This paper discusses a new dual nose isolation tool to perform double block and bleed tapping and plugging to isolate sections of pipe for repair or modification. This tool accomplishes the work in a shorter time than other double block and bleed methods, while retaining the greater safety inherent in a double block and bleed system. The trailing plugging head of the tool forms the primary seal. The other plugging head provides a secondary seal that is fully capable of withstanding line pressure if the primary seal leaks. This is particularly important when it is necessary to manage fluids with dangerous characteristics such as those having ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The effectiveness of this new tool has been established by the results of over 480 successful isolations that have been performed with its use around the world over the past several years. Some examples illustrating the use of the tool are provided. Procedures to Isolate Sections of Pipe for Repair or Modification


We propose a covariant holographic entanglement negativity conjecture for time dependent mixed states of adjacent intervals in $(1+1)$-dimensional conformal field theories dual to non-static bulk $\mathrm{AdS_3}$ configurations. Our conjecture applied to $(1+1)$-dimensional conformal field theories with a conserved charge dual to non-extremal and extremal rotating BTZ black holes exactly reproduces the corresponding replica technique results, in the large central charge limit. We also utilize our conjecture to obtain the time dependent holographic entanglement negativity for the mixed state in question for the $(1+1)$- dimensional CFT dual to a bulk Vaidya-$\mathrm{AdS_3}$ configuration.


This report provides a background analysis of the market for nisin and other commercially available antimicrobial food additives. The report concludes that there is a potential role for a new U.S.-based entity to compete with a nisin product that is cost-competitive or provides quality guarantees to satisfy U.S. buyers who have tight specifications for ingredient sourcing and food safety and quality oversight.


Feline Panleukopenia (FP) is highly infectious disease for felidae kingdom but has not been found in human. FP is caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) from the parvoviridae family. FPV has a very high mortality and morbidity rates. symptoms from this disease is a high fever, appetite loss, vomit which occur from the high fever, and hypersalivation. Most cases for FPV is happen on stray cat. The growing population of the stray cat can increase the risk of the FPV. The aim for this study is to find the potential of the feline panleukopenia virus spread on the stray cat from east Surabaya using the FPV rapid test kit ag and the swab sample from the cat anus. The results showed that there was one adult male cat with an incidence percentage of 0.03% which detected the presence of FPV antigen.


Abstract The CO2 compensation concentrations (points) of leaves of the submerged vascular aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum L. were determined in a closed aqueous system at pH 7.0 by a gas chromatographic technique and over the range 10–30deg;C were found to range from 36 to 46 cm3m−3 in medium equilibrated with 21% O2 (0.03 kgm−3), and 25 to 35 cm3m−3 in medium equilibrated with 2% O2 (0.03 kgm−3). The rates of true (TPS) and apparent (APS) photosynthesis of leaves were measured in medium equilibrated with 21% O2 and buffered at pH 7.0, at subsaturating concentrations (12.8–18.8 mmol m−3) of dissolved inorganic carbor. (DIC) containing H14CO3, by determining the initial rates of uptake by the leaves of DIC and 14C-activity from the medium. The rate of photorespiration, the difference between TPS and APS, was 7.0–13.3% of TPS over the range of 10–25°C and rose to 29% of TPS at 35°C. The magnitude of the compensation point of this plant is therefore similar to, but is much less O2-sensitive than, those of C3 plants, and the photorespiratory rate, at DIC concentrations near the CO2 compensation point, is very low compared to that of C3 plants.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy of combined cinobutacini injection with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.Methods 42 cases with advanced breast cancer were randomly divided into two groups.Twenty patients of test group were treated with combination of cinobutacini injection and chemotherapy,and 22 patients of control group only received chemotherapy.Results The life quality of patients in test group was generally improved,but without statistical significance;the incidence rates of the side effect were lower and the life quality of patients was superior in test group,which was statistically significant.Conclusion Combined cinobutacini injection and chemotherapy can improve the curative effect of advanced breast cancer and is effective and safe as an adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer.


Corchoroside B has the empirical formula C29H42O8 and was found to be a L-rhammoside of canarigenin (5), most probably the α, L-rhamnopyranoside (1).


Fog computing is a complementary computing paradigm to the existing cloud computing. A fundamental problem of fog computing is how to allocate the computing resources of fog nodes when scheduling tasks that arrive in an online manner. Other than task completion speed metrics, fairness of resource allocation between competing users is also an important metric to consider. One such metric is Dominant Resource Fairness (DRF), a fairness scheme that guarantees four key qualities: incentivised sharing, strategy-proof, Pareto-efficiency, and envy free. This paper examines the multi-resource, multi-server, and heterogeneous task resource allocation problem from a DRF perspective. Four different types of tasks are considered: ordered/unordered and splittable/unsplittable. Three low complexity heuristics are proposed to maximise fairness between users. Results show that the proposed heuristics are at least comparable to three baseline scheduling algorithms in terms of task completion speed while achieving higher fairness between users.


In this issue of the journal, the first Greek study of health among fishermen is presented [1]. The study is also remarkable in another way as it is the first study of the dietary and physical activity pattern among fishermen, as far as we know. A questionnaire pilot study was carried out in a random sample of one hundred Greek fishermen. The health risks factors studied include excessive weight, cardiovascular incidents, dermatological, musculoskeletal, respiratory, hearing, stress, and anxiety problems. The occupational health risk factors include alcohol, fatty food consumption, smoking and lack of physical exercise. The health effects observed are causally related to diet, smoking, and exercise, which in turn relate to the specific working conditions and culture in small-scale fishing that need to be taken into consideration in prevention programs. The results are consistent with the causal explanations in other studies about obesity and related health, also called metabolic syndrome. Several studies have shown that fishermen have a higher mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and accidents [2]. A recent Danish study shows that fishermen have approximately 1.3 times higher risk of hospitalisation due to cardiovascular diseases than other occupational groups [3]. In a small pilot study from 1993, a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) was demonstrated among fishermen compared to men in all occupational groups in the labour market [4].


This work aims to study the effect of fuel inhomogeneity on the ignition process and subsequent combustion in a compression ignition Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) engine using a Primary reference Fuel (PRF) in low load conditions. Five cases with injection timings ranging from the start of injection (SOI) at -70 crank angle degrees (CAD) to -17 CAD have been studied numerically and experimentally in a heavy duty (HD) piston bowl geometry. Intake temperature is adjusted to to keep the combustion phasing constant. Three dimensional numerical simulations are performed in a closed cycle sector domain using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) formulation with k-(cid:15) turbulence closure and direct coupling of fi-nite rate chemistry. The results are compared with engine experiments. The predicted trends in required intake temperature and auto-ignition location for a constant combustion phasing are consistent with experiments. The simulations show that the auto-ignition is critically dependent on both fuel and temperature stratification. The ignition occurs in fuel-lean regions but the mixing of the fuel with the cylinder gas and the cylinder gas temperature stratifi-cation (prior to injection) determines the ignition location. A higher heat release rate is observed in the later injection cases, which is attributed to the higher equivalence ratio of the mixture inside the bowl. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) heat release behaviour of the studied fuel plays a role in shortening the ignition wave propagation but the impact of the effect varies among the injection cases. A sensitivity study of combustion efficiency with regard to the intake temperature is performed on two of the cases (SOI of -30 CAD and of -63 CAD). While the


The Gejiu manganese nodule deposit in the Quaternary system placer is situated at the top of the cassiterite-polymetallic sulfide orefield.This paper further deals with the Gejiu manganese nodules in the following six aspects:(1) Geological occurrence;(2) chemical composition;(3) trace elements;(4) REE;(5) mineral association;and(6) conclusions.The Gejiu manganese nodules are of marine origin in a strange land,and they were transported and later deposited in the Quaternary system placer.At the same time,systematic studies were conducted on material composition and trace elements of manganese nodules(CAD19).The relevant data from the Central Pacific Seamount are alsop resented.REE studies indicated that the REE patterns are similar for Gejiu and CAD19 manganese nodules.The REE patterns of manganese nodules are characterized by relative HREE enrichment and remarkable negative Eu and positive Ce anomalies.


This study presents an intercalibration of Meteosat‐5 11 µm channel and NOAA‐14 10.8 µm and 12.0 µm channels, and their comparison for sea and land pixels. The intercalibration empirical relation is derived for clear‐sky sea measurements, with similar zenith viewing angles. The root mean square difference between NOAA‐14 and Meteosat‐5 intercalibrated brightness temperatures is about 1.4 K (4.7 K) for all clear‐sky sea (land) pixels. The discrepancies over land are analysed in terms of viewing angle, surface type, terrain elevation and exposure to sunlight. The satellite viewing geometry is responsible for two major impacts, namely: the obstruction by neighbouring clouds towards one of the satellites; and differences in surface solar illumination viewed by each sensor. It is also shown that the higher discrepancies between intercalibrated temperatures occur for the most heterogeneous surfaces (e.g. Open Shrublands). The effect of terrain variability is not linear and depends strongly on the surface type.


Providing seed touch screen device, the touch screen apparatus comprising: electromagnetic resonance (EMR) sensing panel configured to sense an input from the electronic pen; a display panel is mounted over the top portion of the EMR sensing panel, the display panel is configured to receive from an external control signal or a picture signal and displaying a corresponding image; scaffold, in the form of a flat plate below EMR sensing panel and a display panel, and an extension extending from a corresponding portion of EMR sensing panel and a display panel section. An insulator or a soft magnetic material is disposed above the extended portion.


A study has been made of factors affecting the way in which the temperature of an anasthetised patient falls in response to immersion in a bath of cold water. The technique was that described by Sellickl which was based on that introduced by Swan2. Measurements have been made on forty-six patients cooled by this method. The trunk and the greater part of the limbs were immersed, but the head, hands and feet were left out. The temperature of the water was 18"c at the time a patient was immersed; after three minutes ice was added and the temperature lowered to 1O"c. The esophageal temperature was taken as a satisfactory indication of heart temperature. In two patients, intra-atrial temperature was measured with a thermocouple introduced through a cardiac catheter; it was found not to differ from esophageal temperature by more than 0.7"~. The lesions treated surgically were atrial septa1 defect, pulmonary stenosis and aortic s tenosis.


For many years, advertisements have become a huge influence in the society.
Advertisements can affect the image of people around them. This study uses Lux Toilet
Soap advertisement as the object of research because it is a beauty soap brand that is
especially directed to women. To analyse these advertisements, this study is using Betty
Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique which was published in 1963. This is the book
that marked the commencement of the second wave feminism. Friedan states, the
advertisements in her era promoted women's images as a feminine person and that
professional career was not important for her. This study analyses Lux Toilet Soap
advertisements during the 1930s until 1960s using Friedan's book for the purpose of
providing more knowledge about women's images in that age. The writer categorized the
advertisements into four groups. They are women's image as an ideal beauty, women's
image as a creature to please a man, women's image as a domestic creature, and women's
image as a dependent person. The result from this study shows that women's images in
Lux advertisements comply with the theories written by Friedan.


Several guideline documents on pedestrian crossing warrants are followed around the world. Peak hour pedestrian volume "P" and vehicular volume "V" are two most commonly used factors in these guidelines. PV2 is a criteria, which is used in guideline documents of India, Iran and UK to identify the need of warranting a particular mid-block location. In India, these guidelines were adapted from UK in 1988 and have not been revised in the last three decades. These guidelines report a benchmark value, in the excess of which a location should be warranted. The benchmark values are based on peak flows of 1980s, which have increased drastically over the years. In addition, the guidelines do not identify the type of crossing facility, which should be provided at a particular location. Therefore, these guidelines need to be revised. In this paper, PV2 matrices have been developed for a variety of road configurations using the maximum field hourly flows as the upper bounds. Further, probability distributions have been fitted to the PV2 values. Threshold values have been proposed based on the curvilinear characteristics of the probability distributions. The revised PV2 values vary from 0.6×108 to 2.1×1011 for different roadway configurations. The ranges formed using these values have been used to classify the type of crossing facility to be installed using a systematic hierarchical approach. The warrant charts and PV2  value ranges can be used to identify the need, as well as the most appropriate crossing facility for the site based on the peak hour pedestrian volume and vehicular volume. The proposed PV2 values and warrants are based on Indian traffic flow conditions. These threshold values may require modifications for application in any other country.


The electrochemical behaviour of Co has been studied in methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile using 1M HCl and 0.1M NaClO4 as electrolytes containing different amounts of H2O under deaerated conditions using the potentiostatic technique. The rate of dissolution of Co increases in all organic solvents as water content increases. Acetonitrile was shown to be more reactive in 0.1M NaCIO4 than in 1M HCl. All solvents behave as an interface inhibitor.


Hubble Space Telescope observations of NGC 2004, a cluster located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, have been used to derive an improved age estimate of the stellar population by means of isochrones fitting and synthetic cluster comparison. The cluster's structural parameters have been calculated from a model based on number-density profiles, giving radius of the core 2.85 ± 0.46 parsecs.


Vibration sensing by laser radar with a pulsed emission is a promising technique for long range target recognition and identification. However, compared to its continuous-wave counterpart, it is impaired by its greater sensitivity to speckle noise and its lack of robustness to multiple independent vibrations of the target surface. Using poly-pulse waveforms for greater velocity resolution, we developed a new estimator to take into account signal statistics, and time frequency representations that can achieve better performance than classical processing methods. Simulations show a 5dB improvement in Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR) when speckle noise is dominant, and 4dB improvement when signal is weak in regard to detection noise.


Abstract : The radiation scattered from the beam of a laser by free electrons of a test plasma has been investigated as a possible tool for plasma diagnostics at electron densities in the range of 10 to the 16th power/cc to 10 to the 17th power/cc and temperatures from 10,000K to 20,000K. A perturbing effect on the plasma background radiation was observed which masked the expected Thomson scattering. This perturbation is interpreted as a plasma heating resulting from energy transferred to the plasma from the laser beam by coupling of the electromagnetic field with the plasma charged particles. (Author)


The proposed work deals with the practise of multi scale analysis of a vocal music signal. The wavelet domain can be introduced to classify an exclusive singer from a database containing different singers. As it is well known that the wavelet transform of a signal at low scale value corresponds to the approximate of the signal in the original form but more details of the signal can be achieved with the analysis obtained at higher scale values of the wavelet transform. Keeping in this property of the wavelet transforms, a novel method is proposed that fuses the information obtained from the different scale wavelet transforms of an audio signal, and then use this method to match different singers in a database with a particular singer. Results show that the proposed method achieves more accuracy as compared to direct analysis or even a single scale analysis of a signal. Keywords— Wavelet Transform, Information Fusion


Design of modern intelligent film and television advertisements recommendation system based on digital media and decision tree is studied in this paper. The characteristic of rough set theory is that there is no need to specify the general quantitative description of certain characteristics and attributes in advance, and it directly starts from the description set of the given problem, through just the data structure and the pattern of the framework to construct the model. Hence, it is applied to the recommendation of smart data. Further, the data processing models are applied to pre-process the datasets, and then the intelligent model is combined for performing a comprehensive analysis. Here, the proposed model is applied on the multimedia systems. The comparison results have shown satisfactory results.


Researchers have long been fascinated by the strong continuities evident in the oral traditions associated with different cultures. According to the 'historic-geographic' school, it is possible to classify similar tales into ''international types'' and trace them back to their original archetypes. However, critics argue that folktale traditions are fundamentally fluid, and that most international types are artificial constructs. Here, these issues are addressed using phylogenetic methods that were originally developed to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among biological species, and which have been recently applied to a range of cultural phenomena. The study focuses on one of the most debated international types in the literature: ATU 333, 'Little Red Riding Hood'. A number of variants of ATU 333 have been recorded in European oral traditions, and it has been suggested that the group may include tales from other regions, including Africa and East Asia. However, in many of these cases, it is difficult to differentiate ATU 333 from another widespread international folktale, ATU 123, 'The Wolf and the Kids'. To shed more light on these relationships, data on 58 folktales were analysed using cladistic, Bayesian and phylogenetic network-based methods. The results demonstrate that, contrary to the claims made by critics of the historic-geographic approach, it is possible to identify ATU 333 and ATU 123 as distinct international types. They further suggest that most of the African tales can be classified as variants of ATU 123, while the East Asian tales probably evolved by blending together elements of both ATU 333 and ATU 123. These findings demonstrate that phylogenetic methods provide a powerful set of tools for testing hypotheses about cross-cultural relationships among folktales, and point towards exciting new directions for research into the transmission and evolution of oral narratives. Citation: Tehrani JJ (2013) The Phylogeny of Little Red Riding Hood. PLoS ONE 8(11): e78871. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078871 Editor: R. Alexander Bentley, Bristol University, United Kingdom Received July 30, 2013; Accepted September 20, 2013; Published November 13, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Jamshid J. Tehrani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The author was supported by an RCUK Fellowship during a part of the time in which the research was carried out. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: email@example.com Introduction The publication of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's and Household Tales (1812–1814) [1] two hundred years ago sparked enormous public and academic interest in traditional stories told among ''the common people'', and helped establish folklore as a field for serious academic inquiry. Inspired by the Grimms' methods, a new generation of researchers ventured outside the library and into the villages and households of the rural peasantry to collect colourful tales of magical beasts, wicked stepmothers, enchanted objects, and indefatigable heroes [2]. One of the most unexpected and exciting discoveries to emerge from these studies was the recurrence of many of the same plots in the oral traditions associated with different – and often widely separated – societies and ethnic groups. Thus, the Brothers Grimm noted that many of the ostensibly ''German'' folktales which they compiled are recognisably related to stories recorded in Slavonic, Indian, Persian and Arabic oral traditions [3]. These similarities have attracted the attention of folklorists, literary scholars, anthropologists, cognitive scientists and others for a variety of reasons: For example, cognate tales in other cultures have been studied to try and reconstruct the origins and forms of classic western fairy tales before they were first written down [2] [4]. Other researchers have examined the distributions of common plot elements within and across regions to make inferences about past migration, crosscultural contact, and the impact of geographical distance and language barriers on cultural diffusion [5] [6]. Last, it has been suggested that patterns of stability and change in stories can furnish rich insights into universal and variable aspects of the human experience, and reveal how psychological, social and ecological processes interact with one another to shape cultural continuity and diversity [7] [8] [9]. Unfortunately, since folktales are mainly transmitted via oral rather than written means, reconstructing their history and development across cultures has proven to be a complex challenge. To date, the most ambitious and sustained effort in this area has been carried out by folklorists associated with the so-called ''historic-geographic'' school, which was established toward the end of the nineteenth century [10]. These researchers have sought to classify similar folktales from different oral literatures into distinct ''international types'' based on consistencies in their themes, plots and characters. The most comprehensive and up-todate reference work in this field, the Aarne-Uther-Thompson (ATU) index, identifies more than two thousand international types distributed across three hundred cultures worldwide [11]. Exponents of the historic-geographic school believed that each international type could be traced back to an original ''archetype'' tale that was inherited from a common ancestral population, or spread across societies through trade, migration and conquest. Over time, the tales' original forms were then adapted to suit different cultural norms and preferences, giving rise to locally distinct ''ecotypes'' [5]. The historic-geographic method sought to reconstruct this process by assembling all the known variants of the international type and sorting them by region and chronology. Rare or highly localised forms were considered to be of likely PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 November 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 11 | e78871 "The phylogeny of Little Red Riding Hood" Jamshid J. Tehrani, PLoS ONE, 8, e78871, 2013. [11]


10-12 June, Reykjavik. Abstract This paper considers the linkage between three important areas in construction supply cluster management: (i) the exploration of relationship strength in social networks of supply clusters, (ii) the application of social network analysis as a research method to this area, (iii) operationalising the research to produce practical and theoretical outputs for evaluating (implicit and explicit) relationship practices within the relationship marketing/management paradigm. The exploration builds upon an initial conceptual consideration of these issues concerning projects, commencing from dyadic client-contractor relationships moving into the more complex social network for projects involving subgroups and isolates. This paper takes these themes and considers the issues in the specific context of supply clusters. The primary aim is to identify whether and at what stage relationship strength and ties or lack of them arise within clusters. An additional aim is to scope the conceptual opportunities and constraints for development prior to considering fieldwork exploration.


Objective To explore the effect of using pedicle skin flaps for treatment of skin and soft tissue defects.Methods From January 2004 to September 2010,87 patients with skin and soft tissue injury which had been treated by using pedicle skin flaps without vessel anastomosis were retrospectively analyzed,including 61 males and 26 females with an average age of 40 years (range,14-61).The pedicle skin flaps selected were known vessel skin flaps or unknown vessel random skin flaps.The reconstruction treatment increased multiple selections of skin flaps for patients.Skin and soft tissue defects were located at the hand in 21 cases,at the lower extremities in 66.The kinds of skin flaps included adjacent transposition flaps in 50 cases,distal skin flaps in 37.The areas of the skin flaps were 2.0 cm×1.5 cm-18 cm×12 cm.Donor sites were as follows:lower leg in 61 cases,abdomen in 18,and hand in 8.Results Three patients appeared skin flaps hematoma after operation,which were removed immediately with no effect on flaps survival.Pedicle skin flap was compressed due to unstable fixation in 1 case,which made distal flap tissue necrosis approximately 2 cm in width.After dressing change for 6 weeks,the flaps got survival.Thirty seven patients underwent the second stage operation for breaking the perdicle 3 weeks after the first operation.All 87 patients were obtained follow-up for an average of 13 months (range,3-60).The total of 90.80% patients treated with pedicle skin flaps were satisfied with the results.Conclusion Pedicle skin flap surgery can be performed more easily with less limitations of surgical designs.The survival rate of the flap is high,and the treatment of pedicle skin flaps could be well applied for soft tissue defects.

Key words:
Surgical flaps;  Skin;  Soft tissue injuries;  Transplantation, autologous


buprenorphine tablets and was again unable to void, on that occasion for 10 hours. He was referred for outpatient urodynamic assessment, which was performed four weeks after the initial episode. Results of medium fill (60 ml/min) filling and voiding cystometry were normal and urethral pressure profilometry (microtip transducer catheter) showed no evidence of a prostatic peak or plateau. Comment Buprenorphine is a synthetic opiate analogue which is thought to act at mu opiate receptors. In view of the known response of detrusor and urinary sphincters to opiate analgesics and the effects of the endogenous opioid peptides as deduced from studies of naloxone blockade,5 it would be reasonable to suppose that buprenorphine should have similar effects. Probably further cases will be reported. In the interim I suggest that care should be taken in prescribing buprenorphine for patients with symptoms of urinary outflow obstruction. Thanks are due to Mr J C Gingell for permission to report this case. Doyle PT, Briscoe CE. The effects of drugs and anaesthetic agents on the urinary bladder and sphincters. 4 Abrams PH, Feneley RCL. The significance of the symptoms associated with bladder outflow obstruction. Urol Int 1978;33:171-4. 5 Murray KHA, Feneley RCL. Endorphins-a role in lower tract urinary tract function ? The effect of opioid blockade on detrusor and urethral sphincter mechanisms. Br3r Urol (in press). Hypercalcaemic sarcoidosis in hypoparathyroidism Increased plasma 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentration has been suggested as the possible cause of hypercalcaemia in sarcoidosis.5 2 Transient increase in dihydroxy vitamin D with hypercalcaemia has also been recorded in patients with hypoparathyroidism.3 Occasional reduction of vitamin D requirement after hypercalcaemia in treated hypoparathyroidism is well known. We report for the first time the association of sudden hypercalcaemia and a raised 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D value with erythema nodosum developing in a patient with hypoparathyroidism. Case report A white woman born in 1952 had had epilepsy since the age of 5 which was moderately controlled with phenobarbitone. In 1971 hypocalcaemia (1-6 mmol/l; 6-3 mg/l00 ml) and hyperphosphataemia (2-0 mmol/l; 6-1 mg/100 ml) were discovered, which responded to intravenous parathyroid extract. Plasma magnesium concentration, renal function, and histological findings in bone were normal. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed and she subsequently required vitamin D3 1-5 mg daily to maintain plasma calcium values in the low normal range. In 1976 she began phenytoin 100 mg twice daily because of worsening epilepsy, and alfacalcidol was substituted for vitamin D3 to …


parallel robot has a complex structure and high requirement in control precision.In this paper,the kinematics of a novel 6-PSS parallel manipulator is firstly analyzed.Then according to the bormone modulation and two feedback modulation models of neuroendocrine system,a new intelligent controller with its modulation rules is designed.The controller has the same structure with neuroendocrine system and its strategy follows hormone modulation hill function.The simulation result shows that the controller is better than PID controller.The proposed control method may be a new way for robot control.


Subcutaneous insulin resistance is characterized by a lack of biological efficacy of subcutaneously injected insulin, with retained sensitivity to intravenously injected insulin. The existence of increased insulin-degrading activity has been suggested as a possible underlying mechanism (1). It has been reported that protease inhibitors exert beneficial effects on the absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin (1). Although the effect of an ointment containing a protease inhibitor has been shown in normal volunteers (2), there has been no report on the ointment's effect in patients with subcutaneous insulin resistance. This is …


This paper presents a set of research-based Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) guidelines for developing countries. The proposed guidelines were developed under the umbrella of the Fraunhofer AICOS (FhP) ICT4D Competence Center (ICT4DCC). The ICT4DCC follows a collaborative model known as 'Interface Institute' and aims to develop ICT solutions through partnerships between scientific and industry institutions from Europe and developing African countries. By exploiting this collaborative environment, we aim to validate and refine the guidelines by applying them in products targeted at developing countries users. To this end, two of the ICT4DCC partners, the Nelson Mandela MetropolitanUniversity (NMMU) and Eduardo Mondlane University Informatics (CIUEM) are collaborating on the design and development of a mobile application for hydroponic farming following a UserCentered Design (UCD) approach. Insights from a usability evaluation of a functional prototype conducted with the intended users in South Africa were used to validated the guidelines. Further more, highlights on how the model implemented by the ICT4DCC can be a privileged medium to better serve the potential users through the implementation of these guidelines.


Chandmari Hill lies in Gangtok City, Sikkim State, and is part of the Inner Himalayas. The hill has seen several landslides in the past, mostly during the monsoons. The region also experiences active seismicity which compounds the problem of slope instability. Since landslide activity was first recorded in Chandmari in 1966, there have been at least nine slides; the largest event was the 1997 rock and debris slide which resulted in eight fatalities and damaged several buildings and vehicles. We visited Chandmari in 2015 and carried out walkover surveys and analyzed soil and rock we collected from in and around the 1997 slide zone. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) studies were conducted to estimate subsurface conditions, and computational software was used to perform slope stability analyses. Our findings indicated that the slope continues to be unstable and that it is necessary to monitor the hill until comprehensive efforts to stabilize the hill are undertaken. We have deployed a wireless sensor networkbased landslide monitoring system at Chandmari. This paper demonstrates the value of technology in landslide risk mitigation.


Convenient syntlieses of c is -cyclodecene and tra n s cy clode cene have been developed. These syn theses involve ra d ic a l c h lo ri nation of cyclodecane followed by dehydrochlorination . The s te re o  se lec tiv e n atu re of each dehydr ohaloge nation w as due to a fo rtu itous com bination of r in g geom etry , solvent, and b ase to favor e ith e r syn or an ti e lim ination . P roduc t d istribu tion data w ere obtained fo r the fre e ra d ic a l and ionic additions of C l2 fro m m olecu lar ch lorine and from iodobenzene di ch loride to both c is and t r a n s -cyclodecene. The addition of m olecu lar ch lorine w ith c i s cyclodecene in CCI4 under both ionic and rad ic a l conditions y ields the expected t r a n s 1 , 2 -d ich lo ro cy clode cane. However, tra n s cyclodecene re a c ts under both ionic and ra d ic a l conditions to give only tra n s annular re a rra n g e m e n t p roducts. In d irec t ch lorination of c i s cyclodecene w ith iodobenzene d ich lo ride y ields a m ix ture of 1 , 2 and 1 , 6 -d ich lo rid es under ionic conditions, but y ields only tran san n u la r p roducts under ra d ic a l con d itions. The reac tio n of tra n s cyclodecene under both ra d ic a l and ionic conditions y ie lds only t r a n s -1, 6 -d ich lo rocyclodecane. In a ll c a ses the a lly lic product, 3 -ch lo rocyclodecene, is produced.


1). I agree with the Burger and Cubasch results and conclusions in general. Indeed, all NH reconstructions published to date gives a qualitative information only: For example, MWP and the Current Warming are warmer than LIA. But it is impossible to conclude with a certainty: either CW or MWP is warmer. It is even more so as concern centennial and decadal variations because these latter variations usually are of regional character.


Experimental investigations and associated methods are provided to characterize the mechanical properties of a lithium-ion battery accounting for operating temperature variation and thermal effects. Material properties for LiFePO4 cathode and anode samples taken from an off-the-shelf battery are evaluated in new and fatigued (subjected to charging and discharging cycles) conditions.


The shortage or poor quality of instructional design in e-Learning courses are the primary reasons that affects quality of the courses. This paper analyzes the current status in the studies of instructional design for e-Learn-ing courses, and points out it is the lacking in the studies of instructional design modes that mainly contrihutes to the low design quality- Guided by the Objectives-Driven e-Learning Courses Development principle, this paper puts forward the instructional design mode oi Objectives-Driven e-Learning Course, and elaborates in discussion on the learning environment design based on the mode.


Conversion of natural forest to oil palm plantations is a major threat to biodiversity in Southeast Asia. The retention of natural forest habitats within plantations has been proposed as a method to reduce biodiversity losses in agricultural areas, and we examined whether forest areas resulted in spillover of species into adjacent oil palm plantations. We sampled ants and butterflies along two 2‐km transects across an ecotone from plantation into adjacent forest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Species richness of both taxa was reduced in plantations, but to a greater extent in butterflies (54% reduction) than in ants (25% reduction). Butterfly diversity increased in plantations with increasing proximity to forest primarily due to spillover of 'vagrant' forest species (whose larval host plants do not occur in plantations), although richness of species that could potentially breed in plantations also increased near to forest. By contrast, ants showed no spillover effects and were less sensitive to land‐use changes, with much higher levels of similarity in species assemblages across habitats than for butterflies. Our results for butterflies suggest that despite the negative impacts of plantations on diversity, proximity to forest could improve diversity in adjacent plantations for some taxa. Spillover of forest species implies that retaining forest areas within plantations may be important for facilitating dispersal of some species through the landscape.


The most common cause of death among dialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease are cardiovascular diseases. It is estimated that 18-27% of all deaths in dialysis patients are sudden cardiac deaths due to arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. The most common arrhythmias in dialysis patients, often leading to sudden death, are not ventricular arrhythmias but bradyarrhythmias. The article below discusses the most common arrhythmias in dialysis patients and methods of preventing sudden cardiac death in this group of patients.


The invention discloses a composite flocculant and a preparation method and application thereof. The flocculant is prepared from rare-earth carbonate, sodium silicate and ferric sulfate/aluminum sulfate serving as raw materials by a composite copolymerization method. The effect of the composite flocculant of the invention is superior to that of the conventional polymeric ferric/aluminum silicate sulfate; the chroma removal rate of wastewater reaches over 90 percent; the COD Cr removal rate reaches over 65 percent; the removal rate of total phosphorus reaches over 88 percent; and the expense of a wastewater treatment medicament is reduced by 10 to 20 percent compared with PASS. The composite flocculant has rapid, large and solid alumen ustum, reduces the use amount of a single dye wastewater coagulating agent by over one half compared with PAC and by over 20 percent compared with PASS, improves the chroma removal rate of the wastewater by about 10 percent, has low processing cost, and improves the processing effect.


The main purpose of this study was to apply remote sensing techniques in assessing spatial environmental effects caused by extraction of mineral and energy resources, with two case studies of the Fuxin Coal Mining Group and Paishanlou Gold Mine, in China. Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+imageries were used in this study. The used image enhancement and processing techniques were contrast stretching, density slicing, spatial altering and color composites. With enhanced imageries, different surficial materials were recognized. It was found that, as a result of the rated spatial resolution for Landsat TM data, areas over 900 m2 (30 ×30 m) in size could be detected with high accuracy, but those under that threshold could hardly be detected. Following the fact that the dimensions of almost all of features were above the 900 m2 threshold, Landsat TM and ETM+data were judged suitable in this study. This observation indicates that Landsat TM and ETM+imageries can adequately be used for mapping and assessing environmental changes at PGM and FCMG. Furthermore, the use of satellite data in environmental studies is effective, quick and less labor intensive.


Abstract School personnel are confronting the challenge of serving an increasing number of students from Southeast Asian backgrounds. We have formulated an ecological approach in order to serve these students sensitively and effectively. The approach begins by understanding the student's socio-cultural context, including socioeconomic status, the impact of acculturation on the student and his/her family, and the "Catch 22" situation (when less acculturated, these students have difficulty in school and society; when more acculturated, they have conflicts at home) that immigrant children are experiencing. A case study illustrates how a school psychologist applied this ecological approach in practice.


The results from investigation showed that there are colorful ornmental plants of 27 families with 54 species applied to offoresting and landscaping in Puer and Jinghong, most of them are shrub and perennial herb. It presents some suggestions in application in this paper.


A new software version for managing orders and calculations for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) compounding was released by Baxa Corp. in August. The company supplies about 70% of the nation's hospitals with automated TPN compounding products.


The paper holds that how to activate the rich human resources in the ethnic minority areas of Gansu Province is of immense significance in the economic development of these areas, the key being the establishment of the highly efficient labor force. Thus, it is of vital importance to rid the areas of the poverty in capability and opportunities.


This paper is concerned with a small group of people with a mild learning disability; who they are and what their lives are like. This group is not typically known by the label of mild learning disability in research, social policy or in service provision, due to a lack of suitable assessment or identification methods.
This small study, using focus groups as a data collection method and undertaken as a pilot study for further research, has shown this group experienced wide ranging social disadvantage, and difficulties and challenges in daily living due to their learning disability. These included travel, shopping, parenting, lack of IT skills, plus experiencing local anti-social behaviour on a regular basis. Lack of recognition and appropriate support can leave them vulnerable to a range of difficulties and issues including social isolation and harassment.


When discussing our understanding of the world, the term 'analogue' has become shorthand for anything not digital, and has become an analogy of its own. 'Digital' has also become an analogy for anything requiring a computer. This essay starts to investigate some of the analogies of analogue and digital media to reveal the complexity of thinking about animation.


Service composition with end-to-end QoS constraints have been proven to be an NP-hard problem and various evolutionary algorithms such as Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) are widely adopted to look for an approximately-optimal solution in the restricted time. The advantage of ABC algorithm is its simplicity (i.e., only three control parameters, and simple heuristic rules for exploiting the solution space), and our previous work has verified its effectiveness in solving the service composition problem. This paper focuses on the enhancement of traditional ABC neighborhood strategy for local search, with the objective of better optimality and faster convergence rate. The work is shown in two perspectives. Firstly, an approximate-mapping based local search strategy is proposed, where the discrete solution space of service composition problems are approximately transformed into a continuous space in which a locally optimal neighboring solution is precisely found, in this way, the superiority of traditional ABC could still hold in service composition problem. Secondly, we adopt the Von Neumann neighborhood topology, which has been proven to have better performance than other topologies, to further improve the quality of local search. Experiment results show that our Approximate-Mapping Von Neumann algorithm (AMV) is more effective than other service composition algorithms such as genetic algorithm and Threshold-Based Algorithm (TBA).


The backbone of agriculture starts with the "soil", which is considered to be the "skin of the earth" with interfaces between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The soil is an awfully dynamic, complex and highly heterogeneous system that allows the development of an extremely large number of ecological habitats, the home of an array of living organisms that perform important functions for the ecosystems (Gardi and Jeffery, 2009). The array of living organisms in soil is mostly dominated by organisms such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, arthropods, enchytraeids and earthworms (Jeffery et al., 2010). No one would deny that there is a formidable biological component to International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


The independent college is a product of reform and innovation on China's higher education,which alleviates the contradiction of high education demand of social development to the gap of educational resource provided by the nation.The scientific operation mechanism of independent college fully mobilizes the enthusiasm of all parties,the independent institute shows vigorous development trend.Though a common desire to the development of independent college in public universities and investment,it is hard to an agreement on each motive.Short-term profit maximization motives of investors makes the professional curriculum,majors,research and teachers as an interest acquisition tool,which lags the teaching team construction in independent college.Introducing dynamic theory,building a theory model,and analysis of the issues existed in the teaching team construction in independent colleges from the empty game theory,this paper puts forward the countermeasures for the construction of high-level teaching team construction,which is of realistic significance.


We do endeavour always to send letters of thanks to all concerned. The efficacy of transplan-tation for all organs is widely reported in the medical press and we lecture frequently and regularly on all aspects of transplantation, including the mangement of organ donors, thoughout Britain. We would be only too happy to lecture in Mr Richard's unit. As far as the general mcdia are concerned it is important to remember that transplantation is unique in medical practice in that organs are donated from the general public at a time of acute personal distress in order to help an anonymous recipient. Unlike the medical profession , the only way the public can see the results, problems, and benefits that can arise from transplant activity is through responsible media coverage. We endeavour always to fit in with the plans and timings set by referring hospitals in conjunction with the other transplant teams but consider statements such as the one made by Mr Richards that "he" specifies a time by which the procedure must be completed, and if the transplant teams cannot fall in with that time then they will miss out on the organ, are selfish. All concerned in trans-plantation should realise that this attitude does not deny the transplant surgeon an organ but a potential recipient the opportunity to receive an organ and to improve their quality and quantity of life. The heart must function immediately on im-plantation, and current preservation techniques provide a maximum ischaemic period of about four hours. The time taken in the organ procurement procedure therefore determines the time in which the implantation must be performed. Not only do arrangements have to be made for the procurement procedure but also the recipient must be transported to the transplant centre, often from long distances such as Scotland and Northern Ireland, and be prepared for surgery so that the heart can be transplanted immediately on its arrival. When appropriate we would welcome early referral of potential donors after initial tests have confirmed the absence of brain stem function. This would help both ourselves and the donor hospitals with their plans, and we ask that referring hospitals do not make unreasonable demands on the transplant centres so that this scarce resource can be used to maximum benefit. SIR,-As transplant coordinators we agree with Mr P Richards that it is wrong and counter productive to continually blame intensive care unit staff …


This article examines the changes in prosecution practices and policies that shaped crime trends between the mid-nineteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries. It concentrates on two processes which took place over this period: the disappearance of the victim as an active participant in the prosecution process; and the increasing dominance of both public and privatized agencies over the prosecution process. Victims were active participants in the prosecution process until the end of the nineteenth century. If it were not for the persistence of complainants in securing the offender and pressing their cases in court, rates of recorded crime would be much lower. However, by 1880, the police had in many cases assumed the role of prosecutor. The first part of this article questions how this change affected recorded rates of violent crime. The second part of the article explores the rise of private prosecutors of regulatory style offences (which constituted over half the business of local magistrates courts from 1880 to 1940). It concludes that from 1880, crime rates were increasingly subject to the policies and practices of the police and other appointed officials, and that the role of the victim as active prosecutor had become almost redundant by the First World War.


The analysis of statistical parameters for the production of agricultural machinery and parameters characterizing the reliability and quality of domestic tractors is carried out. It is shown that the organization of a system for collecting and processing information on the reliability of products is important from the point of view of quality and reliability of tractors. The experience of creating such a system is considered as exemplified by PJSC "Promtractor".


There are many blue shifted Galaxies in our universe. Here we will see old simulations to make such predictions from the output graphs using SITA simulations. There are four new simulations also presented here. In these sets of simulations, different point masses are placed in different distances in a 3D Cartesian coordinate grid; and these point masses are allowed to move on universal gravitation force (UGF) acting on each mass at that instant of time at its position. The output pictures depict the three dimensional orbit formations of point masses after some iterations. In an orbit so formed, some Galaxies are coming near (Blue shifted) and some are going away (Red shifted). In this paper, the simulations predicted the existence of a large number of Blue shifted Galaxies, in an expanding universe, in 2004 itself. Over 8300 blue shifted galaxies have been discovered extending beyond the Local Group by Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the year 2009. Thus Dynamic Universe model predictions came true.


In two field experiments in which wheat was grown under high levels of nitrogenous fertiliser CCC treated plants outyielded the controls. even though in one of these no lodging occurred. This increase in grain yield was mainly due to an increase in the number of grains produced per ear, with a smaller contribution from a stimulation of tillering. The increased number of grains per ear may be due to the delay in ear emergence which occurs in CCC treated plants. In plants treated with G.A. before anthesis, in the absence of CCC, the time to ear emergence was shorter than in the control plants and the grain yield was greatly reduced.


In this paper analytical predictions of the molten region around the cavity produced by a moving electron beam are provided. A three-dimensional analytical model is used to predict the molten and heat-affected regions surrounding a paraboloid of revolution-shaped cavity. This work avoids the defect of the infinite temperature at the cavity base for the line-source model. Introducing a new image method, an analytical solution is provided by satisfying exactly the adiabatic condition at the top surface. The molten region is governed by dimensionless parameters related to beam power per unit penetration and the depth and shape of the cavity in this work. A three-dimensional molten region is computed and presented in this paper. The effect of beam power per unit penetration on the molten region is also discussed.


OBJECTIVE To study the causes and risk factors for the lower respiratory tract infections in the ICU patients and put forward the infection control measures so as to provide the effective basis for control of the lower respiratory tract infections in the ICU patients.METHODS A total of 273 patients,who were treated in the ICU from Jan 2009 to Dec 2011,were enrolled in the study.The correlation between the incidence of nosocomial infections and the age,invasive operation,underlying diseases,hospitalization duration,use of sedatives,application of ventilator,and the pathogens was analyzed.RESULTS The lower respiratory tract infections occurred in 106 of 273 patients with the infection rate of 38.83%,totally 297 case-times of the 106 patients were submitted with specimen sputum,and a total of 265 strains of pathogens were isolated through the bacteriology test,there were 206(77.74%) strains of gram-negative bacteria,37(13.96%) strains of gram-positive bacteria,and 22(8.30%) strain of fungi.The risk factors were the age,invasive procedures,underlying diseases,hospitalization duration,use of sedatives,and application of ventilator.CONCLUSION The gram-negative bacteria and the gram-positive bacteria are the predominant pathogens causing the lower respiratory tract infection,which are highly drug resistant and are sensitive to cefoperazone,sulbactam,and vancomycin.It is an effective way to prevent the lower respiratory tract infections to strengthen the management of ICU and control the risk factors.


A recently proposed model has been used to describe the state of stress in magnetron sputtered TiN layers in which the stresses are believed to be caused by atomic peening. The state of stress in the layer is described by a combination of: (i) a hydrostatic state of stress, caused by the introduction of the misfitting atoms, and (ii) a biaxial state of stress induced by the equalization of the lateral dimensions of the substrate and the layer, dilated due to the misfitting atoms and the thermal misfit due to the cooling down of the layer/substrate assembly to room temperature. The implications of the thus obtained total state of stress on x-ray diffraction measurements have been clarified and a quantitative elaboration of the growth stress as a function of the amount and type of misfitting particles has been given. It has been deduced that the growth stresses are caused by about 1 wt % Ti atoms on nitrogen sites in the TiN lattice. By comparing x-ray diffraction results of layers of different thickness, deposited simultaneously on two different substrates, it has been concluded that the growth stress in the layers depends on the layer thickness, whereas the thermal stress is equal for all layers on a given substrate. The observed layer thickness dependence of the growth stress has been associated with a (macro)strain depth profile in the layers. The distinct diffraction line broadening observed for all layers cannot be due to smallness of crystallite size and the macrostrain-depth profiles, it is ascribed to (localized) lattice defects as dislocations and low angle grain boundaries.


The utility model relates to a built-in motor bearing temperature measuring structure comprising a motor end cap, a bearing and a bearing inner cover, an inner side of the motor end cover is provided with a temperature measuring hole, a temperature measuring probe is arranged in the temperature measuring hole, and the temperature measuring probe is connected with an instrument arranged outside a motor base through a temperature measuring lead wire. The structure can effectively solve a problem of external equipment interference, because the temperature measuring probe directly contacts with the bearing, the measured bearing temperature is more accurate.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of chemical compounds extracted from Galla chinensis on enamel surface rehardening in vitro.

METHODS
Sixty bovine enamel blocks with early carious lesions were randomly divided into six groups: group1 treated NaF (positive control); group2 with GCE; group3 with GCE-B; group4 with GCE-B1; group5 with GCE-B2 and group6 with deionized water (negative control). The lesions were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 days. Surface enamel microhardness was measured on the enamel blocks before and after demineralization. After pH-cycling, and the percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR) was calculated.

RESULTS
Obvious increase of the surface hardness of the enamel was observed in all the treatments except GCE-B2 and deionized water (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The present study demonstrates the potential of the three GCEs (GCE, GCE-B and GCE-B1) to effect net rehardening of artificial carious lesions under dynamic pH-cyclic conditions.


Background In animals, combinations of volatile anesthetics are additive for inducing anesthesia. Furthermore, although there is a correlation between lipophilicity and anesthetic potency, not all volatile lipophilic compounds are anesthetic. Previously the authors demonstrated the effects of volatile anesthetics on the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). To further relate anesthetic action in this organism to mammals, anesthetic additivity and effects of volatile, lipophilic nonanesthetics were studied. In addition, yeast pleiotropic drug‐resistance (Pdr) mutants, which confer resistance to various lipophilic compounds, were tested to determine if they are involved in anesthetic response. Methods Yeast strains were grown to saturation in liquid culture, diluted, plated on various solid media, incubated, and scored for growth. Results Combinations of volatile anesthetics inhibit growth of wild‐type (Zzz+) but not anesthetic‐resistant (Zzz‐) strains when additive concentrations equal 1 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Two volatile, lipophilic compounds that are nonanesthetic in mammals do not inhibit yeast growth. Zzz‐ mutants remain sensitive to drugs used to identify yeast PDR genes. Conversely Pdr‐ strains, which are resistant to various lipophilic compounds, remain sensitive to volatile anesthetics. Conclusions Yeast growth is inhibited in an additive manner by volatile anesthetics. Volatile, lipophilic compounds devoid of anesthetic activity in mammals do not inhibit yeast growth. Zzz‐ mutants appear to be specifically resistant to volatile anesthetics and distinct from known Pdr (‐) mutants. These results suggest that volatile anesthetics behave is a parallel manner in yeast and mammals, making yeast a useful model to investigate the molecular effects of these compounds in living cells.


Background and Objective: Proper care of the newborn babies form the foundation of the subsequent life not only in terms of longevity or survival but also in terms of qualitative outcome without any physical and mental disabilities. A study was done to evaluate the knowledge and practice regarding neonatal care among primipara mothers in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Methodology: A nonexperimental descriptive research approach was applied for the study. The patients were 155 primipara mothers, selected by nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Sociodemographic proforma, self-structured questionnaire, and practice checklist were used to collect data regarding neonatal care among primipara mothers. Results: The study communicated that out of 155 samples that mostly (76.1%) had average knowledge level. Moreover, practices of the mothers illustrated that the majority of participants (87.09%) hadpoor practice, whereas only 12.90% hadgood practice. Furthermore, a significant moderate positive correlation (P = 0.0001) was highlighted between knowledge scores and practices scores regarding neonatal care among primipara mothers. In addition, Chi-square value showed that no association found between knowledge score when scored a significant association was reported between knowledge score of primipara mothers with their age and education. Furthermore, practice scores of primipara mothers were significantly associated with the religion. Conclusion: Findings emphasis the need of educational/teaching programs and awareness campaigns, which in turn may enhance the overall knowledge and practice regarding neonatal care. These initiatives may be significant in declining neonatal morbidity and mortality.


With the development of network technology, more and more people choose service-oriented development mode to construct WebGIS. The integration of SOA and Web Service technology has become a trend in WebGIS. However, WebGIS construction is not only an enormous but also a high cost project. Facing this problem, this paper proposed a solution for quick and efficient construction of WebGIS. Firstly, it analyzed the service-oriented development mode and advantages of Web Service. Then it summarized the status of open source GIS and its characteristics. At last, it designed the service-oriented system basing on rich internet application technology and open source GIS. The results showed that this kind of system can fully reflect service-oriented thinking, with a lot of flexibility and extensibility; and it is easy to realize. Therefore, this solution is practical and can be popularized widely.


This article is devoted to the issues of compensation for damage caused by the use of artificial intelligence. The article touches upon the problem of defining the concept of artificial intelligence, as well as determining the subject of responsibility in case of harm caused by artificial intelligence. The authors consider the possibility of attributing the use of artificial intelligence to activities that create increased danger, and in this regard, bringing its owner to responsibility under article 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The authors do not support the point of view according to which responsibility is assigned to a person who profits from the use of artificial intelligence. Attention is drawn to the issues of liability under article 1095 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, according to which the seller or manufacturer (developer) of artificial intelligence can be held liable for damage caused by product defects. In the interests of the consumer, as a weaker party, the authors propose to establish norms with the possibility of bringing both the owner and the manufacturer of artificial intelligence to joint responsibility.


Two new Xestochironomus species, X. dickinsoni sp. n. and X. virgoferreae sp. n., from Brazilian Atlantic Forest are described, based on male adults. Additionally, a key to adult males of the genus is provided.


: Meteorological and hydrological chart records information, measurement data of rainfall, water level, humidity, temperature and other types of measured parameters. These parameters are collected from hydrometeorological measurement stations nationwide. The storage of this information is extremely important for the purpose of researching and forecasting weather and natural disasters in the future. However, at present, the storage of all types of schemas is in paper form, the reading of data depends on the expert. Therefore, it is difficult to guarantee the integrity of the data over time. In this paper, we propose a solution for schema recognition and self–recording of schema information using today's most advanced machine vision and artificial intelligence technologies to help store and digitize data, diagrams automatically. The solution integrates the page structure analysis algorithm, the grid detection algorithm and the alignment algorithm to combine the line detection algorithm and the objects in the schema to separate the line. By experiment, the solution has achieved high accuracy, more than 90% of the diagrams can be digitized, including all types of diagrams of precipitation, water level, humidity, pressure, and temperature.


Calcium is one of the most maxium elements im the body.There are ninety-nine percent of calcium construsting the bone,the tooth and maintaining the bone construction and one percent of calcium transfering the important physiological function of the body.The amount of calcium,over or lower in the body is relating with many diseases.


Background: The Na!-Ca2! exchanger isoform 3 (NCX3) participates in maintaining calcium homeostasis in brain and skeletal muscle. Results: The two splice variants of NCX3 have distinct regulation and capacity of exchange. Conclusion: Distinct calcium uptake capacity of muscle NCX3 suggests a novel function in muscle exercise physiology. Significance: This study brings a new understanding of the role of NCX3 variants in excitable tissues.


(1) One hundred and thirty-eight sites were classified by occupancy of breeding merlins in 1970-84. The population declined by 30-40% during this period to about forty pairs. (2) Major vegetation communities were measured at distances up to 4 km and used to discriminate the most and least regularly occupied sets of sites. The model predicted the correct classification of over 90% of the sites. (3) Sixty-eight percent of the variance of the vegetation matrix was explained by two principal components which represented gradients from heatherto grass-dominated moorland and from farmland or conifers to moorland. The vegetation components were correlated with the merlin discriminant scores (strongly positively and weakly negatively, respectively). (4) The probability of occupancy of a site in any 1 year was related to its discriminant score, varying from 60%. (5) Clutch size was greater at sites nearer to established farmland but not significantly related to discriminant score. Total failures were less frequent at the most regularly occupied sites with high discriminant scores. (6) Overall breeding production was more influenced by total failure rates than clutch size and was related to the discriminant score predicting site occupancy. (7) At the best estimate, the variation of vegetation suitability of occupied sites might have caused a range of production of 1 .5 chicks fledged per pair per year. (8) Declining numbers of merlins appear to be associated with poor breeding production which may in part be related to habitat changes though the proximate causes of most nest failures are unknown.


Signal processing is an important issue for many of the real time experimental system Implementation of online signal processing and spectral analysis through dSPACE ds1102 DSP board and control desk is given.


In this study, to improve the ride and handling characteristics of the vehicle whose hard points have been already fixed, a tuning method of load spring, damper and stabilizer bar is described. For the suspension system of vehicle, optimized design is necessary to satisfy the incompatible two dynamic characteristics which are the ride isolation property between unsprung mass and sprung mass to reduce the excitation from the road and the accurate correring response property to specific steering inputs. To accomplish above aims, we may approach by experimental method, but it requires to sacrifice much time and cost. This paper, therefore, provides a process of suspension development to improve the ride and handling properties by using computer simulation with saving time and cost, and as results, comparaes the dynamic characteristics of the tuned vehicle with the base vehicle not tuned.


From fluvial dynamics, ecology, landscape architecture and recreation perspectives, this paper analyses and demonstrates four core ideas: the promotion of ecological environment, the stability of structure security, the beautification of visual landscape and the possibility of tourism adjacent to water, summarizes the researches and explorations on this subject both at home and abroad and presents countermeasures against bank planning and design. Finally, two rational methods of bank construction are illustrated based on real projects the authors have completed and five pieces of advice are given according to current situations in China.


ObjectiveThe flow rate of a liquid drainage from the lungs is limited because of the elastic nature of the airways. This study was designed to clarify the relationship between intrapulmonary liquid volume and the development of the flow limitation or choked flow phenomenon as a function of expiratory flow rate during total liquid ventilation with perflubron. DesignProspective animal study. SettingUniversity research laboratory. SubjectsRabbits with a weight of 3.2 ± 0.3 kg. InterventionsAfter the rabbits were killed, the lungs were filled to functional residual capacity with perflubron, followed by administration of an additional volume of 30, 45, or 60 mL of perflubron (initial volume = functional residual capacity + additional volume). Measurements and ResultsIn one set of five animals, the intratracheal pressure at the occurrence of choked flow was established at −20 mm Hg. In another set of six animals, we demonstrated that the volume remaining in the lung at the point of development of choked flow (Vch) was stable for the first 40 mins after the animals were killed. Flow rates of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 mL/sec were then applied at an additional volume of 30, 45, or 60 mL to 34 animals. Vch approximately doubled as the flow rate increased from 1.25 mL/sec to 12.5 mL/sec (p < .001). At the same flow, Vch was higher for an additional volume of 60 mL than 30 mL when the flow was ≥2.5 mL/sec. ConclusionsFrom these data, we conclude that choked flow occurs at intratracheal pressure of less than −20 mm Hg, that Vch is stable for the first 40 mins after the animals are killed, and that Vch is a function of flow rate and initial volume.


No: 523 Plant Science and Forestry 579 RICE ROOT INTERACTIONS WITH A DEVELOPED CYANOBACTERIAL BIOFILM AND ITS MONOCULTURES Erandi Herath, Mihiri Seneviratne* and Gamini Seneviratne Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka * email@example.com The application of chemical fertilizers increases the rice growth and harvest. However, excessive application adversely affects the soil quality and also contaminates water sources. Hence, the application of biofertilizers such as biofilmed biofertilizers to rice is an economically viable and environmental friendly option. Since rice field is a favorable environment for cyanobacterial growth, we hypothesize that they may play an important role in enhancing plant growth, development and soil fertility. It is generally reported that biofilm mode of microbes are more effective than monocultures in microbial action. Hence, the objective of this study was to compare the efficiency between the tripartite cyanobacterial biofilm and its monocultures. Cyanobacterial tripartite biofilm was obtained from the culture collection of the Institute of Fundamental Studies. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted for 60 days using different treatments; Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Nostoc, their cyanobacterial tripartite biofilm and no amendment control in sterilized sand medium fed with Yoshida nutrient solution. Soil solutions were extracted and subjected to FTIR analysis. Spectra were analyzed using OMNIC version 7.3 and MINITAB version 16. As plant growth parameters, number of leaves, length and width of leaves, stem girth, root and shoot length, dry weight of roots and shoots were measured in rice plants after 2 months. All data were analyzed by MINITAB version 16. The cyanobacterial biofilm treated plants showed the highest number of leaves and widest leaves at the harvest. FTIR spectra showed higher biochemical diversity in cyanobacterial biofilm inoculated soil solution than other treatments, which implied the microbial effectiveness of cyanobacterial biofilm. Moreover, the cyanobacterial biofilm and its monocultures were clustered separately. Cyanobacterial biofilm spectrum showed a peak at 1634 cm, indicating presence of an aldehyde compound, which was not observed in other treatments. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the performance of these inoculants under field conditions.


Burden of proof rules, which require a specified party to produce evidence on a contested issue, are central to the adversary system. In this article, we model burden of proof rules as a device for minimizing the costs of litigation. The central point to emerge from the model is that, properly assigned, a burden of proof rule economizes on the transmission of information to the court. We use the model to explain characteristic practices of courts in assigning the burden of proof.


The present work of investigation is oriented to the determination of the reducing action of the ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) on the ferric ion, using as standard gallic acid. Ethanolic extracts were prepared at concentrations of 31.45, 15.73, 7.86, 3.93 and 1.96 mg / mL by mixing with potassium ferricyanide. The phenolic compounds present in the rhizome samples reacted with the ferric ion, in such a way that they developed a blue-green coloration; of these systems the reading of absorbance at 700 nm was performed, indicating that the increased absorbance of the mixture gives an increase in reducing power. The in vitro reducing power was expressed as relative percentages, being the one of greater concentration, greater this percentage. The ethanolic extract of the rhizome Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) has a reducing action against the ferric ion and in addition the maximum relative percentage of reducing power of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) on the ferric ion was of 6.5%.


INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF FOCUS AND CONTEXT Infrastructure development and service delivery has increasingly become a matter of collaboration between public and private sector (beyond traditional tendering and contracting) (Aulich and O'Flynn 2007). Various new formulas of collaboration are created and applied all over the world, commonly captured under the flag of public-private partnerships (PPPs), making the latter a 'container concept' (Skelcher 2005, Grimsey and Lewis 2007, Osborne 2000). When talking about PPP, Hodge and Greve (2009: 33) for instance distinguish five different families of partnerships. (1) In this article, our definition of PPP is limited to one family in particular, namely 'long-term legal contracts' (such as PFI in the UK). Much of the PPP research so far is focused on empirical analysis (e.g. mapping cases, international trends) and particular aspects of PPP, e.g. their democratic quality (Skelcher, De Rynck, Klijn and Voets 2008), the risk allocation, their policy impact (McLaughlin and Osborne 2000), and management issues (Akintoye and Beck 2009). While such research has delivered valuable building blocks for both study and practice of PPPs, we should now turn to the (theoretical) relations between these building blocks. We want to understand and reveal the mechanisms at work to come to certain governance structures on the one hand, and the effect of this interaction on the performance of a PPP on the other hand. To do so, we focus on the following questions: why are PPPs shaped and governed in a certain way by government, and how does that affect the PPPs' performance? This article takes a more integrating theoretical perspective, by focusing the complexity of the PPP project and its environment, the governmental capacity to manage the PPP, the governance of the project and the effects thereof on performance. We hypothesize that if a PPP is to be successful/to achieve good performance, a good match between (a) complexity of (the environment of) a particular PPP project, (b) the overall capacity of government to manage PPP projects, and (c) the particular governance strategy applied in a PPP project, is required. If not matched properly, this will have a negative impact on the performance of a PPP project. We will examine this hypothesis using a holistic theoretical design (see Figure 1) that provides an objective base to analyze specific PPP projects. The conceptual framework presented below draws on a range of insights in PPP literature, trying to combine and test them in a novel way. Key components of this integrated perspective are complexity of the environment (in order to contextualize the analysis), government capacity, the governance mix (based on the three types of governance mechanisms: hierarchy, market and networks) and performance of PPPs. The framework should provide a general model that can be used to study PPPs in different settings, without losing sight of specific, important contextual elements. The conceptual framework was tested and developed in a series of case studies in Flanders, Belgium. (2) For this article, we use the case of a PPP project in social housing (3), and study how it is governed and what the intended and unintended effects are. The focus on a single case allows us to bring in context factors needed to understand the PPP projects' trajectory. Differences in PPP models often stem from situation-specific contextual factors that affect their manifestation in different jurisdictions over time and, in turn, their nature, purpose, characteristics, implementation and oversight (English 2006: 250). Jooste et al. (2010) also argue that we need academic work that recognizes the way that PPP programs are implemented differently in different regions in order to progress beyond the 'one size fits all view' present in the PPP literature and stemming from a normative approach to the subject. The case reported in this article illustrates that a mismatch between the complexity and government capacity on the one hand and the chosen governance mechanism on the other hand, hampers PPP performance. …


Poly(silarylene)s with amide groups and oxymethylene flexible spacers in a backbone were synthesized. It was shown that the polymers with an even number of methylene groups in a spacer are capable of forming an LC state of smectic or nematic structure. When a spacer contains an odd number of methylene groups, no LC phase is formed.


Sulfonation, a major phase-II conjugation reaction turns otherwisehighly lipophilic compounds water soluble and makes them amenable to excretionvia the kidneys. Sulfonated forms of compounds such as 17s-Estradiol (17s-E2) also act as transport formswhich are made available to various tissues by the plasma. Several smallmolecules interact with sulfotransferases to alter their activity. In thisstudy, interaction of two compounds, celecoxib and triclosan, were explored atthe molecular level. It was observed previously that 17s-E2 which, upon sulfotransferase2A1 (SULT2A1) catalysis forms 17s-E2 3-sulfate as the major productand also forms 17s-E217-sulfate as the minor product, switches its sulfonation pattern in thepresence of the cox-2 inhibitor, celecoxib to form more 17s-E2 17-sulfate in human livercytosol. To investigate the reason for this switching at the molecular level,steroids analogous to 17s-E2were selected for the study of their sulfonation by SULT2A1 in the presence ofcelecoxib. Enzyme kinetic data when coupled with in silico ligand docking studies suggests that celecoxib binds inthe large binding site of SULT2A1 and, while prohibiting the normal binding ofthe substrates facilitates, for appropriately shaped substrates, a binding modethat allows more 17-sulfonation. The effect of celecoxib on the sheep and rat liver cytosolswas also tested in vitro with 17s-E2 to see if they replicate thehuman model. There was inhibition of sulfonation but no switching in femalesheep and male rat. In female rat there was no observable effect of celecoxib,but it was interesting to note that 17s-E217-sulfate was the major product of 17s-E2sulfonation. Triclosan, an antibacterial used in preparations such soapsand tooth pastes has been shown to interact with off-target proteins.  Since it is shown to be excreted mainly asits conjugates, studies were undertaken to identify the major isoforms ofsulfotransferase enzymes bringing about this biotransformation. SULT1B1 andSULT1A1 with Vmax/Km values of 820 and 320 ml/min/mg arethe most active isoforms. Triclosan also was inhibitory towards the activitiesof other major human sulfotransferase and sulfatase enzymes.


The principle and PWM control strategy of static var generator(SVG) were introduced.Aiming at SVG's dynamic response in var-voltage conditioning,a var-voltage controller based on approximate dynamic programming was proposed.The controller contains action network and critic network.According to the voltage deviation,the controller can provide extra voltage signals to speed up SVG reactive power generation rate,and improve the dynamic response characteristic.The simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed controller.


This paper proposes using collisions of Pareto random variables in traffic analysis and in generating fictitious network traffic that follows various Pareto distributions. Pareto distributions are commonly found in network statistics, but the distributions may be truncated or overlapping, thus making it hard to estimate their sample parameters. Therefore, this paper investigates methods of computing parameters of binned collisions of Pareto random variables. This paper explores an indicator variable approach to analyzing collisions of Pareto random variables. These collisions are initially modeled by the birthday problem or paradox and then they are extended to understand independence of collisions. This paper's use of indicator variables simplifies the calculation of higher moments for binned collisions of Pareto random variables


This article is devoted to the comparative analysis of parametric and semiparametric sample selection models with two selection equations. Comparison has been conducted on simulated data under different random errors distributional assumptions: student, beta and mixture of normal. The results suggest that for student and beta distributions parametric models' estimates are more or equally accurate as semiparametric. However, former methods provide more accurate estimates under mixture distribution case. Therefore, parametric sample selection model estimators seem to be robust to violations of normality assumption in terms of tails thickness and asymmetry but fail to account for bimodality as good as their semiparametric counterparts


In recent years the academic study of strikes has tended to become increasingly trivialised. Once upon a time academics used to be interested in what caused strikes. The most common point of departure in these earlier studies was to examine strike statistics for evidence of trends or concentrations in industrial disputation. Commonly links were then drawn with economic or institutional causes. While this approach contained difficulties associated with statistical aggregation and reliability, and the ad hoc nature of the causes invoked, nevertheless many of the older studies held interest because they attempted to answer important questions. The conventional wisdom that strikes are a problem has caused a tangible shift of emphasis in strike studies. Building upon this article of faith, attention has been redirected to the cost of industrial conflict in terms of inflation, social security payments and the direct costs of lost production. Now we are confronted by the spectacle of academics developing esoteric ideas such as the &dquo;state subsidy theory of strikes&dquo;, affronted by econometricians misusing strike data in arid inflation models and bemused by vain attempts to assess the economic cost of strikes. In this flurry of intellectual activity both traditional and modern, we seem to have lost sight of those people who are at the core of industrial conflict-the strikers themselves. Very little work has ever been done upon how employees reach a decision to go on strike, how they justify this decision to themselves and others, what guides their actions during a dispute and how they try to make their actions effective.


In unbalanced three-phase system,when using d-q calculating mode based harmonic current detecting method,there is a systematic error between the detected result and actual current arising by the phase difference of phase locking result and positive voltage component.To eliminate the error,the output current,which is more balanced and has the same frequency as the voltage,is used as the input of PLL.Thus the detecting system becomes a closed-loop system.Simulation result shows that the fundamental current and harmonic current can be measured more accurately than the traditional method and the circuit becomes simpler.


Helium-3 tubes are used to detect thermal neutrons by charge collection using the {sup 3}He(n,p) reaction. By analyzing the time sequence of neutrons detected by these tubes, one can determine important features about the constitution of a measured object: Some materials such as Cf-252 emit several neutrons simultaneously, while others such as uranium and plutonium isotopes multiply the number of neutrons to form bursts. This translates into unmistakable signatures. To determine the type of materials measured, one compares the measured count distribution with the one generated by a theoretical fission chain model. When the neutron background is negligible, the theoretical count distributions can be completely characterized by a pair of parameters, the multiplication M and the detection efficiency {var_epsilon}. While the optimal pair of M and {var_epsilon} can be determined by existing codes such as BigFit, the uncertainty on these parameters has not yet been fully studied. The purpose of this work is to precisely compute the uncertainties on the parameters M and {var_epsilon}, given the uncertainties in the count distribution. By considering different lengths of time tagged data, we will determine how the uncertainties on M and {var_epsilon} vary with the different count distributions.


Curcumin composition and use thereof. The present specification describes a curcumin composition that improves muscle performance, endurance and fatigue resistance by administration in an effective amount to a subject in need thereof. The composition comprises curcumin and at least one pharmaceutically and / or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (such as a hydrophilic carrier) and exhibits improved bioavailability. Specifically, methods are described that include the use of curcumin compositions that increase exercise time, performance and ability, and prevent muscle pain, fatigue and injury. The composition improves mitochondrial biogenesis by modulating mitochondrial function, increasing mitochondrial mass and oxygen consumption, thereby increasing mitochondrial aerobic capacity. The composition reduces muscle oxidative stress by reducing inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers. The curcumin composition can be safely ingested for pharmaceutical and / or nutritional purposes, can be produced by an economical method using conventional equipment, and can be effectively used to improve muscle and exercise performance. [Selection] Figure 11


The electrolytic removal of ethinylestradiol (EE2), the most potent synthetic estrogen, in effluent of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating hospital sewage and in drinking water, was studied at dosed concentrations of about 1 mg EE2 L−1. Removal efficiencies of up to 98% were obtained with supplemental efficient eradications of bacteria (up to 3.4 log units). Residual effects were observed when a treated flow was mixed with an untreated flow. An increasing concentration of NaCl resulted in an enhanced EE2 removal. This effect was more pronounced in MBR effluent than in drinking water. To approach more environmentally realistic concentrations, an experiment with initial concentration of 10 µg EE2 L−1 drinking water was set up, still resulting in an EE2 removal of 85%. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry


: Although a large number of online foreign language oral learners has emerged, little is known about the interactive mechanism between online learning environmental factors and learners' self-relevant factors. Using the quantitative method, 466 questionnaires of Chinese young adult learners were collected to test the hypothesized relationships between cognitive presence (CP), teaching presence (TP), social presence (SP), L2(second language) motivational self (including Ideal L2 self (IL2) and Ought-to L2 self (OL2)), general self-efficacy (GSE), online foreign language speaking anxiety (AN) and intended efforts (IE) in a structural equation model. The findings illustrate: (1) Online foreign language speaking learners are in middle anxiety, high GSE and high IE level; (2) Online learning environment is an overall ecology in which CP, TP, SP, IL2, OL2, and GSE are highly correlated with each other; (3) In terms of causality, TP and OL2 enhance AN, GSE weakens AN, GSE and OL2 strengthen IE while AN reduces IE. To facilitate online oral foreign language learning, designers of online learning platforms should consider providing the choice of learning partners and more meta-cognition support to guide learners to deal with negative evaluations and manage learning recordings.


Background—Although subvalvular gradients in patients with aortic stenosis have been described, their behavior and response to exercise have not been well characterized. Methods and Results—Left ventricular and aortic pressures and linear flow velocity were measured with a catheter-tip manometer at rest and during supine exercise in 27 patients with valvular aortic stenosis. A subvalvular gradient was measured in each patient that represented, on average, 48% of the total resting transvalvular gradient. With exercise, both total (rest: 80±26 mm Hg; exercise: 90±25 mm Hg) and subvalvular gradients (rest: 37±13 mm Hg; exercise: 60±22 mm Hg) increased significantly. There was a significant inverse relationship between change in exercise cardiac output and total and subvalvular gradients. However, only the exercise subvalvular gradient predicted cardiac output response. Conclusions—Subvalvular pressure gradients are universally present in patients with severe aortic stenosis and comprise approximately half of the total transvalvular gradient. The extent of exercise cardiac output increase is inversely related to the subvalvular gradient magnitude.


【Objective】 To explore the expression of cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2) and its enhancer of zester homologue(EZH2) in mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC).【Methods】 PV-6001 two-step immunohistochemical assay was used to test the expression of Cox-2 and EZH2 in 34 cases of MEC and 11 cases of normal salivary gland tissue(NSG),and SPSS16.0 software was used for statistical analysis.【Results】 The expression level of Cox-2 and EZH2 in the MEC was significantly higher than that in the NSG group(P 0.01).Cox-2 expressed the high,middle and low differentiated group and recurrent group and metastasized tissue(P 0.05,P 0.01).There was statistical difference of the expression of EZH2 not only among the high,middle and low differentiated group but also in localization and recurrence and metastasis of MEC(P 0.01,P 0.05).The expression of Cox-2 and EZH2 in MEC was positively correlated(rs = 0.680,P 0.01).【Conclusions】 It is suggested that Cox-2 and EZH2 expressed in MEC related to its localization,recurrence and metastasis.The expression of EZH2 might be related with the localization of MEC.And the examination of Cox-2 combined with EZH2 in the MEC might be a useful approach for determining its diagnosis,management and prognosis.


Abstract
Aloe r.'era powder was made from aloe r.,era clear gel (mucilage) which was dried with an oven blower at
70"C until a moisture content of between 8.0-10.00/o was reached.The previous research showed that aloe
verapowder had high antioxidative activity. However, the use of aloe vera powder are less acceptable, because
of low solubility and was needed special preparation to drink. The purposes of this research was to improve
aloe aera powder solubilityby microencapsulation, thus increasing the acceptability.The microencapsulation
was conducted by reconstituting aloe -oera powder in aqueous medium with ratio of powder/water 7/!20.
The mixture was filtered and then the solution added with maltodextrin as an encapsulating agent with
various concentration of, 2.5; 5.0;7 .5 and 70.0 o/o(w/v). Each preparation was fed into spray dryer at an
iniet temperature of 130"C and an outlet temperature of 103"C with the air flow rate was 50.0 m3lh and
the solution flow rate 350.0 mllh. fhe microencapsulated powders were determined their acceptability
by hedonic test and were tested the colour with chromameter. The antioxidative activity of the acceptable
microencapsulated-powder was analyzed by using DPPH (l,t-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazifl method. The
experiment used completely randomized design with maltodextrin concentration as a factor. The research
showed that microencapsulation of aloe vera powder with 7.50/o maltodextrin resulted acceptable product.
The colour of the microencapsulated powder was light rather yellow and the ability to scavenge free radical
DPPH indicated by the value of RS A (Radical Scar.tenging Actioity) was betwee n 78.70-L9 .720/o.
Keywords: solubiliry maltodextrin, microencapsulated-powder.


This research paper is a study on sociological impact of superstition in public's lifestyle that has been carried out as a case study in Pahang-Malaysia. In view of the possibility of occurring unlikely events and fast advancement of sciences, it is believed that superstitious beliefs and faiths are disappeared. But, superstitious beliefs are not changed and disappeared as per the present conditions and affect the public life and their way of lives. Under such circumstances, the present investigation attempts to study the under discussion topic and issue with a significant perspective and five assumptions are regarded in view of the theories propounded by Malinowski, Max Weber, Samuel and Weber. As per the theoretical framework of the investigation, every society is based on its rituals, cultural basis, customs and dominant values of that society, selects particular reaction to satisfy the requirements of the individuals and institutionalizing them in the society that would consequently direct to the progression of special believes and influential behaviors crystallizing in the life style. So, the research assumptions are studied employing study survey procedure, interview and questionnaire. While the findings secured from Pearson correlation coefficient show, there is a correlation among independent variables including superstitious believes, morals and the function of superstition and relying variable of life style. In other word, as compared with the individuals who do not believe in superstitious notions, people who believe in superstition have more traditional life style; on the other hand, the persons that believe in superstition have more modern way of life. Consequently, as compared with the people who do not accept superstitious beliefs, people who accept the function of superstition in a society have very conventional way of life showing that the influence of social superstition is disappearing in the life style and does not undermine the people's life. In the second analytical level, multifunctional regression test applied to assess theoretical pattern indicates that there is a