Real Time Kinematic (RTK) solution is usually applied to monitor Earthquake, Volcano, Landslide, Buoy and any real time events. When strong earthquakes occur, RTK has possibilities of getting not accurate coordinate because the reference station may move together. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is other method for real time solution and it works without reference station. But the accuracy is not enough to monitor such events. To solve this problem, we have developed new GPS real time monitoring system by PPP with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR). PPP-AR needs correction data from reference station network. We do not have to set up the network close to client station because it can apply to almost 1000km area. And the accuracy is almost equal to RTK. We designed several local reference networks in Japan in our system. We run parallel solutions for one client station with each correction data from these networks in real time. When any movements happen in a network, our system selects other area's data automatically. Therefore, we can get accurate results robustly. In NIED for the study to improve the accuracy of heavy rainfall nowcasting in the Tokyo metropolitan area, we run the CReSS high-resolution atmospheric model assimilating the observation data of multi-parameter (MP) radar network. To accurate the model assimilating the accurate precipitable water observation data to the model, we run the automated system to calculate near-realtime hourly GPS precipitable water of about 150 GEONET network sites in the area every three-hour applying the RINEX file downloaded from GSI ftp server. In addition, since 2011 fiscal year for the area of Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas and major local cities where flood disasters attacked before, we run the CReSS high-resolution atmospheric model when heavy rainfall attacks to clarify the atmospheric rainfall mechanism assimilating the observation data of the MLIT MP radar network. To accurate the atmospheric model assimilating the accurate precipitable water observation data it is required to calculate the accurate GPS precipitable water of the GEONET sites in and around the regions. On the other hand, NIED established the automated system to estimate accurate site coordinates of all of nation-wide GEONET network sites applying the IGS ultra-rapid ephemeris and RINEX files automatically downloaded from GSI ftp server every day just after the observation for the development of the dynamic geodetic coordinates control system. Thus in this study we have developed the system to calculate the accurate site coordinates of all of the GEONET network sites applying IGS rapid and final ephemerides and using the RINEX files obtained above, and to estimate the accurate vertical coordinate of all GEONET network sites automatically every day using the latest 30 days vertical coordinate solutions, and to calculate the GPS precipitable water of the sites in and around the region of the heavy rainfall anywhere domestic Japan immediately when flood disaster attacks, assimilating the GPS precipitable water to the CReSS model. GSI is developing and standardizing a new precise positioning technique which deal with multiple GNSS constellations, GPS, QZSS, GLONASS and Galileo, in order to mainly encourage effective surveys at places where are currently difficult to carry out them by only GPS satellites. This project is composed of 1)Development of suitable analysis methods with multi-GNSS, 2)Evaluation of the methods, and 3)Standardization of the precise positioning technique. In fiscal year 2011, we examined existed analysis methods which cope with both classic GPS signals (L1 and L2) and modern-ized signal (L5) or multi-GNSS signals. Then we designed basic outline of the new software by integrating and expanding those ideas. In addition, we carried out preliminary experiments by using real multi-GNSS signals. This presentation shows a blueprint of the project, results of FY 2011 and future plans from FY 2012. Other than GPS or Galileo, the Russian GLONASS system uses frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) to transmit the signals of the satellites to the user. This feature can be used to develop a GNSS-R system which works without the knowledge of replica codes and enables cross-correlation of direct and reflected signal in a simple and straightforward way. By applying this processing strategy any arbitrary coherent integration length can be achieved without knowledge of the navigation bits. We are going to summarize this novel method and present first results taken with our prototype system. In order to extract the vertical seafloor movement from ocean bottom pressure data obtained by the multi-point observation, we introduced Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) change due to the predicted amount of seafloor vertical movement is comparable to or slightly less than that due to dynamic ocean processes. Therefore, it is needed some new methods that enable us to separate and/or extract the slow-slip component from the OBP data. ICA is one of the multivariable analysis techniques, which have been applied in the field of the speech processing and the electroencephalogram analysis [e.g., Common, 1994]. Since the spatio-temporal scale and the distribution of the slow-slip component is likely signifi-cantly different from those of oceanic components, ICA is expected to be a powerful method to separate them. In this study, we used FastICA algorithm developed by Apro Hyvarinen (see http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/ahyvarin/papers/fastica.shtml). To evaluate the practical performance of FastICA, we performed some experiments using the test data. The test data is a sum of the OBP data and the simulated slow slip event. The OBP data was obtained on 2009, which is a quite time in earthquakes, in Miyagi-Oki region [Hino et al., 2009]. The slow slip event was generated based on the result of numerical simulation shown in Hino et al. [2009]. Before ICA, tidal components were eliminated from OBP data by using BAYTAP-G. Also, sensor drifts were corrected by linear fitting function in advance. We applied FastICA to the test data on the assumption that the number of significant sources is 3. As a result, the artificial slow slip event was successfully extracted as the first independent component. The second and third independent component was likely corresponding to oceanic components. For comparison, we also applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the test data described above. The result clearly showed the superior performance of FastICA for extracting the slow slip event from OBP data. analysis ocean The to ocean tide loading calculated for Warkworth are up to for the horizontal components, and for the component. high-resolution land-sea data grid of the of the important components for of an accurate site-dependent ocean tidal coefficient. We compare the ocean tide loading displacements calculated using different grid data. One of the site-dependent coefficients was calculated by the Ocean Tide Loading Provider maintained by the Onsala Space Observatory. was calculated using GOTIC2 software with the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data set, which provides 3 arc-second grid data all over the world. Differences between the ocean tide loading displacements in the two models were less than 1mm for the East-West component, +/-1mm for the North-South component, and +/-2mm for the vertical component. These differences are significant for the goal of 1mm target accuracy, demonstrating the importance of the right choice of coastline grid data. Here we will discuss what is necessary to become a GGOS core site. In addition, we show the progress on the experiment we are conducting jointly with Japanese VLBI stations to provide ultra-rapid EOP result. Generally, the crust materials have a various scale of the discontinuous property. Since the effect of the discontinuity can be described quantitatively by the non-interger property of the space (e.g., Fractal geometry), we consider the Green's function in the non-interger space. Especially, we take up the fractional Laplacian as follows: is the Riesz potential: the D grows larger, the problem becomes more local. This is a phenological interpretation of Eq. (3).Our conclusions are as follows: (1) In the discontinuous space such as a fault zone, the order of the fractional differentiation has a relationship with the number of the dimension of the space. (2) This relationship determines the concrete form of the distance dependency for the Green's function in the non-integer dimensional space. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) has been operating continuous GPS observation in the Asia-Pacific region and analyzing the data combined with IGS data obtained in the region. Purpose of the observation and analysis is to monitor crustal deformation in the region and establish regional reference frame consistent with ITRF. In order to establish analysis strategy for estimating enough stable coordinates for the purpose, we performed past data analysis and evaluate the stability of the estimated coordinate of the network composed of long baselines up to several thousand kilometers. This time series also includes gaps caused by events such as earthquakes. Therefore, we also evaluate detection capability of this analysis for crustal deformation. Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) is essential data for orbit control of an artificial satellite, space exploration or analysis of GPS data. Although the EOP values are calculated by international VLBI observations operated by International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS), IVS needs a lot of time (from several hours to several weeks) to obtain EOP values, because it takes a lot of time to process the VLBI data. Although we conduct some data analysis, we use the final solution of EOP which is calculated using the observed EOP values on VLBI observation. The final solution includes the prediction EOP values, of which


Jointless bridges have been used for bridges in the United States for years since the beginning of the National Interstate Highway System in 1950s. Through the intervening years, more and more states have utilized Jointless bridge construction in varying degrees establishing national standards and uniform design policy regarding bridge lengths, skews, details or design procedures. Many states since then have moved toward continuous bridges with jointless integral abutments and piers, as standard design and construction practice. Jointless bridge superstructures are constructed to work integrally with the abutments. Movements due to creep, shrinkage and temperature changes are accommodated by using flexible beatings or foundation and through incorporating relief joints at the ends of the approach slabs. In addition to reduced maintenance costs, other advantages of jointless bridges include improved structural integrity, reliability and redundancy, improved long-term serviceability, improved riding surface, reduced initial cost, and improved aesthetics. In recent times, jointless bridges have been built in seismically sensitive areas. This paper will attempt to capture the state-of-practice in the United States, but will lean toward practices favored by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) with its long history of continuous bridges in seismic regions. The design and construction practices, seismic design and detailing of jointless bridges have been addressed in this paper. Proceedings of the 11 US-Taiwan Bridge Engineering Workshop Taipei, Taiwan, October 20~21, 2016


The Congo and Amazon are the two largest rivers on Earth and serve as major sources of dissolved organic carbon to the ocean. We compared the dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition of both rivers using Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to investigate seasonal and regional differences in DOM composition exported to the ocean. We found that over a 15‐month observational period in the Congo River, molecular aromaticity and oxygenation between the wet and dry periods varied slightly, but most of the relative abundance of DOM formulae (∼90%) were present in all samples, suggesting that Congo River DOM quality is stable across different hydrological conditions. In contrast, the multi‐year DOM composition in the Amazon River was highly susceptible to changes in hydrology, with clear differences in molecular aromaticity, oxygenation, and heteroatom (N, S, P) content between the wet and dry seasons. Overall, the DOM composition of the Congo River was more terrestrial than Amazon River DOM, which was more characteristic of aquatic DOM. Finally, we compared the relative contribution of island of stability (IOS) formulae between the rivers and found that both rivers export similar amounts of these formulae annually, more than several major rivers combined, and that the Congo is more than twice as efficient in exporting these IOS formulae. With changing precipitation and land use, the quantity and composition of exported DOM will likely reflect the mobilization of additional terrestrial and anthropogenic sources that will also be subjected to downstream land‐to‐ocean cycling.


Purpose - Advancements in online discovery require academic librarians to develop new means of teaching and assessing information literacy, with an emphasis on having students employ critical thinking to evaluate sources. Design/methodology/approach - This conceptual paper analyzes how the threshold concept "format as a process" could be incorporated into information literacy instruction sessions which address web-scale discovery services and other online search tools. General guidelines for applying this concept are included, along with potential classroom activities and assessments. Findings - Format as a process provides a valuable framework for evaluating information, though librarians need to be mindful of how they present the concept to students. Instruction must be focused on fostering critical thinking skills, rather than how to perform tasks, and assessment must be qualitative in nature. Practical implications - These changes in online searching mean that information literacy programs will need to alter their approach to instruction and move beyond the "one shot" paradigm. Critical evaluation is a sustainable, lifelong skill which will continue to serve students after graduation, but developing that ability requires academic librarians to fulfill new roles in the classroom and on campus. Originality/value - The literature surrounding instruction of web-scale discovery is still limited, and does not incorporate the threshold concepts provided in ACRL's Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education . This paper concentrates on one such concept, as well as discusses how future concepts could be addressed.


In this paper, we explore urban cultural politics and policy-making in Austria through the conceptual lens of the arena. In relation to this, we apply the methodological toolbox of Adele CLARKE's situational analysis. With a focus on the dynamics of cultural political conflicts and negotiation, we analyze urban cultural policies and programming. A particular focus is placed on a city-wide cultural program in the city of Graz. Via interpretive analysis of interviews and situational mappings, we aim to analytically unpack the continuous and contingent processes of cultural political negotiation with conflictual consensus as a sensitizing concept. With this objective, our analytical engagement is situated at the intersection between radical democratic theory, referring mainly to Chantal MOUFFE and Oliver MARCHART on the one hand, and social worlds and arenas theory by Adele CLARKE on the other. We hope to contribute to a theoretically sensitized and empirically informed cultural policy research effort by operationalizing the notion of conflictuality in constellations of cultural political actors and negotiation processes in cultural policy-making.


In computer network research, it is often necessary to build running network application environments using simulations to perform network verification and investigate theoretical or engineering problems. With the development, software defined networking (SDN) can be combined with Docker container technology to build lightweight virtual networks with centralized control and high fidelity. Virtual networks built using Docker containers require fewer physical resources compared with virtual machine-based approaches, particularly for simulating large-scale network scenarios. There is an urgent requirement for a user traffic injection tool for Docker containerized virtual networks to facilitate experiments and performance evaluations for large-scale network data planes. Therefore, this paper proposes combining Python and Docker technology to build a network user traffic injection tool, to realize large-scale user traffic injection and user defined traffic generation, and implement effective traffic injection for Docker based virtual networks.


This article analyzes the role of social links on a community resilience and development, the study is presenting the rural community of Ambaro-Bekibo in southeastern coast of Madagascar. From the literature perspective, a resilient community is capable to organize itself so as to be able to overcome the various hazards or disasters which could strike, and then to continue to sustain and improve its daily life as well as its environment by weaving social tie and by focusing more on solidarity. In Madagascar, this social link known as "fihavanana" is the basis of life in a community. It expresses a relation of alliance between members of an extended family. The fihavanana can play a role of community insurance against risks and constitutes a means for the community to bringing intra-community resources based solutions to its problems which increases its resilience and generally its capabilities leading to the development. The results of Ambaro-Bekibo case study through the application of an approach based on a non-parametric method of indices, indicate that the community recorded an improvement of its capacities and consequently its resilience thanks to the existing social links such as material and financial mutual aid as well as between individuals within the community. The existence of a functioning community market, community attic, education and health structures, anthropological practices tending to strengthen knowledge and traditional knowledge, as well as environmental protection activities are also listed as significant factors of development of the community. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Review ISSN: 2582-6271 Vol.2 No.2; Mar-Apr 2021 https://ijaser.org Page 125


(1976). Observation Opinion and Obiter Dicta: Concepts of Management. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 204-205.


Equal volumes of blood from 4,112 blood cultures were inoculated into one Bactec Peds Plus bottle and one Roche Septi-Chek bottle. There were no significant differences in the recoveries of bloodstream pathogens. Initial detection occurred earlier with Bactec Peds Plus, while growth on solid media occurred earlier with Roche Septi-Chek.


In order to improve the intelligent service robot, the visual perception is a crucial. This paper presents the human detection for a service robot. The camera is installed at the robot by uprisen angle around 30 degree. Two feasible algorithms for the real-time detection between Haar cascade and Single Shot Detector (SSD) algorithm are compared. This research collects the training data as 1,000 images by the uprisen angle and the different views of the human, within 60 cm of user range. between a camera and human. The result shows that our proposed model of SSD method is higher performance than another by 0.933 of the average of IoU. Therefore, the proposed method is suitable to apply for the service robot.


Abstract Objective: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a periodic fever syndrome caused by MEFV mutations. FMF may be associated with psoriasis in some cases. The prevalence of psoriasis in the normal Turkish population is 0.42%. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of psoriasis among FMF patients and their relatives. Methods: FMF patients followed at Hacettepe University Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology Departments between January and August 2016 were included. FMF patients/their relatives were accepted to have psoriasis if the diagnosis was made by a dermatologist. Results: A total of 351 FMF patients (177 adults; 174 children) were included. The median (min–max) age of adult and pediatric patients was 35 (19–63) and 10 (2–18) years, respectively. Thirteen (3.7%) FMF patients (11 adults, 2 children) had psoriasis. Psoriasis was more common in adult than pediatric patients (p = 0.02). Psoriasis was present in 22 (12.4%) of adult and 9 (5.2%) of pediatric patients' relatives (p = 0.023). The frequency of psoriasis in ≥1 relatives of FMF patients was found to be 8.8%. Abdominal pain and fever were significantly higher, and arthralgia, arthritis, pleural chest pain, and pericarditis were significantly less frequent in the pediatric group than in adults (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Psoriasis was more common in FMF patients than in the normal population. Thus, FMF patients should be questioned and carefully examined for psoriasis lesions and psoriasis family history. Prospective multicenter studies may be important to find the incidence of psoriasis in FMF.


My current major is Social Psychology. This means that half of my classes are under the sociology department and the other half under the psychology department. When I tell people about my major, the usual reply is "Oh, that's interesting, what are you planning on doing with it?" My response to this is always, "I'm going to go to Grad School." Then I'll usually give a list of a few fields of graduate studies that I am interest in, and four or five things that I may end up doing with my possible future degree. I can't limit myself to one choice, and I think I am afraid of choosing a goal, for fear of not achieving it. I used to think that Sociology and Psychology were both just phony majors, full of information that was just commonsense, and for people who were bleeding hearts or who didn't know what they wanted to major in. Sociology and/or Psychology were never on my possible lists of majors during my senior year of high school. It was a difficult road that led me to this major, with the most salient events occurring in the past two years, but on a road that probably began as a young child. In this paper, using a framework informed by various sociological theories, I am going to investigate what caused me to choose Social Psychology as a major and explore the possibilities for my future career goals. In order to do this I must employ what C. Wright Mills has termed the Sociological Imagination. By this notion, Mills means the ability to relate one's own life with society as a whole, and the capacity to shift views from the personal to the public (348). To understand my choice in becoming a Social Psychology student and to determine my future educational goals, I will first look at what Mills has termed "troubles." Troubles happen "within the character of the individual and within the range of his immediate relations with others" (Mills 350). Troubles fall under the realm of microsociology, which is concerned with face-to-face encounters and the details of communication and human interaction (Wallace & Wolf 5). It is the microsociological connection that I will focus on during the first half of my paper. To begin to question and comprehend the reasons I have chosen Social Psychology and what I plan to do with my degree, I must first problematize it from a stranger's point of view, and look at my life as though I have no preconceptions of what it should be, suspending my "learned cultural notions" (Wallace and Wolf 262). These approaches were used by Harold Garfinkel, the founder of Ethnomethodology, as ways of explaining his methods. Ethnomethodology is people's ways of making sense of their social world (Wallace & Wolf, 269). Eth nomethodology is a type of research associated with Phenomenology. Phenomenology is interested in things that can be directly understood by one's senses (Wallace & Wolf 263) and "asks us not to take the notions we have learned for granted, but ... to question our way of looking at and our way of being in the world" (Wallace & Wolf 262). I need to look at my past experiences and problematize and understand them to question the place I am in today, and to figure out where I want to go in the future. I agree with the UMass Boston student Jennifer Kosmas that "If we can become aware of our own social constructions, then we can also break out of the self-destructive habits by knowing ourselves" (74). So if I gain awareness of what has led me here, I can begin to know myself and figure out the best path for my future. In her article titled, "The Roots of Procrastination: A Sociological Inquiry into Why I Wait Until Tomorrow," Kosmas analyzed her relationship with her father in order to get to the bottom of her procrastination problem. Similarly, in her essay titled, "Accepting Myself: Negotiating Self-Esteem and Conformity in Light of Sociological Theories," Sheerin Hosseini discussed her relationship with her parents in terms of her issues dealing with self-esteem. …


Hemangioblastomas occur both sporadically and in association with von Hippel-Lindau disease and are most common in the cerebellum and spinal cord; however, these tumors can occur anywhere within the nervous system. A rare but described location is along proximal cervical roots, which can present both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.1 We describe the multidisciplinary management of a particularly vascular hemangioblastoma receiving its blood supply directly from the V2 segment of the vertebral artery. Surgery without preoperative endovascular treatment could have resulted in significant morbidity for the patient.


Purpose In the county of Orebro, Sweden (275 000 inhabitants, prevalence of diabetes 30/0), photographic screening of diabetics below 70 years of age was performed from 1982. In July 1992 new routines were introduced according to Swedish recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy from November 1991. All diabetics from the age of 10 years are photographed at least every second year and as long as photoquality permits grading of retinopathy and any treatment is valuable for the patient. The purpose is to diagnose retinopathy at an early stage and prevent visual impairment by early lasertreatment.


Admired by many nations, the South African constitution and bill of rights are widely acknowledged as among the most progressive and inclusive in the world today. How did South Africa evolve from a country notorious for its human rights abuses to one that is today a leading light for other countries grappling with issues of oppression? With rare insight and intelligence, the editors of Legacy of freedom answer this question by selecting and presenting the most significant landmarks in the history of the African National Congress that contributed to shaping South Africa's future on the path to human dignity, equality and opportunity for all the people for South Africa. Central to the lasting legacy of the ANC, these seminal documents show how its long-established tradition of freedom has been grounded in human rights from the beginning. From the inspiration of the early leaders, such as Pixely Seme and Charlotte Maxeke, through the mass participation in the drafting of the Freedom Charter, to the negotiations over a new Constitution, this title records the ANC's unswerving commitment to the principles of human rights as the cornerstone of exemplary democratic government.


Human serum butyrylcholinesterase (Hu BChE) is currently under development as a prophylaxis that can protect soldiers from organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. Due to the high cost of production of this enzyme, recombinant Hu BChE is being produced in the milk of transgenic goats. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of endogenous cholinesterases (ChEs) in the milk of cow, goat, sheep, and pig to determine the suitability of goats for the production of recombinant Hu BChE. ChE activity was measured using acetyl‐, butyryl‐ and propionylthiocholine as substrates using the Ellman assay. Detectable levels of ChEs (2‐4 U/ml) were present in pig milk only. ChEs in milk from other animals were < 0.1 U/ml and could be detected following centrifugation and enrichment on a procainamide column only. ChE activity in milk varied with the number of pregnancy. ChE‐specific inhibitors were used to calculate the proportions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BChE activities. Milk from all four species contained predominantly BChE activity, varying from 100 % in pig to 55 % in sheep. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), produced against fetal bovine serum AChE that inhibit AChEs from ruminants only, were also used to confirm the identity of AChEs. Studies with MAbs showed that BChE activity in milk varied from 100 % in pig to 40 % in sheep. Taken together, these results support the choice of goat as the transgenic animal for the expression of recombinant Hu BChE.


History of the traditional stone constructions, which are called Masia, in Catalonia, Spain dates back to the middle ages. Most of the remains were built from the 17th century downward and continue to exist as dwellings in farm area and other buildings after renovation.This paper identifies the materials and construction methods of ancient Masia which are located at Fatxes area in Vandellos city, mainly focused on the masonry wall on the basis of the results from the interview with various professions, visual inspection and chemical analyses of the materials used in the objective Masia.


NO3-N in 600 soil samples was analyzed with Flow Injection Analysis(QuikChem FIA + 8000series).Determination of soil NO3-N with FIA increased analysis rate,decreased regents and samples usage significantly,compared with traditional methods.Its recovery was 95.06%~104.75%,RSD1%,and correlation reached 0.999 9.Its accuracy,precision,selectivity and sensitivity was high,and its operation was convenient.


The related fields of political science, public administration, and policy analysis sorely need a standard for evaluating the outcomes, management structures, and processes, programs, and policies. The appropriate standard for evaluation is the much-maligned and often forgotten concept of the public interest. We can assess the public interest by projecting and evaluating consequences in terms of agreed-upon values-values our common sense tells us rank highly in measuring the quality of people's lives. The agreed-upon consequences and the sometimes competing values must then be weighed in a structured and reasoned argument.


Thanks to their characteristic photophysical properties, lanthanide complexes are of great value in many fields. Especially, high‐purity green and red lights from Tb(III) and Eu(III) complexes are particularly suitable for displays, and near‐infrared (NIR) emissions from Nd(III), Er(III), and Yb(III) complexes have huge potential in night‐vision devices. Therefore, since shortly after the birth of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), electroluminescence studies on lanthanide complexes have attracted much attention. This review comprehensively summarizes advances in the electroluminescence study of all lanthanide complexes in the past 30 years, where the lanthanide complexes are basically classified according to their emission wavelengths, i.e., visible light, near‐infrared (NIR) light, and simultaneous visible and NIR light. On this basis, the challenges and opportunities faced by electroluminescence of lanthanide complexes are also discussed.


Phase synchronization results in distorted grid contain a certain amount of oscillations, failing to meet the requirement of high-performance grid-connected power converters. Moving Average Filter (MAF) and Delayed Signal Cancellation (DSC), as well as their derivations, i.e. Cascaded MAF (CMAF) and Cascaded DSC (CDSC), are main solutions to this problem. In this paper, the mathematical models of these methods are analyzed, and their improved versions, namely Periodical MAF (PMAF) and Periodical DSC (PDSC) are proposed, tackling the problems of conventional CMAF and CDSC in dealing with multiple harmonic components. Further comparisons are made between these methods, based on the dynamic performance, required data storage size, harmonics elimination and high-frequency noise suppression ability. A selection criterion for practical applications is established. Experiments results under different operating conditions are coherent with the analysis of these methods, and also confirmed the superiority of the proposed derivations.


A climate model resolving the seasonal cycle and the two horizontal dimensions was developed and applied to several problems of current interest. Models of this type are useful when for various reasons a general circulation model experiment is not warranted or not feasible. For example, in cases where the signal to natural variability is small it may be advantageous to first consider such a statistical dynamical model because extremely long runs may be necessary in the application. In this case the simpler statistical dynamical model serves as a pilot study device. The model developed is a thermodynamic model whose solution yields the equilibrium seasonal cycle for the surface temperature field over the globe. The model is essentially a statement of the conservation of heat energy for individual columns of the earth atmosphere system. Various terms such as the infrared radiation flux to space are parameterized with earth radiation budget data from satellites such as Nimbus 6. The primary agent modulating the seasonal cycle amplitude is the heat capacity per unit area which is a strong function of surface type -- ocean surface can store 60 times more heat per unit time than land. By adjusting its few empirical parameters the model can be brought into remarkable agreement with the observed seasonal cycle. The model is then very useful for looking at the dependence of the seasonal cycle of the temperature on such externally defined variables as the Earth's orbital elements (eccentricity, tilt, precession of equinoxes) or the configuration of land-sea geography which can be changed by continental drift.


Mitochondria are involved in key cellular functions including energy production, metabolic homeostasis and apoptosis. Normal mitochondrial function is preserved by several interrelated mechanisms. One mechanism ‐ intramitochondrial quality control (IMQC) is represented by conserved proteases distributed across mitochondrial compartments. Many aspects of IMQC are unclear. Together with the m‐AAA protease, OMA1 (ATP‐independent protease in the inner membrane (IM)) was implicated in depolarization‐induced cleavage of IM GTPase OPA1 and thus regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in response to stress. Genetic knockout of OMA1 in the mouse altered energy expenditure and thermogenesis. These defects were attributed to the impeded stress processing of OPA1.


This study evaluates the effect of four randomized interventions aimed at strengthening school committees, and subsequently improving learning outcomes, in public primary schools in Indonesia.


We follow a method introduced by Ziv and Zakai for finding 'informational' lower bounds on delay constrained joint source-channel coding. Their method uses the data processing theorem for generalized measures of information. We introduce the use of Renyi's information of order alpha in their framework, and use high-resolution approximations to find its rate distortion function for a source that possesses a smooth distribution with rth-power distortion. This allows us to present two new lower bounds, one on the distortion in fixed rate vector quantization, and the other on the transmission through low-dimensional modulo-lattice additive noise channels.


The paper describes a laboratory equipment developed for designing digital systems based on programmable logic devices. The presented hardware was made in the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics of Warsaw University of Technology. The article discusses the features of the presented equipment arising due to applied logic device FLEX10K70 and peripheral devices. Finally, some exercises which can be realized on the proposed laboratory stand are presented.


In "classical" testing approaches, "learning" is said to occur if testers dynamically improve the efficiency of their testing as they progress through a testing phase. However, the pressures of modern business and software development practices seem to favor an approach to testing which is very akin to a "sampling without replacement" of a relatively limited number of pre-determined structures and functions conducted under significant schedule and resource constraints. The primary driver is often the desire to "cover" ONLY previously "untested" functions, operations or code constructs, and to meet milestones. We develop and evaluate a model that describes the fault detection and removal process in such an environment. Results indicate that in environments where "coverage" based testing is promoted, but resources and decisions are constrained, very little dynamic "learning" takes place, and that it may be an artifact of program structure or of the test case sequencing policy.


The invention provides a high-voltage light-emitting diode lighting device which comprises a driving device and a high-voltage light-emitting diode assembly for lighting. The driving device comprises a rectifier bridge and a constant current diode, the rectifier bridge is used for rectifying alternating current, the constant current diode is coupled with the rectifier bridge to output constant current, and the constant current outputted by the constant current diode flows into the high-voltage light-emitting diode assembly. The driving device is simple in structure, small in size and constant in outputted current.


Recently, there is a growing demand for medicinal plants in Industry and also in traditional formulations. However, identification of species from the adulterants is posing a great challenge today. Since, morphological features of medicinal plants are often not intact in the raw drugs. The use of marker chemical compound is also limited, because the bioactive constituents are affected by various other factors. Hence, development of DNA based markers is essential for proper authentication and standardization of herbal preparations. These markers are more reliable, unique, independent of age, physiological and environmental factors. Therefore, the present study of RAPD analysis was undertaken to develop molecular markers for authentication of Embelia ribes


: L ipoma is a fatty tissue that appears as a slow-growing mass and they not cause serious symptoms, depending on its size and location. L ipomas can be present in any part of the body rich in adipose tissues such as thigh, shoulder, trunk , etc., although they are usually appear in a small mass. T his paper presents the case report of a 49-year-old patient with a giant lipoma in the right thigh for 7 years focusing on its location, size and surgical treatment.


Carrier-0perated-Devices-t in the latter case the Codan silences the audio output from the receiver. The definition of a lluseful signal11 depends on the purpose of the receiver. lh many'cases it is possible to convey informatian by signals with a signal-to-noise ratio of unity or less. The Codan to be discussed is of the type which will operate with signals which are ndom ig the noise .n The paper begins with a discussion of an tlideallf Codan and points out the practical difficulty associated with such a device? Earlier forms of Codan are examined and it is shown that they have not always worked in the manner described. A new approach to the problem is presented and it ics shm that the older .form of Codan can be made to operate in a satisfactory manner by the addition of a delay line. It should be noted at the outset that the type of Codan considered is one whioh operates at a predetermined signal-to-noise ratio irrespective of the actual strength of the signal. This fom of Codan should not be confused with other forms of muting or squelch circuits which are usually controlled in some manner from the receiver a.g.c. circuit and normally incorporate a threshold control.


T HE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA aims at bringing into a common organisation all scholars devoting themselves to the study of some aspect of the Middle Ages. It is, therefore, a society of specialists, for to the outsider mediaeval study is in itself a specialised field. Yet all of us who seek to make a permanent contribution to knowledge cannot hope to attain our purpose, if we take the whole of mediaeval life as our province. The outlook is too vast, the ground to be covered indeed enormous. We are, therefore, compelled to further specialisation within our special subject. And the more deeply we delve into our own particular patch of knowledge, the more completely we become engulfed in it and, therefore, indifferent to the labors of workers in adjacent fields. In the long run each specialist tends to erect round himself a thick hedge of incuriousness that blocks his fellow workers out of vision. It is useless to complain of such a process. It is the condition precedent to the advance of science. Yet it is an evil thing for all that, for knowledge is not really split up into water-tight compartments. We can properly appreciate our own particular work only if we bring it into relation with the work of those who are dealing with closely allied studies. To establish easily such relations, the workers on adjoining fields must meet together, compare notes, put into plain language the general results of their investigations, and set up, so to say, a clearing-


This brief discusses the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to manage the operation and improve the performance of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) based on Sigma-Delta Modulators (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Ms). The reconfigurable nature of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Ms can be enhanced by AI algorithms in order to adapt the specifications of ADCs to diverse input signal requirements, environment interferences, noise levels, battery status, etc. A high degree of programmability is required, which demands for scaling-friendly, mostly-digital analog circuit techniques as well as suitable topologies of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to implement the AI engine. Moreover, the practical implementation of AI-assisted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Ms requires to adopt diverse design strategies – from the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> architecture itself to AI modules and circuit building blocks – which are overviewed in this brief. As an application and case study, an ANN-assisted ADC for Software-Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio (CR) is considered. The system is based on the use of a widely-tunable Band-Pass (BP)- <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and an ANN is used to predict the occupancy of frequency bands and modify the notch frequency of the BP- <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> accordingly.


We first show that the real version of the discrete Fourier transform (called RDFT) can be characterized in the framework of polynomial algebras just as the DFT and the discrete cosine and sine transforms. Then, we use this connection to algebraically derive a general radix Cooley-Tukey type algorithm for the RDFT The algorithm has a similar structure as its complex counterpart, but there are also important differences, which are exhibited by our Kronecker product style presentation. In particular, the RDFT is decomposed into smaller RDFTs but also other auxiliary transforms, which we then decompose by their own Cooley-Tukey type algorithms to obtain a full recursive algorithm for the RDFT


A problem of electronic correlations is considered for two specific mesoscopic systems: the quantum point contact (QPC) and the double quantum dot (2QD) system. The systems are described using a generalized Anderson Hamiltonian. We show that charge fluctuations are relevant for electronic transport. In the QPC a local accumulation of charge and the dynamical Coulomb blockade effect lead to the 0.7 structure in the conductance characteristics. The evolution of the conductance with a magnetic field and in non-equilibrium situations is presented as well. The double quantum dot is studied in the approach, in which correlations within the 2QD are treated exactly, whereas the coupling of the 2QD to the leads is considered in the approximation valid at temperatures above the Kondo temperature. We analyse the evolution of the gate voltage dependence of the spin correlation functions and the conductance with the change of the interdot hopping. For the hopping parameter greater than a threshold value of the on-dot repulsion the physics of the device is dominated by the ground state eigenstates of the 2QD and antiferromagnetic correlations in the case of the doubly occupied 2QD. With a decrease of the interdot hopping repulsion below the threshold we observe a significant reduction of the antiferromagnetic coupling between the dots together with an enhanced occupation of the triplet states.


Different to Kurzban et al., we conceptualize the experience of mental effort as the subjective costs of goal pursuit (i.e., the amount of invested resources relative to the amount of available resources). Rather than being an output of computations that compare costs and benefits of the target and competing goals, effort enters these computations as an input.


In 2015, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standardization Association made some controversial changes to its patent policy. The changes include a recommended method of calculation of FRAND royalty rates, and a request to members holding a standard-essential patent to forego their right to seek an injunction except under limited circumstances. The updated policy was adopted by the IEEE Board of Directors after obtaining a favourable Business Review Letter by the US Department of Justice, which found any potential competitive harm from the policy to be outweighed by potential pro-competitive benefits. In this paper, we examine whether the same favourable conclusion would be reached under EU competition analysis. After discussing the role of patent policies of standard-setting organizations and the rules and principles applicable to the IEEE's activities, the paper concludes that standardization agreements based on the updated policy may constitute a violation of article 101 TFEU.


The analysis of enhanced oil recovery using surfactants is presented here. Surfactants lower the surface tension between oil and water and hence the capillary resistance to flow. The mathematical description of this problem requires modelling of multi‐phase flow in a porous medium. A pressure‐based formulation has been used in the present study. The governing partial differential equations have been solved by a finite difference method. Both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian (shear thinning) behaviour of oil are considered. Results clearly show an improvement in oil recovery in the presence of surfactants. A study of the ideal case where surface tension is reduced to zero shows that oil recovery can be very high.


Synthesis Essay: Journalism's Crusading 1970sWatergate's Legacy and the Press: The Investigative Impulse. Jon Marshall. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011. 336 pp. $24.95 pbk.Beyond the Killing Fields: War Writings. Sydney Schanberg. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2010. 242 pp. $27.50 hbk.In the gripping final scene of All the President's Men, the Hollywood version of Watergate, the two young reporters who broke the story are told that nothing is riding on their investigation except for "the First Amendment to the Constitution, freedom of the press and maybe the future of the country." Journalism in the 1970s remains a perfect teaching moment for brave, dogged reporting that helped shape America's direction.Both of these books forcefully document its history-one by surveying the origins and possible future of the kind of investigative journalism of which the Washington Post's Watergate stories were a paragon and the other by putting together a compilation of writings from one of the hardest-hitting war correspondents of the era.Jon Marshall's history of investigative journalism is another gem in the growing Visions of the American Press series by the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern, and it is an eminently readable option for a textbook in undergraduate or graduate classes about the history of American journalism. Famed Vietnam correspondent Sydney Schanberg's collection, centered on his 1970s articles from South Asia, makes for a page-turning read that anyone interested in war and media would find hard to put down. Read together today, when the media landscape seems dominated by all the non-public-affairs news that's fit to post, these two volumes offer a powerful snapshot of what journalism in the public interest can accomplish.One of the main strengths of Marshall's book is that it traces the history of "the investigative impulse" from colonial news sheets to ProPublica, weaving in relevant aspects of changing journalism practices, structures, and sociopolitical pressures across more than three centuries. Marshall's central argument is a sad paradox- Watergate might have been both the apex and the undoing of the kind of reporting that hinges on shining a spotlight on disturbing information that someone has tried very hard to keep hidden. And it is precisely that kind of reporting that has buttressed the role of a free press in a democracy.Marshall, a former reporter and columnist who now teaches news writing at Northwestern University, starts his chronological narrative in the 1600s, when American protojournalists were busy ferreting out information that colonial administrators wanted the public to ignore. As the concept of original reporting and the interview developed in the first half of the nineteenth century, penny press journalists pursued cover-ups in everything from the milk industry to brothels.Pulling together threads from a rich literature in investigative journalism, Marshall shows how, at the turn of the twentieth century, national magazines took up investigating with a vengeance, earning the nickname of muckrakers while spurring government reforms of corporate giants such as those in the oil and meatpacking industries. The world wars ushered in major press restrictions and increasingly sophisticated public relations operations, and the journalism establishment put controversial digging on hold under the veneer of expert objectivity.Outside the mainstream, however, the tradition continued. The Investigative Impulse helpfully reminds readers that advances in journalism history were not carried only by heavyweights like the Washington Post but also by small underground publications, ethnic presses like the African American newspapers, and countercultural outlets that never benefited from large budgets or institutional prestige.While the book focuses on print, Marshall does not neglect other media, such as television in the 1950s, where Edward R. …


Plebejus argyrognomon is one of the grassland‐dwelling butterflies undergoing rapid decline in recent decades. Grassland habitats for butterflies are generally threatened by fragmentation and invasive species, hence are among the most vulnerable ecosystems. We studied the seasonal abundance of P. argyrognomon at habitat patches along the banks of the Kinugawa River in eastern Japan, to identify environmental factors suitable for population persistence of this species, including habitat patch connectivity. Results showed that the patch's host plant cover had a positive effect on abundance in all three seasons, while the shading of the host plants by surrounding non‐host plants and nearby forested area showed negative effects. Additionally, habitat patch connectivity and nectar richness could be considered as positive factors in autumn and summer, respectively. Analysis of habitat connectivity also showed that the Kinugawa River did not appear to act as a dispersal barrier for P. argyrognomon. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding environmental factors that may vary among seasons, and such understanding could contribute to habitat management of multivoltine butterflies in fragmented landscapes.


Wireless communication networks are critical in today's culture. Wireless technology is now widely employed in both commercial and military sectors, such as remote terminals, laptop devices, cellular communications, satellite navigation, and vehicular communication, among others. An antenna is a critical component of any wireless communication system. Extensive efforts are now being made to build a multi - radio on a single module to address a wide range of wireless services. As a result, microstrip antennas are the most common alternative for these multi-radios due to advantages such as simple feeding, planarity, quick fabrication, low complexity, lightweight, mechanical resilience, and ease of integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. This research paper concentrates on a movable microstrip patch antenna for multiplatform wireless communication. A microstrip antenna with twin pentagon slots was devised in this work. As part of this research, a microstrip antenna was designed, simulated, analyzed, and measured. CST studio software was used to run simulations in these circumstances. All of these results of the designed antenna provide the exceptional performance necessary for wireless communication applications.


This paper addresses the issue of accommodating security requirements in application development. It proposes the use of ontologies for capturing and depicting the security experts' knowledge. In this way developers can exploit security expertise in order to make design choices that help them fulfil security requirements more effectively. We have developed a security ontology for two different application scenarios to illustrate its use. To validate the ontology we have used queries.


The mutual exclusion problem is a problem of arbitrating access conflicts for resources. The problem has been considered as a fundamental problem in computer science and extensively studied from the first minute operating systems started providing multi-tasking or multi-programming feature. Recently, a large number of computers are connected to a computer network. Such a system is called a distributed system . In a distributed system, several processes do their jobs by communicating with other processes on remote computers. When they share resources, processes may request the same resource at the same time. If the resource requires mutually exclusive access, then some regulation is needed to access it. This is the distributed mutual exclusion problem . Most of previous works for the distributed mutual exclusion problem treat the case in which only one resource exists in a distributed system. This model may be suitable for modeling, e.g., access control of a distributed database. However, there are other cases in which more than one identical resources exist in a distributed system. The problem of arbitrating identical k resources is called the distributed k-mutual exclusion problem . Distributed systems consist of many components such as computers and communication links. In general, the probability that all components are simultaneously in operational is smaller than the probability that a component is in operational. This implies that when we design a distributed system, we should expect that some components may fail. Fault tolerance is therefore regarded as one of the most important issues in designing distributed systems. Unlike parallel computers, distributed systems are loosely coupled, so that it is easy to add redundant components to increase the availability of distributed systems in such a way that even if several computers and/or communication links may fail, the rest of system is still in operational and alive components work correctly. This dissertation investigates the distributed k-mutual exclusion problems. We discuss two approaches:the coterie approachand the self-stabilization approach . In Chapter 1, we give a general introduction to the distributed k-mutual exclusion problem, and address the objectives of this dissertation. Part I contains the coterie approach. The concept of coterie is introduced to reduce the number of messages a process to enter a critical section and to increase the availability of systems. In Chapter 2, we give an introduction to the coterie-based distributed mutual exclusion and introduce the concept of k-coterieas an extension of coterie. In Chapter 3, the availability of k-coterie is investigated. In Chapter 4, a distributed k-mutual exclusion algorithm using k-coterie is proposed and its correctness


Field gelogical work and analysis of the regional paleostress field indicate that the Chaohu-Tongling fault experienced two stages of movement.Produced by compression of NW-SE direction,the Chaohu-Tongling fault experienced first stage of sinistral strike-slip movement in the Late Indosinian,which closely correlated with the formation of the west edge of the Wuwei basin.Suffering from compression of nearly E to W direction since the Middle Eocene and being coupled with the resistance of Dabie prominence,the Chaohu-Tongling fault had involved in dextral strike-slip movement,which contributed to the development of depth of the Wuwei basin.


Ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating in the two-ion hybrid resonance regime is numerically studied and the results are compared with those of the heating experiments on the JET tokamak. The kinetic one-dimensional analysis of the ICRF wave is coupled with the anisotropic Fokker-Planck equation and the one-dimensional transport code, Spatial transport coefficients are inferred from those of the drift wave model and a phenomenological internal disruption is introduced. Calculated power deposition profiles agree well with experimental results. Degradation of confinement with increasing heating power, profile modification due to the off-axis heatinq and heat pulse propagation after the internal disruption are well reproduced by our simulation model.


The lobeline alkaloids are generally piperidines with side chains on 2-and 6-posi-tions. Lobelanine Ⅱ, norlobelanine Ⅲ, lobelanidine Ⅳ, norlobelanidine Ⅴ were synthesized, also 2, 6-diacetonylpiperidine Ⅵ and 2-acetonyl-6-benzoylmethylpiperidine Ⅶ were obtained.In order to synthesize lobelanonoline Ⅹ Ⅲ, ⅩⅠ was reacted with benzaldehyde and phenyllithium was used as catalyst the ketal ⅩⅥ was formed. This is a new phenomenon. When Ⅹ was reacted with benzaldehpde and sodamide was used as catalyst, benzaldehyde was converted to benzamide. By the biological tests on rats, Ⅲ and Ⅴ showed good exited effects to the respiratory central system.


Powder metallurgy (P/M) Ti–6Al–4V alloy was produced by hot isostatic pressing from pre-alloyed powder in the present investigation. Electron beam welding (EBW) was used for butt joint of P/M Ti–6Al–4V sheets. Microstructure and tensile properties of P/M Ti–6Al–4V welded joint were studied. The results showed that the microstructure of the welded joint had a significant change due to the rapid cooling rate during the EBW process. The microhardness of the fusion zone was higher than that of other areas due to the occurrence of α' martensitic phase. The joint performance (tensile strength) was equal to that of weld matrix, and all of the tensile specimens failed in the base metal. For practical application of P/M Ti-based alloys, the ductility, strength and welding properties of materials could be optimized by proper microstructural design.


The preparation of a scientific paper has less to do with literary skill than with organization (Lang, 1987). Authors of biomedical manuscripts want to organize each manuscript so that readers will be able to follow a sequence of events and understand the message. The editor (or the peer reviewer) of a biomedical manuscript reads it to discern (among other things) whether the author has organized the manuscript successfully and, if not, whether a specific rearrangement might make the manuscript more understandable to readers. Readers of a biomedical paper are usually physicians or scientists; they read a paper because they are interested in the message. If a paper is difficult to follow, such readers probably will not be interested in trying to understand it. In some cases, they will read the abstract, but seldom will that be enough to present the author's conclusions effectively. For the manuscript to be effective, it must be written with a specific plan in mind. The organization of a medical or scientific paper mirrors the sequence of events detailed and discussed in the paper. The author-researcher begins by asking a question (in the Introduction), then undertakes the activities required to find an answer (described in the Materials and Methods), obtains and compiles the data (described in the Results), and answers the question (in the Discussion). Other important elements of the biomedical paper that require specific organization include the title and references. This chapter will briefly discuss each of these elements. Writing the abstract is covered in this book (see "Writing Abstracts," p. 92), and determining authorship is discussed in a chapter in Essays for Biomedical Communicators: Volume 2 of Selected AMWA Workshops (Witte, 1997).


Permannent magnet synchronous motor is widely used in the field of motor.In the sensorless vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor,it is necessary to accurately detect the rotor position and speed.Motor parameters such as inductance,resistance and so on will change with the operation of the motor,will cause adverse effects on the detection of rotor position.In order to improve the accuracy of detection of rotor position,a model reference adaptive algorithm based on parameter identification is designed.Firstly,the parameters of the motor are identified online by Forgetting Factor Recurisive Least-squares Algorithm,and then the result are fed back to the system. Finally, this algorithms was proved with simulink Simulation results show that this algorithms can overcome the adverse effect of the change of motor parameters and it has superior capability.


Approach to an infant with jaundice and persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinemia includes several pediatric investigations with a different spectrum of invasiveness ranging from clinical biochemistry to liver biopsy. The broad and intense level of investigation needs to be set up soon to exclude surgical conditions that would prompt the child to a beneficial at least temporary solution. Paucity of the interlobular bile ducts (PIBD) is defined as a low ratio of interlobular bile ducts to portal tract ratios. However, obtaining adequate tissue for a definitive diagnosis can be a problem in young children. The interlobular bile duct to portal tract ratio is a value that has been considered differently from several authors, but major consensus and discussion platforms among pathologists and hepatologists seem indicate a cut-off value of 0.6 as highly likely for PIBD. PIBD may occur in a non-syndromic setting with various conditions or in genetic syndromes with a peculiar association with simple or complex congenital heart disease. Two wellestablished syndromes have been identified as genetic syndromes with a PIBD, although the list of the syndromes may be growing in the future. The first syndrome described in the literature is Alagille syndrome (AGS) or arteriohepatic dysplasia with pulmonary stenosis as the most common cardiac single finding and tetralogy of Fallot as the most common complex cardiac defect. Alagille syndrome can be caused by either mutation in the Jagged-1 gene (JAG1) mutation or in the NOTCH2 gene (Bauer et al. 2010). The second syndrome is Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), which is a neurodevelopmental disorder with supravalvular aortic or pulmonary stenosis. The WBS is associated with a microdeletion within the 7q11.23 chromosomal band, which encompasses 28 genes and specific low copy repeats serve as substrate for non-allelic homologous recombination leading to the deletion. The most common deletion, which occurs in about 95% of cases, involves a 1.5 megabase DNA segment (Henrichsen et al. 2011). Interestingly, in both genetic syndromes an abnormality of the outlet tract of the ventricular pump of the heart represents one of the most salient feature.


This study aims to analyze the value of the density of marine debris, perceptions and participation in Temberan beach and Pasir Padi beach, as well as determine the relationship of perception and participation to the density of marine debris. This research is a type of research that is descriptive with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative). The study was conducted at Temberan beach in Bangka Regency and Pasir Pasir Beach Pangkal Pinang in October 2019. The sampling technique used was random sampling and purposive sampling. The data collection technique was carried out using observation technique namely sampling and questionnaire. The validity test uses the Pearson Product Moment formula and the reliability test uses the Cronbach's Alpha formula. The results showed that the density of debris in the Temberan beach was more dominant at 10.92 pieces/meter2, while at Temberan beach 3 pieces/meter2. The results of perception and participation are different, with the Temberan beach occupying more complex waste problems. The relationship of perception and participation in the density of marine debris have a relationship that affects each other.


for ovarian cancer testing. We will continue to post all raw data, the exact methods, and the results of the blinded trial(s) for public scrutiny. These are very important times for biomarker discovery and validation. In keeping with the National Cancer Institute Director's 2015 challenge, effective biomarkers for early detection, risk stratification, and monitoring can save lives and reduce suffering.


can now foresee the day when no further use of these powers will be necessary. But it has become apparent that the effective com¬ pletion of reconversion will, in a few instances, require the con¬ tinued use of powers granted by the second war powers act after March 31, 1947, the expiration date of this law. I stated to the Congress in my recent State of the Union message that after the termination of hos¬ tilities was proclaimed on Dec. 31, 1946, there were two groups of temporary laws that still re¬ mained, namely, those which were to last during the "emergency" and those which were to continue until the "termination of the war." The study of these two groups of laws is proceeding and I shall submit recommendations on them in the near future. i


It has been done a research to determine the solar thermal collector efficiency of the flat plate collector. The testing of the collector was conducted on 30th November 2005, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th December 2005 with the variation of distance between one glass covers were varied from 3 cm, 6 cm, and 9 cm; and with inclination angle variation of collector from 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°. Solar thermal collectors absorb the radiant energy from the sun and convert it to heat between the bottom glass cover and absorbing plates in the collector. Parameters which influence on the collector performance include distance between plate collector with glass covers and the inclination angle. It was found that the difference between output-input temperatures is the highest on a distance of 3 cm and inclination angle of 10°. This is influenced that inclination angle 10° more close to zenith angle. The solar thermal collector efficiency is not a constant; The solar collector efficiency depends on solar radiation intensity, input-output temperature difference and air flow. The smaller the inclination angle of solar collector, the higher the absorption radiation. If inclination angle of collector same with zenith angle, so the absorption radiation will maximum.


With the wide application of electric load management information system (ELMIS),the installation quantity of terminal units is growing and the malfunction probability is increasing simutaneously. Combined with the example of ELMIS terminal malfunction disposal in Panzhihua electric power bureau, the article analyzes the common terminal malfunction.


So far quasi-steady models are usually used to design magnetorheological (MR) dampers, but these models are not sufficient to describe the MR damper behavior under unsteady dynamic loading, for fluid inertia is neglected in quasi-steady models, which will bring more error between computer simulation and experimental results. Under unsteady flow model, the fluid inertia terms will bring error calculated upto 10%, so it is necessary to be considered in the governing equation. In this paper, force-stroke behavior of MR damper with flow mode due to sinusoidal loading excitation is mainly investigated, to simplify the analysis, the one-dimensional axisymmetric annular duct geometry of MR dampers is approximated as a rectangular duct. The rectangular duct can be divided into 3 regions for the velocity profile of the incompressible MR fluid flow, in each region, a partial differential equation is composed of by Navier-Stokes equations, boundary conditions and initial conditions to determine the velocity solution. In addition, in this work, not only Bingham plastic model but the Herschel—Bulkley model is adopted to analyze the MR damper performance. The damping force resulting from the pressure drop of unsteady MR dampers can be obtained and used to design or size MR dampers. Compared with the quasi-steady flow damping force, the damping force of unsteady MR dampers is more close to practice, particularly for the high-speed unsteady movement of MR dampers.


With the significant advances in mobile computing technology, there is an increasing demand for various mobile applications to process transactions in a real-time fashion. When remote data access is considered in a mobile environment, data access delay becomes one of the most serious problems in meeting transaction deadlines. In this paper, we propose a multi-version data model and adopt the relative consistency as the correctness criterion for processing of real-time transactions in a mobile environment. The purpose is to reduce the impacts of unpredictable and unreliable mobile network on processing of the real-time transactions. Under the proposed model, the overheads for concurrency control can be significantly reduced, and the data availability is much enhanced even under network failures. A real-time transaction may access stale data, provided that they are relatively consistent with the data accessed by the transaction, and the staleness of the data is within the requirements. An image transaction model, which pre-fetches multiple data versions at fixed hosts, is proposed to reduce the data access delay and to simplify the management of the real-time transactions in a mobile environment. The image transaction model also helps in reducing the transaction-restart overheads and minimizing the impacts of the unpredictable performance of mobile network on transaction executions.


Coal miners have long been recognised to be at increased risk for several forms of pneumoconioses, including macules, nodules, progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) and silicosis, as well as for other chronic lung diseases (Kleinerman et al., 1979). Although focal emphysema is recognised as an integral part of the lesion of simple CWP (Kleinerman et al., 1979), the relationship between coal mining and disabling emphysema is an issue that still sparks considerable scientific debate and controversy (Hurley and Soutar, 1986; Gee and Morgan, 1979; Seaton, 1990). In this study we examine the relationship between severity of emphysema and years of employment in underground coal mining, years smoked, retained dust in the lung, and CWP. Our findings show a positive association between coal mining, and emphysema and are similar to previously reported autopsy studies from Europe and Australia (Ruckley et al., 1984; Leigh et al., 1994; Lyons et al., 1981; Cockcroftera/., 1982).


From the perspective of history and culture,this article analyzes the Japanese tea ceremony and the formation process of its thinking,and the space form of tea room architecture under the guidance of the thinking as well.Meanwhile the aesthetic value of the tearooms building is analyzed.From the far-reaching impact of the Japanese tea ceremony thinking and combination mode of tearoom building space upon Japanese contemporary architecture,it explores how to comprehend and use traditional Chinese philosophy and architecture connotation to realize the revival of traditional Chinese architecture.


The invention relates to a key management method which is an enhanced RSNA four-stage handshake protocol, which comprises the following steps: step 1, an authenticator adds a key negotiation ID (KNID) and a message integrity code (MIC) to a message (1) and then sends the message to a requester; step 2, the requester receives the message (1) and then checks whether the MIC character field container therein is correct, if incorrect, the requester directly discard the message, otherwise performs other checks, and sends a message (2) to the authenticator after the check succeeds; step 3, the authenticator checks the message (2) after reception and sends a message (3) to the requester after the check succeeds; step 4, the requester checks the message (3) after reception and sends a message (4) to the authenticator after the check succeeds; step 5, the authenticator checks the message (4) after reception, if the check succeeds, the four-stage handshake protocol is completed, and the authenticator and the requester reach an agreement after negotiation to produce a unicast temporal key (UTK) and obtain the group multicast master key (GMK) of the other party. The invention solves the DoS attack problem of the key management protocol in the existing RSNA security mechanism.


The genetics of resistance to green leafhopper, [Nephotettix virescens (Distant.)] was studied in four pre-release green leafhopper resistant rice varieties viz., IET 12356 (RP 2432-98-6-3), IET 13268 (HKR 91–102), IET 15359 (SPT 6858), IET 15120 (CRM 47). The parental lines, F1s and F2 populations derived from the crosses of resistant varieties with the susceptible variety, TN1 or Phalguna or Sona and inter crosses among resistant varieties were screened against Indian population of green leafhopper in greenhouse at Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad. The inheritance of resistance suggested that two dominant complementary genes governed resistance in IET 13268, a single recessive gene in IET 15359, two recessive genes in IET 15120 and a single dominant gene in IET 12356. The single dominant gene of IET 12356 was allelic to Glh 6 in IR 64.


Germ cell tumors have been associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, mainly encephalitis, and its treatment with peripheral neuropathy. We present a 41-year-old male treated with chemotherapy for a germ cell tumor who developed a Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acute demyelinating neuropathy. This is the first case of Guillain-Barré potentially related to a germ cell tumor described in the literature to date.


Introduction. Research on the health status of workers in various sectors of the economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) shows an increase in premature mortality of people of working age in the workplace from general diseases. A few works on this topic are devoted to determining the damage that this causes to the economy in territorial and sectoral terms. A new aspect of the study is the economic assessment of losses from deaths that are sudden in nature, occur in the workplace, and are classified in the investigation as an accident not related to production. The aim of the study is to perform an economic assessment of the damage caused by sudden death in the workplace due to industrial accidents with a fatal outcome from general diseases in organizations of the leading sectors of the economy of the RB. Materials and methods . The economic assessment of the damage caused by sudden death in the workplace due to total diseases among employees in the leading sectors of the economy of the RB is based on the following data: the average annual number of employees in the economy by type of economic activity (TEA); gross regional product in basic prices; the average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of foreign trade organizations; the number of fatalities in the workplace due to total diseases; the number of working years lost due to the occurrence of an employee's premature death. Damage in the context of the leading sectors of the region's economy, as well as the total amount of damage for 2014-2018 were calculated in a tabular way. The results were processed using the MS Excel package. Results. The greatest damage from industrial accidents with fatal results from total diseases was observed in the manufacturing industry. For 2017-2018, the amount of damage in terms of under-produced gross regional product in the leading sectors of the economy amounted to 102.37 million rubles. The total amount of economic damage for 2014-2018, calculated on the basis of the average monthly nominal accrued wages, for all foreign trade activities amounted to 231.574 million rubles. According to this indicator, the amount of damage from industrial accidents with a fatal outcome from total diseases increased from 35.233 million rubles (2014) to 63.793 million rubles (2018), i.e. by 1.8 times. Conclusions. To reduce the amount of economic damage and prevent labor losses, measures to prevent sudden deaths from total diseases in the workplace, especially in enterprises with a high value of this indicator, have the greatest effect. The data obtained can be used in planning investments in prevention programs to prevent and reduce the risk of sudden death from general diseases in the workplace.


Background: There are no internationally agreed recommendations on compositional requirements of follow-up formula for young children (FUF-YC) aged 1–3 years. Aim: The aim of the study is to propose international composi


Abstract: The inaccuracy on the unguided rockets impact can be caused by many factors, like initial conditions perturbations as a small displacement of the firing pods between two launches due to its oscillations. As a consequence, all those parameters have to be taken into account in order to obtain an efficacy firing. This paper will focus on the unguided rocket effectiveness. Using the physical model for the trajectory, we will study the accuracy of the unguided rocket through a statistical analysis and several target models.


Mangrove, as one of the most unique ecosystems, is a great natural resource potential with high productivity and biodiversity able to adapt to harsh areas between the sea and coast. Its destruction rate is very mild as it is estimated to 1% each year (Ong et al., 1991) and 0.7-3% per year (Pedleton et al., 2012). The destruction of mangrove is usually related with human population density (Alongi, 2002). Widespread mangrove destruction affects the loss of biodiversity and other resources and the functioning of the ecosystem. The huge potential of mangrove must be preserved by managing, maintaining and providing costs to protect and improve ecosystems. This study aims to measure Kuala Langsa community members' willingness to pay for the preservation and repairationof degrading mangrove. To achieve this goal, Contingent valuation methods was used in this study. Of the 131 respondents involved in this study, 112 or 85.496%  are willing to pay for the preservation of mangrove. While those unwilling to pay account for 19 or 4.504% . WTP with the households 669 earned by  is Rp 18,821,512,200/month or Rp 225,858,146,400/year.


This paper is directed at the problem of designing a set of stabilizing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for each decoupled subsystem of a multi-input multi-output system based on PID stabilization theorem [1]. It is well known that state interconnection terms of i th subsystem are arising out of N-interconnected subsystem dynamics can be treated as perturbation acting on that subsystem. An LMI optimization problem is formulated to ensure the stability of the composite system while the designed decentralized controllers are employed. A genetic algorithm based search technique is adopted to select an optimal PID controller gains from a designed search space of stabilizing controllers in order to have an optimum value of performance index. A linearized model of multi-machine infinite-bus system is considered for simulation to show the effectiveness of the design procedure.


This paper proposes a novel method for decreasing the undesirable torque-vibration of a 2-phase servomotor in an unbalanced-drive condition. The cancellation is achieved by superposing odd harmonic signals on the voltage applied to the control winding. A testrun indicated that the vibration on the shaft could be reduced to ? by cancelling the second and the fourth harmonic components.


This article examines the television documentary Chinese People in Africa (2016), as part of the official Chinese efforts to enhance China's image in media and communication, for both the domestic and the international audiences. The determined, hard-working, self-relying individuals engaged in wild life conservation, peace-keeping, non-governmental organization service etc., offer typical neoliberal subject figures that reform-era China up till the 2010s tries to make of Chinese citizens. To the extent that the show's value orientation fails to register the leftward ideological turn ensued by an actual leadership power transfer well before the show's production, the documentary is also a good example of ideological tenacity in the field of cultural production.


The Mid-High Wavefront Sensors (MHWS) are components of the adaptive optics system of LINC-NIRVANA, the Fizeau interferometer that will be mounted at the LBT. These sensors, one for each telescope arm, will measure the atmospheric turbulence in the high altitude layers, using up to 8 reference stars in a 2 arcmin Field of View, and they will be coupled with two Ground Layer WFSs that will measure the lower part of the atmospheric turbulence using up to 12 stars over an annular Field of View from 2 to 6 arcmin in diameter. We will describe the opto-mechanical layout of the MHWS and the Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) phase of the first sensor in the laboratory of the Bologna Observatory.


Summary form only given. Ultra-fast byte-wide data transmission between high-speed computers can be achieved using a spectral data bus where each bit is assigned a different wavelength and data is transmitted on one optical fiber. All-optical signal processing for header recognition, routing, error correction or encryption can improve the throughput of a cluster of linked computers. All-optical logic operations on PolSK (polarization shift key) coded data using FWM (four-wave mixing) in SOAs (semiconductor optical amplifiers) which exploit the polarization properties of the nonlinearity have been proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, FWM on PolSK coded bits can be used to construct higher-level logic elements to implement truth tables involving several WDM (wavelength division multiplexed) data bits without resorting to elemental Boolean functions such as NAND/NOR. We demonstrate all-optical EC (error-correction) on a (3,1) Hamming code.


Missions involving humans interacting with automated systems become increasingly common. Due to the non-deterministic behavior of the human and possibly high risk of failing due to human factors, such an integrated system should react smartly by adapting its behavior when necessary. A promise avenue to design an efficient interaction-driven system is the mixed-initiative paradigm. In this context, this paper proposes a method to learn the model of a mixed-initiative human-robot mission. The first step to set up a reliable model is to acquire enough data. For this aim a crowdsourcing campaign was conducted and learning algorithms were trained on the collected data in order to model the human-robot mission and to optimize a supervision policy with a Markov Decision Process (MDP). This model takes into account the actions of the human operator during the interaction as well as the state of the robot and the mission. Once such a model has been learned, the supervision strategy can be optimized according to a criterion representing the goal of the mission. In this paper, the supervision strategy concerns the robot's operating mode. Simulations based on the MDP model show that planning under uncertainty solvers can be used to adapt robot's mode according to the state of the human-robot system. The optimization of the robot's operation mode seems to be able to improve the team's performance. The dataset that comes from crowdsourcing is therefore a material that can be useful for research in human-machine interaction, that is why it has been made available on our web site.


Friseria cockerelli (Busck) feeds on the foliage of honey mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Torrey, in central Texas. Larvae make webs, usually in the forks of twigs, where they remain when not feeding and where they pupate. Generation time was ca. 43 days at 25°C: 7 days for the egg stage, 21 days for the larva, 11 days for the pupa, and 4 days before peak oviposition. Larvae were small (last instar 10 mm long) and ate an average of 543 mm2 of leaf (six average leaflets) during their lifetime. Females laid an average of 123 eggs. Populations in the field were low, <2 larvae per tree in 1979 and <0.5 per tree in 1980 on the dates sampled. The species appears restricted to the genus Prosopis . In the laboratory, larvae developed and pupated on honey mesquite, western honey mesquite, P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M. C. Johnston, and velvet mesquite, P. velutina Wooten (section Algarobia, series Chilensis). Larvae also fed on white mesquite ( P. alba Griseb.) but died before putating. Larvae did not feed on screwbean mesquite, P. pubescens Bentham (section Strombocarpa), or on the foliage of leguminous plants in other closely related genera.


Energy consumption impact of vehicle powertrain is traditionally assessed using standard and regulatory drive cycles. In this paper, energy consumption is determined by studying all the trips occurring in the Chicago Metropolitan Area in a 24 hour period. The data is generated by combining Polaris, an agent based traffic flow model with SVTrip, a stochastic model that generates 1 Hz vehicle speed profiles and Autonomie, a detailed vehicle level modeling tool used to predict fuel consumption. Different scenarios are constructed to define trips for different timeframes and assumptions. Vehicle fleet distribution, vehicle technologies and automation levels are applied to represent an appropriate vehicle fleet for each scenario. Analysis of energy consumption is then discussed with a particular emphasis on the impact of powertrain technology and vehicle types.


Both the patient who is infected with a communicable disease and the doctor treating the patient share a common interest: the eradication of the infection. That the treatment chosen by the doctor may have detrimental consequences for the population at large is not the primary concern of the doctor or the patient. Such matters are the concern of the larger-scale medical and political organizations that deal with the development of public health policies such as vaccination programs and possibly, as investigated in this book, "virulence management" strategies. Development of such policies is not only a complicated issue because of the intricacies of host–parasite interactions themselves, but also because the common aims of the public health authority and the population do not always overlap very well (Anderson et al. 1997). Of course, the community benefits when an individual ceases to be infective. However, parasites are not inert players in the game, and will adapt to any measures that are taken on a sufficiently large scale. Therefore, the development of some public health policies may not be beneficial to the community as a whole. The global resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) and the fact that many malaria parasites have become resistant against most preventive treatments are just two examples of the detrimental consequences of the large-scale application of individually beneficial medical treatment. The insight that strategies to fight parasites should be based not only on shortterm effects, but also on evolutionary considerations, is gaining ground (Ewald 1993, 1994a). For example, measures could be taken to counteract the development of resistance to antibiotics or other chemotherapeutic treatments (Baquero and Blazquez 1997; Bonhoeffer et al. 1997; Levy 1998; see Chapter 23). But other parasite traits evolve too. By working out how virulence may change in response to changes in the parasite's transmission cycle (Ewald 1994a; Van Baalen and Sabelis 1995b; see Chapter 2) one obtains an insight into the scope for such virulence management. It has already been pointed out that measures taken to reduce the impact of a particular disease may involve ethical dilemmas. For instance, Anderson and May (1991) note that when a population is vaccinated against the poliomyelitis virus, the force of infection of this virus decreases. This means that fewer people will become infected, which is the desired beneficial effect. However, it also means that those who do become infected are likely to become so at a later age (polio was more commonly a childhood disease before vaccination); in the case of polio,


This work is focused on a study of interaction of liquid sodium
with CO2 by means of laser ablation with inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectrometry (LAICPOES). Liquid sodium
is examined as a cooling medium for the GENERATION IV of
nuclear reactors. Carbon dioxide should displace water or water
vapor in the Energy Conversion Systems of NPPs with
Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors. For purpose of the carbon dioxide
molten sodium interactions study an apparatus was designed in
which sodium melting occurs under CO2 atmosphere. Molten sodium
is expected to interact with CO2 in several ways that might
comprise chemical reactions, absorption and/or dissolution. To
find an extent of these interactions, a method for
determination of carbon in sodium is being developed. After
cooling down, sodium is transferred into an ablation cell and a
specimen material is released by focused laser beam ablation.
Resulting vapour and aerosol are transported with carrier gas
into the ICP excitation source and carbon atomic emission in
UV-Vis spectral region is measured by means of OES. Analysis
would give reply to the question about total carbon content in
sodium regardless of carbon chemical form and nature of its
incorporation. Authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of
Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic for supporting the
project 2A-1TP1/067; T.V. and V.K. acknowledge Ministry of
Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic for support
of the projects MSM0021622411 and MSM0021622410.


Abstract Standard labor market models predict that the likelihood of employment increases, hours worked increase, and individuals transition from less-skilled and temporary jobs to more skilled and more stable employment as they age. I examine the association between age and transactional sex work using national household surveys from Zambia, one of the few settings with general population surveys asking women about transactional sex and a relatively high documented prevalence of employment in transactional sex. My results indicate that the likelihood of employment in transactional sex sharply falls with age. Increased employment opportunities outside of transactional sex do not appear to explain the transactional sex employment-age profile and marital status appears to explain only a portion of it. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that clients prefer younger transactional sex workers and suggest that policymakers implement interventions designed to reduce client demand for younger females.


Stems of Pinus halepensis Mill. infested by Matsucoccus josephi Bodenh. and Harpaz were examined for injury caused by the larval stage of the pest. The earliest detectable pathological changes occur in the cortical parenchyma of 3-month-old stems. Presence of one to two larvae results in flag-shaped banding of young growth due to lysis of the outer parenchyma layers. Infestation with four or more larvae per 1-cm stem segment results in its death a few weeks after the emergence of the adults. Early visible histological changes, i.e., hypertrophy of parenchyma cells, are observed in stems 10–15 months of age. High density of female scales per branchlet results in hypertrophy, high polyphenol content, lysis of the parenchyma cells, numerous radial phloem ducts, and the collapse of the cortex layers. Cortex deterioration occurs from several days to several weeks after emergence of the adult females. Wound periderm that is initiated following scale injury in infested mature stems produces an early rhytidome re...


By examining empirically the growth of government in 34 nations during the post-World War II period, this paper explores whether it is appropriate to make references to such a phenomenon as "Wagner's Law of Expanding State Activity." The variation in patterns of growth in governmental spending is so substantial that one can only conclude that "Wagner's Law" cannot be considered a "law." Possible reformulations of the research agenda pertaining to the size and growth of government are then sketched. In short, it is suggested that attention should be turned to alternative paradigms for interpreting the disparate empirical evidence, especially focusing on the impact of alternative social institutions on patterns of government growth.


The locations of future energy facilities must be specified to assess the potential environmental impact of those facilities. A computer model was developed to generate probable locations for the energy facilities needed to meet postulated future energy requirements. The model is designed to cover a very large geographical region. The regional demand for baseload electric generating capacity associated with a postulated demand growth rate over any desired time horizon is specified by the user as an input to the model. The model uses linear programming to select the most probable locations within the region, based on physical and political factors. The linear program is multi-objective, with four objective functions based on transmission, coal supply, population proximity, and water supply considerations. Minimizing each objective function leads to a distinct set of locations. The user can select the objective function or weighted combination of objective functions most appropriate to his interest. Users with disparate interests can use the model to see the locational changes which result from varying weighting of the objective functions. The model has been implemented in a six-state mid-Atlantic region. The year 2000 was chosen as the study year, and a test scenario postulating 2.25% growth in baseload generatingmore » capacity between 1977 and 2000 was chosen. The scenario stipulatedthat this capacity be 50% nuclear and 50% coal-fired. Initial utility reaction indicates the objective based on transmission costs is most important for such a large-scale analysis. (ERB)« less


Abstract The most recently developed diagnostic technique in metal-electrolyte and metal-gas interfaces adapts spontaneous Raman scattering and nonlinear optical generation, techniques normally applied to bulk media, to surface science investigation. For certain metallic surfaces, an enormous increase exists in the Raman (as much as 106 to 108 times) and nonlinear optical signals resulting from submonolayer coverage of molecular adsorbates at the interface. Spontaneous Raman scattering and nonlinear optical scattering are well developed in both theory and practice for the analysis of molecular structure and concentration in bulk media. Instrumentation to generate and detect these inelastically scattered signals is readily available and is adequate for adaption to surface science. However, the mechanism (or mechanisms) giving rise to such a large enhancement at the interfaces is still being actively researched and remains controversial. Theoretical and experimental investigations related to the underlying ...