The stem anatomy of Passiflora edulis, P. foetida, P. suberosa, P. subpeltata, and P. vesicaria was studied in samples collected in Durban (KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa) and Baroda (Vadodara, Gujarat State, India). Radial stem growth in all the species is realized by a single, bidirectional vascular cambium. However, unequal activity in small segments of the cambial cylinder results in a lobed stem outline in P. foetida var. ellisonii, and a furrowed xylem cylinder in P. edulis f. edulis and P. vesicaria var. vesicaria. In P. subpeltata and P. edulis f. flavicarpa the xylem remains cylindrical in outline. In all the species investigated, secondary xylem is diffuse-porous with growth rings indistinct or absent. In transverse view, vessels are round to oval with different diameter categories, including very narrow fibriform vessels intermixed. In P. edulis f. edulis, stems are lobed due to the unidirectional activity of the cambium in small segments. Rays are mostly both narrow (1–3-seriate) and wide (multiseriate). The latter often become aggregate at some distance from the pith.


Terminology and notation For our results it will be convenient to interpret the ground set V as a set of nodes in a hypergraph H = (V,E), where each e ∈ E is an individual hyperedge and fe is the function which determines how to penalize different ways of splitting the hyperedge e. The function f is then a notion of a generalized hypergraph cut function [4, 6, 9]. This terminology is particularly convenient when talking about graph reduction strategies, since modeling a function fe will involve treating each element in e as a node. We apply this terminology here, though note that all of the results we show will apply more generally to approximately modeling a decomposable submodular function using the cut properties of a graph.


OF THE EDINBURGH DISCUSSION A review of the risk margin – Solvency II and beyond report by the Risk Margin Working Party [Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, Edinburgh, 7 October 2019] The Chairman (Mr G. S. Mee, F.I.A.): We have Andy Pelkiewicz and Craig Turnbull who are going to talk to you about risk margin. Andy (Pelkiewicz) will give you a good summary and take you through the main points. Craig (Turnbull) will then provoke some discussion. Andy (Pelkiewicz) spent most of his career at Sun Life, and then AXA Sun Life. In 2007, he joined HBoS, which later became part of the Lloyds Banking Group, within their European life business. He was heavily involved in the development of Solvency II for companies in Germany, Luxembourg and the UK. That took him to Germany in 2010, where he was later head of actuarial and investment at the Heidelberger Leben Group. He retired in 2016 and continues to live in Germany. Mr A. J. Pelkiewicz, F.I.A.: The working party was set up in 2017 following criticisms of the risk margin, in particular in the Treasury Committee inquiry into EU insurance regulation. Our brief was in two parts: what fixes can be made, either under Solvency II or, in the UK, post-Brexit; and a more general examination of the purpose of the risk margin and how it can be fulfilled. In addition to the members of the working party, I would like to mention Chris Marsh, who was our first chair and set us off in the right direction before leaving the working party last year. As well as preparing the paper, we have developed a simple model to illustrate the issues, and we have also carried out a survey of insurers. These are described in the paper, and the results are used to illustrate the points made in the paper. What is the purpose of the risk margin and how did it develop? I would like to describe this by giving a light-hearted imaginary description of how the legislators might have thought, so do not take it too seriously. The paper does give a more formal description. Let us imagine, for a moment, that I am a legislator and I am trying to design a modern international solvency system. I might start with a principle that the valuation methodology must be as prescriptive as possible. In this vision, I do not want companies or their actuaries using more judgement than necessary. This principle is followed by market consistent valuation, which is widely used, so let us choose that. It is easy to value assets but not liabilities. There is no deep, liquid market in insurance liabilities. To be market consistent, we need to estimate the amount the firm would have to pay in the market to transfer its liabilities. The best estimate – the expected value of the liabilities – can readily be calculated, but the transferee would want more. After all, he is taking on a risk, he is having to provide regulatory capital and he wants to make a profit. So, I need to define a proxy for the market costs of the transfer value in excess of the best estimate, and there are a number of possible approaches. For the solution, I consider valuing the risks incurred and also the cost of capital required. I consult with the industry and I look at other solvency regimes. In the end, I decide to follow the wishes expressed by the industry and copy the solution of a neighbouring country, in this case Switzerland. Therefore, I define the proxy addition as the cost of capital in the transferee company over the full run-off period. © Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2020. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. British Actuarial Journal (2020), Vol. 25, e19, pp. 1–17 doi:10.1017/S1357321720000197


The identification efficiency of market for corporate control( MCC),which is the foundation of studying the performance of MCC,determines whether the managerial inefficiency can be effectively identified. This article analyzes samples of major Chinese MA targets from listed companies between 2005- 2009,and further divides them into market_driven takeovers,affiliate_predominated takeovers and government_predominated takeovers. Data Envelopment Analysis( DEA) is applied to identify the pre_merger efficiency of target companies in order to test the efficiency of the identification mechanism of MCC. The result shows that generally there is no significant evidence of high identification efficiency of MCC in China,which indicates that MCC in China is still premature. However,the study shows that target companies of affiliate_predominated takeovers are the most inefficient,which seems to imply that the performance of MCC on the affiliated_predominated takeovers is relatively effective.


Operating Microscope"; "Peripheral Nerve Grafting"; "Small Vessel Replacement"; "Replacing the Severed Part"; "Organ Transplantation in Miniature". After the lectures and demonstrations, participants will perform the various microprocedures with the many optical aids and microsurgical equipment, including microscopes. There will be a comprehensive trade exhibit of sutures, instruments and optical aids. The workshop will be limited to 20 applicants. It will not be suitable for ophthalmologtsts. The fee for attendance will be $30.00, plus the cost of lunches. Intending applicants are asked not to send their fee until requested.


Protecting traditional knowledge (TK) has been acknowledged in various discussions under the umbrella of a number of inter-governmental organizations that deal with biodiversity, the environment, indigenous peoples' rights, human rights, among others. It has, however, been difficult to arrive at a consensus on the proper modality that can serve the needs and desires of Indigenous and Local Communities (ILCs) in their economic and cultural participation. The paper examines the requirements for the protection of TK and explores the modalities of TK protection at the international level for regulating the control of, access to and utilization of biodiversity associated with it. It is argued that any modality of TK protection should incorporate defensive and positive protection that address gaps in protecting TK. Protection of TK should, therefore, involve identifying different modalities, including those based on Intellectual Property, to fit the nature and use of TK in particular contexts. The paper makes a case for a shift in strategy for protecting TK by adopting pluralistic modalities that address the protection needs of ILCs, depending on the purpose and the context in which the knowledge is practiced.


In order to launch spin transfer torque-based magnetoresistive random access memory into mass production below the 40 nm technology node, high performance perpendicularly magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) are crucial. One of the key issues for pMTJs is to ensure compatibility with conventional back-end-of-line (BEOL) heating process, where thermal tolerances over 350 C for standalone memory and 400 °C for embedded memory are typically required. In this work, we successfully demonstrated high thermal tolerance in CoFeB-based pMTJs with a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) pinned structure while keeping stray fields on the free layer low. The annealing temperature (Tanneal) dependence of spin torque switching (STS) and TMR characteristics revealed that the reduction of Ic0, the increase of Δ, and the increase of TMR ratio were achieved by elevating Tanneal from 250 °C up to 380 °C for 30 min. Thus, we attained high STS efficiency (Ic0/Δ)=0.88 (Ic0=69 μA, Δ=78), TMR ratio=120%, RA =12 Ωμm2 at Tanneal=380 °C for the pMTJs with dimensions of 44-46 nm in diameter. Moreover, by using specially tailored pMTJs with a SAF pinned structure, we achieved high thermal tolerance up to 400 °C for 30 min while keeping Ic0/Δ=1.12 (Ic0=56 μA, Δ=50), TMR ratio=150% , RA=13 Ωμm2.


The baseband test receiver designed for WiMAX testing performs extensive packet detection, frequency-offset measurements and correction, and a variety of symbol detection and processing.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the motivation of leisure on leisure satisfaction and psychological well-being of male university students. The subjects of this study consisted of 376. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis as a statistical method. The result of this study were as follows. First, there was significant difference leisure participation motivation and leisure satisfaction in the leisure activity type. Second, the participation motivation of leisure activity have statistically significant correlation with leisure satisfaction and psychological well-being. Third, the participation motivation of leisure activity influence statistically significantly on the leisure satisfaction. Forth, the participation motivation of leisure activity influence statistically significantly on the psychological well-being. Forth, leisure satisfaction influence statistically significantly on the psychological well-being.


"Sistem Sokongan Pensyarah" (SISOP) is a final project that is carried out after - its Importance was admitted by supervisor, Pn . Salimah Mokhtar . This system is important in keeping all activity including an activity among lecturer inside or outside of university. Activities that is carried out by lecturer such as publications, conferences, research which is like its involvement in the teaching field, consultancies and etc. All of these information are very important but there is no an alternative to develop this system before. As its objective, when this system is ready to use, it just not only keep the information that relates with the lecturer itself. but it also can easily achieve by the user. Prototype model has been used for this approach because it is matching with this system. From this model, all step of task that is implemented can be altered to return according to user latest necessity From characters of system, hope this system can settle problem related to the lecturer as a system user and the involvement of lecturer in every matter can be exposed to the entire University of Malaya member and also its general off-campus to raise the excellency of University of Malaya.


As the field of retinal prostheses advances, volunteers are required for device trials, and optimal participant recruitment is vital for intervention success. The aims of this study were: (i) to select tests that assess the psychosocial aspects of visual impairment and develop a psychosocial assessment protocol for persons who may be eligible for participation in retinal prostheses trials; (ii) to investigate correlations between these tests; and (iii) to determine associations between psychosocial factors and a person's interest in participating in a retinal prosthesis (bionic eye) trial.


was modified by carrying out the denaturation step at 80C, thereby minimising nonspecific background staining due to endogenous biotin. None of the specimens showed positive staining for components of cytomegalovirus with either technique. We have thus not been able to support our hypothesis. The possibility remains, however, that CMV might act as an initiator in primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or autoimmune hepatitis, but by the time the advanced disease process has been recognised the virus has already been eliminated.


Several F' agents which carry various sizes and different kinds of chromosomal segment have been isolated. These are infective and can determine certain male type of behavior by controlling the oriented transfer of the host chromosome. The F' agent can also pick up genes of the host cell and can exchange these genes with host cell chromosome. This agent has high contagiousness and can multiply faster than the host cell. Cells carrying F' can be cured with acridine treatment. Some F' agents carry chromosomal markers which are transduced when F' infects another cell.The transductants form stable heterogenotes. Complementing pairs of mutant markers have given the wild type on segregation. Thus segregation, due to crossing over between the chromosome and the chromosomal fragment of F', occurrs within the heterogenote. F' transduces the exogenotic gene with higher frequency than the endogenotic gene. The episomic state of F' can be controlled with Rfd3.The process of F-duction is quite like as mating process of Hfr.A hypothesis on the structure of F' and the mechanism of determination of maleness by F' is discussed.


Objective: Recent research has shown that psychiatric disorders are more common during pregnancy. This study was done to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in females presenting in the antenatal clinic. The study also tried to find out risk factors associated with anxiety and depression in pregnancy in the above-mentioned population. Design: This was a descriptive survey of 200 outpatients. Place and duration of study: This study was done in the outpatientis department of Lady Atchison Hospital, Lahore. The study was done from May 2001 to October 2001. Subjects and methods: Study sample consisted of 200 consecutive outpatients presenting in the antenatal clinic. Pregnant women who agreed to be interviewed were included in the study. Demographic details were noted. PSE was used as an interviewing instrument and ICD-10 was used as diagnostic criteria. Results: According to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria 34.5% of females were suffering from anxiety and 25% were suffering from depression. Young age, loss of parent during childhood, past history of psychiatric illness, family history of psychiatric illness was identified as possible risk factors to develop anxiety and depression during pregnancy. Conclusion: Prevalence of anxiety and depression was similar to many studies reported from the West. Pregnant females with possible risk factors should be specially screened for anxiety and depression. Locally prepared and validated instruments need to be developed for use in Pakistan.


The American viewing present-day European governments is more than ordinarily perplexed. He knew that states, great and small, had adopted nineteenth-century constitutions in conscious imitation of free British parliamentary self-government. The four ancient governmental systems associated with the names Romanoff, Hapsburg, Hohenzollern, and Othman, which were based on autocracy, with or without a claim of divine sanction, with or without a record of efficient service—these he had seen the Great War bring down to cataclysmic ruin. Perhaps he had thought of that war as democracy's righteous, forceful defense of itself against the aggression of imperialism. He had seen, if not shared, high hopes of a reconstruction, wherein free states should cooperate in a league of peace, and rival each other only peacefully, in perfecting democratic constitutions and the mechanisms of individual liberty and social order.


REC (Regular Expression Compiler) is a concise programming language which allows students to write programs without knowledge of the complicated syntax of languages like FORTRAN and ALGOL. The language is recursive and contains only four elements for control. This paper describes an interpreter of REC written in FORTRAN.


ENGLISH/ ABSTRACT (ENGLISH/ ABSTRACT (ENGLISH/ ABSTRACT (ENGLISH/ ANGLAIS The purpose of the study is to investigate the predictive effects of the mathematics skills on the students' achievement in science in junior secondary school. A sample of 500 students was randomly selected from 10 Junior Secondary School 3 (JSS 3) in Benin metropolis, Edo State. A mathematics test titled "Test of Mathematics Skills" which covers the six mathematics skills considered was administered and the subjects' mock scores in science were collected from their records. The scores obtained in the mathematics test were correlated with their science scores to establish the relationship between mathematics skills and science achievement. Regression analysis was carried out to test the effects of the mathematics skills on the science achievement. The results revealed that there are significant correlations between the mathematics skills and science achievement. The result also showed that all the six mathematics skills i.e. computation skill, algebra skill, geometry skill, measuration skill, interpretation of graphs and tables and everyday statistics have direct effects on the science achievement in junior secondary school.


The results of the research in non-revenue water management field can be considered a support for improving the performances of water companies, with a significant input of the reduction of the costs for operating and maintenance. Other potential impact of the results of the research is the awareness of the managers of water companies regarding the importance of an adequate non- revenue water monitoring system, on auditing of used data and establishing of an organizational structure for the implementation of the strategies for water losses reduction.


The purpose of this study was to document the conditions of the built environment and the characteristics of commuters who bicycle to rail stations in New Jersey. This research was quantified through several data-collection activities: (a) observational counts of bicycle-to-rail commuters, (b) inventories of bicycle infrastructure, (c) an intercept survey of bicycle-to-rail commuters, and (d) a focus group of bicycle-to-rail commuters. These data showed that bicycling to rail stations was an important yet underserved part of the commuter network in New Jersey. The data also showed that improvements to bicycling infrastructure at and around stations were vital to increase the rate of bicycle-to-rail commuters. Together, these activities provided detailed information about bicycle-to-rail commuters, as well as a benchmark for the evaluation of future conditions. The study found that those who bicycled to stations typically were male, white, and between the ages of 25 and 44 years. Most of these riders had earned college or postgraduate degrees and were members of a high-earning household. Survey and focus group participants were concerned mostly about safety on roads and at stations. Participants advocated for more bicycle lanes, on-street lighting, police security at stations, and better bicycle parking. Finally, the station inventory revealed that bicycle parking could be expanded at some stations to and from which bicycling was popular. The road inventory showed that most roads had speed limits at or below 25 mph and fewer than four lanes. However, just 2% had any on-street bicycle infrastructure.


We previously introduced a new, effective Bayesian re- construction method for transmission tomographic reconstruction that is useful in attenuation correction in single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron-emission tomography (PET). The Bayesian reconstruction method uses a novel object model (prior) in the form of a mixture of gamma distributions. The prior models the object as comprising voxels whose values (attenu- ation coefficients) cluster into a few classes. This model is particu- larly applicable to transmission tomography since the attenuation map is usually well-clustered and the approximate values of attenu- ation coefficients in each anatomical region are known. The recon- struction is implemented as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate obtained by iterative maximization of an associated objective func- tion. As with many complex model-based estimations, the objective is nonconcave, and different initial conditions lead to different recon- structions corresponding to different local maxima. To make it more practical, it is important to avoid such dependence on initial condi- tions. We propose and test a deterministic annealing (DA) proce- dure for the optimization. Deterministic annealing is designed to seek approximate global maxima to the objective, and thus robustify the problem to initial conditions. We present the Bayesian recon- structions with and without DA and demonstrate the independence of initial conditions when using DA. In addition, we empirically show that DA reconstructions are stable with respect to small measure- ment changes. © 2003 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1526103)


This study was aimed to determine the level of acute toxicity (LC50) and to analyze the effect of Cu on the survival, growth, haematological, and bioaccumulation of Cu in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juvenile at sublethal conditions. The experiment trial used completely randomized design with five concentration treatments and two replications to determine LC 50 . The Cu concentration used were 0, 0.2, 0.7, 1.2, and 1.7 ppm. Sublethal treatment used four Cu concentrations with three replicates. The concentrations were 0, 0.167, 0.334 and 0.667 ppm. Experimental fish used had an average total length 11.0±1.7 cm and weight 13.00±1.72 g. Results showed that Cu was highly toxic to P. hypophthalmus with a LC 50 -96 hours value of 0.667 ppm (0.539–0.805 ppm). At sublethal concentrations, Cu significantly decreased survival and growth, and increased Cu accumulation started from concentration of 0.167 ppm. Bioaccumulation of Cu started from the highest were in liver, gills, skin and flesh, respectively. Decreased of erythrocytes, haemoglobin and hematocrit indicated anemia, while increased of leukocytes indicated infection and physical stress on the body tissues.


OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficiency and safety of external beam radiotherapy plus brachytherapy(EBR+B) compared with external beam radiotherapy alone in the treatment of esophageal cancer.METHODS:CBMdisc,VIP,CNKI,Cochrane Library,Pubmed,Embeas etc.were searched by computer and eight major Chinese journals of oncology were searched by manual.Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials compared external beam radiotherapy plus brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy alone in the treatment of esophageal cancer were included.The statistical software RevMan 4.2.10 was used.RESULTS:Fourteen published articals were included (1400 patients),and all trails methodological quality were grade C.The results of Meta-analysis showed that:1,3-year survival rates of EBR+B was significantly higher than that in EBR alone,while the tumor regrowth rates reduced,and the difference was significant (P values were 0.03,0.000 01,0.005 and 0.02 respectively),but the 5-year survival rates and tumor metastasis rates in the two groups were not significant different (P values were 0.29 and 0.43 respectively).As for the occurrence rates of radiation esophagitis,bleeding,benign esophageal stenosis in EBR+B were higher than those to EBR,and there were significant differenct (P value were 0.04,0.002 and 0.03 respectively),while esophageal perforation and esophageal ulcer were not significantly different between the two groups (P values were 0.77 and 0.20 respectively).Radiation pneumonitis in EBR was higher than that in EBR+B with a significant difference (P=0.000 5).CONCLUSIONS:Compared with EBR alone,EBR+B can improve short-term survival rates and reduce the toumor regrowth,but not improve long-term survival rates and reduce metastasis rates.There are more incidences of adverse reactions in EBR+B.


HMGB1 (amphoterin) is a 30‐kDa heparin‐binding protein that mediates transendothelial migration of monocytes and has proinflammatory cytokine‐like activities. In this study, we have investigated proinflammatory activities of both highly purified eukaryotic HMGB1 and bacterially produced recombinant HMGB1 protens. Mass analyses revealed that recombinant eukaryotic HMGB1 has an intrachain disulphide bond. In mass analysis of tissue‐derived HMGB1, two forms were detected: the carboxyl terminal glutamic acid residue lacking form and a full‐length form. Cell culture studies indicated that both eukaryotic and bacterial HMGB1 proteins induce TNF‐α secretion and nitric oxide release from mononuclear cells. Affinity chromatography analysis revealed that HMGB1 binds tightly to proinflammatory bacterial substances. A soluble proinflammatory substance was separated from the bacterial recombinant HMGB1 by chloroform‐methanol treatment. HMGB1 interacted with phosphatidylserine in both solid‐phase binding and cell culture assays, suggesting that HMGB1 may regulate phosphatidylserine‐dependent immune reactions. In conclusion, HMGB1 polypeptide has a weak proinflammatory activity by itself, and it binds to bacterial substances, including lipids, that may strengthen its effects.


Marakwet songs are of varied types, but accurate classification poses a problem of its own. There are war songs, for instance, but there are no clear examples of peace songs. However, the labelling of some of the songs as "war songs" seems to privilege war over peace as a measure of accomplishment. Yet the songs are double-edged from the outset, giving obvious choices for harmonious coexistence that have hitherto been ignored by the parties involved. The explicit conflict images and the implicit peace images are presented side by side. The conflict option has often been foregrounded in many academic discourses. In this paper, I have pointed out how conflict and peace images are juxtaposed in fifteen war songs extracted from "Oral Literature of the Marakwet of Kenya" (2016). The study finds out that conflict and peace images in the songs present conflict and peace as socio-political and cultural choices that the Marakwet are consciously aware of and that peace can be attained only by foregrounding peace images in the songs. This study was occasioned by persistence of violent and destructive cattle rustling activities involving the Marakwet in north western Kenya.


The Quanta Tracking (QT) algorithm is a fairly new algorithm that is showing very promising results tracking unresolved, dim targets in highly cluttered environments. Traditional detection and tracking approaches use thresholding and signal processing to declare measurements that are then fed into the tracker. The QT algorithm does this all organically in an optimal manner, called, "track-before-detect". The algorithm requires no thresholding of the data such that all of the data is utilized. The question that always arises is what is the lowest Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR)target that can be tracked by this algorithm? Initial results showed that dim targets down to −15 dB could be tracked reasonably well. Furthermore, it was found that the QT algorithm's performance against ever dimmer targets decreased gracefully without falling off of "a cliff." In this paper, we explore a slightly different aspect of low SNR tracking of targets on a focal plane array (FPA). That is, we vary the parameters of the first SNR equation in a different manner that we believe is more controlled.


Air pollution levels have been increasing at an alarming rate for the past few years. The concentration of particulate matter in the air in Delhi has increased by 66% in last ten years. Increased levels of pollution are causing health hazards. It is high time to sensitize people about the quality of air they are breathing in. The need of the hour is to make people aware of different methods to protect themselves from pollution. Using respiratory masks, is one of them. However, just using the respiratory mask does not solve the problem. People need to be made aware of which respiratory mask to choose and also about proper techniques of using it, to achieve optimum protection. In this paper, an analysis of three Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) N-series masks is provided. In addition to these respiratory masks, Honeywell Anti PM 2.5 and handkerchief are also included in the study, which are the low-cost substitutes. These masks are visibly available and used by a large number of people. The filtration capacity of masks is examined both in ideal condition and when wrapped around an emulated human face. To stress-test the respiratory masks, all the experiments were performed when the pollution was at the peak in a day. Results show that all the masks provide good protection against pollution when used in ideal condition, but failed to provide the same level of protection when they were used around an emulated face. The proper facial fit of the mask emerged out as an essential factor for the proper filtration of particulate matter. Moreover, durability test on masks was also performed. This test gave insight into how frequently should one replace the old used mask with a new one.


Abstract : The report describes a survey undertaken in three Japanese prefectures of the attitudes of 3,600 Japanese boys and girls between the ages of eleven and eighteen. The respondents in this survey were selected by stratified sampling procedures and are considered to be adequately representative of Japanese youths in this age range. The fixed-schedule interview was adopted from one used with American teenagers by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan between 1954 and 1959. Among the topics covered in the interviews were attitudes toward parents, friends, social groups, the self, and the future. Separate reports have been prepared for the male and female respondents. A final integration of the findings and comparison with those obtained with American teenagers is in preparation. (Author)


Barium Strontium Titanate (BaxSr1-xTiO3) (with x=0.5, x=0.7) nano particles are synthesized by conventional solid state reaction method. Phase formation of BST has been studied during sintering process. Morphology, composition and particle structure of synthesized nano particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent and ac conductivity against applied frequency range (20Hz to 2000 kHz) have been studied. Results show that BaxSr1-xTiO3 is one of the most appropriate, lead free composite materials for ferroelectric and dielectric properties related applications.


The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for sensing the bending of a flexible display device using mutual inductance. Further, the present invention relates to the display device and a method of manufacturing the display device. The method for sensing the bending of a flexible display device according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: inputting a signal to a first conductive portion mounted on one side of the flexible display device; outputting a signal from a second conductive portion which is mounted on the other side of the display device and faces the first conductive portion by the magnetic flux formed by the signal inputted to the first conductive portion; and recognizing the bending of the flexible display device by using the signal from the second conductive portion. According to embodiments of the present invention, the apparatus of the present invention can recognize the bending of a flexible display device by using the mutual induction.


A Latin square is an n × n matrix where in each row and each column every number between 1 and n appears exactly once. A Latin square can be described by a binary vector with n 3 components, and the Latin square polytope (P n;I ) is the convex hull of such binary vectors. We study the facial structure of P n;I by examining valid inequalities induced by the odd holes of the associated intersection graph. In particular, we define the concept of the lifting set of an odd hole, present an efficient algorithm for identifying it and derive tight bounds on the left-hand side coefficients of an induced odd-hole inequality. In this way, we are able to characterize the class of odd holes that yield maximal inequalities without lifting and show that, for sufficiently large n, they are facet-defining for P n;I . This outcome unifies and generalizes previous results, with respect to the classes of facets for P n;I , presented in the literature. Computational experience regarding the use of (lifted) odd-hole inequalities as cutting planes is reported.


In recent years and throughout the European Union, "active ageing" has become a prominent conception of how to "age well". In analyzing the governmentality of old age inherent to the "active ageing" paradigm, this paper tries to avoid the short-cut from program to praxis commonly being taken in governmentality studies. It reports on the findings of an empirical research project that asks for the specific images of "old age" and "retirement" becoming prominent in the context of last decade's push for "activation" in German politics. The analysis combines the reconstruction of so-called "story lines" emerging in public discourse with the evaluation of qualitative interviews with "young" elderly people, conceptualizing older people's narrations as being an integral part of the discourse itself. Moving from simple, ad-hoc illustrations of theoretical claims concerning a "neoliberal" government of old age to a systematic empirical reconstruction of what may be called the dispositif of "active ageing", the paper claims to make an innovative contribution to an "empirical theory" of governmentality.


Objective To isolate nerve growth factor receptor(NGFR) positive cells from human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells(ESCC) and to observe their biological properties.Methods NGFR positive cells were isolated from human ESCCs by magnetic activated cell sorting(MACS).NGFR positive rate of isolated cells and cell generation cycles were detected by flow cytometry,meanwhile the cell recovery rate was calculated.Cell numbers were counted by MTT method,cell growth curves were obtained,and doubling generation times were calculated.Flat plate clone test was performed to calculate cloningefficiency rate.Tumor development test was performed by the xenotransplantation of NGFR positive squamous carcinoma cells in Balb/C mice.Results The purity of NGFR positive cells in isolated cells was up to 89.94%(vs.1.89% in non-isolated cells),while cell recovery rate was 19.83%.Compared with non-isolated cells,NGFR positive cells showed stronger ability of self-renew,differentiation,proliferation,shortening of doubling generation times [(25.22±8.15)h vs.(47.41±12.69)h,P=0.01] and increasing of cloning efficiency rate [(16.27±8.31)% vs.(1.22±0.35)%,P=0.00].Cell generation cycles test indicated that most of cells were in S,G2 and M phase(72.7% vs.18.8%).Tumor development in Balb/C mice showed larger size and heavier weight in NGFR positive isolated cells in Balb/C mice compared with non-isolated cells [(0.72±0.53)g vs.(0.16±0.26)g,P=0.00].Conclusions NGFR positive cells can be isolated from human ESCCs by MACS with high purity and maintenance of cell biological functions.NGFR positive cells in human esophageal squamous carcinoma shows the properties of cancer stem cells.


From a secular perspective, certain religious techniques of self-transformation, such as the complete subordination of an individual to a spiritual leader, appear to violate fundamental human rights and are hence unacceptable. Conversely, religious traditions offer a different view of the subject and their welfare and the means by which this welfare can be achieved. Nowadays, however, the secular environment in which they operate affects religious groups. As a result, some techniques of self-transformation reflect a mixture of secular and religious worldviews. This article examines techniques of selftransformation in contemporary Russian Orthodox convents. It explores how the notion of spiritual growth is influenced by a paradox in the Russian Orthodox concept of sainthood involving a proportional relationship between the profound perception of one's sinfulness and the increase of one's virtues. The secular understanding of time that prevails in contemporary monasteries highlights this contradiction and calls into question the possibility for spiritual growth. By focusing on the diachronic dimension of self-transformation techniques, this article challenges current understandings of secular and non-secular agency.


Spraying is one of the most efficient methods for pesticide and insecticide control.
Generally, orchard sprayers (air-carrier sprayer) are used for such applications. However, when an
orchard sprayer is used, only 20 % of the total amount of spray deposits on the target. The rests are
not only wasted but are also potential sources of environmental pollution. The research for the
development of electrostatic spraying system for orchard sprayer was conducted to develop a new
pesticide application technology to reduce environmental pollution and to produce safe agricultural
products. The spray characteristics of nozzles with the different charging methods were tested and
the effect of electrostatic charge was analyzed, in the laboratory experiments.
Results of this study indicate that the capacitive type of electrostatic spraying nozzle exhibits a
large current deposition of water sprays on the sample target. The covering area ratio by
conventional spraying system was 10.2 %, while that of electrostatic sprays with pulse induction
charging method gave an increased covering area ratio by 4.3 times.


The short history of evaluation research can be described in terms of four developmental stages. The differences between the various approaches and stages of evaluation reflect, among other things, differences in understanding the importance of causality. The paper makes an attempt to argue that whilst it is important not to 'let go' the goal of discovering causal explanations, evaluation of such complex efforts as local prevention of alcohol and drug-related problems, needs to be based on a more naturalistic approach than the one provided by the classic experimental setting. This argument is based on previous literature and the experiences of evaluation of a Finnish project concerned with the community-based prevention of alcohol and drug problems. Evaluation can also assume a function more complementary to the partnerships, which are at the heart of community action through its formative role. Research does not have to limit itself to evaluating the effectiveness through the eyes of an outside 'inspector'. One possible step forward in solving the complex problems of evaluation in this context could be an approach which combines the careful analysis of the context and the creation of a theory-based narrative of the action taking place in the 'black box', with measurement of changes. The precondition for being able to do this is that causality is understood in a new way, as generative causality. The theory-based narratives would also be useful in generalising the results of separate evaluation studies. Research which is relevant to questions of effectiveness, should pay more attention to the 'black box' of prevention. The nature of the 'black box' is determined not only by its inner qualities but also by being studied in relation to its wider context. Reaching generalisations is also one of the basic problems. The most reliable results are often derived from a synthesis of several studies focusing on the same topic rather than from a single study. In this respect evaluations resemble any other form of social study. Making a synthesis has become easier with the development of methods of meta-evaluation during the last 15 years. Another possible way of assisting generalisation would be to make use of theory-based narratives concerning the inner mechanisms of the communities in action. As an example of a project attempting to carry out research along these lines, the paper describes a project carried out in two small communities in the metropolitan area of Helsinki, Finland. The project attempted to move away from the use of standardised programmes and curricula towards a meaningful involvement of local citizens and professionals in the design and implementation of the community development. The evaluation of the project focuses on the question: is it feasible and effective to give the responsibility for alcohol and drug prevention to people at the local level? What does this mean in practice? Related to this question is the importance of national or regional level support for local communities. The project's finding was that while public discussion of community-based action can change people's opinions and make them more positive in their attitude to community-based prevention, local non-professional interest in dealing with alcohol-related problems is small. Without the professionals' input hardly anything would take place.


Just War Theorists have neglected that a lack of "just military preparedness" on the side of a country seriously undermines its capability to resort justly to military force. In this paper, I put forth five principles of "just military preparedness" and show that since the new Obama administration will seek to maintain the United States' dominant military position in the world, it will violate each of the principles. I conclude on this basis that we should anticipate that the Obama administration will add another page to the United States' history of unjust military interventions. 1 .


Contrary to aerobic exercise, strength training is associated with decreased central arterial compliance in young men. It is unknown whether strength training would have a similar effect in older adults with reduced baseline arterial compliance. Moreover, there are no data on the effects of combined strength training and aerobic exercise on arterial compliance in this population. Thirty‐seven healthy, sedentary men and women 40 to 78 years of age were randomized into either a stretching control (n=12), strength training (n=13) or strength plus endurance training (n=12) group for 13 weeks. Heart rate at rest, brachial blood pressure, and plasma concentrations of glucose and cholesterol did not change in any of the groups. Both strength training and combination training improved maximal strength in all major muscle groups and increased total lean body mass (both P<0.01). There was a modest but non‐significant decrease in carotid artery compliance (via simultaneous ultrasound and applanation tonometry) following strength training (10%) and a smaller reduction with combination training (4%). Carotid artery compliance increased significantly (23%) following stretching. We concluded that 1) 13 weeks of strength training does not appreciably reduce central arterial compliance in older adults, 2) strength training may negate the positive effects of aerobic exercise when they are performed simultaneously, and 3) regular stretching may increase arterial compliance.


Coefficient of variation (CV) was a measure commonly applied to present variation in agricultural experiments. Its merits are well known, most important being one that CV deals with what we could call the scale-invariant variability in the experiments. It was easier to understand than variance it was based upon. Coefficient of variation used to compare the variation of traits in two (or more) populations or, more commonly, the variation of different traits in a population of the study. If the CV was within certain limits one can say that block has homogeneity in the character under study. Conditional on which distribution was to be used for modelling of the CV data of an experiment, which was a common problem in agricultural science. The six distributions viz ., Normal, Lognormal, Gamma, Weibull, Exponential and Beta used for the fitting of distribution study. The test statistic Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cramer-Von-Mises test, Anderson-Darling test and Chi-Square test for each data set was computed for six probability distributions and used to identify the best-fit distribution. The probability distributions viz ., Normal, Lognormal, Gamma, Beta, Weibull, Exponential were identifying to evaluate the best-fit probability distribution for CV value. In addition, the different forms of these distributions also tried and thus the probability distributions applied to find out the best-fit probability distribution and to know the nature and shape of the distribution.


Corrosion of steel is a damaging agent that reduces the functional and structural responsibilities of reinforced concrete structures. Accordingly, reinforced concrete members in the environments that are prone to concrete carbonation or chloride attack coupled with high temperature and relative humidity suffer from accelerated corrosion of reinforcing material. Also, literature proves that climate influences corrosion of concrete, and suggests investigation of impact of corrosion on concrete based on climate zone. Therefore, this paper presents the effects of climate and corrosion on concrete behavior, using bond strength of concrete as a case study. Concrete specimens were prepared form concrete mix that was infested with 3.5 kgm-3 of sodium chloride to accelerate corrosion. The specimens were cured sodium chloride solution 3.5% by weight of water for 28 days before placing them in the exposure conditions. Pull-out tests were conducted at time intervals for one year to measure the impact of exposure cond...


Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology,School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia(Dated: May 9, 2014)Accurate methods of assessing the performance of quantum gates are extremely important. Quan-tum process tomography and randomized benchmarking are the current favored methods. Quan-tum process tomography gives detailed information, but signi cant approximations must be madeto reduce this information to a form quantum error correction simulations can use. Randomizedbenchmarking typically outputs just a single number, the delity, giving no information on thestructure of errors during the gate. Neither method is optimized to assess gate performance withinan error detection circuit, where gates will be actually used in a large-scale quantum computer.Speci cally, the important issues of error composition and error propagation lie outside the scope ofboth methods. We present a fast, simple, and scalable method of obtaining exactly the informationrequired to perform e ective quantum error correction from the output of continuously runningerror detection circuits, enabling accurate prediction of large-scale behavior.I. INTRODUCTION


this British-colored lens is simply to6 great a strain—Walter Reuther has to become a counter-revolutionary, virtually selling out the much more classconscious Chrysler local leaders; the political turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s, involving Vietnam and the civil rights movement, has to become a narrowly averted brush with rampant black revolution. In the current environment, Jefferys seems to suggest, unionism in the automobile industry has no purpose, since it no longer represents resistance to management—class resistance, that is. Much of this, unfortunately, just does not ring true; it has the mark of events cut to fit theory. As a consequence, a book with much to offer in the way of valuable information about life inside a plant over an extended time period, and with useful insights about management education and political cross-currents, concludes, as Chrysler itself nearly did, with a weak chapter 11.


Background The burden of Legionnaires' disease (LD) in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) has increased during the last decade, with notification rates increasing from 1.2 to 1.4/100,000 population in 2012–16, to 1.8–2.2 within 2017–19. Aim To measure weekly excess cases during 2017–19 based on previous trends and determine whether a significant change in trend occurred, and to examine any differences in age, sex or level of imported infections. Methods We collated 2012–19 annual surveillance data from The European Surveillance System (TESSy) reported by EU/EEA countries. A retrospective prediction by a dynamic regression model was created from 2012–16 data to assess excess cases in 2017–19. Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed to determine if a significant change in trend occurred in 2017–19 compared with the previous 5 years. Results We found a 33.9% increase in cases in 2017–19 compared with the number predicted. The ITS also found a significant trend increase in 2017–19 compared with 2012–16. A significant trend increase was observed from 2017 most strongly among older age groups (> 60 years) and non-imported cases. Conclusion Our study showed a significant increasing trend in LD cases in the EU/EEA during 2017–19 compared with the previous 5 years. The distribution of cases per week suggests an overall amplification of the seasonal trends. These findings underscore that LD continues to be an infectious disease of public health concern in the EU/EEA, warranting further research into determinants of the increase.


An evaluation of the predictive capacity of resin sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) extraction was undertaken on 18 soils from the New England Tablelands in northern NSW, Australia. Maize ( Zea mays ) plants were grown for 40 days in a glasshouse in the presence or absence of sulfur and/or phosphorus fertiliser, and relative yield was determined. Comparison of the relative yield response against resin extractable S, monocalcium phosphate (MCP) S and KCl40 S using a Cate-Nelson plot revealed little difference between the three S extraction methods when soil test values were below the identified critical levels. However, values above the critical value were better able to identify where fertiliser was not required in the resin and MCP tests. The inability of the KCl40 test to correctly identify when fertiliser would not be needed was related to the short time frame of the trial where the longer term reserves that it identifies are not able to be exploited by potted plants. Evaluation of P responses was not possible due to the responsiveness of all soils to applied P, despite critical values being above previously determined threshold values for more than one third of the soils examined. It remains unclear why all soils responded to P, however tissue P concentrations match with increasing response to soil P test values. In conclusion, there is no benefit in terms of predicting S response to move to a resin extraction method, and we were unable to determine if benefits would accrue with respect to P resin tests.


The soot formation characteristics of model and synthetic liquid fuels in spray flames have been studied using a unique droplet combustion experiment in which droplet size, interdroplet spacing, temperature, oxygen concentration, and relative velocity can be carefully controlled. A specially-developed electrostatic probe system was used in conjunction with this experiment to separate and extract samples of gas phase soot and liquid droplets from the simulated spray flames as a function of droplet residence time. The physical and chemical properties of these samples were then studied to establish relationships between the composition of a liquid fuel, the combustion conditions and the soot formation characteristics. Significant increases in the soot emission index (mg of soot/g of fuel) with decreasing droplet spacing are ascribed to enlargement of the fuel pyrolysis/reaction zone as a result of strong droplet interaction. Increase in the soot emission index with aromatic content of the fuel is found to be significant but not substantial. Measurements of the soot particle size variation and hydrocarbon functional group composition by transmission electron microscopy and infrared absorption spectroscopy, respectively, suggest that soot growth occurs by a combination of condensation of fuel fragments and particle coagulation.


Polarized infrared attenuated reflection (IR-ATR) has been used to determine the average orientation of the methylene tail of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) adsorbed at the silica/solution interface under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions, in situ. The equilibrium orientation was measured over the pH range of 2−10. It was found that the equilibrium orientation of the surfactant was larger at higher pH values owing to an increase in the packing density with increasing surface excess. The evolution of the orientation of the surfactant at the interface during the adsorption process was monitored at a pH of 9.2. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that nonequilibrium changes in the molecular orientation of surfactants adsorbing at the solid/solution interface have been determined in situ. During the initial stage of adsorption, there was no preferred orientation of the surfactant, but as the surface excess increased with time, the surfactant began to orient in a direction mor...


Getting started locating sources preparing a bibliography understanding sources and taking notes presenting and documenting research writing the paper observing other styles of documentation appendices - a list of abbreviations.


Zinc oxide (ZnO) cosputtered indium-gallium-ZnO (IGZO) and pure IGZO thin films have been deposited at room temperature by dual RF magnetron sputtering and annealed in argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2) ambients. The beneficial effect of various annealing environments appears because of a reorganization of the amorphous network with controlling the defect chemistry in the films as systematically investigated by photoluminescence analysis. The various defects, such as zinc vacancy (VZn), zinc interstitial (Zni), and oxygen vacancy (VO), were remarkably enhanced in argon, while suppressed in N2 and O2 ambients- leading more reliable cosputtered structure than the IGZO to be utilized in thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabrication for transparent electronics. Furthermore, the ZnO cosputtered IGZO TFTs were also fabricated and systematically investigated the impact of various annealing environments on their performance characteristics. The characteristics were improved in N2 ambient-displaying the field-effect mobility (μFE) of 16.10 cm2/Vs, the threshold voltage (Vth) of 1.50 V, the subthreshold swing of 0.21 V/decade, and the negative bias illumination stress shifting of -2.75 V.


This introduction to the special issue on reliability-aware microarchitecture discusses challenges facing processor architects and highlights the seven articles in the issue.


Occurrence of water droplets on outdoor insulators either due to rain, fog, dew etc. leads to localized field enhancement causing partial discharges and dry arcs which ultimately results in complete flashover. Presence of a hydrophobic coating (e.g. RTV coating) inhibits the formation of water films and hence lead to formation of discrete water particles which are less dangerous. In this paper two cases are investigated. The first case refers to the hydrophobic case where water droplets reside as discrete droplets on Silicon Rubber (SIR). The second case is when water droplets coalesce and form a film due to the diminution of the hydrophobic property. The first set of simulations inquired the role of single, multiple discrete water droplets on the shed and the sheath region in enhancing the E-Field. The second set of simulations looked into effect of the water films on the shed region. A High Voltage insulator (138KV) made of SIR is considered to perform the Electric Field Calculations. The first set of results indicates that the water droplets in the sheath region greatly contribute towards enhancing the probability of initiation and progression of wet flashover on insulator surface. The second set of simulations revealed that the E-Field intensification is more when there is abatement of hydrophobic property on the SIR insulators when compared to the discrete droplets case. Simulation was done with the help of a 3D Electric Field Analysis package called COULOMB.


The present study was undertaken on data of 150 Frieswal cows (a new strain of Sahiwal x Holstein Friesian) maintained at Military Dairy Farm, Agra, over a period of 15 years from 1996-2010, based on age at first calving. The overall means for age at first calving (AFC), weight at first calving (WFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation period (FLP), first dry period (FDP) and first calving interval (FCI) were 928.07±0.08 days, 369.87±0.92 kg, 4054.35±22.14 litres, 301.84±0.26 days, 99.40±0.15 days and 401.33±0.33 days respectively. The period of calving has significant influence on AFC and WFC, whereas non-significant influence on FLMY, FLP and FDP. The season showed significant influence on all the traits under study except FLMY. Both period and season has highly significant influence on FCI.


As a fundamental and critical component of music information retrieval (MIR) systems, automatically classifying music by genre is a challenging problem. The approaches depending on low-level audio features may not be able to obtain satisfactory results. In recent years, the social tags have emerged as an important way to provide information about resources on the Web. In this paper we are interested in another aspect, namely how perform automatic music genre classification solely depending on the available tag data. Two classification methods based on the social tags (including music-tag and artist-tag) which crawled from Last. fm are developed in our work. The first one, we use the generative probabilistic model Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to analyze the music-tag. Then, we can compute the probability of every tag belonging to each music genre. The starting point of the second method is that music's artist is often associated with music genres more closely. Therefore, we can calculate the similarity between the artist-tags to infer which genre the music belongs to. At last, our experimental results demonstrate the benefit of using tags for accurate music genre classification.


Payment systems play a major part in the conduct of a country's monetary policy, financial sector and economic development. The use of technology in mature payment systems has also gained great importance. Electronic banking, mobile phones, smart cards and related technologies has introduced the new instruments for payment. So payment could be in different forms, from the most initial ways to the most advanced electronic one. In this paper, we have studied the economic effects of a new technology of payments in banking industry by using Iranian bank level panel data. Electronic payment in banking industry leads to decrease average costs, increase the economic of scale in the attraction deposits more than in the giving loans and finally will affect input demand asymmetric. By using this new technology, the ratio of labour and both materials and physical capital have been decreased.


Multiple attenuation is a critical task for seismic data processing, especially for marine data. Methods that attenuate multiples can be classified as belonging to two broad categories: (1)those that seek to exploit a feature or property that differentiates primary from multiple and (2)those that predict and then subtract multiples from seismic data. The former are typically filtering methods and the latter are generally based on the prediction from either modeling or inversion based on wave equation. The algorithm based on the feedback model is being discussed in detail because it has a lot of advantages. Methods based on wave equation should be paid more attentions.


There are existed too many "Ya(亞)" forms in the utensil culture of China,but their fountainheads are still diverse.The tortoise shells,the carrier of Shang people' s tortoise faith,are the fountainhead of "Ya(亞)" forms by conjoining the form and culture meanings of "Ya(亞)" with the tortoise-faith of the Shang Dynasty.This deduction has not only the predominance in external form but also full evidences from the angle of postnatal culture characteristics.


This chapter identifies what it means to enjoy specifically political equality. To affirm equal political status is to recognize each citizen as equally entitled to render authoritative judgments as to how to organize and regulate all citizens' common life. Citizens have equal political status when common institutions and practices reflect and express the idea that they each have the capacity to judge matters of justice and political morality, and the entitlement to exercise that capacity by rendering judgments that have public authority on equal terms with others. Admitting citizens into the common project of political rule—to a share in the regime—respects them, by granting authority to their political judgment. A politically egalitarian society, then, regulates matters of common concern through decision-making processes that respect equally each citizen's authority, or jurisdiction.


We constructed a single-chain immunoglobulin in which the carboxyl end of the heavy chain variable domain is covalently joined to the amino terminus of the light chain variable domain via peptide linker and the carboxyl end of the light chain variable domain is linked to human Fc region through the hinge region. The molecule was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, assembled into a dimeric molecule and secreted into the culture medium. The dimeric molecule (2E11) was purified from the culture supernatant by affinity chromatography on Protein G-Sepharose column. The size of the unreduced or reduced protein was the expected molecular weight of approximately 120 or 60 kDa, respectively, as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antigen-binding affinity of 2E11 was almost the same as that of a native antibody counterpart (CS131A), suggesting that the single-chain immunoglobulin may function like a native antibody.


Abstract. The eliminative nature of constraint satisfaction over finite domains offers an interesting potentialfor robustness in the parsing of spoken language. An approach is presented that puts unusually ambitious demands on the design of the constraint satisfaction procedure by trying to combine preferential reasoning, dynamic scheduling, parallel processing, and incremental constraint solving, within a coherent solution.


Abstract Contrary to the traditional view that layer flocks housed in conventional cages are unlikely to suffer coccidiosis caused byEimeria species, this enteric disease has become an emergent issue. Coccidiosis outbreaks in layers are frequently associated with the failure to develop protective immunity at a young age. Layer hens housed in cages are usually sourced from replacement layer pullets housed in similar cages in the rearing barn. Live coccidiosis vaccines administered to young chicks provide a small dose of vaccine oocysts that infect and replicate within the vaccinated birds, resulting in the release of progeny oocysts into the rearing environment; these oocysts must become infective (i.e., sporulate) and then reinfect the partially immune birds in order for the vaccine to generate complete protective immunity. Three factors are needed for successful oocyst sporulation: temperature (4 to 37°C; optimal 29°C), oxygen access, and adequate RH. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of protective immunity elicited by birds spray-vaccinated with a live coccidiosis vaccine at the hatchery. During the critical period for oocyst sporulation and cycling, RH levels decreased to 13 to 19%, resulting in inadequate oocyst cycling and minimal protection against homologous challenge at 6 and 12 wk of age. This vaccination failure highlights the need to monitor RH in the barn and modify the barn environment so that conditions promote, rather than impede, the success of live coccidiosis vaccines.


We present observations of HESS J1640−465 with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope. The source is detected with high confidence as an emitter of high-energy gamma-rays. The spectrum lacks any evidence for the characteristic cutoff associated with emission from pulsars, indicating that the emission arises primarily from the pulsar wind nebula (PWN). Broadband modeling implies an evolved nebula with a low magnetic field resulting in a high γ-ray to X-ray flux ratio. The Fermi emission exceeds predictions of the broadband model, and has a steeper spectrum, possibly resulting from a distinct excess of low energy electrons similar to what is inferred for both the Vela X and Crab PWNe.


We investigated an asymmetric double-barrier resonant-tunneling structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy. It consisted basically of two narrow 2 nm AlAs barriers (for such thin barriers direct P electron tunneling is the dominant proceSs [1]) separated by a 4 nm GaAS quantum well, and had incorporated a 100 nm undoped GaAs spacer layer adjacent to one of the barriers. The GaAs emitter and collector regions were doped to n = 10 18 cm-3 . Two quasi-bound states of the well are expected to appear in this structure: E0 = 0.18 eV and El = 0.68 eV. We measured the current—voltage characteristic I(V), and differential conductance dI/dV, of square mesa diodes of the area [32 μm] 2 fabricated from this structure. Surprisingly, three resonant peaks in the I(V) curve were observed at low temperature when electrons were injected from the spacer side (forward bias), instead of two peaks that actually appeared when the bias polarity was reversed (Fig. 1). The above peculiarity seems to infer from the fact that under the for-


Summary Social work research is constantly diversifying and expanding and this article explores its changing nature; including changes to epistemology and practice; and the critical influence of the wider economic, political, theoretical and practice changes occurring to social work itself. The author discusses a number of issues facing social work research: the enduring conflicts of ways of knowing, doing and valuing social work research; the role of practitioners as researchers; and the challenge to empower service users as self-determining researchers.


In this paper, we study the Maxwell Klein Gordon system (MKG) with the addition of general gauge couplings on four-dimensional Minkowski space. This system analyzes the interaction of the electromagnetic field (photon) coupled with the complex scalar field (spin-0 particles). This research considers the multi-field interactions by adding general coupling. Our method begins from the Lagrangian of Maxwell Klein Gordon equation with potential turn on. We derive the energy of the system, then write the equation of motion in the form of a non-linear partial differential equation. By using the spherical means method, we express the solutions in an integral form of its curvature. Then, by using temporal gauge condition and conservation of energy, we prove the inequality for some general coupling. The result shows that the first and the second derivative of it bounded by the energy and IL norm. This result will become the main key to proving the global existence of Maxwell Klein-Gordon's theory.


Daniel 8:9-14 constitutes the climax of the vision report in Dan 8, and is arguably one of the most difficult Danielic passages. This dissertation investigates the Masoretic Text of Dan 8:9-14 by means of a detailed and comprehensive text-oriented analysis that utilizes linguistic, literary, and intertextual procedures. In chapter 1, an overview of modern text-oriented approaches and the review of recent literature on Dan 8 pave the way for a description of this study's methodology, which consists of a combination of linguistic (syntax, semantics, and text-grammar), literary (style and structure), and intertextual approaches (textual relations within the book of Daniel), using them as a threefold avenue to the understanding of the text, while at the same time demonstrating their interdependence. The linguistic analysis in chapter 2 analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of each clause, as well as significant terms and expressions in Dan 8:9-14. A text-grammatical analysis identifies the interclausal relations in the passage. The literary analysis in chapter 3 examines the rhetorical and stylistic devices and their function in Dan 8:9-14, and describes the literary structure and dynamics of the passage. Stylistic and structural devices include poetic-like language in vs. 11, verbal gender shifts in vss. 9-12, the use of the key word gadel in a "hubris-fall" pattern, and spatial imagery. The investigation of terminological fields and their distribution observes the interplay of military, royal, cultic, creation, and judgment terminology, showing how these themes characterize the role of the horn figure and convey the text's theological message. The intertextual analysis in chapter 4 explores the lexical and thematic links of Dan 8:9-14 with other texts in the book of Daniel---particularly with 8:23-25 and chaps. 7, 9, and 10--12---and how these texts contribute to the interpretation of Dan 8:9-14. The summary and conclusions in chapter 5 highlight the results of each of the three avenues of the text-oriented approach to Dan 8:9-14. The climax of the vision report with its accompanying audition, against the general opinion, is linguistically well-composed and an extremely artistic literary piece that combines significant theological themes. The Day of Atonement serves as a macrotheme and typifies the divine reaction to the cosmic challenge created by the cultic war of the horn. By its complex textual relations, Dan 8:9-14 constitutes a central passage in the book of Daniel.


Sea cucumbers haven't been utilized optimally, and have a high economic value, due to high protein content of meat. This research aims to know the proximate content and total amino acids of sea cucumber flour, and total amino acids of protein concentrate of sea cucumber. The result showed that different ratios of flour and solvent have a significant effect on protein concentrate. Proximate content and protein concentrate with the ratio of flour and solvents (1:3) are protein 74.25%, moisture 10.58%, ash 7.25%, carbohydrate 6.47%, crude fiber 2.66%, and fat 0.16%. Total amino acids protein concentrate (1:3) is 53.59%. The major amino acids protein concentrate are glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and aspartic acid. Ratios of flour and solvent (1:4) are protein content 76.13%, moisture 10.35%, ash 7.17%, carbohydrate 6.03%, crude fiber 2.51% and fat 0.13%. Total amino acids protein concentrate (1:4) is 56.74%. The major amino acids in protein concentrate are glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine. Ratios of flour and solvent (1:5) are protein 77.35%, moisture 9.14%, ash 6.67%, carbohydrate 6.00%, crude fiber 2.45%, and fat 0.10% respectively. Total amino acids protein concentrate (1:5) is 61.63%. The major amino acids protein concentrate are glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine.


"New User Manual Reveals Tips, Tricks and Secrets of the Kindle Fire"Kindle Fire is the ultimate all-in-one tablet to read books, listen to music,watch TV shows and movies, download apps, check email, and surf the web.Find Out What the Kindle Fire Has to Offer.Contents:Powering Kindle FireChanging SettingsBuying ContentReading BooksListening to MusicWatching VideoUsing DocumentsSurfing the WebUsing EmailDownloading FREE BooksWho It's For:People who own a Kindle Fire and want to use their new device with better effectiveness and speedPeople who are curious about Kindle Fire, but haven't bought one yet.Bonus:FREE Chapter on how to find and download FREE books to read on your Kindle Fire= Buy It Now


We have measured the microwave absorption response of glass-coated amorphous microwires of nominal composition Co3.7Fe69.3B16Si11 with metal diameters, d, 7 < d < 24 mm, and total diameters (including the glass), D, of 21.9 < D < 30 mm, leading to metal-to-total ratios, p, 0.33 < p < 0.8 respectively, in a JEOL RES-RES3X spectrometer operating at 9.4 GHz (X-band).


In this study, we employ a finite element analysis to determine brain injury risks resulting from impacts caused by a soccer ball to the player's head at various ball inflations. The repetitive ball-head impacts in soccer are a cause for concern considering the literature showing neurodegeneration in soccer pressures. Standard soccer ball inflation pressurizations for a size 5 ball are in-between approximately 60kPa and 110kPa; the effect of these pressurizations on injury risks has not been widely studied. This finite element analysis implements previously validated finite element models of an adult 50th percentile human head and regulation size 5 soccer ball. The results of the simulations are evaluated using existing kinematic injury metrics (HIC15 and BrIC) and peak pressure, Von Mises stress, and maximum principal strain values throughout the brain. The results of our simulations show increasing HIC15, peak pressure, and peak maximum principal strain values for increased ball pressurizations. It is found that increasing the ball pressure increases the rate of energy transfer from the soccer ball to the head, which translates to higher injury metrics and brain stresses and strains. Additionally, the peak contact area between the soccer ball and the head is inversely proportional to the ball pressurizations. Increasing soccer ball inflation pressures can lead to increased brain injury risks due to soccer heading.


Zengbei road consequent rock slope located in Shiquan brickworks of mined shanty-towns of Mentougou District,Beijing,is composed of strongly weathered sandstone and weathered sandstone.The slope occurred consequent bedding rock slope while the slope toe grading;and as a result,the rubble retaining wall of the road cracked.However,the rock mass of the slope toe must be cleaned up for more architectural space;so,the permanent slope was built as well.The rock slope was treated with lattice anchor retaining wall and cast-in-site column type retaining wall according to the characters of the slope by scheme comparison and top-down construction method.The step I was lattice anchor retaining wall;while the steps II and III were cast-in-site column type retaining walls.The bracing system is safe and beautiful,which achieves good socioeconomic benefits.It has reference value for the similar projects.


This pilot study investigated the perspectives of medical students around their experiences of creative art workshops, which were offered to them as part of an innovative rural interprofessional cultural health training program. In semistructured interviews we explored the students' impressions of the workshops and the role art played for them in life and in medicine, including how creating art influenced students' perceptions of wellbeing, ethics and professionalism in medicine. We found that students with previous art experience enjoyed art making more and made fewer negative judgments, of themselves as the creators of art and of the role of art in medical education, than students who had not privately engaged in creative arts activities. 'Art-experienced' students also more readily regarded the concept of 'wellbeing' as a core responsibility of practicing medicine than 'art-inexperienced' students, and described art engagement as a transformative activity that could refine ethical sensitivity. Our findings suggest that art making programs can provide an important extension to traditional medical humanities curricula. Designed and facilitated well, active creative engagement can cultivate empathy, professionalism, and professional identity. We recommend further research that explores the predictive value of medical students' art experience for the development of these qualities.


The secondary structure of peptides is of pivotal importance for their biological function. The introduction of photoswitchable moieties into the backbones of peptides provides a unique way of regu ...


During atmospheric ascent of a launch vehicle, airborne acoustic loads act on the vehicle and its effect becomes pronounced at transonic speed. In the present study, acoustic loads acting on a hammerhead launch vehicle at a transonic speed have been analyzed using  SST based IDDES and the results including mean Cp, Cprms, and PSD are compared to available wind-tunnel test data. Mesh dependency of IDDES results has been investigated and it has been concluded that with an appropriate turbulence scale-resolving computational mesh, the characteristic flow features around a transonic hammerhead launch vehicle such as separated shear flow at fairing shoulder and its reattachment on rear body as well as large pressure fluctuation in the region of separated flow behind the boat-tail can be predicted with reasonable accuracy for engineering purposes.


ABSTRACT Permanent canines are essential for the preservation of the stomatognathic system, as they are part of the occlusal and aesthetic function and balance. During the normal development of occlusion, canines follow a long and complex trajectory until their eruption, that is, they are more likely to suffer disturbances during this process. Removal of the permanent canine should only be considered in extreme cases, where the canine itself is not susceptible to orthodontic traction. Orthodontic traction is the most indicated treatment due to the high morphofunctional and aesthetic value of the permanent canine. The aim of this study is to report a clinical case of traction surgery of the superior permanent canine included in the maxilla. A 13-year-old female patient attended the dental clinic at the Nilton Lins University accompanied by her guardian, referred by an orthodontistfor canine traction surgery. during the examIn the clinical analysis, tooth 13 was absent from the dental arch. The patient had a computed tomography scan, where it was possible to verify the actual position of the toothimpacted with the partially erupted crown on the alveolar ridge. After planning, surgery was performed to install an orthodontic button and adapt the ligature with a 0.30 mm wire. After the 10-month follow-up period, the presence of the tooth in arch, completely erupted, was observed, showing effectiveness in the proposed treatment. Therefore, the procedure for bonding the orthodontic device was performed satisfactorily without complications or intercurrences, making it possible to continue the orthodontic treatment. The patient remains under follow-up.


(1)To compare an interactive multimedia decision aid (IMDA) with a leaflet and a video to give information about prenatal screening for Down syndrome and (2) to determine the women's acceptance of IMDA.


Mangrove is one of the most important coastal ecosystems in the world.It plays an important role in the protection of the coastal regions.However,as mangrove entironment is uncome-at-able,it is very difficult for the purpose of extraction.Similarly,it is difficult for the extraction of mangrove information because of the similar with the other vegetations in spectrum.Object-oriented is used for the extraction of the mangrove information based on the IKONOS-2.A simple decision tree is also used in the process of classification.A better result is gained compared to the conventional methods.


Ionic migration is a key ingredient for applications such as oxide electrolytes and resistive switching memories. We investigate the evolution of ionic conduction pathways based on optical contrast in an epitaxial Bi0.7Ca0.3FeO3−δ thin film where oxygen vacancies are spontaneously produced. We visualize electroforming processes in the hundred-micrometer-scale material channels between coplanar electrodes with a constant electric bias at an elevated temperature, systematically varying the channel orientation with respect to the crystal axis. At the initial stage of electroforming, conducting filaments are created and propagate nearly along the crystal axes ⟨100⟩. The local density of conducting filament regions increases with the elapsed time of bias application and also exhibits a linear dependence on the spatial position at a given time. We also find that the filament-type ionic conduction is abruptly transformed to the bulk conduction when the filament density reaches ∼30%. These results offer useful insight into collective ionic migration in crystalline solids.Ionic migration is a key ingredient for applications such as oxide electrolytes and resistive switching memories. We investigate the evolution of ionic conduction pathways based on optical contrast in an epitaxial Bi0.7Ca0.3FeO3−δ thin film where oxygen vacancies are spontaneously produced. We visualize electroforming processes in the hundred-micrometer-scale material channels between coplanar electrodes with a constant electric bias at an elevated temperature, systematically varying the channel orientation with respect to the crystal axis. At the initial stage of electroforming, conducting filaments are created and propagate nearly along the crystal axes ⟨100⟩. The local density of conducting filament regions increases with the elapsed time of bias application and also exhibits a linear dependence on the spatial position at a given time. We also find that the filament-type ionic conduction is abruptly transformed to the bulk conduction when the filament density reaches ∼30%. These results offer useful in...


The paper presents a novel meso-simulation traffic flow model that is based on the weighted residual method and uses the discrete ideas of the control volume method. It proposes and derives a novel meso-simulation traffic flow model. And it introduces the conceptual model, mathematical model, and simulation model of meso-dynamic model of traffic flow. In addition, it analyzes the advantages of the new meso-model and establishes the simulation scenarios for testing and validating it. Simulation results show that the simulation results of the meso-model are realistic, and it has a higher flexibility.


We propose a novel isolation definition called external causality, which aims at making external consistency affordable for geo-replicated systems. In this short paper, we (i) outline this idea—informally defining external causality, (ii) motivate it with a simple example of an auction service that illustrates how developers may benefit from such a model, and (iii) discuss current state of the project and technical details that we consider relevant for anyone that aims at implementing external causality.


Antimicrobial substance producing endosymbionts were isolated from three marine sponges collected from south peninsular coast of India. There efficacy were checked with ten potential human and shrimp p athogens. Among that ESB3 strain produced vast antmicrobial activity over 80% of tested pathogens. The growth pattern of ESB3 was also studied.


The curvelet transform allows an almost optimal nonadaptive sparse representation for curve-like features and edges. The authors describe some recent applications involving image processing, seismic data exploration, turbulent flows, and compressed sensing.


To the Editor:— In a recent issue (Dec. 2, 1939, p. 2055), Drs. L. A. Levison and J. J. Harrison reported a case of sensitivity to estrogenic substance. I have encountered a somewhat similar case, but the condition was manifested by shock rather than by dermatitis. Mrs. J. H., a housewife aged 51, was first seen by me on July 9, 1939, at which time she was suffering from extreme nervousness, sleeplessness, gastric upsets, excessive salivation, diarrhea, inability to concentrate and lapses of memory. She had had the usual childhood diseases; a complete right and partial left oophorectomy was done in 1930; complaints somewhat similar to those mentioned had been present for the past eight years. She had spent eight months in a sanatorium for a "nervous breakdown." She had been taking daily 9 grains (0.6 Gm.) of sodium amytal and 90 drops of tincture of belladonna. The patient had


Abstract For a 3-link planar robot moving in the vertical plane with a single actuator, this paper studies the effect of its actuator configuration from the perspective of the energy-based control. For the control objective of simultaneous stabilization of the actuated variable and of the desired level of the total mechanical energy of the robot corresponding to those of the upright equilibrium point, where all three links of the robot are in the upright position, this paper presents an energy-based controller for three configurations of the single actuator in a unified way. Moreover, this paper carries out a global motion analysis of the robot with a single actuator at joint 1 or 2 under the presented controller. Specifically, this paper shows that the control objective is achievable for the robot with the actuator at joint 1 for almost all initial conditions of angular displacements and velocities without any condition on the mechanical parameters of the robot, and the control objective is achievable for the robot with the actuator at joint 2 for almost all initial conditions provided that another condition on the mechanical parameters of the robot is satisfied. The numerical simulation shows that the presented control can be applied to the swing-up and stabilizing control for a physical 3-link robot with a single actuator at joint 1 or 2.


To estimate relations between atmospheric environment and human health complex models of body-atmosphere energy exchanges in familiar terms of clothing, defined as insulation required for comfort, are used. They integrate thermal effects outdoors of air temperature, wind, humidity, solar radiation and level of activity. Monthly climate data for cities at the Russian Far East are used to identify thermal extremes that would be felt by townsmen walking slowly or engaged in light activity outdoors during autumn, winter and spring.


In Chapter 4 of his seminal book Osale (1972) investigates the consequences of fertility changing at a constant rate. Generalizing this approach the present paper analyzes the dynamics of a population with constant mortality and a fertility level varying periodwise at a quadratic exponential m(at) = m(a0)exp(It2) I>0 where a is age and I refers to speedness of trend inversion. In such a population a bulge in the birth trajectory is followed by a valley and then another increase. Starting with a cubic exponential birth trajectory by which the real birth numbers are described to good approximation we investigate the development of demographic variables characterizing the dynamics of this population-type. The age structure may be analyzed fully: starting from an extremely young population the age structure gets older until a maximal level of aging is reached and then becomes progressively younger again. Compared with the pseudostable model (Feichtinger and Vogelsang 1978) the mathematical treatment of the time dependency of mean age growth rate birth rate and other demographic variables becomes more difficult. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the carrying capacity of population mathematics for the derivation of results on the population dynamics resulting from a trend inversion of the fertility level. (authors) (summary in ENG FRE)


A harmonic model of a dc arc furnace served by a rectifier has been developed. The model uses a digital computer transient analysis program to perform a spectrum analysis of a waveform and a state-of-the-art arc model developed for the digital computer. Time-step analysis simulated a rectifier with an arcing load operation. Results were used as harmonic input to a frequency-step analysis which simulated the harmonic interaction of an arc furnace/rectifier load with the steel plant electrical system. Results are presented and practicable methods for harmonic suppression are discussed.


Light steel framing is generally based on the use of standard C or Z shaped steel sections produced by cold rolling from strip steel, which is normally refers to cold formed steel sections. Light steel framing is already well established in residential construction in North America, Australia and Japan. Cold formed steel sections are widely used in many sectors of construction, including mezzanine floors, industrial buildings, commercial buildings and hotels and are gaining greater acceptance in the residential sector. In Malaysia, cold formed steel sections are frequently use in roofing systems such as roof trusses and purlins. The light steel framing system has yet to be practiced in Malaysia. There is a need to investigate the economic aspects of the light steel framing system in our local industry, conduct comprehensive testing and parametric studies to create the guidance and procedures of the analysis and design of such building. This paper presents a lightweight system for wall panels made of cold-formed steel sections. Three wall panel samples are tested experimentally under combined gravity and lateral loading to investigate the performance of the panel in terms of strength, stiffness and ductility. The results from the experiments show the wall panel using back-to-back and box arrangement able to increase the lateral stiffness and strength as compared to single section wall panel. The increment of strength can goes up to 39% under combined gravity and lateral loading while for lateral stiffness the increment can goes up to 83%. The performance of the panel can be applied to the light steel structure that can materialize the new residential building mode of low cost, high efficiency and large scale. The significance of this study is to reduce the use of labour by introducing prefabricated panel section, which is environmentally friendly and reduce congestion on site, and able to reduce overall construction cost by using precast construction with higher strength and stiffness capacity.


This article compares the advantages and disadvantages of three decentralized clean energy heating products such as gas wall-hung boilers, air source heat pumps, and biomass heating. Through a rural case in Dezhou, it is recommended that the appropriate clean energy heating schemes should be determined based on local resource characteristics.


In this article, a positive model of local income redistribution financed by income tax is developed. The tax rate and the level of redistribution within a community are determined through majority voting. The amount of redistribution that each local government can undertake is constrained by housing market distortions and by the ability of people to freely move from one jurisdiction to another. The author establishes a number of equilibrium conditions with a general form of the utility function. The three different sets of numerically computed equilibria are developed. The first set of computational equilibria is developed assuming voters are less sophisticated. These results are compared with the results of the property tax-financed redistribution-computed equilibria in Epple and Romer's study. The second set of computational equilibria are developed assuming voters are highly sophisticated. The third set are developed assuming that land rents are equally divided among the entire population.


A basic problem when calculating reaction rates using the reactive flux method is the introduction of a reaction coordinate. In this paper we show that it is advantageous to define a reaction coordinate by means of the unstable normal mode of the saddle point of the potential energy surface. This particular choice is made since it yields a high transmission function. Moreover, the reaction coordinate is calculated via a rapidly converging algorithm, and its derivative, which is needed in constrained runs, is calculated analytically. Calculations on the transmission coefficient of the isomerization of n-butane are in good agreement with results published by others. Runs with an isomerizing calix[4]arene in vacuo produce a very high transmission coefficient, as is the purpose of the reaction coordinate. The same molecule is also studied in chloroform.


Significant attention has been given to the educational shortcomings of African American students. This study examined predictors of educational success among African American high school sophomores. It explored factors that predict differences in students' academic intention to complete the school year, and how these factors differ by gender. The study was guided conceptually by the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We also assessed perceptions of self. Results indicated that most students had positive predispositions toward school-year completion, with females being more positively oriented toward academic success than males. The TPB's attitude component was the only predictor tested to operate differentially across gender. Having a positive attitude toward school was a significantly greater predictor of intention to complete the school year for males than for females.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to enhance the functional properties of Hessian fabric through resin finishing. Hessian bags made of lignocellulosic jute fiber are commonly used to pack, store and transport agro-commodities, including horticultural crops such as rice, potato, onion and wheat. However, because of high water affinity, these bags undergo degradation in properties due to moisture release by the stored commodities themselves. Exposure to natural elements, e.g. rain and dew, also causes moisture absorption in hessian bags. Once the bag gets moistened, degradation of jute bags starts due to microbial attack, leading to loss in tensile strength and change in extensibility, leading to ultimate breakage in warp and weft directions of the fabric.

Design/methodology/approach
To overcome the degradation in the functional properties of hessian fabric due to exposure to moisture and microbial attack, the application of semi-synthetic polymeric materials was carried out.

Findings
Tenacity, bursting strength, puncture resistance, tear strength and breaking load, as well as life cycle of resin-treated jute fabric was found to be better than control jute.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no recent reports of resin finishing on jute (hessian) fabric with semi-synthetic resins are presently available, other than coating with rubber.


Additive manufacturing (AM) as a highly digitalized manufacturing technology is capable of the implementation of the concept of the digital twin (DT), which promises highly automated and optimized part production. Since the DT is a quite novel concept requiring a wide framework of various technologies, it is not state of the art yet, though. Especially the combination with artificial intelligence (AI) methods is still challenging. Applying the methodology of the systematic review, the state of the art regarding the DT in AM with emphasis of required technologies and current challenges is assessed. Furthermore, the topic of AI is investigated focusing the main applications in AM as well as the possibility to integrate today's approaches into a DT environment.


Discipline research methods and results are equally important.At the start of the study,results have been decided by methods.Classics of anthropology,which are not only as a research guidance,but also worth using for reference and reflection.This paper will take Argonauts of the Western Pacific and The Andman Islanders as examples,through the comparison of similarities and differences of their research methods to shows the new research paradigm in ethnography.