tive citizenry, prepared to deal with the crises of everyday life, more schools, local and state governments, and communities are searching for ways to provide civic engagement programming for youth. President George W. Bush (2002) has issued a call to all American citizens to provide two years or 4,000 hours of service over a lifetime to "create a nation of active and engaged citizens." Youth courts, also known as teen courts or peer courts, play a critical role in supporting the call. The program, operating in 78 jurisdictions nationwide in 1994, has risen to approximately 900 sites in 46 states and the District of Columbia in 2003. This 1,000% increase in nine years warrants a closer look at a once small and obscure crime prevention program. Easily established and low-cost, a youth court program gives first-time youth offenders an important second chance while it teaches them about civic participation and the justice process, and engages youth directly in communitybased crime prevention. The average cost of running a local youth court National Youth Court Center P O L I C Y B R I E F


lD rlD 0'\ I l..LJ The Minimum Commitment r·fethodwas applied to two sets of data for which multiple heat information was available. For one alloy, a 304 stainless steel studied in Japa~ data on nine well characterized heats were used, while for a proprietary low alloy carbon steel studied in the United Kingdom data were available on seven heats in many cases to very long rupture times. For this preliminary study no instability factors were used. It was discovered that heat-to-heat variations could be accounted for by introducing heat identifiers in the form A + B log a where a is the stress and the constants A and B depend only on the heat. With these identifiers all the data could be collapsed onto a single master.curve, even though there was considerable scatter among heats. Using these identifiers together with the average behavior of all heats made possible the determination of an accurate constitutive equation for each individual heat. Two basic approaches are discussed for applying the results of the analysis. If it is assumed that the component of interest is to be constructed from the same generic material, but no information will be available on the specific piece from which the construction will be made, then the design stress is based on a statistical analysis of the average behavior and the standard deviation about this average. For the two materials studied excellent results were obtained in establishing lower bounds for potential use in setting design stresses. The second approach relates to the possiblity that some information will be available on the particular lot used in construction of the cllImpommtin question. In this I;:ase a minimum amount of data, perhaps only STAR Category 26 ORIGINAL PAGE I& DE POOR QUALITY 3 or 4 strategically selected data points, might suffice to establish the identifier for the special heat of interest, making possible its complete characterization from the equations for average heat behavior. Good resultswere obtained for one illustration investigated, although further study is needed to general ize the approach. I NTRODUCTI ON While in the past the use of time-temperature parameters has been applied primarily to single heat data, as presented in Parts I and II, a major application has arisen in relation to multiple heats. Large technological programs sucb as nuclear power reactors have focused attention on the large scatter that can result in the h1gh temperature properties of materials arising from compositional and processing variables which in most cases are within acceptable limits of specifications. If each lot or'heat could be completely evaluated by conducting all the necessary tests there would be no problem in regarding each as a separate material, and in analyzing it according to the concepts described in Parts I and II which use mainly single heat data. However, the results would apply only to material of the specific composition and thermo-mechanical processing of the prototype evaluated. The probable behavior of a future heat would not be readily estimable, nor would a large data base on one heat be directly useful in characterizing heats with a smaller data base. It is thus important to extend the concepts of single heat analysis to answer such questions as: 1. Given information on samples from various lots of material which possibly differ slightly in composition and processing, how can we combine the information for better prediction of the behavior of each individual lot? 2. How can we estimate the properties of another lot not used in the initial study with a minimum of data on the new lot? 3. How can we set design limits on the material as a class which is statistically compatible with the large scatter frequently found in mu1tiheats? The above questions have already received considerable attention by other investigators, and some of the results of their studies are reported at this Symposium (e.g. Refs. 1 and 2). It is a relatively new application, however, for the MEGA procedure (Part 1), but one for whi ch its features are advantageous: since the approach already allows for redundancies of data even in a single heat, further redundancies involved in mu1tip1'e heats can readily be accomodated; use is made ofa stress function (master curve) that is inherently stable, and will not display undesirable wiggles or curvature introduced in other functional forms as a result of data scatter; and most importantly, a single functional form is used for all materials only the constants change from one material to another. Thus it is appropriate to expand the method to


It was found that there were still very limited studies for the dynamic operation and transient performance of the dehumidifier. Besides, the coupling study of heat, mass and flow was not comprehensive and lots of assumption was made to start the simulation. Lack of accurate prediction, the guidelines of control system design and operation cannot be put forward appropriately. Therefore, the paper established a reliable dynamic model for the dehumidifier. With the model, it obtained the transient response performance of the dehumidifier under changing boundary conditions, such as response time and response curves of outlet parameters. The magnitudes of the influences of various inlet parameters was analyzed, providing reliable and effective predication of the transient response performance of the dehumidifier.


This paper attempts to deal with the correlations between the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and petroleum resources in Iraq. It focuses on the US Bush...


This report applies only to the subject of the project. University does not accept responsibility for the conformity or non-conformity of any other subject to the findings of this report. This report is confidential and was prepared exclusively for the client named above. It is not intended for, nor do we accept any responsibility for its use by any third party. This report consists of one cover page, twenty pages of text and seven pages of appendices. It may be reproduced only with permission of the copyright owner, and only in full. Evaluation of Gully Pit Inlet Litter Control Systems


In this paper, the task of using the limited wireless resources to meet diverse applications of different qualities of service requirements is performed by presenting a method of improving the resource utilization based on the theory of discrete-time band-limited signal extrapolation. The feasibility of the proposed method is theoretically explained and effectively demonstrated by means of simulation. The proposed method is verified to have an important value for further research.


In this paper, a model for the metallic single carbon nanotubes embedded in dielectric medium is proposed and its scattering properties at normal incidence of the plane wave are investigated. Seven models are investigated for electromagnetic scattering via Mie scattering theory based on a quantum mechanical conductivity and effective boundary conditions of Carbon nanotubes. The differences of scattering cross-section among Carbon nanotubes embedded in dielectric medium, single Carbon nanotubes and pure dielectric medium are presented. The results obtained can explain the advantages of Carbon nanotubes in practical applications clearly, which include promoting the mechanical strength used as THz transmission lines without changing their electromagnetic properties, increasing the current-carrying capacity to achieve high speed transmission lines, and realizing higher radiation efficiency of nano-antennas. Furthermore, the results of this paper also provide helpful reference for potential applications of the mixture of Carbon nanotubes and dielectric medium in biomedicine fields.


In some tragedies of Calderon de la Barca a privileged place is given to the space of the house and to the untimely intrusion of an alternate agent who breaks its balance and endangers the honor of those who live there; especially the women. They cannot not defend themselves and remain at the mercy of their protectors as well as of the violators of their abodes. Throughout the following study I analyze the transgression of the house using the discourse in two works of Calderon de la Barca: The Surgeon of his Honor ( El medico de su honra ) and The Mayor of Zalamea ( El alcalde de Zalamea ).


If the current sensor and / or voltage sensor lines of the transmission network connected to the circuit breaker (13, 14, 15) (10, 11, 12) detects a fault, configured to control the opening of the circuit breaker digital protection for high voltage transmission network comprises a data transmission link between the infrared type portable telephone (16, 18). Transmission uses a Wireless Application Protocol WAP.


Abstract. The paper presents novel approach to measuring image similarity. It is based on detection of regions of dominant colors, called color blobs, and computing their numerical description. The color image is transformed into a set of layered blobs characterized by both their color and some other parameters referring to their shape. In order to compare images, the numerical description of their layers of blobs is used to compute image dissimilarity measure. The results of experiments presented in the paper prove that the proposed method allows effective image comparison and can be used in image-based data search.


An extensive fibroinflammatory stroma rich in macrophages is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer. In this disease, it is well appreciated that macrophages are immunosuppressive and contribute to the poor response to immunotherapy; however, the mechanisms of immune suppression are complex and not fully understood. Immunosuppressive macrophages are classically defined by expression of the enzyme Arginase 1 (Arg1), which we demonstrated is potently expressed in pancreatic tumor associated macrophages from both human patients and mouse models. While routinely used as a polarization marker, Arg1 also catabolizes arginine, an amino acid required for T cell activation and proliferation. To investigate this metabolic function, we used a genetic and a pharmacologic approach to target Arg1 in pancreatic cancer. Genetic inactivation of Arg1 in macrophages, using a dual recombinase genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer, delayed formation of invasive disease, while increasing CD8+ T cell infiltration. Treatment of established tumors with the arginase inhibitor CB-1158 exhibited further increased CD8+ T cell infiltration, beyond that seen with the macrophage-specific knockout, and sensitized the tumors to anti-PD1 immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, our data demonstrate that Arg1 is more than simply a marker of macrophage function. Rather, Arg1 is also a driver of immune suppression and represents a promising immunotherapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.


Very high-speed packet networks will be required in the near future to efficiently integrate data, video, and voice into a common telecom-munications fabric. Many existing and proposed packet networks fail to take advantage of the multigigabit bandwidths provided by optical fiber and semiconductor optoelectronics. Much of the disparity between the data transfer rate of traditional packet networks (≤1 Gbit/s) and the link transmission rates for conventional lightwave systems (as high as 10 Gbit/s) lies in the amount of electronic processing that occurs at each node. A number of methods have been suggested to overcome this bottleneck. Many of these solutions rely on providing optical connectivity through the network without full optical-to-electronic (OE) and electronic-to-optical (EO) conversion of the packet at each node.


Reaction of the illustrated unsaturated hydroxy esters (X=OMe, R 2 =H, Me) and amides (X=N(Me)OMe, R 2 =H, Me) with benzaldehyde and potassium alkoxide or amide bases is reported. The resulting benzylidene acetals are obtained in good yields (71-84%) and with hidh selectivity (>90:10). In addition to an exploration of the scope of the reaction, a mechanistic study, involving the use of deuterated benzaldehyde to ascertain the rate-determining step of the process, is described


Background Of Study: Hypertension is one of the worlds leading causes of death and disability among adults. It is the major risk factor responsible for coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease. Primary hypertension comprises more than 90% of hypertension. Objective: To study the levels of serum sodium and potassium in newly diagnosed primary hypertension patients. To correlate the sodium and potassium levels with the blood pressure. Method: The work was carried out in the outpatient Medicine department of Chalmeda Anand Rao institute of medical sciences.Cross-sectional Study (Analytical Study) Sample size: 50 cases (35 cases and 15 controls) Results: Serum sodium was higher in the hypertensive group than in the control group even though both were within the normal range. The mean and standard deviation of serum sodium among cases was 147.94 ± 2.88 meq/L while in the control group, it was 138.86 ± 3.44 meq/L respectively. Serum potassium was found to be lower in the hypertensive group when compared with the control group even though both were within the normal range. The mean serum potassium in the study group was 3.55 ± 0.29 meq/L. The mean potassium in the control group was 4.67 ± 0.22 meq/L. Conclusion: Serum sodium was significantly more among the hypertensive population and it was independent of gender. Serum potassium was significantly less among the hypertensive population and it correlated negatively with the level of blood pressure. Serum sodium level also correlated positively with the level of blood pressure.


The expression and secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase was studied in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Bacillus promoter was removed by BAL 31 digestion and three forms of the alpha-amylase gene were constructed: the Bacillus signal sequence was either complete (YEp alpha a1), partial (YEp alpha a2) or missing (YEp alpha a3). Secretion of alpha-amylase into the culture medium was obtained with the complete signal sequence only. The secreted alpha-amylase was glycosylated and its signal peptide was apparently processed. The glycosylated alpha-amylase remained active. The enzyme produced by the other constructions was not glycosylated and thus probably remained in the cytoplasm.


In the context of the UK Government's concordat with the private sector in England, this paper describes some recent policy initiatives to privatise the delivery of hospital clinical services in Stockholm. Are there lessons for the development of health services in the UK? Could what is happening in Sweden today happen in Britain tomorrow?


This article paper introduces a new method to raise the measuring precision of the DCV source with resistance in theory for the first time. The feasibility and Practibility of the method are tested, bydesigning a new kind of charge coupled circuit, the method has been proved economic and practical.


The problem of wave difiraction on a multilayer grating is considered. Numerical technique based on a combination of the incomplete Galerkin method and scattering matrix method is applied. The problem of scattering matrix singularity in the case when a new difiraction order appears is treated in detail and the singularity-free expressions for the scattering matrix are introduced. 1. INTRODUCTION Difiraction grating problems, particularly those for multilayer difiraction gratings, require rig- orous stable methods, which can provide fast and e-cient computations of the grating proper- ties. One of the most e-cient numerical techniques is based on a combination of the incomplete Galerkin method (1) and matrix formalism such as transfer matrix method, scattering matrix method etc. (2,3). Within this approach a grating is approximated by a set of inhomogeneous layers irrespective of the grating groove shape. The structure can also include a stack of homo- geneous layers. The difiracted wave fleld is decomposed into discrete set of plane waves, each of them corresponding to a certain difiraction order. The set of Maxwell equations is reduced to one second-order or a system of two flrst-order matrix difierential equations. The layered structure of the grating makes it reasonable to apply matrix methods. Being rather convenient in implementation, transfer matrix method turns out to be numerically unstable due to possible over∞ows during computations (2,3). The existence of evanescent difiraction orders results in large positive arguments of exponents for thick gratings or for metallic structures, and the calculations are therefore impossible. Scattering matrix approach (3) was suggested as a stable alternative method instead of transfer matrix technique. By implementing the scattering matrix formalism numerical over∞ows are avoided. However, scattering matrix method has some problems connected with singularity of a scattering matrix in the case when a new difiraction order appears in one of the grating layers, in the incident medium or in the substrate. The wave vector for this difiraction order is exactly parallel to the layer interface and has zero component in the direction perpendicular to the interface. Treated directly this requires inversion of the propagation matrix, which has a zero eigenvalue. In this paper, we suggest a rigorous and physically consistent approach to avoid the singularities of this type. Speciflc expressions for the scattering matrix are given, which are free of difiraction order singularity. Generalizations for lossy gratings are also discussed. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the physical and mathematical description of a multilayer difiraction grating. In Section 3, we describe the numerical algorithm based on incomplete Galerkin method and scattering matrix method. In Section 4, we present particular expressions for a scattering matrix, which are free of difiraction order singularity. In Section 5, we discuss the physical consistency of the algorithm and the case of lossy gratings. Section 6 gives conclusions. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT


The possibility of legal protection of computer software to establish exclusive rights, which can then be taken into account in the assets of the company. Ways of obtaining patent protection on the objects, which use computer software.


This paper evaluates a novel energy efficient method of converting the time of flight of UWB radar pulses from time domain to digital domain with picosecond resolution using multiple time-voltage converters and a low power analog-digital converter. The system features single shot - multi target capability and uses only a fraction of the energy consumption of traditional highspeed ADC or counter - based solutions with much higher resolution. The method addresses a key challenge of todays UWB radar systems. The power required to convert ultra short signals from time domain to digital domain often renders UWB radars unattractive for battery powered systems like remote sensor networks. With the proposed system it is possible to overcome this limitation. Energy requirements of 0.14 nJ per range scan with a standard CMOS process are demonstrated. The results of this work are compared to state of the art solutions.


In this study, investigation of radiation and natural convection in cubic enclosure has been carried out. A model of an enclosure representing a room was constructed from polystyrene boards. Two vertical walls are supplied with constant heat flux in the range of 9.4-47.8 W/m 2 . Temperatures of walls, ceiling, floor and air inside enclosure were measured using a 26 K-type thermocouples under steady state condition. Heat transfer was investigated for Rayleigh numbers in the range 4.4x10 ≤ Ra ≤ 1.2x10 with Prandtl number of 0.71. Detailed results including temperature profiles and correlation equations for convection heat transfer coefficient in terms of temperature difference between the heated surface temperature and the temperature of the air have been obtained for the walls of the enclosure. Copyright © 2015 International Energy and Environment Foundation All rights reserved.


This article presents an integrated radio frequency (RF) front end for the use in frequency bands up to 10GHz. It consists of an actively matched low noise amplifier (LNA) and a single multi-tanh Gilbert cell mixer. Its applications include frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar front ends or single down conversion communication systems. The circuit is completely inductor-less. Using a negative resistance bandwidth enhancement technique, a 1dB bandwidth of 11.2 GHz is reached. The input reflection coefficient is below -7 dB up to a frequency of 7GHz within a printed circuit board (PCB) test bed. The single-sideband (SSB) noise figure amounts to 7dB and the small-signal gain is 26dB. The complete circuit is implemented using an IBM 180 nm SiGe BiCMOS process, occupies an active area of only 0.078 mm2 and consumes 57mW of DC power.


In less than two years of Liberal government in NSW, housing policy has undergone a massive change. The elements of programs have been almost completely eliminated. Moreover, experiencing a rental housing crisis leading to ever increasing homelessness, the few protections on low cost private rental stock have been dismantled.


The slow-fast effect in a vector field with a codimension-two double Hopf bifurcation at the origin is investigated in the paper. To explore the typical evolution of the dynamics, the universal unfolding of the normal form of the vector field is taken into consideration. When the parametric excitation is introduced, the frequency of which is far less than the two natural frequencies, slow-fast behaviors may appear. Regarding the whole parametric excitation term as a slow-varying parameter, the equilibrium branches and the bifurcations of the generalized autonomous fast subsystem can be derived. With the variation of the exciting amplitude, different types of bursting oscillations caused by the coupling of two scales in frequency domain may appear, the mechanism of which are obtained by employing the overlap of the transformed phase portraits and the equilibrium branches as well as the bifurcations of the fast subsystem. It is found that, for relatively small exciting amplitude, no bifurcation of the fast subsystem occurs, and the system behaves in quasi-periodic oscillations. With the increase of the exciting amplitude, different types of bifurcations may take place, leading to the single-mode bursting oscillations, which may evolve to mixed-mode bursting oscillations. Symmetric breaking bifurcations result in the transitions between a symmetric attractor and two co-existed asymmetric attractors in the system. Furthermore, for the mixed-mode bursting oscillations, the trajectory may alternate between the single-mode oscillations and the mixed-mode oscillations via bifurcations of the equilibrium branches, causing the synchronization and non-synchronization between different state variables.


This handbook has been developed as part of a five-year research project which began in 2010. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Southern California Edison (SCE), Quanta Technology, Satcon Technology Corporation, Electrical Distribution Design (EDD), and Clean Power Research (CPR) teamed together to analyze the impacts of high-penetration levels of photovoltaic (PV) systems interconnected onto the SCE distribution system. This project was designed specifically to leverage the experience that SCE and the project team would gain during the significant installation of 500 MW of commercial scale PV systems (1-5 MW typically) starting in 2010 and completing in 2015 within SCE's service territory through a program approved by the California Public Utility Commission (CPUC).


OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of prescription commenting system on the quality of out-patient prescriptions. METHODS: 1 000 out-patient prescriptions were collected from the first three months in 2007 and 2009 respectively. Retrospective quantitative evaluation and analysis of them was carried out. RESULTS: Before and after the implementation of prescription commenting system, the proportion of prescriptions with trade names of drugs were 57.5% and 14.4%; the proportion of prescription with non-standardized drug specifications were 55% and 4.8%; the proportion of prescription with more than 5 kinds of drugs were 5.8% and 1.2%; the percentages of prescription with antimicrobial agents were 40% and 22.4%; the proportion of prescription with single drug, two drugs, three drugs and four drugs were 38.32% vs. 82.14%, 48.60% vs. 14.29%, 12.15% vs. 3.57%, 0.93% vs. 0; the proportion of antimicrobial agents in patients with upper respiratory tract infection were 64.79% and 40.54%. CONCLUSION: The implementation of prescription commenting system has markedly improved the quality of out-patient prescriptions in our hospital, and has effectively promoted rational use of drugs, such as antimicrobial agents.


The invention discloses a kind of selection method, device and the computer-readable medium of investment target, the selection method includes:Determine candidate factors;Recurrence calculating is carried out to each candidate factors, obtains the related coefficient, information ratio and the third gear Suo Tinuo ratios that correspond to each candidate factors;Efficiency factor is determined according to the corresponding related coefficient of each candidate factors, information ratio and third gear Suo Tinuo ratios;According to the efficiency factor and the corresponding information ratio of the efficiency factor, investment target is selected from all funds.In this way, the investment target selected according to the method for the present invention, so that it may to pursue steady income while significantly reducing risk.


Culture and values are key drivers of corporate entrepreneurship in early stages of family firm development, but value conflicts often arise over time that progressively inhibit their entrepreneurial efforts. How can family firms reconcile conflicting values to sustain corporate entrepreneurship over time? Our 45-year longitudinal case study of a large global family firm shows that family business leaders' practices of invoking and flexibly using family and business values were crucial to achieve sustained entrepreneurial behaviour and growth over an extended period of time. We theorize these efforts as system-spanning values work enfolding through specific family, business, and temporal mechanisms. By identifying and elucidating three types of values work (i.e., rooting, revitalizing, and spreading), our study advances current understanding of the micro-foundations underpinning the relationship between values and entrepreneurship in family firms. the use


A 23-month-old boy with the syndrome of hypoventilation, obstructive sleep-apnea, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale due to chronic upper airway obstruction resulting from adenotonsillar hypertrophy, is presented. After the surgical removal of obstructing tissue rapid clinical improvement ensued and signs of cor pulmonale returned to normal within a few days. The relationship between the upper airway obstruction and hypoventilation and cor pulmonale is discussed and the importance of early recognition and removal of enlarged tonsils before life-threatening complications occur, is stressed.


The spread of a connected graph G was introduced by Alon Boppana and Spencer [1] and measures how tightly connected the graph is. It is defined as the maximum over all Lipschitz functions f on V (G) of the variance of f(X) when X is uniformly distributed on V (G). We investigate the spread of a variety of random graphs, in particular the random regular graphs G(n, d), d ≥ 3, and Erdős-Rényi random graphs Gn,p in the supercritical range p > 1/n. We show that if p = c/n with c > 1 fixed then with high probability the spread is bounded, and prove similar statements for G(n, d), d ≥ 3. We also prove lower bounds on the spread in the barely supercritical case p − 1/n = o(1). Finally, we show that for d large the spread of G(n, d) becomes arbitrarily close to that of the complete graph Kn.


We use a theorem of Cartlidge and the technique of Redheffer's "recurrent inequalities" to give some results on inequalities related to Hardy's inequality.


Summary The given article is an evaluation of the implementation and development of Georgia's cybersecurity policy, and its influence on Georgia's global cybersecurity index. The study covers the period from 2008 to 2018. In 2008 Georgia became one of the first victims of hybrid warfare. During the August 2008 Russo-Georgian war, Georgian government websites were attacked by hackers affiliated with Russia. In the given period, cybersecurity was not the priority direction for Georgia, therefore government portals were easy targets for cybercriminals and the government couldn't prevent the cyberattacks. After 2008, the government decided to develop a state cybersecurity policy. In 2012 the country ratified the Council of Europe's cybersecurity convention. At the same time, the "Law of Georgia on Information Security" which had become a basic document of the cybersecurity state policy implementation, had been adopted. The document was followed by a cybersecurity strategy. During the following years, based on cybersecurity strategy document, Georgia implemented 2 action plans and defined the relevant state agencies responsible for "cyber safety" of the country. As a result of the reforms, in 2017, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Cybersecurity Global Index, Georgia has been ranked among the top ten countries. The given article is a chronological description of a Georgian cyberpolicy and cybercapabilities evolution. It includes cases of organized cybercrime carried out against the state and examples of the development of Georgian cybersecurity policy which was reflected on the global international cybersecurity index of the country.


New pathways of drug administration have being explored because there exist weaknesses in the traditional drug delivery such as either potential degradation in the gut in oral method or pain and infection resulted from transdermal injection. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is a promising technology for drug administration. Among TDD, Microneedles (MNs) made transdermal drug delivery easier and more effective. The development of microneedles is necessary to eliminate or reduce the problems employing conventional needles such as pain, needle-stick injuries or needle re-use. In order to explore the drug delivery in human tissues, we made the hypothetical models of the flow of drug and to depict the flow and the moving ways of drugs. The delivering properties of drugs into skin tissue are analysed by adopting the previous hypothetical models. The results showed that the exiting velocity from the microneedle array played an important role to impact the efficiency of drug delivery. The large exiting velocity would accelerate the transdermal drug delivery and prompt drug into the circulation. In addition, the diffusion can be ignored due to a little influence.


Synonyms include pensioner in UK and retiree and senior in US. Some dictionaries describe widespread usage of "senior citizen" for people over the age of 65. "Senior citizen" is replacing the term old-age pensioner traditionally used in UK. When defined in an official context, senior citizen is often used for legal or policy-related reasons in determining who is eligible for certain benefits available to the age group. The term was apparently coined in 1938 during a political campaign. It has come into widespread use in recent decades in legislation, commerce, and common speech. Especially in less formal contexts, it is often abbreviated as "senior(s)", which is also used as an adjective.


Purpose – The purpose of this study is to estimate the link between poverty alleviation as the first goal of the UN SDGs and infrastructure development in Egypt for the (2000-2022) time span. Design/methodology/approach – The researcher utilized 4 main independent variables (energy, water and sanitation, transport, and telecommunications) categorized under the wide infrastructure sector and poverty rate ($3.20 per day share of population below poverty line) as an independent variable using the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique. Findings – The ARDL test results suggest that infrastructure development (basic facilities) and GDP per capita have a positive impact on the poverty rate in Egypt in both the long run and the short run. Although telephone subscriptions reduce the poverty rate, that may occur because they contribute to economic activities and generate income for individuals and firms. Originality/value – This study is an attempt to investigate the link between infrastructure development and poverty alleviation An Economic Study About How Responsive Is Poverty to Infrastructure Development: .... Dr.Raghda Saied Ahmed Mohammed رشع عبارلا دلجملا يناثلا ددعلا ليربإ 0202 234 empirically in Egypt using the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique.


Realistic estimates of geoacoustic parameters from transmission loss (TL) measurements in the presence of swim bladder bearing fish may be derived by application of the concurrent bio and geo inversion method (Diachok and Wales, 2005; Diachok and Wadsworth, 2014). This method was applied to Qiu's, (1999) TL measurements in the Yellow Sea. Qiu's measurements were made in August, south of the Shandong Peninsula, where the bottom is composed of sand, and the concentration of anchovies, the dominant species in the Yellow Sea, is high, at night when anchovies are dispersed near the surface and bio-alpha is relatively high. The measured attenuation coefficient (TS—cylindrical spreading—absorption) was nearly 8 dB/km at the resonance frequency of anchovies. Inverted values of bioacoustic parameters were consistent with bioacoustic parameters of anchovies. Inverted geoacoustic parameters were consistent with geoacoustic properties of sand. Disregard of the effects of bio-alpha on TL resulted in unrealistically hi...


This paper presents a method which has been developed in the EURESCOM project P509 "Handling Service Interaction in the Service Life Cycle" to describe IN services as perceived from different actors involved in a service's execution. This method called Feature Invocation Model (FIM) provides a graphical description of the relation between the normal call process and the utilized service features. Besides its suitability to clarify the impact of a service's execution on the involved actors, the FIM concept has been mainly promoted in the EURESCOM project P509 to support the detection of service/feature interaction cases. So far, two analysis approaches which differ in their granularity have been developed in order to ease the identification of service combinations that might lead to an undesired interaction because of control flow conflicts.


Respiratory motion is often a source of artifacts in cardiovascular imaging, but may also convey important physiological information. To improve our understanding


Religious product authentication laws, predicated on conceptions of doctrinal authenticity, risk curtailing the religious freedom of dissenting adherents engaged in non-orthodox forms of the regulated practice. They may also entail discrimination between, or even the 'establishment' of, competing doctrinal viewpoints within religions. This raises important constitutional and theoretical questions surrounding the conceptual necessity, to religious freedom, of state neutrality in religious controversies. Comparative church–state jurisprudence reveals strikingly different approaches to the question of the compatibility of religious product authentication laws with constitutional guarantees of religious freedom and state neutrality. The religion clauses of the United States Constitution preclude regulatory schemes incorporating doctrinal concepts of authenticity, whereas a failed constitutional challenge in Ireland (to a law regulating the sale of Mass cards in Ireland) rejected the contention that such laws denied constitutional guarantees of religious freedom and non-discrimination on religious grounds. This article argues that these contrasting approaches to the constitutionality of religious product authentication laws illustrate a deeper conflict surrounding the very concept of religious freedom. In particular, this comparative constitutional jurisprudence crystallises broader normative debates surrounding the competing claims of recognition and neutrality with regard to religion.


Global multiregion input‐output (MRIO) tables have been developed to capture international spillover effects due to demand in one country and production in other countries. International spillovers have been growing and have become so dominant, especially in environmental analysis, that their inclusion is essential when analyzing impacts of consumption. MRIO tables give full coverage of the world economy, but do not always respect the official data of a given country. When international spillovers also cause increased production in the country of demand, we see what are known as "feedback effects." As coupled models are being developed that make use of an official foreground national input‐output table (IOT) alongside an existing global MRIO, we are left in the situation where a coupled model does not use the official foreground information when modeling international feedback loops. The question thus arises: How large are these feedback loops for different environmental impacts? We look specifically at the amount of domestic production that is embodied in imports back into that region. We find that for emissions, the feedbacks are small, usually <2% of the total import footprint, though up to 6%+ for some countries in some years for some stressors. Our findings suggest that using Leontief multipliers from available MRIOs may be an acceptable method for modeling imports into national IOTs for environmentally extended MRIO analysis.


The X-ray emission of RXJ1856.5-3754 has been found to coincide to unprecedented accuracy with that of a blackbody, of radius 5.8+-0.9 km for the measured parallax distance of 140 pc (Burwitz et al. 2001, Drake et al. 2002). If the emission is uniform over the whole surface of a non-rotating star, the mass of the star cannot exceed 0.75+-0.12 solar mass regardless of its composition. If the compact object is a quark star described by the MIT-bag equation of state (a ``strange star''), the mass is no more than 0.3 solar mass. Comparably small masses are also obtained for the X-ray bursters Aql X-1 and KS1731-260 for some fits to their spectra.


Mendoza is located on a highly seismic region of Argentina (South America), it is crucial to take into account such factor when initiating any architectural project in the area. The main purpose of this research is to deepen the understanding of several matters dealing with prevention of natural disasters which is regarded, at present, as an essential strategy for sustainable development. The secondary purpose of this study is to make known the variables that may be managed along the architectural design stages and affect the structural design. The variables incorporation at the early stages of the creative process makes it easier and improves the final architectural results. This research aims at contributing to the integration of architecture and engineering through the analysis of the architectural implications derived from the use of this technology. And it also endeavors to accumulate the knowledge necessary to develop a project using such technology from the very first stages. This study also attempts to prove that buildings can be more efficient, secure, functional and economical and that new seismic design alternatives can be achieved. The interdependence existing between architectural design and its context is the starting point to determine the architectural implications arising from the use of base isolation. In such context architectural variables such as morphology, functionality, aesthetics, economics, resistance, structural behaviour, materials, construction techniques and space-time interact and buildings must provide a proper response to earthquakes.


Deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance spin‐lattice relaxation times T1 have been measured for solitary water molecules (D2O) at low concentrations in apolar and polar organic solvents at 30 °C at high pressures; D2O (30 mM) in C6H6 up to 90 MPa, D2O (60 mM) in CHCl3 up to 300 MPa, D2O (100 mM) in CH3CN up to 300 MPa. The rotational correlation times τ2R for D2O in the organic solvents increase with increasing pressure. The pressure effect on τ2R for D2O in solution is considerably larger than that on τ2R and η (viscosity) for the neat solvent. We have tested the two forms of modified Stokes–Einstein–Debye law; the linear and nonlinear forms are τ2R=τ02R+S(η/T) and τ2R=B(η/T)α, respectively. The rotational correlation times are linearly related to solvent viscosity divided by temperature (η/T) with a large positive intercept (τ02R≳0). It is shown that the linear form is practically better, and that the nonlinear form constrained at η/T=0 is invalid. The temperature‐variable slope (ST) and the pressure‐variab...


The Binghamton University Libraries are the official archival repository for a collection of videotapes from the Binghamton Community Poets' "Big Horror Reading Series" which featured locally, nationally, and internationally-known writers. For preservation and access purposes, the videotapes were digitized and DVD versions were produced. Excerpts were reformatted and mounted on Content Pro, a digital repository. The excerpts were then associated with the print titles from which they originate via our Aleph catalog. This creates a truly unique experience for our patrons, as the catalog record "comes alive" and they can see and hear something from the book before they even take it off the shelf to read.


Branches of Euonymus fortunei were irradiated with ~(60)Co γ-rays.The average number of new branches per plant was negatively correlated with irradiation dose.With the increase of irradiation dose,the rates of slanting and creeping types of plant increased.80Gy irradiation was fit for leaves to keep green in winter than other applied doses.Phenotypic variation were observed in V_1 generation,including variance in height,average node length,diameter/height,leaf shape index,leaf area,blasted tips,biforked tips and phyllotaxis.


Three-year experiment was made both in lab and plot. The results showed that the nitrogen fixation ability of the roots would get weaken or lose partly as continuous soybean was injured by the harmful creature or the intermediate products of the decomposed matter from soybean root. At this time, increasing the concentration of nutrition in soil would force the absorption of root, and make up the loss. The yield of continuous soybean with N application was higher than that without N application by 97.7%. There were 89% of the yield with P application higher than that without P application. In contrast with no K application, the yield of continuous soybean with K application increased by 26%, and Zn by 16.9%, Mn by 13.2%, B by 1.4%, Mg by 14.6%.


Carcinoma of the tongue is the one of the most commonly occurring neoplasm among all intraoral malignant tumors, accounting for about 30% of all the oral malignancies. Because of a higher risk of nodal metastasis with tongue carcinoma, for patients undergoing a surgical resection of primary tumors, it is advised to perform elective supraomohyoid neck dissection. However, treatment of the N0 neck is still debated. This paper reports a case of a squamous cell carcinoma located at the anterior two third of the tongue, treated by surgical excision of the primary site along with supraomohyoid neck dissection. Follow up of the patient supports that prophylactic neck dissection should be considered with the aim of improving regional control.


The reasons caused the water flush accident in Youshuxia tunnel and its treatment measures are elaborated. In underground tunnel construction the hydrogeologic condition must be analyzed. At the same time author point out the importance of the monitoring work, in this construction applying advance grouting across water flush sector is a practical and feasible method.


Presently, the main study skills many Japanese EFL students rely on are massed practice, repetition, and writing when it comes to vocabulary acquisition. McCarthy (as cited in Gu, 2003) stated, "the purpose of vocabulary learning should include both remembering words and the ability to use them automatically in a wide range of language contexts when the need arises." The theory of desirable difficulty (Bjork and Bjork, 1992) states that the harder one has to work to retrieve a memory, the greater the subsequent spike in retrieval and storage strength. Spaced-repetition and interleaving are two study skills which incorporate the desirable difficulty effect and could lead to stronger vocabulary acquisition; giving students the ability to recall words automatically when the need arises. Encouraging and teaching students how to use these skills will lead to deeper vocabulary acquisition and language improvement. 1. Japanese EFL students' vocabulary study methods There have been numerous studies conducted on the preference and efficacy of second language vocabulary acquisition (SLVA) methods and strategies for EFL students (Chamot, 2005; Gu & Johnson, 1996; Gu, 2003; Kojic-Sabo & Lightbown, 1999), many of which have focused particularly on the Japanese educational context (Crookes et al., 1994; Hunt & Beglar, 2005; Mizumoto & Takeuchi, 2009; Mochizuki, 1999; Prichard, 2008; Schmitt & Schmitt, 1993). A review of this literature reveals some contention regarding those SLVA strategies most utilized by Japanese EFL students. In a study of 157 university students in Japan, 1, MA App. Ling., I.E.F.L, Kwansei Gakuin University, School of Science and Technology 2 Ed.D. in Learning Technologies, Language Specialist, Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Language Centre


Most of the law governing technological surveillance by law enforcement is found in legislation. This chapter first outlines the most important federal surveillance statutes in the United States and a sampling of representative state legislation, organized under three categories: interception of communications; physical surveillance; and accessing of surveillance records. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of regulating surveillance through legislation rather than judicial decision, and through state or local laws rather than through federal legislation. Finally, it contends that, if legislation is to be the principal means of regulating the government's surveillance activities, law enforcement agencies should also have to adhere to administrative law principles in implementing that legislation.


A methodology for self-integrating cobalt particles (10–70nm) into silica nanotubes has been developed during a simple calcination process. Rhombohedral silica nanotubes serve to guide cobalt nanoparticles into one-dimensional alignment. The Co-silica nanotubes prepared by using [Co(NH3)6](HCO3)(CO3)∙2H2O fibers as structure-directing agents have a size of 100–220nm in diameter and up to 30μm in length. Magnetic study shows that the Co-silica nanocomposite exhibits a ferromagnetic characteristic with a large room temperature coercivity of 520Oe. The formation mechanism of Co particle alignment is discussed.


Summary.  Background: Chronic renal failure patients are at high risk of cardiovascular events and display endothelial dysfunction, a critical element in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Upon activation, the endothelium sheds microparticles, considered as markers of endothelial dysfunction that also behave as vectors of bioactive molecules. Aim: To measure plasma levels of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) in chronic renal failure patients (CRF), either undialyzed or hemodialyzed (HD), and to investigate the ability of uremic toxins to induce EMP release in vitro. Methods: Circulating EMPs were numerated by flow cytometry, after staining of platelet‐free plasma with phycoerythrin (PE)‐conjugated anti‐CD144 (CD144+ EMP) or anti‐CD146 (CD146+ EMP) monoclonal antibodies. Platelet MP (CD41+ PMP), leukocyte MP (CD45+ leukocyte microparticles (LMP)), and annexin‐V+ MPs were also counted. In parallel, MPs were counted in supernatant of human umbilical vein endothelial cells incubated with uremic toxins [oxalate, indoxyl sulfate, p‐cresol, and homocysteine (Hcy)], at concentrations found in patients. Results and conclusions: CD144+ EMP and CD146+ EMP levels were significantly higher in CRF and HD patients than in healthy subjects. Furthermore, annexin‐V+ MPs were elevated in both groups of uremic patients, and CD41+ PMP and CD45+ LMP were increased in CRF and HD patients, respectively. In vitro, p‐cresol and indoxyl sulfate significantly increased both CD146+ and annexin‐V+ EMP release. Increased levels of circulating EMP in CRF and HD patients represent a new marker of endothelial dysfunction in uremia. The ability of p‐cresol and indoxyl sulfate to increase EMP release in vitro suggests that specific uremic factors may be involved in EMP elevation in patients.


Existing process recommendation methods cannot meet the various needs of personalised users. To address this problem, this paper proposed a personalised process recommendation method that is based on user behaviour preference. This method combines traditional process recommendation with user behaviour similarity and mines user behaviour preference according to the historical tracks of processes that were performed by users. In the execution of a process, the execution trace of a behaviour-similar user and executable candidate activities to be recommended that are provided by conventional process recommendation are analysed. Then, activities or recommended activities for the current user are selected to realise the automatic construction of the entire process to meet the personalised needs of users. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency.


ABSTRACT Modern ports need to be inserted in an efficient network in order to exploit all their potential, positively affecting both the efficiency of the local markets and the external costs of the served industries. Moreover, the role of the ports within the whole supply chain is affected by the location and the organization of intermediate facilities—such as logistics parks or inland ports—that heavily influence both the effectiveness of the logistics corridors and the externalities generated by the transport industry. New and adequate infrastructures can then reduce congestions, pollution, and accidents smoothing the whole logistics chains. The proposed study aims at discussing the effects in terms of rail share of the different planned interventions that are aimed at increasing the rail capacity of the network under investigation. In order to achieve this goal, a network optimization model has been solved by the optimizer solver of a spreadsheet. Outcomes can be used in order to improve current transport policies that might foster a more efficient and less impacting hinterland transport solution.


Hospital pharmacies are responsible for managing and monitoring the drug use process and ensuring the safe, effective, economical and timely availability of drugs to patients and hospital staff. The waiting times indikator set by the Hospital for non-compound drugs is less than 20 minutes with a target delay less than 10%. However, during the period July 2021 to June 2022, 56,77% of the drugs were prepared beyond 20 minutes. The Pharmacy Department and hospital manajemen decided to improve the manajemen of outpatient drug purchase queues by using an automated prescription queuing system (pharmacy console). Analyze the effect of using the console pharmacy system for outpatients purchase of non-compound drugs in terms of decreasing the percentage of delays when non- compound drugs are received by patients exceeding 20 minutes and increasing the number of line itemss in outpatient pharmacy. Analysis data of non-compound drugs delay report and the number of line itemss report in outpatient pharmacy in the period July-December 2022 after using the console pharmacy system. The number of prescriptions delayed more than 20 minutes decreased from a monthly average of 56.77% to 36.54%, a decrease of 20.23% per month. The number of Pharmacy line itemss also increased from the average per month in the previous period of 45,415 to 53,945 or an increase of 8,531 per month. Even though it still has not reached the target, the console pharmacy system has proven to be effective in providing many advantages for Premier Jatinegara Hospital in reducing waiting times and increasing the purchase of non-compound drugs in outpatients pharmacy. Pharmacy Departments and hospital manajemen must continue to work together for continuous improvement.


For routine design with reasonably regular layouts and uniform load conditions, essentially within limitations of the 1963 Code empirical method, simple approximations can result in trial dimensions often satisfactory for initial design. The writer presents a number of such short cuts and suggests others based upon a study of the computer-produced designs over the usual range of span and load, as tabulated in the 1973 CRSI Handbook. Herein a practical design approach is implicitly defined as one that does not require more design time than a consulting engineer can afford or that does not produce added value to the client beyond the cost of the design time. References to applicable sections of the 1971 ACI Code and its Commentary are given. No further references are given because the Commentary contains an up-to-date bibliography, and because few published papers deal with the problem of reducing unnecessary design time and cost.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine difference in knowledge level, attitude and performance competence on CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) in football players. For this, questionnaire survey was carried out from October 5, 2011 to October 19 targeting 234 football players of high schools and universities where are located in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon-do Province. The collected data was carried out frequency, t-test ANOVA, and correlation analysis by using SPSS/PC 19.0 for Windows. All the statistical analyses were set for significance level in p<.05. The results are as follows. Knowledge level, attitude and performance competence on CPR according to football players' general characteristics were indicated to have influence upon gender, academic background, and the appearance of educational experience in CPR. It was indicated that there is difference between CPR-related characteristics, and knowledge level, attitude & performance competence. Also, it was indicated that there is correlation among knowledge level, attitude and performance competence on CPR in football players. Based on these results, it accurately grasps experience and knowledge level on CPR in football players, thereby making a place available for having a game with security, resulting in being considered to possibly make the better sports.


The purpose of this contribution is twofold. First, we revisit the longitudinal component (also referred to as common-mode component, asymmetric component or antenna-mode component) occurring at the receive side of a
twisted-pair loop. Second, we propose a simple setup for RFI tests that captures reality more accurately than performing differential-mode and common-mode tests separately. In essence, we agree with and support the test environments proposed in [1][2][3]. We stress the fact that differential-mode and common-mode signals
should be generated jointly in order to account for their correlation.


Introduction MARRIAGE MAKING Marriage in Theory and Law Age at First Marriage Coercion and Freedom of Choice Marriage Strategies Marriage Settlements The Ordering of Marriage FAMILY LIFE Husbands and Wives Parents and Children Family Size Leaving Home Servants Kinship THE DISSOLUTION OF A MARRIAGE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Annulment and Separation Widows and Widowers Wardship Inheritance Retirement Conclusion Select Bibliography Index


CERTAIN TISSUES in the heart have the special function of initiation and propagation of the impulse which causes the heart to beat. Initiation of the heart beat takes place at the sinoauricular node (pacemaker) first described by Keith and Flack in Ig07. It is situated at the mouth of the superior vena cava in the upper part of the sulcus terminal is. Excitation waves from this node spread through both auricles causing them to contract. These waves reach the auriculoventricular node first described by Tawara in I g06 and situated on the right side of the atrial septum above the base of the tricuspid valves. The auriculoventricular node continues horizontally to the left as the bundle of His which penetrates the interventricular septum and divides into the left and right bundle branches. These pass down on each side of the interVentricular septum ramifying in the left and right ventricles respectively. Impulses from the auriculoVentricular node are thus responsible for ventricular Contraction. In the normal heart the sinoauricular node discharges at the rate of approximately 70 times per minute, and the auriculoventricular node responds at the same rate. The auriculoventricular node is also capable of independent discharges at a slower rate of approximately 40 beats per minute (cf., complete heart block). Fig. I.


A 45-year-old man with normal heart structure and function underwent an electrophysiology study for recurrent palpitations. Catheters were placed in the coronary sinus, in the right ventricular apex, and at the His bundle. The baseline electrocardiogram was normal with subtle preexcitation and normal intervals (A–H 87 milliseconds, H–V 50 milliseconds). There was poor VA conduction and evident VA dissociation during retrograde conduction studies. Atrial double extra-stimuli showed progressive prolongation of the A–H interval with induction of a narrow complex tachycardia of cycle length 440 milliseconds (Fig. 1). The QRS shortened at the onset of tachycardia with subtle changes in the surface electrocardiogram. There was VA dissociation during the tachycardia. A premature ventricular complex (PVC) during His refractory advanced the subsequent His and reset the tachycardia (Fig. 2). What is the mechanism of this tachycardia and why was there shortening of the QRS duration?


Scouring depends on several factors, including the water flow of artificial obstacles, sections, piers, and foundations, the disturbance of bed materials, and soil permeability. The other factors are the non-parallelism between piers and the water flow, the type of river activity (static or dynamic), and the existence of a waterfall or an obstacle that forms a waterfall in natural bed materials, causing the underlying bed materials to be washed away. This study fully investigated how the movement of a tree trunk affects a river's flow by considering different flow conditions using the artificial neural network (ANN) model. A feedforward optimal network with the error back-propagation training algorithm and sigmoid transfer functions was used for four models. To determine the number of neurons in the hidden layer, one and ten neurons were selected in the hidden layer according to verification indicators. In addition, a physical model was utilized to measure data. To verify and test the models, our data were gathered in a laboratory using the physical model. Considering the network structure of one neuron in the hidden layer, a comparison was made between dimensional and dimensionless parameter models that are effective in terms of the dimensions of the scour hole. The comparison between the results of the ANN and the measured data using nonlinear regression models demonstrated that the ANN was more accurate and capable of simulating phenomena. Additionally, R and RMSE values were between 0.93 and 0.98, as well as 0.18 and 0.013, respectively. Finally, the results related to the width, height, length, and depth of the scour revealed that the modified DOT model had the best agreement with Mahdavizadeh's measured data.


Chronic catarrhal gingivitis is diagnosed in 30 to 80 % of children and adolescents. Generalized periodontitis may develop in the absence or insufficient provision of timely treatment and preventive care. An important task is to promptly identify and substantiate pathogenetic treatment of gingivitis and its chronic form, especially given the concomitant somatic diseases. The aim of the study – to evaluate the clinical efficacy of antiseptic conditions, probiotics and immunomodulators in complex treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children with diabetes type I. Materials and M ethods . We examined and treated 54 children, aged 12 years, with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and diabetes type I. The complex of treatment included antiseptic "Dekasan", probiotic "BioGaia ProDentis" and immunostimulant "Imupret." Results and D iscussion. In 24 children (80.00 %) of the main group completed elimination of inflammation after improved treatment, in 6 children (20.00 %) revealed improvement in the periodontal tissues. There was marked improvement in oral hygiene in children and significant reducted PMA and CPITN indexes, Pisarev-Shyllyer test. After 3 and 6 months after treatment, there was a positive dynamics of periodontal tissues. Conclusions. Analysis of the clinical examinations reflects the positive dynamics of indicators of periodontal tissues in children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis against diabetes, which confirms the high efficiency of our proposed health care industry.


There is no shortage of studies to measure the costs of visual impairment, but because the studies use a variety of approaches to analyze data, it has been difficult to draw conclusions.


The last several columns have discussed the organization of human memory. The discovery of different types of memory has come from studies of human neurological patients with deficits in some forms of memory while others are preserved. For example, the memory for a particular motor skill or the ability to learn a new motor task may persist even though an individual has lost the ability to learn new faces, names, or recent events. A particularly striking example of this is the case of H.M., perhaps the most well-studied individual in the field of learning and memory. H.M. fell from a bicycle as a child and developed intractable seizures as an adolescent. In an effort to control his seizures, bilateral resections were made of his hippocampus and the medial aspect of his temporal lobes. Although his seizures abated, H.M. lost the ability to remember new information for more than a few minutes. However, H.M. was still capable of learning new motor tasks. As a result of these studies, neurobiologists came to the conclusion that the hippocampus is critically involved in translating short-term memories into long-term memories. A tremendous amount of research has been devoted to understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms that are responsible for this ability. A prominent characteristic of synapses is their capacity for plasticity, reflected as increases or decreases in the efficiency of transmission. For nearly three decades, the effort to understand how synapses encode memories has focused mainly on one form of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), with the majority of studies being conducted in the hippocampus. The persistent increase in synaptic strength observed in LTP has several characteristics that one would expect of a fundamental mnemonic process. Before we look at an example of an experiment that examines LTP, we will review the neuroanatomy of the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a C-shaped structure that is tucked beneath the neocortex. It has a relatively simplified architecture and is called the archicortex to distinguish it from the more complex laminated structure found in the neocortex. The hippocampus is divided into two major parts: the dentate gyrus and the CA fields. CA stands for "cornu ammonis" or "Ammon's horn." The cells within the dentate gyrus are called granule cells and form a single layer of cells, whereas those of the CA fields are pyramidal neurons that also form a single monolayer. The neuronal circuitry of the hippocampus is characterized by a trisynaptic pathway (Fig. 1A), with glutamate serving as the neurotransmitter at all three synapses. The first set of synapses is made by the incoming projections that originate in the entorhinal cortex and provide excitatory synaptic inputs to the granule cells in the dentate gyrus (perforant pathway). The granule cells then send their projecting, excitatory axons (mossy fibers) to make the second synaptic connections on the dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons of the CA3 subregion. The CA3 neurons in turn send one branch of their excitatory projections to the pyramidal neurons of the CA1 subfield (Schaffer collaterals). There are several reasons why this region is the most heav


The invention provides a method and system for evaluating credibility of a network trade user. The method comprises the following steps of: inquiring a reference user corresponding to a to-be-evaluated user in accordance with the to-be-evaluated user; acquiring attribute information of the reference user; and combining trade direction between the to-be-evaluated user and the reference user to offer a credibility evaluation result of the to-be-evaluated user in accordance with the attribute information of the reference user. In the scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention, the credibility of the to-be-evaluated reference user is evaluated by combining the attribute information, of the reference user having important influence on the credibility of the to-be-evaluated user, and combining the proportion of sale trades between the to-be-evaluated user and the reference user in all trades, thus the evaluation result of the to-be-evaluated user is offered. The method is used to greatly improve the recognition strength for false credibility and strengthen the security in the network trade process greatly.


The utility model discloses a pneumatic pin shaft detacher. The utility model is characterized in that the top of a pressing plate (4) is provided with a drive gear (2) and a driven gear (3); the drive gear (2) is engaged with the driven gear (3); a pin removing head (1) passing through the driven gear (3) is connected with the pressing plate (4); the pin removing head (1) passes through the pressing plate (4); the bottom of the pressing plate (4) is provided with a locking nut (6); an opening sleeve (5) is connected with the bottom of the pressing plate (4). The utility model has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation, high production efficiency, and perfectly removing the pin shaft and the box body on machine and engine.


Data accumulated with RXTE during the active state of Cir X-1 as well as during an unusually long transition from the active state to the quiescent state are reported. The long decline from the active state allowed the source characteristics to be studied systematically as a function of intensity. The following results are presented: (1) spectral fits during entry into a dip clearly show absorption with partial covering as previously reported (Brandt et al. 1996), and (2) correlations between position in the hardness-intensity plane and the character of the power density spectrum as the source entered the quiescent state are suggestive of Z source behavior seen in LMXB sources.


We previously reported a molecular hopper, which makes sub-nanometer steps by thiol-disulfide interchange along a track with cysteine footholds within a protein nanopore. Here we optimize the hopping rate (~0.1 s-1 in the previous work) with a view towards rapid enzymeless biopolymer characterization during translocation within nanopores. We first took a single-molecule approach to obtain the reactivity profiles of individual footholds. The pKa values of cysteine thiols within a pore ranged from 9.17 to 9.85, and the pH-independent rate constants of the thiolates with a small-molecule disulfide varied by up to 20-fold. Through site-specific mutagenesis and a pH increase from 8.5 to 9.5, the overall hopping rate of a DNA cargo along a five-cysteine track was accelerated 4-fold, and the rate-limiting step by 21-fold.


This paper explores the intersection of state policies and local interests in allocating and managing resources in mountainous border areas of China and Thailand. These two states differ markedly in policies and approaches both to forests and to ethnic minorities on the periphery. The first section of the paper traces the history of policies in both countries for forested border areas and for forest-dependent ethnic minorities. The next section explores the evolution of property rights, land use, and the meaning of resources for one Akha village in China, and one in Thailand, in response to these dramatically different political economies. The final section considers some current outcomes for both the Akha and the local landscape as a result of these differing policy histories, and Akha strategies for claiming and using resources under these two regimes.


You might find this additional info useful...This article cites€35 articles, 18 of which you can access for free at: http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/3/R874.full#ref-list-1This article has been cited by€5 other HighWire-hosted articles: http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/3/R874#cited-by Updated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/3/R874.fulland Comparative Physiology can be found at: Additional material and information about American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrativehttp://www.the-aps.org/publications/ajpreguThis information is current as of May 29, 2013.


Wideband Temperature Operation, or "wideband", significantly reduces the energy required for building cooling, heating, and fan operation by allowing temperatures to float over a wide range in telephone offices and by stopping air flow when neither cooling nor heating is required. Calculations using "wideband" indicate annual savings on environmental control operating costs of up to 28 percent for a 65 to 80°F (18-27°C) temperature range, as compared to a nominal 75°F (24°C) environment with continuous air movement. Test results from a carefully monitored trial held in a No. 1 ESS office in Birmingham, Alabama, indicate summertime energy savings as high as 40 percent for "wideband" and 45 percent if the temperature limits are extended to 60 to 85°F during unoccupied periods.


IN 1960 HEINER and Sears (10) first reported an association between chronic respiratory disease and multiple circulating cow's milk antibodies. A syndrome, comprised of chronic pulmonary disease, iron-deficiency anemia, recurrent diarrhea, and failure to thrive in the presence of precipitating serum antibodies against cow's milk, was described by Heiner, Sears, and Kniker (11) in 1962. It is the purpose of this report to familiarize radiologists with the characteristics and differentiating features of this syndrome by presenting a case in the radiologic literature. D. D., a nine-month-old Caucasian female, was first admitted to West Virginia University Hospital on March 14,1964, because of failure to grow,anemia, and chronic recurrent lung disease. Although this patient's onset of respiratory infections had dated back to her first few weeks of life, she had not come to treatment until the age of six: months. She had not been breast-fed and had taken 24 to 32 oz of evaporated milk and, later, homogenized m...


Once a soil slope is led to the limit equilibrium state by means of the finite element – strength reduction technique,usually,the critical slip surface goes through the points at which the equivalent plastic strain takes the maximum.First,some vertical lines are arranged along the horizontal direction.Then,along each of the vertical lines the point with the maximum equivalent plastic strain is found out.All such points compose a wave and make up the functional data.Finally,the functional data are smoothed by the least square method and the position of the critical slip surface is determined.The proposed procedure is confirmed through the comparison with other mature methods.


The invention relates to a synthetic method of a diphosphonate medicine. The synthetic method comprises the following steps: 1.1) adding a sulfoacid liquid solvent, amino alkyl acid and a phosphorylation agent; stirring and heating, wherein the temperature range is 30-130 DEG C; fully dissolving; 1.2) dropping phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus pentachloride and preserving heat at 40-80 DEG C to react; 1.3) dropping water, then heating to warm, preserving heat at 70-100 DEG C and completing a hydrolysis reaction to obtain a solution in a diphosphonic acid structure; 1.4) kalifying to neutralize, cooling and devitrifying, and centrifugally washing to obtain a coarse product of diphosphonate; 2.1) returning the obtained coarse product of diphosphonate to a tank and adding a solvent, stirring and heating, and dissolving; 2.2) after fully dissolving, decoloring and press-filtering; and 2.3) cooling and devitrifying the solution, and centrifugally washing and drying the obtained diphosphonate crystals. The chemical synthetic method of the diphosphonate medicine provided by the invention solves the potential safety hazards such as a plenty of heat release and explosion and boiling in reaction on the premise of guaranteeing the yield.


On December 10 I therefore, using novocain anaesthesia only, injected the left Gasserian ganglion with 90 per cent. alcohol, with resultant total left fifth nerve palsy, motor and sensory. As my present custom is, I closed her left eyelids with strapping at once, and with washing out the conjunctival sac twice daily for ten days, her cornea has remained clear, and is now quite healthy. There is, therefore, now present total anaesthesia of the whole of the front half of the head and face to all forms of sensation, including pressure, owing to the bilateral ganglion destruction, and she can taste nothing at all until she begins to swallow, when she appreciates taste quite keenly. On testing the sense of taste carefully, there is no perception of taste whatever on the front portion of the tongue, but she at once recognizes salt, sweet or bitter, with solutions placed on the back of the tongue or fauces. This case, therefore, is a good illustration of the undoubted fact that in the majority of subjects taste sensations are conveyed to the pons fronm the anterior two-thirds of the tongue by the fifth nerve, and not by the pars intermedia Wrisbergi, the so-called central prolongation of the chorda tympani.


We consider a robotic walking assistant used to guide senior users across a crowded space. The problem we address is how to guide the user using motorized back wheels. Our strategy aims to simulate a passive behavior in which the forward velocity is the one imposed by the user, who receives the impression of controlling the motion. The result is obtained leaving the user in control (without any actuation) when she/he follows straight lines, while the motors kick in when the user has to make a turn. We offer extensive theoretical proof of the validity of our strategy. The technique has been validated via extensive experimentation with a large group of older adults.


Understanding which factors promote disease emergence and transmission remains a major challenge of epidemiology. A problem with research on emerging diseases is that we seldom know to what extent pathogens circulate in natural populations before emergence is already occurring. Moreover, it is critical to determine which pathogen characteristics are key to predict their emergence and invasion potential. We examined the prevalence, host specificity and evolutionary relationships of Avipoxvirus causing skin lesions in birds in two megadiverse and unexplored geographical regions of South America: an elevational gradient in the South Ecuadorian Andes, and a lowland Amazon rainforest in French Guiana. Next, we analyzed the host specificity and distribution of the worldwide Avipoxvirus diversity in order to understand their invasion potential. In French Guiana Avipoxvirus prevalence was 0 % (n=889, 94 bird species). In Ecuador, prevalence was 0.3 % (n=941, 132 bird species), with cases spanning the range of elevations between 1500 and 2500 m. These were caused by two newly described strains, one of which belonged to an American clade of Avipoxvirus shared by different bird families, and another one closely related to a strain recovered from a different family of birds in Madeira. An analysis of the host specificity and geographic distribution of all Avipoxvirus strains known worldwide finds that these viruses are usually host generalists (particularly those in the fowlpox clade), and that many closely related strains are found on multiple continents. Our study at the community level suggests that distantly related Avipoxvirus strains circulate at very low prevalence in continental tropical South America. Avipoxvirus assemblages are composed of generalist strains with different ancestry and widespread distribution, a combination of characteristics which may make these typically scarce viruses perfect candidates to emerge under favorable ecological conditions.

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Tom Donohoe explains how to approach being a subject leader with tips for improving teaching and learning in your subject and carrying your colleagues with you.


Abstract "That's the attractive thing about war," said Rosewater. "Absolutely everybody gets a little something." Slaughterhouse Five 111 Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five has been widely discussed as an antiwar novel based on the author's own experiences in World War II. As a German POW, Vonnegut witnessed the bombing and complete destruction of Dresden, and Slaughterhouse-Five is the author's manifestation of what he called "a process of twenty years […] of living with Dresden and the aftermath" (Allen 163). Indeed, the words that describe the war, the Dresden events, and their effect on the people who experienced them did not come easily to Vonnegut. In an interview in 1974, he commented on the difficulties of articulating his experiences: "I came home in 1945, started writing about it, and wrote about it, and wrote about it, and WROTE ABOUT IT" (Allen 163). This agony is echoed in the first chapter of the novel


The spin structure of quantum well states (QWSs) in threemonolayer-thick gold overlayers on W(110) and Mo(110) is studied experimentally by spinand angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretically by ab initio calculations. The spin–orbit coupling effects manifest themselves differently in the spin structure of atomic-like d and delocalized sp QWSs depending on how strongly the states are influenced by the substrate. The QWSs of a d character show a strong spin polarization with an almost identical structure for W(110) and Mo(110), suggesting a weak interaction with the substrate, whereas for sp QWSs, the interaction is much stronger, which to a large extent determines their splitting and spin polarization. The theoretical model yields a qualitative agreement with the experiment and explains the observed behavior. 6 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. New Journal of Physics 15 (2013) 125014 1367-2630/13/125014+16$33.00 © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft


In order to avoid the bus voltage spikes caused by leakage inductance endangering the normal operation of the inverter, based on the improved Y-source inverter, the traditional clamping structure and voltage peak absorption circuit are introduced, and a high step-up and low-voltage stress improved Y-source inverter with the capability of absorbing bus voltage spike is proposed. This topology fully utilizes the structural characteristics of the improved Y-source inverter itself, and further increases the DC-side voltage gain on the basis of ensuring the busbar voltage peak absorption capacity, while reducing the capacitor voltage stress. This paper demonstrates the superiority of the proposed topology over improved Y-source inverter topology by analyzing its working principle and voltage gain, simulation and experiment platform are constructed to perform the circuit simulation and experiment, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis of the proposed inverter and the effectiveness of the busbar voltage peak absorption capacity are verified.


The discovery of structural dependencies that cause correlated congestion patterns within urban road networks is of crucial importance for numerous real-world applications, including urban planning and scheduling of public transportation services. These dependencies can often result from the road network topology, are often not well understood and can become apparent under an increased traffic load. In this paper we propose the data-driven ST-Discovery approach that facilitates the effective discovery of structural dependencies using historical traffic flow data.


The phase diagram for the ternary system ammonium nitrate(AN) with 15 wt% potassium nitrate(AN:15KN)-ethylenediamine dinitrate(EDD)-nitroguanidine(NQ) has been determined from room temperature to the melting point. The ternary eutectic temperature, measured for a mixture containing 67.24, 25.30, and 7.46 mole% of AN:15KN, EDD, and NQ, respectively, was found to be 98.9 ·°C. The binary phase diagrams for the systems AN:15KN-EDD, AN:15KN-NQ, and EDD-NQ were also determined.


ABSTRACT To the Editor:— There has been an exchange of correspondence regarding an asymptomatic 18-year-old boy presumably with aortic insufficiency, possibly on the basis of rheumatic fever, with a normal electrocardiogram and roentgenogram. He is or was on an athletic scholarship for basketball or track. My advice was: "From the information at hand, the only safe advice is to avoid competitive sports."Dr. Lurie has answered this by saying that "an apparently safe, conservative course of action by the physician can do harm." He sensibly emphasizes the avoidance of iatrogenic heart disease.Dr. Lurie is not as impressed as I with the diastolic murmur and the fact that, if this heart disease is on the basis of rheumatic fever, at age 18 there is almost certainly residual rheumatic activity. These are the people who can dilate their ventricles and pass the point where prosthetic valves can be placed. Strenuous competitive sports


Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are long suggested to account for the rapid loss of radiation belt relativistic electrons. Here we perform both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to comprehensively investigate the nonlinear interaction between EMIC wave and relativistic electrons. In particular, we emphasize the dependence of nonlinear processes on the electron initial latitude. The nonlinear phase trapping yields negative equatorial pitch angle transport, with efficiency varying over the electron initial latitude, implying that it can increase the loss rate predicted by quasilinear theory. The nonlinear channel effect phase bunching produces positive equatorial pitch angle transport, less dependent on the electron initial latitude, suggesting that it can decrease the loss rate predicted by quasilinear theory. The nonlinear cluster effect phase bunching alternately causes positive and negative equatorial pitch angle transport, quasi‐periodically dependent on the electron initial latitude, suggesting that it can either decrease or increase the loss rate predicted by the quasilinear theory. Such latitudinal dependence of nonlinear processes should be taken into account in the evaluation of radiation belt electron loss rate driven by EMIC waves.


that every bounded subset of each of them is contained in the normal hull of a single point of the space. In this paper sequence spaces having this property are studied and many characterizations of matrix transformations involving these spaces and their duals are shown to involve it. Several simple theorems about matrix transformations are proved, and many of the known theorems about matrix transformations on analytic and entire sequences are shown to be special cases of these general theorems. A sequence space is a linear space each point of which is an infinite complex sequence. If λ is a sequence space then λ*, the dual (or a-dual or Kδthe dual) of λ, is the collection of all infinite complex sequences y such that Σ£=o | J^y* | converges whenever x is a point of A. A sequence space λ is called perfect if λ = λ**. Clearly, the dual of every sequence space is perfect. Some examples of perfect sequence spaces are the space ω of all complex sequences, the space φ of all complex sequences that do not have infinitely many nonzero terms, the space / of all absolutely convergent complex sequences, and the space m of all bounded complex sequences. A sequence space λ is said to be normal provided that whenever y is a point of λ and x is a complex sequence such that |jc n |^|y π| for every nonnegative integer n then x is also a point of λ. Every perfect space contains φ and is normal. For each sequence space λ that contains φ, a dual system with λ * is formed using the bilinear functional


The evidence of the prehistoric use of betel nut is even more obscure [than that of kava]....we have no current evidence of its use among Lapita peoples, and the fact that it was not transported to the southern and eastern regions of the Lapita dispersal suggests the plant was not included within the Lapita repertoire, [endnote omitted] Its use in northern Melanesia outside of New Guinea may thus be a phenomenon of the last two thousand years.


Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired disease characterized by thrombocytopenia secondary to autoantibodies against platelets. Here, we report the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐induced ITP cases.


The aim of this paper is to describe the most significant theoretical frameworks concerning Computer Collaborative Learning Research (CSCL) on the light of Web 2.0 supports. The term Web 2.0 embraces a range of 'social' technologies and tools that enable users to create, publish and share digital contents within both new and existing social networks. Technologies such as blogs, wikis, podcasts and file sharing services are increasingly being used to support learning and teaching within the higher education sector (see Hughes, 2009; Kennedy et al., 2009). The implications of collaborative interactions within the socio-constructivism approach are examined. Harasim (2012) defines online collaborative learning as characterized by interactive group knowledge-building processes. This aspect implies that students participate actively by monitoring different levels of learning while they are collaborating with teacher and pairs. The computer supported collaborative learning research (CSCL) community focus on the role of technology considered as a tool through which students and teacher make sense of the world and negotiate meaning. Many researches about CSCL environments concerns the role of teacher in allowing social and significant interactions among all group members. Three factors drive the change from teacher-centered to centered learning approach, the shift from individual to group learning and from contiguous to asynchronous distributed learning groups. All of these aspects imply changes in educational institutions based on social construction of knowledge and competence-based learning. Through the years of competence based approaches have proved to be a critical tool in human resources management and computer collaborative research.


We report the first observation of $B^0 \to J/\psi \eta$ decay. These results are obtained from a data sample that contains 449 million $B\bar{B}$ pairs accumulated at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^+ e^-$ collider. We observe a signal with a significance of 8.1$\sigma$ and obtain a branching fraction of (9.5 $\pm$ 1.7 (stat) $\pm$ 0.8 (syst))$\times 10^{-6}$.


During the last years a good deal of works were carried out in the Sardinia Variscides focusing on metamorphic and igneous petrology, structural geology and stratigraphy, the latter mostly in the late orogenic basins. The results along with the increasing availability of geochronological data allows, not only bridging the gap of knowledge between the Sardinian Variscides and other sectors of the Variscan Chain, but offer also the chance to introduce new hypotheses on the evolution of this orogenic cycle. Yet, still intriguing issues need to be deepened concerning both the pre collisional Palaeozoic geodynamic and the collisional to post-collisional evolution.


The global warming is accelerating due to huge amount of greenhouse gas emission of CO2 which leads to the temperature rise and the climate change on the earth.Global warming has put much pressure on both human being survival and social economy development.The most effective way for disposing CO2 is to directly inject them into oil and gas fields,and only in this way,not only CO2 could be sealed up but also the recovery rate of oil and gas fields could be enhanced.CO2 flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR) technique has been widely applied to the low permeability reservoirs all over the world.Against the status that Chinese natural capacity of low permeability reservoir is low,carbon dioxide miscible and non-miscible flooding mechanism of EOR,and corresponding screening criteria,the research status are systematically discussed in here.According to actual application analysis of carbon dioxide to enhance oil recovery in low permeability reservoir at home and abroad,it is put forward that carbon dioxide could increase oil and decrease water,and effectively enhance oil recovery,and the main problems needed to be solved are summarized.In addition,the suggestions on actively developing carbon dioxide technique research and on-site test are offered.Finally,the development prospect of EOR is looked ahead.


The invention discloses a method and a device for electromagnetically forming a metal pipe fitting in a radial and axial loading mode. The device mainly comprises an eddy current coil, magnetic field coils and power systems. The eddy current coil generates induced eddy currents, the magnetic field coils generate radial magnetic fields, and the eddy current coil and the magnetic field coils are powered by the power systems. The method and the device have the advantages that electromagnetic force can be radially and axially loaded simultaneously in a procedure for electromagnetically forming the metal pipe fitting, an electromagnetic force loading mode can be adjusted, and accordingly machining requirements of different workpieces can be met; the axial compression type pipe fitting is electromagnetically expanded, so that the thickness reduction of a pipe wall in an expansion procedure can be effectively reduced, the forming limit of a formed workpiece is increased, and the forming performance of the formed workpiece is improved; high-speed deformation experiment conditions in different load forms can be provided for metal pipe fittings by the method for electromagnetically forming the metal pipe fitting in the radial and axial loading mode, and novel experiment measures are provided for research on high-speed deformation mechanisms of materials.


Simple Summary Since the introduction of hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer (BC) three decades ago, many new targeted therapies have been developed. Some of them are currently used, such as HER2 inhibitors, while others are still under development, such as cell cycle (CDK) inhibitors, immune checkpoint (PD1/PDL1) inhibitors, or molecules acting on DNA damage (PARP) repair. Besides this, radiation therapy (RT) is commonly used either as adjuvant treatment for early BC after breast conservative surgery or in palliative intent for the treatment of metastatic sites. Our research has shown that the combinations of the most commonly used targeted treatments and RT were feasible with a few toxicities. Nevertheless, most of the knowledge on this subject is based on retrospective studies and a small number of patients and care should be taken in this setting until these results would be confirmed in prospective randomized studies. Abstract Background: The objective of the present study was to review the essential knowledge about the combinations of the most commonly used or under development targeted treatments and radiation therapy (RT). Methods: Preclinical and clinical studies investigating this combination were extensively reviewed. Results: Several studies showed that the combination of RT and tamoxifen increased the risk of radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity; therefore, both modalities should not be given concomitantly. The combination of HER2 inhibitors (trastuzumab, pertuzumab) and RT seems to be safe. However, trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) should not be administered concurrently with brain RT since this combination could increase the risk of brain radionecrosis. The combination of RT and other new target treatments such as selective estrogen receptor degradants, lapatinib, cell cycle inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or molecules acting on DNA damage repair seems feasible but was essentially evaluated on retrospective or prospective studies with a small number of patients. Furthermore, there is considerable heterogeneity among these studies regarding the dose and fractionation of radiation, the dosage of drugs, and the sequence of treatments used. Conclusions: The combination of RT with most targeted therapies for BC appears to be well-tolerated, but these results need to be confirmed in prospective randomized studies.


A 23-year-old woman was admitted in November, 2002, complaining pain of the left side and buttock. She had ulcerative colitis when she was 16 and received medical treatment. Based on physical examination and findings of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigrapy, as sacroiliitis complicated by ulcerative colitis. was diagnosed Reports on sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis complicated by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are relatively rare in Japan, whereas they are common complications of IBD in Western countries. The efficacy of steroids on pain relief of sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis is unclear.


My aim in this article is to identify whether schwa deletion was a social or stylistic marker in the 1930's. The videos and transcripts of five films provide the corpus on which this analysis is based: Fric-frac, Circonstances attenuantes, Le Jour se leve, La Regle du jeu and Hotel du Nord. Though these video recordings are samples of not natural but artificial language, these films are some of the only material available for linguistic analysis in that period beside radio broadcast and music hall songs. I will first quantify the deletion of schwa in word-initial position in the film dialogues and in a second stage focus on schwa-deletion in pre-consonantal "je" in order to establish whether these features of pronunciation can be used to differentiate the lower and upper group speeches.