We propose a novel configuration of a triple band‐notched ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna. The designed structure is based on an elliptical monopole antenna combined with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure and a spiral resonator. The spiral resonator can achieve the dual‐band notched performance at WiMAX band and ITU 8 GHz by adjusting the length and width of a spiral line. Besides, the CSRR can obtain the notched band at WLAN 5 GHz by changing the radius of a ring slot. The designed antenna shows that a VSWR of less than 2 was satisfied with a resonant frequency in the range of 1.34–11.4 GHz with a 78.96%, except for triple notched bands. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:4–6, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27275


The developments in materials over the last decade have been considerable within the automotive industry, being one of the leaders in innovative product applications. Sustainable product development of an automotive structure requires a balanced approach towards technological, economical and ecological aspects. The introduction of new materials and processes is dependent on satisfying different factors. Competitive and legislative pressures, creating the need for change, affect these factors considerably. The process, direction and speed of change are often reactive. Current paper shows the application of aluminium alloys, for the use in the bottom structure of a car to face the problem for the weight of the entire bottom structure under static load conditions, including stiffness, strength and buckling constraints. In addition to minimized mass and materials' price, the assessment of an environmental impact of materials-candidates during the entire life cycle of the structure is considered.


Six Sigma as a problem-solving approach has traditionally been used in fields such as business, engineering and production processes. The core of the Six Sigma methodologies is data-driven and it is a systematic approach to problem solving, with focus on customer impact. Artificial Neural Network with its predictive capacity can be a useful key tool in augmenting the effectiveness of application for DMADV. Feed-forward back propagation neural networks can be used for evolving computational models, which correlates highly complex process interdependencies for its better analysis, design and verification.


Finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn L.) is an important grain crop for small farmers in many countries. Reliable estimates of crop parameters, such as crop growth and nitrogen (N) content, through remote sensing techniques can improve in-season management of finger millet. This study investigated the relationships of hyperspectral reflectance with canopy height, green canopy cover, leaf area index (LAI), and N concentrations of finger millet using an optimal waveband selection procedure with partial least square regression (PLSR). Predictive performance of 13 vegetation indices (VIs) computed from the original hyperspectral data as well as synthesized Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data were evaluated and compared for estimating various crop parameters with simple linear regression (SLR) and multilinear regression (MLR) models. The optimal wavebands determined by PLSR were mostly concentrated within 1,000–1,100 nm for both LAI and dry biomass but were scattered for other canopy parameters. The SLR statistics resulted in the simple ratio pigment index (SRPI) and red/green index (RGI) performing best when predicting LAI (R2v = 0.53–0.59) and canopy cover (R2v = 0.72–0.76). The blue/green index (BGI1) was strongly related to canopy height (R2v = 0.65–0.78), dry biomass (R2v = 0.42–0.49), and N concentration (R2v = 0.70–0.83) of finger millet, regardless of spectral resolutions. The MLR approach, using four maximum VIs as input variables, improved the prediction accuracy of N concentration by 14% compared to both SLR and waveband selection methods. VIs computed from synthesized Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite data resulted in similar or greater prediction accuracy than hyperspectral data for various canopy parameters of finger millet, indicating publicly accessible multispectral data could serve as alternative to hyperspectral data for improved crop management decisions via precision agriculture.


Abstract The essential oil of Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. (Apiaceae) that grows wild in Saudi Arabia was investigated utilizing gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty constituents were characterized, representing 96.1% of the total oil. The D. ismaelis essential oil (DIEO) was distinguished by a high composition of oxygenated monoterpenes (51.6%). Decanal (40.6%), α-pinene (15.1%) and dodecanal (13.7%) were the fundamental components. Additionally, DIEO was evaluated for its cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. DIEO revealed a great cytotoxic effectiveness against the tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 66.2 and 137.3 μg/mL particularly against MCF-7 cancer cells. Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis against MCF-7 cells has been asserted using staining assay (annexin VFITC and/or propidium iodide (PI) dyes) and flow cytometry technique. The DIEO possessed a strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterial and fungal strains with MIC-values between 0.07 and 0.31 mg/ml. The values of MBC or MFC were almost once higher than those of MIC's. Moreover, the β-carotene-bleaching and DPPH free radical-scavenging tests showed that DIEO had a moderate activity (68%) as an antioxidant agent in decolouring of the β-carotene at 1.0 mg/mL and a moderate radical scavenging for DPPH (66 and 72%) at 0.50 and 1.0 mg/mL.


This article, the first of two on cardiovascular risk estimation, describes the rationale for assessing cardiovascular risk (risk of a cardiovascular event) in individuals and the risk assessment tools in common use. The difference between absolute and relative risk is explained. There is consideration of how clinicians could use and interpret the results of scoring systems. The older tools are criticized for leading to over-treatment of older people, under-treating younger people and being an example of the inverse care law. The newer risk scores ASSIGN and QRISK are described. This review provides practical guidance on using cardiovascular disease risk scoring in asymptomatic individuals. The difficulties of how best to communicate this risk will be explored in the second article in the series.


Use of toxic shot for waterfowl hunting was banned in the United States in 1991 and Canada in 1999 to reduce the incidence of lead toxicosis in waterfowl. The lower Great Lakes (LGL) are important migratory areas for Greater (Aythya marila) and Lesser Scaup (A. affinis) and both species contained high quantities of lead shot on the LGL prior to the ban (11% and 8% respectively). Greater and Lesser Scaup were collected from lakes Erie, Ontario and St. Claire during fall 1999 and spring 2000 to determine if toxic shot ingestion declined one year after the ban in Canada. There were no lake, season, sex or age related differences in proportion of Greater and Lesser Scaup that had ingested shot or any interspecific differences. The overall shot ingestion in was 0.6% toxic and 3.1% non-toxic shot. Extremely low lead shot ingestion (0.6% of birds) suggests that shot quickly becomes inaccessible to scaup on lacustrine areas of the Great Lakes and that toxic shot ingestion is not presently affecting scaup migrating through the LGL. Large pre-ban (8-11%) and post ban (3.7%) differences in overall ingestion suggests that pre-ban numbers may have been biased (elevated) due to the fact that lead increases harvest susceptibility. Low post-ban toxic shot ingestion are also indicative of high hunter compliance to shot regulations.


In the present work, CuCl nanoparticles were fabricated in deep eutectic solvents (DES) which is a new kind of ionic liquid with special properties. The as-prepared samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), the molar ratio of ascorbic acid to copper chloride and the mixing method were investigated. The optimized reaction conditions were as follows: reaction time is 1 h, reaction temperature is 25°C in the presence of PVP in deep DES. Under the optimum conditions, CuCl nanoparticles with the average size about 50 nm could be successfully prepared in DES.


Since their first discovery in 1994, DNAzymes have been extensively applied in biosensing and therapy that act as recognition elements and signal generators with the outstanding properties of good stability, simple synthesis, and high sensitivity. One subset, RNA‐cleaving DNAzymes, is widely employed for diverse applications, including as reporters capable of transmitting detectable signals. In this review, the recent advances of RNA‐cleaving DNAzyme‐based amplification strategies in scaled‐up biosensing are focused, the application in diagnosis and disease treatment are also discussed. Two major types of RNA‐cleaving DNAzyme‐based amplification strategies are highlighted, namely direct response amplification strategies and combinational response amplification strategies. The direct response amplification strategies refer to those based on novel designed single‐stranded DNAzyme, and the combinational response amplification strategies mainly include two‐part assembled DNAzyme, cascade reactions, CHA/HCR/RCA, DNA walker, CRISPR‐Cas12a and aptamer. Finally, the current status of DNAzymes, the challenges, and the prospects of DNAzyme‐based biosensors are presented.


Various research workers have reported EM emission prior to earthquakes or during an earthquake sequence. In few cases, these EM emissions were consistently found during certain hours of the day. EM emission in semi-diurnal pattern spaced in time domain from the local noontime was observed in many examples prior to earthquakes / volcanic eruption. Also such emission was observed in a very wide frequency band from VLF to Microwave range. Besides this semi diurnal type of pattern, some other type of EM emission had diurnal pattern. This type was witnessed in Valsad [1991] and Chilean earthquake sequence [1960], in which it preceded semidiurnal pattern found in these earthquake sequences. The cause of this type of EM emission seems to be completely different than that for semidiurnal type. Efforts are made here to check whether the gravitational forces of the planetary alignments caused these types of RF emission. This paper discusses all these examples in details and discusses an application for the development of reliable monitoring of Earthquake/ Volcanic eruption precursors in the high seismicity area.


In a recent article Chen et al. (2005) analyse the role of government expenditure in an imperfectly competitive static model, introducing a government-expenditure externality through the production function. Our purpose in the present paper is to argue that the claim from the authors that their model generates an endogenous markup is in our view incorrect. We argue that their model does not contain an endogenous markup, but a fixed one and that their claim is based upon an incorrect interpretation of what is the marginal cost in their own model.


The Vrška Čuka anthracite shows contents of 16% inorganic compound and 84% organic matter, out of which 82% is kerogen and <2% is bitumen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates the presence of the graphitic structures. The electron spin resonance (ESR) shows a high concentration of polyaromatic paramagnetic structures (PPS; 4.5×10 19 spins g-1). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveal that the Vrška Čuka kerogen contains predominantly aromatic/polyaromatic structures. Analysis of the aromatic area shows both the absence of aromatic substituents and the presence of aromatic polycondensation (average 3-4 rings; ≥17 carbon atoms). The spectrum also shows considerably reduced absorptions corresponding to the presence of aliphatic groups. Most of the aliphatic carbon is present as CH 3 (probably in short alkyl chains-methyl/methylene attached to polyaromatic structures) as indicated by the CH 3 /CH 2 value 0.7 of the appropriate absorptions. It was suggested that polyaromatic structures were formed by poly-condensation of aromatics during kerogen maturation. Low atomic values of H/C and O/C (0.45 and 0.07) indicate a high degree of genesis (metagenesis). The result of these analyzes are in agreement with each other and show that the maturation of this kerogen led to the formation of polyaromatic structures from aromatic.


The rotor unbalance is one of the most frequent faults in rotary machine. It is very important to make dynamic balancing test and adjustment for the rotor. Using NI9233, a four-channel simultaneous data acquisition module, and LabVIEW8.2, a convenient and available virtual dynamic balancing instrument is developed. With four- channel full-period simultaneous sampling of NI9233, the signals of vibration and rotating speed can be acquired. Single-plane or two-plane dynamic balancing can be completed via the influence coefficient method. The experiment shows that the virtual dynamic balancing instrument is accurate in balancing and convenient in use.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although Gore-Tex is popularly used in nasal augmentation in human, studies about the histological changes have been carried out only in animal models. The purpose of this study is to investigate histological changes of Gore-Tex used in nasal augmentation in human. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Gore-Tex of 24 patients who underwent nasal augmentation using Gore-Tex (non-reinforced sheets) 2-36 months ago and had re-operated for the sole cosmetic problems was obtained. Histologic examination was performed from specimens including Gore-Tex and the surrounding soft tissue with light microscope and electromicroscope. RESULTS: Histologically, connective tissue ingrowth was observed in all specimen. But the degree of foreign body reaction and collagen deposit varied from specimen to specimen and had no relationship with the duration. Neovascularization was observed from specimen whose duration was longer than 12 months and degenerative calcification was observed from 36 month old specimen. CONCLUSION: Unlike the findings of previous reports, individual differences and partial degenerative lesions in Gore-Tex were observed. Additional studies are required to confirm the stability of Gore-Tex as an implant to be used in human


Facial recognition is a method of identifying or verifying a person's identification by examining their face. People can be identified in pictures, videos, or in real time using facial recognition technology. After facing more than two years of Covid-19 restrictions, face masks are optional but strongly advised for usage. As new cases are still recorded on a daily basis, wearing face mask in a social setting is still the safest way to protect ourselves and others from COVID-19. However, the usage of face mask has brought difficulties for a person or face identity recognition because half of the face features has been covered. The proposed research starts with face mask detection for determining if the subject is wearing a mask or not. The system uses MobileNetV2 for face mask detection resulted to 100% correct when identifying face mask. Secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of various similarity coefficient formula for person identification with face mask. A dataset of 35 people wearing face masks was examined. The study involving usage of multiple similarity measures formula; Euclidean Distance, Cosine Similarity, Manhattan Distance, and Jaccard Similarity to evaluate the similarity between two images. It is identified that Jaccard Similarity is the most sensible similarity coefficient method for person identification with face mask. This study offers some insight that worth to further analyses the potential of Jaccard coefficient in measuring the person identity with a face mask.


The pendant-arm macrocycle 10-methyl-1,4,8,12-tetrauacyclopentadec-1-an (1) reacts slowly in hot water with rhodium(111) chloride to yield, following cation-exchange chromatography, exclusively cis-[R,h(l)c1l2+. The cis-complex was crystallized readily as a perchlorate monohydrate salt, in the orthorhombic space group Pn2la, a 16.854(3), b 13.341(3), c 9-985(1) A, Z = 4, isomorphous with its cobalt(111) counterpart; a single-crystal X-ray structure determination was refined to R 0.027 for 1626 'observed' reflections. The pendant primary arnine and two adjacent secondary amines necessarily occupy an octahedral face, with the chloro ligand cis to the primary amine, and secondary amines adopt R,R,S,S stereochemistries. The Rh-N distances [2.056(6) A (pendant primary amine), average 2.08 A (secondary amines)], are at the short end of the range for Rh-N bonds. The Rh-Cl distance is 2.347(2) A. Activation volumes for chloride base hydrolysis were determined for cis-[~h(l)Cl]'+ as +19-5(&1.2), for cis-[~o(l)~l]~+ as +27.1(&0.4), and for trans-[~r(l)~l]~ +


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the normal body components involved in many physiological processes that are controlled by special enzymatic systems. However, the free forms of ROS exert a significant damaging effect immediately or during the formation of long-lasting chain reactions. Physiological aging causes variably directed changes in ROS generation and the inactivation system: a decrease in ROS generation and defense activity of the body is accompanied by an increased body concentration of secondary damaging active macromolecules. The general pattern of the changes in the antioxidant system during aging is consistent with the concept of a global metabolic impairment in an senescent organism. Because the antioxidant system prevents the destruction of macromolecules, which are considered to be the main cause of aging, the increased activity of the antioxidant system, irrespective of any effects, is associated with an increased life span and less pronounced aging of macromolecules. There is a way to pharmacologically stimulate the body's antioxidant defenses. Different pharmacological agents may have a pronounced geroprotective effect accompanied by anticarcinogenic, radioprotective, and biostimulating activity. Clearly, the effect on the redox potential (RP) of water and macromolecules is an important mechanism of the effect produced by these agents. New methods have been developed to obtain waterbased substances without harm to the body and with the necessary RP


solid and cystic structure. The H&E slides showed tightly packed cord and trabeculae of neoplastic cell, imparting a ribbonlike appearance. There were also some areas of solid growth with nest formation, calcification, and focal ossification. The immunohistochemistry shows tumor cells were positive for CAM5.2, synaptophysin, chromogranin, and NSE, and negative for AE1/AE3, PAX8, S100, SMA, CD31, WT-1, CK7, and CK20. Conclusion: It is important to have keen knowledge of this rare entity and use appropriate immunohistochemical staining for neuroendocrine markers. Since carcinoid tumors are considered low-grade malignant tumors, correct histological diagnosis helps to avoid unnecessary aggressive treatment.


This article seeks to calculate a simple integrated macroeconomic model for the Caribbean subregion. Using a homogeneous data series covering the period from 1980 to 1991 for a sample of 12 countries of the subregion and a relatively simple model with non-conflicting specifications of structural relations, a representative and systematic group of estimates is generated for a given set of parameters, with grouped and individual calculations for the countries.


It difficult for non-English majors to learn English partly because they don抰 have the habit of reading in English. You can learn a lot from reading: the richness of content, the variety of style, the abundance of vocabulary, etc. Based on the theory of the interactive model and student-centered teaching, the author discusses how to let the students get into the habit of reading and enjoy it. To achieve this, the author introduces two activities proved to be helpful in reading, speaking and listening.


We present a case for the use of external occulters to suppress starlight in direct observation of planetary systems. Such a system is achievable with today's technology and will allow not only the detection of Earthlike planets, but follow-up spectroscopic observations to characterize them. A search for habitable planets around our neighboring stars and for signs of simple life outside our solar system can begin in just a few years. Overview This white paper summarizes an affordable, technically ready observational approach to finding and characterizing extrasolar habitable terrestrial planets based on a recent breakthrough in the diffraction control of starshades – external occulters that can reveal planetary systems nearly free from light scattered by the parent star. Spectroscopy, photometry, and polarimetry can then be done efficiently with a diffraction-limited space telescope operating primarily in the visible. With a single spectrum we can identify and classify a planet, learn about its atmosphere and surface, and look for signs of life. (See Figure 1. Turnbull 2006; Kaltenegger 2007.) In this white paper we summarize an exoplanet mission concept that, for purposes of abbreviation and harmony with NASA history, we'll refer to as TPF-O (the Terrestrial Planet Finder occulter option). Using results of studies and proposals called New Worlds Observer and New Worlds Discoverer (W. Cash, PI), we show how a TPF-O can search for nearby terrestrial planets and look for signs of life on such planets. In less than a week TPF-O's imaging telescope system could obtain spectra of an exoplanetary system. Alpha Centauri one week, Tau Ceti the next, then Epsilon Eridani, Altair, etc. Each one would be surveyed, with major planets catalogued, mapped, and named. Water planets might be found, with coarse surface features like continents, oceans, and cloud banks possibly evident in photometric data. Dust and debris disks, comets, and asteroid belts could be detected. A few of the potential science goals are listed in Table 1. Most importantly, exoplanet spectroscopy could be performed, enabling a search for indicators of life. If Earthlike biochemistry is common in the Universe, we have an excellent chance of detecting it elsewhere by measuring an exoplanet's unusual atmospheric composition. Technology to build a TPF-O is well in hand. With funding from the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts and contributed expertise from Northrop Grumman Space Technology, Ball Aerospace, Princeton University, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory we have performed studies pointing toward solutions to the main mission challenges. We suggest that NASA consider implementing this program soon. The exoplanet science and the other capabilities of a telescope of this class should satisfy many needs of large parts of the astronomy community, giving it a wide base of community support. Wavelength (microns) Figure 1. Visible spectrum of Earth at spectral resolution of 300 (Turnbull et al 2006)


The problem of system recovery from transient faults is addressed using retry techniques. A probabilistic model for the activity of faulty periods, and a fault analysis to derive the optimum retry period are presented. Distribution functions are derived to represent the case of false alarm, where a transient fault is flagged as permanent, and the case of a miss because too many faults coexist, overcoming the checker's capability to detect them. These derivations are compared with the results of a simulation program representing the model. Other factors influencing the value of the retry period are discussed. >


Hydrogen is considered the fuel of the future due to its cleaner nature compared to methane and gasoline. Therefore, renewable hydrogen production technologies and long-term, affordable, and safe storage have...


From the point of view of value philosophy, this article gives a rational thinking on relations between science and morality.


We conduct a study to investigate the year-round fluctuation of lipid composition and content in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) cultured in Van Don, Quang Ninh, for the first time. Our results showed that the total lipid content of oysters ranged from 1% to 1.6%, with the highest levels observed during their pre-reproductive period (July and December). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant type of lipids in oysters, ranging from 41.66% to 53.36%. We identified six lipid classes in Pacific oysters, with the three dominant classes being PoL, ST, and TG, which exhibited significant variation, with the highest variability observed in May and June and the lowest in July. The primary fatty acids in oyster lipids were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-7, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. In summary, our study provides novel insights into the lipid composition and content of Pacific oysters cultured in Van Don, Quang Ninh.The results demonstrate the temporal variability in lipid classes and fatty acid composition throughout the year, with the highest lipid content observed during the pre-reproductive period. These findings could contribute to better understanding the nutritional value of Pacific oysters and inform future aquaculture practices.


The two-dimensional linear problem of steady motion of a body in an inviscid incompressible heavy fluid consisting of two layers of different density is reduced to an integral equation on the surface of the body. It is proved that this boundary integral equation has a unique solution corresponding to the boundary value problem for all values of the parameters of the problem except for a certain nowhere dense set of exceptional values, and the properties of this set are described. A technique based on the analytic continuation of the integral operator into an unphysical domain of the parameters of the problem is proposed to investigate the solvability of the integral equation. It is expected that the proposed technique will prove especially useful for the investigation of integral equations corresponding to more complicated problems of this class, in particular, to the three-dimensional problem. The integral equation studied in this paper can be used in various computational methods, for example, in calculations of hydrodynamic loads.


Mn x O y /γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by a wet impregnation–calcination method and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography. The heterogeneous Fenton-like process with appropriate amounts of Mn x O y /γ-Al2O3 as catalyst was observed. The variation in polyvinyl alcohol removal rate as a function of calcination temperature, adsorption temperature, Mn x O y /γ-Al2O3 dosage, H2O2 dosage, and initial polyvinyl alcohol concentration was investigated. Results showed that polyvinyl alcohol can be removed by the adsorption of Mn x O y /γ-Al2O3; the removal ratio increased with higher adsorption temperature as well as increased Mn x O y /γ-Al2O3 dosage. Moreover, the degradation of polyvinyl alcohol was promoted by increasing calcination temperature and H2O2 dosage and decreasing initial polyvinyl alcohol concentration. In this paper, Mn x O y /γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were able to remove more than 90% polyvinyl alcohol at an initial concentration below 50 g/L, temperature of 80℃, pH of 3.0, and H2O2 and catalyst doses of 120 mL/L and 1 g/L, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography also confirmed that polyvinyl alcohol could be effectively oxidized with a molecule decreasing rate of about 99%, from 100,773 to 1637. The nanocatalyst could be recycled by filtration and calcination, and maintained favorable catalytic ability during four uses.


A circuit board (1) for use in a connector between cables of a data transmission system comprises at least one array of input terminals (2) for incoming signals, at least one array of output terminals (3,4) for outgoing signals, and a respective conductive track connecting each input terminal to a respective output terminal. Closed loops of conductive material are connected to at least some of the terminals or conductive tracks, the loops being positioned on the circuit board to reduce crosstalk from the levels which would exist within the connector in the absence of such closed loops. The loops associated with one terminal will be positioned on the board opposite loops associated with another terminal or terminals to produce coupling therebetween. The invention is particularly applicable to RJ45 plug and jack systems.


We use recent results of \ensuremath{\beta}-delayed neutron emission from ${}^{14}\mathrm{Be}$ to estimate the configuration of the ground state of ${}^{13}\mathrm{B}.$ We also discuss consequences for ${}^{14}\mathrm{Be}$ and ${}^{14}\mathrm{B}.$


The existence of a high temperature and highly overpressured geothermal reservoir was proven during a steam blowout in Fabiansebestyen, South-eastern Hungary. The pressure balance of the drilling mud broke down during an incorrect drilling operation. An intensive inflow took place from a fractured dolomite reservoir at 3880m depth. The pressure of the reservoir was 73.1 MPa, its temperature was 199.6 C. The damaged wellhead equipment released a powerful steam jet to the atmosphere. There was a unique feature of the blowout. The pressure permanently exceeded the value of 36 MPa in the immediate vicinity of the damaged wellhead. This was only possible if the liquid phase was sprayed through a narrow opening as with the case of the fuel injection nozzles of Diesel engine. The distortion of the continuous fluid flow into individual droplets reduced the 36 MPa pressure. The phase transition from liquid to steam phase took place in the droplets. The correlation of the calculated and measured data makes this assumption most probable.


To understand the effects of test conditions on the measurement of texture parameters and establish an analytical method for testing set yogurt, set yogurt samples with different solid concentrations were investigated in this study. The results showed that hardness and adhesiveness were positively proportional to deformation. Adhesiveness was inversely proportional to the test speed and other parameters increased with increasing test speed. Extension of pressurization interval enlarged cohesiveness rather than other parameters. The values of all the texture parameters increased with in creasing diameter of the probe. A 20% deformation and test speed of 60 mm/min without pressurization interval were determined as the optimal test conditions. In addition, a 12.7-mm-diameter probe was the most sensitive to distinguish concentration discrepancy of set yogurt with a sensitivity of 0.8%.


293 Background: Pain control is a challenging balance in the ambulatory oncology practice. Standard methods of pain reassessment resulted in poor pain control in the majority of patients given prescriptions for narcotics. We developed a proactive reassessment of pain using patient reported outcomes and a coach to assist in medication usage. The aim was to decrease the time to reassessment of pain to fewer than 5 days and achieve acceptable pain control in greater than 50% of patients receiving new narcotic prescriptions in an ambulatory oncology setting. Methods: Patients receiving a new narcotic prescription or a new dose were provided with a pain diary and an appointment with their pain coach at 48 hours. Using a standard pain scale 1-10, patients' pain scores were recorded by the patient in their pain diary and communicated via nurse/patient phone contact at 48 hour intervals. Dosing intervention by the patient's oncologist was made for unacceptable pain and reassessed at 48 hours. Uncontrolled pain at 96 hours was followed by in person appointment with the oncologist. Pain scores and days to reassessment were recorded using an Excel data collection tool for patients receiving new or dose adjusted narcotic prescriptions between August and December31, 2017. Results: There were 17 patients encounters where the patient received a new prescription or a dose change from August 1- Dec 31, 2017. Reassessment of pain was achieved in 100% of patients in fewer than 5 days. The average time was 2.6 days (range 2-4). Acceptable pain control (pain scores 0-3) at the time of reassessment was achieved in 53% of patients. Conclusions: Cancer related pain is an ongoing challenge in oncology practices. Barriers include lack of planned follow-up and patient education. The institution of a pain coach, pain diary and scheduled contact decreased the time to reassessment of pain and decreased pain scores during short interval reassessment periods achieving better pain control in 50% of patients during the evaluated period. Quality interventions in ambulatory settings are achievable though multiple patient interactions and record keeping require additional staffing resources to sustain this change.


 Abstract - Salivary gland is a complex, compoundsecretory tissue seen in the oral cavity, which produces saliva and maintains oral homeostasis.Salivary gland diseases can range from swelling of the gland to malignancies. In order to understand the localization and the diagnosis of the salivary gland diseases, it is important to understand the development, structure and function of the gland. This review article summaries the biology, diseases and the diagnostic tool available to investigate and evaluate the disease.


REPORTS Lunar Topography: First Radar-Interferometer Measurements of the AlphonsusPtolemaeus-Arzachel Region: S. H. Zisk ............................ Uptake and Binding of Uranyl Ions by Barley Roots: A. W. Robards and M. E. Robb................................................ Electrical Behavior of Cartilage during Loading: C. A. L. Bassett and R. J. Pawluk ............................................... 960


This thesis will examine and evaluate different mechanics that could be used in games using augmented reality. Augmented reality, the technology used to integrate computer-generated images with the ...


The invention provides an atmospheric particulate sampling device. The sampling device comprises a sampler, an extraction pump and a filter membrane cylinder; the sampling device further comprises a container, a temperature controller and a dryer, wherein the container is used for containing the filter membrane cylinder and comprises an inlet from which a sampled filter membrane can enter the filter membrane cylinder; an air inlet and an air outlet are formed in the container; the temperature controller is arranged on the container and is used for adjusting the temperature in the container; the dryer is arranged on an air circuit at the downstream of the sampler; an output opening of the dryer is communicated with the air inlet. The atmospheric particulate sampling device has the advantages of simple structure and high reliability, and the accuracy of subsequent particulate detection is improved.


The origin of negative and positive lateral shifts of the light beams in a dielectric slab configuration is investigated from the viewpoint of the interference between multiple light beams, due to the multiple reflections and transmissions inside the slab. It is shown that the whole reflected and transmitted beams with negative shifts can be obtained from the successively reflected and transmitted constituents, respectively, with positive displacements predicted from geometrical optics. When the slab's thickness is much smaller in comparison with the width of the beam waist, the reshaping reflected and transmitted beams retain the profile of the incident beam. The physical mechanism presented here could also be applicable in investigating other counterintuitive phenomena, such as the superluminal traversal time in quantum tunneling and dispersive media.


Intersexuality, the presence of intermediate or atypical combinations of physical features that usually distinguish the sexes, was long time an uncontroversial topic since its medical therapy was unanimously agreed in medical sciences. However, recent developments urged the medical profession, politics and the society as a whole to reconsider their point of view. New findings revealed grave errors in the handling of this phenomenon, which could lead to a paradigm shift in this area of research. This paper tries to outline the legal problems occurring thereof, both from a national and international perspective, considering the special problems of informed consent by minors, the ability of parents to substitute this consent to irreversible, surgical transformations of the physical conditions of their children and questions of reparation resulting out of these issues. Furthermore it will demonstrate the ability of the German law system to deal with the issue of intersexuality concerning the civil status of such people and their integration into society.Full text version in German. In English language please look for the opinion on intersexuality of the Deutscher Ethikrat


As the Internet and the World Wide Web expanded so fast, digital libraries has become a very hot topic. Since 1992 a lot of studies have been done and some achievements have been made. This chapter is a survey of these studies. We first discuss designing digital libraries, including definition of digital libraries, infrastructure requirements for digital libraries, research issues related to digital libraries, and the architecture of digital libraries. Then a project, Digital Library Initiative, is introduced as an example of implementing digital libraries.


Background: An anomalous origin of a coronary artery is a rare congenital condition in which a coronary artery arises from the opposite coronary sinus. Most coronary artery anomalies are an incidental finding without clinical signifi -cance, although some cases may be potentially life threat-ening, depending on the origin, course and termination of the anomalous vessel. Anatomical features of risk are an aortic intramural course or inter-arterial course. Methods: We present 4 cases of an anomalous origin of the coronary arteries with radiological confirmation by cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and clinical history of chest pain. Two patients were incidentally diagnosed by invasive coronary angiography, while two of them under-went a CCTA exam directly. Ischemia detection tests such as treadmill test or myocardial perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed in all of them to rule out ischemia. Results: In all 4 cases, none relationship between clinical symptoms and anatomical features was established. Once ischemia was ruled-out by ischemia detection tests, we chose clinical follow-up instead of surgery given the ab-sence of anatomical or risk clinical features. Conclusion: Only a minority of patients have symptoms due to these coronary anomalies. An expectant attitude with periodical surveillance seems to be the best option in patients with low-risk variants of coronary artery anomalies without clinical documentation of myocardial ischemia.


The tungsten acid was obtained via acidification of sodium tungstate.Then the tungsten oxide alien nano-powder was synthesized by hydrothermal method.The influences of sulfate,reaction time and molybdenum on morphology were investigated.The field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM)and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDX)were used to characterize the products.The possible formation mechanism was researched based on the experimental results.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of routine jogging exercise on cardiorespiratory function and blood lipid in 40 years` korean men. The subjects consisted of 21 middle-aged routine jogging group participated 30-40 min at 70% of the heart rate max 3~4 days per week 1 year more and 22 control group. The results of this study were as follows 1. The HR rest was decreased and HR max was increased by routine jogging group while no significant. 2. Vo_2 max was significantly increased in routine jogging group(p<0.05) while SBP and DBP were not changed. 3. Fat% was no significantly decreased in jogging group. 4. TC and LDL-C were significantly decreased in jogging group(p<0.05). 5. HDL-C was significantly increased in routine jogging group(p<0.05). 6. HDL-C/LDL-C ratio was significantly high in routine jogging(p<0.05) and TC/HDL-C ratio was significantly low in routine jogging group(p<0.05). This results indicate that routine jogging exercise decreases the risk of degenerative diseases. 40 years` middle-aged man must improve their cardiorespiratory function for protecting and recovering of degenerative diseases.


Empirical evaluation of the key axiom underlying additive conjoint representation first studied the double cancellation axiom. That was shown to have considerable redundancy that made the statistical problems formidable. The special case called the Thomsen condition was shown to suffice and not to be redundant. However, it has the undesirable feature, for empirical purposes, of a statistical asymmetry in estimation. This led us to seek a symmetric replacement, which we have found in the commutative rule proposed by Falmagne (1976). In the presence of the usual assumptions, we show that the commutative rule is equivalent to the Thomsen condition, a result that appears to have been overlooked in the literature. We subject this property to empirical evaluation in both loudness and brightness. Current data show support for the commutative rule in both domains and thus for additivity.


The solubility of the corn protein zein is measured gravimetrically from 30 to 60 °C in seven imidazolium-based ionic liquids and three conventional solvents, acetic acid, 70 vol % aqueous ethanol, and 1-methylimidazole. At elevated temperatures the solubility of zein in six of the ionic liquids exceeds that of the current industry standard, 70 vol % aqueous ethanol. The ionic liquids 1-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide can dissolve 2.5 times more zein at 60 °C than 70 vol % aqueous ethanol. Single and multivariate regressions are used to model zein's solubility as a function of common solvent properties. Solvents able to dissolve more zein have small molecular volumes, low polarities, and act as a weak hydrogen bond acceptors.


This paper reports one new species of Capnogryllacris which can be easily recognised by the coloration of the body and the spine of male ninth abdominal tergite. All the specimens are deposited in Guangxi Normal University.


【Objective】To investigate the SIRT1 expression in adult acute leukemia (AL) and its clinical significance. 【Method】The SIRT1 expression were detected by semi-quantitive reverse transcription polymers chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 50 adult AL patients and 15 normal controls. 【Results】The expression of SIRT1 in 40 newly diagnosed AL patients and 10 AL patients in relapse were markedly higher than in 15 normal controls respectively (P 0.05). In relapsed patients,the expression of SIRT1 was higher than in newly diagnosed patients(P 0.05). There was no significant difference between newly diagnosed AML patients and ALL patients in SIRT1 expression (P 0.05). SIRT1 expression was not related with gender,age,WBC and extramedullary infiltration (P 0.05). The CR rate of SIRT1 high expression group was lower than that of low expression group (P 0.05). 【Conclusion】SIRT1 had higher expression in newly diagnosed and relapsed AL patients which may contribute to pathogenesis and drug resis- tance of AL.


In this paper, a hybrid permanent magnet (HPM) motor with unique external q-axis flux barriers design is investigated. The equivalent magnetic circuit models of dq-axes are established. Based on this, the relationship between the design parameters of dq-axes and saliency characteristics is analyzed. By rational design of dq-axes parameters, the contrary saliency characteristics of HPM motors can be achieved. Then, two HPM motors with contrary saliency characteristics, namely positive saliency HPM (PS-HPM) motor and inverse saliency HPM (IS-HPM) motor are obtained by a multi-objective optimization method. To explore the impact of saliency characteristics on motor performance, the inductance, torque, anti-demagnetization characteristics of PS-HPM and IS-HPM motor are compared and discussed in detail. The comparison results indicate that the HPM motor with IS characteristic is a more competitive candidate for over-load operation due to better anti-demagnetization and overload capability.


A glue was formulated in three steps. Firstly the various loads and their ratios were studied by means of the golden section search, which allowed definition of a restricted experimental area independent of the nature of the load. In view of the sedimentation of the loads, surfactants have to be added, and a series of experiments was designed according to Taguchi's method in order to choose the best load/surfactant couple. Modeling of the responses (sedimentation in the adhesive, sticking force and regularity) as a function of load ratio and surfactant ratio allowed definition of an optimal area of formulation. An adhesive was devised whose formulation was included in this area, and whose qualities matched the stability, sticking force, and regularity aimed at by the optimization.


Internet of Things(IOT) port is a multi-format business park as the core of IOT applicatting in value-added agricultural products, its philosophy is interactive, collaborative and visualization, using mature technology , IOT and IT, building a supply chain management system platform, connectting the each participant of upstream and downstream supply chain, including core businesses, supporting small and medium enterprises, banks, logistics providers, technology support organizations, training institutions,etc. Achieving information interaction and business collaboration. Providing comprehensive one-stop supply chain services of overall optimization-based supply chain logistics, traceability of agricultural products, financing, settlement and value-added services, through accumulating and integrating the relevant parties arising from operating activities business flow, logistics, capital flow, information flow. In the implementation process, IOT port existences some issues, such asnetwork security, the standardization of supply chain information flow and management platform, but these can been solved by creatting a suitable space for development through government,gradually extendding the pilot to take the first way, promottng the development of uniform standards of IOT port.


Results: Between January 2010 and April 2014, 429 patients were admitted to the Turin Burn Centre. They were 271 males and 158 females, with a mean age of 48.1 years and a mean TBSA of 17.75. 76 patients died (17.72%) and the average stay was 25.02 days (S.D.26.03, median 17 days). 49 patients (11.42%) required tracheostomy as part of their treatment. They were 30 males and 19 females, with a mean age of 54.63 years and a mean TBSA of 40.45%. 16 patients (32.65%) had a neck full thickness burn. 21 patients died (42.86%) and the average stay was 60.31 days (S.D. 37.57, median 48 days). Patients underwent mechanical ventilation on average for 34.41 days (S.D. 16.16, median 34 days). We performed tracheostomy on average after 11 days since admission (S.D. 6.44, median 10 days). 28 patients (57.14%) had tracheostomy performed in the first 10 days since admission (early tracheostomy) and 21 patients (42.86%) after 10 days since admission (late tracheostomy). We decided to perform tracheostomy in 31 patients (63.27%) in order to improve airway management in those expected to undergo lengthy treatment, in 18 (36.73%) for difficult weaning and in 5 (10.20%) after failed extubation.


By crossing a pair of albino strains each with a different adjacent nutritional marker and then crossing the same pair of albino markers with the nutritional markers transposed it was possible to order a series of al mutants with a resolution approaching that available for nutritional markers. A genetic map with approximated distances is provided demonstrating a grouping of mutant sites for a range of discrete carotenoidless phenotypes.


Pseudolite technology plays an important role in enhancing the positioning performance of GPS.In the applications,there are many problems,such as timing synchronization,near-far effect,and geometric dilution of precision.In the paper,firstly introduce the near-far effect of the pseudolites and traditional solutions,then mainly analyse the TDMA technology and redesign the signal of the pseudolites.Experimental results show the TDMA technology suits to the research and development of this project.


PROLOGUE: THE PROSPECT AS PROSPECTUS by Thomas O. Sloane CHAPTER 1: KARL WALLACE: BETWEEN PAST AND FUTURE A Response to Karl Wallace's "The Fundamentals of Rhetoric" by Stephen Howard Browne CHAPTER 2: PROSPECTS OF RHETORIC FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: EVENTAL RHETORIC A Response to Samuel L. Becker's "Rhetorical Studies for the Contemporary World" by Barbara A. Biesecker CHAPTER 3: REVISITING RICHARD MCKEON'S ARCHITECTONIC RHETORIC A Response to Richard McKeon's "The Uses of Rhetoric in a Technological Age: Architectonic Productive Arts" by David Depew CHAPTER 4: OUR PREMATURE BURIAL A Response to Lawrence W. Rosenfield's "An Autopsy of the Rhetorical Tradition" by Robert S. Iltis CHAPTER 5: THE PROSPECTS FOR PHILOSOPHICAL RHETORIC A Response to Henry Johnstone's "Some Trends in Rhetorical Theory" by Steve Fuller CHAPTER 6: A POLEMICAL EXCURSION THROUGH "THE SCOPE OF RHETORIC TODAY" A Response to Wayne Booth's "The Scope of Rhetoric Today: A Polemical Excursion" by Paul Kameen CHAPTER 7: CHAIM PERELMAN'S PROLEGOMENON TO A NEW RHETORIC: HOW SHOULD WE FEEL? A Response to Chaim Perelman's "The New Rhetoric" by Celeste Michelle Condit CHAPTER 8: A CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY OF RHETORIC: HUGH DUNCAN'S FORGOTTEN CORPUS A Response to Hugh Dalziel Duncan's "The Need for Clarification in Social Models of Rhetoric" by Peter Simonson CHAPTER 9: RHETORIC AND THE THIRD CULTURE: SCIENTISTS AND ARGUERS AND CRITICS A Response to Wayne Brockriede's"Trends in the Study of Rhetoric: Towards a Blending of Criticism and Science" by John Lyne CHAPTER 10: 'THE CULT OF UNINTELLIGIBILITY': CONTINUED QUERIES ABOUT THE NATURE OF OUR DISCOURSE(S) A Response to Barnet Baskerville's "Responses, Queries, and A Few Caveats" by Mark J. Porrovecchio CHAPTER 11: READING THE PAST INTO THE FUTURE: CHANGING DISCIPLINARY IDENTITIES IN RHETORICAL STUDIES A Response to Edward P. J. Corbett's "Rhetoric in Search of a Past, Present, and Future" by Steven Mailloux EPILOGUE: THE PROSPECTS OF RHETORIC AND THE PROSPECTS FOR RHETORIC by Herbert W. Simons


e16030 Background: Objectively assessing the treatment of patients with cancer offers a basis for raising the standard of care. Quality indicators provide criteria by which the safety of care can b...


T HERE are few subjects in gynecology which have been more written about and discussed than that of malposition of the uterus. During the past decade gynaecology has nmade a most decided advance. Although practicallv all the lesions found in the pelvis have been definitely classified, there is still such confusion as to the proper treatment that we are apt to fall into a groove, and the only difference between a groove and a grave is one of depth. I refer to the constant operation of dilation with curettage, followed by a Gilliam suspension, as a routine remedy in all forms of uterine misplacement. Of course the obvious criticism is that no one method should be a routine. Should custom fashion, or authority dragoon, a surgeon into effecting such mechanical repetition? True surgerv is established by the end result, and the end result is and should be our only criterion of what is judicious surgery. The decision as to what operative procedure is necessary must rest upon the combined clinical findings. In considering the treatment of malpositions of the uterus, it is my purpose in this paper to consider the cases which are not benefited by surgical interference, as well as those deriving benefit from operation. There are many conflicting opinions as to the normal, as well as the pathological position of the uterus. The probable reason for this is, that an abnormal position which will produce marked symptoms in one woman, will cause absolutely no suffering in another. The uterus is considered as part of the pelvic floor, and if a malposition exists, it means some disturbance of this structure. One of the commonest displacements is that of prolapse, which will be seen to be really a hernia of the pelvic floor. An accurate diagnosis is of prime importance, and to make this, a careful anamnesis m1ust be


The solution of the full Maxwell equations in complex geometry at GHz frequencies is an extremely difficult computational task, especially within a loaded aircraft cavity. Instead of a direct solution to Maxwell equations, we utilize the multi-scattering formalism which solves a stochastic parabolic wave equation. The solution of the stochastic parabolic equation for complex problems dramatically reduces the computational time by many orders of magnitude. Provided the wave length is the shortest length scale of interest, backscatter effects are deemed negligible and the axial propagation direction of the wave down the fuselage becomes the "time" coordinate in the resulting parabolic wave equation. Here we extend our earlier results (Vahala et al. (2004)) to account for wave polarization.


Fatigure is caused by oxidating lipide and oxygen free radical.The paper will present readers the method to dignos and measures to get rid of it.


Background: Repeat infection with Chlamydia trachomatis following treatment is common and increases the risk of sequelae. Despite clinical guidelines recommending rescreening within 3 months of treatment, rescreening rates remain low. We undertook a systematic review to identify studies that compared rates of rescreening for repeat chlamydial infection between patients receiving and not receiving an intervention. Methods: We searched Medline, EMBASE, and conference Web sites from 2000 to September 2010 using variations of the terms "chlamydia" and "rescreening" and "intervention." We used meta-analysis to calculate the overall relative risk (RR) effect on rescreening rates by study design and strategy type. Results: We identified 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 controlled observational studies, all conducted in the United States. Four RCTs assessed mailed screening kits ± reminders, with an average effect estimate of 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.50); 2 RCTs assessed motivational interviewing ± reminders with a summary effect of 2.15 (95% CI: 0.92–3.37); one RCT evaluated the effect of reminders with a RR of 9.67 (95% CI: 1.31–71.31), and another RCT assessed the effect of a $20 patient incentive with a RR of 1.16 (95% CI: 0.62–2.17). Three controlled observational studies assessed reminder strategies with RRs of 1.97 (95% CI: 1.76–2.21), 1.01 (95% CI: 0.66–1.55), and 1.88 (95% CI: 1.58–2.24)—a summary effect was not calculated due to significant heterogeneity; and one controlled observational study assessed the promotion of clinical guidelines with a RR of 1.35 (95% CI: 0.96–1.90). Conclusion: The review suggests that the use of mailed screening kits is an important strategy to increase rescreening, reminder systems are promising, and motivational interviewing is worth investigation.


This paper presents a real-time traveler information system (RTIS) for Hong Kong. It is a robust on-line updating platform for advanced traveler information system in practice, in which the real-time travel time estimates for Hong Kong road network can be extracted easily. In the RTIS, the on-line travel times are estimated by the real-time traffic data, the off-line travel time forecasts and their variance-covariance relationships between road links. The real-time traffic data consists of Autotoll tag data and Journey Time Indication System data, while the off-line travel time forecasts and their variance-covariance matrices are obtained by the traffic flow simulator. On the basis of these real-time and off-line traffic data, the current traffic conditions on Hong Kong major roads can be updated once every 5 minutes. In this paper, a case study for major roads on Hong Kong Island is presented to illustrate the performance of RTIS in real life.


Paper Received: 25 April 2021; Revised: 7 July 2021; Accepted: 12 October 2021 Please cite this article as: Santos L.F., Costa C.B.B., Caballero J.A., Ravagnani M.A.S.S., 2021, Framework for Embedding Process Simulator in GAMS via Kriging Surrogate Model Applied to C3MR Natural Gas Liquefaction Optimization, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 88, 475-480 DOI:10.3303/CET2188079 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS


Departing from the observation that traditionally the law of State responsibility has hardly interacted with the law of territory, the article examines how these two fields of international law may relate in the case of State action in contested areas, be they terrestrial or marine. Assessing recent international practice, particularly the case law of the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals, and differentiating between land and maritime * Associate Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Verona. ** Marie Curie Fellow, University of Oxford and Senior Researcher, Faculty of Law, University of Milano-Bicocca. The present article is a revised version of a paper presented at the 20th Anniversary Conference of the International Boundaries Research Unit, "The State of Sovereignty", Durham University, 1.-3.4.2009. The Authors would like to thank Professors Maurizio Arcari, Bernard Oxman and Tullio Scovazzi for their helpful comments on an earlier version. http://www.zaoerv.de/ © 2011, Max-Planck-Institut fur auslandisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht 588 Milano/Papanicolopulu ZaoRV 71 (2011) disputes, it identifies the primary obligations incumbent upon States when acting in contested areas – relating to State sovereignty and sovereign rights, ius ad bellum, ius in bello, procedural obligations pending the final settlement of the dispute – and it examines the consequences of the breach of those primary norms, in terms of secondary obligations, as well as third States' duties and obligations. The legal framework specifically created for disputed maritime areas by Art. 74 para. 3 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Art. 83 para. 3 UNCLOS, including its implications for land disputes, is specifically analysed. The authors submit that, at a time of increasingly pro-active policies and robust actions taken by States in contested areas, more attention should be devoted to the extent to which the law of State responsibility, especially with regard to relevant forms of reparation, has to adapt to the content and scope of primary norms applicable to that specific context.


In the field of purinoceptors, the P1‐adenosine and P2‐ATP system proposed by Burnstock some 15 years ago has provided a cornerstone for receptor nomenclature [Burnstock and Kennedy, 1985: Gen Pharmacol 16:433–440.] For the adenosine/P1 receptor class, the generally accepted nomenclature has been that of A1 and A2, while P2 receptor have been defined as P2x, P2y, and so on. The incorporation of newer receptors, characterised either by the actions of available compounds on defined tissues systems or by the cloning and expression of purinoceptors, into this framework provides the challenge of melding the "old" with the "new". An open meeting of the IUPHAR Purine Receptor Nomenclature Subcommittee held at the Purine Club's "Purine '92" in Milan in June of 1992 focused on this issue with input from world leaders in the area of purine research. It was recommended from this meeting that adenosine receptors, in addition to the classical A1, A2a, and A2b receptors, be further described by numerical subscript, i.e., A3, A4, until such time as pharmacological and molecular biological data provided evidence for their relationship, if any, to the A1/A2, classes. For ATP and other purine nucleotide receptors, subtypes of which were designated by letters rather than numbers, the P2X and P2Y, receptors proposed by Burnstock major families of P2 receptors utilizing ligand‐gated cation channels and G‐proteins, respectively. Some concerns were expressed in regard to the apparent random walk through the alphabet in of the IUPHAR nomenclature initiative. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This review summarizes literature covering entrepreneurship research in Africa, examining 121 articles published in prominent entrepreneurship and management journals from 2002 to 2015. To do so, this research organizes the work done along three broad themes describing: the African entrepreneur, the entrepreneurial firm, and macro socio-economic conditions. Within this framework, the review examines entrepreneurial attributes with regard to gender, age, education, and work behavior. The topics explored that are relevant to the entrepreneurial firm include organizational forms (e.g., SMEs and family businesses), financial and social capital, as well as the informal economy. Macro socio-economic conditions with respect to the various circumstances African entrepreneurs are subject to are then considered. Issues typical to Africa concerning poverty, corruption, internationalization, and environmental concerns are also examined. In an effort to facilitate future work, this research highlights knowledge gaps concerning the theoretical nature of most of work done, which has primarily been focused within Anglophone African countries. This review concludes by considering what needs to be done to improve the quality of entrepreneurship studies within the African context.


Hedge Funds are often considered as a possibility for optimizing traditional portfolios due to their alternative risk factors and sources of return. But as the return distribution of hedge funds shows negative skewness and excess kurtosis, using portfolio optimization techniques, based on the Markowitz mean variance framework, may lead to an overestimation of the op-timal allocation to hedge funds. In this study we use Polynomial Goal Programming (PGP) to incorporate higher moments of the distribution into the optimization. This article is the first to use the enhanced PGP method which incorporates investors' preferences to optimize a tradi-tional portfolio consisting of equities, bonds and commodities. Even when considering higher moments we can show that hedge funds can be useful in enhancing the return and reducing the risk of the overall portfolio. Moreover, we find evidence that applying the mean variance framework to hedge funds does not result in overestimated hedge fund allocations. On the other hand PGP leads to totally different asset allocations on the strategy level.


Modern western thinkers on human rights have given their answers to the questions about who own the human rights, why do people own the human rights and who can conform or protect the human rights. But young Marx transcended the theory of modern western human rights on the basis of animadverting modern western views on the human rights.


generally, if salt is easily accessible and well distributed. In the Clearwater basin of north Idaho, before the coming of the white man and for some time afterwards, game depended on the salt content of the water from mineral springs and on salt deposited by nature in dry licks. Actually in this area game did not get more than the minimum requirement for analyses of various mineral springs reveal that a thousand gallons of water contain less than 1 lb. of salt. Dry licks were of negligible importance for there is nowhere within the area any sign of great use. About 15 years ago it was noticed that big game was attracted to salt supplied for livestock and the plan was tried of distributing 2 tons of salt on known game ranges. This was put mostly near the natural licks on Moose Creek, Indian Creek, and Bear Creek, because there was no domestic stock in these areas.


Mathematical modeling of heat transfer processes proceeding together under conditions of intense phase transformations (melting and evaporation of metals) under laser action on a dimetallic target has been carried out. Based on the results of numerical simulation, it is established that the laser power exerts a significant influence on the dynamics of the melting process. It is shown that evaporation of metal in the boundary layer of the plate can also have a significant effect on the heat transfer characteristics. It is established that metal vapors forming a gas mixture in the near-wall region can absorb laser radiation and cause the phenomenon of optical resonance with increasing their critical concentration, in other words, when the metal melts, optical breakdown is possible.


Extant theories and numerical simulations for Langmuir circulations [Leibovich, Ann. Rev. Fluid Dyn. (1983); Leibovich et al., J. Fluid Mech. (1989)] all show predicted circulation patterns characterized by a single horizontal, cross‐wind scale. Recent research [Smith et al., J. Phys. Oceano. (1987); Weller and Price (1988); Pinkel and Smith (1989), unpublished acoustic data] show multiscale circulation patterns, including the organization of bubbles and phytoplankton, in the oceanic surface layer. An analytic theory for the evolution of two‐dimensional disturbances in neutrally stratified, super‐critical shear flows will be presented, done in collaboration with Chris Bretherton, UW‐Applied Mathematics. This theory shows that initially favored, quickly growing disturbances evolve into catalysts for the transfer of mean flow energy into other scales of motion, producing multiscale circulation fields. This general result directly predicts the production of multiscale Langmuir circulations, which is supporte...


In order to further improve the study of population system with stage structure, this paper introduced a Leslie-Gower predator prey model with stage structure and prey refuge. By using the methods of qualitative and stability of differential inequalities, comparison theorem and Hurwitz criterion in the differential equation, this paper mainly discussed the boundedness of solutions, existence and asymptotic stability of positive equilibria. From some conditions of the theorem, the study indicates that the system must be uniform persistence when its positive equilibria is locally asymptotically stable. At the same time, the specified values are assigned to model parameters, and the result is further substantiated by numerical simulation.


The behaviour of beam-column joint in steel structure is significant in the event of fire. During the events of fire the bolt and end plate lose strength and ductility which are important properties of material. The fracture of bolt and yielding of end plate leads to large rotations during fire at the joint. This paper presents the behaviour of the bolted end plate connection at beam-column joint. The thickness of the end plate has been varied and the behavior of connection and bolt fracture is studied under elevated temperature by using finite element program ABAQUS. The end plates are shop welded to the beam and connected to column flange by means of HSFG bolts.


The article specifies individual research areas of the thinking behavior of innocence in law. The author offers specific problems that may be disclosed in writing master's theses in the framework of the behavior of innocence in law.


In this paper an evaluation about the performances of a beta gauge for air pollution monitoring developed by the authors has been worked out. The apparatus is quite interesting for airborne particulate measurements, and it seems to be useful in several other applications in the field of environmental sciences.


Aims. The hydrogen Lyman lines provide important diagnostic information about the dynamics of the chromosphere, but there have been few systematic studies of their variability during flares. We investigate Doppler shifts in these lines in several flares, and use these to calculate plasma speeds. Methods. We use spectral data from the Multiple EUV Grating Spectrograph B (MEGS-B) detector of the Extreme-Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) instrument on the Solar Dynamics Observatory. MEGS-B obtains full-disk spectra of the Sun at a resolution of 0.1 nm in the range 37–105 nm, which we analyse using three independent methods. The first method performs Gaussian fits to the lines, and compares the quiet-Sun centroids with the flaring ones to obtain the Doppler shifts. The second method uses cross-correlation to detect wavelength shifts between the quiet-Sun and flaring line profiles. The final method calculates the "center-of-mass" of the line profile, and compares the quiet-Sun and flaring centroids to obtain the shift. Results. In a study of 6 flares we find strong signatures of both upflow and downflow in the Lyman lines, with speeds measured in Sun-as-a-Star data of around 10 km s -1 , and speeds in the flare excess signal of around 30 km s -1 . Conclusions. All events showing upflows in Lyman lines are associated with some kind of eruption or coronal flow in imaging data, which may be responsible for the net blueshifts. Events showing downflows in the Lyman lines may be associated with loop contraction or faint downflows, but it is likely that chromospheric condensation flows are also contributing.


This study aims to analyze the construction need of the Arabic Language Model For Islamic law. Nowadays, the problem we are facing is our lack of attention to know the methods of the Arabic language and its function in understanding a text and its purposes by looking at operational, conceptual, explicit, metaphorical, general, and specific interpretations in where all this requires a complete knowledge of the language. Therefore, the understanding of the function of Grammatical and Rhetorical Connotations (Dalalat Nahwiyyah and Balaghiyyah) in the construction of law needs to be taken into account through strengthening the features of the academic module unit. This study uses the needs analysis model of Hutchinson and Waters, 1987 which consists of Lacks, Needs, and Wants to collect primary data. While the supporting data is obtained from the analysis of relevant documents. The findings of the study show that the majority of respondents already understand most of the topics related to Arabic Grammar and that they do so well even though some of them still have not mastered it. In term of Arabic Rhetoric, the majority of respondents showed uncertainty with their level of understanding and mastery of this knowledge. Therefore, we found that the majority of respondents strongly agreed to study Arabic Grammar and Rhetoric and its Connotations(Dalalat) with understanding their function in constructing the Syariah law.


Villagers' participation in poverty alleviation programs has received considerable attention, especially with regard to the poor. However, not much is known about the welfare effect of villagers' program participation. This paper analyzes the impact of villagers' program participation on their incomes. We used household data from 529 villagers in China's Whole Village Poverty Alleviation Program. We focused on two types of program participation—discussion and voting. Using the propensity score matching approach, we estimate the impact of rural households' program participation on their income. The results show that the education and the political career of the household head determine program participation. Households participating in discussion and voting have a positive and significant effect on household income. Richer households benefit more from the program. However, the poor receive less benefits. We conclude that broadening villager's participation can boost the effectiveness of China's poverty alleviation program.


Research concerning the life and activity of the brothers Cyril and Methodius has already advanced to a very high level, the relevant production of books and articles already numbering in the thousands. Every topic of their life, missionary and literary activity has been scrutinized by scholars to a most satisfactory degree. For a long time now no new document that would shed more light upon their life and activity has seen the light of publicity. Therefore one might ask: what is really left for a scholar to keep himself occupied with the study of the cyrillomethodian problems and which of them are left for any further study? The author of the article tries to trace some new perspectives insisting on the necessity of viewing and interpreting the sources Departing from the primary sources and the necessity of preparing a critical edition of them he points out the methods applied by A. Vaillant and the research done by G. Ziffer, which really lead to new ways of their philological reconstruction. He then touches upon the secondary sources and proposes their study under the perspective of finding in them traces of historical truth. To this purpose the study of the information provided by both primary and secondary sources in parallel order would be of great help. The fact that it was indeed secondary sources that had provided grounds for I. Boba and M. Eggers' launching a new theory about the territory in which Cyril and Methodius deplored their activity it should not be passed without notice. To show how a new interpretation of the sources would lead to new conclusions the author treats two main problems concerning the life and activity of the Thessalonian brothers. The one has to do with the incomprehensible reference to the "Russian letters" in the Life of Constantine-Cyril, and the erroneous interpretation given to that passage by eminent scholars such as R. Jakobson and A. Vaillant, who insisted on a philological interpetation of it and ignored the historical data. The author proposes an historical interpretation that does not justify the existence of Slavonic script before Cyril and Methodius, as accepted by some scholars, but suggests that in that passage reference is made to a first draft of the script invented by Cyril himself. The second problem has to do with the administrative area inhabited by Slavs in which Methodius was appointed governor by the emperor. A new interpretation of the sources would lead to the conclusion that Methodius was appointed comes of Opsikion in Bithynia, a conjecture that has more chances to be true than any other that has been advanced up to this day. The conclusion of this article is that a new interpretation of the sources that would take into account all data, philological and historical, as well as all information coming from primary and secondary sources, opens a new way for further research of cyrillomethodian problems.


The purpose of the essay was to discuss the process of accounting choice in the regulation of investments in joint ventures in light of the Three-dimensional theory of Miguel Reale. Recently, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has determined the elimination of the proportionate consolidation method, even in the absence of empirical evidence to prove, with robustness, the best method that meets the criteria of quality of accounting information. From 2013, IFRS 11 in force requires the use of the equity method, with the justification to reduce the gap between countries in the regulation of investments in joint ventures, in favor of the international accounting convergence process. Through the interrelations between the Three-dimensional theory of Reale and the accounting regulation was identified the fundamentals of accounting choice process, discussing differences between nations, and the proposal made by the IASB.


The invention discloses a data transmitting system, which comprises a portable electronic device and a storage device. The portable electronic device comprises a display module, a storage function generating module, a selecting module, a direction sensing module and a transferring module. The display module comprises a display area and at least a data transmitting port. The storage function generating module is used for generating a storage indicating region which can display the files in the storage device in a display region when the storage device is inserted into a data transmitting port. The selecting module is used for selecting files needed to be removed. The direction sensing module is used for sensing the inclining direction of the portable electronic device and generating a file transmitting route according to the inclining direction. The transferring module is used for transferring the selected file to be transferred along the file transmitting route generated by the direction sensing module. The invention further relates to a data transmitting method.


We adopted the TDDFT theory and the cluster averaging method to compute the spectra of $\rm In_xGa_{1-x}As$ with arbitrary concentration $x$. We find great agreement between theoretical and experimental data. The success of this method is mainly because that we approximate the transition matrix elements by the LDA p-matrix elements via meta-generalized gradient approximation(mGGA) which includes the singularity of the type $f_{XC,00}(\mathbf{q})\sim 1/q^2 $ as $q\rightarrow 0$. Thus, Our studies provide some insight into the theoretical calculation of optical spectra of semiconductor alloys.


Upon study of hotspring in Tibet and Yunnan that explodes frequently and strongly it was found that the explosion is related to silicon concentration in hot sprihg.Sillcon hydrate from deep into the crust moves to shallow area and is oxidized and hydrolyzed into silica gel which close the outlet so heat is cumulated to a point when other hydrate break through and is oxidized very quickly and give rise to explosion.


This research reconstructs the population origins for Phoenix, Arizona, based on U.S. manuscript census counts by state and foreign country for 1870, 1880, and 1900. Population‐origin counts are tabulated and converted to maps to show the hierarchical patterns of source regions for the three time periods. Findings suggest how certain regions in the U.S. and abroad were significant to the foundation populations of nascent Phoenix. Patterns of population origins enhance our understanding of the early social and cultural development of one of the major urban nodes of the American Southwest.


Abstract This article presents results of a Monte Carlo comparison of Wakefield and Doughtie's (1973) binomial test, Hubert and Arabie's (1987) randomization test and Myors' (1996) rank order correlation method for testing hexagonal structure within Holland's (1992) theory of vocational interests. The p-values of the randomization test and the rank order correlation method correlated .99 across 5,000 simulation runs. Correlations with the binomial test were somewhat lower. The randomization test and the rank order correlation proved robust with respect to violations of the assumption of independence, whereas the binomial test did not. In spite of the very high degree of association between the p-value of the rank order correlation and the randomization test, the performance of these two tests around the critical value of .05 was not identical. The two tests led to different conclusions about the statistical significance of the findings 2.6, 3.5, and 7.5% of the time under the three conditions simulated. This research demonstrated conclusively that none of these tests or indices provide valid tests of the presence of a circumplex structure in a RIASEC matrix as postulated in Holland's (1992) theory.


In order to improve phosphorus and nitrogen removal in sludge reduction technologies,an advanced process combining excess sludge reduction and phosphorus and nitrogen removal was developed.It is the hydrolysis acidification-anaerobic/anoxic-multistep continuous oxic(HA-A/A-MCO) process.With a favorable effect of phosphorus and nitrogen removal and sludge reduction,the process was used to treat campus wastewater.When the average influent TN is 47 mg/L,the effluent TN is 10.9 mg/L,and the total removal rate of TN is 76.8%,of which,the rate of aerobic nitrogen removal is 50%,and the rate of anoxic nitrogen removal is 26%.There are a certain amount of bacteria having denitrification ability under aerobic condition in HA-A/A-MCO system.They contribute to aerobic nitrogen removal,and DO can not affect their denitrification ability.DO concentration gradient in aerobic tank contributes to creating an anoxic environment in sludge floc,which can promote simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND).Besides,reducing the size of sludge floc can decrease of anoxic area proportion of sludge floc,accordingly reduce nitrogen removal efficiency by SND.


Article considers the problem managerial competencies. The text states that a feature of modern management, reflected in the views of managerial competencies, serves as the basis for the revision of technology and the focus of the educational process in higher education.


Decisions that hope to advance broad public interests require a reliable foundation in facts. We provide a post-publication review of Laundré & Papouchis (2020) and compare it with a review included in the report, "Human-Cougar Interactions: A Literature Review Related to Common Management Questions," undertaken by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife to inform decisions and regulations made by that State's Fish and Wildlife Commission. We focus on two aspects of objectivity in that report: (1) the constitution of the membership of the persons that performed the review; and (2) how they conducted their review. Our conclusions more broadly reveal how scientific review and critique should and should not be done to support policy decisions, regulations, and legislation, and how policy-makers can be enlightened or misled by scientific review. We conclude with recommendations for what the public and policy-makers should look for in a sound review of scientific evidence.


The invention discloses a desktop component classification displaying method and mobile terminal. The classification displaying method is applied to the mobile terminal with an android operation system, and comprises the following steps: setting at least one classification tag, and correlating each desktop component with the corresponding classification tag respectively; and displaying the desktop component correlated with the classification tag according to the clicked classification tag. By using the invention, all the desktop components on the mobile terminal can be subjected to classification management and displayed, so that a user can quickly find a target and quickly run a target program, and great convenience can be brought to the user particularly under the condition that a great many desktop components exist.


The results of numerical simulation the interaction of low intensity laser radiation with muscle myoglobin (Mb) and oxymyoglobin (MbO2) are presented. It is shown that photodissociation of MbO2 allows regulate the concentration of oxygen (O2) in muscles in the zone of laser irradiation. In space medicine they may find application for prevention and elimination of negative effects of weightlessness on muscular activity of astronauts during long space flights.


623 Background: Renal mass biopsy (RMB) for localized renal masses (RM) is being re-evaluated to improve risk stratification and minimize morbidity from over-treatment. We review our institutional experience with RMB to identify performance characteristics and highlight opportunities to improve management. Methods: Using our prospectively maintained database, we identified patients who underwent core RMB +/- fine needle aspiration (FNA). We describe performance characteristics and assess pathologic concordance. Using the University of Michigan (UM) algorithm, we reviewed the potential that RMB influenced therapeutic decision-making. Results: We noted 374 RMBs performed from 1999-2015 (66% within last 5 years). Core RMB (+/- FNA) was performed in 65.2% (244/374) of cases, of which 41% (99/244) underwent surgical resection. Initial core RMB was non-diagnostic in 9% (9/99) of surgical cases and subsequently diagnosed with RCC. RCC diagnosed on core RMB that underwent surgical resection demonstrated histologi...


In recent years, economic or white-collar, crime has attracted widespread interest all over the world. Increasingly, we are exhorted to turn our attention from the problems of street crime to those of corporate crime. Corporate crime involves vast sums. It can prejudice not only the financial interest of citizens, but also their lives and their property; it can thwart important state policies, such as controlling pollution, fostering competition, and protecting consumers. These pressures are felt throughout the industrialised world. It is not surprising, therefore, that corporate criminal liability has been discussed extensively by scholars who have addressed the problem of economic crime. Corporate criminal liability is one method by which states seek to control business activities.


Breast feeding is essential to positively impact an infant's health, nutrition, survival and growth. It is the great foundation of nourishment for an infant [1]. There are number of positions to facilitate comfortable breastfeeding. Among these positions, side lying is a position in which a woman lies laterally with the infant lying beside her. It is considered as most convenient position because it is not only fulfilling infant's demand of being fed but it also decreases maternal discomfort after the birth. The position itself has benefits but on the same side it has risks associated with it, which should be considered while counseling mother regarding breastfeeding. In reproductive health practice at a secondary hospital of Pakistan, we were able to identify the described situation and learn few insights from the situation, when we observe and meet a 23 years old Primigravida. She was admitted at 38th week of gestation for a delivery via Caesarean section.


Recently, we proposed a capacity expansion approach for transmission grids that combines the upgrade of transmission capacity with a transition in system structure to improve grid operation. The key to this concept is a particular hybrid AC/DC transmission grid architecture, which is obtained by uprating selected AC lines via a conversion to HVDC. We have shown that this system structure improves optimal power flow (OPF) solvability and that it can reduce the total generation costs. In this paper, we study the benefits of this hybrid architecture in the context of a deregulated electricity market. We propose an efficient and accurate nodal pricing method based on locational marginal prices (LMPs) that utilizes a second-order cone relaxation of the OPF problem. Applicability of this method requires exactness of the relaxation, which is difficult to obtain for conventional meshed AC transmission grids. We prove that the hybrid architecture ensures applicability if the LMPs do not coincide with certain pathological price profiles, which are shown to be unlikely under normal operating conditions. Using this nodal pricing method, we demonstrate that upgrading to the hybrid architecture can not only increase the effective transmission capacity, but also reduce the separation of nodal markets and improve the utilization of generation.


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A method for paging printing sheet-shaped recording carriers (2a ... 2c) in a printing device (1a), wherein the recording medium (2a ... 2c) successively one after the other at least one point-wise controllable printing unit (4a ... 4d), each having a blade pitch (d) to a previous recording medium (2a ... 2c) in a transport direction (a) are supplied, wherein - page-structured document print data is subjected to raster process in which rows and columns structured raster print data is generated, - for the document print data of one page a predetermined nominal number NA is provided in each of rows, - the raster print data in a print data storage area (25) of an electronic memory (15a) are successively stored row-wise, - in the memory (15a), an empty line memory area (32) is not provided with a print data to be filled blank line, read out, the raster print data successively line by line from the print data storage area (25) of the memory (15a) and the printing unit (4a ... 4d) are line-fed and - - respectively after reading out the nominal number NA of lines from the print data storage area (25) of the empty line memory area (32) comprises a number LZ is read out times, where LZ is an integer greater than or equal to zero and is dependent on (the sheet interval d).


S,S-and R,R-warfarin alcohols 3 are prepared in good yield and in 99% d.e. (diastereomeric excess) by the reaction of S- or R-warfarin 1 with S or R-Alpine-Hidride 2.


How persistent and universal has the two child family ideal been in Europe during the last three decades? We analyze responses of women of reproductive age from 168 surveys conducted in 37 countries in 1979–2012. A two-child ideal has become nearly universal among women in all parts of Europe. Countries that used to display higher ideal family size have converged over time toward a two-child model. Six out of ten women in Europe consider two children as ideal, and this proportion is very similar in different regions. The mean ideal family size has become closely clustered around 2.2 in most countries. Gradual shifts can be documented toward more women expressing an ideal of having one child (and, quite rarely, having no children) and a parallel decline in an ideal of three or more children. An increasing number of European countries saw their mean ideal family size falling to relatively low levels around 1.95–2.15. However, with the exception of one survey for eastern Germany and two of the surveys not included in our study owing to high nonresponse or low sample size, none of the analyzed surveys suggests a decline in mean ideal family size to levels considerably below replacement, i.e., below 1.9 children per woman.


Internal Quality Control (IQC) describes steps taken by the blood centre to ensure that tests are performed correctly and as per the guidelines. Primary goal of Quality Control is transfusion of safe quality of blood components to give optimal benefit to patients. The aim of study was to ensure supply of safe and efficient blood component to patients.Quality control of blood components prepared between December 2019 to November 2021 were included in our study. Monthly Quality control (QC) of the blood components were done as per the national guideline, 1% of total components prepared or minimum 4 units. Packed red cell units were evaluated for haematocrit, random donor platelet concentrates for yield and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate were evaluated for volume, factor VIII and fibrinogen concentrations.A total of 1302 units were tested for IQC. The mean hematocrit of RBC was 58.8%. In PLT, mean yield was 6.9 × 10/cu mm. Mean factor VIII and fibrinogen levels were found to be 377 IU/bag and 851.60 mg/bag in FFP respectively. Mean factor VIII and fibrinogen levels were found to be 311.81 IU/bag and 1694.4 mg/bag in cryoprecipitate respectively.In the present era, Quality Control is very important step in maintaining quality of blood components and the quality objectives of the blood centre, so that we ensure most efficient blood transfusion to patient. The IQC of blood components at our blood centre is in overall compliance and met recommended national standards. Implementation of standard operating procedures, accomplishment of standard guidelines, proper documentation with regular audit and staff competencies can improve the quality performance of the transfusion services.


Spasticity refers to the abnormal symptom of having resistance in the joints when patients tried to make a movement. Patients with spasticity need to undergo multiple therapy sessions with medical intervention to ensure that the upper limb achieve maximal function. Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is frequently used in clinical assessment with grading on a scale. However, this scale is limited in sensitivity and the accuracy of this evaluation is dependent on the physician's and therapist's experience. This study suggests developing a portable measurement device kit system during clinical assessment to reduce inter- and intra-rater variability, and to assist clinicians in making quick clinical evaluation of spasticity. In this study, 19 patients were involved in the data acquisition. Assessment data from upper limb of patients with spasticity were recorded using a Manual Muscle Tester (MMT) and digital goniometer to measure force and the angular motion. During the assessment, patients were examined through slow and fast motion for spasticity evaluation. The collected data were analyzed to study intra-rater reliability value by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values for all patients were in range 0.78 to 0.89. It can be considered that the collected data was reliable and can be used to formulate a model towards the development of a portable device measurement kit system for upper limb spasticity.


There are two types of pulmonary hypertension. One of them is primary pulmonary hypertension in which the cause is unknown, and the other is secondary pulmonary hypertension related to congenital heart disease, pulmonary thromboembolism and pulmonary fibrosis. In both cases, the prognosis is severe and various histological changes can be seen in hypertensive pulmonary arteries. Therefore their histological examination is important for the diagnosis of the pulmonary hypertension. In the field of pathology, diagnosis of biopsy materials are carried out based on the results obtained by examining the histology of autopsy materials to evaluate the grade of hypertension, and arterial hypertrophy is generally used for the evaluation. However a great amount of work is required for such analysis, since the method mainly relys on the manual operation. In this study, a system based on the image processing technique for the quantitative measurement of the arterial hypertrophy is developed. The system is capable of extracting precise image of pulmonary arteries. Also a new method is proposed to estimate the state of the pulmonary arteries before the constriction which is caused by the postmortem decrease of the blood pressure. Using this system, we have measured the grade of the arterial hypertrophy from the hypertensive autopsy material, and obtained histologically well correlated results to the conventional knowledge of the pulmonary hypertension.


The present invention relates to an electrically driven linearly moves linearly mass for the actuator, wherein the at least one elongate actuator member so as to be slidable in the axial direction in the interior of competent attached, the at least one fine length of the actuator element acts on the output side in the mass, on the input side is coupled to the spindle nut, the spindle nut itself, relying on the mandrel, the mandrel is rotatably mounted inside the director, and can be arranged to be made the electric motor rotational movement. Spindle nut in such a way rely on the mandrel, ie, the rotation of the mandrel such that the spindle nut during the axial movement of the spindle nut with respect to the charge of telescopically moving each element actuator. In order to prevent the driving vibration causes vibration to be mass movement, the present invention provided that each actuator element are formed by two tubes, the two tubes concentrically arranged to form the tubular gap having a certain thickness, the tubes by located in the gap of an elastic material inside a non-directly connected. Two concentric tubes in an action on the mass to be moved, while the other tube is coupled to the spindle nut.


This article examines the governance structure of retail payments in the United States, provides an overview of payment fraud, and discusses in depth the liability frameworks for fraud involving specific payment methods. It also presents a series of recommendations that describe how the public sector might work together with the private sector to reduce fraud risks by clarifying liability for fraud.


A long-lasting barrier protection at damaged sites of coated system can be achieved by means of an active response of the primer. This may be attained through the release of reactive liquids from dispersed containers, the increase of the local mobility of the polymeric network, or the expansion of (dispersed elements in) the primer [1]. Such self-healing mechanisms provide an excellent strategy towards repeated and sustained self-repair properties and, additionally, are not incompatible with the inclusion of passive elements within the primer to produce a corrosion inhibition response. This work focuses on the modelling and simulation of expandable coatings resembling systems that contain thin clay-based interlayers [2]. However, a similar methodology could be applied to treat the hydraulic growth of inorganic grains in PPS coatings [3]. The expansion of a theoretical porous plastic primer is triggered by the ingress of environmental moisture. The volumetric growth of the primer into the crack is investigated under different humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions resembling different geographical locations (coastline vs. inland, changes in altitude and latitude, etc). Furthermore, the reversibility of the expansion process is investigated through hysteresis cycles resembling the change of the environmental conditions over a time lapse of several hours up to days. The self-sealing capacity of the coating is estimated from the maximum crack width that can be filled. A full characterization of self-sealing efficiency is given in terms of key design parameters such as porosity, permeability, sorption behaviour, swelling range, shear modulus, layers widths and adhesion properties.