This chapter is about the design of Parental Leave policy and its relationship to leave-taking by fathers and gender equality more generally. The Nordic countries have historically emphasised gender equality in policymaking and have been in the forefront for introducing policies that encourage mothers and fathers to share responsibility for the care of children. Parental Leave is considered to be one such policy as it secures fathers' rights to participate in the care of the child, with potentially long-term effects on their involvement with children and the division of unpaid and paid work. However, there are different designs for Parental Leave, and the chapter identifies the major dimensions in the design of Nordic Parental Leave policies and evaluates them in relation to their effect on gender equality. It also considers how to conceptualise and measure gender equality in association with Parental Leave.


This paper introduces two films made under a discrete time operating system simulator that is programmed and run on an Adage 30 Graphics Terminal at The Pennsylvania State University.
 Using the graphic hardware available on the system, the simulator displays the contents of all major operating system queues along with the contents of memory and active hardware. The observer can then watch the flow of information from one job step to another in the discrete time simulation of different operating system configurations.
 Various parameters specified by the user allow the operating system simulator to operate under different hardware configurations and operating system strategies such as multiprogramming and multiprocessing, along with preemption and different memory allocation techniques.


It is intended to provide a novel and excellent method of treating and/or preventing prostate cancer, prostate enlargement, acne, seborrhea, hypertrichosis, calvities, alopecia, sexual precocity, adrenal hypertrophy, multilocular ovary syndrome, breast cancer, lung cancer, endometriosis, leiomyoma and so on based on an effect of selectively inhibiting 17beta HSD type 5. It is found out that an N-sulfonylindole derivative, in which a carbon atom in the indole group is substituted by a carboxy group, a carboxy-substituted lower alkyl group or a carboxy-substituted lower alkenyl group, has a potent activity of selectively inhibiting 17beta HSD type 5 and is usable as a remedy and/or a preventive for diseases, in which 17beta HSD type 5 participates, such as prostate enlargement and prostate cancer without showing any side effect caused by a decrease in testosterone.


The tensile strength and inter-laminar shear strength of carbon fiber-resin composites comprised of matrix resins of different tensile moduli ranging from 4.74MN/m2 to 1170MN/m2 were measured, and the effect of matrix resin properties on the effective tensile strength of carbon fibers in carbon fiber-resin composite strands was investigated. The inter-laminar shear strength changed in the range from 13.3MN/m2 to 98.8MN/m2 in correspondence with the tensile modulus of matrix resin. It was observed that the inter-laminar shear fracture occurred at the interface between fiber and resin when the matrix resin was sufficiently stiff. On the other hand, when the stiffness of the matrix resin was low, the inter-laminar shear fracture occurred in the matrix resin. The effective fiber strength in the composite strands varied in the range from 1.78GN/m2 to 2.94GN/m2, and it tended to increase with increasing tensile modulus of matrix resin. From the results of the observation of fracture surface, the fracture mechanism of the composite strands was considered in relation with the matrix resin properties. When the matrix resin is stiff enough, the effective fiber strength of the composite strands depends on the strength at the interface between fiber and resin. In contrast, when the matrix resin becomes soft, the effective fiber strength is governed by the shear modulus of matrix resin.


Disgust represents a quintessential manifestation of negative affect. Prototypical sensory expressions of disgust are triggered by bitter and other unappetizing tastes in human infants, non-human primates, and rodents. Disgust in mice has been quantified through the taste reactivity (TR) test. TR has been video recorded and counted manually to be quantified, requiring a significant amount of time and effort, however. Here we constructed the method to automatically count TR to assess both innate and learned disgust in mice using machine learning. We automatically tracked TR using DeepLabCut as the coordinates of the nose and both front and rear paws. The automated tracking data was split into test and training data, and the latter was combined with manually labeled data on whether or not a TR was present, and if so, which type of the TR was present. Then, a random forest classifier was constructed, and the performance of the classifier was evaluated in the test dataset. Throughout, the total numbers of disgust TRs predicted by the classifier were highly correlated with those counted manually. The present method will facilitate large-scale screening and long-term experiments that require counting numerous TR, which are challenging to conduct manually.


This paper describes the visual interface of a configurable and extensible system to support generic work with shape grammars. Shape grammars allow the implementation of computational mechanisms to analyze and synthesize designs of visual languages and have been used to represent the knowledge behind the creative work of architects, designers and artists. This kind of grammars is inherently visual. The system described, a kind of universal machine for shape grammars, allows users to build their own shape grammars and experiment with them. It has been the focus of our past work, it mixes technological and artistic aspects and it has a specific computational architecture which includes a symbolic and a visual interface. The latter one is the subject of this paper.


Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affect the limbic system, causing medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) hypometabolism. Additionally, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have demonstrated that MCI and AD involve alterations in cerebral white matter (WM) integrity. Objectives: To test if (1) patients with MCI and AD exhibit decreases in the integrity of limbic WM pathways; (2) disconnection between PCC and MTL, manifested as disruption of the cingulum bundle, contributes to PCC hypometabolism during incipient AD. Methods: We measured fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume of the fornix and cingulum using DTI in 23 individuals with MCI, 21 with mild‐to‐moderate AD, and 16 normal control (NC) subjects. We also measured PCC metabolism using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) in AD and MCI patients. Results: Fornix FA and volume were reduced in MCI and AD to a similar extent. Descending cingulum FA was reduced in AD while volume was reduced in MCI and even more so in AD. Both FA and volume of the fornix and descending cingulum reliably discriminated between NC and AD. Fornix FA and descending cingulum volume also reliably discriminated between NC and MCI. Only descending cingulum volume reliably discriminated between MCI and AD. In the combined MCI‐AD cohort, PCC metabolism directly correlated with both FA and volume of the descending cingulum. Conclusions: Disruption of limbic WM pathways is evident during both MCI and AD. Disconnection of the PCC from MTL at the cingulum bundle contributes to PCC hypometabolism during incipient AD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc


The first measurements of the scattering parameters of ΛK pairs in all three charge combinations (ΛK+, ΛK−, and ΛKS) are presented. The results are achieved through a femtoscopic analysis of ΛK correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN = 2.76 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. The femtoscopic correlations result from strong final-state interactions, and are fit with a parametrization allowing for both the characterization of the pair emission source and the measurement of the scattering parameters for the particle pairs. Extensive studies with the THERMINATOR 2 event generator provide a good description of the non-femtoscopic background, which results mainly from collective effects, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, together with HIJING simulations, this model is used to account for contributions from residual correlations induced by feed-down from particle decays. The extracted scattering parameters indicate that the strong force is repulsive in the ΛK+ interaction and attractive in the ΛK− and ΛKS interactions. The results suggest an effect arising either from different quark–antiquark interactions between the pairs (ss in ΛK+ and uu in ΛK−) or from different net strangeness for each system (S=0 for ΛK+, and S=−2 for ΛK−). Finally, the ΛK systems exhibit source radii larger than expected from extrapolation from identical particle femtoscopic studies. This effect is interpreted as resulting from the separation in space–time of the single-particle Λ and K source distributions. ∗See Appendix D for the list of collaboration members ar X iv :2 00 5. 11 12 4v 1 [ nu cl -e x] 2 2 M ay 2 02 0 ΛK femtoscopy in Pb–Pb collisions ALICE Collaboration


The proposed system is a system that can be used for surveillance and monitoring applications. The development of an efficient real-time video head detection system is motivated by its potential for deployment in the areas where security is the main concern. The proposed system presents a platform for real-time video head detection and subsequent generation of an alarm condition as soon as the human head is detected. The prototype consists of a platform mounted with a camera that provides continuous feedback of the online exam environment.


Electron Cloud (EC) effects have been identified as a major performance limitation for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) when operating with the nominal bunch spacing of 25 ns. During the LHC Run 1 (2010 - 2013) the luminosity production mainly used beams with 50 ns spacing, while 25 ns beams were only employed for short periods in 2011 and 2012 for test purposes. On these occasions, observables such as pressure rise, heat load in the cold sections as well as clear signatures on bunch-by-bunch emittance blow up, particle loss and energy loss indicated the presence of an EC in a large portion of the LHC. The analysis of the recorded data, together with EC build up simulations, has led to a significant improvement of our understanding of the EC effect in the different components of the LHC. Studies were carried out both at injection energy (450 GeV) and at top energy (4 TeV) aiming at determining the energy dependence of the EC formation and its impact on the quality of the proton beam.


Objective To explore the influence of concanavalin A(ConA)on the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK) 1/2 in CRL2480 cells(human umbilical vein endothelial cell line). Methods Activated effect of ConA on CRL2480 endothelial cells was detected by MTT assay. P-ERK1/2 expression was examined by western blot. The distribution of p-ERK1/2 was observed via immunofluorescent staining. Results After 8h incubation, ConA increased the activated index of the cells in a dose dependent manner in the range of 5~20 μg/ml(P0.05). The immunoblot displayed that 20 μ g/ml ConA increased p-ERK1/2 expression in the cells(P0.05). PD98059 and U0126(both ERK pathway inhibitors) exerted inhibitory action on p-ERK1/2 expression(P0.05). The fluorescent intensities existed in the cytoplasm and the nuclei of ConA-treated cells were much stronger than those of control cells. Conclusion ConA is able to upregulate p-ERK1/2 expression in CRL2480 cells.


Competition among species occurs in all habitats across the world. In the rocky intertidal zones of New England, many species are dispersed across the rock substrate. Previous studies have linked vertical height and species dispersal. This study investigates the relationship among Ascophyllum nodosum, Mytilus edulis, and Balanus balanoides and attempts to determine whether species dispersal throughout the intertidal zones because of intra-species competition is affected by the relative height of species' location on the substrate on which they reside.


Abstract The Supreme Court and lower courts have not articulated a clear or consistent framework for First Amendment analysis of speech restrictions in health care and with respect to abortion. After offering a coherent doctrine for analysis of speech restrictions in the doctor-patient relationship, this piece demonstrates how potential legislation restricting patient access to information from reproductive testing intended to limit "undesirable" reproductive choices would violate the First Amendment.


Since 2016, various explanations for the 'British exit' ('Brexit') from the EU have been advanced with a key feature of these being a focus on territories. One prominent notion has been that the result reflected a revolt of a 'Left Behind Britain' (LBB) of people and places side-lined by the economic, social and cultural changes of the last half century. However, 'LBB' is not the only territory whose existence has been reaffirmed, or 'rediscovered', in a crisis which has left the United Kingdom a divided and fractured state where the rule of law, constitutional democracy, and integrity of the current UK state territory have come under significant pressure. Informed by this context, this paper offers some reflections on the 'lost' and 'found' territories of 'Brexit Britain'.


1,3,6-Triaryl-1,4-dihydro-s-tetrazines (2c–g) rearrange on heating at ca. 200 °C to 2,4-diaryl-quinazolines (for which an X-ray determination was carried out on the 6-isopropyl compound) and 1-anilino-3,5-diaryl-1H-1,2,4-triazoles as major products. Hydrolysis in chloroform solution of the title compounds (2) and their 1 -alkyl analogues gives rise to 1 -aryl (or alkyl)-3,5-diaryl-1H-1,2,4-triazoles and 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles.


Summary This study investigates the relationship between leadership style, as measured by the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire, and a relatively broad range of personal history data. Two hundred adult males, covering a broad age range, education, and occupational level, were utilized. The data were compared with previous studies which used different measures of leadership style. A multiple regression equation to predict Consideration and Initiating Structure scale scores through the weighted sums of biographical items was computed. The correlations, however, did not hold up under cross-validation. The individual items were then combined into scales through factor analysis, but the scales were not sufficiently homogeneous to increase the probability of more reliable prediction.


Pre-understanding is a basic concept in modem hermeneutics,which is closely related to objectivity of understanding.By analyzing the concept of pre-understanding and its related prepositions,this paper points out that pre-understanding and objectivity of understanding are not contradictory to each other. On the contrary,the former is an important factor that determines the latter.It provides an important perspective for us in discussing objectivity of understanding.


The Alder-ene reaction of neat polyisobutylene (PIB) and maleic anhydride (MAA) to produce the industrially important lubricant additive precursor polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) is studied at 150–180 °C. Under anaerobic conditions with [PIB] ∼ 1.24 M (550 g mol–1 grade, >80% exo alkene) and [MAA] ∼ 1.75 M, conversion of exo-PIB and MAA follows second-order near-equal rate laws with kobs up to 5 × 10–5 M–1 s–1 for both components. The exo-alkene-derived primary product PIBSA-I is formed at an equivalent rate. The less reactive olefinic protons of exo-PIB also react with MAA to form isomeric PIBSA-II (kobs up to 6 × 10–5 M–1 s–1). Some exo-PIB is converted to endo-PIB (containing trisubstituted alkene) in a first-order process (kobs ∼ 1 × 10–5 s–1), while PIBSA-I is difunctionalized by MAA to bis-PIBSAs very slowly. The MAA- and PIB-derived activation parameter ΔG‡(150 °C) 34.3 ± 0.3 kcal mol–1 supports a concerted process, with that of PIBSA-I suggesting a late (product-like) transition state.


APSA Biographical Directory The sixth edition of the APSA Biographical Directory will be published in December and copies may now be ordered for January 1973 delivery. The Directory will include complete, up-to-date names and addresses of approximately 12,500 individual APSA members as well as biographical information on over 7,000 political scientists. The Directory will include appendices classifying members by geographical location and fields of interest.


This thesis presents SeeGreen, a system designed to enable easy collection of distributed information about power usage (quantity and quality) in residential facilities. In Europe many appliances are emerging that incorporate power measuring devices for power regulation. However, products for retrofitting old appliances or recording measurements from other power consuming devices are not available. Due to aging of appliances, varying consumer habits and appliance standby modes, estimating the power consumption behavior of a device is remarkably difficult. Products in "off" (or standby) modes consume an estimated ten percent of the electrical energy used in a house. With built in AC switches, SeeGreen has the capacity to minimize or even eliminate this unnecessary waste. Perhaps the largest downfall of modern monitoring systems is a lack of real-time (immediate) feedback about an appliance's consumption. Feedback of this nature highly encourages change in consumer behavior. SeeGreen facilitates reduced electricity consumption by providing information to consumers and automatic control devices. Thesis Supervisor: Michael Hawley Title: Assistant Professor of Media Arts and Sciences


This article is about the mental coding processes involved in the flow of "information" when the user is interacting with an "enabling" information retrieval (IR) system. An "enabling" IR system is designed to stimulate the user's grasping towards a higher understanding of the information need/problem/task that brought the user to the IR system. C. Shannon's (1949/1959) model of the flow of information, and K. R. Popper's (1975) 3 worlds concept are used to diagram the flow of information between the user and system when the user receives a stimulating system message, with particular emphasis on the decoding and encoding operations involved as the user processes the message. The key difference between the model of information flow proposed here and the linear transmission, receiver-oriented model now in use is that we assume that users of a truly interactive, "enabling" IR system are primarily message senders, not passive receivers of the message, because they must create a new message back to the system, based on a reconceptualization of their information need, while they are "online" interacting with the system.


The aim of this study is to seek answers to the following questions: 1) How has the formation and development of the history of education interacted with teacher training in universities? 2) How did the Iron Curtain influence the development of the history of education in Latvia and how can the consequences of Soviet era in the history of education be overcome? 3) What kind of history of education is suitable for teacher training programmes today? These questions are researched based on the analysis of the history of pedagogy as a course in Latvian and Belgian universities. KEY WORDS: history of pedagogy, revisionism in the history of pedagogy, "new" history of education, teacher training, study process in universities, comparative approach, Iron Curtain. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/tbb.v66i1.776


The purpose of this paper is to prove strong convergence theorems by the hybrid method for a family of weak relatively nonexpansive mappings and a family of equilibrium problems in a Banach space. We shall give an example which is weak relatively nonexpansive mapping but not relatively nonexpansive mapping in Banach space l 2 . Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by Kimura and Takahashi (2009), Takahashi and Zembayashi (2008) and some others.


This report discusses the situation in South Sudan as it faces a number of challenges in the coming years. Relations between Juba, in South Sudan, and Khartoum are poor, and there are a number of unresolved issues between them. The crisis in the disputed area of Abyei remains a contentious issue, despite a temporary agreement reached in mid-June 2011.


Abstract Hermeneutic phenomenology is a little used approach in sport settings yet is widely advocated in other disciplines (e.g. health research). This article contributes to the theoretical understanding and practical application of hermeneutic phenomenology in sport research. It considers and explores the lived experience of skiing through a phenomenological approach and in so doing exposes a deeper understanding into the meaning skiing may hold in the lifeworlds of those who ski. Such research highlights the growing use of interpretive paradigms to elucidate lived experience in sport research, contrasting measurement of experience with seeking to understand the experiences themselves. We assert that hermeneutic phenomenology has much to offer sport research where an understanding of how one's subjective encounter can reveal much about the shared knowings, meanings and experiences of participation in sport in our society.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Regulatory T cells (Treg) are vital in the development and maintenance of immune tolerance. They function to dampen immune responses and their dysfunction leads to autoimmune disease. Treg are known to play key roles in the development of cancers including lung, breast, head and neck, and others. They are believed to aid the tumors in immune evasion. In bladder cancer (BCa), clinical studies have shown an increase in Treg in patients' tumors or peripheral blood correlates with a worse prognosis. Herein we determine whether Treg play a key role in the development of BCa. METHODS: Female wild type C57BL/6 mice or transgenic DEREG mice (express a diptheria toxin [DT] receptor whenever Foxp3, the driver of a Treg phenotype, is expressed) were used. Metastatic cancer was induced by injecting 0.5 x 10 MB49 bladder tumor cells via tail vein into mice on the day of surgery. Orthotopic (bladder) cancer was induced by catheterizing the bladders of female mice and injecting poly-L-lysine followed by 0.08x10 MB49 cells at day 0. Treg were depleted in DEREG mice with administration of 50g/kg DT given intraperitoneally every 4 days. Mice were sacrificed at days 21-26 and bladders, lungs, and bladder draining lymph nodes (BLN) were harvested for weight and flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: In mice that received both orthotopic and intravenous bladder tumor challenge, Treg were increased in the bladder tumors but not the lymph nodes or lung (Fig 1). In DEREG mice challenged with orthotopic BCa, depletion of Treg with DT administration abrogated the development of BCa (Fig 2A). Additionally, Treg depleted mice had an increase in the number and percentage of antigen specific CD8þ T cells in the bladder draining lymph nodes as well as an increase in activated CD4þ T cells (Fig 2B). CONCLUSIONS: Regulatory T cells are necessary for BCa development in the orthotopic model of BCa. Treg appear to function in an antigen-specific manner, but pan-T cell activation cannot be excluded. Development of immunotherapy targeting Treg in the bladder may represent a novel cancer therapeutic. Source of Funding: AUA Care Foundation Award, CPRIT Training Grant


Xu Xu is a writer who can not be displaced in literature history in the 20th century of China.His novelette Blind Love is a classical work with particular style——modern romantic character.Its oddity style includes:figure bizarre character,distance beauty,breakthrough in classicality and tradition.Its faintness includes:time,character,circumstance and world faintness.


While Stata has gained wide acceptance in academia, its use in corporate environments lags far behind. For academic Stata users, the product's inability to penetrate business has important consequences. Students trained in Stata have fewer opportunities than those trained in other tools, particularly SAS, that are widely used by businesses. Academic statisticians have fewer opportunities to collaborate and consult with colleagues in business. For the past five years, ProfSoft has been developing and marketing a medical claims analysis system that builds on the data management and data analysis capabilities in Stata. Our experience has shown that Stata can greatly enhance the analytic capabilities of health plans, provider organizations, and purchaser coalitia and that Stata is a very powerful tool for working with large corporate databases, sometimes in excess of 100 million records. During that time, we have learned many lessons about how Stata can gain acceptance in mainstream corporate America. In this presentation, we discuss factors that helped gain acceptance for a software product that is based on Stata. We discuss the features in Stata that are most imporant to our customers, and those that have little interest. We demonstrate business applications with web-based graphical user interfaces that unleash the power of Stata to users who have little or no interest in learning how to use Stata directly.


In the first village, San Antonio Aguas Calientes, four miles west of Antigua, the frightening events at the origin of su.,s~to were attributed mainly to impersonal forces, to a stroke of fate. By contrast, in Panajachel (on the shore of Lake Atitlan), sorcery was habitually regarded as the most likely explanation. After discarding the degree of acculturation as an explaining variable, the author presents an argument based on the variation


New development of economics and society results in new challenges to the ideological political work.The reform of the college tutor work is not only for the challenge but also the requirements of college quality education.The thesis puts forward the idea that the centre of college students' education work should shift from college to the students,which reflect the person-orientation spirit and the service function of college.


The historical approach outlined in this paper attempts to show how the conceptual terrain for thinking and acting upon the problem of the dangerous individual is the product of governmental attempts to know and understand persons. It suggests that knowledge of particular types of persons is made possible by means of a complexity of interrelations between law and psychiatry and the institutional spaces in which they operate, rather than the happen-chance discoveries of the human sciences or essential properties of persons described in law or medicine.


This work presents a simplified procedure to obtain the ionization profile from SRIM2010 and the Katz radial dose model applied to oxygen ions with kinetic energy from 12 to 18 MeV. Device simulation of Single Event Upsets needs LET(z) and w(z) (linear energy transfer and lateral radius) as inputs. TCAD simulations with the calculated ionization profile of a digital test chip predicts a SEU Threshold. That threshold is experimentally confirmed using the ion microprobe of the Tandem Van de Graaf accelerator at the CNA facility (Spain), validating the ionization model.


Case report A28-year-old woinanwho had had signs of intermittently severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for 2 years attended the antenatal clinic at eight weeks gestation in her second pregnancy. In the three years preceding this pregnancy she had had thrombocytopcnic purpura, erythema nodosum and lymphocytic swelling of the salivary glands. Her first pregnancy at the age of 25 years was complicated by severe haemolytic anaemia and, later, by severe hypertension and resulted in a stillborn baby weighing 1380 g a t 31 weeks. This outcome was attributed to placental infarction. Subsequently she had a StevensJohnson type illness with oculocutaneous manifestations. She had persistently high titres of antinuclear Cactor and anti-Ro (anti-SS-A) antibody, but insignificant levels of anticardiolipin antibody. Treatment had been with steroids and, at times, azathioprine. In the current prcgnancy prednisolone was increased from 5 to 1 0 mg/day and she was given low-dose aspirin (7Smg daily). At 18 weeks, ultrasonography showed a normal fetus with a normal heart rate. At 25 weeks a serious deterioration i n the maternal condition occurred and she was admitted because of chest and loin pain: vomiting and pyrexia. She developed a small pleural effusion and had radiological and electrocardiographic evidence of myocarditis. The maternal anti-Ko antibody titre had risen


Historical and contemporary perceptions of the African American child are based on his or her relationship to his family in general and to his or her mother in particular. This article critically reviews flawed premises constructed by outsiders looking into the African American family. These premises have shaped the education and social place African American urban children have occupied prior to and after schools were desegregated. Distributing opportunity in an equitable fashion is suggested as a proven strategy to removing educational gaps Note: Thanks to Dr. Kimberly Grantham Griffith and Dr. William Allan Kritsonis for their professional assistance and expertise in getting this article published. See: www.nationalforum.com _______________________________________________________________________ A Flawed View of the African American Child and Family In 1963, Glazer and Moynihan stated, "The Negro is only an American and nothing else. He has no values and culture to guard and protect" (Glazer & Moynihan, 1963, p. 53). Lewis (1966) characterized the experiences of American minorities as the "culture of poverty" (pp. 68-69). This was offered as an explanation for the poor remaining poor (Lewis, 1970). Moynihan (1965) further characterized the Black family as engaged in a "tangle of pathology" that was seen as "the principal source of the aberrant, inadequate, or antisocial behavior that...serves to perpetuate the cycle of poverty and deprivation" (Moynihand, 1965). Moynihan further suggested that a "national effort towards the problem of Negro Americans must be directed toward the question of family structure...to enable it to raise and support its members as do other families" (p. 93). It was rationalized that because of Negro family dynamics, the Black child was viewed as having low intellectual and defective achievement levels. The Moynihan report revealed a framework that focused not only on deficient intellect, but infused a perspective from psychologists who suggested interventions in the home and family (Klaus & Gray, 1968). In effect, they suggested that the major problem of the Black family was that of the family dynamics, specifically, the mother-child relationship that did not encourage sufficient higher order thinking skills (Glazer & Moynihan, 1963). This defective interaction was thought to be compounded with notions that part of the mother-child relationship was impaired because of language in general, and the language of Black people in particular. Stated another way, the language of Blacks in America, or their dialect was purported by the psychological establishment as a barrier to American communication. The issue of language deficit was renounced (Shuy, 1967), but not before the development of intervention programs to encourage appropriate language production (Bereiter & Englemann, 1966). Out of the condemnation of the language and communication styles of African Americans emerged Black scholars who explained the cognitive and language development of African American children. A major Black American scholar, Robert L. Williams, stated that he had "grown sick and tired" of his language being described as "substandard," "restrictive," "deviant," "deficient," "non-standard," "Black English" (Robert L. Williams, 1997; R. L. Williams & Rivers, 1973). Through his research, Williams coined the term "Ebonics" to describe the combining of ebony (Black) and phonics (speech sounds). He further described Ebonics as the "language children bring to school as a bridge to teaching new language systems..." (Robert L. Williams, 1997). Williams defines Ebonics as being supported by (a) the pidgin/Creole theory and (b) the African retention theory. The pidgin/Creole theory explained that the multiple languages Africans brought to America from their countries of origin were combined to form pidgin. Williams stressed that pidgin did not have an African country of origin. Rather, the language of Creole evolved from pidgin (spoken by adult slaves) and was the first language the children of slaves learned. From Creole, the next stage was "Englishization" for the slaves. As this stage occurred, Ebonics evolved in which the "speaker maintains the original communication style, some lexical items, and the ability to code switch" (Williams, 1997, p. 211). Ebonics continued to develop toward (though never becoming) Standard English (Asante, 1996). The African retention theory was based on the premise that Ebonics was an effort by American slaves to maintain the integrity of some West African languages. Some examples of African retentions include: (a) the absence of the double consonant (e.g., wess for west, bess for best, and hole for hold); (b) the lack of possessives (e.g., Daddy car, Bob house); (c) the lack of pluralization (e.g., Two boy, three girl); (d) The zero copula or the absence of the verb (e.g., "We busy," " Why you leave me at church like that?"); (e) Double and triple negatives (e.g., "I ain"t never going nowhere with you no more.") (f) Absent "d" and "ed" (e.g., "He like my car." and "It rain last night." (Williams, 1997, pp. 211-212) Researchers (Simpkins et al., 1974; Robert L. Williams, 1997; R. L. Williams & Rivers, 1973) conducted studies that demonstrated the utility of Ebonics in the achievement and increased learning by African American children. Information in Table 1 list the study cited, a description of the study conducted, the study method and the study results. The information in Table 1 is adapted from Williams (1997). Other researchers continued to validate the research of earlier scholars. Specifically, Geneva Smitherman (1986) demonstrated in her first work, Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, the value of Ebonics to the development of students from social, cultural and educational perspectives. Smitherman (1993) further explained the tangible importance of Ebonics that provides African American students, through the expressive language experience, an understanding of their cultural past. Smitherman and Cunningham (1997) further show that students who know about their past are motivated to learn. Table 1: Studies of the Benefits of Ebonics Study Description Method Results The effects of language on the test performance of Black children (Williams, R. L., & Rivers, L. W. (1973) Psychologist translated (code switched) test items contained in the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts from Standard English to Ebonics or into language that was familiar to students. Standard and nonstandard (Ebonics) versions were administered to 990 students in K – 2 grades Examples: Standard English: "Mark the toy that is behind the sofa. Ebonics: Mark the toy that is in back of the couch. Students score significantly higher on the Ebonics version than on the standard version. Black language: A moderator variable of intelligence (National Institute of Mental Health Grant #5RO1MH2445403) (Rivers, L. W. (1973) Psychologist translated the Peabody Picture Vocabulary test from the standard version to Ebonics. Instead of asking the student to identify a "crib" as the test item required, the child was asked to identify the "baby bed." The researcher explained that "crib" to many African American children meant an apartment. With the code switching, the children"s IQs increased significantly. The researcher reported the standard version contained "blocking agents" or "noise." The researcher found the Standard English version did not activate the African American child"s linguistic conceptual system. The blocking agents or noise interfered with understanding the question; not that the child lacked the capacity to process standard language. Instead, the child"s intake gates were not activated by the stimulus properties of Standard English. The child must be taught to code switch – to move from Ebonics to Standard English. Bridge: A cross-culture reading program. Experimental condition (Simpkins, G., Holt, G., Simpkins, C. (1974) Researchers developed an associative reading program. The program placed primary emphasis on initially using language skills already in the child"s repertoire. Students process from familiar (Ebonics) language to the less familiar (Standard English). Method used the axiom "start where the child is." The Bridge used three readers to present the same story, first written 100% in Ebonics; second, 50% in Ebonics and 50% in Standard English; and third, 100% in Standard English. Two groups (a bridge and a nonBridge group) were exposed to two reading program over a 4-month period). At the end of the training period, they were given the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. The Bridge group showed 6.2 months increase in their reading scores. The non-Bridge group showed 1.6 months increase in their reading scores. Teachers who were initially opposed to the Bridge program changed their views after using the program. Adapted from "The Ebonics Controversy," by Robert L. Williams, 1997, Journal of Black Psychology, 23 (3), pp. 208-2 Historical Consideration In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) abolished the legality of school segregation for Black children and White children. In addition to focusing the country on the ills of segregating children from different ethnic groups, it set the stage for concerns about segregated education for students with disabilities. Prior to 1954 and through 1964, not only were different ethnic groups segregated, students who were called "handicapped" were housed in separated classes and in separate schools because special education embraced a segregated model. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 placed an emphasis on social equity. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 focused us on the child who was called "deprived." In its concern for the deprived child, a certain amount of concern was placed on the child who was called "handicapped." The Handicapped Children"s Easy Education Assistance Act of 1968 made central its focus on the handicapped child. What was i


Kampoeng Batik Laweyan is an area of industrial development centers in city of Surakarta. Batik industry is the main economic activity of the community of Kelurahan Laweyan. The goals of this reseacrh are (a) Describe the characteristics of the business variation characteristic of Kampoeng Batik Laweyan industrial district


College students' ideological and political work is one of the most important one in college work.Since the students' ideolgial and political work of 21st Century has met with the unprecedented challenges,how to survive and how to occupy the area of college students' ideological and political education rapidly and effectively have become the important content of ideological and political work required by advance with times.In the light of the author's experience of ideologgical and political work in mang years,this article makes a study of a few problemes in strengthening and improving college students' ideologgical and political work of new period.


Two strains (or types) of Herpesvirus hominis, HF and HPF, have been shown to be immunologically related but antigenically distinct by a number of modifications of the neutralization test.
 Various types of neutralization tests distinguished between the two strains (or types) equally well under the conditions described. The tests differed, however, in ease of performance and capacity for comparative expression of results. The multiplicity neutralization test with 50% plaque reduction and pN value determinations was preferable in most instances.
 Neutralization of artificial mixtures of the two types of herpesvirus by antiserum to one or the other type was useful in detecting antigenic differences and similarities. Each virus was neutralized in artificial mixtures as though the other was not present. This test merits further consideration in studying viral genetics and mechanisms of cross-neutralization as well as in differentiation of related viruses.
 In the kinetic neutralization test, antiserum which was either too concentrated or too dilute failed to discriminate between HF and HPF, suggesting the possibility of an optimal serum concentration for most effective discrimination between viruses by an antiserum.
 Antiserum titers were decreased in tests requiring dilution of virus-antiserum mixtures, a four- to eightfold reduction in titer resulting from dilution to 10-4. This effect was noted with both homologous virus-antiserum and heterologous virus-antiserum mixtures so that differentiation between the two strains or types could still be accomplished despite dilution. The change in titer upon dilution was thought to be related to the "dilution effect" described in the 1920's and 1930's in which infectious virus was released by dilution of virus-antiserum mixtures.


Apple is a major fruit crop of Himachal Pradesh and in recent years, it has emerged as the leading cash crop among fruit crops. In temperate fruits, apple occupies prime position in Himachal Pradesh. The Himalayan mountain ecosystem is currently facing challenges arising due to increasing aridity, warm winters, variability in snowfall rainfall-1, and unpredictable frosts (Renton, 2009; Dash and Hunt, 2007), which affect horticultural crops (Kala, 2013). Though, the Himalaya harbours rich biodiversity and is one of the most vulnerable mountain ecosystems to climate change (Xu et al., 2009; Bawa et al., 2010), there is paucity of systematic analysis of climate change and its impacts on the Himalayan ecosystems, biodiversity and local people's livelihoods (Shrestha et al., 2012). Mostly the apple plantation in the state is of Delicious group comprising mainly of Royal Art ic le History RECEIVED in 04th January 2020 RECEIVED in revised form 05th April 2020 ACCEPTED in final form 18th April 2020 Kinnaur, temperate fruits, high density plantation, red velox, m9


With the development of phosphate industry,a rapid release of phosphogypsum occurs day by day.It has been a focus in solving the problem: how to enhance the utilization of phosphogypsum and achieve a sustainable development in the industry? By the analysis of comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum in China and abroad,some ideas and counter measures are proposed in raw material management,product variety,technology development,preferential policies.


Department of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has been awarded the prestigious John Bates Clark Medal for his contribution to economic thought and knowledge. He is a prolific writer and has published extensively in top journals of economics and political science on institutional development, economic history, property rights, economic organization in history, and the formation of political and economic institutions. James Robinson is David Florence Professor of Government at Harvard University and a faculty associate at the Institute for Quantitative Social Science at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. He has written extensively on institutions and their influence on development, economic history, public finance, institutional development and the economics of transaction costs. Why Nations Fail argues that the drastic disparity among countries in terms of growth, development, and prosperity can be attributed to their institutional characteristics; and that the contemporary explanations, including culture, geography, and the ignorance of leaders, have limited explanatory power. The book is the result of fifteen years of extensive research and accumulation of arguments put forth by the authors in their previous work, which has been published in various journals in the last decade. The data discussed are mostly historical/archival in nature and are presented in the form of narrative. The authors offer examples from a wide range of societies by historically tracing their peculiar institutional milieu and their influence in shaping the destinies of these nations. © International Review of Public Administration 2013, Vol. 18, No. 1 203


The question of plasmodial compatibility in relation to the mating system in a slime mold was first raised by me in 1963. At that time, the discovery of a 1-locus, multiple-allelic mating system was reported for the organism. This discovery made it possible to test plasmodial compati? bility with the aid of clearly identifiable genetic markers. My original assumption, prior to any actual investigations, was that no two plasmodia would fuse (i.e., they would be incompatible) if they carried different mating type alleles. Preliminary results reported in 1963 not only conformed to this supposition, but, in addition, suggested that no two plasmodia would fuse unless both were derived from the same two parental clones. However, it was pointed out at that time that massspore-derived plasmodia obtained from the same isolate (collection) did show compatibility. Based on results to be presented here, these seemingly contradictory earlier findings now appear to be reconcilable. In addition, data on plasmodial compatibility in a newly discovered homothallic isolate will be presented.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to contribute to a refined perspective on how the practices of everyday life can challenge existing spatial scale relations, as well as produce new ones, and how this in turn can be addressed by planning. The investigation is based on a discussion of empirical studies dealing with the role of migrants in processes of place-making and urban transformation. In the article, we look particularly at how migrants challenge more established scale relations of certain places and cities in Nordic countries. We illustrate how cases of heterogenic place-making contest established urban scales such as the home, the neighbourhood and the city, and suggest a series of modalities that may be used in the context of urban planning and design, to describe and study these processes in greater detail. The modalities include the notions of extension and compression, up- and downscaling, side-stepping and a multiple order of scales.


A new species Tetracyclus chankaicus Dubrovina, Usoltseva, Pushkar & Likhacheva is described from Middle Miocene sediments of the Novokachalinskaya formation on the western coast of Khanka Lake in Primorye, Russian Far East. This species differs from T. clypeus (Ehrenberg) Li by the irregular stria density on the valve face, the absence of secondary ribs at the poles, different girdle band structure and the number of rimoportulae.


D‐A conjugated polymers P1 and P2 are synthesized by copolymerizing bisthiophene‐fused diketopyrrolopyrrole (4,11‐bis(2‐decyltetradecyl)‐7H,14H‐thieno[3',2':7,8]‐indolizino[2,1‐a]thieno[3,2‐g]indolizine‐7,14‐dione, BTI) with terthiophene and thiophene‐benzothiadiazole‐thiophene, respectively. Molecular packing is characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The film morphology is characterized by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. The vertical phase separation is characterized by XPS. The mechanism of film morphology formation is explained from intermolecular interaction, kinetics, and surface free energy. The spin‐coated films of polymers blended with PC71BM are served as semiconductor layers in near‐infrared (NIR) phototransistors. The impact of morphology on optoelectronic performance is analyzed. The mobility of organic field effect transistors based on P1 or P2 thin films remains constant with the addition of PC71BM with weight ratio being less than 50%. The main reason is that π–π stacking in both P1 and P2 thin films is at all directions and PC71BM does not disturb the charge percolation path. Benzothiadiazole in P2 enables stronger mutual attraction between P2 and PC71BM, and therefore large contact area between P2 and PC71BM forms in the heterojunction. The photoresponsivity improves by 2 times for NIR phototransistors based on P2/PC71BM when decreasing light intensity from 63 to 1.8 µW cm‐2. The above results suggest a feasible conjugated polymer design rule for high sensitivity NIR phototransistors.


On September 1 st 2017, Pope Francis and the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew issued a Joint Message for the World Day of Prayer for Creation. The gesture reveals the church's efforts "to breathe with two lungs" on the urgent matter of climate change and ecological sustainability. But, the church leaders have also insisted on a philosophical and religious reflection on technology if humanity is to take responsibility for the environment. In particular, they have sought to correct the wrong interpretation of the biblical imperative to "have dominion over" (Gen 1:26) the creatures of the Earth and to "subdue it" (Gen 1:28) that for centuries has condoned ecological abuse, in particular in the name of technological progress. In this paper, I propose a theological reflection on  Homo technologicus through the writings of the seventh century monk Maximus the Confessor and the twentieth century Catholic priest Romano Guardini. Maximus offers a systematic account of human  techne as reflecting the mark of sin, while being God's gift to assist us in stewarding creation. Guardini offers a challenging argument for the moral nature of technology in our times. In an age where technology extends human power, even as it seemingly takes on a life of its own, Maximus' and Guardini's insights on the "technological human" offer a renewed Christian anthropology that, in the tradition of natural law reasoning, can ground a global ethic for a "sustainable and integral development." ( Joint Message , 2017)


Herbal medicines that obtained from medicinal plants are safe and oldest natural products used for treatment of different diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, phytotoxic activity and alpha amylase enzyme inhibition activity of methanolic extract of Cyanodondactylon. For this whole plant was collected and shade dried and grinded to get the powder. The extraction was carried out by cold percolation in methanol. The methanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis for the absence or presence of secondary metabolites using standard protocol. In-vitro phytotoxic activity was performed by adopting the standard protocol. The alpha amylase enzyme inhibition activity of plant extract was carried out by using starch as substrate, pancreatic alpha amylase as the enzyme, and acarbose as standard. Phytochemical analysis displayed the presence of different chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, terpenoids etc. The result of in-vitro phytotoxic bioassay revealed that the plant extract showed moderate activity with percentage growth regulation 75% in 1000 µg/ml and 30% in 10 µg/ml. The alpha amylase enzyme inhibition was 96.2% at 1000 µg/ml while 37.06% at 40 µg/ml concentration. The inhibition was found dose dependent.


The article concerns the nature of interpersonal relationship, that are taking place in the world of the internet (the internet meaning here the electronic crowd). The author describes the phenomenon of the exponential growth of data. The article compiles electronic crowd with a loneliness of a network user. Contained in the text reflections are related to quality as well as specific contacts mediated by electronic media.


Abstract : Techniques and criterion for selection of the 'best' subset of variables to be used in a regression model are reviewed. A model was developed using the Automatic Interaction Detection (AID) algorithm as a pre-screening device for locating those variables most important to the regression including interaction terms. Five previous models including the one developed by AID and one developed by Westinghouse on avionic characteristic data are used in cross validation experiments to determine the predictive power of these models on a new set of data points using the same set of variables. A cross validation R(2) value is discussed as a criterion for choosing between competing models. (Author)


Many recent studies incorporate technology into classroom management strategies. Technology-based interventions can be used to increase the engagement of students in schools because they can be personalized to each student and meaningfully incorporated into the existing classroom ecology. This chapter describes how to effectively implement technology-based classroom management strategies. There is a particular focus on intervention selection and implementation. An evaluation of ClassDojo is included as an evaluative case study. Also, considerations of diversity and equity within classroom management interventions incorporating technology are included.


In this paper we describe the concept and design objectives of VR/Urban's media intervention tool SMSlingshot, which was presented at the Riga White Night Arts Festival 2009 [1] for the first time.


The ability to communicate through writing is central to school success and is essential for successful participation in the workplace and in a democratic society. Yet the quality of student writing in the United States continues to be of concern to educators and policymakers. The latest results from the National Assessment of Education Progress (NEAP) report card on writing indicate that in 2002, only 23% of the nation's fourth graders and 31% of the nation's eighth graders scored as proficient in writing (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2002). In addition, a recent report from the National Commission on Writing in America's Schools and Colleges (2003) argues that school reforms have not given adequate attention to writing and recommends, for one, improvements in teacher education in writing across all disciplines. Despite such widespread concerns about writing proficiency, very few states require specific coursework in writing for teacher certification. In general, the emphasis in literacy instruction is on reading, with knowledge of writing pedagogy embedded within reading competency requirements for teachers. While research supports the integration of writing and reading (Wharton- McDonald, Pressley, & Hampston, 1998), there is a great disparity in competency expectations and coursework emphasis between reading and writing (National Writing Project & Nagin, 2003). Thus, although there is much research in writing and writing instruction, the information may not be being sufficiently disseminated to preservice teachers in their certification programs. In California where we teach, for example, the majority of preservice teachers complete their teacher training in a one-year, post baccalaureate program. While state certification standards and assessments for preservice teachers acknowledge the importance of writing in learning, the emphasis is placed on the knowledge that teachers need to be effective teachers of reading. Therefore, preservice teachers generally receive much more instruction in reading theory and practice than in writing. When they enter teacher education programs, teaching candidates have had numerous opportunities to write both in and out of school and have been exposed to a range of pedagogical approaches to the teaching of writing. These experiences have not only shaped their skills as writers and their attitudes toward writing, but also their beliefs and values about the very nature of writing, writing development, and writing instruction. From a sociocognitive perspective (Bakhtin, 1981; Vygotsky, 1978), learning is influenced by the values, beliefs, and experiences that exist within the larger community. Thus, the twelve or more years of educational experience that preservice teachers bring into their professional preparation programs have formed their beliefs and values about teaching and learning. From the students' vantage point, they have observed, critiqued, and appropriated the ways of knowing, doing, and being (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Lortie, 1975; Rogoff, 1990). Evidence suggests that even if these belief systems are implicit, they serve to filter new information as candidates attempt to make sense of curricula that may or may not mirror their personal experiences. If beliefs remain unexamined, new learning afforded by preparation courses may not influence their views or be applied to teaching contexts (Britzman, 1986; Lortie, 1975). Thus, preservice teachers' histories influence what and how they learn in formal coursework (Hollingsworth, 1989; Kagan, 1992; Knowles & Holt-Reynolds, 1991; Pajares, 1992) and the pedagogical decisions they make in the classroom (Clark & Peterson, 1986). Since instruction in writing theory and pedagogy for preservice teachers is often limited, it is essential that teacher educators provide learning experiences that are supported by research in effective teacher preparation and make maximum impact in the time available. …


Abstract:This essay proposes, through an analysis of T. S. Eliot's "The Dry Salvages," a model for the study of the sea in modernism based on British modernism's relationship with the contemporaneous idea that the sea was the essence of British history. "The Dry Salvages" rejects the view of the sea as embodying British history entertained elsewhere in Eliot's poetry of this period, but it continues to envision Britain as inherently caught up in the new vision it elaborates of oceanic history as an ongoing calamitous process that is nevertheless essential to historical thinking as such. The poem develops this new vision by both suppressing and drawing on Black Atlantic historical experience. As it undertakes this oceanic historical reconceptualization, "The Dry Salvages" demonstrates how, in British modernism, thinking about the sea and thinking about history are intrinsically interconnected.


Little is known about bereaved persons who refuse to participate in bereavement research, although participants have been assumed to be representative of the bereaved. This assumption is examined in a study of older women in their first, second, or third year of widowhood. To identify sources of sample bias, data from deceased husbands' death certificates (N = 2,331) were used to compare respondents and nonrespondents at stages in the recruitment process: assumed located, returned reply card, agreed to hear more, wished to participate, eligible, and interviewed. The low participation rate (N= 376) did not produce a major bias, although small, statistically significant differences in deceased husband's age, race, education, place and cause of death were revealed. Differences by recruitment stage were observed, as were differences by cohort. Recent widows were more likely to participate. Implications for achieving representative samples are discussed.


Lighting was an important element in the design and use of late antique housing. Daylight was channeled through windows and doorways, but important social activity also took place at dawn and after dark when artificial lighting was required, and commonly used. Modern IT techniques, particularly the use of ray-tracing, allow conclusions to be drawn about the way that lighting was used in houses. Lighting was used to create a 'theatrical' atmosphere during dinners. Blanket lighting of rooms was not available, and lighting was used to create areas of light and shade complementing the d袯r of the room. The distinction between male control of the house at night and female control during the day was also one between night time with artificial lighting, and daylight.


In Space and Mobility in Palestine, Julia Peteet provides a rich ethnography of the most salient component of Israeli occupation and control of Palestinian life. Peteet's focus is the restructuring...


Robotic first responders have potential to significantly improve rescue efficiency and safety in search and rescue missions. To operate intelligently, a robot requires the capability to recognize critical objects in a disaster environment, in order to effectively locate victims and/or prevent secondary disasters. In this report, we introduce a novel dataset of Critical Objects for Response to Emergency (CORE) to facilitate future design of object detection systems for search and rescue missions. We also implement an object detection approach, using object proposals, deep features, and classifiers, to recognize objects in the CORE dataset. An average accuracy of 94.6% is achieved.


The comparison between the stereotypes of Barbie and Sherazade clearly shows that the serialized construction of the women's identity depends on the definition, given by men, of the opportunities and roles assigned to women in the Western and Oriental societies. These two stereotypes are really crucial elements in both the reaffirmation of the racist and segregationist system in the Western society and the consolidation of dictatorial regimes which have maintained power in Arab-muslim countries for decades and now face the reaction of the civil society in North Africa and Middle East. Indeed, beyond the appearance, life of women in Muslim-majority countries is dramatically similar to that of Western country women, as well as their claims and struggles for rights and democracy.


Abstract Mortality of third instar grass grub occurred in the laboratory at lower temperatures with Neoaplectana glaseri Steiner than with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar. Field applications of N. glaseri were sprayed onto small plots at 3 or more rates in late December 1981, mid March 1982, and late April 1982. The highest level of control (66%) was recorded from late December applications of 25 × 104 and 50 × 104 nematodes/m2. Reduction in grass grub levels from late April applications was not significant. The mortality — nematode response curve appeared to vary from asymptotic to curvilinear, with mortality declining at the highest rate (100 × 104/m2). The possible reason for the latter relationship is discussed.


China is a country with large flood-prone area,thus the research on flood is of great significance.The theory of complexity has provided completely new method for the research on the complex system of flood disaster.To detect the tendency in the future,we apply the method of information entropy to analyze the flood-affected area variation by using the flood disaster data of the whole country and 31 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions.The results are as follows.The average flood-affected area and its complexity increased very fast in the 1980s and 1990s of the 20th century,so that flood disaster was more changeable and its uncertainty increased.However,entering the 21st century,both of them relieved or decreased slightly.As for the provinces,the paper discovers the regional character of future's trend of flood-affected area.The whole country may be classified into two flood intensified regions and two flood alleviated regions.The paper classifies the provinces of the whole country into four ranks according to the flood area tendency,and a map of future's tendency of flood disaster area is given at the end.


Addressing the insider threat is a major issue in cyber and corporate security in order to enhance trusted computing in critical infrastructures. In this paper we study the psychosocial perspective and the implications of insider threat prediction via social media, Open Source Intelligence and user generated content classification. Inductively, we propose a prediction method by evaluating the predisposition towards law enforcement and authorities, a personal psychosocial trait closely connected to the manifestation of malevolent insiders. We propose a methodology to detect users holding negative attitude towards authorities. For doing so, we facilitate a brief analysis of the medium (YouTube), machine learning techniques and a dictionary-based approach, in order to detect comments expressing negative attitude. Thus, we can draw conclusions over a user behavior and beliefs via the content the user generated within the limits a social medium. We also use an assumption free flat data representation technique in order to decide over the user's attitude and improve the scalability of our method. Furthermore, we compare the results of each method and highlight the common behavior and characteristics manifested by the users. As privacy violations may well-rise when using such methods, their use should be restricted only on exceptional cases, e.g. when appointing security officers or decision-making staff in critical infrastructures.


A review of birthing in marsupials shows that there are at least three distinct methods. In the opossums (Didelphidae), possums, and kangaroos (Phalangeroidea), the expelled newborns crawl from the urogenital sinus to the pouch. In the bandicoots (Peramelidae), the expelled newborn remain attached to the placenta via the umbilical cord while they swim from the urogenital sinus to the pouch. In the carnivorous Dasyuridae, the newborn are expelled in a column of viscous fluid in which they "swim up" to the tunnel between the urogenital sinus and the pouch and then move to the pouch. Some of the recent anatomical studies, on the relative development of the neural system in newborn marsupials and on the behaviours of the newborns within the three birthing methods, have reawakened interest in the mechanisms that might be used to find the pouch. The motor patterns occurring in the newborn marsupials have many similarities to the motor patterns that appear in eutherian embryos at these same developmental stages. Studies that correlate the motor behaviours with the sensory and neural development of newborn marsupials could have important benefits for the understanding of the early organization of behaviour in mammals in general.


Environmental Life Cycle Analysis, EF3134, is one of the core courses in Virginia Tech's 18 credit hour Green Engineering concentration as well as an engineering elective. This paper describes the difficulties associated with presenting this complex software driven class in an undergraduate curriculum. Main elements include LCA concepts, databases, available software, assumptions and simplifications, limitations and applicability


2. Experimental Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) was supplied by Tokyo Kasei Co.. The plasma polymerized OMCTS films (PPOMCTS) was prepared by the plasma polymerization reactor utilized D.C. glow discharge as energy source supplied by Nippon Laser & Electronics Lab. (Fig. 1). Mica was used as the substrate. Plasma polymerization was carried out as follows; First, the substrate was placed on the cathode and the reaction chamber was evacuated to below 102 Pa. And then, OMCTS was introduced to the chamber via a sublimation chamber. A plasma polymerized film was formed on the substrate by application of the D.C.voltage. AFM was measured by using SPA 300 supplied by Seiko Instruments.


The major purpose of this study is to detect earnings management. The ISX (Indonesian Stock Exchange) listed manufacturing companies for 2008 to 2009 period is used as sample. Earnings management was detected with Instrumental Variable Approach (Kang and Sivaramakrishnan, 1995). Earnings management was detected if accrual discresioner value > 0. The results found no empirical evidence that earnings management occurs at the manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange in the period 2008-2009. The authors suspect the results of this study relates to the phenomenon of global crisis and the methodology used.


The large number of nodes and their indefinite relationship result in the complicated drawing course of double code network diagram. According to the logical relationship between processes, and by means of determining the common arrowhead nodes between processes, the conditions under which void processes and new initial nodes are added, are expounded; and a new drawing method with strong regularity, easy mastery and convenience for later check and arrangement, is proposed.


The musical preference of most Malaysian young people, their knowledge of music in general and popular music in particular are shaped through informal music education. Factors that contribute to this include the wide dissemination of popular music, the status of music in the school curriculum, and the perception of most Malaysians towards music. This article presents an overview of the popular music scene in Malaysia and examines the incorporation of popular music in the Malaysian music education curriculum as well as the curriculum of teacher training programmes. As accessibility to popular music is wider than accessibility to music classes in schools, most young people are growing up with a knowledge of only the types of music they are regularly exposed to.


Under the complex situation at home and abroad,students'thinking has changed,which brings about a new subject for us workers engaged in thoughts and politics.We are inquired to arm the students'mind with scientific theories,to insist on the students-based thought and to be guided by the three representatives theory,so that we can carry out this job perfectly.


Modification of small molecules and proteins by methyltransferases impacts a wide range of biological processes. Here we report two methods for measuring methyltransferase activity. First we describe an enzyme‐coupled continuous spectrophotometric assay used to quantitatively characterize S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (AdoMet or SAM)–dependent methyltransferase activity. In this assay, S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH), the transmethylation product of AdoMet‐dependent methyltransferase, is hydrolyzed to S‐ribohomocysteine and adenine by recombinant AdoHcy nucleosidase. Subsequently, the adenine generated from AdoHcy is further hydrolyzed to homoxanthine and ammonia by recombinant adenine deaminase. This deamination is associated with a decrease in absorbance at 265 nm that can be monitored continuously. Secondly, we describe a discontinuous assay that follows radiolabel incorporation into the methyl receptor. An advantage of both assays is the destruction of AdoHcy by AdoHcy nucleosidase, which alleviates AdoHcy product feedback inhibition of S‐adenosylmethionine‐dependent methyltransferases. Importantly both methods are inexpensive, robust, and amenable to high throughput. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 38:4.26.1‐4.26.12. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Buildings have long been large energy consumers, and inadequate control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning kinds of variable refrigeration flow (HVAC-VRF) and lighting systems. To reduce energy consumption by using a smart building control system (SBCS) in a building was created using occupant control, daylight sensors, weather condition variations, load consumed, and changes in solar power. The model was tested using MATLAB/Simulink, and it was then utilized to investigate the impact of an integrated system on energy usage based on two scenarios. The first scenario was tested in a simulation of building occupant behavior, meteorological variables, daylight sensors, temperature, and load control. This resulted in energy savings for the HVAC system (23% on summer days and 16% on winter days), and lighting system energy savings (22% on summer days and 15% on winter days). In the second scenario, the building was tested to integrate PV system power with load consumption by using the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to manage building load consumption by PV, grid, and diesel generator. As a result, the energy savings were 56% on a summer day and 65% on a winter day of the combined energy utilized by the HVAC and lights.


Essochem Europe, an affiliate of Exxon Chemical Company, comprises autonomous companies in seven Western European countries, the Middle East and Africa. Each of the national affiliates in Europe has a marketing head office together with one or more manufacturing plans. Each European affiliate has its own computer systems function, staffed by between 10 and 35 people. The European regional systems organization, based in Brussels, coordinates and promotes the implementation of common systems solutions in each affiliate. This article discusses one successful approach to the adoption of common solutions in several affiliates -- the implementation of a pilot system in a ''lead'' affiliate and the subsequent migration of both the solution and the experience to other locations.


We examine the persistence of cash flow components in predicting future cash flows. In this study, we evaluate six cash flow components (which parallels the direct method of the cash flow statement): cash flows related to sales, cost of goods sold, operating expenses, interest, taxes, and other. Consistent with our predictions, we find that the cash flow components from various operating activities persist differentially. We find that cash related to sales, cost of goods sold, operating expenses and interest persists a great deal into future cash flows; cash related to other has lower persistence; and cash related to taxes has no persistence. We then incorporate accrual components into our persistence regression model and find that the persistence of cash flow components are generally higher than those of accruals; however, accrual components do enhance model performance. Our findings are consistent with the AICPA's and financial analysts' rationale for their recommendation that the financial effects of a company's core and non-core cash flows should be distinguished. We also corroborate prior research that both direct and indirect methods of reporting cash flows can be useful for assessing future cash flows. Our findings are relevant to financial statement users and regulators who are interested in better predicting future cash flows and researchers using cash flow prediction models to measure financial reporting quality.


Now days in all fields to extract useful knowledge from data, data mining techniques like classification, clustering, association rule mining are useful. In data mining classification is categorization of different objects and Clustering is methodology using which we will be able to club objects of similar type. Another methodology like association rule mining (ARM) [1] is useful to find out association relationship among different objects. This paper compares performance of different data mining tools [2] like WEKA [3] , XLMiner [4] and KNIME [5] for these data mining techniques. We have used Statlog heart disease dataset [6] for analyzing performance of tools.


To the Editor: Marlicz et al concluded that Crohn's disease (CD) triggers the mobilization of various types of stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, into peripheral blood in patients suffering from this disease, while the significance and precise role of these mobilized cells in repair of damaged intestine requires further study. However, the authors did not discuss the possibility of potential oncogenic properties of the mobilized stem cells, at least in the subgroup of patients possibly infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In this regard, although relative data indicate an absence or inverse association between H. pylori and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the prevalence of H. pylori infection in the IBD patients appears to be 38.2%– 47% in Europe. Moreover, enterohepatic and gastric Helicobacter species have been documented in fecal specimens from children with CD using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and H. pylori, for example, was recently found in the intestinal mucosa of a patient affected by CD. Experimental data indicate that H. pylori infection leads to development of chronic inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and recruitment and accumulation of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in the mouse gastric epithelial mucosa. Nearly 25% of dysplastic lesions include cells originating from BMDCs, thereby indicating that BMDCs can participate in preneoplastic lesions preceding gastric carcinoma development; there is a role for engraftment of circulating BMDCs, which may contribute to tumor formation in animal models with H. pylori-induced chronic gastric inflammatory processes, thus further suggesting the possibility of the potential contribution of BMDCs in human gastrointestinal carcinoma. In this regard, we recently conducted a pilot study using tissue sections of biopsies of human gastric cancer in which H. pylori was detected by Cresyl violet staining. Moreover, stem cells and neovessels were detected by immunohistochemical method using a monoclonal antibody, anti-CD34; CD34, also mentioned by the authors, is a surface glycoprotein expressed on hematopoietic stem cells and is used as an important marker of these cells and neovessels. In addition, cyclin D1, involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, was also detected by immunohistochemical method. Other relative data indicate that H. pyloriinduced cytotoxin VacA exhibits chemotactic activities to the BMDCs and induces BMDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines, leading to chronic inflammation with potential oncogenic consequences. Therefore, it would be reasonable to speculate that chronic H. pylori infection in both mice and humans induces repopulation of the stomach with BMDCs that may facilitate gastric cancer progression. These findings present a new way of thinking about the pathogenesis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. The observation that BMDCs are the origin of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer can also be combined with supporting observations of BMDCs in other tumors such as Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts, or benign and malignant tumors of the skin. Other relative data, using the stem cell marker CD44 (the integral membrane molecule CD44 is a marker of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells), indicate that the CD44þ gastric cancer stem cells show the stem cell properties of selfrenewal, the ability to form differentiated progeny, and, moreover, increased resistance for chemotherapy or radiation-induced cell death; H. pylori either directly or through a local inflammatory response is responsible for increased expression of CD44 and its variant CD44 v9, thereby suggesting a possible H. pylori induction of CD44þ BMDCs/gastric cancer stem cells involved in gastric cancer development and progression. Because H. pylori also induces inflammatory changes in colonic mucosa, it would be reasonable to further speculate that chronic H. pylori infection in humans induces repopulation of the colon with BMDCs that might facilitate colon cancer development and progression. In this respect, our own preliminary studies indicated the presence of H. pylori in malignant colonic tissue in 34 of 41 (82.9%) patients with colorectal cancer (23 men, mean age 73.6 6 7.9 years). Moreover, increased expression of CD44 in malignant tissue but not in the adjacent normal colonic mucosa was noticed in 31 of 41 (75.6%) patients with colorectal cancer. Extending these preliminary data we currently included 50 patients (28 men, mean age 71.3 6 9.7 years) with colorectal cancer and 25 patients (13 men, mean age 72.8 6 10.1 years) with colonic polyps with the following results: H. pylori presence and increased expression of CD44 in malignant tissue of patients were observed in 84% and 78%, respectively, confirming our preliminary data. Comparable data in adenomatous tissue of patients with colonic polyps were also observed in 64% and 16% of patients, respectively Copyright VC 2012 Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. DOI 10.1002/ibd.22911 Published online inWiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).


Geologists and planetary scientists will benefit from methods for accurate segmentation of rocks in natural scenes. However, rocks are poorly suited for current visual segmentation techniques - they exhibit diverse morphologies and have no uniform property to distinguish them from background soil. We address this challenge with a novel detection and segmentation method incorporating features from multiple scales. These features include local attributes such as texture, object attributes such as shading and two-dimensional shape, and scene attributes such as the direction of illumination. Our method uses a superpixel segmentation followed by region-merging to search for the most probable groups of superpixels. A learned model of rock appearances identifies whole rocks by scoring candidate superpixel groupings. We evaluate our method's performance on representative images from the Mars Exploration Rover catalog.


This article is devoted to the development of the first higher education musical institution in the Ural-Siberian region, the Ural State Conservatoire, named after Modest P. Mussorgsky. Within the framework of that institution's history, the main steps of its establishment are described, as well as the significance of its widespread and various activities (pedagogical, concert, scientific, and research) for the culture of the region and the country as a whole. Keywords—Ural Conservatoire; Ural musical culture; professional musical education; cultural values


The education of graduate students is a major process of the qualified personnel resource as well as the most important key in the developing of the first-class university. With the increasing scale of the graduate students admission, the model to administer the graduate students faces a big challenge. According to the characteristic of bio-medical graduate students, we reformed the administrative model of the students, establishing the vertical classes instant of the grades and got some experiences.


To enhance the output voltage regulation and power factor generally Bridge based Power factor correction (PFC) converter is used but it has high conduction losses. To reduce the conduction losses two switch based PFC(bridgeless PFC) is used having less number of component, but at high switching frequency. It has high switching losses that reduces the efficiency. This paper presents an attempt to make the further enhancement of the modified circuit to cease the switching losses to almost zero using ZVS based PFC converter. Analysis has been made on ZVS based PFC converter under load change & supply fluctuation for universal input voltage supply and load transient condition. For this average current mode control is employed. This analytical method has been verified by modeling a simulation with POWERSIM software. The detailed results have been shown and its effectiveness has been presented.


This study investigated features of L2 classroom-based teacher-student writing conference and student subsequent revision from the perspective of languaging. A nonnative teacher and four non-native students participated in the writing conference about two tasks of summary and critical review in an intact college ESL composition classroom. Eight video-recorded conference sessions were analyzed regarding discourse topics (language use vs. content/rhetoric), and configuration of negotiation and scaffolding. Discourse topics were found to interact with task types as more issues about content and rhetoric were addressed for critical review. Configurations of negotiation and scaffolding were found to be similar in both tasks. Scaffolding was dominant in language use talks while negotiation and scaffolding were balanced in content/rhetoric talks. As for making meaning and student revision, the quality of negotiation was more critical than the quantity. Non-extensive scaffolding also led to successful revision along with students' background knowledge and classroom instruction. The findings demonstrate dynamics of writing tasks, conferences, and student revision.


Over the past few years, Israeli politicians—from Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu to President Shimon Peres to Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman—have been publicly advocating the establishment of a Kurdish state. Most recent to weigh in is Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked, who called this past January for the formation of an independent Kurdistan and urged enhanced policy cooperation between Israel and the Kurds.


Modern UHBR (Ultra High Bypass Ratio) aeroengines are characterized by reduced fan speeds and very short asymmetric intakes, so that the mean flow entering into the nacelle is no more uniform along the azimuthal direction (particularly at operating conditions with non-zero angle of attack). Such short inlets and inflow distortions can highly modify the dominant tone noise contributions known from conventional turbofans. This paper presents aeroacoustic investigations applied to a full scale UHBR engine in the framework of the CleanSky2 European project, ASPIRE. Numerical simulations based on (u)RANS calculations are coupled to integral formulations derived from the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings analogy and to CAA (Computational AeroAcoustics) based on non-linear disturbance Euler equations, in order to assess the source generation and sound propagation of the fan-OGV stage with and without inflow distortion. Simulations are performed at approach operating condition and CAA is focused on the intake region and forward radiation. It is shown that the inflow distortion effects significantly modify the harmonic loads (on rotor and stator) and so the associated circumferential mode spectrum. Although the blade passing frequency remains cut-off, these effects give rise to an increase of overall power level in the forward direction, and a non expected reduction in the bypass duct too.


Pressure profiles are sensitive probes of the thermodynamic conditions and the internal structure of galaxy clusters. The intra-cluster gas resides in hydrostatic equilibrium within the Dark Matter gravitational potential. However, this equilibrium may be perturbed, e.g. as a consequence of thermal energy losses, feedback and non-thermal pressure supports. Accurate measures of the gas pressure over the cosmic times are crucial to constrain the cluster evolution as well as the contribution of astrophysical processes. In this work we presented a novel algorithm to derive the pressure profiles of galaxy clusters from the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) signal measured on a combination of Planck and South Pole Telescope (SPT) observations. The synergy of the two instruments made it possible to track the profiles on a wide range of spatial scales. We exploited the sensitivity to the larger scales of the Planck High-Frequency Instrument to observe the faint peripheries, and the higher spatial resolution of SPT to solve the innermost regions. We developed a two-step pipeline to take advantage of the specifications of each instrument. We first performed a component separation on the two data-sets separately to remove the background (CMB) and foreground (galactic emission) contaminants. Then we jointly fitted a parametric pressure profile model on a combination of Planck and SPT data. We validated our technique on a sample of 6 CHEX-MATE clusters detected by SPT. We compare the results of the SZ analysis with profiles derived from X-ray observations with XMM-Newton. We find an excellent agreement between these two independent probes of the gas pressure structure.


3D two-phase internal flow field of SRM with long-tail nozzle was simulated by means of Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase method.Based on coordinating grid,N-S equations were dispersed by means of finite volume method,and the linear algebraic equation set were solved by using Incomplete LU(ILU) factorization preconditioning BiConjugate Gradient Stabilized(BiCGStab) algorithm.Gas-phase flow filed was solved by compressible SIMPLE algorithm.PSIC method was used for gas-particle coupling calculation,and parameter distribution(velocity and temperature) of gas-particle two phases as well as trajectory of Al2O3 particles with different size were obtained.The calculation results show that gas-particle two-phase flow field presents strong 3D distribution feature at the beginning of motor working,and the middle-aft section of long-tail nozzle,convergence nozzle and aft dome are subjected to the most serious erosion.


The dynamics of wave propagation and energy associated with frosts in extratropical versus tropical South American latitudes is studied. A double wave train propagates through the southern hemisphere following the polar and subtropical jets. If, in the previous day, both trains coincide in phase over the southeast Pacific (southwest Atlantic) Oceans, it will contribute to generate generalized frosts (strong frosts) at extratropical (tropical) latitudes, not affecting tropical (extratropical) latitudes given the wave train zonal propagation. The vertically averaged eddy kinetic energy composites show three maxima associated with those trains over the South Pacific Ocean and South American region.


"In A Little Hula Heaven"
 by Lani McIntire and his Orchestra.
 label: 25450 -
 matrix: 62778A. 1 image. Has additional notes. Has associated media files.


Synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) has attracted much attention thanks to the advantages such as low cost, rugged rotor structure and high efficiency. Conventional drive for the SynRM is the same as that for permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), i.e., the sine-wave drive. In this paper, square-wave drive is proposed for the SynRM. The torque performances with square-wave drive are analyzed and feasible application is concluded. Besides, a-b-c phase inductance and d-q axis inductance models are established to demonstrate the torque component. Moreover, frozen permeability method is utilized to separate the current harmonic-caused torque ripple and inductance harmonic-caused torque ripple so as to illustrate the torque ripple resources.


Human can segment a character from handwritten Chinese character text line having many overlaps or joins. Therefore, a fairly high degree of accuracy in the character segment,ation may be attained by imitating the human visual processing. In the cognitive science field, it is proposed that the method called 'field of induction on the retina' is similar to human subjective image processing. But, there are some problems (overlaps or joins characters) in character segmentation method using field of induction on the retina. To solve these problems, this paper proposes the local potent,ial threshold method to imitate human movement of viewpoint and the minimum potential search method to segment joined characters.


The purpose of this research was to examine the evolution and development of regulations and standards that affect public rail transportation systems and agencies. Additionally, this research enhances the understanding of those effects, examines the costs and benefits and defines the applicability of regulations and standards. It explains the role of regulations and standards. It discusses the negative impacts and costs and how they help or hurt. The difference between regulations and standards is explained as well as their influence on capital and operation and maintenance costs incurred by an agency. Regulatory entities are listed, and the scope of their authority and the process (including all appropriate federal and state agencies) are described. Standards setting entities are identified and their role and process are discussed. The evolution of regulations and development of standards are reviewed. Successful or beneficial experiences with standardization and regulation are mentioned. Current Railroad Safety Advisory Committee activities and progress on regulations are reviewed in addition to current and future American Public Transportation Association (APTA) standards development activities. The safety benefits of regulation are highlighted. The paper also identifies the "unintended" consequences of regulations and standardization, or complications and conflicts between regulations and standards if any. Constraints on the application of rail equipment and technology are reviewed. The "stakeholders" in the regulatory and standardization process are summarized. The reactive nature of regulations is explained, and the technical/economic incentives for standardization are noted. Positive and negative aspects of regulations and standards are highlighted. Some candidate issues for regulations are recommended. Process improvements in establishment of regulations and standards are suggested.


A practical mixture flow method is proposed for numerical simulation of high-speed cavitating flow by coupling a bubble cavitation model and a compressible two-phase mixture flow computation. Two-phase fluid media are treated as a mixture composed of a liquid and spherical gas bubbles dispersing in the liquid phase uniformly. Mean flow of the two-phase mixture is calculated by neglecting the slip between bubbles and the liquid phase under the assumption of locally homogeneous medium. Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluids are used to describe the unsteady flow field of bubble-liquid mixture considering the compressibility of cavitating liquid caused by bubble expansion and contraction, and the RNG k-e model is adopted for modeling of flow turbulence. The intensity of cavitation in a local field is evaluated by the volume fraction of gas phase varying with the mean flow. Submerged water jet flows in a Venturi nozzle are treated under different cavitation numbers. The result demonstrates that pressure decreases from the inlet to the throat corresponding to the flow convergence and cavitation occurs in the low-pressure region between the wall and the shear layer. Under the influence of cavitation the discharge coefficient decreases to about 60% when σ = 0.1 compared to the case of no-cavitating flow.


The invention relates to a control method for a hoisting machinery safety monitoring and management system. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining control data and rating data by a central processing unit, entering into running interface after initialization, judging whether the external collected data which is sent by each data gathering module is received or not, when the external collected data is received, carrying out calculation and processing to external collected data according to rating data, so as to obtain the real time monitoring data, and sending real time monitoring data to running interface; judging whether the real time monitoring data is over-limit or not, if not, closing audible and visual alarm, entering to next step to receive the external collected data in the next moment; if over-limit, opening audible and visual alarm and memorizing over-limited data, sending over-limited data to remote server through the 3rd generation telecommunication, judging whether the over-limited data is sent successfully or not; and if the external collected data does not received, sending gathering request to each data gathering module, checking whether the time interval for central processing unit reading external collected data is overtime or not, and judging whether restarting or not. The control method for hoisting machinery safety monitoring and management system is convenient for users to control and operate and can further improve the reliability of the safety monitoring.