Causes of behavior are often classified as either dispositional (e.g., personality) or situational (e.g., circumstances). However, the disposition–situation dichotomy confounds locus (internal vs. external) and stability (unstable vs. stable) of attribution, rendering it unclear whether locus or stability drives changes in dispositionality. In the present research, we examine the dispositional shift—that is, psychologically distant (vs. near) events are attributed to dispositional (vs. situational) causes. Using construal level theory, we hypothesize that the dispositional shift is caused by a change in stability (but not necessarily locus) of attribution. Two experiments support this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, distant (vs. near) future events were attributed to more stable causes. In Experiment 2, actions by a socially distant person (vs. oneself) were also attributed to more stable (but also more internal) causes. Thus, important psychological manipulations, here psychological distance, can influence causal dimensions selectively, supporting the independence of stability and locus of attribution.


In article the basic approaches to diagnostics of intellectual gifts of schoolboys are considered, results of complex research of endowments of schoolboys of Ulan-Ude in which the problem of intelligence and creativity is considered in a context of personal development of the child are presented. Influence of external and internal psychological conditions on developments of intellectual and creative endowments of schoolboys is shown.


The biology of RNA is quite intriguing. A contemporary discussion and thinking on the plethora of diversity they show in terms of structure, function and complexity demands understanding of the molecule in a blue sky perspective. The multiplicity of their forms from being coding, non-coding and their proven role in therapeutics makes the small molecule pivotal thus opening a new world of ribomics or ribonucleomics. The short review is a humble attempt to put the known scenario in right perspective; it does not endeavor to put copious information already circulating in the webosphere. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a biomolecule which consists of ordered repeats of nucleotide units. The backbone cocktail is a mixture of nitrogenous base, ribose sugar and phosphate moiety. RNA is quite similar to DNA but differs on the parameters of being single stranded, harboring a ribose sugar and thymine being replaced by uracil. DNA undergoes transcription to yield RNA the process mediated by RNA polymerases which is further translated to yield the building blocks of life-proteins. A fine orchestra of RNA and protein assembly is involved to produce life's key molecular machine, ribosomes the site for protein synthesis, which is nature's marvelous ergonomic design. Diversity exists in forms, structure and function of RNA and their crucial role in fine tuning and regulating intricate gene expression and being the genome material of viruses has evoked great interest globally to unveil these molecules. Thus RNA biology takes centre stage of today's therapeutic scenario.


National鄄 or regional鄄scale comprehensive geographical regionalization, including the designation of biogeographical regions, can provide foundational data designed to enhance the conservation of biodiversity and the construction of a nature reserve system and so provide a scientific basis for the establishment of policies related to local biodiversity. The comprehensive geographical regionalization supporting natural conservation has become an important aspect of the field of natural geographical regionalization with the development of nature reserves. Meanwhile, China忆 s nature reserve system has been preliminarily established and is developing rapidly. However, no national geographical regionalization system is in place that designates biogeographical regions, considers both biotic factors ( such as plant, animal, or vegetation) and abiotic factors (such as climate, soil, or landform), and is also designed to provide a basis for biodiversity conservation and the establishment of nature reserves. This study uses a geographic information system (GIS) to first divide the territory of China into 3489 basic geographical units based regional climate, soil and geomorphology. A regionalization of various aspects of biogeography such as climate, soil, flora, animal distribution, and vegetation was conducted for this study. Then, the spatial information used to create biogeographical regions was compiled and converted


The present invention concerns a system for location of items within a facility, the system comprising providing a computer device (2) with information as to said items and as to a location (11) within said facility to which said items should be moved for use, storage or distribution, and illumination means (3, 4), operated under the control of said computer device, capable of illuminating said items and of illuminating, for each item, said location.


We demonstrate on a simple model of an ion-dipole mixture that the convergence of a Monte Carlo simulation at low ionic concentration may be quite slow. For a one molar concentration 105 trial moves per particle are needed for a 864 particle system to obtain a precise estimate of both the ion-dipole and ion-ion energies and the static pair correlation functions. Our results show that recently published Monte Carlo results (1989, Molec. Phys., 66, 299) on a similar system are far from being converged and question the conclusion drawn in this publication on the failure of the reference hypernetted chain equation.


This study analyzes the role of successive regents of the role of the General Governor of Aragon during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, not forgetting their homonyms in the Princedom of Cataluna and the Kingdom of Valencia. The governor was a royal official or royal minister swashbuckling enjoying a regular job and lifetime. To achieve the major powers of the office (the public order, the protection of rights and royal royalties,...), our protagonist was helped by a judicial robes and others lower rank servers. Promptly, as reported in the Aragonese privileges, the office of governor fell to a mesnadero gentleman, a native and resident of the Kingdom of Aragon. The knights of the military orders were required to renounce the habit if they wanted to take over as governor. It was also established that if a ruler of the General Governor became a member of the high nobility should give up that role.


The design and simulation of fuzzy controller used for the space temperature were realized with the fuzzy logical toolbox and simulink toolbox of Matlab.The result shows that the means is simple,intuitive and easily carried out.


Since 2007, workplace based social pedagogic intervention has been taking place in the UK. Until that point, social pedagogy was largely unknown within children's services practice or training. This pa - per synthesises findings from 10 evaluation studies that examined social pedagogic intervention in the form of training and development activity in children's residential care, foster care and related services. The find - ings are presented in relation to four types of impact: on the 'trainees'; on the learning organisation; on chil- dren; and on the wider context. Findings are positive across all four types of impact, but especially so in relation to 'trainees' and children. Social pedagogy appears to validate and reframe practice as reflective, relational and enjoyable which helps children to thrive in public care settings. One key factor in the posi- tive impact of social pedagogy training may be the experiential learning style adopted by trainers.


THE origins of trade have been the concern of economists and anthropologists in the past in order to trace or to relate the present functions of trade to their primeval beginnings and to discover the basic character of this economic usage. While this preoccupation with origins is disappearing from the scientific literature, it is not uncommon to find its implications and assumptions in the more popular literature of business, and particularly on the subject of salesmanship. References are often made to premises concerning the origin of trading as a means of explaining or analyzing the ethical position of modern selling, imputing to present practices in the market place the circumstances and virtues of an assumed primeval genesis. It is, for example, not uncommon to hear trading spoken of as universal and natural. On the other hand, anthropological evidence reveals primitive cultures with a complete lack of competitive trading and with insignificant exchange practices. In the face of these opposing positions, it is desirable to examine the various notions concerning the origins of trading and to appraise them in the light of their usefulness in the analysis of trading in our own society. It is possible to do this without a true chronological history of trading, or without attempting to formulate an organic-evolutionary concept of trading which takes the form of extracting from succeeding cultures certain common characteristics, with the conclusion that these have been passed


Many patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunctions can be seen, however, lesions with organic changes in the condyle which involve chiefly benign tumor and hyperplasia, are relatively unusual. Particularly eosinophilic granuloma of the mandibular condyle is very rare. Clinical diagnosis of the lesions in the mandibular condyle is difficult, as radiography of symptomatic areas is the only effective technique.In the present case, radiographically poorly demarcated bone defect appeared to involve the entire condyle. Computed tomographic radiography and scintigraphic examination revealed that the lesion was localized in the condyle. At that stage, a defined diagnosis was not made, but the following tentative opinions were ventured: osteomyelitis, eosinophilic granuloma, giant cell granuloma, Ewing's tumor and osteosarcoma. Biopsy under local anesthesia was performed. As eosinophilic granuloma was mostly suspected on histological examination of an immediate frozen-section, the lesion was curetted as much as possible.Excision or irradiation are the mainstream of therapy. In the present case, conservative surgical removal was effective. Postoperatively, the temporomandibular joint dysfunction disappeared and the course was favorable.


Cerebral contusions are a subtype of traumatic brain injury that classically result from coup or contrecoup injuries. Common locations for these injuries are the inferior frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Mass effect from edema and hemorrhagic progression are frequent with contusions. Depending on the clinical examination results and radiographic findings, treatment may be nonsurgical or surgical. A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8 or less warrants placement of an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring device. Surgery is indicated in patients with deterioration of neurological examination findings, ICP that is refractory to exhaustive medical management, or imaging findings of severe mass effect. Patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (GCS <13) are typically admitted to intensive care units for close monitoring of neurological examination changes, hyponatremia, hemorrhagic progression, and postsurgical complications. Recovery varies widely, and outcomes depend on age, initial GCS score, size, and location of the contusion.


Housing is a broad theme that may be viewed from different perspectives. This article aims at reflecting on the experience of groups affected by disasters and undergoing social vulnerability processes: they defend the right to remain in their own Place of living in opposition to the experienced threat of deterritorialization. This is about the living experience based on the revelation of meanings that are attributed to the house and to the Place, which point to other dimensions of relations to the space. The Place either reveals the adoption of ways of living and relating to the environment, which, sometimes, have not been chosen, or reveals choices based on reduced possibilities, designing an unequal access to the goods and services offered by the city.


The baicalin in bicoptis injection was determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.The proposed method is simple and rapid,with good precision.The recovery is in the rang of 96.03%—102.4% and the relative standard deviation is 1.24%.


We examine the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth in the United States from 1948 to 1990, in order to gauge the potential peace dividend. Our main results suggest that military spending is a significant drain on the economy. We then examine the implications of a restructured international system for U.S. military expenditures and their resultant impact on economic growth in the 1990s. Simulations of Democratic and Republican proposals for cuts in defense spending suggest increases in economic output of between 2.5% and 4.5% over the period 1993–96.


PURPOSE: To assess the current state of admission policies for underrepresented minorities (URMs) at medical schools. METHOD: In 1997, the author surveyed the admission directors at the 15 medical schools with the largest URM populations. The four categories in the questionnaire covered the makeup of the admission committee, the weights given quantitative factors in admission decisions, the weights given qualitative factors, and the weight given the applicant's status as a URM or disadvantaged student. RESULTS: The 12 responding admission directors provided a wide range of answers as to the makeup of the admission committee and the weights assigned quantitative and qualitative factors. None of the schools gave an exact percentage weight to URM status, although one school added points to a diversity index, which was then used as a quantitative measure. There appears to be an increasing focus on economic and educational disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS: The limited parameters of the study prevent the author from offering definitive solutions. However, the responses to the survey suggest that admission policies are secretive and widely varied. The academic community must consider the reasons behind and the consequences of abandoning a forthright approach to affirmative action.


C.A. MILES, M.J. MORLEY, W.R. HUDSON AND B.M. MACKEY. 1995. When particles in suspension are placed in a stationary ultrasonic field, they form bands of high concentration at half-wavelength intervals. Several theoretical papers have recently contributed to an understanding of the process but, for particles as small as bacteria, there are substantial discrepancies between the different theories, and a lack of published observations.

The threshold amplitudes required to band latex spheres (0.5-5.0 μm diameter) were measured in the frequency range 1–3 MHz and used to establish conditions, reported here for the first time, suitable for banding and moving vegetative bacterial cells in pure culture. Ultrasonic means for separating and concentrating cream and bacteria at opposite ends of a tube containing a mixture of Escherichia coli and diluted milk are also described and the breakdown of theoretical equations at low particle size is discussed.


The first part of this paper offers comments on the current debate within the Catholic church over the point in the development of the human embryo when ensoulment takes place. Interest is not so much in trying to determine the point of ensoulment as in clarifying the concept of ensoulment (animation, hominization) as inherited from Aristotle and Aquinas. This clarification leads to the second part of the paper, a discussion of some problems with the traditional Catholic notion of the soul as a spiritual principle "created immediately…by God".


The Xihuashan granite, famous for the production of large tungsten mine, liesabout 8 km to the northwest of Dayu County, Jiangxi Province. The emergencearea of the granite is about 20 km~2. It is intruded as a stock into the slightly


With a rapid surge in human population, there has been concomitant increase in anthropogenic threats to biodiversity, especially for ecologically-important groups such as insects. With the loss of about 79% of its forest cover, Nigeria ranked as the nation with the highest rate of forest loss in 2005. How these and other environmental stressors affect insect biodiversity is yet to be fully understood. Nigeria, like most of the countries in the tropics is a treasure trove of insect diversity; however, limited information is available on the taxonomy, ecology, genetics and biogeography of its insect fauna. This dearth of  background scientific knowledge impedes successful insect conservation policy and practice. Even though a National Biodiversity Action and Strategic Plan has been formulated in line with the targets of Convention on Biological Diversity, these clear knowledge gaps have to be recognized and filled for sustainable progress to be made in insect conservation. This review identifies the key challenges to insect diversity conservation in Nigerian ecosystems. The need to provide sufficient baseline information on the taxonomy, species distribution and ecology of Nigerian insects at both eco-regional and national scales is proposed. Well designed and targeted insect diversity surveys as well as citizen science programs are suggested as potential approaches to accumulating necessary baseline data to drive conservation of insects in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the country. Keywords: Citizen Science, Distribution, Diversity Survey, Management, Taxonomy


Mixed ungulate species exhibits are often plagued with difficulties stemming from interspecific aggression. Several aspects of interspecific aggression were investigated in mixed ungulate species exhibits at the Audubon Zoolnogical Garden in New Orleans, Louisiana. Success of a mixed species exhibit was found to be correlated with the rate of male-initiated aggression, but not with the total rate of aggression. Neither taxonomic relatedness nor size difference between the species could be used to predict the success of a species pairing. The total rate of aggression in an exhibit was related to taxonomic relatedness, aggression being highest between distantly related species. Increases in aggression were triggered by births, mating activity, and introduction of an animal to an exhibit.


Aspects of Attention that Affect Compliance and General Behavior in Disruptive and Typical Children Holly A. Filcheck Currently, there is some controversy concerning whether praise affects compliance and behavior other than compliance (i.e., general behavior) in children with disruptive behaviors. It is unclear whether it is praise or other aspects of general attention, such as descriptions and enthusiasm, that influences children's behavior. The current study examined the effects of enthusiastic praise, non-enthusiastic praise, and non-enthusiastic description on child compliance (measured by the Compliance Test) and general behavior (measured by the Marble-in-the-Hole Game) in 15 children with disruptive behavior problems and 15 typical children. Results indicated that the participants had significantly higher rates of compliance in the non-enthusiastic description condition than in the enthusiastic praise condition across groups. In addition, participants had significantly higher rates of general behavior in the enthusiastic praise condition than in the nonenthusiastic description condition across groups. Results are discussed with regard to the effectiveness of the different types of attention used in different situations.


What are the political implications of differences in growth rates between secular and religious populations in
western Europe? Dr Kaufmann's paper claims that demographic factors can lead to a reversal of the
secularisation process and to growing religiosity in society even if religious apostates outnumber converts.
The secular population of western Europe might grow through defection from the religious population and
from the minority of immigrants who are secular. But the main engines of religious population growth in
western Europe are more powerful: religious immigrants and higher fertility. Native-born west Europeans who
declare themselves 'religious' form about half the adult population in six north-western European countries
studied by the author.
Meanwhile, immigrants also tend to be more religious and fertile than the secular host population. Western
Europe's population will increasingly consist of (more religious) immigrants and their descendants, and this
paper suggests a number of ways in which this demographic change may manifest itself politically. Ethnic
cleavage between 'native' and immigrant may come to be replaced by a trans-ethnic religious divide between
traditionalists and secularists—mirrored by a widening moderate/strictly Orthodox split among Jews—as has
occurred in the United States since 1968.


In this paper, we propose a method of accomplishing a remote civilian system. All modules in this system, such as encoding, communication, decoding, displaying etc., are developed under the Visual C++ 6.0 environment. For the communication module, Win32 communication API functions (included in Win32 API) and Windows COMM API (included in Win16 API) are adopted. A remote computer acquires the image data through the data acquisition device, such as the pick-up head and the image- acquisition card. The moving picture data collected is first encoded and then transmitted to a center computer through dial up connection. The center computer displays the images on the screen in real time, or saves the bit stream if necessary.


UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT RIO PROPERTIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RIO INTERNATIONAL INTERLINK, Defendant-Appellant. No. 01-15466 D.C. No.CV-99-01653-PMP RIO PROPERTIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RIO INTERNATIONAL INTERLINK, Defendant-Appellant. No. 01-15784 D.C. No.CV-99-01653-PMP Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Philip M. Pro, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted January 17, 2002 — San Francisco, California Filed March 20, 2002 Before: Alfred T. Goodwin, Joseph T. Sneed, and Stephen S. Trott, Circuit Judges. OPINION by Judge Trott COUNSEL Jerome A. DePalma, Las Vegas, Nevada, for the defendant-appellant. David J. Stewart, Alston & Bird, LLP, Atlanta, Georgia, for the plaintiff-appellee.


The rare-earth isobutyrates, Ln(CH3CHCH3COO)3 (where Ln = Er, Tm or Yb), have been synthesized and studied crystallographically. The salts are orthorhombic with space group Pmma containing four molecules per unit cell. The lattice parameters are: for Er(CH3CHCH3COO)3, a = 11.35(1), b = 9.806(6), c = 15.40(2) A, V = 1714 A3 Dm = 1.67, Dx = 1.66 Mg m−3; for Tm(CH3CHCH3COO)3, a = 11.32(1), b = 9.781(9), c = 15.39(2) A, V = 1703 A3, Dm = 1.68, Dx = 1.68 Mg m−3; for Yb(CH3CHCH3COO)3, a = 11.23(2), b = 9.665(22), c = 15.34(5) A, V = 1665 A3, Dm = 1.68, Dx = 1.73 Mg  m−3. The JCPDS Diffraction File No for Tm(CH3CHCH3CO2)3 is 34-1997.


The purpose of this study was to further define the relationship between parental responsiveness and symptomatology in children and to help elucidate qualities that might lead a parent to behave in a responsive manner toward their child. Of particular interest was the parental personality characteristic conscientiousness. The 28 Participant families were from two samples, a clinical sample taken from the University of Tennessee Psychological Clinic and a non-clinical sample taken from a local elementary school. Parents completed an assessment measure of their child's symptomatology and questionnaires designed to measure conscientiousness. Families were then observed interacting for one hour to assess for parental responsivity and child negativity, using an observational coding system. This study did not show a clear link between the personality characteristic conscientiousness and parental responsiveness. However, results did demonstrate that parental responsiveness was indeed predictive of overall symptomatology as well as both internalizing and externalizing problems in children. Additionally, it appeared that parental responsiveness was a better predictor of symptomatology than observed child negativity. This study also demonstrated that clinical and non-clinical groups differed in their level of responsivity, with parents from the clinical sample presenting as significantly less responsive. Findings are discussed in the context of the responsiveness literature. Limitations to the current study, and recommendations for further research are presented.


A multimode theory of whispering-gallery-mode microsphere laser is developed based on the linear and nonlinear semiclassical theory of the microsphere laser. The average photon-number of each lasing mode and the pumping level requirement for multimode coexistence are derived. The comparison between the theory and experimental results shows that the theory can be used to treat the practical problems on microsphere laser.


BACKGROUND : Patients with chronic respiratory disease recived a tracheostomy tube for respiratory support or to clear secretion. The patients or caregiver should know how to care the tracheostomy tube, especially the inner tube. In general taking care of the tracheostomy tube is complicated and hard understand. if the training program can perform effective and accurately, it can decrease complication from secretion blocks and the patient can have a comfortable life. OBJECTIVE : This study's was to compare the efficacy of two types of training program one by new program (DVD) and another by demonstration program of tracheostomy tube care. METHODS : Action research was conducted. The study group consisted of the silver tube patients in ENT outpatient department of Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital from June 2011 to 31 May 2012 and were randomized in two groups to learn tracheotomy care by new program (DVD) and demonstration method. We evaluated by multiple choice questionair at that time and used exact probability test. RESULTS : This study was 55 cases which randomized clinical into 2 groups, 22 cases were train by new program (DVD), 33 cases were train by demonstration method. The high present of score was in new program (DVD) train group than demonstration group how to prepare it. Part and put in back was higher in new program (DVD)group (95.5%/87.9% P-value 0.327) wash hand and take off inner tube was also higher in new program (DVD) group ( 95.5%/75.8% P-value 0.054). But cleaning and boiling inner tube was not different . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION : Although, there was not statistically difference in training program by new program and previous demonstration program. But the data showed better result in new program. Because it can see image in step by step and easier to understand, the nurses can be use to educate patients with the same standard. KEYWORDS : Tracheostomy tube, education program


The utility model relates to a pillow with ring and wings for health care of cervical vertebra in sleeping, consisting of a ring and two wings (at two ends of the pillow), wherein the upper half part of the ring has a two-layer structure; the two wings are higher than the ring by 2-2.5cm and are bent downwards; the two wings are provided with ear-protecting holes; guide flow grooves for protecting great vessels of the neck are arranged under the ear protecting holes; splayed space is formed by the ring and the two wings and can protect the two shoulders; when a user lies on the back, the head is placed at the center of the ring, the cervical vertebra is properly embedded at the lower part of the ring conforming to the physiological curvature, and due to shaping processing, the cervical vertebra can be actively intervened to prevent and treat the cervical vertebra pain. In the cervical vertebra health-care pillow, not only is the sleeping more comfortable, but also the purpose of strengthening the neck, the ears, the shoulders, the brain and the heart is achieved.


Diabetes mellitus is one of the predominant threats., hence monitoring the glucose levels is crucial. Clinically., it is measured using invasive blood tests. However., using photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals it is possible to find the blood glucose values., non-invasively. In this paper., PPG signals are used to predict BGL using relevance vector machine (RVM)., a supervised learning algorithm. Additionally., random forest (RF) is used to predict BGL for comparison. The BGLs obtained are validated using Cohen kappa statistics. RVM performs better with the kappa score of 0.955 with a computation time of 3.720 seconds; whereas., the kappa score of RF is 0.759 with computation time 1.94 minutes.


Moving beyond reform, teacher education programs need to be transformed to better prepare teachers, school counselors, and administrators to teach, guide, and lead in this complex society. Educators must have the skills, knowledge, and commitment to be part of the leadership team that assumes the responsibility for carrying the mantra of the transformational process. This mantra will require faculty to remove the silos within schools and across university campuses and collaborate with one another and key community members to prepare prospective educators who will inherit the responsibility for redesigning America's schools for the realities of more interactive, interdisciplinary learning environments. This article briefly reviews the history of reform and describes several potentially transformative initiatives currently under way to redefine and strengthen teacher education programs.


In order to make biped robot act more precisely and complicated, the method of linear quadratic regulator tracking center of mass of robot and the whole biped robot modeling process based on Whole Body Control algorithm are analyzed. Through the floating base dynamics function, friction cone model and QP formulation, the Roban robot squat is completed based on the drake simulation platform. It is proved that the control method is also effective on Roban robot.


Facilities managers in charge of industrial processes are typically reluctant to adopt energy efficiency measures that affect their core processes—thus creating a stumbling block in an efficiency program's progress in achieving market transformation. The widespread adoption of any new energy efficiency technology in the industrial sector is hampered by perceived risk, high capital costs, and lack of familiarity with a new technology. End users commonly wait for someone else to serve as an early adopter, thus delaying indefinitely the potential benefits the technology could bring to the marketplace. Targeting those early adopters can make a substantial difference in efficiency program performance—and targeting the right end user as an early adopter can constitute a highly productive step toward market transformation. A statewide energy efficiency utility identified such a barrier to participation for a new lagoon mixing technology in wastewater treatment systems, and targeted a progressive system operator willing to serve as an early adopter of that technology for the entire state's wastewater community. The efficiency utility served as a trusted energy advisor during project development, and sequentially overcame the operator's perceived risks by researching the mixing technology in the literature and by interviewing vendors, demonstrating effectiveness at a similar site, sharing the risk of implementation through a structured incentive package, and supporting the measurement and monitoring of the treatment process before and after implementation. This paper analyzes the progress to date on energy savings and demand reduction for the early adopter, and the extent to which the efficiency program has leveraged the initial success into statewide adoption of the technology.


The instrumental nature of legal logic decides paricularity of its teaching. On the basis of evaluating traditional teaching models of legal logic, this paper affirms contructivist teaching model, and discusses and designs a set of teaching methods combining contructivism and legal logic teaching model.


A large number of small-scale enterprises growing, dealing and marketing seed emerged during the economic reforms of the 1980s in Ghana. The enterprises are dynamic and able to produce and market seed, despite limits on the availability of capital. This paper examines the nature of small-scale maize and cowpea seed enterprises in the two regions of Brong Ahafo and Ashanti and describes how actors in the system learn about seed quality and the trustworthiness of people they are dealing with. It explores how farmers get access to seed and how they obtain information on what they are buying and whom they are


A multispiral pregrooved disk has been fabricated by the beam scanning method. In this method, a recording laser beam is scanned by a galvanomirror to trace the multispiral subcircle while the disk continuously moves. It is demonstrated that a 1.6-micron-spacing 6-fold spiral pregroove is recordable by this method. This method achieves a precise track pitch with less than 0.04-micron deviation. Stable tracking operation on the multispiral pregroove and multibeam recording on the 3-fold spiral pregroove were performed.


Objective To explore the expression of MMP-9 in craniopharyngioma(CP) and its clinical signification.Methods With immunohistochemical stains and Image Pro-Plus 6 analysis system,the expression of MMP-9 of 30 cases of adamantimous CP,30 cases of papillary squamous CP,and 5 cases of normal brain tissure(control group) were analyzed.Results MMP-9 was highly expressed in tumor samples.The expression of MMP-9 was high in adamantinous CP veruse papillary tumor,recurrence tumor veruse primary tumors.In addition,MMP-9 was also defected in endothelamal cell with a high expression in solid CP.Conclusion Overexpression of MMP-9 can be defected in every subgroups of CP and distribute in tumor cell and vascular endothelial cells.MMP-9 may play an important role in the regional invasion,angiogenesis,and recurrence of tumor.The over-expression of MMP-9 is valuable to evaluate the invasion of tumor and prognosis of patients.


At this moment PT. INDACO WARNA DUNIA Depo Kudus has not applied information system technology as either the marketing or the distribution, they just serve product order through sales. Systems which now have been running there are still operated manually. People come directly to PT. INDACO WARNA DUNIA Depo Kudus to have registration as the customers and also directly see whatever is served in a catalog book for any kinds of envi paint product models. Meanwhile, for the customer ordering, they should order first through the sales, after that the sales brings up the order to Kudus Depo Office. Therefore it needs Information System of Web Assisted Envi Paint Distribution.
The data analysis technique of making software is using the software paradigm in waterfall way. The method of designing system which was used is Unified Modeling Language (UML). Meanwhile, the programming language which was used is PHP with MySQL database.
The result of this research is simplifying the management of envi paint distribution to be more controlled and more efficient and also making the customers easier in knowing what kinds of paints are proposed so that they can order the envi paints on time and fast through website and every customer can get any order information of the goods through an account which he or she has on the distribution web.


INTRODUCTION Master parts are used in manufacturing facilities to set up comparator-type measurement instruments, which will then be used during production to inspect production parts. The process of "mastering" these instruments is tedious and requires an experienced operator. Also, these master parts are numerous and take up a significant amount of space within a manufacturing facility. In an effort to conserve space, streamline the manufacturing process, and improve operator ergonomics, a new measurement gauge that is capable of fulfilling the measurement needs of the customer, and which does not require individual mastering, is desired.


Nonverbal communication between human beings, draws great attention to its study and research. The paper tries to show the culture difference in non-verbal communication through body language, paralanguage, object language, environmental language. The ultimate goal of this paper is to improve the awareness and let us have a better understanding of cultural differences between countries in the aspect of nonverbal communication so as to help smooth our communication barriers with people of different culture background.


In this article, we develop a theoretical microstructure model of coordinated central bank intervention based on asymmetric information. We also set up a game where central banks will choose whether to intervene unilaterally or in a coordinated manner, and we study the conditions under which they prefer to coordinate. Finally, we study the economic implications of coordination on some measures of market quality and show that the model predicts higher volatility and more significant exchange rate changes when central banks coordinate compared to the case when they intervene unilaterally. These predictions are in line with empirical evidence. Further, the effects of coordinated intervention are, from a social point of view, more desirable than those of unilateral intervention.


Received 28.01.2014; accepted 21.03.2014; printed 30.06.2014 Proceedings of the Seventh Malacological Pontine Meeting, October 5th-6th, 2013 San Felice Circeo, Italy This paper is the second step in a process that aims to asses biodiversity of land and freshwater molluscs fauna of Mount Circeo (Latium, Italy). Forty species of land and freshwater molluscs are listed, three more than in the previous work. A species of Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833 and two species of Limax Linnaeus, 1758 remain undetermined, to date. The presence of Pleurodiscus balmei balmei (Potiez et Michaud, 1838) and Siciliaria gibbula honii (O. Boettger, 1879) are confirmed and this is the known northern limit of their distribution areas in Italy. Moreover, the presence of some species of biogeographical interest has allowed us to formulate some hypotheses on the origin of this fauna, in the light of the most recent theories on the formation of the Italian peninsula.


THE popular conception of a definite cancer age has overshadowed the actual fact that cancer occurs quite frequently in the young. The occurrence of cancer in childhood has been distinctly underestimated and its rarity very much exaggerated, an attitude which really accounts for its scanty mention by most writers. It is my belief, however, that much more attention should be accorded this chapter of malignancy, both by the cancer student and also the clinician. For example, when isolated cases of cancer in the young are reported in the literature, it is surprising to note that these neoplasms are described usually in the terminal stage, or at a period when widespread metastases compel recognition, especially tumors which belong to certain well defined groups. Obviously a great many are overlooked, because it is the common experience that when a single neoplasm in a child is reported, within a comparatively short time a surprisingly large number of similar cases are described. In a survey of cancer in the y...


El Nino-Southern Oscillation related signals (ENSORS) in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (TLS) are the prominent source of inter-annual variability in the weather and climate system of the Earth, and are especially important for monitoring El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In order to reduce the influence of quasi-biennial oscillations and other unknown signals compared with the traditional empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) method, a new processing strategy involving fusion of a low-pass filter with an optimal filtering frequency (hereafter called the optimal low-pass filter) and EOF is proposed in this paper for the extraction of ENSORS in the TLS. Using this strategy, ENSORS in the TLS over different areas were extracted effectively from the specific humidity profiles provided by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission from June 2006 to June 2014. The spatial and temporal responses of the extracted ENSORS to ENSO at different altitudes in the TLS were analyzed. The results show that the most suitable areas for extracting ENSORS are over the areas of G25 (−25°S–25°N, 180°W–180°E) −G65(−65°S–65°N, 180°W–180°E) in the upper troposphere (250–200 hpa) which show a lag time of 3 months relative to the Oceanic Nino index (ONI). In the troposphere, ENSO manifests as a major inter-annual variation. The ENSORS extracted from the N3.4 (−5°S to 5°N, 120°W to 170°W) area are responsible for 83.59% of the variability of the total specific humidity anomaly (TSHA) at an altitude of 250 hpa. Over all other defined areas which contain the N3.4 areas, ENSORS also explain the major variability in TSHA. In the lower stratosphere, the extracted ENSORS present an unstable pattern at different altitudes because of the weak ENSO effect. Moreover, the spatial and temporal responses of ENSORS and ONI to ENSO across the globe are in good agreement. Over the areas with strong correlation between ENSORS and ONI, the larger the correlation coefficient is, the shorter the lag time between them. Furthermore, the ENSORS from zonal-mean specific humidity monthly anomalies at different altitudes can clearly present the vertical structure of ENSO in the troposphere. This study provides a new approach for monitoring ENSO events.


Extra-medullary plasmacytomas are uncommon manifestations of plasma cell neoplasms. They occur most commonly in the upper respiratory tract, the gastro-intestinal tract and the skin, but have also been described in many other sites. We report the clinical and radiological features of a plasmacytoma of the kidney, as this is an unusual site for the solitary soft tissue form of these B cell tumours. Only six previous cases have been described (Knudsen 1937; Farrow et al, 1968; Solomito & Grise, 1972; Catalona & Biles 1974; Morris et al, 1977; Silver et al, 1977). A 75-year-old woman presented in 1978 with a three-month history of low back pain after a fall. There was a past history of a pyelolithotomy of the left kidney in 1928 for calculous disease. Plain radiographs of the lumbar spine showed degenerative changes, but no fracture. However, other investigations revealed an ESR of 62 mm/h, marked rouleaux formation on the blood film, Bence Jones protein in the urine and a monoclonal band of IgG kappa light ...


Excimer laser ablation of metals starts as a thermal process in the -1-J/cm2 fluence range and makes a rapid transition near 5 J/cm2 to a highly ionized plume (for IO-ns pulses). The 1-5-J/cm2 range is of particular interest because it overlaps the irradiance range used to fabricate high-temperature superconductors, diamondlike carbon films, and conducting Cu films. Covered here are analyses aimed at a quantitative evaluation of the transition using a previously described model. The model is based primarily on the thermal (diffusivity and vapor pressure) properties of copper, along with electron heating by inverse bremsstrahlung due to electrons scattering off both neutrals and ions. The analyses provide a good fit and insight into previously obtained laser-induced fluorescence results for Cu', Cu+, and Cu,. Also, the surface shadowing and plasma heating beginning in the 5-J/cm2 (500-MW/cm2) region are clearly illustrated. Introduction


Breast cancer represents the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. In order to reduce mortality, early detection of breast cancer is important, because diagnosis is more likely to be successful in the early stages of the disease. This paper presents a new method for automatic detection of clustered microcalcifications in digitized mammograms. Compared to previous works, the innovation here is that the processing is performed in the coded images instead of the original ones. This new method uses the coding of textures of the mammographic images on the basis of which Haralick features are computed for SVM classification purpose. By comparing our results with those found in the literature, we proved that the method of coding developed does not degrade the quality of the contained information in the mammograms and enormously reduces the computing time of the haralick vector parameters released from the cooccurrence matrix. Furthermore, the rates of classification found by using the coded images are much improved compared to those obtained on the basis of original images. Classification rates enhancements were also revealed by testing our method compared to rank coding method.


Neuroinflammatory processes have been implicated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, and limit the utility of viruses for gene delivery. Here we analyzed 60,212 single-cell RNA profiles to assess both global and cell type-specific transcriptional responses in the mouse dorsal raphe nucleus following axonal infection of neurons by rabies viruses. We identified several leukocyte populations, which infiltrate the brain, that are distinct from resident immune cells. Additionally, we uncovered transcriptionally distinct states of microglia along an activation trajectory that may serve different functions, ranging from surveillance to antigen presentation and cytokine secretion. Our study also provides a critical evaluation of the compatibility between rabies-mediated connectivity mapping and single-cell transcriptional profiling. These findings provide additional insights into the distinct contributions of various cell types in the antiviral response, and will serve as a resource for the design of strategies to circumvent immune responses to improve the efficacy of viral gene delivery.


Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an important complication that is associated with cirrhotic portal hypertension. The etiology is as yet unclear but could be closely related to the hemodynamics of the portal vein system. This paper investigated the hemodynamics in the portal vein model, both with and without thrombosis, as well as the effect of obstructions on the hemodynamics of the portal vein system using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. PVT can probably develop in the inlets of the portal vein as well as the left/right branches of the portal vein because the distribution of wall shear stress satisfies the conditions for PVT formation based upon the simulation of the hemodynamics in the normal portal vein model. According to the above results, geometric models for a portal vein with a thrombus were constructed and the influence of different degrees (26%, 39%, 53% and 64%) of obstructions was studied. In the model with the maximum obstruction (64% blocked), the maximum velocity of portal vein (PV) increased up to twice than in the model without thrombosis, and the maximum wall shear stress of PV in the model with thrombosis (64% blocked) increased up to 9.4 Pa, whereas it was only 1.9 Pa in the model without thrombosis (nearly one fifth of the maximum wall shear stress). Excessive wall shear stress may cause mechanical damage to the blood vessels and induce physiological changes.


The global debt crises and high unemployment rates have sparked the third wave of economic recession. A more sustainable solution is required to address the serious economic situation. Most policy makers are convinced to use entrepreneurship as a catalyst to sustain the economic growth and employment opportunities. In any economy, policies on social, political, technology and economics should encourage long term economic growth. As for dynamic economic situation, creative technology entrepreneurship becomes a feasible alternative. A creative technology entrepreneurship provides the 'sustainability' feature to face the continuous uncertainty. In doing so, creative technology entrepreneurship education plays significant roles in providing university students not only with formal training but also hands-on knowledge and competency to handle creative technology entrepreneurship. The primary objective of this study is to explore feasible alternatives to address economic uncertainty and roles of entrepreneurship development services at public universities. The study interviewed twenty (20) informants - consist of policy makers, lecturers, and entrepreneurship trainers to explore the roles of entrepreneurship development services at public universities in Malaysia. The results of the study showed that the role of entrepreneurship development services has been formally shaped to meet the requirements of the formal tertiary education programme, which may hinder creative technology entrepreneurship development. The study suggests a larger size of informants and a greater scope of the study to obtain more robust, comprehensive and generalizable results.


Based on the insight that eternity can only be determined adequately through the revelation of the triune God, eternity is seen as a concentration of a being which manifests itself in space and time, so that eternal life is not a life devoid of time and space; it includes time and space in the highest concentration.


The invention discloses an automatic registering method for multi-station foundation laser radar data. The method puts emphasis on improving working efficiency of an initial point cloud registering stage, realizes automatic rough jointing by designing new operation flow, greatly improves operation flow automation, simplifies operation processes, lowers labor consumption and shortens an interior-work period. While ensuring registering precision, the automatic registering method disclosed by the invention greatly improves registering efficiency, solves a problem that a conventional registering and jointing process for multi-station foundation laser radar data wastes time and labor, and is poor is precision, has relatively high practical value and provides powerful technical support for laser radar application.


The 1978 Constitution recognizes «the right of foundation for general purposes under the Act». This research examines the rules for determining the object of foundations, assesses the extent to which they actually meet with general interest purposes and examines the powers conferred on the protectorate in order to check that such purposes. The finding of the existence of a significant number of foundations with little or no activity and foundations, and, on the other hand, foundations that seem not to comply with a general interest, invites reflection on the exercise of its powers by the Administration and the possible inadequacies that our system can arise in this connection.


Cardiac fibrosis (CF) is a key factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the deadly syndrome of heart failure (HF). Recent emerging data demonstrate a role for T cells in pro‐fibrotic cardiac repair and healing post‐ischemia. However, very little is known about how T cells directly impact cardiac fibroblasts (CFB) to promote CF and cardiac dysfunction in non‐ischemic HF. Recently, we reported that T cells infiltrated the left ventricle (LV) of the heart in patients with end‐stage non‐ischemic HF, and also in the mouse model of non‐ischemic HF induced by thoracic aortic constriction (TAC). Interestingly, mice deficient in T cells (TCRα−/− mice) are protected from cardiac fibrosis (CF) and cardiac dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesize that T cells activated in such context orchestrate the activation and differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. To test this hypothesis, we first co‐cultured adult CFB with T cells isolated from mice 4 weeks post TAC or Sham surgery. TAC but not Sham T cells firmly adhered to CFB and mediated myofibroblasts transformation as demonstrated by increased α‐SMA fluorescent expression. Co‐culture of various CD4 T cell subsets with CFB demonstrated that Th1 effector T cell subset, in contrast to naïve T cells, adhered directly to CFB through alpha 4 integrin and mediated myofibroblasts transformation in a TGFβ dependent manner. Moreover, adoptive transfer (AT) of effector Th1 cells, but not naïve T cells into TCRα−/− mice at 48 hours and 2 weeks post TAC surgery exclusively induced perivascular fibrosis that co‐localized with T cell and leukocyte infiltration and TGFβ expression. AT of Th1 cells also induced LV contractile and systolic dysfunction and a shift in the fetal gene expression of the myosin heavy chain α toβ which occurs in pathological cardiac remodeling. Taken together, these findings identify a novel role for Th1 cells in cardiac fibrosis and function and may provide innovative insights in the treatment of chronic non‐ischemic HF.


Abstract : A bearing alloy containing 30% bismuth and 70% lead is described. Sleeve bearings with bushings made of this alloy, coupled with the bushings on a shaft made of 1Kh18N12 steel, for example, when lubricated with 12% sulfuric acid or 36% phosphoric acid with a specific pressure of 3 to 4 kg/sq cm and increased revolutions (up to 3000 rpm), had high corrosion resistance, good running-in, and assured relatively long operational efficiency.


We investigate wage and productivity profiles in the Ghanaian Manufacturing sector using matched firm and worker data. Following Medoff and Abraham (1980, 1981), we use performance appraisal as our measure of individual productivity. Controlling for a wide range of human capital variables, including cognitive skills, we find that on average wage profiles do reflect productivity profiles. However, wages are steeper in large and unionized firms. This suggests that human capital theory holds for small and non-unionized firms, but that not hold for large and unionized companies.


The study was aimed at studying the factors influencing sheep farming in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. Cobb-Douglas type of production function was used to achieve the set objective of the study. The flock size exhibited highest contribution in increasing the returns in sheep farming compared to the other variables. Grazing costs consistently influenced negatively on the gross returns on all types of farms. Veterinary expenditure had positive and significant influence on large farms only. The study indicated the scope to reorganize the input factors which were irrationally used.


Spectroscopic studies of the hydrolysis of heterometallic alkoxides,
M[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 , M=La, Ce, suggest that
they do not dissociate during the early stages of hydrolysis. Gels from
these heterometallic alkoxides can be prepared by two methods (i) direct
hydrolysis in Pr
 i
OH, and (ii) peptization with acetic acid.
Changes that occur in the structure and surface properties of gels during
heat treatment are monitored by BET surface area measurements and X-ray
powder diffraction (XRD) studies. No crystalline phase is observed below
500 °C in xerogels derived from La[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4

]
 3
 and Ce[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 or
their mixtures. The XRD of the gel derived from
La[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 shows diffraction peaks
at 900 °C due to LaAlO
 3
 . Cerium oxide starts to separate
out at 600 °C in xerogels prepared from
Ce[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 , and at 700 °C in
xerogels prepared from mixtures of La[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4

]
 3
 and Ce[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 . Raman
spectra of the gels prepared from the mixtures of
La[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 and
Ce[Al(OPr
 i
)
 4
 ]
 3
 show that the
CeO
 2
 crystallite sizes are >100 A, and CeO
 2

 , in fact, contains lanthanum in a mixed fluorite structure.
High-resolution electron microscopy confirms that the lanthanum is part of
the CeO
 2
 fluorite structure even in lanthanum rich areas. X-Ray
photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis of the lanthanum containing
gels, heated to 500 and 1000 °C, shows a peak at 836.5 eV for La
3d
 5/2
 , which could be due to the presence of
M–O–Al type bridges in the samples. The contribution of
µ‴ in the Ce 3d peaks suggests that both oxides,
CeO
 2
 and Ce
 2
O
 3
 , are present in cerium
containing gels. The presence of lanthanum does not affect the
distribution of Ce
 III
 and Ce
 IV
 in our
samples.


Neutral beam injection heating is a prime contender for heating TNS. However, injection into a full bore high density plasma during start-up will not give adequate beam penetration even with deuteron energies up to 300 keV and Z/sub eff/ < 1.5. But low density start-up may be feasible with deuteron energies of approximately 150 keV if advantage is taken of the ..cap alpha..-heating and flux surface shifts which occur when ..beta.. is increased.


Abstract The pressure dependences of electrical resistance, Hall coefficient, charge carrier mobilities, and magnetoresistance of the Cd_3As_2–20 mol % MnAs composite are investigated at pressures up to 9 GPa. The pressure dependences of all the listed properties exhibit features related to phase transitions. The presence of pressure-induced negative magnetoresistance is registered.


Much recent study of Joel has been concerned with its setting within the 'Book of the Twelve' Minor Prophets. This article assesses this develop ment, noting especially the relevance of studies of inner-biblical exegesis and intertextuality. New questions relating to the unity of the book are con sidered. The distinctive literary features of Joel are assessed, with particular reference to its place in the development of Second Temple Judaism. Vari ous understandings of the locusts are noted, plus the importance of 'the day of the Lord'. Finally, brief attention is given to the history of interpretation of Joel, especially in the New Testament.


The close connection between norms and motives that is characteristic of Hume's moral theory threatens to break down when it comes to the political matter of justice. Here a gap arises between the moral approval of justice, which is based on its utility, and the desires that motivate just action, which utility cannot fully explain. Therefore the obligation to justice may seem to be motivationally unsupported. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that, for Hume, no obligation can arise unless a normally effective motivation exists for it. In addition to disabling just action, then, the motivational deficit threatens to undercut the normative status of justice as a virtue. A solution to this dilemma lies in what Hume calls the "immediately agreeable" condition of "integrity" or "character." The agreeableness of integrity indirectly confers upon justice a luster that makes it attractive and obligatory even when it does not actually serve the interests of individual or society, and when self-interest and sympathy fall short in sustaining compliance.


Flipped classrooms reverse traditional lecturing because students learn content before class through readings and prerecorded videos, freeing lectures for hands-on activities and discussion. However, there is a dearth of literature in marketing education addressing flipped classrooms. This article fills this void using grounded theory to develop a student-centered framework for implementing flipped classrooms into marketing education. Exploratory videographic analysis of publicly available videos (N = 6) describes experiences of nonmarketing educators who have implemented flipped classrooms. This supports a framework for transitioning flipped classrooms into marketing education. Flipped teaching, learning, and assessment ideas for marketing educators are provided.


A high-performance,low-price alarm host system with virtual keyboard and console PC is designed for the management of the isolated alarm host systems.The implementations of both hardware and software of the system,the communication protocol between alarm host and virtual keyboard,and the network exception handles mechanism using half-baked TCP/IP are presented.The test results of the system prove that it can perform well in the management of the network.


A dynamics of relativistic electron beams in a single layer cylindrical waveguide with dielectric filling is investigated. The computer code is developed based on mathematical expressions for the analysis of the radial dynamics. Influence of both wake fields and a focusing system on bunch dynamics are analyzed.


An ESR study (at Q-band) is presented of Cu(II) doped (2%) α-bis (thiosemicarbazide) Ni(II) sulphate trihydrate, containing N and S ligands in a rhombic planar arrangement. The magnetic parameters of the spin Hamiltonian, including the principal values of the hyperfine tensor at the nitrogen atoms, have been determined. The angles between the g-principal directions of the two magnetic ions have been measured. Their values are close to those of the angles, deduced from crystallographic data, between the corresponding bond-directions of the Ni(II) complexes. From the extrahyperfine splitting data it is possible to conclude that the ground state is essentially d. Implications concerning the hybridization and the covalent character of the CuN bonds are also discussed.

On presente un etude ESR (Q-band) de Cu(II) delaye (a 2%) α-bis (thiosemicarbazide) Ni(II) sulfate trihydrate, contenant atomes N et S en un arrangement rhombique. On a determine les parametres magnetiques de l'Hamiltonien de Spin comprenant les valeurs principales du tenseur hyperfine aux atomes d'azote. On a mesure les angles entre les directions principales de g relatives aux deux ions magnetiques. Leurs valeurs sont pareilles aux valeur des angles, deduites des donnees cristallographiques, entre les correspondantes directions de liaison des complexes du Ni(II). Procedant de donnees de structure extrahyperfine, on peut conclure que l'etat fondamental est essentiellement d. On a měme examine les implications au sujet de l'hybridation et du caractere covalent des liasons CuN.


General statistical ensembles in the Hamiltonian formulation of hybrid quantum-classical systems are analyzed. It is argued that arbitrary probability densities on the hybrid phase space must be considered as the class of possible physically distinguishable statistical ensembles of hybrid systems. Nevertheless, statistical operators associated with the hybrid system and with the quantum subsystem can be consistently defined. Dynamical equations for the statistical operators representing the mixed states of the hybrid system and its quantum subsystem are derived and analyzed. In particular, these equations irreducibly depend on the total probability density on the hybrid phase space.


An arbitrary depth is assumed for the sheet pile. The lateral forces on both sides of the pile are equalized graphically which satisfies one equation of equilibrium. The moment equation is not satisfied which produces residual moment. Such residual moment is calculated for three different depths and plotted against the assumed depths. The right depth is obtained at zero residual moment from the graph. This method is much simpler than the conventional method and yields results which are just as accurate. It has even a greater appeal in the assumption of nonlinearity of soil lateral pressure, for which none of the known methods—Conventional Method, Blume Method, Free Earth Support Method and Fixed Earth Support Method—offer any solution.


Some terms such as "life," "love," and "reality" defy adequate definition when relentlessly pursued through all their subtleties and complex exceptions. They are essential terms nevertheless and normal conversation would be impossible if each term were to bear its load of nuances and logical traps. So too the term "gene" presents a difficulty for simple definition when each generation of scientists finds new difficulties with older definitions that sufficed. For normal discourse the gene is the unit of heredity associated with a specific transmissible trait. In that vague sense it permits students to follow Mendel's laws; it enables geneticists to design genetic schemes for inserting or combining a variety of genetic traits in plasmids, fruit flies, maize, or humans; and it gives counselors the satisfaction that clients can grasp what will happen to their offspring if they reproduce with their spouses. For the scientist trying to understand how genes work, what they are associated with, and how they are organized both chemically and structurally, this simple level of the gene as the unit of heredity breaks down. It broke down as early as 1910 when the new term "gene" was competing with its sibling synonyms "unit character," "unit factor," "factor," "character unit," or Mendel's (1966) own "elemente." The term "gene" arose from Darwin's (1 868) provisional theory of pangenesis, an erroneous theory of heredity, somewhat Lamarckian, that proposed minute units, gemmules, that floated from cell to cell and ended up as composites in the germinal tissue. De Vries took over the theory some 20 years later and developed a concept of "intracellular pangenesis." The units (now renamed "pangenes") had the property of mutation, and vari-


The difficulty of evaluating integers and polynomials has been studied in various frameworks ranging from the addition-chain approach [5] to integer evaluation to recent efforts aimed at generating polynomials that are hard to evaluate [2,8,10]. Here we consider the classes of integers and polynomials that can be evaluated within given complexity bounds and prove the existence of proper hierarchies of complexity classes. The framework in which our problems are cast is general enough to allow any finite set of binary operations rather than just addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The motivation for studying complexity classes rather than specific integers or polynomials is analogous to why complexity classes are studied in automata-based complexity: (i) the immense difficulty associated with computing the complexity of a specific integer or polynomial; (ii) the important insight obtained from discovering the structure of the complexity classes.


Nowadays, terminals with multiple interfaces are widely used to meet the demand of users in terms of ongoing connectivity. Nevertheless, many issues arise in the use of such devices on the choice of interfaces and channels used for each flow. In this context, several works have been done to study the MRMCN (Multi Radio and Multi Channel Networks). Some of them studied the scheduling process into queues but our work is focused on the scheduling of transmitter interfaces versus receivers interfaces. In this paper, we have focused on WLMN 802.11s (Wireless LAN Mesh Network). We have presented a brief review of scheduling algorithm and then proposed our approach, based on dWRR (Dynamic Weighted Round Robin) Algorithm, for sharing one reception interface by several transmission interfaces. Results show that our approach have not only added the services differentiation and avoided network starvation but also increased the QoS by reducing End to End Delay and Packet Loss Ratio.


Three-wedged nozzle was used to control turbulent structures generated form circular orifice. Experimental data were acquired with HWA and processed with spectrum analysis and wavelet transform. Similar results were obtained that relatively large structures are dominated at the exit edges for both circular jet and 3-wedge jet. Much higher frequency signals presenting small structures are detected near the core region. Compared with circular jet, the structures of higher frequency in 3-wedge jet show that the tabs on the exit nozzle make turbulent mixing efficient at relatively small scales. The frequency of vortex shedding at the tip of the wedge was obtained and it is consistent with the theoretical value.


Supercontinuum spectrum generation by femtosecond laser pulses propagating in transparent liquids with different band gap thresholds is investigated. As the laser energy increases, the laser spectrum is strongly broadened and modulated, and finally a supercontinuum spectrum can be observed. The spectral broadening can be mainly attributed to the optical Kerr effect at low laser energy and the plasma created by the multiphoton excitation of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band at high laser energy. It is found that the spectral broadening and modulation strongly depend on the band gap threshold Egap of the medium.


In the past 15 years, communication research has explored in a number of ways the relationship of decision-making to communication and public opinion. Carter (1965) provided the original paradigm which suggested some theoretical bases for the work of Edelstein (1969, 1973, 1974, 1980, 1981), Grunig (1965, 1969, 1976) and Stamm and Grunig (1979). Edelstein (1969) reported the first application of the Carter paradigm to public opinion and decision-making in his work on Vietnam, and later in Yugoslavia on the relationship of decision-making to mass communication. In this comparative study, respondents were asked to describe national and world problems and their solutions in a decision-making context. One of the striking features of the conceptual approach was that it permitted individuals to talk about focal objects that were salient to them as individuals. Given that the focal object was &dquo;most important&dquo; for each


In this paper, we present an extension to the classical SIR epidemic transmission model that uses any general probability distribution for the length of the infectious period. The classical SIR model implicitly requires an exponential distribution for the length of this period of time. We will show how a general distribution can be easily taken into account using the Transient Little Law and present numerical methods to solve the model in an efficient way. Our numerical experiments show that in the presence of a more realistic distribution, with lower variability than the exponential distribution, the size of peak of infected individuals on the graph will be higher and occur earlier. Conversely, a higher-variability distribution will lead to a lower peak that takes longer to dissipate. We also discuss some extensions to the basic model, to include variants like SEIRD and SIS. These findings should have profound and important consequences in the design of public policy.


ware (QTC-Multiview), and to evaluate this significance related to vessel speed as a proxy for data density. A complex 2-km 2 area of Stanton Banks, UK, was selected as the test site for the study. The area was insonified using a Kongsberg Simrad EM1002 MBES at perpendicularly opposing orientations, at two different vessel speeds within the same 24-h period. The classifications displayed 53% (k ¼ 0.396) similarity at 4 m s 21 and 49% (k ¼ 0.342) at 2 m s 21 from opposing orientations. Common orientations at different speeds were 68% (k ¼ 0.583) similar (east– west) and 53% (k ¼ 0.384; north – south). Most of the variation was in topographically complex areas, which coincided with shallow depths (,60 m). Meteorological and oceanographic conditions at the time the data were collected were evaluated as having had the potential to influence the outcome of the classifications. Interpretation of the results suggests that the orientation at which insonification occurs has a greater ability to influence the classification result than vessel speed using an image-based technique.


The control of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani still remains a challenging problem. Due to limitations of available therapies, search for new antileishmanial agents becomes necessary. India, being rich in traditional medicinal plant species, provides good opportunity for exploration of new, effective and safe antileishmanials.  The seeds of Abutilon indicum, a herbaceous plant commonly known as Thuthi and used as a remedy for jaundice, piles, ulcer and leprosy, were evaluated for the first time for its antileishmanial activity.  The crude methanolic extract and two of its four fractions - n-hexane and n-butanol were found to be highly active against Leishmania promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. When administered orally to L. donovani infected hamsters the extract and its two fractions at a dose of 500 mg/kg x5 days exhibited ~75% efficacy. The results suggested towards the potentiality of this plant's seeds as a source of new antileishmanial leads for further investigations.


We measured optical absorption and time resolved photoluminescence decay properties of the PPV nanotubes and nanowires which were prepared by CVD polymerization using templates. When compared with bulk PPV films, their nano objects showed different optical properties, long photoluminescence decay time and higher photoluminescence efficiencies.


Introduction  Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder associated with mutations of the MEN1 gene and characterized by the combined occurrence of tumours of the parathyroid glands, the pancreatic islet cells and the anterior pituitary.


This paper presents the integration of Inertia Navigation System and Global Position System (GPS) using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The nonlinear system model is used because linearized system models introduce errors in high dynamic environments. The navigation performance and robustness of the proposed algorithm are also compared with that of the extended Kalman filter (EKF). To enhance the navigation performance, the non-holonomic constraint is applied to the UKF and it is found that the robustness of system is better than before when the GPS signal outages.


In this work, the first and second Gaursat functions for an unbounded plate with two curvilinear holes are deduced using the complex variable technique. The two holes in all previous works are conformally mapped outside the unit circle. In the presence of an initial heat flow perpendicular to the plate, these are conformally mapped into the unit circle. The holes take on a variety of shapes, allowing this study to be applied to a wide range of situations, including caves, tunnels, and excavations in solids or rocks. The physical meaning of stress components is investigated by obtaining and plotting them. The various forms are received using Maple 2019. There are several applications that are studied and discussed.


Alzheimer's disease: Activityfocused care by Carly Hellen embraces the philosophy that, "A person's response to life's stimuli, within or outside of himself or herself, becomes his or her current or momentary activity." Within all the pages of this valuable little book, Hellen weaves this approach throughout all 13 chapters, while also stressing positive affirmation. This book is refreshingly different. Instead of listing imposed activities such as ball-tossing, singing, clapping, etc., Hellen writes about normalization activities to create a purposeful use of time. These activities would be adapted from tasks the residents (of nursing facilities) wouldbe doing ifthey did not have dementia. In order to stimulate wellness, Hellen suggests shifting the focus from doing an activity for the resident, to allowing independent involvement. Hellen states: "An Alzheimer activity, which meets the outlined objectives and criteria, is a basis for a positive, holistic quality of life. The cognitive, physical, and psychosocial needs of the resident are assessed individually. The environment, time of day, presence of other persons, and the resident's general well-being are a few of the factors to be taken into account. Even the weather can influence a response positively or negatively." For those people who work on a day to day basis-or for those who live with someone with dementia, the chapter on creatively refocusing behaviors is a necessity. Here Hellen is a veritable voice of reason. She states: "We all have behaviors. They are demonstrations of who we are and how we communicate our response to daily living. We are sometimes more accepting and less critical, sometimes not. Our flexibility can vary based on how comfortable we are with ourselves, others, and our surroundings...Persons with dementia need to be offered the same open-minded and flexible approach." Creating re-focusing behaviors requires that the caregiver understands what is happening and hopefully, why. While Hellen admits the 'why' of the assessment can be difficult if not impossible to put one's caring finger on, she offers a very useful tool to outline or diagram a behavior. Based on what, why, who, where, when and what now, the tool is meant to gather information to help in the selection of a change or response. The author writes: "Knowledge and skills in communication, breaking down and simplying tasks, distraction techniques, and supporting positive activities are the tools to carry out the required changes and give needed assistance." This chapter also has very basic and clear sections on sundowning, wandering, as well as catastrophic reactions. Hellen supports her information with case studies and examples, while she admits that understanding behaviors of persons with dementia requires patience, clear thinking, and the willingness to use observation. Although overall I found this book to be meaty and valuable, my favorite chapter deals with the psychosocial aspects of support. This chapter alone should be required reading for all those people who live and work with individuals suffering with dementia. When the author writes about a compromised and impoverished self-image leading to the lack of a peaceful life-I thought, "Isn't this what Alzheimer's disease is all about?" The fact is that living with this disease can become a veritable nightmare! This worthy chapter is filled with phrases such as 'enhanced care', 'positive affirmation', and 'therapeutic environment'. Hellen writes: "Residents with dementia have the same emotional needs as others to feel that they are accepted and 'belong'." Hellen believes that the ability to find enjoyment and to participate in a socially supportive atmosphere can remain throughout nearly the entire course of the disease. The fact is that resident's feelings need to be recognized and not ignored. The value of a hug or softly spoken words are validated in this book. The author advocates treating the person afflicted with dementia as a person of worth. Personally, I was very glad to see an entire chapter devoted to emotional needs and the promotion of self-esteem, although it was the first time I have seen a written description of the 'therapeutic fib' so widely used by caregivers. Other chapters deal with eating, spirituality, terminal care, the use of restraints, communication and reminiscing kits. The appendices are invaluable. In fact, I would recommend that all of the over 200 chapters of the Alzheimer's Association consider having this book as part of their lending library. Support group leaders, nursing home personnel, Alzheimer professionals and para professionals could all benefit from such a well-written and on-target book. Family members could also benefit as, "understanding and caring for persons with dementia requires our awareness and therapeutic response to 'being' and to 'doing' activities...Life, according to Hellen, exists in the activities of being and doing."Ll


Employers want workers to be as healthy as possible, to reduce absenteeism and to boost productivity. The challenge is getting employees to adopt healthy behaviors, a daunting task in our obesogenic society, which promotes a sedentary lifestyle and a diet high in saturated fat, sodium, and sugar. We are seeing an epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes, two preventable diseases that impair quality of life and increase healthcare costs. Rogers' Diffusions of Innovations (DOI) theory explains how and why people adopt new behaviors. Rogers observed how some workers were resistant to change. He categorized people according to how long it took them to adopt an innovation. He found that certain attributes were characteristic of early adopters, the opinion leaders that organizations need to win over to facilitate acceptance of an innovation. This chapter explores how DOI theory can be applied to the workplace to promote healthy behaviors.


The summer of 1988 saw the closure of a once royal hospital. Preston Royal Infirmary had stood so firmly both in imperishable brick and in the affection of the town's residents that few expected to witness its demise. My connec? tion with it over the years called for an obituary, albeit an entirely personalised appreciation. In 1869 the old infirmary in Preston, newly upgraded and refurbished, became the Preston and County of Lancaster Royal Infirmary with Queen Victoria as its patron. On 25 April 1988, stripped of regal title, demoted to commoner as Preston Infirmary, the old hospital finally closed its doors to patients. My memories do not date back to its origins but the old hospital features in the earliest of recollections. The first encounter could easily have been the last. Tonsil lectomy was followed by a devastating gastroenteritis. While neither of these two events had a lasting effect on a moderately resilient 4 year old, the hospital room mate was a different matter. A small boy sat in bed, his head swathed in bandages, and he viewed with obvious longing the small stack of comics on my bed. The swathed child coveted, I resisted; a domineering umpire in uniform stripes divided the prize. Triumphantly the boy grabbed his gains and promptly tore his into pieces. Subsequently the remaining comics vanished. For years I believed that the nursing staff had the comics hidden in some secret cupboard, and on each subsequent visit I hoped to reclaim them. There were plenty of return visits. Father came to Preston in 1925-6 as resident surgical officer then returned as an assistant surgeon, doubling this post with general practice. In those days it was still possible to gain the FRCS while coping with the daily workload. Christmas meant sorties to the children's wards with presents, including brightly gleaming sixpenny bits, which had purchas? ing power of half to three quarters of a pound of chocolate. Other chores were garden parties. Photos of a bad tempered child presenting bouquets to uniformed nursing worthies suggest that the loss of the comics still rankled. The advent of the NHS saw father's departure from the surgical staff. He chose general practice as a preferred option, retir ing at the age of 71 but continuing to conduct medical examinations until his 80s. Cele? brating his 88th birthday this year with enthusiasm, the oldest surviving infirmary consultant, he attended the closing ceremony with other friends from the past.


This paper proposes a vector error diffusion method for smear artifact reduction in the boundary region. This artifact mainly results from a large accumulation of quantization errors. In particular, color bands with a smear artifact the width of a few pixels appear along the edges. Accordingly, to reduce this artifact, the proposed halftoning process excludes the large accumulated quantization error by comparing the vector norms and vector angles between the error-corrected vector and eight primary color patches. When the vector norm of the error corrected vector is larger than those of eight primary color patches, the quantization error vector is excluded from the quantization error distribution process. In addition, the quantization error is also excluded when the angle between eight primary color patches and error-corrected vector is large. As a result, the proposed method enables a visually pleasing halftone pattern to be generated by all three color separations into account in a device-independent color space and reduces smear artifact in the boundary regions.


Based on the experiment of ultimate bearing capacity of 6 perforated steel plate connectors without perforated rebar in the holes that were made of ordinary concrete and ECC concrete,the influence of ECC concrete on connector's ultimate bearing capacity and slip were studied, and a computing formula of connector's ultimate bearing capacity and slip was put forward.The result shows that by using ECC concrete the cracking load of concrete and the relative slip between concretes could be obviously increased.Compared with the nonlinear finite element and calculated results of existing formula,the results of the experiment basically tally with the formula in this article,the nonlinear finite element,Hosain and Hu Jianhua Formula.


With the widespread application of cloud computing sharing technology, the demand for cross-domain interaction is also increasing. However, due to the uncertainty of interaction behaviour and the difference of network service quality, the risk of cross-domain interaction cannot be accurately evaluated. Therefore, this paper proposes a risk situation evaluation model based on interdomain interactions. The model collects interactive credentials such as the frequency, credibility, and time-effectiveness of the user-submitted evaluations. At the same time, it collects the evaluation of quality of service provided by the network security domain. Then, we set up a risk evaluation equation based on the interaction credentials to implement the risk evaluation of cross-domain interaction behaviour. Finally, we apply MATLAB platform to simulate the evolution process of evaluation. The experimental results show that, compared with other models, the evaluation method proposed in this paper improves the accuracy of the evaluation results and meets the security requirements of multidomain interaction.


Two seres of rare earth(RE)complexes were designed and fabricated:Gd(DBM)3bath:RE(dibenzoylmethanatobatho)3(phenanthroline)and RE(ACA)3phen:(tris(acetylacetonato)-(monophenothroline)(RE=Gd or Tb).The formation mechanisms was analyzed.The electroluminescence(EL)and photovoltaic(PV)properties of devices were also studied.The application prospect of these materials as signal were pointed out.According to the device of Gd(DBM)3bath obvious EL and PV properties were showed under electric drive and illumination of UV light respectively.According to the RE(ACA)3phen,obviously different PV properties when showed when RE is Gd or Tb.The two kinds of materials can be used in ultraviolet detection and anti-fake label.


Indonesia is one of the biggest producer and consumer of rice in the world. To meet the rice growing demand, Indonesia has conducted many efforts namely intensification and extensification including development of newly opened wetland rice fields. The soils allocated for development of newly opened wetland rice fields in Indonesia can be from dry and or/and wetland with mainly acid soil properties. Highly weathered soils, especially ultisols and oxisols are mainly granted for extending newly opened wetland rice areas originated from dry land, besides potential acid sulphate soil from wet land. These soils have low pH or acidic, low natural level of major plant nutrients, and they have Al, Mn and Fe in toxic levels. Application of 2 ton ha -1 year -1 dolomite, 2 ton ha -1 season -1 rice straw compost and mineral fertilizers (200 kg urea, 100 kg SP-36 and 100 kg KCl ha -1 season -1 ) improve the soil chemical properties. Therefore, practically to manage these soils and to improve the rice yield, addition of organic matter, lime and mineral fertiliser should be applied together. With these applications the rice yield of 3,5 – 4,2 tons ha -1 season -1 can be reached.


The camera group of the DLR--Institute of Space Sensor Technology and Planetary Exploration is developing imaging instruments for scientific and space applications. One example is the ROLIS imaging system of the ESA scientific space mission `Rosetta', which consists of a descent/downlooking and a close-up imager. Both are parts of the Rosetta-Lander payload and will operate in the extreme environment of a cometary nucleus. The Rosetta Lander Imaging System (ROLIS) will introduce a new concept for the sensor electronics, which is referred to as MOSES (Modula Sensor Electronics System). MOSES is a 3D miniaturized CCD- sensor-electronics which is based on single modules. Each of the modules has some flexibility and enables a simple adaptation to specific application requirements. MOSES is mainly designed for space applications where high performance and high reliability are required. This concept, however, can also be used in other science or commercial applications. This paper describes the concept of MOSES, its characteristics, performance and applications.


This work is devoted to preliminary numerical tests of selected control strategies of underwater vehicles in the absence of a force applied to the side. The aim was to test the effectiveness of control algorithms for underwater vehicle models considered to be underactuated. Initially, the testing algorithm is used to obtain some information about the dynamics model. Several well-known control schemes for two underwater vehicles for two desired trajectories were selected and tested. The simulations made for the planar 3-DOF model of two underwater vehicles show the performance that can be achieved with each control algorithm according to the assumptions made.


Aim: This study quantified the effects of season and photoperiodic treatment on semen and seminal plasma (SP) characteristics in 12 bucks of two Spanish goat breeds (Murciano-Granadina, and Payoya) for the past 1 year. Materials and Methods: A total of 6 bucks (three of each breed) were exposed to the natural day length and the other six males (three of each breed) were exposed to alternating conditions of 2 months of long days (16 h light) and 2 months of short days (8 h light). Weekly concentrations of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase (GOT/AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), potassium, testosterone, and protein in SP were measured. Reaction time and scrotal circumference were recorded, and plasma testosterone concentrations were measured before semen collection. Results: Sperm volume, LDH, and potassium concentration in SP, and reaction time did not differ significantly between breeds, seasons, and photoperiodic treatment. Sperm concentrations were higher (p<0.001) in spring and summer than they were in autumn and winter. Mean percentage of positive hypo-osmotic swelling test sperm was the highest in summer and under the artificial photoperiod (p<0.01). GOT/AST concentrations differed (p<0.01) between breeds and seasons. Breed, season, and photoperiod had significant (p<0.001) effects on protein and testosterone levels in SP. Plasma testosterone concentrations were highest in summer (p<0.001), and differed significantly (p<0.01) between breeds. Scrotal perimeter differed significantly (p<0.001) between breeds and photoperiod. Conclusion: Recognition of those seasonal and breed-specific differences in the performance of bucks should help to improve the management of individual semen samples for use in artificial insemination programs.


The following contribution suggests a new and to our knowledge previously unpublished approach to combine AHP group judgements considering the possible variation of individual AHP evaluations. By introduction fuzzy logic into the group decision process, this approach is appropriate to cover the distribution of individual judgements. The paper will present in brief the theoretical foundation of our approach. Afterwards, we will use an empirical example to test the methodology. For this purpose, we use data of a previously conducted survey, where an expert group evaluated the sustainability of palm oil by means of a comprehensive AHP model.


Production of reliable, repeatable coatings requires precise control of the process used to deposit them. Significant advances have recently been made in controlling the inputs to thermal spray processes, however, much work remains to be done to control process outputs and to correlate these with coatings characteristics. Thermal spray processes comprise the heating/melting, acceleration, impact, rapid solidification and incremental build-up of a large number of individual particles. Particle velocity is a key process parameter in determining coating properties such as density/porosity, bond strength and residual stress. Laser Stroboscopy and optical image analysis techniques have been used to image particles traveling in high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) jets. Results indicate that these techniques can be used to measure particle velocity, trajectory and velocity distribution(s) in thermal spray jets. mean particle velocities of {approximately}400 m/s and {approximately}100 m/s have been measured for HVOF and APS respectively.


Irregular echinoids constitute one of the most important groups of the Mediterranean benthic fauna. The genus Echinocardium is well represented but its diversity seems to have been underestimated. Genetic analyses of E. cordatum highlighted a complex of at least five cryptic specieswhich appearance seems to have been greatly driven by the paleontological history of the Mediterranean Sea.


The utility model discloses a temperature collecting device of a mini-type gas turbine, which is arranged in a gas turbine control system of the mini-type gas turbine. The temperature collecting device of the mini-type gas turbine comprises a thermocouple, an integrated temperature sensor AD590 and a signal collecting device, wherein the thermocouple is arranged at air discharge end of a turbine of the gas turbine, and used for measuring the temperature of gas discharged by the turbine of the gas turbine, and converting the temperature into electrical signals; the integrated temperature sensor AD590 is connected in series with the cold end of the thermocouple; and the signal collecting device is connected with the other end of the thermocouple, and used for receiving the electrical signals converted by the thermocouple. The temperature collecting device can indirectly measure the gas inlet temperature of the turbine by measuring the gas discharge temperature of the turbine, and has the advantages of simple structure, convenient measurement and high measuring precision.


was withdrawn. The pathologist's report indicated that we were dealing with a case of chylothorax. The initial aspiration produced a temporary improvement. and energetic steps were then taken to restrict the intake of fats and to rely on rectal feeding. It was impossible to control the outflow of chyle, however, and on August 21, against our better judgment, we again felt obliged to aspirate. On this occasion five pints of similar fluid were removed and relief proved dramatic. Although obviously wasted, 1Ie became cheerful and was quite free from pain.Continuous intravenous glucose-saline was now administered, but again and again chyle accumulated, and in all twenty-seven pints had been aspirated by August 27, when the patient died in a state of exhaustion. Dr. A. F. Sladden, who undertook a post-mortem examination, has been kind enough to furnish the following notes:


We examined the voltage-dependent block of Ca2+-activated Cl− channels by anthacene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C), diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC), 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and niflumic acid (NFA) in excised inside-out and outside-out patches fromXenopus oocytes. The fraction of the voltage field (δ) experienced by the blocking drug was determined from the voltage dependence of block. All the drugs blocked by entering the channel from the outside. δ was 0.6 for A9C, 0.3 for DPC and DIDS, and <0.1 for NFA. Because the voltage dependence of the drugs differed, the order of potency was also voltage-dependent. At +100 mV the order of potency was NFA > A9C > DIDS > DPC (K i (μm) = 10.1, 18.3, 48, and 111, respectively). Because the drugs are hydrophobic, they can cross the bilayer when applied from the inside and block the channel from the outside. The equilibrium geometries of the blockers were determined by molecular modeling and compared with their blocking positions (δ). This analysis suggests that the channel is an elliptical cone with the largest opening facing the extracellular space. The selectivity filter has an apparent size of 0.33 × 0.75 nm, because C(CN)3 −, which has these dimensions, permeates. The external opening is at least 0.60 × 0.94 nm, because DPC has these dimensions and penetrates the channel ∼30%.


Copyright: © 2017| Author (s), This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial No Derives License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Field experiments were conducted to determine the distribution of stem borers (Chilo partellus) in four agro-ecological zones of Indore district of M. P. Our study evaluated that of the various insect pests attacking cereals crops in Indore, lepidopteran stem borer, Chilo partellus are by far the most injurious causing maize yield losses. Severe damage is caused by the larvae that feed on the plant from early stage up to maturity causing a devastating impact on maize yield. Their distribution follows a define pattern with Chilo partellus dominating and is most abundant and widely distributed species occurring at all sites. C. partellus distribution is highly influenced by altitude and moisture gradients. Present study was an attempt to evaluate the status of economically important cereal stem borers with emphasis on their distribution, borer density and percent infestation.


At the start of the 21 st century, China's oil consumption rose rapidly. The negative impact of the high price of oil on China's economy is becoming more and more apparent. This paper describes the effect of high oil prices on the Chinese economy, and it examines the impact of fluctuations of' oil prices on China's Gross Industrial Product per capita through regression analysis. The results show that there are asymmetric effects of oil price changes. Symmetric analysis suggests that every 10% increase (decrease) of oil price leads to approximate 0.4% decrease (increase) of Gross Industrial Product per capita (GIPC). If asymmetric outcomes are permitted, then a 10% increase in the price of oil leads to a 0.69% decrease in Gross Industrial Product per capita of China, but a 10% decrease in the price of oil leads to only a 0.15% increase in GIPC.