Aim: This study examined pedagogy and subject content needs for Professional Development (PD) to improve teachers' skills in teaching science in secondary schools in Mbeya, Tanzania. Study Design: The study employed a quantitative research approach and cross-sectional survey design. Methodology: The main instrument used for the study was questionnaire. In this study, schools were randomly selected, and 256 respondents, science teachers were selected through stratified sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively. Results: Science teachers need Professional Development (PD) in Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), masterly of science subject contents and technological skills of modern teaching. There was no significant difference in the mean scores for components of pedagogy knowledge between teachers who teach math subject and those who teach physics, chemistry and biology at ∝ = 0.005 using independent samples ttest. Teachers need of PD in subject content in topics were as follows: accounts (61.7%), genetics (46.2%), electromagnetism (44.2%), electronics (40.4%), circles and the Earth as a sphere (29.6%), statistics and probability (28.4%), inorganic chemistry (25%), and ionic theory and electrolysis (24.1%). Conclusion: Science and mathematics teachers in Secondary schools need PD intervention in the subject content of science subjects. Case Study Kibona et al.; AJPAS, 9(3): 5-24, 2020; Article no.AJPAS.61505 6


The correct accounting of laser emitter parameters for improvement of diagnostic authenticity of methods of optical biomedical diagnostic is important problem for applied biophotonic tasks. The purpose of the current research is estimation of influence of energy distribution profile in transversal section of laser beam on light scattering by human skin layers at photometry by ellipsoidal reflectors. Biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors for investigation of biological tissue specimens in transmitted and reflected light uses laser probing radiation with infinitely thin, Gauss-type and uniform cross-section profile. Distribution of beams with denoted profiles, which consist of 20 million photons with wavelength 632.8 nm, was modeled by using of Monte-Carlo simulation in human skin layers (corneous layer, epidermis, derma and adipose tissue) of various anatomic thickness and with ellipsoidal reflectors with focal parameter equal to 16.875 mm and eccentricity of 0.66. The modeling results represent that illuminance distribution in zones of photometric imaging is significantly influenced by the laser beam cross-section profile for various thickness of corneous layer and epidermis in transmitted and reflected light, and also derma in reflected light. Illuminance distribution for adipose tissue in reflected and transmitted light, and also derma in transmitted light, practically do not depend of laser beam profile for anatomic thicknesses, which are appropriate for human skin on various sections of body. There are represented results of modified Monte-Carlo simulation method for biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors during biometry of human skin layers. For highly scattered corneous layer and epidermis the illumination of middle and external rings of photometric images changes depending from the laser beam profile for more than 50 % in transmitted and 30 % in reflected light. For weakly scattering skin layers (derma and adipose layer) the influence of profile can be observed only for derma in reflected layer and is equal not more than 15 %.


A new ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antenna is proposed, based on two no split ring resonator with the ground on the same substrate face, the radiation elements of the proposed antenna are electromagnetically fed by a microstrip line with printed on the opposite face of the substrate. T antenna is operating the frequency band ranging from 3.56 GHz up to 16GHz. The plots are also presented and discussed paper. The entire antenna occupies volume of 30mm x 31.5mm x1.5mm the optimized antenna was fabricated measured. Measurement and simulation show a very good agreement.


Accumulation of cysteine induces translational defects and metabolic rewiring that are abrogated by leucine in a transfer RNA (tRNA) methyltransferase NCL1-dependent manner in yeast. Nutritional limitation has been vastly studied; however, there is limited knowledge of how cells maintain homeostasis in excess nutrients. In this study, using yeast as a model system, we show that some amino acids are toxic at higher concentrations. With cysteine as a physiologically relevant example, we delineated the pathways/processes that are altered and those that are involved in survival in the presence of elevated levels of this amino acid. Using proteomics and metabolomics approach, we found that cysteine up-regulates proteins involved in amino acid metabolism, alters amino acid levels, and inhibits protein translation—events that are rescued by leucine supplementation. Through a comprehensive genetic screen, we show that leucine-mediated effect depends on a transfer RNA methyltransferase (NCL1), absence of which decouples transcription and translation in the cell, inhibits the conversion of leucine to ketoisocaproate, and leads to tricarboxylic acid cycle block. We therefore propose a role of NCL1 in regulating metabolic homeostasis through translational control.


Abstract—In real world applications where uncertainty is crucial, hidden Markov models (HMMs) have proven a useful and efficient tool for modeling such systems. HMMs have been used by many researchers for speech recognition and have achieved better performance than other modeling tools. In keystroke dynamics, keystroke events are generally nondeterministic. As HMMs have the ability to handle stochastic processes, they can be a suitable tool to recognize the keystroke pattern of a user. The implementation of keystroke dynamics based on statistical and neural network suffer from computational complexity and also sometimes required long time to identify user. Hidden Markov model can help to find solutions of these problems. Although HMM have been used in many biometric systems but only a very few researchers have used HMM in keystroke dynamics. This paper present a detail about Markov chain and hidden Markov model with examples and also summarizes and compares researches those have used HMM in keystroke dynamics.


The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous leaf extract of S. nigrum was investigated in rats. Thermally-induced pain and pressure-induced pain were used to assess the analgesic activity of the extract while egg albumin-induced oedema was used for anti-inflammatory activity. The aqueous leaf extract of S. nigrum at doses of 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, ip exhibited a significant (P in rats. In the pressure-induced pain model, the extract increased pain threshold at dose levels of 40 mg/kg (P at the end of two hours. The present study indicates that the aqueous leaf extract of S. nigrum has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities that could be mediated via modulators of pain and inflammation or through central activity. © 2006: NAPA. All rights reserved


Introduction Sequential MR examinations of the brain are the primary method for clinical as well as research assessment of the effects of therapy on brain tumors. In clinical practice, visual comparison is the primary method of assessing changes that indicate tumor response or progression. This is a labor-intensive process involving visual search for changes between examinations on multiple images from multiple image types. Furthermore, some of the changes that may be perceived could be do to acquisition-related changes, rather than changes in the tumor status. One of these changes is the change in the patient position between the two time points. While every effort is made to acquire images in the same plane as prior exams, this is rarely achieved. In this study, we evaluated computerized image registration (A.K.A. image alignment) on accuracy and confi dence.


We have recently demonstrated coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and multiplex CARS spectroscopy of lipid-rich structures based on a single femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. A nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths is used to generate the Stokes pulse. Further optimization in terms of higher spectral resolution in the CARS spectra can be achieved by adding a second PCF to the pump arm to produce a spectrally compressed picosecond pulse. Theoretical predictions from modeling the propagation of the negatively chirped pump pulse in the PCF, are compared with experimental results. The effect of pulse duration, peak power and the length of the PCF in determining the bandwidth of the spectrally compressed pump pulse are considered. It is shown that for higher average output power and constant pulse duration, it is desirable to use shorter length of the PCF for attaining transform limited spectral width of the pump pulse.


The objective of our research was to: Determine the influence of the Controversial Discussion Method on Learning Outcomes in the Area of Personal Development, Citizenship and Civic in Students of 5th Secondary of the Educational Institution Rosa Agustina Donayre de Morey, Iquitos 2018.
The investigation was of correlational descriptive type.
The general design of the research was non-experimental and the specific design was the correlational transection.
When establishing and determining the influence between the Controversial Discussion Method and Learning Outcomes in the Area of Personal, Citizenship and Civic Development, the non-parametric inferential statistical test Chi Square (X2) was used, obtaining: X2c = 19.3> X2t = 5.191, gl = 2, p <0.05%, concluding that the Controversial Discussion Method influences Learning Outcomes in the Area of Personal, Citizenship and Civic Development.
The Controversial Discussion Method significantly influences the Learning Results in the Area of Personal Development, Citizenship and Civic in 5th Grade Students of the Rosa Agustina Donayre de Morey Educational Institution, Iquitos 2018.


The implementation of information technology and its impact on working conditions in Danish public libraries is discussed. The development leading to the present organization of work is outlined, followed by a presentation of a research project (The UDFO Project) on organizational development in public libraries, conducted at the Royal Danish School of Librarianship in Aalborg. The main findings of the project are presented


The article provides a short review on catalyst-based processes for the production of hydrogen starting from methane, both of fossil origin and from sustainable processes. The three main paths of steam- and dry-reforming, partial oxidation and thermo-catalytic decomposition are briefly introduced and compared, above all with reference to the latest publications available and to new catalysts which obey the criteria of lower environmental impact and minimize the content of critical raw materials. The novel strategies based on chemical looping with CO2 utilization, membrane separation, electrical-assisted (plasma and microwave) processes, multistage reactors and catalyst patterning are also illustrated as the most promising perspective for CH4 reforming, especially on small and medium scale. Although these strategies should only be considered at a limited level of technological readiness, research on these topics, including catalyst development and process optimization, represents the crucial challenge for the scientific community.


Based on a systematic and in-depth survey for the teaching condition of tourism institutions of higher learning both at home and abroad,the paper makes a comparative study in curriculum system,teaching content,teaching medium and testing method and analyzes the problems existing in the teaching.Thoughts for reform are put forward.


Aim: Active Support, an evidence-based intervention developed in the UK and tested in Australia, enables direct support professionals to engage people with high support needs in meaningful and rewarding every day activities. This paper outlines the practical details of adapting the Active Support curriculum for service providers in the US and outlines an evaluation methodology that will inform both service delivery and future developments of Active Support. Method: Active Support curricula developed in the UK and Australia were adapted for implementation the US.Train-the-trainer activities were conducted in early 2008 in three group homes serving 12 people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. A formative evaluation process was used to identify changes in the materials and training design needed to support a randomized controlled trial of the intervention in 20 small group homes. Results: Modifications in the delivery of training are needed to account for differences in scheduling patterns and high turnover rates in US group homes, and to adjust British/Australian terminology to the U.S. context. Conclusions: The translation of active support into the U.S. context requires modifications to support successful implementation. Research is planned to document the success of the modified curriculum in improving outcomes for persons with disabilities.


We present a (compositional) continuation semantics for an abstract concurrent language embodying two important features encountered in membrane computing: the semantics of parallel composition is based on the concept of maximal parallelism and computations are specified by means of multiset rewriting rules. As far as we know this is the first paper that presents a compositional semantics for this combination of concepts. Other features, such as the nested structure of a membrane computing system are lacking from the language under study, but we argue that continuations provide sufficient flexibility for representing such structures. Instead of using a mathematical notation, we find convenient to use the functional programming language Haskell as ametalanguage for the denotational semantics.


Daniel J. Boorstin spoke of America's "mingling of religion and politics." Roy F. Nichols wrote both of "the democracy of American religion" and "the religion of American democracy." Sidney E. Mead can speak of both the religion of the republic and republican religion. Seymour M. Lipset sees "all-pervasiveness" to be a consistent character of American religion, especially in the political order. Ralph Henry Gabriel tied "Christianity and the Democratic Faith" together with five strands. Clearly, the moderns stand in a long tradition when they discuss the tangle of religion and politics. The most notable and one of the most controversial articulators in this tradition was Alexis de Tocqueville, a man dismissed by Perry Miller so far as the subject of religion in America was concerned. Strout not only joins those who, against Miller, appreciate Tocqueville, but has written a long book tracing Tocquevillean themes throughout the history of America. He positions himself between two camps. The secular historians, he thinks, have been tone-deaf to religious nuances and have often then missed central themes of the national past. Church historians-whom has he been reading in the last thirty years ? -are too confessional and apologetic to tell the true story. This mild polemicizing behind him, he moves with ease through the three and a half centuries.


The behavior of canopy reflectance and spectral bandtransformations, normalized difference (ND), and greenness (GR) dueto the amount and location of scene shadows was examined. Live balsamfir (Abies balsamea L. (Mill.)) trees were arranged in an equidistantpattern on a platform. Spectral reflectances were acquired forthree canopies (44-, 70-,and 90-pereent cover) and three backgroundtypes (grass-sod, black-,and white-painted boards) for a range of solarzenith angles. Rotating the platform produced variations in the locationof shadows cast by trees in the scene.Red and near-IR reflectance factors decreased as the amount of sceneshadows increased while ND increased with increasing scene shadows.However, when large anmounts of green vegetation were present, NDsaturated (i.e., approached an asymptote) and the observed increaseswere reduced. GR was least affected by changing shadow amounts.Spectral response variations due to shadows decreased as canopy coverincreased.A simple model was used to examine the effects of shadows in "pure"pixels of backgrounds representing vegetation, bare soil, and snow.Red and near-IR reflectance decreased and ND increased as the proprotionof shadows increased. These results suggest that green vegetationphytomass may be overestimated by ND when shadows cast byvegetation are present in a scene.


A combination of favorite songs and verbal prompts (automatically delivered through portable technology) was used to promote fluency of performance of self-help tasks in a young man with multiple disabilities. Data indicated that the intervention was effective in reducing the time required by the man to complete the self-help tasks (dressing and washing). A momentary withdrawal of the prompts after about 6 months from the beginning of the study was accompanied by performance deterioration. Implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We propose a technique to identify the vehicle running parallel by the RBF neural network (RBFNN). Previously, the parallel running vehicle has been identified based on the direction of arrival information. In our proposed method, RBFNN determines the presence or absence of the vehicles running parallel ahead. By numerical simulation, we confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.


INTRODUCTION: The staff of the old age homes being the primary caregivers to the elderly, can ensure that the health
issues are addressed. Therefore, they need knowledge on aging, needs and care services for residents, and ways of
providing individualized care and support for senior citizens in old age homes.
METHODOLOGY: Four old age homes were selected; purposive sampling was used. 4 old age home founders and 20 old age home residents,
that ve from each old age home were formed samples. The representatives of old-age home managers and residents were interviewed. The
datasheet was prepared to collect information such as facilities, admission criteria, and services.
RESULTS: Among the manager, three males and one female respondent, and nine males and 12 females old age home residents. Old age homes
belongings to charitable homes and private homes. Majority of the old age homes doesn't have health professional. Descriptive analysis was used
to analyse the data.
CONCLUSION: The staff working in the old age homes requires training in psychosocial issues and interventions for the institutionalized
elderly. The training programme will improve the knowledge about needs and psychosocial interventions for old age home residents.
Furthermore, it would enable the staff to provide individualized psychosocial care and support for old age home residents, which are not present
in many old age homes.


A grating 2 is provided with main bars 20 that have a plurality of through-holes 204 with prescribed gaps therebetween in the longitudinal direction and that are arranged in parallel and at the same height with prescribed gaps therebetween; connecting bolts 22 that have a rectangular shape in which the cross-sectional shape is longer in one direction and that pass through each of the through-holes 204 in the main bars 20 in such a manner that they do not rotate in the circumferential direction by arranging the cross-sectional shape to be longer in the vertical direction; spacers 21 through which the connecting bolts 22 pass and that are disposed between the main bars 20; and nuts 24 that are provided at one end or both ends of the connecting bolts 22 and that, by being tightened, secure the main bars 20 to the connecting bolts 22 with prescribed gaps therebetween.


This paper introduces a kernel logit approach for face and non-face classification. The approach is based on the combined use of the multinomial logit model (MLM) and "kernel feature compound vectors." The MLM is one of the neural network models for multiclass pattern classification, and is supposed to be equal or better in classification performance than linear classification methods. The "kernel feature compound vectors" are compound feature vectors of geometric image features and Kernel features. Evaluation and comparison experiments were conducted by using face and non,face images (Face: training 100, cross-validation 300, test 325, Non-face : training 200, cross-validation 1000, test 1000) gathered from the available face databases and others. The experimental result obtained by the proposed method was better than the results obtained by the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and the Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA).


Secret sharing allows split/distributed control over the secret (e.g. master key). Verifiable secret sharing (VSS) is the secret sharing extended by verification capacity.
Usually verification comes at the price. We propose "free lunch", the approach that allows to overcome this inconvenience.


A Kalman-Schmidt filter is used to estimate atmospheric and trajectory parameters for entry into the Venusian atmosphere. A significantly improved version of the Landing Trajectory Reconstruction (LTR) computer program, used to obtain the estimates is described. Major improvements involve precision and linearity control of numerical differencing, corrected perturbation modeling, and incorporation of a refractivity model. Important results show that gyroscopic data are not usable with LTR, that atmospheric properties are generally well estimated for altitudes less than 100 km, and that the two LTR modes of operation are complementary in performance.


Abstract : The purpose of the report is to present a review of the atmospheric effects on laser propagation. Molecular absorption by the earth's atmosphere should not present an insurmountable problem for ruby or neodymium laser systems. However, both the water vapor and the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere strongly absorb radiation at carbon dioxide wavelengths; this may present a serious problem to systems employing carbon dioxide lasers. Clean air scattering does not seem to be a serious problem. Aerosol scattering, however, is quite severe and will, except in the clearest weather, strictly limit the operation of ground-based laser communication systems. Atmospheric turbulence also poses a serious limitation on the performance of optical communication systems. However, on the basis of the presently available data it does not seem that atmospheric turbulence will necessarily render laser communication systems unfeasible. (Author)


Purpose
The present study attempts to shed some light on tourists' destination brand loyalty (DBL) in the Malaysian ecotourism context. More specifically, this study aims to examine the relationships between electronic word of mouth (eWOM), destination brand quality (DBQ), destination brand image (DBI), psychological engagement (PE) and DBL.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on the Stimulus–Organism–Response theory and buyer black box model, this study developed a framework to address tourists' loyalty towards ecotourism destinations. An online survey was carried out to collect data, which yielded 210 completed usable responses. Structural equation modelling – partial least squares was used to test the study hypotheses.

Findings
Findings from this study revealed that eWOM and destination product quality affect DBI. Moreover, data support the mediating effect of PE between DBI and DBL.

Practical implications
This study provides valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers of the tourism industry in creating a DBI, keeping tourists psychologically engaged and retaining their loyalty to the ecotourism destinations.

Originality/value
This study is amongst the first to examine the effect of eWOM and DBQ on DBI in the ecotourism context. It also examines PE in relation to the DBI, which is a comparatively new area in the literature.


Anecdotal reports have assumed that women would be able to outrun men in long-distance running. The aim of this study was to test this assumption by investigating the changes in performance difference between sexes in the best ultramarathoners in 50-mile, 100-mile, 200-mile, 1,000-mile, and 3,100-mile events held worldwide between 1971 and 2012. The sex differences in running speed for the fastest runners ever were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with subsequent Tukey–Kramer posthoc analysis. Changes in sex difference in running speed of the annual fastest were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression analyses, correlation analyses, and mixed-effects regression analyses. The fastest men ever were faster than the fastest women ever in 50 events. No correlation existed between sex difference and running speed for the fastest ever (r 2 =0.0039, P=0.91) and the ten fastest ever (r 2 =0.15, P=0.74) for all distances. For the annual fastest, the sex difference in running speed decreased linearly in 50-mile events from 14. For the annual ten fastest runners, the performance difference between sexes decreased linearly in 50-mile events from 31.6%±3.6% to 8.9%±1.8% and in 100-mile events from 26.0%±4.4% to 24.7%±0.9%. To summarize, the fastest men were ∼17%–20% faster than the fastest women for all distances from 50 miles to 3,100 miles. The linear decrease in sex difference for 50-mile and 100-mile events may suggest that women are reducing the sex gap for these distances.


This chapter summarizes the major points of the discussion about the social composition of the Philippian church. It is stated that the Philippian church may have included some peasants, although they were more likely the town-dwelling day-laborers than villagers of indigenous Thracian extraction. Further, neither is there any specific information about the private slaves in the church, but at least some of them must have followed their masters in embracing Christianity. On the other hand the church had links with other sub-groups of slaves: public slaves and imperial slaves. Many Christians were probably freedmen and freedwomen such as Lydia. She belonged to the group of craftsmen and small merchants. It is also suggested that the military element was prominent. On the one hand it consisted of ethnic Macedonians who had served in the auxiliary forces and received Roman citizenship upon their release. On the other there were veterans.Keywords: craftsmen; ethnic Macedonians; imperial slaves; peasants; Philippian church; public slaves; social composition; town-dwelling day-Iaborers


Background and purpose:It is well known that CRC comes from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.Along with the progression,mutations and aberrant protein expression constantly take place.In this study,we discussed the expression of IFI16 in its progression from normal colorectal organism to adenoma,and finally to adenocarcinoma.The relationship between K-ras gene mutation and IFI16 expression was also discussed.Methods: Immunochemistry was used to analyze the distribution and location of the IFI16 protein in normal colorectal,adenoma and adenocarcinoma organisms.PCR-RFLP was applied to study K-ras gene mutation.Results:The percentage of expression of the IFI16 protein differed significantly between adenocarcinoma to adenoma and between adenoma to normal colorectal organisms(49.2% vs 25%,P0.05;25 % vs 0%,P0.05,respectively).The K-ras gene mutation rate was 38.3% in colorectal adenocarcinoma in Yunnan Province.There was no significant association between K-ras mutation and IFI16 protein expression(55.2% vs 44.4%,P0.01),but the K-ras gene mutation is obviously associated with ectopic of the IFI16 protein from nucleus to cytoplasm(r=0.635,P0.01).Conclusion:IFI16 plays an important role in the process from colorectal adenoma to adenocarcinoma.K-ras mutation is significantly associated with ectopic of the IFI16 protein and the ectopic may play an important role in development of colorectal adenoma to adenocarcinoma.


In this article, I argue that it is impossible to complete infinitely many tasks in a finite time. A key premise in my argument is that the only way to get to 0 tasks remaining is from 1 task remaining, when tasks are done 1-by-1. I suggest that the only way to deny this premise is by begging the question, that is, by assuming that supertasks are possible. I go on to present one reason why this conclusion (that supertasks are impossible) is important, namely that it implies a new verdict on a decision puzzle propounded by Jeffrey Barrett and Frank Arntzenius.


Breast cancer and body weight index: the role of L-carnitine in prediction of answer to treatment and outcome of tumor in patients with obesity (review of literature). Hojouj M.I.M., Bondarenko I.N., Zavizion V.F., Artemenko M.V., Hojouj T.V., Bondarenko Yu.N., Soloviova N.E., Shevchenko Y.A. Increasing the effectiveness of antitumor therapy in breast cancer patients who take L-carnitine during preoperative systemic antitumor therapy compared with patients receiving standard neoadjuvant systemic antitumor therapy served as a prerequisite for studying possible antitumor mechanisms of L-carnitine. The positive effect of L-carnitine is due to the transfer of palmn-fatty acid through the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, which contributes to the formation of a significant number of ATP molecules. It has also been shown that L-carnitine can have a double protective effect, enhancing the energy dynamics of the cell and inhibiting the hyperexcitability of the cell membrane, making it an ideal tool for the prevention and treatment of complications of antitumor therapy and concomitant metabolic disorders. This work summarizes the results of epidemiological and clinical studies on the use of L-carnitine in the treatment of breast


Literature review is devoted to the issues of prophylaxis and early diagnostics of one of the most wide-spread malignant neoplasms carcinoma of the stomach. Precancerous conditions are considered to increase the risk of gastric cancer development. In the literature review significance of Hpylori infection, genetic factors and harmful factors of our environment in pathogenesis of gastric cancer are discussed. The article presents comparison of precursor lesions and gastric cancer diagnostic methods, their merits and shortcomings. Assessment of different methods of H.pylori detection in stomach is given. High morbidity and mortality of gastric cancer, long asymptomatic course require serach for diagnostic algorithm in the diagnosis of this pathology.


The pronouns of Ak??se, both simple and complex, are described. The subject markers with which they co-occur have also been presented. Venn diagrams have been used to show the relationships of the different grammatical persons expressed by the complex pronoun set. These complex pronouns combine references to the speaker (first person), addressee (second person) and the spoken about (third persons) in a way not always apparent from their surface forms.


Certain acetabular fractures involve impaction of the weight-bearing dome and medialisation of the femoral head. Intra-operative fracture reduction is made easier by traction on the limb, ideally in line with the femoral neck (lateral traction). However, holding this lateral traction throughout surgery is very difficult for a tiring assistant. We detail a previously undescribed technique of providing intra-operative lateral femoral head traction via a pelvic reduction frame, to aid fixation of difficult acetabular fractures. The first 10 consecutive cases are reviewed (Group 1) and compared with a retrospective control (Group 2, n=18) of case-matched patients, treated prior to introducing the technique. The post-operative X-rays and CT scans were assessed to identify quality of fracture reduction according to the criteria of Tornetta and Matta. Operative time, blood loss and early complication rates were also compared. All cases in both groups were acute injuries with medial and/or superior migration of the femoral head. The majority were either associated both column or anterior column posterior hemi-transverse. There was no statistical difference between the groups in age, time to surgery, BMI or ASA grade. Fracture reduction was assessed as excellent in seven, good in three and poor in one. This was not significantly different from the control group (p=0.093). The mean operative time was 232 minutes in Group 1 and 332.78 minutes in Group 2 (p = 0.0015). There was no difference between the groups for blood loss or complication rates. We conclude that this new technique is at least equivalent to using manual traction and early results suggest it reduces operative time and technical difficulty in treating these complex acetabular fractures.


Organizational and methodical work as the basis of management of activity of net and personnel of treatment and prophylactic institutions is estimated as specific sphere of marketing activity. Purposes, problems and directions of development of organizational and methodical work at present taking into account specificity of making activity plans of treatment and prophylactic institutions are shown.


Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is cement composite which is characterized by an absence of coarse aggregate. That resulted in a greater homogeneity of the mixture and thus also in a higher compressive strength. On the other side, the absence of coarse aggregate and typically a large volume of the paste lead to the deterioration of some of the properties of concrete. This paper deals with the relationship between maximum aggregate size and flexural strength of the reactive powder concrete without dispersed reinforcement. Quartz sand with maximum grain size of 1, 2 and 4 mm was used for the experiments. The flexural strength was measured through the four-point bending test on prisms 100 x 100 x 400 mm. Further, the quartz powder and ground granulated blast furnace slag were used as addition and compared with each other. The results of the experiments showed that the flexural strength grows with decreasing aggregate size. This tendency was observed in mixtures with quartz powder and also with ground granulated blast furnace slag. On the contrary, the compressive strength was independent on aggregate size, but dependent on the type of used addition.


The objective of this study is to assess the environmental aspects and impacts of the use of drilling Fluids in offshore areas. Such fluids are of great importance during the drilling operation and have been increasingly cause of discussions around the world, since, depending on its composition, this may be a potential polluter of the environment. With the increase of concern about the toxicity, biodegradability and bioaccumulation
potential of the fluids, specialists have developed new types of fluids that are capable of performing the desired function, but respecting the environmental laws.


This study is concerned with the two-phase flow in a microchannel. The liquids are Newtonian (de-ionized water and sunflower oil) and a Y-shaped microchannel is used. For this microfluidic device, numerical and experimental studies were conducted. The focus of this study is on the evolution of the interface and what happens at it, in terms of stresses, forces and other parameters. By validating the numerical simulations with experiments, it will allow us to go further to the diffusion process and non-Newtonian fluids.


From various reasons,the traditional physical exercises are facing the crisis to inherit or develop.The good chances after 5·12 earthquake should be held for an orderly development and the countermeasures should be taken,namely,make full use of various support strategies and improve the theoretical study through schools' education and games' tourism.Only so can the traditional physical exercises in Qiang ethic group be saved and developed.


The day-and-night cycle, the seasons and the phases of the moon, as seen by Norwegian deaf pupils aged about 7, 9, 11 and 17 years, and by Norwegian hearing pupils about 9 years old, are reported and analysed. The analysis centred around 'naive', 'synthetic' or 'scientific' conceptions. The majority of students of all cohorts were found to hold a 'synthetic' conception. The explanatory power and the inner coherence of the conceptions were also investigated. A high level of explanatory power and also of inner coherence in the models were found. Among the 9-year olds there was no difference in the inner coherence of the conceptions between the deaf pupils and the hearing ones, and little if any difference in explanatory power of known phenomena. The possibly positive influence of the spatial/gestural sign language on the deaf pupils' conceptions of these spatial phenomena is discussed.


This article is dedicated to the problem of artistic text polyphonic organization. The constructions with a vivid form of reported speech as the device owing to which the polyphonic narration is possible, are studied on the basis of N.S. Leskovs narrative The Unmercenary Engineers. The author draws the conclusion that vivid reported speech can be considered as a feature of Leskovs idiostyle.


Nowadays, collective intelligence becomes more and more popular. Despite its high usability, many aspects of collective intelligence stay unexplored. Many companies have recognized the potential of collective intelligence and have begun using it. Prediction markets are the real life implementation of collective intelligence. The fact that prediction markets outperform experts makes it a great tool for predicting the future. In this paper, we try to answer important questions that have to be asked before the creation of a prediction market e. g. "What factors influence the prediction market error and how could this be minimized?". This paper treats the problems more broadly. Therefore, the areas of collective intelligence that have a strong influence on prediction markets are also included in the problem analysis.


PURPOSE: Provided is a manufacturing method of tube compacts with no separation of particle sizes and homogeneous microstructure by centrifugal casting compound granules including powder with wide particle size distribution and phenol resin in the presence of solvent unlike conventional press forming. CONSTITUTION: The homogeneous centrifugally-cast compacts are manufactured by the following steps of; (i) mixing Al2O3 or SiC powder with wide particle size distribution, 1-20wt.%(based on the powder) of phenol resin, and alcohol(ethyl or butyl alcohol); (ii) dropping the mixed slurry into water or hardener-contained water(70-90deg.C), and mixing strongly for 5-30min. to form compound granules; (iii) filtering and washing; (iv) drying the granules at 70deg.C or lower; (v) centrifugal casting for increase of compaction by feeding granules in a mold, adding water, alcohol, or water-alcohol to fill 20-100% of pores formed by granules, and centrifuging at the velocity of 2-100times more speedy than the acceleration of gravity for 0.5-2hrs with heating(80-110deg.C); (vi) holding the compacts at 50-80deg.C for 2-10hrs for removing remained solvent and hardening phenol resin completely; (vii) removing fats from the compacts in inert gas atmosphere or vacuum for compacts with carbon residue, or air atmosphere for compacts without carbon residue.


A model assay for HIV-1 using a non-competitive internal standard in quantitative RT-PCR was coupled with real-time detection of both analyte and internal standard (IS) signals in a closed system. Real-time detection by the PE-ABI Prism 7700 relied on TaqMan probes specific for HIV and IS. The exogenous, non-competitive IS RNA was added in the same, known amount to a series of HIV RNA standards. The threshold cycle ratio from this internal standard calibration curve was used in the quantitation of HIV. Two configurations of reporter labels were compared. The HEX-HIV:FAM-IS system was the most precise, with nearly half-log discrimination over a range of 102 through 105 copies HIV-1 RNA. The FAM- HIV:HEX-IS system was less precise, but more sensitive and resistant to sample inhibition. The analysis of these signals and their impact on the range and precision of HIV quantitation is discussed. The design and synthesis of the fluorescently-labelled probes is also described.


Deficiency symptoms, including anorexia, lethargy, lying prostrate at the bottom of the tank, scoliosis, and lordosis, were noted 20 wk after the start of the experiment in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held at 15 °C and fed a diet with no supplemental ascorbic acid. The apparent requirement was 40 mg/kg of supplemental ascorbic acid; however, the amount added to trout diets should be in excess of this level due to processing and storage losses and other factors. The ascorbic acid requirement for rainbow trout appears to vary with the age and rate of growth of the trout in that the requirement is higher in young fish. Ascorbic acid was noted to function in the iron metabolism of rainbow trout. Liver and spleen iron levels were correlated with the ascorbic acid level in the diet and suggest either a redistribution of iron stores due to impaired release of iron from reticuloendothelial stores or an increase in the efficiency of intestinal iron absorption. Scorbutic trout developed a gradual but progressiv...


At least 20% of breast cancers are characterized by triple-negative receptor status (negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2). Human epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the EGFR/ErbB/HER family of Type I transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors. Nine patients had TN-EGFR-positive with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). EGFR positivity was defined as staining in >10% of tumor cells by Immunohistochemistry. In total, nine patients were enrolled that the mean age was 46.7 years. All patients were from Kurdish ethnicity in west of Iran. Patients received erlotinib 150 mg daily. This suggests there may be a subset of TN, EGFR-positive MBC for whom EGFR-directed therapy may be suitable or that the natural history of their disease was indolent. Future studies to determine molecular and clinical profiles of patients likely to benefit from EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.


Integration of clinical procedures have been shown to help motivate medical students to recognize the utility and importance of basic science concepts and develop independent problem‐solving skills. To date, no studies have quantified the effects clinical procedure demonstrations have on first‐year medical anatomy course performance and retention. The purpose of this study was to facilitate three anatomy learning sessions each with the integration of a clinical procedure. We hypothesized students who observe a clinical procedure demonstration would exhibit better academic performance, retention, and a deeper learning approach. Additionally, we hypothesized that students who perceive the demonstrator to have more clinical experience would exhibit the highest academic performance and deepest learning approach.


The object of this research is the system of taxation of the population, while the subject is the composition and structure of taxes paid by private entities. The author analyzes the two priority approaches towards building the optimal and utmost fair system of taxation of private entities – through the object of "income" or "consumption". Detailed analysis is conducted on the advanced Russian and foreign research on the topic. The author outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach from the perspective of horizontal and vertical justice, individual utility and its discounting. The scientific discussion on the absolute viability of taxation of income and consumption of the population is allocated into a separate chapter of the research. Based on the qualitative theoretical analysis, the author concludes on the rationality of choosing integrated approach towards creation of taxation system of the population. The cornerstone in this regard is the determination of the optimal ratio of consumption and income taxes. For this purpose, the author develops the original methodology based on the scattering matrix of 87 countries of the world, correlation and regression analysis of the indicators of their economic development and tax rates. The scientific novelty of consists in substantiation of the existence of substantial connection between the ratio of taxes on consumption and income of the population and the level of socioeconomic development of the country.


This work studies the role of inorganics in ash-bed material interaction during thermal conversion of miscanthus in fluidized bed. The objectives were (1) to describe the transformation of inorganics at high temperature, (2) to reveal their role in the agglomeration and (3) to provide recommendations for miscanthus gasification in fluidized bed. The main ash forming elements in miscanthus are K, Si, Ca, Mg, P, S and Cl. The ashes are composed of silica, carbonates and salts. The carbonates and salts decompose and volatilize at 700oC, at elevated temperature the dominant solid phases are Ca and Mg silicates. The liquid phase is composed of SiO2, K2O, CaO, MgO regardless of the atmosphere. The accuracy of thermodynamic prediction tool was evaluated with the experimental results. In conclusion, FToxid and FTsalt databases can be used to follow the trends of the main phase transformations at high temperature. The ash-bed interaction was studied under static and dynamic conditions. We found that the wetting of bed material by molten ashes is the key parameter of the agglomeration. The adhesion of particles increases in the order of sand, olivine, calcined olivine. There is no significant difference in the agglomeration mechanism in oxidizing or reductive atmosphere. However, in reductive atmosphere, two immiscible liquid phases can occur and the presence of unburnt char and traces of sulphides was also observed. The ash-bed material interaction was studied under dynamic conditions in a bench scale device and in a fluidized bed gasifier pilot. The parametric investigation showed that the operating temperature has the most significant effect on the agglomeration ratio and the biomass pre washing or the addition of kaolin are the most effective tools to reduce agglomeration risks. During the trials in the gasification pilot the large agglomerates segregated on the grid accelerating the defluidization. Compared to the laboratory tests, the liquid phase is enriched in Fe, Cr and Al.


As our Society has published a communication on Indian phonetics, may I make a suggestion which may perhaps interest students of the Indian vernaculars? We all know that most languages have a musical quality which enables us to recognize what language is being spoken, even if we are too distant to hear the words used, or too ignorant to understand their sense. This characteristic quality is composed of stress and pitch. It has to be acquired by everyone who would speak like a native and would be readily and easily understood. It is not only by the meaning of words, but also by the significant modulation of a phrase that we make ourselves understood. It is very interesting, for instance, to note the change of stress and pitch when a word is borrowed from one language into another. This change is audible even when the borrowed word is pronounced by itself. It is even more obvious when the borrowed word forms part of the significant music of a phrase. So far, I am merely saying what is known to all students of living tongues. What I venture to suggest is that the characteristic modulation of a language may provide useful hints as to its origins and history, that the careful study of stress and tone may be a help to the philologist. This should particularly be the case where a language belonging to one family of human speech has been recently adopted by a race that once spoke a language of another family. It is easy, for instance, to feel an alien, a Celtic element in the pronunciation of English by an Irishman, a Highlander, a Welshman.


Coherent transmission has drastically evolved in the last decade to provide high flexibility to improve spectral efficiency. This yields a point-to-point capacity close to Shannon's limit. In this work, we present the multipoint overlapping optical network architecture in a multi-transmitter to single-receiver context to boost the network capacity. It overlaps two optical signals, partly reusing network resources, here frequency slots of 12.5 GHz width. We show that a joint digital signal processing, based on multi-stage parallel interference cancellation efficiently compensates inter-channel interference up to 39% spectrum overlap with a 1 dB SNR penalty for PDM-QPSK signals. To investigate the impact of the residual interference penalty, we model the proposed solution as an additional power-independent Gaussian-noise term introduced in the transmission. Experiments and simulations have successfully validated the model and the extra penalty is shown to be dependent only on the chosen overlapping given factor. Finally, with such a model, we study the network gains brought by the proposed architecture. We investigate different networking scenarios assuming either 2-slot and 3-slot of overlapping, resulting in ∼20% and ∼40% of overlapping. We demonstrate a network capacity gain of up to 17%.


Accuracy in estimating activity duration is one of the key prerequisites for successful construction planning. Efficient material transportation plays an important role in reducing costs and time. Time measurement and work-study techniques can provide good estimation of activity duration, but forming the databank for various conditions is expensive. The use of empirical models has been developed as an alternative to overcome the deficiency while maintaining a reasonable accuracy. In this research traditional linear regression models and nonlinear neural network models have been developed for predicting hoisting times of a tower crane. It is found that nonlinear neural network models can achieve higher accuracy. However, planners may find that the regression models, which describe the relationship between the variables in more simplistic terms, could allow them to shorten the hoisting times by manipulating the input variables. The results and the merits of the models are discussed.


Objective To investigate the optimal dosage of lidocaine for relieving propofol injection-induced pain. Methods A total of 120 women scheduled for selective artificial abortion were randomly assigned to receive either initial intravenous lidocaine of 40mg, followed by propofol of 150mg (40 women, group A ), or initial intravenous NS of 2ml, followed by lidocaine of 10mg( 40 women, group B ), or 20mg (40 women, group C), or 40mg ( 40 women, group D ) mixed with propofol of 150mg. Results The incidence rate of injection-induced pain did not differ significantly between group A and group B ( 32% vs. 27% ). There were significant differences in the rate of injection-induced pain between group C and group A and between group D and group B, while the rate did not differ significantly between group C and group D. Conclusions The effect of lidocaine mixed with propofol on pain relief is superior to that of initial lidocaine alone. Lidocaine of 20mg is the optimal dosage for relieving propofol injectioninduced pain.

Key words:
Lidocaine;  Propofol;  Injection-induced pain;  Optimal dosage;  Mixed solution


Arcus senilis is depositionin the peripheral cornea and is considered a part of the normal ageing process usually seen in the elderly. However, there is a strong association of altered lipid metabolism and presence of arcus. We conducted a study at our hospital to find out if corneal arcus is an indicator of deranged lipid metabolism or only a consequence of normal ageing process. It was found that almost all patients with 360 degree corneal arcus had deranged lipid metabolism. Since eleveated serum lipids are a strong risk factor for cerebro vascular accidents and cardio vascular disease it is important to study the correlation between arcus and altered lipid profile. As slit lamp examination of arcus nis a simple, easy and inexpensive method to screen patients for hypercholesterolemia.


In previous works on the ratio   (θД – the characteristic temperature of Debye, was calculated according to the Lindemann formula; V – molar volume of hypothetical lattice atoms; γ is the Gruneisen parameter) for the group of dodecaborides (TbB12, DyB12, HoB12, ErB12, TuB12, LaB12, UB12) the average value of γ = 1.3 was determined. However, due to the ambiguity of the coefficient of proportionality in the Lindemann formula by definition θD, the authors selected an independent high-temperature X-ray method for determining the dependence θr (T). Taking into account the immutability of the structure and type of interatomic connection in the temperature interval of the search (293–973 K), the authors evaluated the value and temperature dependence of γ (T) of each dodecaboride separately. The results of the search showed that the value of γ for each given dodecaboride is different, but practically independent from temperature. For some dodecaborides, the parameter γ is about 2–3 units, and for others it is overestimated. The values of γ made it possible to estimate the magnitude of the implicit γβ and the explicit  parts of the universal measure of anharmonicity of dodecaborides , where β – real coefficient of volumetric expansion of the crystalline lattice. Because    (n – dimensionless coefficient of proportionality), then the temperature change n(T) is also determined.


The electronic structures of various sulfur and selenium radicals were studied by semiempirical molecular orbital theory in the form of a parameter theory. The ESR data (g values) were used to determine the actual value of the parameter α, which is the coefficient of the s orbital in the bonding hybrid of the S(Se) atom in the radical. The physical significance of α so determined was studied by investigating some quantum chemical quantities such as valence state energies Ev and bond strengths B as functions of α. As a result, a criterion for the determination of the parameter value was deduced, namely, the selection of that value of α which maximizes B2 | Ev |.From theoretical considerations and experimental data in the literature, the relative signs of the principal values of the hyperfine‐structure tensor of selenium were determined, and the magnitudes of the isotropic and anisotropic components were evaluated.


Adopting a cafeteria plan will allow you and your employees to not only pay health insurance premiums on a pre-tax basis, but also unreimbursed medical expenses, dental expenses, eye care, and pharmaceuticals.


Introducing localization - what is localization? what is localized who are localizing history and future translating software -introduction, Windows, Macintosh translating Online help - Windows help files, HTML files, Macintosh Apple guide files, Macintosh help files, Readme files translating documentation - introduction, translating manuals, translating collateral material, proofreading documentation, creating Online documentation translation memory tools - introduction, Trados translator's workbench, IBM TranlationManager, Atril Deja Vu, miscellaneous localization engineering - Windows, HMTL files, Macintosh, other environments project management - creating quotations, the localization process, communication, structured project management. Appendix A: terminology - glossary types, creating software glossaries, finding terminology, terminology management, standard terminology. Appendix B: localization resources - Web Sites, newsgroups, mailing lists, magazines and newsletters, books, companies.


In distance education, synchronous or asynchronous vehicles and ways are used as the mediums of information transmission. The aim of this study is to identify the students' opinions about online asynchronous lesson videos used in distance education practices. We made use of qualitative research methods in this descriptive study. The study sample which was created in compliance with the purposeful sampling method was composed of 22 students studying at distance education undergraduate programs of a university located in The West Blacksea district. In the study, 'Opinion Identification Questionaire of The Distance Education Videos' which included a series of open-ended questions formed by the researcher, himself, was used. According to the results from the analyses, distance education students stated that videos made their learning permanent, increased their motivation and enabled them with individual learning. They criticize the videos including only slights and sound in addition to the lack of interaction in the videos. Besides, students give advices about making videos accessible for watching on mobile phones, adding interactions and using different video-making techniques. Article visualizations:


One of the most important problems in perfecting chemical coking product recovery technology is the creation of high-capacity, mass-exchange devices which are reliable when used. Devices with two-way lamellar plates (TLP) are promising for specific coking gas component absorption conditions. There is a lack of data in the literature on the kinetics of the absorption of H/sub 2/S by ammonia solutions in industrial devices with such plates. There is only information on the high effectiveness of absorbers with Kittel plates belonging to a similar type.


Every minute of every day, the majority of people in theworld inhale toxic particles that settle in the lining of their lungs or filter through to their bloodstream where they trigger breathing difficulties and exacerbate heart diseases. Repeated exposure over months and years often eventually worsen the impacts of dementia, diabetes, hypertension, lung cancer, andpneumonia. The effect is lethal, resulting in millions of deaths globally every year. In the UK, the most reliable figures available estimate that between 28 000-36 000 people died as a result of air pollution in 2013.


Optical biosensors have gained high regard in the field of drug industry and clinical diagnostics owing to the high specificity of biological recognition elements as well as to the noninvasiveness of optical detection methods. The flexible and efficient use of optical biosensors, however, requires that the user understands their basic physical, chemical, and biological principles as well as the advantages and limitations of these devices. The literature review introduces the fundamentals of biosensing and biosensors, and describes the principles, advantages and challenges related to one type of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device. In the experimental part of the thesis, a multiparametric SPR (MP-SPR)-system was used to measure the optical properties of samples in addition to the traditional adsorption of molecules. The concentrations and purity of protein solutions were determined by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The first experimental part showed the reproducibility and repeatability of a regenerable IgGsensing surface prepared using switchavidin (a neutralized avidin mutant) and protein G molecules. Furthermore, the sensing surface has ultralow fouling ability against some common model proteins. The immobilization of IgG-molecules did not show, however, reliable results. Additionally, the thesis represents a mechanical model for the switchavidin adsorption that is based on the MP-SPR measurement data. Further research could concentrate on the measurement of more complex samples as well as on the development of automation that is based on the represented mechanical adsorption model. The second experimental part studied the applicability of a four-channel MP-SPR prototype into the measurement of fast association kinetics of small molecular weight (MW) drugs. A human carbonic anhydrase II enzyme was immobilized into a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix and the interaction kinetics of three sulfonamide inhibitors were compared with kinetic values in the literature. Only a single inhibitor (acetazolamide) gave satisfying results. In conclusion, the MP-SPR-prototype is capable of measuring the fast association kinetics of small MW drugs, but this requires the very accurate preparation of samples and buffers as well as the proper calibration of bulk responses.


In Zimbabwean schools, it is now government policy to keep the learners in schools safe and learning. The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) has come up with a covid-19 response strategy to limit exposure to the disease and reduce the probability of its transmission amongst learners, teachers, and staff and school communities, minimize disruptions to learning and proposing measures to build back better and safer school environments.MoPSE has introduced various measures to ensure learners" continued right to education, including alternative learning programmes using radio, digital and online facilities and distribution of supplementary reading materials. This change has witnessed the operating environment in schools shifting suggesting the need for a corresponding shift in school leadership practices. It is because of this information above that this research set out to assess the new leadership practices that school heads in Masvingo urban district have adopted to cope with Covid-19.


Objective:To study the relation of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) with carotid artery atherosclerosis in elderly patients with cerebral infarction.Methods:Two hundred and sixty patients with cerebral infarction were divided into normal intimated thickness(IMT) group(n = 24),increased IMT group(n = 62),stable plaque group(n = 110) and unstable plaque group(n = 64).Their IMT and carotid plaques were detected by high resolution B mode ultrasonography.And their serum levels of biochemical indicators,MMP-9 and TIMP-1,were measured and compared.Results:The serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels increased gradually in the 4 groups and were higher in the unstable plaque group than in the other three groups(P 0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that the arotid artery atherosclerosis was positively correlated with the body mass index(BMI),systolic blood pressure(SBP),triglycerides(TG),and lgMMP-9 of patients with cerebral infarction.And the stability of carotid plaque was positively correlated with the BMI,TG and lgMMP-9.Conclusion:Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels are closely related with stability of carotid plaque in aged patients with cerebral infarction.


As a standard working mechanism and working model, Institutional Research is a visible outcome by the cooperation of its domestic factors (university duties, structure, technique and person ) and its outer systems. The effectiveness of the institutional research is restrained by these factors as well. From the theoretic and practical point, analyzed the essence of institutional research and the function of the higher education institute in our universities, the system innovation that realize the higher education by scientific development view is the indispensable precondition condition of expansion institutional research effectually.


In this paper, a homography-based predictive control strategy is presented for the visual servoing problem. Visual servoing play an important role in robot research domain. Nowadays, advanced control laws like Model Predictive Control have been used to solve the visual servoing problems. The extention of MPC into visual servoing has many advantagies. But most of these methods depend on the depth information and pricise intrinsic parameters of camera. In order to avoid the measurement of 3D structure, we thought the homography-based predictive control approach for visual servoing.


Although much has been said on the broad subject of climate change, more needs to be done to increase awareness and address measures which individuals can to take to reduce their contribution to climate change. If large segments of society are willing to make changes, we can expect an early transition to energy-efficient, technologically innovative, and environmentally sustainable society. The beginning is recognizing as individuals the part we play in contributing to this global problem of climate change. This project aimed at enquiring into the level of awareness by staff at the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) Headquarters, Nairobi about climate change. In addition, the researcher sought to find out the measures that individuals are taking to reduce their contribution to climate change. The study was carried out at the Ministry of Environment headquarters Nairobi. Data was collected by using a questionnaire and the analysis done by SPSS software. The sample under study was drawn from the population by simple random sampling technique. The main areas of focus for the study were an investigation into the level of awareness about climate change, energy -efficient lighting, pooling of transport to reduce vehicular emissions and the willingness by individuals to switch to renewable energy all aimed at reducing the effects of climate change.


Aim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning. The current practice to capture clinical indications like tumor from MRI is to review multiple types of MRI separately, which can be inefficient and the tumor contrast is limited by existing images. This study presented a novel approach to effectively integrate clinical meaningful information of multiple MRI to produce a set of fused MRI with versatile image contrasts. A multisource adaptive fusion technique was developed in this approach using limited number of standard MR images as input. Methods: The multisource adaptive MRI fusion technique is designed with five key components: input multiple MRI, image preprocessing, fusion algorithm, adaptation methods, and output-fused MRI. A linear-weighting fusion algorithm is used to demonstrate the proof of concept. Fusion options (weighting parameters and image features) are precalculated and saved in a database for fast fusion operation. Input- and output-driven approaches are developed for MRI contrast adaptation. The technique is tested in human digital phantom 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) for versatile contrast MRI generation. Results: A graphic user interface was developed in Matlab environment. Input- and output-driven adaptation methods were implemented for interactive user operation to achieve different clinical goals. Using four input MR images (T1W, T2W, T2/T1W, and diffusion weighted), the fusion technique generated hundreds of fused MR images with versatile image contrasts. Conclusion: A novel multisource adaptive image fusion technique capable of generating versatile contrast MRI from a limited number of standard MR images was demonstrated. This method has the potential to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of MR applications in RT.


Innovation of public service is a necessity in this contemporary era, due to the complexity of public interest and current development requires creativity and innovation in services. This study aimed to examine the profiles, implementation services and challenges in innovation of social aid service "Sabilulungan" grant in Bandung. This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in a way of searching data in the form of observation, documentation and interview. The results shows that the social aid service of Sabilulungan grant is a kind of radical innovation and its implementation has provided benefits and transparency of services. There are several challenges in the implementation of the social aid service of Sabilulungan grant and this research recommends the need of accuracy in terms of completeness grantee, the data base addition in terms of the receiver's certification of registration, the determination of responsible person of the Sabilulungan social aid grant, the development and refinement of Sabilulungan application. Keywords—Innovation Services; Grant; Social aid


MichiganStateUniversityinEastLansing, said the 3-hour time frame makes clinicians work faster for patients presenting near the end of the window, while putting patients presenting quickly after strokeonsetonthebackburner."Thedata are pretty compelling that the later you come in, the quicker you are treated, becauseeveryone is focusedonthis3-hour yes/no window," Reeves said. "There shouldnotbeanydifference inthespeed, but it is human nature, and the hospital processeswill takemoretimeifmoretime is available." To minimize the human nature components and to maximize stroke care, systems and protocols need to be put in place that prevent such behaviors, said Eric E. Smith, MD, MPH, another coauthor and an assistant professor of neurology at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. To help accomplish this, the heart and stroke association have launched Target: Stroke, a program aimed at reducing door-to-needle times to under 60 minutes. Target: Stroke identifies key time targets, such as performing the initial patient evaluation within 10 minutes of arrival in the emergency department, notifying the stroke team within 15 minutes of arrival, and initiating computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging scans to rule out hemorrhagic stroke within 25 minutes of arrival. Smith added that the low percentages ofpatientsbeing treatedwith tPAwithin 60 minutes of presentation also reflects a lackofconsensusamongnationalquality improvement organizations that this time frame represents quality care. "As a community,wehavenot focusedonthis as a target for quality improvement, and there are a lot of reasons for that," Smith said. "It is achievable, but we need to increase our focus on systems and integration of care."


Morgan1 and Abbasi2 highlight the importance of humility in medicine. Morgan seems to suggest that the phrase "I don't know" is a term to admit the limits of one's knowledge. Abbasi suggests these three words are the foundation of wisdom. Most of …


Nonvolatile amines in fermented ordinary Korean soysauce were separated and quantitated. 1. Tyramine and histamine were detected as nonvolatile amines. Both of them were increased during the fermentation in the soysauce prepared with 22.0% of salt concentration but histamine only was increased in the soysauce with 28.5% salt concentration. Rapid increase of histamine was observed after 80days of fermentation. 2. Two unidentified spots in paper chromatogram which were positive to Sakaguchi reagents were detected. 3. The amounts of tyramine and histamine in fermented ordinary Korean soysauce were much lower than those in Japanese style soysauce.


ABSTRACT Despite the growing importance of foreign market entry in service industries, it has been the subject of few conceptual or empirical studies. Thus, there is a real need for more studies on the entry of service firms into foreign markets. In this paper, we present seven propositions on foreign market entry strategies of service firms. This is done by combining the existing literature with three new case studies. Two different foreign market entry strategies are identified, namely, client-following and market-seeking. The different strategies arise out of the differences in resource exchange network of the firms. The differences between them are more prominent in the early years of international market entry. The study also shows that end users are not the only driving force behind international market entry by firms. Others, such as suppliers, also force foreign market entry.


It is a very well known fact that the energy conditions concerning traversable wormhole (WH) solutions of Einstein equations are violated. Consequently, attempts to avoid the violation of the energy conditions constitutes one of the main areas of research in WH physics. On the other hand, the current literature shows us that noncommutativity is one of the most promising candidates to help us to understand the physics of the early Universe. However, since noncommutativity does not change the commutative results, we also can expect that energy conditions violation near the throat must occur. We will show here that the violation of the energy conditions, described in a noncommutative space-time, has fixed conditions on the angular momentum of a rotating WH with constant angular velocity. Also, we have established a new theoretical bound on the NC constant, �, as a function of some WH parameters.


Also in dairy farming, mechanization has advanced, but milking is a still routine work requiring much manpower. In this study, it was attempted to evaluate labor burdens by examining working posture, heart rate and breathing count in milking routines of the pipeline system and the rotary milking parlor.1) The posture characteristic in the pipeline system was knees bent at an angle of 40-50° while the milking unit was being attached or removed. Backbone was bent at the waist at an angle of 40° when taking a cleaning towel from the cart. When attaching the unit to the milk-tap, an upper arm was raised at a horizontal angle of 90° or more.2) The angles of knee and waist did not shift largely in the parlor system, but the frequencies that raise an upper arm at an angle of 50° or more were higher than in the pipeline system.3) Changes in energy consumption during the milking routine, as calculated by examining heart rate, were fewer in the parlor system than in the pipeline system. In the pipeline system, RMR and the increase in heart rate were higher with averages of 5.3 and 1.7, respectively, comparing 3.7 and 1.3 in the parlor system. Because energy consumptions changed during the routine work and progressively increased as it progressed, the labor burden in the pipeline system is evaluated to be heavier than that of the parlor system.


Hope Theory is a psychological theory which aims to explain why and how people move from identification of goals to pathways setting and action. Developed by Professor C.R Snyder, it identifies pathways thinking, agentic belief (willways) and goal identification as central to the development of Hope. Research into Hope and Entrepreneurship has shown that successful entrepreneurs demonstrate higher Hope scores than others, and as such can expect many side benefits, from increased social satisfaction to better health outcomes. Both Entrepreneurship and Foresight hold an image or intention as central to the success of their endeavours. Hope Theory can inform both disciplines through its teasing out of pathways and willways thinking and the role these play in goal attainment. The intersection of Hope Theory, entrepreneurship and foresight has many interesting implications for both entrepreneurs and educators.


Which is better for learning: Reading or taking a test? Surprisingly, cognitive psychologist Henry L. Roediger III says that for retaining information, testing yourself is often more effective than repeated studying. Roediger has spent nearly 50 years exploring how the human mind works, with a particular interest in learning and memory. Among the topics he investigates is false memory: When someone remembers an event differently from the way it occurred or, in the most extreme case, never happened. He also studies retrieval practice to aid learning, as well as collective memory, which describes how people in groups remember and identify with their shared past. A professor at Washington University in St. Louis, Roediger was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2017. He recently spoke with PNAS about his research inspirations, the imprecision of human memories, and collective memory, a phenomenon he explored in his Inaugural Article (1).

Henry L. Roediger III. Image courtesy of Joe Angeles (Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO).

> PNAS:What initially sparked your interest in studying memory?

> Roediger:My mother died when I was 5 years old. My father and others in my family didn't want to talk about it much, and I didn't know what to ask. My grandmother would tell me stories about how my mother was looking down at me from heaven, but I wanted to keep her alive in some way. So I discovered that if I worked hard, I could vividly recreate some of my favorite memories of my mother. And I worked at keeping those alive by remembering them about once a week for many weeks, and then years. Who knows how accurate they are, but I still have half a dozen very vivid memories of my mother because I repeatedly thought about them over …


In combination with the pile-plank structure roadbed of the ballastless track of Suiyu railway,3D solid model of pile,plank and soil mass is established on the basis of elastoplastic constitutive relation and by adopting the earthquake wave in Tianjin(1976).By using finite element software ANSYS,the dynamic response of pile-plank structure roadbed is simulated in terms of dynamic displacement,the acceleration and the vertical dynamic stress under earthquake load.Analysis and calculation results show that the dynamic displacement and the acceleration respond approximately consistent at different positions of the pile-plank structure roadbed under earthquake load.There is no obvious lag phenomenon.Values of the dynamic displacement and acceleration at the force bearing strata of pile bottom are slightly less than those at other positions.Relative to earthquake acceleration input,the acceleration value of pile-plank structure roadbed response is enlarged.However,the corresponding time lags behind the time of the maximum acceleration value input without exception.Since the stress of the force-bearing plank is disadvantageous at the pile section,the plank section at the pile section needs to be reinforced so as to meet the requirements for earthquake resistance design.The existence of the pile has certain influence on the dynamic response of the surrounding soil mass.But generally speaking,the influence degree is quite limited.


Anumber of studies during the past decade have investigated the comorbidity of mental illness and diabetes. Studies that used structured diagnostic interviews found that the mean prevalence of current depression in diabetic subjects was 14.0% in controlled studies and 15.4% in uncontrolled studies. These rates are at least three times the 3%-4% prevalence of major depressive disorder found in the general adult population of the United States. Investigations that used depression symptom scales found that the range of clinically significant depression symptomatology in diabetic subjects was 21.8%-60.0% (mean, 31.6%) in controlled studies and 10.0%-28.0% (mean, 19.6%) in uncontrolled studies. These findings support an increased prevalence of depression in diabetes relative to the general adult population. Whether depression is more common in diabetes than in other chronic diseases, however, is far less supported by the literature.


This paper presents the way of designing a computer programme made by using Visual Basic, a software which fits ferromagnet experimental hysteresis curves. The application makes use of the equations from Jiles-Atherton model in the differential form. The software itself succeeds in bringing nearer the theoretical and the experimental curves with an average relative deviation which for some materials is under 1%. The parameters which intervene in the model equations are determined with an under 2% precision. By determining them we can draw certain conclusions referring to the magnetic properties of magnetostriction phenomena at a micro level. The programme might be developed and used both to anticipate the magnetic properties of some materials which have not yet been created and to study magnetostriction phenomena.


Elena Voznesenskaya - Candidate of Sciences in History, leading researcher Institute of Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Address: 24/35, Krzhizhanovskogo Str., 117218, Moscow, Russian Federation. e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com The article provides a historical perspective on a key conflict in the development of rural education, which is that it is usually accompanied by rejection of rural labor and expansion of pro-urban orientations and practices among youth. Since the Russian Empire of the late 19th century, throughout the Soviet Union, and into post-Soviet Russia, the government has been trying hard to retain rural population where it is and to ensure continuity of rural youth"s agricultural activities (in the terms of the expert rhetoric of the late 19th century). Education policy makers of the Russian Empire believed that the reason for youth rejecting rural labor was the excessiveness of school education with regard to actual agricultural needs. Such excessiveness was normally fought by bringing down the level of school education attainment and reducing school hours in favor of agricultural education. The same policy, if only otherwise formulated, resonates in both the Soviet and the post-Soviet periods. No constructive solution has been found yet to solve the problems of rural education, and rural schools in particular. The fundamental conflict in such development can only be resolved in the context of emerging new conditions of rural existence (agro-industrial complex, distance learning).


Molecular Dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method that studies the physical movements
of atoms and molecules. For a simulation to be stable it requires little time steps, and each time
step needs a substantial amount of computation. They are costly.
For that very reason they are often calculated in super-computers, calculating and obtaining dozens
or hundreds of trajectories. Once they are obtained they need to be inspected, but the current
methods do not allow for an inspection of the whole set at the same time, taking even longer
In this project we have developed a visualization system able to provide the necessary tools to
have an overview of multiple trajectories, easily find patterns and provide information on detail
about individual trajectories if needed.


A method of treating Parkinson's disease in humans is disclosed, wherein glial cell-line derive neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is chronically administered directly to the SNc and at least one subthalamic region or, alternatively, to the SNc, at least one sub thalamic region, and at least one putaminal region of the brain of a human in need of treatment thereof. In one aspect of the present invention the GDNF is infused directly into at least one caudal zona incerta and at least one postero-dorsal putamen of the brain through indwelling intraparenchymal brain catheters connected to an implantable pump.


Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune assault on pancreatic β-cells characterized by a decrease in insulin production. The worldwide incidence rate of T1D is reportedly increasing. In parallel with the increase of T1D, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) also appear as two risk factors for hyperglycemia. This case report presents a T1D patient with DKA and HHS who was finally discharged after recovery.


In this research, we investigate electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) for low-energy electrons analytically and numerically, which is applicable to ECRH-assisted plasma start-up in a tokamak. From the previous experimental studies, it is well known that the first harmonic ECRH is more effective than the second harmonic ECRH. In this work, we develop an analytic model of ECRH in the start-up process and present comparisons of efficiency between the first harmonic and the second harmonic. It is found that electrons gain a large amount of energy from the waves at the first harmonic resonance up to several hundred electronvolts. However, electrons gain a large amount of energy from the waves only up to ∼10 eV and the energy gain starts decreasing afterwards at the second harmonic resonance. When seed electrons are heated from room temperature to a temperature far above the ionization energy, the seed electrons can bring about an avalanche of electrons. Thus, pre-ionization with the second harmonic can be delayed since electrons need more time to be heated up to the breakdown temperature due to the slow heating speed compared with the first harmonic ECRH.


Automatic identification and its elements are still evolving. One of its areas are 2-dimensional barcodes. They have several advantages over 1-dimensional ones, especially in terms of the amount of information to the code area. We decided to analyse the barcode on the Slovak Post label and replace its 1-dimensional barcode with 2-dimensional barcode to increase the amount of encoded data.


There are many p roblems and shortcomings in traditional 3D modeling tech of environment design, and there is a great room for amelioration in reconstruction method and reconstruction precision. As an intelligent means integrating computer, info network and big data, CAD can create a more experiential and interactive environment design atmosphere. Based on this, this paper first analyses the concept and connotation of 3D modeling of environmental design, then studies the computer-aided environment design, and finally gives the 3D modeling tech of computer-aided environmental design.


This study proposes a technique for approximating high-cost calculations at low cost in embedded systems. Fast calculation of arctangent (as given by atan2) was developed by the proposed technique. Relative to the atan2 standard library function, the resulting approximation is 20 times as fast and requires only one-third the memory.


Mineral weathering plays a primary role in the geologic carbon cycle. Silicate weathering by carbonic acid consumes CO2 and stabilizes Earth's climate system. However, when sulfuric acid drives weathering, CO2 can be released to the atmosphere. Recent work has established that sulfuric acid weathering resulting from sulfide mineral oxidation is globally significant and particularly important in rapidly eroding environments. In contrast, if SO42– produced by sulfide oxidation is reduced during continental transit, then CO2 release may be negated. Yet, little is known about how much SO42– reduction takes place in terrestrial environments. We report oxygen and sulfur stable isotope ratios of SO42– in river waters and mass budget calculations, which together suggest that SO42– released from pyrite oxidation in the Peruvian Andes mountains is conservatively exported across ~300 km of the Amazon floodplain. In this system, floodplain SO42– reduction does not counteract the large SO42– flux from Andean pyrite weathering or measurably affect the stable isotope composition of riverine SO42–. These findings support the hypothesis that uplift and erosion of sedimentary rocks drive release of CO2 from the rock reservoir to the atmosphere.


Purpose – The "advanced loans" module of the relatively new library software, ABCD, is an addition to the normal loans module and it offers a "generic transaction decision‐making engine" funtionality. The module requires extra installation effort and parameterisation, so this article aims to explain to the many potentially interested libraries, especially from the target‐group of ABCD users, why and how to use the module in comparison with the basic loans module.Design/methodology/approach – After a brief history the technical concepts of the software and the required technical skills to use them are described.Findings – The article concludes that for libraries with specific conditions (external user registration, high transactional volumes, multi‐policy) the extra burden of installing the software might be worth the effort.Practical implications – The installation and configuration of the software are briefly described and the possible gains offered by the software are highlighted.Originality/value – Pot...


Sponsored by the Association of Chinese Anthropology and Ethnological Research and organized by Guangxi University for Nationalities,the 2011 Annual Meeting of Chinese Anthropology and Ethnology was held in Nanning city of Guangxi from Dec.10 to 12,2011.Present at the meeting were 409 experts,scholars and participants from 148 universities and research institutes including Tsinghua University,Minzu University of China,Sun Yat-sen University,and the National Museum of China,who contributed altogether 290 academic papers.Under the theme of "Social Transformation,Ethnic Harmony and Sustainable Development",the participants,centering around major issues of common concern such as economy,society,culture and ecology of the ethnic areas,exchanged their ideas on the theories relating to the harmonious co-existence and common development and shared their experiences.


This paper carried experiments on the traditional FCM (Fuzzy C Means) algorithm by using KDDCup99 intrusion-detection data of network and found that when clustering division and isolated-point judgments were carried out, phenomenon of rough division was existed in this algorithm. To this question the paper presented that classifying and describing the distribution of data sets by using of the statistics box-FCM methods. Compared with the original algorithm it didn't need to update the clustering center frequently and could resolve time-consuming problems effectively. Finally this paper combined feature matching with box-FCM algorithm so that network connection data records could be coordinated analyzed. Experiments proved that the detection efficiency of this real-time method was improved noticeably and some new intrusion ways could be detected to update the knowledge base.


FOREWORD The 4th International Symposium for Sustainable Landscape Development (The 4th ISSLD) was a continuation from the 3rd ISSLD which was held in 2017. The symposium was aimed to explore new ideas and discuss interdisciplinary science for Sustainable Landscape Development. In this modern era, landscape development must consider the multidisciplinary approach in facing the rapid landscape changes that have a remarkable impact on human. Disaster, food security, sustainable practices and the advance technologies are among other challenges that need to be taken into account. The main background of this symposium concerns the disaster that getting frequent occurred in Indonesia and around the globe. The nature link-disaster such as tsunami, earthquake and volcanic eruption; the climate-linked disasters which to a great extent related to climate change phenomena; and human-link disasters such as forest fire and land-use changes have threatened the environment and humanity. Therefore, every community must be prepared to be able to anticipate those disasters which can be achieved through landscape preservation, conservation and restoration intertwined with landscape development. The second concern that underlying the symposium is the rise of the fourth industrial revolution that closely related to digital technology. We believe that technology plays a significant role in the processes of landscape research and development, particularly related to disasters and food security. Based on those considerations, therefore, in this symposium, we invited researchers, government officials, academicians and professionals to exchange ideas related to four issues: 1. Post Disaster Management, Restoration, Mitigation and Resilience in Landscape 2. Landscape Planning and Management for Supporting Food Security in Vulnerable Landscape 3. Future Issue and Disruptive Technology of 4.0 in Landscape Architecture 4. Sustainable Landscape Architecture: Design, Planning and Management The 4th ISSLD was held on October 10th, 2019 at the IPB International Convention Centre (IICC), Bogor, Indonesia. This event was organized by the Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. The participants came from various affiliations and countries including Croatia, Japan, Philippine, Malaysia and Indonesia. In this symposium, student participants were encouraged to participate in paper and poster presentation that becoming student competition. The symposium produced 49 papers which are peer-reviewed and published in this issue of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES). We would like to thank all authors who have shared knowledge and ideas through the articles that have composed the proceeding of the 4th ISSLD. Our credits go to the reviewers who have committed to evaluate the papers on time. We would also like to thank the organizing committee, steering committee, keynote and invited speakers, participants and students who have made this event a success. We wish to thank IOP Publishing for making this publication possible. Last but not least we gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the sponsors: IPB University, Food Security Agency - Ministry of Agriculture Republic, and Bank Negara Indonesia. Hopefully this proceeding could bring a new perspective in landscape science and development to reach sustainability. Akhmad Arifin Hadi Editor-in-Chief Editorial Committees, Scientific Committees, Editor Assistant and Conference photographs are available in the pdf.


The main goal of this paper is to derive properties about Discrete Phase Type (DPH) distributions and to provide results which make convenient their use in the approximate analysis of discrete state non-Markovian stochastic systems. To this end, similarities and di erences between DPH and Continuous Phase Type (CPH) distributions are investigated. An immediate di erence is that DPH distributions can represent in an exact way a number of distributions with nite support, like the deterministic. A minimal representation, called canonical form, for the subclass of Acyclic Discrete Phase Type distributions (ADPH) is provided. It is then shown that below a given order (that is a function of the expected value) the minimal coe cient of variation of the ADPH family is always less than the minimal coe cient of variation of the CPH family.


Endorsing complementary stereotypes about others (i.e., stereotypes consisting of a balance of positive and negative characteristics) can function to satisfy the need to perceive one's social system as fair and balanced. To what extent might this also apply to self-perception, or self-stereotyping? The present research aimed to investigate the links between perceiving oneself in terms of a complementary stereotype, and the system justification motivation. In one study, we experimentally activated this motivation by threatening men's and women's perceptions of the fairness of gender relations and examined the impact on complementary self-stereotyping. In a second study, we manipulated men's and women's self-perceptions either in the direction of or away from their gender's complementary stereotype, and examined the impact of these self-perceptions on their beliefs about system fairness. Results support the notion that self-stereotyping is a viable strategy for satisfying the system justification goal. Impl...


This research is intended to analysis of the English summative test for the tenth grade students of SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jakarta in the 2013/2014 academic year. The research method used to analyze the item of English summative test for senior high school are quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative method was used to analyze data of the facility value and discriminating power of each item. The qualitative method was used to describe and analyze the quality of test items.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the etiology of headache in sub-Saharan Africa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: a prospective study of six months duration carried out at the military hospital of Abidjan. It included all patients who underwent a brain CT for headache. The CT scans were performed in spontaneous contrast, supplemented according to the context by another complementary acquisition after injection of iodinated contrast medium. The epidemiological and clinical data were obtained from the patients' examination interview. RESULTS: The total number of our patients was 129. There was a predominance with 52% (n = 67) of women against 48% men (n = 62). The average age was 44 years. The associated clinical symptoms were: motor deficit (30.2%) and fever (11%). In 58.8% of cases there were no associated signs. In 17 cases there was a notion of combined hormonal taking, 20 cases of hypertension and 10 cases of trauma. CT revealed in 46.2% of cases a cause for headache. These etiologies were dominated by stroke (24%), followed by sinusitis (9.3%), abscesses and encephalitis (7.8%) and trauma (5.4%). ORIGINAL ARTICLE Contribution of Computed Tomography in the Detecting of Headache Origin in Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa Kouamé N'goran, Nikiema Zakari, Gaimou Blé P, Boubé A, Manewa Fotso Sorel, N'Goan Domoua-Anne-Marie, N'gbesso Roger Daniel 102 Int Journal of Radiology 2016 March 3(1): 102-105 ISSN 2313-3406(print) Online Submissions: http://www.ghrnet.org/index./ijr/ doi:10.17554/j.issn.2313-3406.2016.03.30 © 2016 ACT. All rights reserved. International Journal of Radiology we carried out this study focusing on CT scanning and investigating of headache symptoms in order to show the role of CT in the management of headache and determine etiologies of headache in sub-Saharan Africa. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a descriptive prospective study carried out over a period of six months (October 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015) at the Military Hospital of Abidjan. It focused on all patients who underwent a head CT scan for headache. The scanning was performed using a brand HITACHI ECLOS 16 slices CT scanner. All patients underwent helical acquisition without contrast medium injection. According to the context (notion of fever or combined hormonal taking or suspect image on the spontaneous contrast acquisition), another complementary acquisition was performed after iodinated contrast medium IV (IntraVenus) injection. Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained through the interview of patients with a survey sheet. The parameters studied were age, gender, traumatic history or not, notion of combined hormonal taking or not, accompanying signs of headache, CT protocol and CT image findings.


Excerpt It is our object in this report to present data accumulated between January 1935 and July 1937, in the treatment of lobar pneumonia, particularly with reference to specific serum therapy. I...