Widespread glaciation around 2.35 Ga marked the onset of great environmental change.Melezhik and Fallick (1996, hereafterMF96) list 12 events that took place after this ice age, several of which point to increased oxygen availability and which are likely to have coincided with a period of very high dC values (the `Jatulian phenomenon') and apparently low organic carbon burial in the shallow marine environment. The authors provide a useful summary of research to-date, while also presenting their own comprehensive dataset of one key area ± Fennoscandia ± all of which lends us fascinating insight into this little known time. But, why the paradox? Applying Occam's razor to shave off anything but the simplest explanations for the 12 phenomena observed may help remove any paradox. (i) The first development of continental seas (Timopheev et al., 1986), (ii) continental rift expansion (Lowe, 1992), and (iii) development of carbonate platforms (Grotzinger, 1989), suggest together that tectonic activity played a major role in drowning the continental shelves following glaciation. These newly created shallow carbonate seas witnessed (iv) high diversity and abundance of stromatolite taxa (Walter and Heys, 1985; Awramik, 1992), (v) the first stromatolite reef development (Melezhik, 1992), and (vii) widespread formation of dolostones (Melezhik and Predovsky, 1989). Megascopic eukaryotic algae are also first seen in rocks of this age (Han and Runnegar, 1992;ZhuShixing andChen Huineng, 1995). Photosynthesis (oxygen production) appears likely to have become increasingly important at this time in the shallow water environment. (viii) Widespread evaporites (Salop, 1982), (ix) sedimentary and diagenetic phosphate accumulation (Meledzhik and Predovsky, 1982; Chandler, 1984), (x) world-wide `red beds' development (Sochava, 1979), (xi) an isotopic excursion to high dS in both sulphates and sulphides (Melezhik andFallick, 1994), and (xii) the first development of diagenetic concretions with highly oxidized iron and manganese and carbonate concretions as a result of Corg oxidation (Melezhik et al., 1989), can all be linked together to (vi) a dramatic rise in the oxygen content of the atmosphere (Cloud, 1976; Des Marais, 1994) and the establishment of a significant redox barrier within the seawater column in the form of a suboxic zone (e.g. Degens and Stoffers, 1976; Canfield and Teske, 1996). This rise in oxygen availability implies that oxygen released through photosynthesis was not totally balanced by the oxidation of organic matter and chemical weathering. Theremust have been net storage of organic carbon. Anomalously high dC values also tell us that there was increased storage of organic carbon at a timewhen oxidation power should have been greater in the shallowwater environment. This does not have to be a paradox as MF96 maintains. Oxygen released through photosynthesis would have accumulated in surface waters and in the atmosphere, while organic matter may have beenpreserved in deeperwaters belowa hypothetical redox boundary. Rather thanbeingdiachronistic,more burial of organic matter ought to have occurred at the same time as the build-up of oxygen in the atmosphere. Eyles and Young (1994) recognize three major early Proterozoic `glacial periods separated by warm and/or humid periods of intense chemical weathering'. Greater oxygen availability in the photic zone is not likely to have benefited the whole ocean during these warm periods of sluggish circulation following glaciation and so one can envisage the establishment of a stagnant, stratified ocean between and following glaciation as, for instance, in themodels of Keith (1982) or Knoll et al. (1996). The application of such a model would not only remove the paradox of red beds appearing during a time of high, marine dC values but would actually require their presence. Itwould also remove the necessity for a possibly unrealistically high `Ronov ratio' (Corg/ Ccarb) of well over 0.6 for both the Neoproterozoic and the early Proterozoic postglacial periods, both times of extensive carbonate platform development; carbonate would have been stored on the newly created shallow carbonate platforms and in continental seas whereas organic carbon would have been stored further out on the shelf and in deep, restricted basins (e.g. Isozaki, 1997). How long could such a decoupling of the carbon cycle last? This depends on the ability to maintain such a strong redox gradient in the upper waters of the oceans, which, in turn, may depend on productivity and the buffering effect of nutrient input through continental weathering and/or nutrient recycling under anoxic conditions (e.g. Van Capellan and Ingall, 1996). In the Neoproterozoic, this period of stable stagnation (i.e. dC values consistently over 10 per mil PDB) may have lasted over 50 million years (Brasier et al., 1996).


KANOH, T. The Behavior of Immunoglobulin in Monoclonal Gammopathies and Their Classification and Pathogenesis. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1970, 102 (4), 369 401•\Quantitative measurements of immunoglobulins were made in sera from 203 patients with monoclonal gammopathies. In IgG myeloma the serum IgG concentration averaged six times the normal level, in IgA myeloma 15 times, and in IgD myeloma 370 times the normal values of respective proteins. In primary macroglobulinemia the average serum level of IgM was 38 times higher than normal. The serum levels of the normal immunoglobulin classes were markedly decreased in these diseases, including Bence-Jones myeloma and biclonal myeloma. Various mechanisms were proposed to account for the reduction of normal immunoglobulins. On the other hand, in benign monoclonal gammopathy there was usually no reduction of normal immunoglobulins. However, in patients with cancer and IgG or IgA-M-components IgM levels were decreased. The reason for lowered IgM value remains obscure. It was of special interest that one of the patients with a potentially malignant type appeared to be developing myeloma. A marked reduction of the normal immunoglobulin classes seems to be a poor prognostic sign in patients with M-components in the absence of myeloma. Since patients with lymphoma have a marked tendency to hypogammaglobulinemia and closely resemble a primary-malignant group, immunoglobulin changes in patients with lymphomas and M-components are more complicated. A classification of monoclonal gammopathies was proposed on the basis of their pathogenesis after the consideration of our data as well as those from the literature. The concept of the pathogenesis of monoclonal gammopathies presented herein is based on the view that lymphomas, immunologic deficiency diseases, and autoimmune diseases form a 'trinity' pathogenetically and etiologically.•\monoclonal immunoglbulins; monoclonal gammopathy; plasma cell myeloma


Objective:To investigate the clinicopathologic features,biological characteristics of langerhans cell histiocytosis(LCH) and its differentiated diagnosis.Methods:One case of LCH was reported and the clinicopathological features were summarized by literature review.Results:The case was performed two times of histopathological,diagnosis and the langerhans cells infiltrated in the dermis.The tumor cells were positivity for CD1α and S-100.Conclusions:Pathological examination is the reliable measure for diagnosis of LCH.


Treated by freezing,1-year-old dormant branches of four Parthenocissus species were used as test materials to determine the electro-conductivities.According to Logistic equation fitting,the semi-lethal low temperatures were calculated.The result showed that the semi-lethal low temperatures and freezing tolerance of the examined species were ranked as: Parthenocissus quinquefolia(-16.63 ℃),P.tricuspidata(-10.78 ℃),P.laetecirens(-10.29 ℃),and P.henryana(-7.72 ℃).By comparing several physiological indexes including water saturation deficit,soluble sugar,soluble protein,MDA,and proline contents,it was found that after cold stressing for a whole winter the soluble sugar and proline contents were well correlated to semi-lethal low temperatures.So both of them could be used as the physiological indexes for cold tolerance identification and selection of cold-resistant variety.


In this news roundup, we offer a snapshot of some interesting studies we featured that pose never-ending perplexing questions: When do I switch patients from methotrexate to a biologic? Why didn't my patient report having an adverse reaction? Does vitamin D really protect bones?


The Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of γ-butyrolactone (BL) containing various concentrations of LiClO4 have been measured and analyzed for the first time. It is found that both the vibrational frequencies and relative intensities of several BL bands change with increasing LiClO4 concentrations. The band splittings of the C-C stretch at 678 cm-1 (both in Raman and IR) and of the C=O stretch at 1772 cm-1 (in IR) show that there is a rather strong interaction between Li+ cation and BL molecule. This interaction occurs on the oxygen atom of the carbonyl of BL molecule. On the other hand, spectral curve fitting within the perchlorate band shape shows contributions of free ions and solvent separated ion pairs. Ion pairs as deduced by spectroscopic techniques provide a rational account for conductivity and viscosity of the electrolyte systems.


In this paper we survey the field of modern MOS-modeling. Methods, problems and benefits are discussed. Several kinds of approaches are presented and error mechanisms are outlined. Finally, some recent development based on the MINIMOS program will be sketched.


Based on preliminary research has been done on Giant Sun City Sidoarjo ,it can be concluded that the Giant Sun City Sidoarjo faced with a decrease in the number of customers problems. This is evident from the data on the number of
customers during the month of January 2012 - August 2013 there has been instability on sale at Giant Sun City Sidoarjo and there has been a tendency of increase in the number of consumer complaints. This study aims to determine the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in shopping at Giant Sun City Sidoarjo.
The data used in this study is primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires to consumers who are buying in Giant Sun City Sidoarjo. The population in this study are all consumers who have purchased at Giant Sun City Sidoarjo. Samples obtained from the calculation using the formula that results are unknown Populations of 96 respondents. Sampling technique using non-probability sampling technique rather purposive sampling that the sample selection is based on certain considerations, ie at least 18 years old and has
previously respondents shopping at Giant Sun City Sidoarjo. Further analysis technique used is multiple linear regression statistical test F test and t test.
From the results of calculations using the F test can be seen that there is influence between quality of service (X) which consists of Tangible (X),Reliability (X2), Responsiveness (X3), Assurance (X4), and Emphaty (X)
simultaneously (concurrently) to customer satisfaction (Y) in shopping at Giant Sun City Sidoarjo, then by using the t test can be seen that there is influence between quality of service (X) which consists of Tangible (X1), Reliability (X),Responsiveness (X3), Assurance (X4), and Emphaty (X5) partially on customer satisfaction (Y) in shopping at Giant Sun City Sidoarjo
Key Word: Tangible (X1), Reliability (X2), Responsiveness (X3), Assurance (X), Emphaty (X5), dan Customer Satisfaction (Y)


Unexpectedly, the rise of serverless computing has also collaterally started the "democratization" of massive-scale data parallelism. This new trend heralded by PyWren pursues to enable untrained users to execute single-machine code in the cloud at massive scale through platforms like AWS Lambda. Driven by this vision, this article presents Lithops, which carries forward the pioneering work of PyWren to better exploit the innate parallelism of à la MapReduce tasks atop several Functions-as-a-Service platforms such as AWS Lambda, IBM Cloud Functions, Google Cloud Functions or Knative. Instead of waiting for a cluster to be up and running in the cloud, Lithops makes easy the task of spawning hundreds and thousands of cloud functions to execute a large job in a few seconds from start. With Lithops, for instance, users can painlessly perform exploratory data analysis from within a Jupyter notebook, while it is the Lithops's engine which takes care of launching the parallel cloud functions, loading dependencies, automatically partitioning the data, etc. In this article, we describe the design and innovative features of Lithops and evaluate it using several representative applications, including sentiment analysis, Monte Carlo simulations, and hyperparameter tuning. These applications manifest the Lithops' ability to scale single-machine code computations to thousands of cores. And very importantly, without the need of booting a cold cluster or keeping a warm cluster for occasional tasks.


On December 10th, 1959 Professor Jaroslav Heyrovský received from the hands of King of Sweden Gustav Adolph VI Nobel Prize (Fig. 1) "for his discovery of polarographic method of analysis" as stated on the certificate (Fig. 2). To commemorate this event, this article pays attention both to the history and to the significance and future of polarography.


Meaning and symbolism consecrate the vernacular house. The vernacular house is a response to the environment visible in the investment of knowledge systems imbedded in its architectural fabric. The house becomes an agency of socio-cultural norms through the architecture language and materiality of its spaces and elements and in doing so the domestic house acts as a repository of intangible and tangible cultural heritage. The objective of this paper is to explore the role walls play in conserving this heritage. The paper will study the manner in which walls construct social realities by looking at the different roles they play, through an exploration of their character, materiality spatial, structural and social function. Theoretical frameworks espoused by Simon Unwin, Yatin Pandya and Julienne Hanson will be used to support the discussion. In order to illustrate the context of the wall in domestic vernacular architecture. The discussion will focus on a comparison of walls across four typologies of vernacular houses of varying size, spatial organization and materiality from Tamil Nadu, South India. It will be argued that in cases where change is present, modern materials have shifted the emphasis of a value system based on the significance of socio-cultural norms to that of socio-economic considerations which have resulted in subtle transformations. In other situations vernacular traditions as architectural strategies and devices are repeated in modern houses with the intention of continuing tradition. The wall is objectivized and finds its way in contemporary architecture as an artefact which through memory of association assures identity and continuity.


The light produced in each of the 60 thousand PbWO 4 (PWO) crystals of the CMS barrel electromagnetic calorimeter will be readout by Avalanche Photodiodes (APD). The ratio detected to emitted photons also depends on the PWO//APD gluing quality that must be checked before the crystal mounting inside the calorimeter. In this paper two different tools are proposed: one for the visual inspection of the glue layer and the other for the quantitative evaluation of transmittance improvement when the glue replaces the air at the PWO//APD interface. Both the instruments are rugged and cheap. A sequence of operations and checks to be done in the Regional Centres is proposed.


The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a cobalt-based catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction and, more particularly, to a method for manufacturing a cobalt-based catalyst that is represented by Ir-Co/η-Al_2O_3 manufactured by repeatedly impregnating cobalt and iridium in a spherical eta-alumina support, which has many acid points formed thereon, and drying the impregnated product dozens of times, thus supporting the cobalt and iridium at high density in the support. A catalyst manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the present invention increases the conversion rate of carbon monoxide and the selectivity of liquid hydrocarbon when applied to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction.


To establish analytical method for determining carfentrazone-ethyl residues in the sugarcane and soil sample,carfentrazone-ethyl was extracted from the soil and sugarcane sample with methanol-water(4∶ 1,volume ratio),and the extract was partitioned with petroleum ether-dichloromethane(4∶ 1,volume ratio).Then the upper layer was concentrated and cleaned up on a column of Florisil.Finally carfentrazone-ethyl was separated from other interfering components through capillary gas chromatographic column and was detected by μECD.The result showed that the linearities of carfentrazone-ethyl was in the range of 0.005 to 1.0 μg/mL with the correlation coefficient of 0.9990.The lowest detection limit for carfentrazone-ethyl was 1.0×10-12 g.The lowest detectable concentration in sugarcane and soil was 0.001 mg/kg.The average recovery rate and relative standard deviation of this method were 88.59 %-102.74 % and 1.77 %-5.39 % respectively.This method was simple,sensitive and suitable for residue analysis of carfentrazone-ethyl.


The results of XANES and X-MCD measurements of the Sr1-3xBa1+xLa2xFeMoO6 compounds at the K edge of iron and L2, L3 edges of barium and lanthanum are reported. The materials studied belong to the family of double perovskites exhibiting a "colossal magnetoresistance" (CMR). The effect corresponds to a huge decrease of their electrical resistivity at the applied magnetic field in the vicinity of their magnetic ordering temperatures. They also exhibit a low field magnetoresistance (GMR – giant magnetoresistance) related to intergrain tunneling of spin polarized carriers which makes them promissing candidates for applications in spin electronics. Magnetoresistive properties of the compounds arise from their half-metallicity, i.e. only one spin direction being populated in the conduction band which consists of overlapping spin down 3d Fe, 2p O and 4d Mo electron bands [1]. Within this model a spin-down electron undergoes a fast hopping through unoccupied O 2p orbitals between Fe 3+ (3d – spin up) and Mo 6+ (4d) ionic cores. This mechanism, analogous to the double exchange in manganites, causes an antiparallel coupling of the Fe and Mo spins and leads to a metallic conductivity below magnetic ordering temperature.


Huang Shu-min. The Spiral Road: Change in. Chinese Village Through the Eyes of. Communist Party Leader. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. xiv. 222 pp. $35.00 (cloth); $15.95 (paper).


Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is currently used within every discipline of civil engineering. Initially, CAD was employed solely as a drawing/drafting tool. Current CAD packages, in conjunction with add-on or integrated software programs, have the capability to go beyond basic drawing. An integrated design approach uses an array of software applications to assist the user with the design computations as well as many aspects of the decision making process. This integrated approach can be even further expanded through the use of `intelligent' drawings to provide a means of quality management.


This paper presents an analytical model for performance analysis of asynchronous pipelines based on recurrence relations. The model accurately describes the behavior of an asynchronous pipeline, yet yields to very efficient computations. It has been implemented and verified using discrete event simulations. Results of the verification experiments are also described. We also outline a number of ways that the proposed recurrence model can be used to gain insight into many issues concerning engineering of asynchronous pipelines.


This paper presents a simple novel distance relaying scheme based on the 3-D alpha (/spl alpha/)-hyperplane of (V/sub /spl alpha//- I/sub /spl alpha//- P/sub /spl alpha//) representing the relay location measurement at the bus. The nonlinearly transformed voltage, current and apparent power carries information about the fault location and fault condition as bolted or high impedance faults (HIF). The paper describes the tripping mechanism and fault detection conditions in the /spl alpha/-hyperplane for transmission line distance relaying. The scheme is both simple and novel and takes into consideration the quasi dynamic nature of the faults, fault impedance nonlinearity and transmission line capacitance backfeed and resonant oscillations causing amplitude modulation of transmission line segment phase currents. The relay can be easily implemented using analog/digital or hybrid hardware. The relay is based on a transient model and includes all asymmetry and nonlinearity associated with different fault types, fault location, preloading and voltage power angles. The detection is based on transformed /spl alpha/-variables (V, I, P).


Earthquake insurance greatly advances the recovery and reconstruction process after destructive seismic events. However, rather than replace adequate loss prevention and loss reduction measures, insurance should contribute towards a comprehensive risk management approach. Providing earthquake insurance on a stable basis requires a sound risk assessment because earthquake insurance can be successful in the long term only if a reasonable balance is achieved between premiums and losses. The seismic hazard, the vulnerability of the insured objects, their geographical distribution and the impact of applied coverage conditions such as deductibles all need to be quantified as accurately as possible. Information of this kind enables insurers and reinsurers to manage their exposures appropriately. Still, potential losses from a severe earthquake affecting areas with vast amounts of values, such as Tokyo or Los Angeles, might exceed the financial capacity of the insurance and reinsurance industry. A further growth in values is likely in the future, owing partly to the fact that several earthquake-prone areas still have a low insurance density. At this stage, additional risk carriers are approached. Examples taken from recent transactions are used to show how the capital markets can serve as a lender of the last resort in the earthquake risk transfer process.


The invention discloses a method for extracting high-activity lignin from biomass and lignin extracted by the same. The method comprises the following steps: (a) obtaining high-purity and high-activity lignin from a biomass raw material ground to 20-60 meshes by using an alcohol organic solvent through an acid liquid precipitation way; and (b) hydrolyzing the residue obtained in the step (a) with cellulase at 50 DEG C for 72h to obtain high-yield fermentable glucose for bioethanol preparation. In the invention, pretreatment using isopropyl alcohol is creatively proposed under specific conditions to break a lignin-carbohydrate bond and a beta-O-4-aryl ether bond so as to efficiently separate and extract low-molecular weight high-activity lignin, and theoretical basis and technical support are provided for further high-value utilization. Moreover, the pretreatment method remarkably improves the enzymolysis efficiency of the fiber raw material and provides an effective way for next bioethanol production.


The article is devoted to the methods of designing of competence-oriental test on the basis of activity's components. There is an example of elaborating of competence-oriental test on academic discipline «Electrical engineering and electronics». Here is submitted an analysis of results and recommendations for correction of educational process with purpose of forming competences.


The invention relates to a turtle shell immunoadjuvant and an influenza vaccine containing the immunoadjuvant; the turtle shell immunoadjuvant comprises the following ingredients in percentage by weight: 0.001-100% of turtle shell extractive and 0-99.999% of carriers. The composition of the influenza vaccine containing the turtle shell immunoadjuvant is as follows: the mass ratio of the turtle shell immunoadjuvant to the influenza vaccine hemagglutinin is 50-180050. The turtle shell immunoadjuvant in the invention has a good immunoadjuvant effect and has an effect of effectively preventing diseases in human and animal vaccine. The turtle shell extractive is used as the immunoadjuvant of the influenza vaccine; compared with the traditional aluminum hydroxide immunoadjuvant, the turtle shell immunoadjuvant has high using safety and small byeffect, can well improve the original nature of the influenza vaccine; in the process of preparing the influenza vaccine, the method is simple, economic and environment friendly and convenient; the method easily controls the mass, greatly reduces the dosage of the influenza vaccine antigen and satisfies the immunity demand when occurring the epidemic influenza.


Although a great deal of work has been done on the prediction of the sunspot number 1–10 years in advance, very little has been done on the related problem of predicting the level of geomagnetic activity. It is sometimes assumed, apparently, that a prediction of sunspot number is a fairly good guide to the level of geomagnetic activity to be expected, but this is far from the case. However, long-term prediction of geomagnetic activity is important both for space mission planning and to test our empirical understanding of the relationship of the solar wind to the solar cycle. In this review we bring together the work that has been done in this field to provide a ready reference both for the specialist in solar-terrestrial relations and for others requiring geomagnetic prediction capability. We find, however, that surprisingly little attention has been paid to this problem, and it is our hope that this review will stimulate further work.


Konsesensus antara Pemerintah, Perusahaan, dan Pekerja dalam MasalahKetenagakerjaan. Development conducted by the government leads to achievements in welfare,welfare can not be separated from three main aspects in support of the economy, education andhealth. The welfare that a country achieves from the economic aspect can not be separated frommacroeconomic policies, investment growth that will lead to industrial and labor policy. Indonesiaseeks to increase incoming investment, then the country's economic growth will be better so thatthe welfare of Indonesia increases. This article will analyze the investment in Indonesia, notaccompanied by the welfare of workers within a company, there is a consensus within thegovernment, the company and workers. The legal product protecting the industry and employmentin Indonesia is not present, the profit that is only given to the owner of the company not to thestate, whose essence should be when the investment entering the country is ready to presentintervention, and protect for the benefit of the welfare of the workers.


the increasing importance of the school of the cosmologists, and to the yin-yang and wu xing doctrines ascribed in their origin to Zou Yan. It arises not just from the use of //, but also from the sense just adumbrated of zong, and from the curious statement shi ze zhong zhong ze shi 1& Bti #5 IS fl'J #? This line occurs twice in this essay, once in the passage cited here, and once a few lines earlier. In the present case Knoblock has translated it as highlighted above, ' . . . relationships . . . begin as they end and end as they begin'. This would be acceptable if the intent of the word ' as ' were simply temporal, i.e., the equivalent of ' when'. But because it can be taken to mean that there is something about the beginning that is similar to, or identical with, the ending, other than just a temporal correlation, and vice versa, the translation is not without problems.


The design of fins for heat transfer enhancement remains a topic of great interest in a number of engineering areas and applications, despite a broad and deep prior literature on the subject. Rapid prediction of the effects of convection, conduction and radiation is still an area of concern. For hot-flow conditions, the fin is normally mounted in a cooled surface, leading to substantial axial conduction. Also, radiation plays a very important role in hot flow conditions. One can apply detailed computational methods for simultaneous convection, conduction and radiation heat transfer, but such approaches are not suitable for rapid, routine design studies. So, there is still a place for approximate analytic methods, and that is the subject of this paper. We have extended the traditional pin fin analysis to include a more realistic radiation treatment and also considered variable thermal conductivity, variable heat transfer coefficients over the tip and sides of the fin with variable area distribution, variable internal heat generation and then produced a MATLAB solution procedure for routine use by designers and analysts. INTRODUCTION The use of fins to enhance heat transfer is ubiquitous in industrial and consumer applications and even in nature,[1], [2]. So, the design and analysis of fins for heat transfer enhancement remains a topic of great interest, despite a broad and deep prior literature on the subject (e.g. [3], [4]). Prediction of the effects of convection, conduction and radiation remains an area of concern. For hot-flow conditions, the fin is normally mounted in a cooled surface, leading to substantial axial conduction. Also, radiation plays a very important role in hot conditions. One can apply detailed computational methods for simultaneous convection, conduction and radiation heat transfer. We have used ANSYS Fluent [5] for related studies, but such approaches are not suitable for rapid, routine design studies. So, there is still a place for approximate analytic methods, and that is the topic of this paper. Some useful, early analytical methods treated a socalled "pin fin" (a straight or tapered rod projecting from a wall) with combined convection and conduction. Reference [3] provides a very thorough review of the literature. While useful, these treatments were quite restricted in a number of ways. Some, but not all, of the restrictions are covered in the so-called: Murray-Gardner-Kern Assumptions [3]: (1) The heat flow and temperature distribution are steady in time, (2) The fin material is homogeneous and isotropic, (3) There are no heat sources in the fin, (4) The heat flow to or from the fin surface is proportional to the temperature difference between the surface and the surrounding fluid, (5) The thermal conductivity of the fin is constant, (6) The heat transfer coefficient is the same over the fin surface, (7) The temperature of the surrounding fluid is uniform, (8) The temperature of the base of the fin is uniform, (9) Temperature gradients normal to the surface may be neglected (1D assumption), (10) The heat transferred through the tip of the fin is negligible compared to that passing through the sides, (11) The joint between the fin and the prime surface offers no bond or contact resistance. One can add an additional common assumption: (12) Radiation is neglected, or radiation is treated without convection. NOMENCLATURE A(x) [m2] area of fin d(x) [m] diameter of fin G [1/m2K4] =2/5(σεP/kA) h(x) [W/m2K] convection heat transfer coefficient on fin side htip [W/m2K] convection heat transfer coefficient on fin tip i [-] node index k(T) [W/mK] thermal conductivity k0 [W/mK] reference thermal conductivity k1 [W/mK2] slope of linear thermal conductivity L [m] length of the fin m [1/m] =(hP/kA)1/2 n [-] number of nodes P(x) [m] perimeter of fin ?̇?q(x) [W/m3] internal heat generation Qb [W/m2] base heat transfer T(x) [K] temperature T0 [K] reference temperature Tf [K] fluid temperature Tb [K] base temperature Tsurr [K] surroundings temperature x [m] base to tip coordinate ΔΔΔΔ [m] discretized element length α [-] absorptivity σ [WK4/m2] Stefan-Boltzmann constant ε [-] emissivity 13th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics


A new framework, termed spatially aligned pyramid matching, is proposed for near duplicate image identification. The proposed method robustly handles spatial shifts as well as scale changes, and is extensible for video data. Images are divided into both overlapped and non-overlapped blocks over multiple levels. In the first matching stage, pairwise distances between blocks from the examined image pair are computed using earth mover's distance (EMD) or the visual word with χ2 distance based method with scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) features. In the second stage, multiple alignment hypotheses that consider piecewise spatial shifts and scale variation are postulated and resolved using integer-flow EMD. Moreover, to compute the distances between two videos, we conduct the third step matching (i.e., temporal matching) after spatial matching. Two application scenarios are addressed-near duplicate retrieval (NDR) and near duplicate detection (NDD). For retrieval ranking, a pyramid-based scheme is constructed to fuse matching results from different partition levels. For NDD, we also propose a dual-sample approach by using the multilevel distances as features and support vector machine for binary classification. The proposed methods are shown to clearly outperform existing methods through extensive testing on the Columbia Near Duplicate Image Database and two new datasets. In addition, we also discuss in depth our framework in terms of the extension for video NDR and NDD, the sensitivity to parameters, the utilization of multiscale dense SIFT descriptors, and the test of scalability in image NDD.


The present study investigates the potential of surface textures to improve the friction situation of the piston/roller contact in hydraulic motors at low speed and high pressure. A self-adjusting flat on flat rig, with conditions representative of an actual hydraulic motor, is used in a reciprocating sliding motion. The samples are made out of the same materials and the surface finishing operations are the same as used in the motor.The piston surfaces are textured using newly developed embossing tools comprising micromechanically formed all-diamond surfaces. The textured surfaces involve parallel grooves and crossed grooves, each of four different spacings. Also polished surfaces were tested. Un-textured—as tumbled—surfaces are used as reference.Generally, it was found that the friction level was only marginally influenced by the textures. However, the friction fluctuations were reduced. SEM investigations disclosed rather severe modifications of the surfaces during use, primarily caused by plastic deformation of the surface layer. The results and their practical implications are discussed.


To enhance wood economic value and effective utilization, knowledge of its properties, which impact its
service behaviour, is indispensable. Fibre and vessel dimensions and tissue proportions of Aningeria
robusta and Terminalia ivorensis stem wood and branch wood were compared. Stem wood recorded wider
vessel lumen diameter, greater fibre and vessel proportions with less parenchyma than the branch wood.
Fibre length, diameter, lumen diameter and double wall thickness were greater forT. ivorensis stem wood
(1296.7-1508.6, 19.8-23.4, 13.3-17.3 and 6.0-6.5μm respectively) than branch wood (1046.0-1116.5, 19.2-21.2,
13.1-15.2 and 5.7-6.3μm respectively). Similarly, A. robusta stem wood recorded greater values (1182.9-
1302.3, 22.9-23.9, 15.3-18.6 and 6.2-7.6μm respectively) than branch wood (995.1-1145.3, 20.1-22.42, 15.1-17
and 4.9-5.6μm respectively). Fibre proportions decreased up their stems (51.5-42.5%) and branches (51.2-
40.0%). Their sapwood and heartwood vessel and parenchyma proportions were greater at bases than
crowns. Vessel lumen diameters increased with stem height but decreased along branches. Consequently,
their stem woods would have superior load-bearing capacity, be coarse-textured and produce great tearresistant
papers. Branch woods would have great density, be close-textured and suitable for product
finishing and bulky paper production. Knowledge about branch wood properties would ensure proper
understanding of their service performance and utilization. This would supplement their wood volumes and
broadening the raw material base for the timber industry.


Recently, massive data management plays an increasingly important role in data analytics because data access is a major bottleneck. Data skipping is a promising technique to reduce the number of data accesses. Data skipping partitions data into pages and accesses only pages that contain data to be retrieved by a query. Therefore, effective data partitioning is required to minimize the number of page accesses. However, it is an NP-hard problem to obtain optimal data partitioning given query pattern and data distribution. We propose a framework that involves a multidimensional indexing technique based on a space-filling curve. A space-filling curve is a way to define which portion of data can be stored in the same page. Therefore, the problem can be interpreted as selecting a curve that distributes data to be accessed by a query to minimize the number of page accesses. To solve this problem, we analyzed how different space-filling curves affect the number of page accesses. We found that it is critical for a curve to fit a query pattern and be robust against any data distribution. We propose a cost model for measuring how well a space-filling curve fits a given query pattern and tolerates data skew. Also we propose a method for designing a query-aware and skew-tolerant curve for a given query pattern. We prototyped our framework using the defined query-aware and skew-tolerant curve. We conducted experiments using a skew data set, and confirmed that our framework can reduce the number of page accesses by an order of magnitude for data warehousing (DWH) and geographic information systems (GIS) applications with real-world data.


A millennial perspective on health is best obtained from skeletal remains, which depict not only childhood morbidity conditions but also processes of degeneration that accompany aging and strenuous physical effort. Compiled into an index of health, data from twenty-three localities collected as part of a large collaborative project on the Western Hemisphere reveal diverse health conditions and a long-term decline that was associated with movement into less healthy ecological environments. The results have implications for understanding environmental determinants of health, the pattern of European conquest, pre-contact population size, human adaptation to climate change, and discovering prime movers of very long-term economic growth.


Based on nonlinear elastic-plastic finite element theory,this paper has investigated the forming process of a new type Al-Mg-Si based alloy auto door panel by means of numerical simulation.Stress,plastic strain,thick distribution and forming limit in the workpiece during forming process are analyzed. Therefore,the effective reference can be provided for the design of forming process of Al-Mg-Si based alloy auto door panel.


The physician treating older people should aim to ensure maximum benefit from medication and as few adverse effects as possible by avoiding excessive, inappropriate or inadequate consumption of medicines. To improve both symptom control and prognosis, a balance must be sought between using the lowest effective dose of the least number of drugs per day for the shortest duration and non-drug alternatives to reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (risk and severity of which increase with age,1,2 polypharmacy and comorbidity3) and recommendations for multiple drug interventions. A broad approach to management of older patients is needed, individualising the evidence about optimal care. Unfortunately, often inappropriately, older people are excluded from clinical trials,4 so it is difficult to apply research evidence of benefits and risks to this under-represented population. The size of benefit tends to relate to absolute risk; thus, the effect of a particular drug would be expected to be at least as large in older patients as in others but the risk of adverse effects may be higher. This article will review the effectiveness and appropriateness of drugs in common medical conditions in older people.


In this work, a novel CSTBT with hole barrier (HB-CSTBT) is proposed for power switching applications. Different from the conventional CSTBT, the HB-CSTBT features the buried P/N junctions under the CS-layer. During the turn-on transient, the buried P/N junctions are depleted laterally to set hole barrier near the gate bottom, suppressing the accumulation of hole carriers in this region. As a result, the gate self-charging effect caused by reverse displacement current is suppressed, contributing to high $\boldsymbol{dV}/\boldsymbol{dt}$ controllability and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise. It is found from simulation results that the HB-CSTBT reduces the maximum reverse-recovery $\boldsymbol{dV_{KA}}/\boldsymbol{dt}$ by 66% in comparison with that of the CSTBT, which is of great merit in the EMI noise suppression. Moreover, the HB-CSTBT also overcomes the blocking capability degradation brought by the CS-layer without compromising the other device characteristics.


After the Mongolian invasion, the Koryo dynasty was controled by their political meddling. So Kings of Koryo were often retired. For example, King Cungryl abdicated the throne in King Cungsun, King Chungsuk also demised of the Crown to King Chunghye. The name of Chung shows Koryo's respect to the Imperial Won. King Chunghye strove to escape of Mongolian interference. King Chunghey thought to solve their difficulties based on Koryo's wealth and power. First of all, King Chunghye expanded the national finance. He was also in charge of the national policy. However, his political reformation was confronted with the high-ranking government officials' opposition. So King Chunghey reinforced his reformation policy. At that time, one of special issues is the rape of King Chungsuk's wife, princess Kungwha. King Chungsuk was a father of King Chunghey. So this accident was very strange in Koryo society. In nomadic tribes like Mongolian, except for his real mother, the son married his father's wife or handed over them to other person. It was called Sugehon(受繼婚). So King Chunghey's activities were not committed an ethical issue based on traditional nomadic custom. But the faction of Choguk broke out rebellion against King Cunghey. King Cunghey put down a revolt and spurred his political reformation. King Cunghey's reformation came to naught due to the objection of Ki's family. These family's power based on the Imperial Won. So King Chunghey were taken to the Imperial Won and was died in there. The case of King Cunghey shows the situation of Koryo dynasty's political situation during the Mogolian interfered period.


four pregnancies showed a positive relationship with the osteoporosis of femoral neck and lumbar spine (P < 0.001). Physical activities were positively associated with BMD. This effect was stronger with hip than with spine BMD. Weakly positive associations were found between consumption of dairy products and BMD at the two measurement sites. Low dietary calcium intake and poor physical activity together with advancing age since menopause were independent risk factors for low BMD. Conclusions: Bone densitometry should be used to assess the severity of bone loss, and to identify those in need of therapy. The follow up and early diagnosis of osteopenia should be carried out in order to institute proper therapy and prevent further osteoporosis.


This presentation is the second of two cousin working papers (see Suleman & Hollinshead, this abstract book) on the condition of culture under globalisation and the interweaving of populations. It focusses upon the altered function of culture under liquid modernity and (like presentation 1 of 2) it constitutes a contextual application (to Tourism Studies) of the ideas of the social studies theorist Bauman. Initially, in this second presentation, a number of points from presentation 1 of 2 will be situated within Tourism Studies. The following three questions will be particularly stressed: A = Under the globalising imperatives of liquid modernity, the so-called modern condition of cultural life loses its old solidities and dissolves into a litany of molten or limpid forms (p. 11). None of these emergent and flowing / running cultural forms is generally able to maintain its shape or condition for long, and local / national life becomes increasingly dissolved and impermanent (p. 12). What does this therefore mean for the representational power of Tourism Studies? B = Under the globalising actions of our contemporary age, the molten and limpid forms of social life which emerge and flow exist as cultural mutations which find their own unpredictable level in and across societies (p. 88). Their respective life courses tend to be vicissitudinous, and most tend to be definitive, fixed, irrevocable (p. 88), having blurred boundaries with other cultural forms (p. 90). What does this mean for the relationship Tourism Studies supposedly has with other so called inscriptive / performative fields? C = Under the globalising imperatives of liquid modernity, cultural value / cultural importance is often something bestowed via the imprimatur of a promoted or heralded 'event' (p. 112). In this fashion, such events are prone to be loudly projected / multimedia attention-makers, but they are 'one-off' or 'short-lived' culture-generating / behaviour-stimulating spectaculars, generally orchestrated in harmony with a perceived resonance with the supposed / claimed spirit of the times (p. 113). Such culture-creating events are designed for maximal impact, yet instant obsolescence, and their providers are inclined to avoid the obligation of long term investment (p. 113). What does this mean in terms of what is and what is not commonly and critically researched in Tourism Studies today? Thereafter, this second presentation will focus upon the provision of five propositions to help guide researchers of and about the parameters of culture in Tourism Studies ... in relation to the above three questions: Proposition 1 = Visions of Culture Not as Essentialised Objects but as Ongoing Processes Considerable gains can be made in Tourism Studies by viewing culture not as a fixed or 1 Hollinshead and Suleman: Culture as Seduction: Some Liquid Modern Propositions on the Pale Published by Digital Commons @ TRU Library, 2017 essentialised set of objects but as an ever-dynamic realm of processes ... . Proposition 2 = Visions of a More Provisional Global Order Considerable advantages can accrue to Tourism Studies researchers who are open to a more contingent and less authoritative view of and about the global order of things ... . Proposition 3 = Visions of Plural Knowability Considerable benefit—in terms of equity and creative opportunity—can result for governing bodies in tourism management and development who are alive to (become aware of) the hegemonic understandings they uphold in their day-by-day / quotidian acts of promotion ... . Proposition 4 = Visions over Cultural Poesis as well as over Cultural Politics Considerable dividend can ensue for researchers in the social science field of Tourism Studies (who have a large mandate for matters of culture) when they turn their disciplinary / crossdisciplinary attention towards ethnoaesthetic meanings ... . Proposition 5 = Critical Visions of the Worldmaking Power and Compass of Tourism Considerable interpretive gains can result for the field of Tourism Studies when 'it' indulges in many more robust and penetrative and many more nuanced and refined critical studies of the effectivities (and thereby, the worldmaking agency) of tourism ... . All citations (above) are from the work of Bauman (2012), as commissioned by the National Audiovisual Institute for the European Cultural Congress, based in Wroclaw, Poland. 2 Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Vol. 2017 [2017], Art. 85 http://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2017/iss1/85


A whole on-chip optical interconnects integrated with laser, photodetectors, driver IC, and amplifier IC is experimentally demonstrated. A 10-Gbps error-free data transmission is achieved as driving current of laser is 10 mA.


syn- and anti-methyl α-acetoxy-β-(dimethylphenylsilyl)-(E)-hex-4-enoates, (2R,3R)-8a and (2S,3R)-8b, undergo highly diastereo- and enantioselective addition reactions with aldehydes and acetals 11 catalyzed by the action of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) generating α-acetoxy β,γ-saturated esters (allylic acetates) 12. A subsequent allylic acetate transposition promoted by dichloropalladium bisacetonitrile complex, PdCl 2 (MeCN) 2 afforded the differentiated 1,3-diol synthons 13


The dynamic characteristics of intake towers of large hydropower station are integrally simulated by the seismic motion input with the large mass method herein,in which the interaction between the adjoining towers are simulated for the contacting method of them under the consideration of both the influence from the seismic spatial effects and the connection mode between the adjoining towers,and then the relevant problems whether the collision would occur between the adjoining towers due to the seismic spatial effects during a earthquake are analyzed as well.Through the analysis,it shows that the effect of the seismic traveling wave has a significant influence on the dynamic response of the tower body for those of the high intake tower structure with large span.


Introduction: Overweight and obesity presents a major challenge in women around the world, with mainly associated with epidemiological factors. The study aim was to evaluate Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Obesity in Women >20 Years of Age. Materials and Methods: This was a community based observational study conducted at the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Central International Medical College (DCIMC), and Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2020 to March 2021. Two hundred participants were selected through a purposive sampling technique as study participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results: Among the participants, the majority (32%) was from the age group of 30-39 years. 27.5% were in the age group of 20-29 years, and 21.5% were from the age group of 40-49 years. 55% were Muslim, 41% were Hindu and 4% were Christian. The majority of the participants (86%) were currently married. 75% were modern nuclear families, and 20% were joint families. Over half (51%) of the participants were illiterate. The Mean ± SD weight was 50.34 ± 6.78 in the non-obese group, and 68.85 ± 8.38 in the obese groups. The Mean ± SD BMI was 21.72 ± 2.56 in the non-obese group and 29.85 ± 3.81 in the obese group. The difference between the age groups of participants between the obese and non-obese groups was statistically significant, and the difference in religion and education between the two groups was statistically non-significant. Conclusion: This community-based study was able to understand certain socio-economic factors associated with obesity in adult women.


The diffusion mechanism of oxygen transport in the epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3−δ films was examined for different practically significant conditions of annealing. An indirect method based on the interrelation between the phase transition temperature and the oxygen index was used for stepwise monitoring of the oxygen content in the film. Using a serial procedure of film annealing at different temperatures, we have revealed the abnormal behavior of diffusion transport of oxygen. The analysis of experimental data using numerical simulations demonstrates non-uniformity of the diffusion coefficient across the film thickness. The nature of the spatial dependence of the diffusion coefficient is associated with the lattice distortions of the film material.


During review of persistent reservation, three issues were identified which should be resolved. Those issues and proposed solutions are discussed in revision 0 of this document. Revision 1 includes the following modifications to the original proposal. Conditions for performing persistent reservation operation: Rewrites the proposed text with more direct logic. Proposes a relevant change to the reservation overview section in SPC. There is a phrase in the discussion about creating reservation conflicts with the PERSISTENT RESERVE OUT command in section 7.13 that has profound implications. Commands from any initiator that conflict with a successfully established persistent reservation shall be rejected with a status of RESERVATION CONFLICT. The following commands shall not conflict with a reservation established by the PERSISTENT RESERVE OUT command: PERSISTENT RESERVE IN PERSISTENT RESERVE OUT (with an Service action of Preempt) PERSISTENT RESERVE OUT (with an Service action of Preempt and Clear) PERSISTENT RESERVE OUT (with a Reserve service action that does not conflict with established persistent reservations or tasks) The offending words here are " or tasks ". That implies that a PERSISTENT RESERVE OUT command with a service action of Reserve can only be executed after all queued tasks that may conflict with the new reservation are completed. The words apparently apply to all tasks, including those


The fact that Learning Management Systems (LMS) were born in 1995 and became widely used in 2011 is commonly accepted with little variation. However, as we h...


A rub rail for a boat, and methods of manufacturing and installing the rub rail on the boat are provided. The rub rail includes a base polymer and a metal trim embedded or integrated into the base. The metal trim can be made of stainless steel to maximize aesthetic appearance. The metal trim and base polymer are combined during an extrusion process such that substantially no gaps are formed between the metal trim and base. The base polymer optionally can include a non- visible body portion made of recycled material. The rub rail is formed as a single piece which can be installed easily by screws or adhesive tape to a boat.


The challenges in estimating such causal teleconnection networks are given by (1) the requirement to reconstruct the climate modes from gridded climate fields (dimensionality reduction) and (2) by general challenges for causal discovery, for instance, high dimensionality and nonlinearity. Both challenges are currently being tackled independently. Both dimensionality reduction methods and causal discovery have made strong progress in recent years, but the interaction between the two has not yet been much tackled so far. Thanks to projects like CMIP a vast amount of climate data is available. In climate models climate modes of variability emerge as macroscale features and it is challenging to objectively benchmark both dimension reduction and causal discovery methods since there is no ground truth for such emergent properties.


It is of great significance to research on RMB equilibrium exchange rate in order to improve China′s exchange rate theory and guide the exchange rate adjustment and system reform.It is even particularly necessary aguinst the continuous RMB appreciation.Now that it becomes an important subject under research both at home and abroad,the paper presents a thorought review on the research concerned in hope for finding trend for the future development.


In this paper, a micro-acoustic RF circulator with novel "quad" configuration is reported. Four micro-acoustic filters are periodically modulated by RF switches to break the reciprocity. The use of high-Q micro-acoustic filters significantly reduces the modulation frequency (14 MHz) compared to previous demonstrations based on transmission lines (e.g., 333 MHz in [1]). The low modulation frequency translates to an ultra-low power consumption (202 uW, 3600 times smaller than [1]) and one of the highest linearity ($\mathrm{P}1\mathrm{dB}=31\ \mathrm{dBm}$) reported for magnet-free circulators. Furthermore, compared to the more conventional differential configuration, this quad configuration shows advantages in terms of intermodulation products (IMPs) suppression for all the in-band IMPs, guaranteeing a pseudo-linear-time-invariant (pseudo-LTI) operation. Furthermore, the isolation of the circulator is further improved by an additional cancellation circuit, achieving more than 50 dB of isolation in a 10MHz bandwidth (BW). This high level of isolation enables the use of this magnet-free circulator in full-duplex radio, which requires large level of self-interference suppression between the transmitter and the receiver nodes.


Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are obligate biotrophs and have not been grown in the absence of !iving roots. Pure culture of these fungi constitutes a critical prerequisite for intensive studies on their practical application. The effect of additional nutritional factors on spore germination and germ tube growth of surface disinfested spores of VAM fungi in virra is reported. A range of organic substrates was tested. Most of them were inhibitory 01 had no effect on spores. However, small concentrations of D-ga!acturonic acid (1 g 1') enhaced spore germination and 4 g r i sucrose and 1% soil extract agar improved germ tube growth. The beneficial effect of soll extract is concentrated in the protein fraction, which appears to account for the limited saprophytic abi!ity ai these (tingi in sou.


The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of the Direct Instruction REWA RDSAE program on reading com plex words of two fifteen-year-old boys in a reading resource room . Both participants had difficulty in reading and were diagnosed as learning disabled. During baseline, both participants had difficulty in syllabication. The results showed that through the REWA RDSAE program and by prom oting generalization in phonem ic reading, the program was successful and efficient. The students had stated that they felt m ore com fortable towards the end of the intervention with the AE REWA RDSAE program and produced large im provem ents in reading. The benefits of em ploying REWA RDS were also


The lead article for this month's theme is by Barr Fritcher and co-workers at the Mayo Clinic (see p. 288) who demonstrate the value of cytotechnologists' skill in cytomorphology for analysing FISH to improve, in this instance, the diffi cult diagnosis of cancer in biliary brushings. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate the superiority of cytological samples over histological sections for FISH analysis. This review is selected as Editor's choice for free access during October and November and is highly relevant to the survey of cytotechnologists' training in Europe (see Anic and Eide p. 302) and the multi-author discussion forum (see Herbert et al. p. 307) also published in this issue. These papers present a fascinating insight into the wide variation that currently exists in qualifi cations, training, roles and responsibilities of cytotechnologists in different European countries. Seeking to identify areas of good practice, the discussion forum also draws on American and Australian perspectives on cytotechnologist training. In her editorial (p. 285) Helene Wiener explains how diffi cult it has been to make cytotechnologist training and skill profi les comparable across Europe, despite the development of a pan-European degree structure, website resources and the introduction of quality measures such as the QUATE exam. Particularly, in non-gynaecological cytology, many countries in Europe have much to be done towards achieving suitable education and training in cytology to allow cytotechnologists to fulfi l the extended roles required by current and future developments in FNA sampling procedures, immunocytochemistry and molecular analysis. Furthermore, the integration of HPV testing into cervical cancer screening, and the changes that will take place in vaccinated populations, require corresponding changes in cytotechnology practice that should make use of their skills rather than losing them in a mistaken belief that cytology may become redundant in that fi eld.


IGHTY per cent of the population of Korea are engaged in cultivation of the soil. The accompanying maps, Figures I to 8, show in a broad way certain relationships between the distribution of the population and the use of the land. The areas of heavy crop production are also the areas of dense population. By far the larger part of the arable land is devoted to the raising of grain. Rice, most important of the cereals produced, occupies one-third of the acreage and is the food staple. Barley, wheat, and millet have a prominent place among other grains. Soy beans are in high esteem, and radishes also. A considerable area is given over to mulberry trees for sericulture.


Acquiring the correct meanings of words describing quantities (seven, most) and qualities (red, spotty) present a challenge to learners. Understanding how children succeed at this requires understanding not only what kinds of data are available to them, but also the biases and expectations they bring to the learning task. The results of our word-learning task with 4 year-olds indicates that a "syntactic bootstrapping" hypothesis correctly predicts a bias towards quantitybased interpretations when a novel word appears in the syntactic position of a determiner, but leaves open the explanation of a bias towards quality-based interpretations when the same word is presented in the syntactic position of an adjective. We develop four computational models that differentially encode how lexical, conceptual, and perceptual factors could generate the latter bias. Simulation results suggest it results from a combination of lexical bias and perceptual encoding.


O. The article presents the technology of forming professional reflection of future teachers implemented in phases and allows you to create requiremental and motivational, cognitive and active, analytical and corrective, emotional and regulatory components of the said entity. Importance of differentiated forms of influence on the development of reflectivity of future teachers actualized which is caused by specific training curriculum: the junior rates more actively shaped reflective personal position, and the elders - professional and reflective attitude of future teachers is actualized. Fundamental position of scientific approaches that allows to justify the need of influence to these components of the personal sphere in view of their importance of reflection for the future teacher are determined.


Persimmon boards of 30mm thick were dried, their temperatures were monitored during drying with 490 and 200watt microwave, and the drying efficacy and problems were investigated. The effects of pretreatments such as presteaming and prefreezing were also examined. The persimmon green lumbers of 80% moisture content were dried to 10% for only 50~60 and 110 minutes with 49watt and 200watt microwave, respectively. Severe internal checks were, however, found in all boards. The presteamed boards collapsed on their surfaces earlier than the controls. It may attribute to the high temperature inside boards during microwave drying and the decrease of their internal tensile strength caused by the presteaming treatment. To increase the internal tensile strength of the pretreated boards and to reduce their internal checks, they were air-dried at room temperature. The air-dried boards could be dried to 10% moisture content clearly and free from defects with 200watt microwave. The heating efficiency were also calculated with the maximum weight loss per minute of 490watt and 200watt.


The invention provides a solar steam generation device which has the beneficial effects of being good in heat collection effect, stable in performance and durable. The solar steam generation device comprises a header (2) and heat collection tubes (16) connected with the header (2). The header (2) is provided with at least one heat exchange tube (11), the heat exchange tubes (11) enter inner tubes (7) of the corresponding heat collection tubes (16) in sequence, and the steam outlet ends (18) of the heat exchange tubes (11) are located inside or outside the header (2). The inner tubes (7) are provided with heat transfer fins (5), and the cross section of each heat transfer fin (5) is in an arc shape or a W shape. If the cross section of each heat transfer fin (5) is in the arc shape, the outer surfaces of the arc-shaped parts are provided with first grooves (19) and second grooves (20) for installing the heat exchange tubes (11); and if the cross section of each heat transfer fin (5) is in the W shape, the W-shaped parts each comprise two wings and a middle portion, the wings abut against the walls of the inner tubes (7), and the heat exchange tubes (11) are arranged at the middle portions. The parts, located in the header (2), of the heat exchange tubes (11) are provided with heat insulation bodies (12) used for isolating the parts from heat insulation materials (13) with which the header (2) is filled.


PMOS Si bulk FinFET shows the different behavior of Gate-Induced-Drain-Leakage (GIDL) characteristics compared with that in the conventional MOSFET due to the strong gate controllability of FinFET. In this paper, we investigated the GIDL characteristics in Si bulk FinFET by comparing the current at off-state with that of MOSFET. As a result, it is observed that Bandto-band tunneling current is dominant mechanism in GIDL current of Si bulk FinFET.


Acquisition method is essentially according to the invention of the fruit wax from plant components, compressed C In contrast to the applied extraction method so far using supercritical CO As starting materials, residues from fruit processing, in particular consideration peel from the juice acquisition. Preferred extraction agents are ethane, propane, butane and the mixture, where the extraction itself, <temperature pressure and ≦ 70 ° C. of 50 mPa, batchwise extraction agent flow rate of 4~20kg / kg starting material It is carried out. The extracted fruit wax, outstanding, for cosmetic preparations or pharmaceutical preparations, especially suitable for the care and treatment of the skin.


The strength gain due to lime modification and stabilisation of a number of British Clays is being investigated as part of a major research project into the lime stabilisation of British Soils. Detailed results of unconfined compression and undrained triaxial compression tests on Upper Lias Clay, a Glacial Till and two types of Weald Clay are presented in this paper. The change in strength over curing periods of up to 9 months, following the addition of 2.5% available lime and subsequent compaction, is examined. Considerable strength increases are caused by both the modification and stabilisation processes. An undrained angle of shearing resistance is shown to develop after lime addition and this is shown to have a significant effect on the results. The variation in water content and failure strain follow the expected patterns and are shown to indicate the state of the reactions. An alternative method of determining the suitability of very wet clay soils for stabilisation is suggested.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 829661.


Objective To discuss the clinical effect of Xingnaojing conbined with cooling blood to remove stasis method for cerebral hemorrhage.Methods 68 cases of cerebral hemorrhage patients who were admitted to our hospital were divided into control group and combined treating group randomly,each group had 34 cases.The control group was treated with Xingnaojin injection,and the combined treating group was treated with cooling blood to remove stasis method inaddition to the Xingnaojing injection.Glasgow coma scale and neurological severity score were used to evaluate the efficacy of drugs.Results The coma scale and effective rate of combined treating group were(12.3±2.9) and 85.3%,compared with control group(17.9±3.1) and 70.6%,had a significant difference(P 0.05 or P 0.01).Conclusion Xingnaojing combined with cooling blood to remove stasis method has a signicicant effect on the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage,its effect superior to the monotherapy of Xingnaojing,the method has a promoted value in clinical therapy.


This study aims to elucidate the management of madrasah-Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) at MTs Tahfidz Yanbau'ul Qur'an, Menawan, Kudus, which is compatible with education quality management. This field research employed a qualitative approach involving the research subjects of Islamic boarding school leaders, madrasah heads, and teachers. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation. The method of analysis used was that after the data were obtained, they were then analyzed inductively using descriptive qualitative analysis, i.e., by describing various phenomena in education management as one of the standards for quality management in education. The results of this research highlight that Islamic boarding schools, or more specifically, Islamic boarding school-based madrasahs, are madrasahs that become one institution with Islamic boarding schoolsin their management. This madrasah combines the formal madrasah curriculum with the Islamic boarding school curriculum, with a mutually synergistic blend. The Islamic boarding school curriculum strengthens the madrasah curriculum, and conversely, the madrasah curriculum complements the Islamic boarding school curriculum. The Islamic boarding school curriculum is implemented with the Qur'an memorization and is religiously oriented, while the madrasah curriculum applies a general knowledge and science orientation. These two curricula are inseparable as achievement criteria or graduation standards for santri. The integration of these two curricula suggests that the existence of madrasahs is still relatively in line with the changing times that force all elements to adapt to the needs of educational service users.


This paper presents a new method for robust voiced/unvoiced segment (V/UV) classification and accurate fundamental frequency ( (cid:0) (cid:0) ) estimation in a noisy environment. For this pur- pose, we introduce the degree of dominance and dominance spectrum that are defined by instantaneous frequency. The degree of dominance allows us to evaluate the magnitude of individual harmonic components of speech signals relative to the background noise. The V/UV segments are robustly classified based on the capability of the dominance spectrum to extract the regularity in the harmonic structure. (cid:0) (cid:0) is accurately de- termined based on fixed points corresponding to dominant harmonic components easily selected from the dominance spectrum. Experimental results show that the present method is better than the existing methods in terms of gross and fine (cid:0)(cid:0) errors, and V/UV correct rates in the presence of background white and babble noise.


We propose an approach to generating virtual cities that vary dynamically over time, focusing on the layout of artificial elements such as building, roads, and traffic lights. We first define an environment vector as the amount of features reflecting economic and functional activities of city's residents in each block surrounded by roads. Our method generates virtual cities by deleting and locating buildings from two points of view: building layouts using environment vectors, which can represent features, themselves to generate cityscapes, and time-varying using changes of vectors to vary cityscapes. We introduce three modules of our city model briefly, and describe how our system relocates buildings in each block. In addition, we demonstrate that our method can represent features and generate various cityscapes that vary over time.


Employers often have prejudices and negative stereotypical attitudes regarding the employment of persons with disabilities (PwD). This is a part of the conclusion of D1.1 Report - Identify and analyze the needs of employers within School-to-Work Transition for Higher education students with disabilities in Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro (Trans2Work) project. We are interested in whether there is a difference in attitude between employers in the public and private sectors when it comes to hiring persons with disabilities. The aim of the research was to examine the attitudes of employers in the private and public sectors regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. We hypothesized that employers in the public sector had more positive attitude towards the employment of persons with disabilities in relation to employers in the private sector. The study sample consisted of companies from the private and public sectors in one of two entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republic of Srpska (60 companies in the private sector and 60 companies in the public sector). In this research, we used the Questionnaire about employment of the people with disabilities, which examines the attitude of the employers about employment of the persons with disabilities. The Questionnaire consisted of 19 questions. Employers were asked questions related to the employment of persons with disabilities. The Questionnaire had good reliability and Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0,89. We used two methods in the study: the survey method and the method of theoretical analysis. We used the survey method to conduct data collecting through research instruments, data processing and analysis of the results, while the methods of theoretical analysis were necessary for collection and selection of relevant information from the former methodological and subject-related researches. Results confirmed the assumption that employers in the public sector had more positive attitude towards the employment of persons with disabilities compared with the employers in the private sector. Complete and thorough analysis would be shown in the paper. We hope that the results will contribute to the existing literature related to the employment of persons with disabilities and project Trans2Work in general.


The paper describes an application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model utilizing Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPFs) for producing 1to 7-day ahead inflow forecasts. For this purpose, the authors have applied a 3-layer ANN structure involving Back-Propagation (BP) learning algorithm and incorporating a self-adaptive training scheme with adapting learning rate and momentum term. The authors have used up to 3-day ahead QPFs, available from a medium range Numerical Weather Prediction system, to forecast reservoir inflows for 'operational planning and scheduling of hydro-


Laser direct processing of glass has been challenging due to the brittle nature and poor heat transfer characteristics of the material. With the advancement of ultrashort pulse lasers, laser direct machining of glass with smooth surface and free of microcracks has become a potential manufacturing technique in microfabrication of optical devices. In this paper, machining of microgrooves on fused silica substrates using a p-polarised femtosecond laser beam was investigated with regards to the groove profile and surface morphology. Microchannels with width and spacing of 20 mm were produced with no microcracks. Repeatable sub-micron gratings within a microchannel along the cutting direction were also observed. These microchannels and gratings may be used for the manufacture of optical and microfluidic devices. The beam polarisation was found to have little effect on the machining results. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


[Objective] The aim was to screen economic and environment-friendly pesticides adaptive to aphid-resistant varieties in main rape growing regions of Yunnan Province.[Method] The effects of 6 pesticides against aphids on 22 Brassica campestris materials of the main breeds in Yunnan Province,the new improved varieties in China and the core breeding materials were tested.[Result] Yunyoushuang 1,Huayou 4,Yunhuayou Early-maturing Variety No.1 and A35 showed better aphid-resistance.An optimum pesticide application strategy was to use Diyaling in sowing time,and interchangeably apply nitenpyram and imidacloprid during flowering and pod formation stages.[Conclusion] The present study had provided an important technical support for sustainable development of rape industry.


Sodium phosphates deposit on heat transfer surfaces from boiling solutions. This process of deposition, which is termed "hide-out", was studied in a recirculating loop operating at the temperature and pressure of the secondary system in CANDU-PHW* steam generators. The relation between the compositions of the deposit and solution, is in agreement with studies by others. An additional depletion of phosphate was found, which probably related to reaction with corrosion product deposits on the loop surfaces. The observations from this study suggested a maximum desirable range for Na/PO4 molar ratio in solution of 2.2 to 2.6 for phosphate treatment of steam generator water.

Lithium phosphate treatment is unsuitable because it forms hard scales and also causes accelerated corrosion of boiler tubing.


Influenza H9N2 is considered to be a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus that is found to infect both chickens and, to a lesser extent, humans. In 1996, the influenza virus, A/chicken/Korea/MS96-CE6/1996/H9N2 (MS96) was isolated from an outbreak in multiple farms in South Korea that resulted in upwards of 30% mortality in infected chickens. Furthermore, the virus was found in a number of organ tissues, indicating internal spread of the virus. However, complete recovery of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens occurred after 3 days post infection with the MS96 virus. We hypothesize that bacterial co-infection may play a significant role in the drastic difference in disease progression between farmed and SPF chickens. A key determinant of influenza pathogenesis is the susceptibility of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) to proteolytic cleavage/activation. Here, we identified that an amino acid substitution, Ser to Tyr at the P2 position of the HA cleavage site optimizes cleavage by the protease plasmin (Pm). We also identified that certain Staphylococcus sp. are able to cleave/activate MS96 HA by activating plasminogen (Plg) to Pm by use of a virulence factor, staphylokinase (sak). Overall, these studies provided insight into the bacterial mediated enhancement of influenza virus infection and pathogenesis.


We show in this paper that composites of mechanical impedance mismatch nanopowders yield competitive thermal insulation values to aerogels. The powders are connected by a polymer matrix assuring mechanical integrity. A simple calculation for the thermal boundary resistance has been conducted based on established models.


A novel ligand, N,N2-(4-methyl-1,2-phenylene)bis(2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-N 1-hydroxy-2-oxoacetimidamide) (H2L) with its Cu(II) and Mn(II) complexes were synthesized in this study. All compounds synthesized were also characterized by Hand C-NMR, the Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. Vascular endothelial growth factor-2 (VEGFR-2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition is often used as a parameter for being a potent anticancer agent in docking studies. For this purpose, synthesized and characterized ligand was investigated by molecular docking study to test its inhibitory effect against angiogenic factors VEGFR-2 and COX-2.


The problems discussed in this study are Is there a strong relationship between Managements of Goods Area, by Safeguarding the Assets in Aceh Tamiang. This study aimed to find Devidence that the asset management area have a relationship with the local governments asset protection Aceh Tamiang.
The samples in this study were employes of a part or parts of equipment common in every office on education that are considered capable to describe the asset management area of each service area as a whole. Source of data used is the questionnaire in each Government Office In Aceh Tamiang. Analysis Methode data used is the Pearson correlation analysis with SPSS 16.0
Results showed through Pearson correlation test there is a Managements of Goods Area, by Safeguarding the Assets in Aceh Tamiang. Pearson correlation obtained significant value of 0.00 and a Pearson correlation of 0.565. Significance value less than 0.05 and a Pearson correlation value is not equal to 0. R value of 0.3192, which means that the variable Managements of Goods Area can explain the variable Safeguarding of Assets Area by 31.92% and 68.08% for the rest influenced by other variables.
 Results of significance test of correlation coefficient with the t test, t count> t table values obtained 4,165> 2,026 so it can be said asset management area positively and significantly associated (real) with the assets securing the area at the 5% significance level (hypothesis accepted).
 The conclusion of this study is the Safeguarding the Assets is positively related Safeguarding of Assets Area by Safeguarding the Assets in Aceh Tamiang, in other words Ha accepted.


Each day, human and other animal populations come into contact with substances that may be hazardous to themselves or to their developing embryos and fetuses. Since these agents are omnipresent, it is ideal to identify as many as possible and to limit exposure to them. In recent years, a number of developmental studies have suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) might act as a teratogenic physical agent. Here, Drosophila embryonic cells were used to assess whether exposure to magnetic fields result in a teratogenic response and furthermore if magnetic fields in conjunction with exposure to a selected teratogen serve as co-teratogens. Finally, the effect of magnetic fields acting as a general stressor to embryonic cells was assessed. In this study, a monoclonal anti-hsp70 antibody was utilized for hsp70 induction studies and a transgenic hsp23-P galactosidase Drosophila strain was used for the hsp23 induction studies; hsp23 was used to assess a teratogenic response and hsp70 to identify a generalized stressed state. Cultures were exposed to sinusoidal 60-Hz 100 mG or 1 G magnetic fields during different developmental times Separate cultures were treated with well established chemical teratogens {hydroxyurea, retinoic acid, or cadmium


Objective: To study the role of Triglyceride(TG) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) in the diabetic rat with lower extremity ulcer.Methods: SD male rats were injected with medium-dose streptozotocin(STZ) and given high-fat diet at the same time.At the 8th weekend,all rats' lower extremities were applied with acetic acid to estabish model of diabetic leg ulcers.All rats were killed at the 12th weekend,and the weight,the blood for fasting glucose,TG,insulin,and ICAM-1 were measured.Results: Rats which were injected with STZ has significant syndrome of polydipsia,polyuria and weght loss;fasting insulin levels decreased signifi-cantly.TG and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in the diabetes group and diabetes with ulcers group than in other groups,while those in the normal control group and the control group with ulcers have no difference.TC and ICAM-1 was not found obviously correlated.Conclusion: ICAM-1 and TG may play an important role in diabetic foot ulcers.


This paper investigates the effectiveness of monetary policy in four major countries in Southeast Asia by using impulse-response functions within a vector error correction model (VECM) framework. The impacts of interest rate shock on two macroeconomic variables, investment and consumption have been analysed and compared based on the magnitude and the speed of adjustment. The findings show that the effectiveness of monetary policy differs not only between countries but also on the macroeconomics variable used in the analysis. Monetary policy was found more effective in influencing investment in the Philippines compared with Malaysia and Thailand, and the impacts are smallest in Indonesia. For consumption, the impacts are stronger in Thailand and smallest in the Philippines. The impacts of monetary policy on consumption are also less responsive compared with it impacts on investment.


The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of recent literature data for autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). AIE refers to inflammatory, non-infectious, immune-mediated encephalitis characterised by neuroinflammation, synthesis of neuronal autoantibodies (NAAs), directed against surface, synaptic and intracellular antigens, with subsequent neuronal dysfunction. It is characterised by heterogeneous anatomic-clinical syndromes and prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms. Due to overlapping of different clinical and diagnostic biomarkers, AIE is often considered diagnosis of exclusion and requires an extensive work-up. Systematic search of the term «autoimmune encephalitis» in the PubMed database was performed, with limitation set for systematic review in papers English, published from 2004- 2022. Further analysis was performed by the search of the author's reference list and Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance (AEA) website. The analysis was conducted according to PRISMA (The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Outcomes that were sought included: AIE classification and presentation; diagnostic processing; treatment. Preset search of published systematic reviews in PubMed database, derived eighty six papers. Further screening of derived data, author's reference list and AEA website was performed, according to previously defined out- comes. Finally, sixteen papers were independently selected and thoroughly analysed, with relevant conclusions present- ed in this paper. AIE is a severe inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder with a complex differential diagnosis that often remains unrecognised. AIE research has established a wide range of new autoimmune antibodies syndromes, clinical and diagnostic biomarkers, which have improved diagnostic approach and treatment. Initial application of immunotherapy improves the outcome of disease.


We report the observation of a short-lived, remarkably narrow component in the Hα and Hβ emission lines, identified in high-resolution spectra of the circumstellar medium of supernova 1987 A. The narrow emission is spatially unresolved and is not part of the bright ring nebula. Its width indicates a temperature much lower than the Hα temperature we find for the ring (13 750 ± 100 K). In fact, our best estimate of the width is less than would be expected for gas at zero degrees kelvin. Taking uncertainties into account, we conclude that a temperature of more than about 1000 K is implausible. Using atomic and dust cooling only, we cannot cool the gas to even this temperature


We have reported 1 the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy upon the respiratory exchange of cats, together with the changes in metabolism produced by the administration of the adrenal cortical hormone to these animals. The present study is a continuation of that work. The adrenal cortical hormone 2 and the method of measuring the respiratory exchange 3 are the same as were used previously. The cortical hormone was injected subcutaneously in quantities of from 6 to 15 cc. daily into normal cats for periods varying from 2 to 10 days. Measurements of the respiratory exchange were made 18 hours after the injections. In a series of 12 such experiments, no appreciable constant variation from normal occurred. Further, the general health of the animals did not appear to be affected. Similar experiments were carried out in 3 normal rabbits with essentially the same result. The normal level of respiratory metabolism was determined in a series of 5 cats. Total thyroidectomies were then performed. The metabolism gradually fell to a level varying between 20 and 25% below normal. The animals gained in weight and showed general symptoms of thyroid insufficiency. At this point, the cortical hormone was injected subcutaneously in quantities varying from 10 to 50 cc. over a time period of from 1 to 3 days. Within 24 hours after the injection, there was an increase in respiratory metabolism of from 15 to 30%. This change occurred in 80% of the experiments and continued for from 24 to 48 hours after the administration of hormone was discontinued. It was considered advisable to determine whether or not the thyroid gland was a factor in bringing about the elevation of metabolism which occurred when the adrenal cortical hormone was injected into bilaterally adrenalectomized cats.


We have used high-sensitivity magneto-optics to study the magnetic switching of a single 20 μm long, 100 nm wide, 5 nm thick planar Permalloy wire made by focused ion beam milling. It is found that the switching field of the wire can be dramatically reduced by the addition of a large end pad to the wire, which serves as a domain wall injector. We show that once injected, the domain wall is able to move very freely along the wire. No measurable pinning of the domain wall was observed at a shallow kink in the middle of the length of the wire. We thus show that such wires can be considered as domain wall conduits, with many applications in magnetoelectronic devices.


This study examined the effectiveness of two instructional mind-mapping approaches to stimulate fifth and sixth graders' graphical summarization skills. Thirty-five fifth- and sixth-grade teachers and 644 students from 17 different elementary schools participated. A randomized quasi-experimental repeated-measures design was set up with two experimental conditions and one control condition. Students in the experimental conditions followed a 10-week teacher-delivered instructional treatment working with either researcher-provided or student-generated mind maps. Multilevel piecewise growth analysis was used to examine differences between classes and between students within classes, as well as the growth in students' graphical summarization skills and its relationship with class-level (i.e., instructional approach) and student-level (i.e., gender, grade, home language, and achievement level) characteristics. Results show the greatest overall gains for students in the student-generated mind-map condition as to the quality of their informative text traces and graphical design. However, no significant differences between the experimental conditions were found as to the quality of the graphical content. Only for gender and grade were significant interaction effects with the instructional approach found.


Poly(2-vinyl-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine) (PVDAT) binds efficiently pyrimidine derivatives from water solutions by hydrogen bonding. The order in the adsorbing activity (thymine, uridine, uracil, thymidine ≫ cytidine, cytosine > pyrimidine = 0) coincides with the number of hydrogen bonds formed between the guests and the 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine residues in PVDAT. Purines and their derivatives are also adsorbed from their aqueous solutions by PVDAT. Hydrogen bonding is confirmed by the shift of the carbonyl stretching band of uracil toward a smaller wavenumber upon adduct formation with PVDAT. The association constant of the PVDAT−thymine adduct in water (150 M-1) is comparable with the corresponding value for the 4,6-diaminotriazine−thymine adduct in chloroform (90 M-1). Neither a monomer model of PVDAT nor its dimer model shows guest-binding activity in water. The hydrogen bonding of PVDAT is strengthened by benzene moieties attached to the diaminotriazine residues. The polymer microenvironment is esse...


Effect of Alkalinity in Irrigation Water on Selected Greenhouse Crops. (August 2004) Luis Alonso Valdez Aguilar, B.S., Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico; M.S., Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. David Wm. Reed Bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonate (CO3) are the most important ions that determine alkalinity. When the carbonates accumulate in a growing medium, the growing medium solution pH reaches levels that cause plant growth inhibition, which is caused primarily by the transformation of soluble forms of Fe into insoluble forms. The general objective of this research was to provide information about the limits of tolerance to alkalinity in ornamental plants, and to study the interaction of ions such as ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) on the response of plants to alkalinity, as well as the effect of the counter-ions potassium (K), sodium (Na), cesium (Cs), ammonium (NH4) and rubidium (Rb). The maximum SPAD index was estimated to occur at 0 mM of NaHCO3 in chrysanthemum, mini-rose, and hibiscus 'Bimini Breeze' and 'Mango Breeze'. For vinca it was set at 2.64 mM. A 15% decrease from the maximum SPAD index was considered the threshold to declare the toxic concentration of NaHCO3, which was calculated based on the maximum SPAD index predicted by the models. The toxic concentration of NaHCO3 was set at 4.1, 1.1, 6.7, 3.1, and 6.3 mM of NaHCO3 in chrysanthemum, mini-rose, vinca, and hibiscus 'Mango Breeze' and 'Bimini Breeze', respectively. Hibiscus 'Bimini Breeze' was considered tolerant to alkalinity, due to increased Fe-reduction capacity and acidification of the growing medium.


In traditional linguistics,metaphor is regarded as a rhetoric form,a method of modifying language,therefore it is the object of study in rhetoric,literature,and stylistics.However,in the perspective of cognitive linguistics and psycho-linguistics,metaphor is a very useful and effective tool of understanding the Abstract concept,which is not noly about linguistics,more importantly.It is cognitive and conceptual.The paper probes into metaphor from the cultural cognitive perspective and divide it into common metaphor and special metaphor.It also proposes different methods for metaphor translation in accordance to different situations so as to enhance the cultural pragmatic value of metaphor translation.


One of the scientific goals of the main instrument of GLAST is the study of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) in the energy range from ~20 MeV to ~300 GeV. In order to extend the energy measurement towards lower energies a secondary instrument, the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM), will measure GRBs from ~10 keV to ~25 MeV and will therefore allow the investigation of the relation between the keV and the MeV-GeV emission from GRBs over six energy decades. These unprecedented measurements will permit the exploration of the unknown aspects of the high-energy burst emission and the investigation of their connection with the well-studied low-energy emission. They will also provide ne insights into the physics of GRBs in general. In addition the excellent localization of GRBs by the LAT will stimulate follow-up observations at other wavelengths which may yield clues about the nature of the burst sources.


As the complexity of the robot's tasks increases, we can consider many general tasks in a compound form that consists of shorter tasks. Therefore, for robots to generate various tasks, they need to be able to execute shorter tasks in succession, appropriately to the situation. With the design principle to construct the architecture for robots to execute complex tasks compounded with multiple subtasks, this study proposes a visuomotor-control framework with the characteristics of a state machine to train shorter tasks as sensorimotor units. The design procedure of training framework consists of 4 steps: (1) segment entire task into appropriate subtasks, (2) define subtasks as states and transitions in a state machine, (3) collect subtasks data, and (4) train neural networks: (a) autoencoder to extract visual features, (b) a single recurrent neural network to generate subtasks to realize a pseud-state-machine model with a constraint in hidden values. We implemented this framework on two different robots to allow their performance of repetitive tasks with error-recovery motion, subsequently, confirming the ability of the robot to switch the sensorimotor units from visual input at the attractors of the hidden values created by the constraint.


Area residents had a beautiful day to get some exercise and help worthy causes. Three-hundred and eight bikers participated in the annual Multiple Sclerosis Bike-a-Thon at Misty Meadows in Fremont, Ohio. Pictured (left to right): Sister Mary Franette Hyc, O.S.F. and Sister Mary Coleen Olfen, O.S.F. of St. Francis Rehabilitation Hospital and Nursing Home in Green Springs, Ohio. Bike riders collected donations based on pledges made to them for the number of miles they rode.


The importance of air‐sea interactions in the simulation of southern Africa precipitation is brought out using a fully coupled regional model and by forcing the atmospheric component of the coupled model with the coupled model‐simulated sea surface temperature (SST). The coupled model has the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model as the atmospheric component and the Regional Ocean Modeling System as the oceanic component. The spatial and temporal distribution of the coupled model‐simulated SST shows good agreement with observations. The coupled model shows a bias of about 0.25°C near the east coast of southern Africa. Comparison of the precipitation between the coupled and uncoupled model shows that the air‐sea interactions play an important role in the simulation of the precipitation during the peak precipitation season January to March, when the precipitation is mostly due to tropical processes. It is found that the two‐way specification of SST to the atmospheric model results in significant larger (smaller) precipitation depending on the spatial distribution of SST, due to the increase (decrease) of moisture from the surrounding oceans into the landmass. The results also show that the air‐sea interactions are not so important during the initial phases of the precipitation from October to December.