Power conveyance potentiality for series and parallel allied battery-packages are constrained by the wickedest cell of the string. Every cell contains marginally dissimilar capability and terminal voltage because of industrialized acceptances and functional situations. During charging or discharging progression, the charge status of the cell strings become imbalanced and incline to loss equalization. Therefore, the enthusiasm of this paper is to design an active charge balancing system for Lithium-ion battery pack with the help of online state of charge (SOC) estimation technique. A Battery Management System (BMS) is modeled by means of controlling the SOC of the cells to upsurge the efficacy of rechargeable batteries. The capacity of each cell is calculated by dint of SOC function estimated as a result of Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm through four switched DC/DC Buck-Boost converter. The simulation results confirm that the designed BMS can synchronize the cell equalization via curtailing the SOC estimation error (RMSE 1.20%) productively.


This paper presents alternative models for forecasting the demand for bills and coins of different denominations. When compared to the models often used, the root mean squared forecasting error is reduced by as much as a factor of 15. The paper also develops a new framework to formulate the printing and minting programs by using density forecasts along with information on technological constraints and preferences of the policy maker.


Block processing using look-ahead is a useful technique for increasing the parallelism in recursive filtering. This paper attempts to give a straightforward approach to transform a class of existing efficient structures of denominator-separable 2-D filters for the purpose of block processing by using a look-ahead approach (pipeline interleaving). The property of low roundoff noise and the absence of overflow limit cycles are preserved by the transformation. The degree of the concurrency is further increased linearly without additional computational overhead by incorporating the "line block processing" technique.


Simple Summary The Notch pathway is important in embryology and numerous tumor diseases. However, its role in bladder cancer (BCa) has not been deeply investigated thus far. Gene expression data are available for BCa, and bioinformatics analysis can provide insights into a possible role of the Notch pathway in BCa development and prognosis. Using this information can help in better understanding the origin of BCa, finding novel biomarkers for prediction of disease progression, and potentially opening new avenues to improved treatment. Our analysis identified the Notch receptors NOTCH2/3 and their ligand DLL4 as potential drivers of BCa by direct interaction with basic cell functions and indirect by modulating the immune response. Abstract Background: A hallmark of Notch signaling is its variable role in tumor biology, ranging from tumor-suppressive to oncogenic effects. Until now, the mechanisms and functions of Notch pathways in bladder cancer (BCa) are still unclear. Methods: We used publicly available data from the GTEx and TCGA-BLCA databases to explore the role of the canonical Notch pathways in BCa on the basis of the RNA expression levels of Notch receptors, ligands, and downstream genes. For statistical analyses of cancer and non-cancerous samples, we used R software packages and public databases/webservers. Results: We found differential expression between control and BCa samples for all Notch receptors (NOTCH1, 2, 3, 4), the delta-like Notch ligands (DLL1, 3, 4), and the typical downstream gene hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1). NOTCH2/3 and DLL4 can significantly differentiate non-cancerous samples from cancers and were broadly altered in subgroups. High expression levels of NOTCH2/3 receptors correlated with worse overall survival (OS) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS). However, at long-term (>8 years) follow-up, NOTCH2 expression was associated with a better OS and DFS. Furthermore, the cases with the high levels of DLL4 were associated with worse OS but improved DFS. Pathway network analysis revealed that NOTCH2/3 in particular correlated with cell cycle, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), numbers of lymphocyte subtypes, and modulation of the immune system. Conclusions: NOTCH2/3 and DLL4 are potential drivers of Notch signaling in BCa, indicating that Notch and associated pathways play an essential role in the progression and prognosis of BCa through directly modulating immune cells or through interaction with cell cycle and EMT.


Through geological mapping, trenching, drilling, and indoor analyses, the Heiniudong Copper-Zinc Deposit was a large or even super-large marine volcanic-associated massive sulifide deposit (VMSD) in the passive continental margin rift during the middle Proterozoic. The ore-bearing country rocks contain mylonites, phyllonite, mylonitic shists, quartz-blastic mylonites, and tectonites, with orebodies hosted in shear-type mineralization and alteration zones. The primary rocks are quartz sandstones, mud-quartz siltstones, argillites, and siliceous rocks, intercalated with mafic rock and minor intermediate-acidic, acidic volcanic rocks, and are characteristic of high greenschist - low amphibolite facies by metamorphism. The deposit dominated by massive, para-massive and brecciated ores is enriched in copper, with an average Cu grade of 1.68% and an average Zn grade of 1.53%. Mineralization is closely related to bleached zone and silicification. Mineralization is characterized by extensively-developed ductile shear-type disseminated rock or ores and is of the same deformation features as mylonite and phyllonite. Multiple mineralized metallic lens, deformation bands and microfolds can be found in the ores. Texture and structure of the ores, and their spatial and temporal distribution, and H, O, S, Pb and Si isotopic features show that massive, para-massive and breccias ores are shear-type mineralized rocks or ores, suggesting that the deposit is a metamorphosed deposit, i.e. a reactivated deposit from primary ores. The shear-type mineralized rock or ores are likely a dissolution-dominated reactivated residual of the VMSD deposit which underwent multiple ductile deformation and metamorphic deformation due to middle Proterozoic submarine volcano and rifting. The deposit is characterized by in-site ductile deformation and metamorphic regeneration, with the mineralization age in late Yanshanian epoch (134.26±0.5Ma).


This essay draws on the personal experiences of a spiritual pilgrimage in northern Spain. Using pilgrimage as metaphor and the experience of walking a portion of the famous Spanish El Camino, (the way), the author raises questions such as: How do we walk through life? How do we get our footing to bring artistry of caring into our lives and work and world? What steps do we take that speak to who we are and our raison d'être? This perspective is grounded in Newman's health as evolving consciousness, Rogers's science of unitary being, Quinn's view of sacred space, and Watson's caritas (cosmic loving consciousness) as the highest form of consciousness, and the infinite source of healing/wholeness. A walking spiritual pilgrimage serves as metaphoric invitation for nurses and nursing to engage in conscious, creative, artful steps, imprinting self and society with caritas in our lives, our work, and our world.


The TIGRIS XL land use and transport interaction model for the Netherlands is developed for and owned by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Because of this ownership it is that in comparison with other LUTI-models this model has a strong practical focus. Since the finalization of the first version of the model in 2006 the modal has been applied in a number of policy studies. Currently a new version of the model is close of being operational and we use this opportunity to reflect on several of these applications and their lessons. The model can be characterized by its dynamic in structure, as it iterates between transport and land-use components, to model how the system evolves over time. Main design principles are that it avoids postulating a priori a hierarchical relationship between jobs and residents, a flexible modular set-up and its integration with the standard National Model System as its transport module. Internationally the TIGRIS XL model can be positioned in the family of utility based dynamic models, other members of this family are IRPUD (Wegener, 1998), Delta (Simmonds, 1999) and Urbansim (Waddell, 2002). A rather special characteristic of the TIGRIS XL model is that the availability of detailed spatial data enabled a formal statistical estimation of the residential and firm location choice module, while informal calibration procedures are more commonly applied in the international practice of LUTI models. The applications presented in this paper reflect the different functionalities of the model and include: (1) Scenario studies to address uncertain future developments. The paper will discuss the spatial outlook study addressing regional uncertainties In this study the TIGRIS XL model has been used to quantify in a integrative and consistent way the regional scenario's regarding population, household, work force, employment, accessibility and congestion. The study also explores the impacts of a scenario including a less regulated residential land market in the Netherlands. (2) Strategy formulation studies exploring the potential of future land use and transport strategies. As example the paper will discuss the application of the TIGRIS XL model in the second sustainability outlook study. In this study the model has been used to explore the potential of urban density strategies in combination with infrastructure investments and pricing policy strategies. (3) Land use and transport project evaluation study. For the New Town developments in the city of Almere the impacts of alternative land-use and transport on the population, employment and transport benefits have been evaluated. This analysis included the mutual interactions as the benefits of the transport investment depends on the land-use developments and the land-use developments depend on the accessibility of the locations. (4) Urban development and Cost-benefit analysis. This study addresses a longstanding research issue and explores the definition of the reference case for urban development projects within cost benefit analysis studies. The TIGRIS XL model has been used to demonstrate the impacts on the benefits of the selection of alternative reference cases. The benefits include land revenues, agglomeration benefits and travel time savings. For each application the description will focus on how the model has been applied and what the contribution has been of applying a LUTI-model. Finally the paper will focus on upcoming challenges and future applications. As one of the upcoming research issues in this field we identify the increasing differences in regional developments and the implications of these growing regional disparities for spatial and infrastructure investments policies. In addition the government in the Netherlands is in the process of decentralizing its spatial planning policies and, to a much lesser extent, its transport policies. Applying a LUTI model can help to get insight in the differences in impacts at the regional and national level.


We searched for d Scuti-type pulsations amongst known and candidate g Doradus stars. The motivations for such a project come from the need to understand the relationship of these two classes of pulsator better, from the present poor knowledge of the hot border of the g Doradus phenomenon, and from the exciting prospects for asteroseismology should stars be found which have both types of pulsation excited. We acquired 270 h of observations and monitored a total of 26 stars. One target, HD 209295, turned out to be a member of both classes of pulsating star, but this object is peculiar in the sense that it is a close binary. We classify six of our targets as new bona fide g Doradus stars, whereas nine more are good g Doradus candidates, and three turned out to be ellipsoidal variables. One of our programme stars was found to be a d Scuti star, with no additional g Doradus variations. Furthermore, one star was already known to be a bona fide g Doradus star, and we could not find an unambiguous explanation for the variability of five more stars. The analysis of our data together with improved knowledge of stars from the literature enabled us to revise the blue border of the g Doradus phenomenon towards cooler temperatures. This new blue edge is much better defined than the previous one and extends from a temperature of about 7550 K on the ZAMS to 7400 K one magnitude above it. Five bona fide g Doradus stars we observed are located inside the d Scuti instability strip, but none of them exhibited observable d Scuti pulsations. We therefore suggest that g Doradus stars are less likely to be d Scuti pulsators compared with other normal stars in the same region of the lower instability strip. In addition, we show that there is a clear separation between the pulsation constants Q of d Scuti and g Doradus stars. The g Doradus stars known to date all have Q . 0:23 d.


ABSTRACT Research on first-generation doctoral students and Black doctoral students have largely remained separate despite the significant overlap in the two populations. With almost half of Black doctoral students identifying as first-generation, it is critical for higher education and student affairs (HESA) faculty and institutional leaders to understand the intersectional experiences of these students to successfully recruit, retain, and graduate this population. While necessary in all fields, it is even more important to remove systemic barriers in a field that espouses social justice as a value, like student affairs. This study seeks to explore the experiences of Black first-generation doctoral students in HESA programs at historically white institutions.


This study examined middle and secondary educators' perspectives on the student transition from middle to secondary-level mathematics. Middle and secondary mathematics educators participated in a year-long professional learning project consisting of four off-site sessions. During these sessions, they were given formal professional development, and had opportunities to collaborate with each other. Findings from this study suggest that middle and secondary educators had limited understanding of each other's experiences in the classroom, and consequently, many misconceptions. However, having deliberate opportunities to collaborate with each other helped them realize shared struggles, and begin to work on alleviating the transition for students. These findings suggest that even short opportunities for collaboration can result in improved learning and more informed perspectives for both middle and secondary educators.


Insulating covers are collective protective equipment widely used in the maintenance of energized aerial electrical networks. The insulating covers can be divided in rigid or flexible. Using them along with other insulating means they allow carrying out repairs without interrupting the electric service. The present work relates essential aspects established in the international normative to achieve the adequate performance of rigid and flexible insulating protectors. It describes the experiences obtained in the individual electrical laboratory tests carried out in the CIPEL High Tension Laboratory in a measurement period of five years. As a result, the main insulation rigid and flexible covers used in Cuba and causes of rejection are identified at the laboratory level and measures are proposed that, in the authors' opinion, can improve the good condition of the protective element and increase its useful life, which represents an increase in operator safety and an improvement in the quality of the executed works.


The inherent tension between trade preferences and the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) principle has been mainly examined in the context of regional free trade agreements and customs unions. Much less attention has been given to non-reciprocal special trade preferences given by developed countries to developing countries. WTO rules on these special preferences are less explicit than WTO rules governing free trade agreements and customs unions. The Doha Round of the WTO negotiations should not neglect this aspect of trade relations between developed and developing countries. Tariff preferences by developed countries in favour of developing countries are welcome, because they further trade and growth in developing countries. They may be even more welcome if they are given without reciprocity. But these tariff preferences can creIPC Issue Brief Number One


Coastal water issues are gaining worldwide attention because of their impact on health and other environmental problems. This article is concerned with the comparison between artificial neural networks and statistical methods to predict the degree of acidity (pH) in the coastal waters along the Gaza beach. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are trained and developed with reference to three parameters (water temperature, wind velocity, and turbidity) to predict the level of pH in the seawater. Both networks were developed using the combination of the data collected from nine sites over a period of 4 years, including 294 samples for training and 90 samples for testing the performance of models. The results show that the MLP and RBF models have good ability to predict the pH level. Each network's performance was tested with different sets of data, and the results show satisfactory performance. Results of the developed networks were compared with the statistical regression method and found that the predictions of neural networks are better than the conventional methods. Predictions result show that artificial neural networks approach have good ability for the modeling of pH level in the coastal waters along Gaza beach. It is hoped that neural networks will prove to be a promising alternative to traditional methods used and can contribute in the improvement of the quality of seawater.


The decay properties of Se 73m , Se 81 and As 79 have been studied by scintillation methods. Gamma-ray spectra showed lines of energy 170, 275, 335, 410, 480, 550, 650 and 840 KeV belonging to the decay of Se 81 . The decay scheme of Se 81 was proposed with the aid of single and coincidence measurements of radiations. The mass difference between the ground states of Se 81 and Br 81 is represented by the 1.56–MeV beta ray. In As 79 , new gamma rays of 360, 440, 725 and 890 KeV were found. Beta-gamma and gamma-gamma coincidence measurements confirmed that a 44–min activity in selenium is attributed to Se 73m . It is found that the beta-decay energy is 1.86–MeV and that there is no appreciable gamma ray.


Abstract We discuss the path of a tracer particle as a microswimmer moves past on an infinite, straight trajectory. If the tracer is sufficiently far from the path of the swimmer it moves in a closed loop. As the initial distance between the tracer and the path of the swimmer $\rho $ decreases, the tracer is displaced a small distance backwards (relative to the direction of the swimmer velocity). For much smaller tracer–swimmer separations, however, the tracer displacement becomes positive and diverges as $\rho \rightarrow 0$ . To quantify this behaviour we calculate the Darwin drift, the total volume swept out by a material sheet of tracers, initially perpendicular to the swimmer path, during the swimmer motion. We find that the drift can be written as the sum of a universal term which depends on the quadrupolar flow field of the swimmer, together with a non-universal contribution given by the sum of the volumes of the swimmer and its wake. The formula is compared to exact results for the squirmer model and to numerical calculations for a more realistic model swimmer.


And the seat portion, built a seat substructure, a seat arrangement for a vehicle having a transverse axis which essentially extend parallel to the axis of the angle with respect to the seat longitudinal axis, the seat portion toward the seat substructure it is arranged to be movable along a horizontal axis, presenting a seat arrangement which is provided around the horizontal axis so as to be at least partially pivot.


Boswellia serrata Roxb., a commercially important species for its pulp and pharmaceutical properties was sampled from three locations representing its natural distribution in central India for genetic characterization through 56 RAPD + 42 ISSR loci. The wood fiber dimensions measured for morphometric characterization confirmed 11.36% of the variation in the length and 8.75% of the variation in the width indicating its fitness for local adaptation. Bayesian and non-Bayesian approach based diversity measures resulted moderate within population gene diversity (0.26±0.17), Shannon's information index (0.40±0.22) and panmictic heterozygosity (0.28±0.01). A high estimate for genetic differentiation measures i.e. GST (0.31), GST-B (0.33±0.02) and θ-II (0.45) led to the distinct clusters of the sampled genotypes representing their regional variability due to limited gene flow and total absence of natural regeneration. We report the first investigation of the species for its molecular characterization emphasizing the urgent need for the genetic improvement program for the In-situ/Ex-situ conservation and sustainable commercialization.


We propose a method for optimizing the architecture of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) network. The proposed scheme is a variation of the MLP architecture, in which each neuron's output is modulated by an efficiency factor associated with that node. Nodes with low efficiency factor literally do not participate in the network. We compute the efficiency of a node using a multiplier function with a learnable parameter, which we call the multiplier of that node. Values of the multipliers are learned by a gradient descent along with the weights, aiming to minimize the mean square error. Training starts with all node efficiencies set very low so that there is literally no connection between any of the neurons in the net. As the learning progresses, gradually some of the nodes start acquiring high efficiencies. Training is terminated when performance of the network is satisfactory. At the end of the training nodes with low efficiency are eliminated and a near optimal architectural size for the MLP is obtained. Effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated on several data-sets.


The front-line units play a very important role in colleges,shouldering its major responsibility to cultivate young teachers.Based on the characteristics of young teachers,a new way of cultivation-and-evaluation may be introduced to help the construction of college teaching staff and benefit the young teachers' development as well.


The purpose of this presentation is to acquaint you with some of the instruments being used to measure stresses and motions produced by explosions. However, before discussing instruments in detail, it is well to define the scope of measurement requirements, regimes of interest, and to describe briefly the organization and functions of the WES. The WES is the principal laboratory facility of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. It is engaged in research and engineering investigations in the scientific fields of hydraulics, concrete, soil mechanics, mobility of military vehicles, nuclear weapons effects, and flexible pavement design. Five engineering research divisions, the Hydraulics, Soils, Concrete, Nuclear Weapons Effects, and Mobility and Environmental Divisions, are directly responsible for accomplishment of the overall mission in their respective fields of endeavor. A Technical Services Division provides essential technical support in instrumentation, data reduction and computation, special library services, etc. A Construction Services Division supports the basic work programs with its full range of shops, maintenance, and light and heavy construction facilities. Since the end result of every investigation is a technical report, unusually effective central facilities are maintained for the production of technical reports. The functional organization is completed by the usual administrative services. Research concerned with nuclear weapons effects is conducted by the Nuclear Weapons Effects Division for the Army in cooperation with other Department of Defense agencies utilizing theoretical, analytical, and experimental methods. The experimental work is carried out by means of small-scale high-explosive tests, special laboratory tests, and full-scale nuclear tests. Investigations are concerned chiefly with the design of protective structures to resist blast and with underwater shock effects. The Division also participates in the Plowshare program of the Atomic Energy Commission and provides consultant-type services to OCE, Office, Civil Defense, DASA, and other government agencies active in this field. Earth stress and motion measurements are made in conjunction with protective structures experimentation and explosion effects tests. Free-field measurements are made to study behavior of soils under dynamic loads. Measurements are also made to determine loading conditions as well as response of buried structures. FIGURE 1 provides a schematic illustration of the regimes of interest and the types of structures under consideration. Measurements are required in soil and rock and on structures in regions where stress levels range from approximately lo5 to 10' psi; Peak particle velocities range from approximately 100 to 0.1 ft per sec. Measurements are made both in the field and on laboratory tests in various


PN (proportional navigation) law is in wide use. In this paper, the traditional proportional navigation control system is analyzed, then we find that the traditional proportional navigation guidance law is sensitive to the time-to-go (i.e., time to interception) measurement, in other words, the time-to-go estimation error may cause significant degradation in the performance of the PN guidance law. In this paper, we design a new guidance law which is called reduced sensitivity guidance law (RSL) to solve the problem. At the end of the article, the simulation results show that the RSL method is insensitive to the time-to-go estimation error and the performance of the RSL guidance law system is improved.


This article will argue that regardless of the tragic fate of the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe and the European Council's proclaimed abandonment of the "constitutional concept" in June 2007, the EU has already a constitution even though it may not possess a "transparent, intelligible, or ultimately meaningful one". The European Court of Justice's endorsement of this "constitutional perspective" with respect to the EC Treaty was as influential as it was controversial. It is therefore critical to analyse the Court's case law before seeking to understand why the European use of constitutional terminology has proved contentious. This article will finally suggest that the EC and EU Treaties can be best described and understood as constituting a "treaty-constitution" and that this hybrid nature is no transitional aberration.


With the increasing amount of data about the 3D structure of proteins, there is a growing need for computational techniques to analyse these structure data. In our work, we pursue a commonly technique used in On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) domains – namely the multi-dimensional data model and vectorization of data elements onto multi-dimensional vector spaces. This paper presents preliminary work carried out in this direction and provides a vision for future work.


In this paper, computational fluid dynamics method was applied for the numerical simulation of a flat and open wind field. The dispersion of anti-infrared smoke screen in this area was evaluated by discrete phase model, and the three-dimensional distribution of the concentration of anti-infrared smoke screen was obtained. The efficient shielding region of anti-infrared smoke screen across the wind direction was calculated by using Lambert-Beer law. The relationship between wind velocity and shielding region of anti-infrared smoke screen was also studied in this paper.


The theory of path homology for digraphs was developed by Alexander Grigor'yan, Yong Lin, Yuri Muranov, and Shing-Tung Yau. In this paper, we consider the differential algebras on digraphs and define the parametrized homology of digraphs as an analog of the path homology. We prove the functoriality of the parametrized homology of digraphs in Theorem 4.2. We also prove some Kunneth-type formulae for the parametrized homology of digraphs in Theorem 4.4.


The conclusion, which is obtained by the spectral experiments on aqueous surfactant solutions, that the micellar concentration in aqueous surfactant solution is constant irrespective of surfactant concentration in the range which is from a little above the CMC to a considerably high surfactant concentration, coincides well with many other experimental results such as solubilization of dye, conductivity, self diffusion, X-Ray diffraction, density, viscosity and osmotic coefficient or cryoscopic behavior.


The invention discloses a data disaster tolerant system and method and intermediate means, comprising: a host home location register (HLR) and a backup HLR having a function module processing a data interacting operation with relevant operation devices and updating stored relevant data; further an intermediate means having an interface communicating among the host, backup HLRs and relevant operation devices. The intermediate means is applied to transferring the data interacting operation information between the host HLR and the relevant operation devices, synchronizing the relevant data interacting operation information to the backup HLR and switching the data operation to the backup HLR when the host HLR malfunctions. The invention is capable of accomplishing disaster system interaction among different devices, accomplishing data disaster tolerant among different devices of the factory without updating relevant devices, which reduces improvement cost of the data disaster tolerant and accomplishes automatic switch.


It is noted that emergency vehicles no-longer apply caution when approaching an intersection. The assumption is that, the automated system should already be aware of the emergency vehicles arrival at the intersection. Considering the assumption, emergency vehicles tend to proceed through traffic intersections without visual confirmation of road priority assigned to them. This is a problem because, it is likely to become very accident prone. In this project, we have explored various traffic preemption applications and various problems of uncertainty, which accompany an intersection traffic light, giving full priority to an emergency vehicle. The proposed approach includes making an emergency vehicle driver see a visual evidence or confirmation of the light becoming Green a few meters before the vehicle approaches the intersection. Also considered is how a similar traffic preemption system can be applied on system such as that of Gibraltar International Airport. Where, a four-lane roadway is intersecting an airport runway. An implementation is also proposed for this application. The approach towards this system, includes designing a system with high communication response. An improved response time in the system, will significantly cut down traffic delay on airport runway intersection.


Background Epidemiologic research would be significantly enhanced if accurate and reliable methods were available to assess rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity using administrative data. The VA rheumatoid arthritis (VARA) registry is a prospective observational cohort that collects RA disease activity including the 28 joint count disease activity score (DAS28) and clinical disease activity index (CDAI). VA administrative data are available and can be employed to develop models to estimate RA disease activity measured by DAS28 and CDAI. Objectives 1. Use administrative data to develop models that predict disease activity. 2. Assess the accuracy of the model under different conditions including defining administrative variables as continuous (CON) and/or categorical (CAT) and stratifying by different disease durations. 3. Describe the accuracy of the models for predicting disease activity for both DAS28 and CDAI. Methods US Veterans with RA enrolled in the VARA registry without cancer, organ transplantation, or other autoimmune diseases were included in the model if they were enrolled in VA with one year of administrative data available before the first DAS28. We identified 1,275 administrative data elements with suspected association with disease activity for prediction modeling. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used for variable selection and model development. A series of LASSO models were developed that varied the input variables. Variables were required to have ≥1% prevalence in the cohort to be included in model selection. Sub-analysis was also performed in patients with ≤2 years and ≤5 years of disease duration. Results There were 1,582 US Veterans with RA who fulfilled enrollment criteria. The average age was 62.7±11.0 years, 91% male, with a disease duration 13.7±12.1 years with 78% and 74% seropositive for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies respectively. The adjusted r-square for the six models tested ranged from 0.20–0.24 for DAS28 and 0.17 to 0.24 for CDAI. When stratified by disease duration, the r-square associations for patients with and without ≤2 and ≤5 years of RA duration were 0.29–0.31 versus 0.22–0.27 for DAS28 and CDAI respectively.Table 1 Variables included in the model DAS 28 (n=1,582) Adjusted r-square CDAI (n=1,563) Adjusted r-square Numbers of variables Numbers of variables Total >1% prevalence Final inclusion Total >1% prevalence Final inclusion All variables CON + CAT 1275 567 45 0.22 1275 565 54 0.21 CON only 966 420 30 0.20 966 418 21 0.17 CAT only 966 420 39 0.22 966 418 56 0.22 Only clinical variables CON + CAT 253 175 32 0.22 253 173 71 0.24 CON only 217 149 27 0.22 217 147 65 0.24 CAT only 217 149 27 0.22 217 147 66 0.23 CON = continuous, CAT = categorical. Conclusions The multiple models tested yielded very similar results with limited association of predicted disease activity with actual measured disease activity by DAS28 and CDAI in VARA. The use of CON versus CAT variables, multiple definitions for disease activity, and limitation of disease duration to early RA did drastically affect prediction accuracy. Future research should investigate additional strategies to collect components of disease activity measures directly from medical records. Disclosure of Interest G. Cannon Grant/research support from: Amgen, C.-C. Teng: None declared, N. Accortt Shareholder of: Amgen, Employee of: Amgen, D. Collier Shareholder of: Amgen, Employee of: Amgen, M. Trivedi Shareholder of: Amgen, Employee of: Amgen, B. Sauer Grant/research support from: Amgen


This communication is an abridgement of a paper bearing the same title presented by the author to the Royal Society in 1858, with some additional matter, since disclosed by his experimental investigations. He first shows, by analyses, that although the blood collected from the right side of the heart after death, as was formerly done, affords an abundant indication of the presence of sugar, yet that when it is removed from the same part by catheterism during life, it is found to contain but a trace of the saccharine principle. Inferences, therefore, that have been drawn of the ante-mortem state from post-mortem examinations must be abandoned as erroneous.


This paper aims at implementing voice based login authentication on Linux systems. Presently face authentication, finger print based authentication are available for Linux systems but there is no proper voice based biometric authentication. In this work, login authentication happens in three stages: Text based password verification, speech verification, speaker verification. The speech verification also encounters the record and replay problem, in which the users' voice can be recorded and replayed at the time of login. This is overcome by generating the random pass-phrase each time the user logs in. This ensures the physical presence of the user while logging in.


Environmental issues now loom large on the social, political, and business agenda. Over the past four decades, "corporate environmentalism" has emerged and been constantly redefined, from regulatory compliance to more recent management conceptions such as pollution prevention, total quality environmental management, industrial ecology, life cycle analysis, environmental strategy, environmental justice, and, most recently, sustainable development. As a result, understanding the intersection of business activity and environmental protection has become increasingly complex, and there has emerged a focus in academic research on business decision-making, firm behavior, and the protection of the natural environment. This handbook reviews the state of the field as it grows into a mature area of study within management science, its achievements, and its future avenues of research. It brings together original contributions in the field along several lines of enquiry. The first six focus on disciplines as delineated in contemporary business schools: business strategy; policy and non-market strategies; organizational theory and behavior; operations and technology; marketing; and accounting and finance. The seventh section reviews emergent and associated perspectives, whilst a concluding section, written by long-standing leaders in the field, discusses the future outlook for research. Contributors to this volume - Andrew J. Hoffman and Tima Bansal Michael V. Russo and Amy Minto Petra Christmann and Glen Taylor Mike Lenox and Jeffrey G. York George Kassinis Andrew King, Andrea M. Prado and Jorge Rivera David P. Baron and Tom P. Lyon Cary Coglianese and Ryan Anderson Lisa L. Shu and Max H. Bazerman Leigh Plunkett Tost and Kimberly A. Wade-Benzoni Jennifer Howard-Grenville and Stephanie Bertels Michael Lounsbury, Samantha Fairclough and Min-Dong Paul Lee Magali A. Delmas and Michael W. Toffel Klaus Weber and Sara B. Soderstrom Robert D. Klassen and Stephan Vachon James D. Abbey and V. Daniel R. Guide, Jr. Reid Lifset and Frank Boons Nigel P. Melville Debra Scammon and Jenny Mish Andrew Gershoff and Julie R. Irwin Timothy M. Devinney Rob Gray and Irene Herremans Nola Buhr and Rob Gray Charles Cho, Dennis Patten and Robin Roberts Rob Bauer and Jeroen Derwall Jean-Louis Bertrand and Bernard Sinclair-Desgagne Bryan Routledge Krista Bondy and Dirk Matten James E. Post Linda C. Forbes and


This research comprises a study of the effect of heat treatment on fatigue behavior of (A193-51T-B7) alloy steel. Two heat treatment processes were conducted, namely, annealing and quenching followed by tempering at 200 o C. All fatigue tests were carried out using a rotary bending machine with constant stress ratio, R=-1. The eddy current probe was used to measure the crack length propagation. From the obtained results, it was found that fatigue crack growth rate of the quenched and tempered specimens is lower than that of the standard specimens. While the fatigue crack growth rate of the annealed specimens is higher than that of the standard specimens. In this research, two main test groups were taken into consideration. The first group aimed to construct the (S-N) diagram for the standard alloy, annealed alloy, and the quenched and tempered alloy. For each alloy the number of cycles required for both crack initiation and failure were recorded. The second group was performed to establish the fatigue crack growth rate model for the alloy, before and after heat treatments, using Paris equation. This investigation was implemented on (A193-51T-B7) alloy steel for its usage in many engineering applications due to its high strength and good machinability (6).


Objective: To determine the validity and security of Perinatal Depression Edinburgh Scale, like screening test to identify perinatal depression in patients who went to the external consultation of the Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia with pregnancy between 24 and 34 weeks. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was made in the INPerIER between January and December 2006 with 209 women undergoing 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy to those it was applied to them the Perinatal Depression Edinburgh Scale settled down as cut point a qualification 14 to group like positive cases (equal or more than 14) and negatives (less than 14). Like gold standard, both groups were evaluated in the Departmento de Investigacion Psicosocial of the INPerIER with Clinical Interview Structured for the Upheavals of Axis I of the DSM-IV and the Interview the International Composed of Diagnostic (CIDI), of the Worldwide Health Organization to establish or to discard depression diagnosis. Results: From the 209 patients, according to the results obtained by the screening test, 97 (46%) were positive and 112 (54%) were negative. Taking into account the gold standard, were 75 true positives (36%), 22 false positives (10%), 106 true negatives (50%) and six false negatives (4%). Using a table of 2 x 2 one determined that Perinatal Depression Edinburgh Scale, it has a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 82% and predictive values positive of 77% and negative of 94%. Conclusions: According to the data collected in the present study, Perinatal Depression Edinburgh Scale is a valid and safe instrument to detect perinatal depression.


Aiming at midding ore products which siderite take the main part and separated preferred,adopt technology of roasting-low intensity magnetic separation-regrinding-low intensity magnetic separation,reduction roasting magnetic separation test was done by adopt tube furnace.Concentrate with iron grade 60.31% and recovery rate 87.49% could obtained when take coal as reducing agent.


We experimentally investigated surface roughness-augmented wettability on critical heat flux (CHF) during pool boiling with horizontally oriented surfaces. Microstructured surfaces with a wide range of well-defined surface roughness were fabricated, and a maximum CHF of ∼208 W/cm2 was achieved with a surface roughness of ∼6. An analytical force-balance model was extended to explain the CHF enhancement. The excellent agreement found between the model and experimental data supports the idea that roughness-amplified capillary forces are responsible for the CHF enhancement on structured surfaces. The insights gained from this work suggest design guidelines for new surface technologies with high heat removal capability.


The paper attempts to examine in more detail some aspects of the religious philosophy of the German philosopher, theologian and preacher Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, which is interesting in that the German thinker did not try to discover something new, but analyzing the thoughts of other philosophers, brought them into his system, thereby showing his personality.


By using a simple conceptual model, a sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the effects of changing model parameters on the model outputs, the groundwater discharge and the radius of influence, induced by tunnel construction. The results indicate that the model outputs are most sensitive to the tunnel depth and the hydraulic conductivity, and their sensitivities vary with time. It is also revealed that the sensitivity of the specific yield in- creases constantly with time, and therefore it is as important as the hydraulic conductivity for constructing a wet-system tunnel. A transient model is suggested to simulate the stepwise tunnel excavation and the watertight lining. The model is used for a tunnel construction site to predict groundwater mow into the tunnel and the transient response of the surrounding aquifer system. The predicted results are highly sensitive to the hydraulic conductivites assigned by model calibration. Thus, a postaudit should be made to reduce the uncertainty of the predictive model.


The present work on the feeding ecology of Scorpaena porcus according to season, sex and size, is the first study carried out in the rocky intertidal in the NE Atlantic. Previous studies were carried out with fish collected in fishing grounds from Mediterranean areas. A total of 106 fish were caught in monthly samplings from April 2008 to July 2010 in three areas of the rocky intertidal zone in the Gulf of Cadiz. The diet composition varied with season, size and sex. Shrimps were the main diet resource during all year, but other prey were also important depending on the season. As the size of fish increased, predation on smaller crustaceans decreased and consumption of larger crustaceans and fish augmented. Females and males based their diet on shrimps, while indeterminate fish fed largely on amphipods. No significant differences were found between feeding intensity and season, size and sex. Nevertheless, the PERMANOVA results showed that the number of prey is affected by the interaction between sex and size class. Our results highlight that S. porcus is a stenophagic species that shows a gradual segregation in the use of resources as it grows, which indicates there is no intraspecific competition in the rocky intertidal.


A CT P ⁄ C �� C C Cμ I k L R TSR U0 y e ρ φi ω Ω = Swept area of turbine (m) = Thrust (T) / Power (P) coefficients = Time-averaged coefficient = Phase-averaged coefficient = RMS of C = RMS of �� = Constant = Turbulent intensity = Turbulent kinetic energy (ms) = Turbulent length scale (m) = Turbine blade radius (m) = Tip-speed-ratio = Inflow velocity (ms) = Non-dimensional wall distance of mesh = Turbulent dissipation rate (m s) = Fluid density (kg m) = Value of variable φ at cell i = Specific rate of turbulent dissipation (s) = Angular velocity of turbine (rad s)


Testicular tumors are relatively rare with 2-3 1 cases per 100,000 males reported in the USA. . When they occur 94% are germ cell tumors and the rest are gonadal stroma and secondary tumors and staging of these is the same as other testicular tumors and staging of these is the same as other testicular tumors. Although the etiology of testicular tumors is not known, there is strong association with history of cryptorchidism. Tumors of the spermatic cord are typically benign with most being the l ipomas. Of the mal ignant les ions , rhabdomyosarcoma in the juveniles is most common, followed by leiomyosarcomas, fibrosarcoma and liposarcoma. The incidence of leiomyosarcoma is not known due to the rarity of the tumor. Consequently the value of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as part of surgical treatment remains to be determined. However it is generally agreed that inguinal Orchidectomy is the primary treatment of 2 choice for primary testicular sarcomas. CASE REPORT


Method and apparatus for using current-mode analog circuits to compute the correlation between an auditory input signal in the time-frequency domain and a stored binary template. By using massively parallel computation, circuits made of relatively imprecise analog components are able to accurately classify transient events, are competitive with high-performance DSP systems, and operate with much smaller power requirements.


s Employee health and safety are crucial factors in exhibiting an organization's well-being,. The organisation should therefore place a high priority on the health and safety of its personnel. An employer can better focus on the productivity and efficiency of the workforce with the use of a safety and health management system or safety programme. As a result, the employer constantly plans how and what the company does to prevent accidents and diseases at work. Employees may leave the company out of dissatisfaction if the workplace is unsafe because it tends to instill fear in their minds. As a result, an unsafe workplace may result in significant turnover rates (Kachi et al., 2020). There shouldn't be any job hazards that cause harm to workers or their families. These avoidable risks can be significantly decreased by establishing a safe and healthy workplace. Additionally, it shields businesses from unfavorable outcomes of accidents caused by inadequate or nonexistent safety precautions. (Martin, 2019) The objectives of the current study is to determine the significance of health and safety issues inside an organization and how they affect employee engagement and retention.


Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of non-invasive bi-level positive pressure ventilation in emergency treatment of acute lung injury induced by seawater drowning.Methods Sixteen cases of acute lung injury patients induced by seawater drowning were treated with bi-level positive pressure ventilation by using S/T mode,in addition to routine medical treatment.Then,a series of indexes,such as pH,PaO2,SaO2,HR,RR,SBP and DBP were detected,as well as changes in clinical symptoms before and after ventilation.Results After positive pressure ventilation treatment,clinical symptoms of all the patients improved significantly.Blood gas analysis indicated that pH (7.39 ± 0.02),PaO2 [(95.56 ± 4.10)mm Hg],SaO2 [(95.13 ± 2.06) %] improved,when they were compared with those of before treatment [7.27 ± 0.03、(50.00 ± 4.71) mm Hg,(74.19 ± 6.11) %],with statistical significance (P < 0.05).Mechanical ventilation by tracheal intubation was avoided.Conclusions The application of non invasive bi-level positive pressure ventilation breathing machine for the treatment of acute lung injury induced by seawater drowning,skillful manipulation of the ventilation breathing machine and assurance of effective ventilation of patients by adjusting the breathing parameters of the breathing machine according to the illness status of patients,could effectively improve the symptoms and hypoxemia of patients.The non-invasive bi-level positive pressure ventilation breathing machine is a safe and effective device for emergency treatment of acute lung injury induced by seawater drowning.

Key words:
Non-invasive; Bi-level positive ventilation; Emergency medical treatment; Seawater drowning; Acute lung injury


The proposition put forward by Xue feng- zuo that"Heavenly Tao"has fixed number has two meanings:the celestial law possesses objectivity,universality and knowability,which stands for the natural objectivity; the occurrence of something in life comes from certain number in Heavenly Tao,which identifies the characteristic of the mystique of the concept of the interaction of human nature and destiny of the heaven. Xue feng- zuo's communication mode of Chinese and Western science shows that the natural objectivity proportion of his view of Heavenly Tao is not less than the proportion of mystique of his concept of human nature and destiny. These indicate that his view of Heavenly Tao is a composite of the scientific view of heaven and the Confucian view of heaven. The restraint of the mystique of concept of human nature and destiny to the natural objectivity reflects his goal of making use of the Confucian view of heaven to work in coordination with the scientific view of heaven,and the restraint of the natural objectivity to the mystique of concept of human nature and destiny reflects his desire of using the scientific view of heaven to endow the Confucian view of heaven with rational vitality. As far as the basic tendency of his thought is concerned,his concept of heaven did not go beyond the Confucian view of heaven,but it was dependent on the objective law of the celestial. This shows that the spread of Western science in China has influenced on Xue feng-zuo's Confucian view of heaven.


We uncover excitonic states in twisted bilayer graphene using two-photon emission and transient absorption microscopy at the single-grain level. The observed intraband and two-photon spectral peaks imply angle-dependent exciton binding energies ranging from 0.45 to 0.76 eV.


Under increased urban settlement density, access to a high resolution (land-parcel scale) bare-earth Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a pre-requisite for much decision support for planning: stormwater assessment, flood control, 3D visualisation, automatic delineation of flow paths, sub watersheds and flow networks for hydrological modelling. In these terms, a range of options face the DEM-building team. Apart from using necessarily expensive field survey, or use of out-of-date terrain information (usually in the form of digital contours of less-than-satisfactory interval) the model will be built from point-clouds. These will have been assembled via digital photogrammetry or acquisition of LiDAR data. In the first instance, both these data types soon yield a model that is known as a digital surface model (DSM). It includes any buildings, vehicles, vegetation (canopy and understory), as well as the bare ground". To generate the required bare-earth' DEM, ground and non-ground features/data points must be distinguished from each other so that the latter can be eliminated before DEM building. Existing methods for doing this are based on data filtering routines, and are known to produce errors of omission and commission. Moreover, their implementation is complex and time consuming.I report here, the results of deploying spatial data integration instead of the previously favoured filtering routines. The challenge was to identify a process flow for separating the ground and non-ground points. It is shown that this alternative approach can be implemented if the client can supply a range of ancillary height data, this being most economically forthcoming if archivally available. The relative significance of these archival datasets emerges from exploring the various process flow paths and devising relevant quality tests designed to distinguish input suitable to support modelling at a land-parcel scale of analysis. Then the ArcGIS topological overlay technique was used to collect zonal statistics for each 3D point. Thus each output 3D point acquires z (elevation) values derived from the digital photogrammetry and z-statistics (minimum, maximum, mean) of its assigned zone. Clearly there is value in spatial data integration for a city with spatial data archives of adequately supportive scope and quality.


List of illustrations Foreward Ian Bent Preface Part I. Beginnings: 1. Prologue: Exempli gratia ... 2. Music theory incunabula: printed books, printed music Part II. 1520-1540: Pietro Aron and Seybald Heyden: 3. Pietro Aron and Petrucci's prints 4. Music anthologies, theory treatises, and the Reformation: Nuremberg in the 1530s and 1540s Part III. The Polyphony of Heinrich Glarean's Dodecachordon (1547): 5. Exempla, commonplace books, and writing theory 6. The polyphony of the Dodecachordon Part IV. Gioseffo Zarlino's Le Istitutioni Harmoniche (1558): 7. Composition and theory mediated by print culture 8. 'On the modes': the citations of Le Istitutioni Harmoniche part IV Part V. Readings Past and Present: 9. Exempli gratia: a reception history of Magnus es tu Domine/Tu pauperum refugium 10. Epilogue: reading theorists reading (music) Bibliography Index.


72 The concept of shopping, which emerged with exchange method within historical process, entered into a great transformation process with passages, which are regarded as prototypes of these places. Today, these structures became spaces which penetrate into daily life of people, social and cultural structures of cities. Therefore, it was inevitable to conduct comprehensive researches on them with their social, political, urban and architectural dimensions. As it can also be understood from each new construction of design that is put forward for malls, these places are designed with a visual structure that has similar characteristics to city centers albeit they diverge from cities in physical and social aspects. In other words, today's shopping malls are constructed as urban spaces that incorporate various elements within themselves that belong to exterior space. In this line, covering malls in terms of architecture underlies this study. These places, which have become popular for people who have adapted to city life, are not able to go beyond being consumption-oriented limited spaces where only the act of shopping is materialized even though they have modern designs. These limited architectural designs and new suggestions brought forward as solutions to them were questioned within the context of this study. While doing this, first consumption culture and concept of shopping were examined by taking space construction into account and what these places represent as daily spheres of life were questioned. In this study, shopping centers were regarded as spaces that should gain a character in public sphere apart from being places where product and services are sold, it was anticipated that interaction between users and construct will steer this gain and will affect social life. This study, which emerged as a result of a need to examine present situation of these spaces that have great importance and to make prospective assessments, was prepared by utilizing journal, book, magazine and internet sources. Keywords: design, art, space, architecture. Normal 0 21 false false false TR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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In order to obtain high efficiency and low emission combustion, we need NOx emission and efficiency response characteristics model of coal-fired boiler. Building this model is very difficult, because of huge boiler architecture, complicated operating conditions, varied coal and so on. Based on optimized combustion experiment data, we here develop a new approach to combine neural network with function-type model, the approach results in a mixed model. The calculating samples in the paper show that the proposed mixed model describes NOx emission and efficiency response characteristics of coal-fired boiler well.Fig 1, tables 6 and refs 5.


A large, consanguineous Saudi family with three members with sialidosis type 1 and five members with infantile central nervous system spongy degeneration of the brain (ICNSSD, or Canavan-Bertrand-van Bogaert disease) is described. The patients with sialidosis had normal aspartoacylase activity, while neuraminidase activity in the patients with ICNSSD was reduced. All patients had normal carboxypeptidase activity in their fibroblasts. In an additional member there was photic-induced epilepsy, but he had normal enzymes. Two of the patients and one normal brother, but not the parents, had pericentric inversion of chromosome 9q. We postulate that an unidentified gene function is responsible for varied expression of these neurodegenerative diseases in this family. (J Child Neurol 1992;7(Suppl):S73-S78.)


High electrical requirements are presented to multiplexer used for combining of high power transmitters with different frequencies and receiving frequency separation. In this case isolation between receiver input and transmitter outputs and multiplexer matching with transmitter must be the best. De-signing such high power multiplexer (KPM) is usually complicated and demands laborious regulation. It have been shown that required electrical characteristics of multiplexer one could provide by applying rejectors with higher "closed" modes and hybrid junctions with three mode coupling region, simultaneously obtain decreasing mass and size characteristics and more simple design.


A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic wireless network that can be formed by infrastructure less connections in which each node can act as a router. It is distinguished from other networks mainly by its self configuring and optimizing nature. Mobile Ad hoc Networks have been highly vulnerable to attacks due to the dynamic nature of its network infrastructure. Among these attacks, routing attacks have received considerable attention since it could cause the most devastating damage to MANET. Even though there exists several intrusions response techniques to mitigate such critical attacks, existing solutions typically attempt to isolate malicious nodes based on binary or naive fuzzy response decisions. However, binary responses may result in the unexpected network partition, causing additional damages to the network infrastructure, and naive fuzzy responses could lead to uncertainty in countering routing attacks in MANET. In this paper, a new technology of broadcasting the awareness information about attacker node to all the existing nodes in the network is used. The awareness approach is based on an extended Dempster-Shafer mathematical theory (D-S Theory). Dempster-Shafer mathematical theory is used to collect the evidences with notion of importance factors. The adaptiveness of the mechanism allows to systematically cope with the identified MANET routing attacks. Here the effectiveness of the approach with the consideration of several performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, routing cost etc were demonstrated using java swing concepts.


Richard Togman's Nationalizing Sex reviews 'natalist' policies (governmental attempts to raise or lower birth rates) around the world from roughly the seventeenth century to the present day. Togman...


Parker et al. used transarterial-thrombin-embolization for a uterine artery pseudoaneurysm (UAP), concluding 'intra-arterial catheter-directed thrombin injection should be considered a viable option for pseudoaneurysm embolization'. We have a question. Our question regards the reason why they chose superselective embolization. Use of the catheter tip was attempted in order to 'access the pseudoaneurysm neck.' Parker et al. used the 1.5-Fr Marathon microcatheter (eV3), which is flow-directed and suitable for superselective embolization, usually used with liquid embolic agents, such as N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) or thrombin rather than gelatin sponge. Embolization should be as selective as possible to achieve hemostasis; this may reduce the possibility of ischemic adverse events. Theoretically, thrombin is less likely to cause ischemic events than NBCA, a permanent embolic agent. Thus, we consider the following scenario: attempting superselective embolization in the setting of tortuous vessels requires this microcatheter, which then requires a liquid embolic agent, forcing the choice between NBCA versus thrombin – thrombin was used considering safety. Parker et al. made 'multiple attempts with various microcatheters'. The introduction of interventional radiology as an obstetric hemorrhage treatment has created 'room' to devise new techniques. We respect Parker et al.'s effort; however, an orthodox embolization procedure, for example, 2.4-Fr Progreat with gelatin sponge, may be sufficient. Which is better: 'after failed multiple attempts at coil embolization, attempt with thrombin for the first time' or make 'one attempt with an established gelatin sponge'? This consideration is much more important in an emergency setting, which is often encountered in daily obstetrics. We have employed the latter technique with no significant ischemic adverse events. The more selective, the less adverse events, but the more time/experience required, showing a trade-off relationship. The procedure is optimal if the physician is well experienced with it, leading to good results. We do not argue against Parker et al.'s procedure, which may be an option depending on the situation. Preferably, however, procedures should be 'universally achievable' and applicable, even by less experienced physicians. This issue should be more fully discussed.


The invention relates to a bone mineral density increase and joint healthcare food and its preparation method. The food is composed of calcium carbonate, glucosamine potassium sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, casein phosphoeptide and vitamin D3. The preparation method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing calcium carbonate, glucosamine potassium sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and casein phosphoeptide to obtain a mixture, dissolving the vitamin D3 in an ethanol solution, adding the obtained vitamin ethanol solution to the mixture to prepare a soft material, processing the soft material to prepare particles, and drying. The bone mineral density increase and joint healthcare food contains mineral matters which can supplement human body calcium and the casein phosphoeptide and the vitamin D3 for promoting the calcium absorption, and has good treatment and prevention effects on rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative arthritis, joint motion damage and bone joint aches. The bone mineral density increase and joint healthcare food has the advantages of scientific and reasonable formula, obvious improvement of the bone mineral density of an osteoporosis patient, alleviation of the symptoms of the patient, and no obvious side effects.


This paper presents a new unified analytical technique for accurate interference analysis of noncoherent M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) wireless communication systems in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multiple arbitrary interfering signals. New exact bit error rate expressions are derived for nonorthogonal noncoherent binary FSK in the presence of an arbitrary number of interfering signals having arbitrary spectral shapes at arbitrary frequency offsets. Furthermore, tight upper bounds for the symbol and bit error rates are given for noncoherent MFSK with arbitrary tone spacings. These results are extended to include MFSK signals experiencing Rayleigh, Nakagami-m or Rician fading. Some specific interference scenarios are analyzed in details, including jammers with a given Doppler-spread, direct sequence spread spectrum and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals, and a Poisson field of arbitrary interferers.


The text introduce the predecessor and method of the grand old man for moisture proof packaging. Expound the importance for investigating the limitation for moisture proof packaging.


Geophysical Research Abstracts ; vol. 16 (EGU General Assembly 2014, held 27 April - 2 May, 2014 in Vienna, Austria)


In this paper, a connecting rod was modeled and analyzed by finite element method. Byusing genetic algorithm (GA) and modified cuckoo optimization algorithm (MCOA), the materialproperties and some geometrical specifications were optimized. Cost function was a combination ofweight and stress. The connecting rod was under a load of 21.8 kN which obtained 360o crank angleat 5700 rev/min. The reduction percentages of weight in 2-D analysis were 45.47% and 50.34%based on GA and MCOA, respectively. The reduction percentages of stress were also 1.26% and2.20% based on GA and MCOA, respectively. The values of reduction percentages in 3-D analysisshowed the same trends.The results showed that applying each of the algorithms was efficient. Meanwhile, the resultsof MCOA were better than GA, because of the smaller number of iterations and the initialpopulation, which resulted in increasing the rate of convergence (i.e. decreasing computationaltime) and accuracy of answers. It can be mentioned that MCOA is an efficient and reliablealgorithm and can be used as a benchmark for future works.


The problems of interaction between international organizations and universities correlate with a set of key problems in the theory of international relations because they are associated with the phenomena of globalization, regionalism, and multiculturalism. They also relate to the prospects for the influence of universal humanitarian and technological development ideas on the policies of individual countries and consolidated groups of states. The authors claim that the successful promotion of the European Union in harmonizing the common space of higher education and the demand for the European university model in other regions of the world, including in the post-Soviet space, is ruled by the combination of its universalism and tolerance with the concept of the diversity value in higher education.


This study aims at developing a repairable system that can be used to establish a multi-component preventive maintenance (MCPM) model in which the total maintenance cost is optimized by determining the maintenance period and maintenance activities simultaneously. Constraints are added to fulfill the practical system requirements. The maintenance activities involved in the established MCPM model include no action, mechanical service, repair, and replacement. When the components fail, corrective maintenance with minimal repair is implemented. To efficiently solve the established MCPM model, this study proposes an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm utilizing the superiority of the easy concept, simple implementation, and rapid searching ability of a conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO). A hybrid particles moving algorithm is developed to enable simultaneous optimization of the maintenance periods and maintenance activities. The IPSO extends the practicability of the conventional PSO originally designed to solve an optimization problem with continuous decision variables. In addition, this study establishes an adjustment mechanism addressing the issue of particles falling into the infeasible solution, owing to its random search mechanism which results in the inability of the particles to approach the global optimum. The adjustment mechanism can enhance the exploring ability of the IPSO. A simulated case and a case from past literature are used to verify the accuracy of the established MCPM model and the efficacy of the IPSO algorithm.


Recreation activities improve one's general physical health, decrease the risk of medical conditions and can prevent falls. Despite the numerous contributions of active recreational activities to well-being in later life, many individuals remain inactive in their old age. The study aimed to examine the motivations for recreational activities among the Jachie society of the Aged in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Probability sampling technique was used and a total of hundred respondents were involved in the study. The most common recreational activity among the Aged during their leisure time was morning walking. This is followed by 'other activities' which consist of visiting family and friends, taking care of grandchildren, going to the farm for fire wood and food stuff and gardening. The study revealed that, age correlated positively with social motive (the desire to be with family and friends).


In order to solve the problem of high dimension in text classification, the paper proposes a method based on manifold learning and Bagging for text classification which imports manifold learning algorithm for dimension reduction. And Bagging algorithm is introduced when training classifier to improve the accuracy of text classification. Experimental results demonstrate that effect of text dimension reduction by manifold learning algorithm in the pretreatment of text classification is better, and the performance of the classifier has improved significantly.


Abstract : The simple application of pressure and temperature is known to cause phase (structural) changes in crystals. The changes will not generally occur if the phases are relatively metastable, as in the case of graphite and diamond. Special techniques are required to induce these changes. Thus, it is quite possible that phases exist that have gone undetected experimentally. To find such metastable phases will require in general a priori knowledge of their existence, that is, at least a crude theoretical prediction of phase diagrams as a function of pressure and temperature. Limited progress toward this goal is described. The basic approach used a crystal model closely related to the KKR method and an atomic potential described by the Thomas-Fermi statistical atom. Only the ion-ion interaction energy and the band energy are treated based on the conjecture that they are most sensitive to crystal structure. Within the KKR method for determining band energy, a new approach to the calculation of the structure constants is proposed and discussed. (Author)


Several types of intensity meters that measure the average repetition rate of signals generated by the detectors of ionizing radiation are discussed. An intensity meter with a linear transient has the least time constant. The design of the meter, the discriminating amplifier (a gain of 1-16, leading edge rise time of 20 nsec, and discrimination threshold of 20 mV-5.1 V) and gated counter (a count rate of up to 25 MHz, gated detection of pulses with a high duty factor) are presented. The units are designed for CAMAC multichannel intensity meters. Gated counters are also convenient for counting systems designed to measure the decay time of short-lived nuclei, to detect fluctuations in the repetition rates of signals and other variations in the radiation flux.


Oxidation of a-amino acids (llhcnylalmtine, gl_,·dnc, almtinc, vuliue, 11or-leucine and iso-leucine) by Cc" is catulyzcd b)' l\ln11 in sulfuric ucid-watcr medium and ga\'C aldehyde. All these reactions arc first order with respect to umino ucid, oxidant, catalyst and inverse second order with respect to u+. Rate inCI'e:tses with increase in [IISO~] at constant [II+] but decreases with [II+] at con~tunt [USO~]. Actil·c species in this oxid:ttion suggested is [Ce(SO~)]H. Mull is rirst oxidized to l\ln 111, which act as oxidant for the substrate. Thermodynamic parameters for rate determining step have been evaluated. Formation of cyclic intermediate aud free radical mechanism involving C-C fission ha' e been suggested. Linear Free Energy Relationship is satisfied. Reaction constant p = + 1.313, suggesting imolvement of formation of electron-deficient SJlCCies in the reaction. The reartil·ity decreased as carbon chain length increased and the observed order is phenylalanine > glycine > alanine> valine> 11or-Ieucine >iso-leucine.


Hybrid power sources consisting of a high energy-density but low power density component, and high power density but low energy density component are the subject of this paper. Such systems could provide much needed capability of high current pulses and extend the operation time of comparable in size and weight battery system. This is especially true for the military applications. Several different hybrid power systems have been evaluated. A zinc-air/electrochemical capacitor (EC) hybrid under pulse load demonstrated power levels more than double of that of the zinc-air battery alone over extensive time of operation. Similar benefits were demonstrated in the fuel cell/electrochemical capacitor and fuel cell/sealed lead-acid battery systems.


raPID fIber oPeNINg ProCeSS for SkINS: aN aPProaCh for faIl-Safe ChemICal-free ProCeSS by Jayanthi Durga,c ammaSi ranJithKumar,a ramaKriShnan rameSh,b CheLLan roSea* anD CheLLaPPa muraLiDharanb* aDepartment of Biotechnology, b*Leather Processing Division, CSIR Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai600020, India cAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India


A dual representation for non-Abelian lattice gauge theories where the new set of dynamical variables belong to the natural numbers $\mathbb{N}_{0}$ is discussed. After looking at the constraints on the dual variables due to gauge symmetry, the theory for the gauge group SU(2) is solved using Monte Carlo simulations based on Prokof'ev-Svistunov worm type of algorithms. The performance of the Monte Carlo is investigated for different types of updates. To test our approach the plaquette mean value is computed for a large range $\beta$ values and compared to the results from a conventional heat bath method. We find that the worm approach to the dual representation is able to reproduce the heat bath numbers. Furthermore, the mass of the lightest $J^{PC}=0^{++}$ glueball state is also evaluated and is in good agreement with the literature.


A low-power low-noise amplifier (LNA) utilizing resistive inverter configuration feedback amplifier to achieve the broadband input matching purposes, and used of self-forward-body-bias (SFBB) technique to further increase the gain of the whole frequency band and suppress the noise. By using the SFBB technique, it reduces supply voltage as well as saves additional bias circuit. This UWB LNA is implemented by TSMC 0.18µm CMOS technology. The minimum noise figure is 4.8 dB. The amplifier provides maximum gain (S21) of 17.8 dB while drawing 9.67mW from 1.2-V supply. This chip area is 1.274 × 0.771 mm2.


Vortex-dominated high-Reynolds number flows are typically governed by short convective time scales compared to those of diffusion, and characterized at the smallest scales by elongated worm vortices with insignificant internal structure and cross-sections much smaller than the integral flow scale. This has motivated the usage of nearly inviscid simulation methods capable of handling vortices as shocks in shock-capturing schemes for their study. Extensive recent work has demonstrated that predictive under-resolved simulations of the velocity fields in turbulent flows are possible with implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) using the class of non-oscillatory high-resolution finite-volume numerical algorithms. Tests in fundamental applications ranging from canonical to very complex flows indicate that ILES is competitive with conventional large-eddy simulation (LES) in the LES realm proper—flows driven by large-scale features. Use of the modified equation as a framework for theoretical ILES analysis demonstrates that the leading truncation terms provide implicit subgrid models of the mixed anisotropic type and regularized motion of discrete observables. Examples from representative ILES studies are used to address the major aspects of transition to turbulence. The results show robustness of ILES in capturing established findings, and convergence issues are addressed in this context.


Low cycle fatigue(LCF) tests were conducted on N18 alloy at different temperatures varying from room temperature to 500 ℃.The results show that N18 alloys display cyclic softening from room temperature to 300 ℃.When the temperature is 400 and 450 ℃,the alloy presents the cyclic hardening gradually;at 450 ℃,its hardening phenomenon is more obvious.Saturation stage occupies the majority of the entire cycle fatigue life at 500 ℃.The fatigue life increases as the temperature increases,then the fatigue life decreases,LCF life shows a maximum at 300 ℃,and the temperature effect on life is more pronounced at low strain amplitudes.The analysis of the fracture surface reveals fatigue cracks originated in a single source at room temperature,on the fatigue crack propagation's stage,micro-feature is mainly the fatigue stripe,and the local region presents the tire-like pattern.However,at high temperature,there are multiple crack sources,the fracture is characterized by secondary cracks.


The No.908 strain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has a dominant gene, Nid-1, in homozygous, which controls the non-susceptibility of the silkworm to densonucleosis virus type 1(DNV-1). To establish a silkworm race, non-susceptible to DNV-1, the Nid-1 gene was introduced to a practical race, N 150: the F1 hybrid of N 150 x No.908 was recurrently backcrossed with N 150 for several generations and individuals having heterozygous Nid-1 (Nid-1/+) were ascertained in every generation as survivors of the oral inoculation of DNV-1. In the 6th generation of backcrossing, Nid-1/+ individuals were sib mated to establish a strain having homozygous Nid-1. In the subsequent generation, the progeny was exposed to DNV-1, and the survivors, whose genotype was supposed to be Nid-1/Nid-1 or Nid-1/+, were further sib mated. Some males which had been used in the sib mating were also mated with female of the susceptible race to test whether the genotype of the male is homozygous Nid-1 or not. In the 2nd generation of the sib mating with males which had been ascertained to have homozygous Nid-1, a progeny line produced all of batches containing only non-susceptible larvae was determined to be the strain with homozygous Nid-1. After improvement in economic characters for several generations, the strain with homozygous Nid-1 was established as the practical race, N 203, non-susceptible to DNV-1. The cross, N 203 x C 150, was authorized by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in March 1996, as the commercial silkworm race named "Taisei" for spring rearing.


The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that shapes host metabolism, especially in early life. Maternal vaginal and gut microbiota is vertically transmitted to offspring during natural birth. Offspring born by cesarean section (CS) do not receive these bacteria and exhibit higher obesity risk later in life. The objective of this study was to examine differences in obesity risk between offspring born naturally (NB) or by CS to lean/obese dams.


This investigation was implement to determine the access conditions to the United States market; it was developed through a documentary observation and review of secondary data of the characteristics of the meat sector in the bovine and porcine subsectors in relation to the prospect market. The results of this research allowed us to identify the reasons why Colombia has not stimulated its exports of carcasses (beef and pork) to the United States. Therefore this monograph make clear that the reasons why Colombia has not acceded this market are not tariff, because the country has a Free Trade Agreement with favorable tariff conditions for the sector.


Fifty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were analyzed with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), interal simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques. The results showed that each 21 primers of RAPD, ISSR and AFLP generated 113, 134 and 389 polymorphic bands respectively. These three molecular markers had consistent genetic coefficient of similarity and revealed the genetic diversity of isolates in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The cluster results produced by the three techniques were different. For RAPD groups, the relation with both physiological races and geographic regions of isolates were all inconspicuous. The AFLP and ISSR groups were generally associated with the physiological races, whereas there was no obvious relationship with geographic regions of isolates.


The amount of hippuric acid synthesized and excreted in the urine after benzoic acid loading (hippuric acid test) is a useful index of liver function. However, the hippuric acid test gives erroneous results in the event of failure of renal excretory function. A new stable isotope co‐administration methodology using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been developed to overcome this defect.


We report on the results of the experimental investigation of the relation between the dissipation and the type of actuation (different vibrational modes), of a novel tactical-grade single axis tuning fork gyroscope. We show that the quality factor limit measured at the skew-symmetric translation mode (Q=45000) is 40% lower than at the symmetric drive mode (Q=82000). The variation of the quality factor with temperature was studied as well. The quality factor of a device placed in a high vacuum package at 85 °C (Q=130000) is 60% lower of that at -20 °C (Q=51000).


Background: Farming of Muscovy ducks ( Cairina moschata ) is an important part of the poultry industry in developed countries. However, the lack of research and improvement programs has led to poor productive outcomes in developing regions where this duck breed is important to procure adequate food security. Objective: To evaluate the effect of improved management conditions and the use of commercial probiotics on the growth performance of Muscovy ducks in a semi-intensive system farm in Colombia. Methods: We recorded the weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of ducks under three treatments: Backyard management, improved management, and improved management plus probiotic supplementation. Results: The backyard farming system led to poor weight gains (male=2,797 g; female=1,605 g) and less efficient FCR (4.06). Improvement of management conditions led to a better (p<0.05) FCR (3.1) and a greater (p<0.05) weight gain (male=2,888 g; female=1,637 g). The FCR under improved management is comparable to those reported in developed duck farming industries, but the final weight was notably lower than those obtained with selected lines. The use of commercial probiotics led to significant (p<0.05) improvement in weight gain (male=2,930 g; female=1,692 g); however, it also increased the FCR (3.5; p<0.05). Conclusions: The improvement of management conditions enhance the productivity of Muscovy ducks, but further genetic selection processes or use of selected lines is required in developing countries such as Colombia. Further studies are required to assess if probiotic supplementation can lead to improvement in Muscovy ducks farming due to the contrasting effect over the weight gain and FCR.


The purpose of this paper is to present a study of the variation of morphological characters within a local population of the aphid Pemphigus populi-tratnsversus. Twenty-one characters are analyzed statistically with a view to selecting those representative of genetic variation within the population. The characters thus selected are to be used for a study of intraspecific variation. Certain material on character interrelations is included since it is readily derived from the same data. Much work has been done in recent years on the analysis of intraspecific variation in both animals and plants. To the knowledge of the writer none of the work on animals, with the exception of that of Kinsey (1930, 1936) on Cynips, treats of partially or fully asexual or parthenogenetic forms. Kinsey's results, did not demonstrate any particular deviation in population structure for species of this genus with alternately sexual and agamic generations. As the miain emphasis of his work was not a detailed analysis of intraspecific characters, these results cannot be considered as definitive. For this reason the author thought it profitable to examine a genus of a partially parthenogenetic form to learn, what character variation and population structure in such a group would be like. The


Abstract. The color gamut of a luminous-reflective display (LRD) shrinks when the incident light lacks blue photons. A frontlight unit (FLU) emitting in blue can prevent this and ensure readability in the dark. A one-dimensional model was developed to express spectral fluxes emerging from the subpixels in an energy-harvesting LRD (EH-LRD) in terms of its design parameters and the ambient lighting condition. In the experiment, a luminescent layer stacked on an infrared pass filter was excited by monochromatic light from an edge-lit FLU at 405 nm in the dark. The model roughly reproduced the relative peak intensities measured with the three materials (BBOT, Coumarin 6, and Lumogen F Red 305). It quantifies the trade-off between the two objectives of an EH-LRD: displaying images and harvesting energy. Hence, the model might be used to set goals for future developments of materials and components.


In hull form design, the form preferred for propulsive performance is often incompatible with the form preferred for construction, strength or arrangement. How to compromise these two factors is one of the important issues for hull form designers. In fine ships, the stem has a consideration on the wave making resistance and also because of its narrow form presents construction difficulties. This paper discusses how the construction requirements should be treated in stem form design considering its effect on the wave making resistance.


The removal effects of COD,NH3-N,TN and TP by bio-contact oxidation process under operating modes of continuous influent intermittent aeration and continuous influent continuous aeration at different organic loading levels were discussed.The results showed that:when the HRT was 5.8 h,the continuous aeration time was 4 h and the aeration pause time was 1.8 h,the water treatment effect under the intermittent aeration mode was equal to that under the continuous aeration mode,and the effluent quality met the specification for level B of grade 1 in Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant(GB 18918—2002).The study could provide guidance for the development of enenry-saving process.


The global ocean literacy movement began with a collaborative effort of like-minded individuals. This commentary highlights the role of marine education networks in the work of global ocean literacy, and discusses the importance of collaboration and action to promote a sustainable ocean future.


5056Background: The safety of ARAT (Abiraterone acetate (AA) and Enzalutamide (ENZ)) among men with existing CVDs or EPP (≥10 concurrent medications) is unknown since patients with these conditions...


In a telephone survey, 50 managers were interviewed about ISO quality certificates, i.e., certificates which guarantee that products and processes meet prescribed standards. Most measures were single-item scores. Perceptions that other organizations exert pressure to certify may lead to psychological reactance but did not co-vary with striving for higher quality management (Total Quality Management, TQM). Striving for TQM correlated significantly with ratings for Red Tape and Efficiency as possible consequences of ISO certification (correlations are, respectively, −.25 and .37).


India, having one of the largest agro-basedeconomies in the world, produces a significant amount of wastes, both from farming activities and agro-based industries. These wastestreams pose critical environmental and public health challenges that necessitate efficient management strategies.The present review examines the current status and future perspectives of waste utilization in India. We have attempted to criticallyidentify the most prominent features of effective waste management and the constraints in resource recovery for achieving the sustainable development goals. This review provides an overview of the prevailing practices in waste utilization, highlighting various methods employed and the types of industries that can benefit from this approach. In particular, techniques such as co-processing, recycling, waste-to-energy conversion, and industrial symbiosis to be extensivley made accessible to maximize the value derived from wastes. Some of the major challenges we identified include limited awareness, inadequate infrastructure, and regulatory gaps, which can significantly hinder the optimal utilization plans. To address these challenges, the review proposes potential strategies such as awareness campaigns, infrastructure development, technology transfer, and policy strengthening both at community and organizational levels. The findings of this review canshed light on the current landscape of waste utilization in India and present pathways for a more sustainable and efficient approach in the near future.


The synthesis of multisegmented polymers containing repetitive oligo-(BnAspn, BnGlun) sequences separated by methylene units and their secondary structure formation in solution and in the solid sta...


Calcinosis cutis after intravenous administration of calcium gluconate is typically limited to an area near the infusion site, on a relatively circumscribed erythematous base. We report a case of rhabdomyolysis complicated with iatrogenic calcinosis. The patient developed more widespread inflammation and prominent involvement of the dermal vasculature. A 9-year-old girl was admitted to our paediatric intensive care unit with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Serum laboratory investigations revealed hypocalcaemia, hyperkalaemia and extremely high creatine kinase level. The patient received urgent haemodialysis. Calcium gluconate 10% (20 mg every 6 h) was used to treat the hypocalcaemia, via an intravenous route in the patient s left wrist. No marked extravasation developed during the infusions. Three days after the start of calcium supplement, erythematous papules appeared near the infusion site. The calcium supplement was discontinued and the cannula was removed. On physical examination a week after onset, multiple well-demarcated, whitish-yellow papules and plaques with ulceration and sloughing of skin were seen on the left hand and distal forearm (Fig. 1). The whole of the left arm was oedematous but draining lymph nodes were not enlarged. The clinical differential diagnoses included ecthyma gangrenosum, localized pyoderma gangrenosum and calcinosis cutis. Radiological examination of the patient s left forearm revealed no radioopaque areas. On histopathological examination, necrosis of the epidermis and dermis was seen. Basophilic material was deposited along vessel walls and around collagen fibres and adipocytes (Fig. 2a). Von Kossa stain confirmed the presence of calcium, diffusely encroaching vessel walls, and collagen bundles (Fig. 2b). No microorganisms were found. The findings were diagnostic of calcinosis cutis. The origin of calcinosis in our patient may be multifactorial, and rhabdomyolysis might have exacerbated the condition, resulting in more extensive necrosis and inflammation than previously reported cases. Calcium phosphate can be deposited in the local vasculature after intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate. Berger et al. found that intravascular calcification occurs after intradermal injection of calcium gluconate. Acute renal failure after rhabdomyolysis in our patient might have delayed the excretion of infused calcium salts between haemodialysis sessions. We speculate that this further aggravated the vascular deposition, and that the resultant peripheral ischaemia led to extensive necrosis. Local tissue necrosis can act synergistically with the minimally extravasated solution. It is proposed that damaged skin releases alkaline phosphatase, leading to an increased local pH level that facilitates precipitation of calcium salts. Muscular damage in rhabdomyolysis may also play an important role by releasing large amounts of intracellular phosphate. After the initial release of calcium salts from the extravasated solution itself, local tissue injury and inflammation leading to cellular calcium release ultimately accounts for most of the deposition. Undetectable extravasation, theoretically inevitable, might then suffice to induce a chain reaction, resulting in extensive deposition, as seen in our patient. In summary, intravenous calcium supplement should be used with caution in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Acute renal failure and tissue destruction may be associated with a severe presentation of iatrogenic calcinosis cutis. Clinical presentations can simulate other infectious or inflammatory processes, and pathological confirmation is important. Figure 1 Multiple ulcerated whitish-yellow papules and plaques with extensive oedema and erythema in the left hand and distal forearm. Viewpoints in dermatology • Correspondence


The coupled time-dependent continuity-momentum and energy balance equations were simultaneously solved for CO2+, O2+, O+, He+, and H+ densities and electron and ion temperatures for an altitude range of 120–500 km. The solar zenith angle was varied from 0° at the subsolar point to 90° at the terminator. The horizontal bulk transport of ions by neutral winds was included in these calculations, although horizontal diffusion was not. The two-stream photoelectron transport method was used to find the heating rates for the ambient electrons. The effects of different boundary conditions were investigated, and a nightside ionosphere was calculated with electron precipitation as the source of ionization. The results of these model calculations agree well with measurements in the region of maximum electron density. The topside densities and temperatures are shown to be very strongly dependent upon the energy input at high altitudes. For solar zenith angles greater than 90°, densities and temperatures decrease rapidly, which implies that the nightside ionosphere cannot be maintained by neutral wind driven short-lived ions carried across the terminator. However, the electron densities on the nightside can be explained in terms of electron precipitation.