression Metamodeling is presented. Appropriate design parameter samples are selected by experimental design theories, and the response samples are obtained from the experiments or numerical simulations, used the SVM method to establish the metamodels of the objective performance functions and constraints, and reconstructed the original optimal problem. The reconstructed metamodels was solved by NSGA-II algorithm and took the structure optimization of the microwave power divider as an example to illustrate the proposed methodology and solve themulti-objective optimization problem. The results show that this methodology is feasible and highly effective, and thus it can be used in the optimum design of engineering fields.


The study of cooperation between firms within the field of economic development has a longstanding tradition, particularly in regional development. This research aims to carry out a review of the literature concerned with the role that firm cooperation has in the regional development. The review includes works that analyze empirical cases and aim to identify the elements that explain why in some cases inter-firm cooperation is successful while in others it is not. The dimensions of cooperation emphasized in the surveyed works share various similarities: the conditions in regional agglomerations that enable repeated interactions between firms to take place, the need for governance mechanisms to enforce cooperation between firms and to prevent opportunistic behavior from arising, the institutionalization of cooperation, the impact external factors have on the continuation of cooperation between firms. An emphasis in the literature on learning, knowledge-diffusion and innovation processes were identified. In the concluding remarks, the role of cooperation between firms in the regional development literature was summarized in four main dimensions: 1) the industrial organization of industrial districts, clusters and regions; 2) the balance between cooperation and competition; 3) governance mechanisms and the building of trust and reciprocity in firm relations; and 4) the impact of external factors on inter-firm cooperation, rendering these relation dynamic.


Absorption from the (3,3) line of NH/sub 3/ has been detected at -60.0 km s/sup -1/ toward the ultracompact H II region IRS 1 in NGC 7538 with the VLA. In single-dish spectra, the line is blended with an emission component at -56.5 km s/sup -1/. With the 2.5 x 2.2 beam, however, line emission is resolved out. This corresponds to a spatial extent of more than 10''. The measured width of the absorption line is 8.5 km s/sup -1/ (FWHP). Accounting for the total optical depth of approximately 25 (estimated from hyperfine ratios), we obtain an intrinsic unsaturated line width of approximately 3.5 km s/sup -1/. The line shape appears not to be compatible with a single Gaussian-shaped velocity component of high optical depth. The molecular cloud covers at least 60% of the continuum source; this is approximately 1'', corresponding to 0.017 pc. From the line shape, the cloud may consist of several clumps of size less than 0.01 pc, each with a different radial velocity and smaller line width. In addition to the spectral line measurements, a 23.87 GHz continuum map of IRS 1, 2, 3 is presented. The electron density in IRS 1 is found to bemore » roughly 2 x 10/sup 5/ cm/sup -3/. It is suggested that IRS 1 and IRS 2 may be similar objects at a different state of their evolution.« less


Objective
To explore the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and the management of retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) during treatment of APL.

Methods
On December 28, 2018, one case of APL patient with complex karyotype complicated by RAS who was admitted to the Hematological Disease Center of Lanzhou General Hospital, was selected as the subject. By retrospective analysis, the clinical data of this patient were collected, and the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment process were analyzed. Induction chemotherapy of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with arsenic trioxide (ATO) was used to treat APL: ATRA 20 mg/time, twice a day, oral, d1-28; ATO 10 mL/d, intravenous injection, d1-14. The RAS treatment regimen was to reduce or discontinue ATRA or ATO, and intravenous injected dexamethasone 10 mg/time, twice a day as soon as possible until hypoxemia is relieved. When patient′s white blood cell count (WBC)>10×109/L and continuously elevated, anthracycline or cytarabine was administrated as appropriate. The procedure followed in this study were in accordance with the requirements of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2013. And this patient signed the informed consents for clinical trials.

Results
On January 1, 2019, the patient was diagnosed as APL, with PML-RARα (Bcr1 type) positive, complex karyotype and intermediate risk group, based on complete results of relevant laboratory and auxiliary examination. This patient achieved good efficacy after treatment of ATRA+ ATO regimen. After treatment with ATRA, the patient presented fever, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, and increased WBC, etc.. Then RAS was considered. After treatment with dexamethasone, pirarubicin and symptomatic treatment, the patient′s clinical symptoms of RAS were significantly improved. As of February 2019, the patient was generally in good condition and was currently being followed up regularly.

Conclusions
ATRA+ ATO regimen has a good efficacy in treatment of APL. When RAS appears during the treatment, glucocorticoids and corresponding treatment should be actively used. Since only one patient was retrospectively analyzed in this study, the exact efficacy of APL and RAS needs further verification by expanding the study sample size.

Key words:
Leukemia, promyelocytic, acute; Tretinoin; Arsenicals; Acute promyelocytic leukemia; Retinoic acid syndrome; PML-RAR;ATRA; ATO; Dexamethasone; Retrospective studies


A high percentage of the farm and range land of Morton County, Kansas, was seriously damaged by drouth and wind erosion in the early thirties. The federal government purchased 102,000 acres of that land to be revegetated to grass largely for grazing use. In this revegetation work many problems have been encountered in finding adapted grasses and in determining the best methods for their establishment. Very little experimental work had been done previously in grass reseeding in southwestern Kansas. This study is concerned with the results obtained from a series of seedings made during the period 1941-1945, inclusive, on the three most important problem areas of the county.


This unfinished novel is an expose of the exclusive world of the very rich. At the centre of the book is P.B. Jones, an amoral, bisexual of unknown parentage, who lives by his wits and his charm.


The apparatus for producing a foam carpet on the floor comprises a floor covering (1) with a conduit system (4) which has at least one outlet, in particular with one or more foam nozzles (13), and to form a foam on this floor covering (1) capable is. The disinfection of vehicle tires and footwear can be performed without great expenditure of time. The device can be installed easily and quickly, requires little maintenance, enables easy and trouble-free use, consume only small amounts of chemicals and water, etc. suitable for rapidly decomposing chemicals such as peracetic acid, iodine, chlorine bleach and can both be used for disinfecting footwear as well as tires for heavy vehicles.


This paper summarizes the structure of a complete Individually adaptive learning management system (IALMS) and defines a formal language for describing the generating structure of the educational material in IALMS. It tends to establish the structural model and functionality characteristics of the Adaptive subsystem of the IALMS model. the generating structure language is explained and fully syntactically defined.


This paper discusses the derivation of Euler's formula. To obtain this model, the writer derives Euler's formula from ex+iy by first finding the norm and argument of ex+iy. In this derivation we substitute the norm and argument of ex+iy on complex numbers in polar coordinates, until we get the derivation of Euler's formula.


Doubly-fed wind turbines using integrated inertia control to participate in grid frequency regulation is essentially a fast power response with a certain delay, the delay characteristics affect the actual frequency response power of wind turbines, so that they do not achieve the expected frequency regulation effect. To this end, this paper analyses the mechanism of the impact of delay on grid frequency dynamics and proposes a correction method for the wind power frequency regulation sag control coefficient. Firstly, a mechanism model considering the delay characteristics of wind power frequency regulation is established; then, the key indicators of the system frequency are obtained by analytical solution; furthermore, the influence mechanism of the delay characteristics on the frequency dynamics of the grid is analysed, and the conclusion that the maximum frequency change rate and steady-state frequency deviation of the system are independent of the delay size, while the lowest point of the system frequency decreases with the increase of the delay is obtained; on this basis, the lowest point of the system frequency is used as an indicator to On this basis, the sag control coefficient is modified to make the system frequency minimum point achieve the desired effect. Finally, the simulation verifies the correctness of the proposed method.


The triaxial compressive strength of rock is one of the most important formation parameters of drillability,and is the principal basis of polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC) bits selection.The triaxial compressive strength of rock was obtained by logging data,which was analyzed by the clustering analysis method.And the quantitative relationship between the cutting parameters of PDC bits and the triaxial compressive strength of rock was established. Based on the triaxial compressive strength of rock,a selection method of PDC bits was presented.The cutting parameters of a PDC bit with a diameter of 311.2 mm were calculated by this method,and the calculated results show that this method can serve necessary theoretical basis for PDC bits selection of field and is easy to be applied.


Fifteen reaction products of isothiocyanates with cysteine, seven reaction products of isothiocyanates with 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, and four reaction products of isothiocyanates with sulfanilamide were synthesized. Their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic plant microorganisms was investigated.


This article estimates the impact of the urbanisation rates as pull factor of international migration between the European Union and the countries involved in the European Neighbouring Policy. The 1970-2000 period was investigated by using a gravitational model and estimates were obtained by using a a wide fixed-effects structure. The main finding was that changes in urbanisation matter more as a pull factor than changes in GDP per capita. This may be linked to the existence of greater opportunities arising in growing cities and to the fact that in the period of analysis these opportunities had been more important in small and medium sized cities than in large cities. In addition, it appears that immigrants not only look for monetary outcomes by migrating, but also cue on non-economic territorial features.


PURPOSE: A heat emitting device for an optical recording or reproducing device is provided to smoothly carry out the heat emission of a heat emitting part by emitting heat via a lower cabinet via top and side surfaces of the heat emitting part and outer leads, thereby preventing the performance deterioration due to the overheat. CONSTITUTION: A heat emitting device for an optical recording or reproducing device includes a main base(30) having parts for optical recording/reproducing, a substrate(40) mounted with elements for controlling the parts of the main base, a heat generating element(42) mounted to the substrate and having a plurality of leads(43) connected to the substrate, a cabinet coupled with the main base adjacently to the substrate for composing the appearance and having protrusion parts(53) and a receiving part(52) in the shape corresponding to the entire outer surfaces of the heat generating element mounted to the substrate, and a heat emitting element(54) contacting the heat generating element for transmitting the heat generated by the heat generating element to the cabinet, wherein the leads, the heat emitting element and the protrusion parts contact one another.


Lung cancer stem cells play an important role in chemoresistance and invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. Increasing evidence sustains that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a major role in regulating tumor angiogenesis, drug resistance and metastasis. Cancer stem cells are considered to be one of the reasons leading to cancer recurrence, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy, therefore better understanding how miRNAs regulate gene expression in lung cancer stem cells will help identify cancer biomarkers and new therapeutic targets, and will help to develop better treatment strategies for lung cancer.

Key words:
MicroRNAs; Lung neoplasms; Tumor stem cells


According to experimental work by Miyazawa, Suzuki and Maeda, directional differences of weak-field galvanomagnetic coefficients in p -Si change with temperature and eventually reverse sign unlike in p -Ge. To clarify the correlation between these results and the warped valence bands, a calculation method for galvanomagnetic coefficients is developed, which includes a description of constant-energy surfaces in terms of cubic harmonics. Numerical evaluations are made using "band-anisotropy" parameters determined from the k - p perturbation equation with inverse-mass parameters and spin-orbit splitting thus far obtained. The results well reproduce many experimental features, especially the sign-reversal temperature T c ∼130°K in purest samples. Decrease in T c with increasing impurities is explained from the mixing of ionized impurity scattering. Unusual decreases in the Hall factor R 0 / R ∞ with increasing temperature between 100 and 300°K in p -Si are also derived from the energy-dependent warping in the...


The world is in the era of globalization.The right understanding of globalization is beneficial to framing the right countermeasures.This paper reveals the essence of globalization by analyzing its origin,and based on the above analysis,it discusses the relations between globalization and political nations.At last,this paper deduces our basic countermeasures for globalization.


Propagation of interplanetary discontinuities through the interplanetary space, their modification in the foreshock and interaction with the bow shock and magnetopause are key problem of the Space Weather Program because they are often connected with strong geomagnetic disturbances. We are presenting a complex analysis of the propagation of two moderate IP shocks in the solar wind and magnetosphere. In both cases, the shock is observed by five spacecraft in the solar wind and by ten spacecraft in the magnetosphere, which allows us to follow the propagation of the original shock in the solar wind and its transformation to the resulting disturbance in the magnetosphere. Introduction The interplanetary (IP) shocks are important solar wind phenomenon with a great impact on the magnetosphere, but their propagation toward the Earth and their interaction with the magnetosphere boundaries are still under debate. IP shocks can be classified by changes of the magnetic field and plasma parameters as fast or slow shocks and as forward or reverse shocks (Berdichevsky et al., 2000). On scale of tens Earth radii, the interplanetary shocks can be considered as a planar structure (Russell et al., 2000) in the solar wind. Moving toward the Earth, the IP shock undergoes interaction with the Earth's bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause, and a modification inside the magnetosphere. This chain of interactions has been studied by several authors using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling or using the Rankine–Hugoniot (R-H) conditions, (e.g., Spreiter and Stahara, 1994; Grib et al., 1979; Zhuang et al., 1981). MHD simulations of the interaction between the Earth's bow shock and IP shocks were investigated by for example byYan and Lee (1996) and Samsonov et al. (2006). The main goal of the present study is to analyze the propagation of shocks through the solar wind and their transformation to geomagnetic disturbances and to trace these disturbances through the magnetosphere. In this paper, we are presenting a complex analysis of the propagation of two moderate IP shocks through the solar wind and magnetosphere. Observations For demonstration of the IP shock propagation from the solar wind into the magnetosphere, we have chosen two representative examples with favourable positions of spacecraft in the solar wind and in different parts of the magnetosphere. In both cases, the shocks were registered by five spacecraft in the solar wind followed by ten spacecraft in the magnetosphere. This study is based on local normals and speeds of the shocks calculated using the full set of Rankine-Hugoniot equations as well as on the global shock and disturbance parameters calculated from the times and locations of multipoint observations in the solar wind and magnetosphere. The times of the shock observations in the solar wind are determined from the magnetic field data, which have the highest time resolution. In the magnetosphere, where the corresponding disturbance usually has a form of slow changes of the magnetic field and plasma parameters, we used the magnetic field cross-correlation function to determine the disturbance propagation time between an individual spacecraft. Since this method uses the whole profile of the magnetic field, it allows us to find a precise propagation time from the data with a rather insufficient time resolution. Case 1 On June 24, 2008 at 1908:27 UT, the SOHO spacecraft located far in the solar wind at (216.3; 102.1; 1.4)GSE RE registered an IP shock. The same shock was consequently registered by two other spacecraft near L1 point: at 1910:39 UT by Wind and at 1917:57 UT by ACE. As an example, 141 WDS'10 Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part II, 141–148, 2010. ISBN 978-80-7378-140-8 © MATFYZPRESS


The new CPNP DVD covering Drug-Induced Movement Disorders: A Clinical Guide to Rating Scales is now available for advance purchase and delivery in early March. This article reviews the inspiration for its inception and describes how this DVD will both improve your assessment skills and serve as a crucial resource for teaching other professionals in assessing medicationinduced movement disorders. The featured rating scales include the Dyskinesia Identification Scale: Condensed Users Scale, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, Simpson Angus Scale, and the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale.


H YPOTHERMIA. has been used effectively to protect tissues from irreversible damage caused by circulatory arrest, whether the latter is of accidental occurrence or induced in the course of an operative procedure. Relatively little attention, however, has been given to the possibili ty of providing such protection by chemical means. Chemical protection against ischemia might be expected to be more easily and quickly induced than hypothermia and to be free of some of the undesirable cardiovascular side effects of the hypothermic state. Three classes of potential protective agents can be envisaged: (1) agents designed to maintain the patency of the vasculature during the ischemia in order to insure complete perfusion of the tissue following its termination; (~) inhibitors of cellular activity that would lower the metabolic demandc of the tissue during the ischemia; (3) physiological compounds, added in excess of their normal concentrations, to forestall the first irreversible changes in the cells. Beneficial effects from pretreating ischemic kidneys with heparin 24 and studies demonstrating extension of the period of permissible cardiac standstill with compounds producing cardioplegia 21,23,2~,37 have suggested the feasibility of the first two approaches. Surprisingly little systematic study has been devoted to the third possibility. Controlled study of cerebral ischemia and of factors modifying its effects has been hampered by the unavailability of suitable experimental preparations. Production of temporary but total arrest of circulation to the


Infrastructure resilience ascribes into the United Nations' agenda for sustainable development. The more information supporting infrastructure resilience enhancement, the higher chance that it will be done objectively and effectively, and especially in a sustainable way. In spite of many different approaches and data sources, there is a lack of information that respects the emergency service point of view. The main research objective is to investigate factors determining sustainable infrastructure resilience enhancement that reflects direct protection of the most important values (human life and health) by connecting multiple variants of infrastructural resilience corresponding with the voice of emergency service and based on real data risk assessment. The methodology consists in formulation of a reference model for informing sustainable infrastructure resilience enhancement, risk assessment for infrastructure safety in terms of emergency service perspective and risk-based rationalization of the enhancement manners. The model stems from urban resilience and city resilience. Its components are physical resilience, structure and setting resilience, organizational resilience, economic resilience and legal resilience. These elements are related to hazards' character, operational specification and resource requirements, operationalizing the model in terms of emergency conditions. For risk rationalization purpose, 1,255,826 events which occurred in 2015–2019 are analysed. Nearly 70% of the summary value of infrastructural risk is related to residential buildings and other categories of objects (garages, auto repair shops, monuments of material culture, objects of natural environment, hydro-technical objects, military objects, ex-territorial objects and others). Sustainable-related manners are specified notably for abovementioned buildings and objects. Deepening the analysis of cognitive limitations gives ideas for further research.


The deployment of the airships plays a key role in maximizing the performance of the near space communication system. The main problem is how to strike a balance between the conflicting network speed and coverage for complex user distribution. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective deployment optimization model considering path loss, user demand, and inner structure. Under the framework of the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) based on decomposition (MOEA/D), we propose a similarity-based MOEA to optimize this problem. The proposed algorithm is motivated by the population's perception on the decision variable space. The proposed algorithm perceives the decision variable space by deploying airships to latent regions. The perceptions of different solutions are related by the similarity between their deployments and utilized differently by crossover and mutation. The proposed algorithm is tested on five designed problems compared with MOEA/D with the other popular reproduction operators. We also test the proposed scheme integrated with another two popular algorithms. The experimental results show that the similarity-based MOEA/D outperforms the other algorithms significantly in detecting hotspots, tracking multiple hotspots and safely deploying airships for most cases. The proposed scheme also works well with the other algorithms.


We present the results of an ongoing project to use the X-ray observations of Type Ia Supernova Remnants to constrain the physical processes involved in Type Ia Supernova explosions. We use the Tycho Supernova Remnant (SN 1572) as a benchmark case, comparing its observed spectrum with models for the X-ray emission from the shocked ejecta generated from di erent kinds of Type Ia explosions. Both the integrated spectrum of Tycho and the spatial distribution of the Fe and Si emission in the remnant are well reproduced by delayed detonation models with stratified ejecta. All the other Type Ia explosion models fail, including well-mixed deflagrations calculated in three dimensions.


In this research, researcher tried to explain how to manage new media website www.tribratanewsjogja.com to establish the image of Kepolisian Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Nowadays, police seems judged less good by the society. In this globalization era, Bidang Humas Polda DIYdemanded to have a new media so they will not outdated. So Bidang Humas tried to make a portal news, which is a website to make a good image of police. They thought if they use internet so everyone can easily access about police news. This research uses qualitative descriptive method. The data was collected using observation, interview, and documentation. To check the validity of the data, the author uses a triangulation of sources.The result of this research showed that in the managing of new media website www.tribratanewsjogja.com was already appropriate with the website management theory. Website management did by Bidang Humas Polda DIY is still lacking, either from the human resources and the technology. Bidang Humas Polda DIY also needs to improve the website performance to help establishing police image in the society.


Aims: Strawberry, being introduced recently to the fruit industry of Pakistan, is a new commodity therefore the growers are still unaware of the optimum fertilizer dose needed to obtain better yield. To achieve this goal the present research study was designed to optimize the proper dose of Potassium (K) for strawberry under the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar-Pakistan. Place and Duration of Study: The Research was conducted in open field conditions at newly Developed Farm (NDF) at Horticulture section, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2011-12. Methodology: Phenotypic parameters such as days to flowering, fruit set, fruit maturity, number of fruit, number of runners, fruit size, fruit yield and physiological aspects such as fruit acidity, ascorbic acid, TSS and pH were evaluated to test potassium dose optimization for better yield of strawberries. Results: The results obtained (for various yield and quality related attributes) were then compared with that of untreated control plants. The evaluation depicted some significantly


The evidence is reviewed that the primary cause of essential hypertension in man is intrarenal obliterative vascular disease, from any cause, usually arterial and arteriolar sclerosis, or any other condition which brings about the same disturbance of intrarenal hemodynamics.


Mammary fibroadenoma (FA) is a lesion frequently sampled and diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Accurate cytologic diagnosis of this common benign lesion is important as this can lead to non‐surgical, conservative management when breast imaging and clinical examination are concordant. In most instances, a confident diagnosis of FA is possible because of a characteristic cytologic appearance that includes hypercellularity, large epithelial cell groups, staghorn epithelial configurations, stromal fragments, and numerous background stripped nuclei. 1 , 2 Nevertheless, FAs can be diagnostically challenging because of shared cytomorphologic features with other benign lesions and low‐grade carcinoma. As such, FA is a well‐recognized source of false results on FNA cytology. 2–10 Furthermore, there are reports that newer thin layer cytopreparatory techniques, including the ThinPrep® (TP) system (Hologic Corp., Bedford, MA), alter the appearance of FA on FNA compared to conventional preparations and may compromise accurate cytologic diagnosis. 11–13 Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:181–187. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


As ultrasonogram constructed from reflected echo signals has a large dynamic range in its image. Echo signals are observed, appearing sometimes with fluctuations due to a tissue movement and weak echoes are mingled with scattered noise. Such phenomena make it difficult to identify a tissue (specially a weak-echo reflecting tissue) in its original ultrasonogram. This paper proposes a method to detect echo signals from a tissue with involuntary movement, by using the periodic property appeared on a set of multiple ultrasonograms of the same scanning cross section. The introduced spectrum discrimination method is examined together with the relating moving average method from practical and characteristic points of view. This method is applied to ophthalmic tissue, yielding a useful processing.


Desire is a continuous force, fundamentally eccentric and insatiable, yet insufficiently explored in tourism studies. To examine desire in tourism to 'unusual' places of darkness and danger we propose four interpretations of this psychoanalytic concept: desire as recognition, 'object' cause of desire, desire for novelty, and desire for fantasy. Initial empirical evidence drawn from analysing online mass-media accounts of tourists in North Korea suggests that tourists access desire when travelling to such a country portrayed as one of the most reclusive, dangerous and feared in the world.


VPN technology is an important part of the network security,and confidentiality are strong,for its administrative costs lower,in enterprises and LAN,e-business and administrative and electronic network is widely used.The design includes encryption and decryption algorithm,tunnels technology and key management and identification authentication for more complex and involves various kinds of encryption and more management agreement.The different design and configuration effect are different.Analyses the various VPN technical and studies on building strong and stable VPN technology,and gives the solutions.


According to the received view, descriptivism is a dead end in an attempt to account for singular reference by proper names, indexicals and possibly even incomplete descriptions, for they require referentialism. In contrast to this, I argue for an application of the former to all kinds of singular terms. indexicals in particular, by relying on a view of incomplete descriptions as elliptical in a pragmatic sense. I thus provide a general analysis of singular reference. The proposed approach is in line with the classical theory of propositions, except for admitting "private" ones with subjective mental entities as constituents. On the other hand, there is no commitment to singular Russell ian propositions with ordinary objects as constituents and in general to meanings that cannot be "in the mind".


Within the field of phylogenetic systematics, an ongoing debate has revolved around the appropriate choice of methodology for cladistic analysis, i.e., the construction of phylogenetic trees and inference of ancestral states. A recent paper by Mark Siddall and Arnold Kluge (Siddall and Kluge, 1997) highlights this controversy in theoretical systematics. Siddall & Kluge's paper has generated a lot of reaction, and characterizes the kinds of arguments which have strongly influenced biologists' choice of methodology. Siddall & Kluge advocate a privileged status for a phylogenetic technique called parsimony, to the exclusion of other, statistically based, phylogenetic methods. The present paper will address some of the debates of their argument. Rather than try to address every point made by Siddall & Kluge, I draw out two underlying general lines of argument that are representative of a particular school of thought in phylogenetics. (This school of thought is typically referred to as the Cladistic school.) The two lines of argument that I identify are what I term (i) the argument from falsificationism, and (ii) the argument from probability. The first of these has been addressed elsewhere both by philosophers and biologists, and will merely be commented upon below. The argument from probability, though, is the primary focus of this paper. I show that the argument from probability, as invoked by Siddall & Kluge, is ambiguous, e.g., between metaphysical and epistemic possibility. Upon disambiguation, the argument from probability is either invalid, unsound, or simply misses the intended target. In working through this disambiguation, I precisely identify and clarify Siddall & Kluge's concerns, and show that statistical phylogenetic techniques ought not be considered problematic for the reasons cited by Siddall & Kluge.


Submitted for the MAR17 Meeting of The American Physical Society Exploring consequences of Dirac nodal lines in ternary semimetal ZrSiS by angle-dependent magneto electrical transport measurements YIXUAN CHEN, JUSTIN RODRIGUEZ, BRIAN ZAKRZEWSKI, Pennsylvania State Univ, ZHIJIE TANG, JIN HU, ZHIQIANG MAO, Tulane University, YING LIU, Pennsylvania State Univ and Shanghai Jiao Tong University — ARPES, de Haas-van Alphen and Shubnikov de Haas quantum oscillation studies of ZrSiS have revealed that this ternary semimetal hosts Dirac nodal line fermions through the determination of a non-trivial Berry phase. Interesting behavior was observed in the magnetoresistance measurements including a butterfly-shaped angle dependence as the magnetic field is tilted away from the c axis. We studied the consequences of Dirac line nodes in the electrical transport properties of this material by carrying out systematic angle-dependent magnetoresistance and Hall coefficient measurements. The effects of the existence of the zeroth Landau level when the field is aligned in the Dirac nodal line plane will be discussed. Yixuan Chen Pennsylvania State Univ Date submitted: 11 Nov 2016 Electronic form version 1.4


Introduction In the recent past, thermal comfort of the clothing has been becoming one of the most important aspect for the customers, and therefore also for the researchers. The thermal comfort of human body is a complex issue and is affected by the physical (e.g. heat and mass transfer, mechanical behaviour of the textile), physiological (e.g. sensory and thermoregulatory responses), psychological (e.g. wearing comfort, perception of the various sensations) processes which occur in the environment‐human‐clothing system [1]. Therefore, the designing of outdoor and protective clothing that not only offer the ergonomic but also thermo‐physiological wear comfort, is a difficult and time consuming task. Hence, researchers are shifting towards the virtual modelling to achieve their goal without having chaotic prototyping process. Most of the simulations have been done for the fit and the ergonomic wear comfort of the garment and virtually no computer‐assisted solutions exist for the realistic prediction of thermal comfort. The cross‐linking of both approaches therefore requires extensive research. The objectives of this work are to analyse the heat regulation among human body, microclimate, clothing, and environment and to develop application‐ oriented principles and processes for the simulation of outdoor clothing according to geometrical, textile‐ physical and thermal parameters.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a radio-based communication technology for short-range use with stable and fast data transmission. Regarding its precision, reliability and transmission speed, UWB is often the optimal choice for accurate indoor localization of moving assets in space-sensitive and complex environments. Because of its numerous advantages over comparable technologies for localization, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Bluetooth or Wireless communication systems, UWB is considered as an optimal standard of indoor positioning technologies. This solution is optimal for location-based automation. In this paper, authors simulated the tracks of single moving object in systems with three to six receivers, using time-based positioning techniques. The best-performing measurement technique was given by Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA), in comparison with Time of Arrival (ToA) where the minimum error for ToA is significantly higher than the minimum error for TDoA by 37.5%. Setups with more receivers are providing better results in precise positioning, but regarding the implementation in large indoor infrastructures and cost-effectiveness, setups with four receivers are chosen for simulations. While ToA technique is commonly used for a single moving object, authors consider the usage of TDoA because of the scalability of the model parameters and the ability to expand this kind of positioning system with multiple objects and receivers.


polarized SAR systems. It is shown that the circular hybrid transmitting architecture limits the dynamic range of HH, HV, and VV . Conventional polarimetric linear polarized systems permit separate routage of the cross-polarized HV and VH voltage to the same receiver, and this offer the possibility of the improvement of the cross-polarized return of 6 to 9 dB in term of signal to noise ratio (S/N). The information provided by compact-hybrid SAR is compared to the one available with fully polarimetric SAR. Operating with only one transmitting antenna polarization, Hybrid only uses half of the space of polarization information provided by fully polarimetric SAR, which exploit the diversity of both the transmitting and receiving polarizations for optimum target characterization. This limits the efficiency of Hybrid in the exploitation of both wave and target Poincaré sphere parameters. These parameters generated from fully polarimetric SARs permit a complete characterization of target scattering type and heterogeneity for the optimum extraction of target geophysical parameters. The cross-polarization HV backscattering cannot be accurately reconstructed from the Compact dualpolarization, and dual linear polarized mode (HH-HV or VV-VH) or single polarization mode HV should be measured to meet the calibration requirement of 0.5 dB for certain applications, such as biomass measurement. At severe Faraday rotation conditions, conventional RR-RL (Right-Right, Right-Left) circular polarized SAR and Hybrid RH-RV, whose radiometric RR and RL information is not affected by Faraday rotation, are recommended.


.................................................................................................................................................................... xx CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 General Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 General objective of the study ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Specific objectives of the study .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Research questions ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Significance of the study .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.7 Justification of the study ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.8 Conceptual framework for increased seed production through increased survival of embryos, larvae and juveniles 7 1.9 Thesis organisation ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.9.1 Chapter One ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.9.2 Chapter Two (literature review-an overview of domestication potential of B. altianalis) ................................... 8 1.9.3 Chapter Three, Four and Five (covered objective 1 of the study) ......................................................................... 8 1.9.4 Chapter Six and Seven (covered objective 2 of the study) .................................................................................... 9 1.9.5 Chapter Eight (covering objective 3 of the study) ................................................................................................ 9 1.9.6 Chapter Nine ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 An overview of domestication potential of Barbus altianalis (Boulenger, 1900) in Uganda ......................................... 12 2.0 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.


Objective To observe the curative effect of the calcium antagonist (both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine) on pulmonary fibrosis.Methods Seventy-two SD rats were replicated into pulmonary fibrosis models by intratracheal injection in a single of bleomycin A 5 and were divided into 4 groups randomly.Then,normal saline ig in untreated model group (n=24),tetrandrine ig in tetradrine group(n=24) , verapamil ig in verapamil group (n=24) and control group (n=15) were performed until the end of experimental . The hydroxy prolines (HP) and lipid peroxides(LP) contents in lung tissues and the histopathologic changes of the lung of the rats in each group were assayed on the 7th, 14th, and 28th day after the injection, and the lung coefficients of the rats of each group on the 28th day were compared between groups.Results The HP and LP contents in tetrandrine group and verapamil group were obviously lower than those of model group at all phases (p0.05 or p0.01),and so were the lung coefficients of the two group (p0.001 or p0.01).The degree of alveolitis and fibrosis of the lung studied by histopathology in the two groups was lower than that in the model group,and the tetrandrine was superior to verapamil. Conclusions The tetrandrine has satisfactory curative effect on pulmonary fibrosis and it is worth research further.


The visible fluorescence spectrum of single flavoprotein at a temperature of 1.5 K has been measured by one-photon excitation. The flavoprotein studied was a photoswitchable enzyme, photoactivated adenylyl cyclase. The time course of the spectrum revealed a structural change occurring at a rate of 10(-3)  s(-1) around hydrogen bonds at the flavin cofactor binding site.


Legislation guiding development in Queensland now advocates for an integrative approach in which a broad range of issues must be accommodated. However, competing interests can be identified in discursive contexts that illustrate irreconcilable differences likely to stymie development in environmentally sensitive areas. A case study about the contestation surrounding the Naturelink cablecar proposal for the Gold Coast hinterland found that significantly different 'versions of nature' underpinned pro- and anti-development arguments. Analysis of text extracts representative of the opinions of supporters and opponents of the cableway show that discourses are key actors in negotiations around developments in environmentally sensitive areas. The findings from the case study demonstrate how pro-development discourses were focused on the positive economic benefits from tourist activity, while anti-development proponents used protection of the environmental locale to depict industry and nature as mutually exclusive. Thus, competing discourses hindered a successful outcome for developers and affirmed the stand of anti-development advocates. The disparate notions put forward by participants in the debate over the Naturelink proposal highlight the importance of finding common discursive ground across highly differentiated interest groups when processes of negotiation include ecological, economic and cultural factors


While it is only fourteen years since Solzhenitsyn first appeared in print, his fame and authority are such that even a president of the United States seems morally diminished for not having invited him to the White House when he had the chance. What an extraordinary phenomenon his life and work have been! There seems something "fated" not only about his three miraculous journeys through the Valley of Death (war, gulag, cancer), but even his name, that figural baptism for his future role: first name, a Russian warrior-saint; patronymic, an Old Testament prophet; and a surname derived from slog ("word"; from the same ancient root that in English gives us "slogan")-in short, a name to conjure with! I have before me two interesting books that are collections of essays about Solzhenitsyn.1 There is some overlapping, but not much. Both books contain essays that are critical of Solzhenitsyn, but neither has anything that is outright negative. The overall tone of both is appreciative, almost to the point of being worshipful. Both volumes contain scholarly introductions, chronological tables, and an adequate scaffolding of information and supplementary documentation. The volume edited by John Dunlop and others is both more ample and more interesting. It contains what I think are the three best essays so far written about Solzhenitsyn-Alexander Schmemann's "On Solzhenitsyn," Victor Erlich's "The Writer as Witness," and Czestaw Milosz's "Questions"-as well as a number of other very interesting and useful essays, including Kathryn Feuer's, Helen Muchnic's, and John Dunlop's own on a neglected aspect of Solzhenitsyn's work, the patterning and thematics of his short prose sketches. Unfortunately, the book is quite expensive.


OpcA is an integral outer membrane adhesin protein from Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicemia. It binds to sialic acid (SA)‐containing polysaccharides on the surface of epithelial cells. The crystal structure of OpcA showed that the protein adopts a 10‐stranded β‐barrel structure, with five extensive loop regions on the extracellular side of the membrane. These form a crevice structure, lined with basic residues, which was hypothesized to act as the binding site for polysaccharide ligands. In the current study, a distinctly different OpcA structure has been obtained using crystals grown from a lipidic mesophase. Comparison of the two structures shows that the largest loop (L2), which closes over the end of the β‐barrel in the original crystal form, adopts a much more extended structure by reaching outward and away from the protein. The difference in conformation may be attributable to the absence of zinc ions from the crystallization conditions for the in meso crystal form: in the original structure, two zinc ions were bound to the external loops. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed on the two OpcA models in a lipid bilayer environment demonstrated pronounced loop mobility. These observations support the view that the loop regions of OpcA are capable of a high degree of conformational flexibility. The original binding site for polysaccharide is not present in the in meso crystal form, and is disrupted during MD simulations. Docking analysis suggests a putative alternative location for the SA ligand in the new crystal form of OpcA. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Knowledge of lung sequelae after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still limited given the short follow-up time. In this work, publications with a follow-up of radiological findings once the infection caused by other previously described viruses that have the lung as their target organ and that cause probably similar changes are reviewed, including the coronaviruses that cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and influenza A-subtype H1N1 virus. Lung damage caused by these viruses leads to slow-resolution interstitial disease, with variable correlation with respiratory function tests. The greater extension of the sequelae has been associated with an older age and a greater severity of the infectious clinical picture. However, the pulmonary imaging findings and their long-term functional impact are still unknown.


SAn experimental and analytical study to test the effectiveness of a time-dependent inverse radiative transfer algorithm for estimating the single scatter-ing properties of optically-thick media was investigated. The inversion algori-thm requires measurements of the time resolved backscattered radiance followinga pulsed illumination of an optically-thick atmosphere.The project consisted of three components: a) further analytical developmentof the algorithm to numerically test the sensitivity of the estimated scatteringproperties to errors caused by its application in circumstances where it is less


Topological invariants of molecules relate the structure of their underlying graph to physical properties of the chemical. One of the first topological invariants to be considered in computational chemistry was the Z–index, introduced by Hosoya in 1971, which is equivalent to the total number of matchings in the underlying graph [7]. In this paper we show that the Z–index of any tree can be computed as the determinant of a specifically constructed matrix, using techniques from graph theory, linear algebra, and combinatorics. In addition, we demonstrate how this method can be extended to weighted trees and more general chemical structures.


Children's mathematical ability in understanding geometry at TK Kartika Jaya Pariaman Tengah are still low. The purpose of this study is to improve children's mathematical ability towards their understanding about geometric forms. The type of research that is used in this study is classroom action research with research subjects in group B1 of TK Kartika Jaya, amounting to 17 technical children used in data collection in the form of observations, interviews and the results of the evaluation format then processed by percentage techniques. This classroom action research was conducted in two cycles referring to the theory of Kemmis and Mc Taggart. The results of the research in each cycle have shown an increase in children's mathematical abilities from the I cycle in general is still low and continued in the II cycle. In the II cycle the cognitive development of children increased and showed positive results, the highest trend was achieved in the willingness and courage of children in performing random geometry games at TK Kartika Jaya Pariaman Tengah, so that the results of the average mathematics ability of children exceeded the minimum completeness criteria set. It turns out that the ability of the children has increased through random play of geometry from cycle I to cycle II. Thus, it can be concluded that random geometry games can improve children's mathematical abilities at TK Kartika Jaya Pariaman Tengah.


Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is a flooding sensitive protein yielding leguminous crop. Present investigations were carried out with two mungbean genotypes, viz., HUM-16 (flooding tolerant) and HUM12 (flooding susceptible), to understand the mitigative role of paclobutrazol under flash flooding stress. Eight seeds were sown in plastic pots containing 7 kg pulverized soil. Paclobutrazol treatments were given as pre-seed soaking treatment as well as foliar spray (at pre-flowering stage) @ 10ppm and 25ppm along with its suitable combinations. Flash flooding stress was imposed at pre-flowering stage for 7 days subsequently excess water was drained out. Plant samples were collected and immediately dipped in liquid nitrogen container wrapped with aluminum foil. After 24 hours, the samples were withdrawn from liquid nitrogen and stored in deep freezer (-80°C) till further analysis. Observations were recorded viz., protein content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) including yield parameters i.e., number of pods plant and seed yield plant. Paclobutrazol both pre-soaking and foliar spray significantly enhanced aforementioned parameters in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes in response to flooding stress, though, the values were quite higher in flooding tolerant genotype (HUM-16) than the susceptible (HUM-12) one. However, the level of H2O2 was fairly higher in susceptible genotype. Our findings suggest that paclobutrazol treatments in tolerant mungbean genotype provides a greater tolerance potential to minimize the yield losses through enhancing protein content, CAT, PPO and SOD enzyme activities for scavenging H2O2 as compared to susceptible genotype under flash flooding stress.


Seven consecutive episodes of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in five cases were treated with 50–600 mg/day (mean 342 mg/day) of levodopa. In four episodes active pharmacological treatment was initiated with levodopa, while in the remaining three episodes it was introduced because of poor therapeutic response to dantrolene. Levodopa treatment brought complete recoveries in six out of the seven episodes. In the remaining episode, levodopa appeared to be at least partially effective, although it had to be discontinued prematurely because of vomiting. As complications of levodopa, psychotic symptoms developed in one case. The present report suggests that levodopa can be a first choice in the pharmacological treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, although attention should be paid to the development of vomiting and psychotic symptoms as possible complications. It also supports the view that central hypodopaminergic states are the underlying pathophysiology in this syndrome.


and temporal variations of processes in critical factors affecting the dynamics of stream ecosystems, as well as the heterogeneity of riparian and riverine landscapes in channel networks.


The paper detailed introduces the cable bridge constitutes,analyses the cable bridge geometrical non line basic principle and introduces it's basic method,including to increase the method of deal,choose the on behalf method and mixing method,to increasing people to accumulate the experience of cable bridge design and construction characteristic.


On the base of first order dynamic model,combining with a laboratory soil incubation experiment,the dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC) decompositions,three carbon pool sizes and average turnover time are analyzed,including swamp soil,meadow soil,othic yellow brown soil and brown rendzina.The results show that these four soil types total soil organic carbon are 8.48~24.53 g/kg in the surface soil and 4.02~16.77 g/kg in the subsoil.The size of active SOC pool from surface and subsoil respectively accounts to 0.99%~5.01% and 1.31%~1.91% of total soil organic carbon,and the average turnover time is 8.8~14.3 days.Slow SOC pool,15.88%~59.04% and 20.43%~48.36%,1.3~29.1 years.Passive SOC pool,39.97%~79.11%,50.31%~77.66%.All the three pool sizes of those four soil types are more in the surface soil than subsoil.Cumulative emission of CO2 during incubation for 91 days is 165.99~2 429.57 mg/kg in the surface soil and 108.04~743.02 mg/kg in the sub soil.Decomposition rate order of these four soil types is swamp soil,meadow soil,brown rendzina and othic yellow brown soil,which direct interrelated with active SOC carbon percentage content.Curve fitting of SOC cumulative release amount during incubation showed that cubic equation can describe change trend,and the correlation has reached high significant level(P0.01).


The Vlasov-Maxwell-Chern-Simons system is studied. Global existence of classical solutions is proved, and then its nonrelativistic limit is investigated. When the speed of light tends to infinity, it is proved that solutions of the Vlasov-Maxwell-Chern-Simons system converge to solutions of the Vlasov-Yukawa system in a suitable sense.


Yeats's interest in Castiglione's Courtier is sometimes thought to be an instance of his permanent admiration for the Italian Renaissance. But as far as literature is concerned, such an admiration cannot be taken for granted. An examination of Yeats's approach to that literary period in the years immediately preceding and following his discovery of Castiglione, in the early 1900's, shows that those years were for him a turning-point. He then came to consider the Renaissance as complementary rather than opposite to his ideais. This essay tries to describe Yeats's attitude to the Italian literary Renaissance in that period of his evolution


The federal health information technology (HIT) initiatives are rapidly expanding; however, not all front-line nurses are fully prepared to use HIT. How can nurses integrate informatics competencies, education, and accountability into everyday clinical practice? Nursing has made progress in outlining computer literacy and informatics competencies (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2008; McCartney, 2010), yet most nursing literature still focuses on applications within the education setting: curriculum, students, and faculty. There is a crucial need to identify required baseline informatics competencies for the workplace, educational strategies to attain competence, and methods of performance evaluation. Competencies need authentic clinical examples to demonstrate that competencies are more than merely using a computer or digital device. The Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) Initiative does include a report on competencies for currently practicing front-line nurses in Phase II of this project (TIGER, 2009). This useful report details minimum informatics skills that all nurses need to practice including basic computer competencies (Appendix A), information literacy (Appendix B), and information management (Appendix C). TIGER Phase III is underway now, with the creation of a new Web site (www.thetigerinitiative.org/phase3.aspx) and plans for legal status as a 501(c) (3) not-for-profi t corporation. Although both the ANA and TIGER defi ne competencies, specifi c examples of how to apply the competencies in a clinical setting, such as the hospital, are needed to guide education strategies and performance evaluation. Schleyer, Burch, and Schoessler (2011) share how one hospital did integrate informatics competencies into their job performance expectations, educational offerings, and performance evaluation. With the support of nurse executives, the informatics nurses and nurse educators partnered to make competencies realistic in direct patient care. Their aim was to link informatics and prac-


Quality circles were instituted in the South African Public Service since 1987 within the context of the Comprehensive Plan for the Enhancement of Quality and Productivity in the Public Service ("Totale Plan vir Gehalte- en ProduktiwiteUsbevordering in die Staatsdiens"). There is little doubt that public managers are wondering whether the concept is successful where it has been instituted. This project has been undertaken to determine empirically whether the implementation and application of quality circles in a public sector institution hadan effect on the: - work satisfaction of personnel; - attitudes of personnel regarding the institution; and - attitudes of personnel towards the management of the institution. With the aid of the t=test and the frequency test it was statistically proved that the data collected, did not support the hypotheses that were formulated for the study. The results indicated that personnel who do not participate in quality circles tend to be more positive f towards their work, the institution and the management of the institution than members of quality circles.


American Depositary Receipt(ADR), issued by a U.S. depositary bank, is an negotiable instrument which represents ownership in securities of a non-U.S company. It has four types: level I, II, III and private placement ADR. ADR outmatches common stock in many respects, which leads ADR to be an important financing tool in the U.S. capital market. As a new channel of acquiring overseas funds, ADR should be profoundly and fully employed to better facilitate the reform and development in firms of China.


Morris Water Maze (MWM) is a device in which rats learn to escape from opaque water onto a hidden platform. It is widely used in brain function evaluation, such as the ability of study, fatigue property test and resistance experiment. The ability is evaluated by the time and the distance rats spent in finding the hidden platform. An image collection simulation system was designed with a digital camera, a computer and an image acquisition (IMAQ) card based on virtual instrument, and the swimming trace of the experimental animal was captured into the computer and can be analyzed in real time. In addition, the system consists of the image capture, display and save, parameters setting, image identify and trace display module, data analysis in real time and redisplay mode. And the system has the open characteristics, so new modules can be added and functions can be expanded according to varies needs in the future. Also, vibration is creatively used as a parameter to evaluate the rat's memory in this system, and the dynamic pie chart quadrant is used to describe the time that the rat move.


Production of autoantibody to aquaporin (AQP) 4 in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a critical issue. However, the following issues remain unresolved: whether long-term asymptomatic AQP4 antibody-positive carriers exist, whether AQP4 antibody alone can be pathogenic, and whether AQP4 antibody is produced as a result of tissue destruction in NMO attacks [1]. A recent report suggested that hyperCKemia may mediate the pathogenesis of NMO in some patients [2]. Here, we report a case with NMO spectrum disorder who exhibited seroconversion of AQP4 antibody and hyperCKemia at the onset of myelitis. A 79-year-old woman was admitted to the respiratory division for interstitial pneumonia. She showed improvement of symptoms after steroid therapy and continued 7.5 mg/day prednisolone. Six months later, she experienced unsteadiness and vomited. One week later, an examination revealed hyperCKemia (30 673 IU/l). Five days later, she experienced flaccid paraparesis of the bilateral lower extremities, sensory disturbance below the Th10 level, and urinary retention. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal signal lesion from Th10 to L1 level with spinal cord swelling, and a part of the lesion was mildly enhanced with gadolinium (Fig. 1). Auto-antibodies for anti-nuclear, anti-SSA, and anti-SS-B were negative. However, a cell-based assay using the AQP4M23 isoform was positive for AQP4 antibody with a titer of 20489 (cut-off: 49). Two sessions of steroid-pulsed therapy followed by oral prednisolone were administered. The AQP4 antibody titer decreased to 1289 20 months after myelitis. Subsequently, it was discovered that the serum taken from the patient just prior to treatment for interstitial pneumonia 6 months before the onset of myelitis had been stored. The serum for the presence of AQP4 antibody was tested but staining by cell-based assay was negative. A case of NMO was reported wherein a patient remained seropositive for AQP4 antibody for more than 10 years without any treatment before the onset of disease [1]. In our case, AQP4 antibody was negative before steroid therapy for interstitial pneumonia. In addition, the titer was as high as 20489 at the onset of myelitis, and 1289 at remission, despite the administration of prednisolone. Taken together, our case can be considered a 'true' negative for AQP4 antibody 6 months before the onset of myelitis with seroconversion during the period of onset. Aquaporin 4 is an integral membrane protein expressed in fast-twitch skeletal muscle, and it regulates the rapid changes in cell volume during muscle contraction. There have been three patients seropositive for AQP4 antibody with NMO, whose onset of NMO was preceded by transient episodes of hyperCKemia [2]. However, how and why hyperCKemia precedes the onset of NMO and whether AQP4 antibody is associated with AQP4 molecules in muscle remain unclear. In our case, the onset of myelitis was preceded by hyperCKemia, and seroconversion of AQP4 antibody was additionally observed. These findings suggest that the development of AQP4 antibody might be associated with hyperCKemia and lead to the onset of NMO spectrum disorder.


The progress of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and global position system (GPS) in China since the early 1980s.The first section introduces the applications of remote sensing to environmental monitoring and resources investigation in tourism. The second section focuses on further analysis of the applications of geographic information system from the point of view of visitor management, facility inventory and resource use and emergency early warning concerning unexpected tourist disasters, taking Beijing, Fujian as examples. The applications of global position system in tourism are discussed in the third section. As "3S" technology develops, they will be combined for use in China's tourism planning and management.


Temperature modulation has been proved to be an efficient technique for improving the selectivity and stability of gas sensors. By retrieving information from dynamic signals, new response features are obtained that confer more selectivity to metal oxide sensors. Time-frequency and transient analysis have been widely used in this kind of dynamic signal processing. These methods represent important characteristics of a signal in both time and frequency domain. In this way, essential features of the signal can be viewed and analyzed in order to identify or quantify the detected gases. Very often the fast Fourier transform and the discrete wavelet transform have been used as feature extraction tools. This work presents the application of a new signal processing technique, empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum, in analysis of dynamic response signals of gas sensors. Using EMD method, the dynamic signals were decomposed into the intrinsic modes that coexist in the sensor system, and to have a better understanding of the nature of the gas sensing response information contained in the sensor response signals. The experimental results show that marginal spectrum can be used as useful feature for identification. By this method, the intrinsic response components to the analyte may be provided and the extracted features are simple and having intrinsic physical meaning.


The substitution of petroleum-based synthetic polymers in latex formulations with sustainable and/or bio-based sources has increasingly been a focus of both academic and industrial research. Emulsion polymerization already provides a more sustainable way to produce polymers for coatings and adhesives, because it is a water-based process. It can be made even more attractive as a green alternative with the addition of starch, a renewable material that has proven to be extremely useful as a filler, stabilizer, property modifier and macromer. This work provides a critical review of attempts to modify and incorporate various types of starch in emulsion polymerizations. This review focusses on the method of initiation, grafting mechanisms, starch feeding strategies and the characterization methods. It provides a needed guide for those looking to modify starch in an emulsion polymerization to achieve a target grafting performance or to incorporate starch in latex formulations for the replacement of synthetic polymers.


This article applies Jack Goody's critique of Western classifications of historical and ethnographical phenomena to the current discourses of orientalism themselves in an endeavor to understand the sociological basis of what might be called the shift from orientalism to occidentalism. The argument compares the current emergence of anti-civilizational and self-critical discourses to historical examples of similar phenomena and argues that the current shift itself, so well represented in works that may seem similar to Goody's but which are very more narrowly ideological and lacking in a more general critical stance, are reflexes of the declining hegemony of powerful imperial centers within global systems.


This work was partially supported by grants from the Basque Education, Universities and Research Department (BFI94. 158), the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS95.1364) and Lilly S.A. We are grateful to Dr. P. Vafiadis for his helpful discussions. Address correspondence to Dr. Luis Castaño, Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Hospital de Cruces, 48903Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain. e-mail: lcastano @hcru.osakidetza.net