Anti-phase and in-phase flickering modes of dual buoyant diffusion flames were numerically investigated and theoretically analyzed in this study. Inspired by the flickering mechanism of a single buoyant diffusion flame, for which the deformation, stretching, or even pinch-off of the flame surface result from the formation and evolution of the toroidal vortices, we attempted to understand the anti-phase and in-phase flickering of dual buoyant diffusion flames from the perspective of vortex dynamics. The interaction between the inner-side shear layers of the two flames was identified to be responsible for the different flickering modes. Specifically, the transition between anti-phase and in-phase flickering modes can be predicted by a unified regime nomogram of the normalized flickering frequency versus a characteristic Reynolds number, which accounts for the viscous effect on vorticity diffusion between the two inner-side shear layers. Physically, the transition of the vortical structures from symmetric (in-phase) to staggered (anti-phase) in a dual-flame system can be interpreted as being similar to the mechanism causing flow transition in the wake of a bluff body and forming the Karman vortex street.


Many problems in science and engineering require the solving of linear systems of equations. As the problems get larger it becomes increasingly important to exploit the sparsity inherent in many such linear systems. It is well recognized that finding a fill-reducing ordering is crucial to the success of the numerical solution of sparse linear systems. The use of hybrid ordering partitioner is expected to improve significantly the fill-in of the factorized matrices, and also the scalability of the elimination tree obtained by symbolic factorization. The most obvious way to get the required increase in performance would be to use parallel algorithms. For dense symmetric matrices, there are quite a few well-known parallel algorithms that scale well and can be implemented efficiently on parallel computers. On the other hand, there are not many efficient, scalable parallel formulation for the sparse matrix factorization using elimination tree. A well-known sparse matrix ordering scheme PORD (Paderborn Ordering tool) uses the last element to compute the present element computation, so this prevents to do the parallelization part globally for the whole algorithm. PORD spend most of its time in splitting the graph into two parts and coloring it. So this thesis tries to parallelize the most occurring part of the factorization algorithm for getting the better result in symbolic factorization step. The given approach in this thesis might be useful in some of the parallel graph computation which uses sequential ordering step. By some estimates, more than 90% of the eigenvalue problems are real symmetric or complex Hermitian problems. This gives us flexibility to use the ordering step parallely with many other parallel algorithm of matrix computation. Several simple modifications to the minimum local fill-in ordering strategy has also been presented in this thesis such that these strategies exploit readily available information about node adjacencies to improve the fill bounds used to select a node for elimination. This thesis describes two simple modifications to the well known node selection strategy AMMF(Approximate minimum local fill-in) that further improve ordering quality. It is demonstrated that different types of node selection strategies give less amount of number of fronts which gives us better ordering followed by better subsequent factorization complexity.


The development and functioning of the concepts of economic interdependence and globalization under the influence of Russia's military aggression in Ukraine has been researched in the article. The main idea of the article is focused on determining the impact of Russian military aggression in Ukraine on the formation of the modern European security system of the 21st century. The war in Ukraine became a decisive factor in the security crisis in Europe. In order to achieve the stated purpose, further prospects for the functioning of the concepts of economic interdependence and globalization in the conditions of Russian military aggression in Ukraine has been researched in the article and the impact of Russian military aggression in Ukraine on the depth of the security crisis in Europe has been researched in the article. Russia's attack on Ukraine showed the inadequacy of previous efforts to build a sovereign Europe. It is proven that the unforeseen risks of Russia's economic interdependence with European countries have led to tectonic shifts in world geopolitics and the worst security crisis in Europe since World War II. Expanding trade with a country that has significant control over critical resources has caused interstate conflict. The article focuses on the fact that reliability is more profitable than unpredictability today. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has affected all regions of the world, contributing to slower economic growth, faster inflation, disruptions in supply chains, fuel and food shortages, and increased poverty. It has been proven that such actions are the basis of another wave of deglobalization. which will reorient the world economy and cause a re-planned economic order. It has been updated that the idea of European strategic autonomy as a replacement for American participation in European security is currently invalid. It can be stated that the world is in a dangerous and very uncertain state. The global security environment is becoming increasingly contested, complex and interconnected. It has been proven that cooperation with the transatlantic alliance remains the most successful and powerful tool in ensuring collective security for the EU in today's conditions. Russia's invasion of Ukraine revealed important differences in European visions of future security. Consequently, the world is expecting a likely reformatting of the international order that the EU and many other countries have been trying to build over the past few decades.


Spaced antenn a measurements are described, made on a 8,600-km path between Colo mbo, Ceylon, and Great Baddow, England, using pulsed rad io signals. S imple interpretations in terms of E and F region multiple refl ec tion s give good agreement with obser ved delays for t he various ec hoes. The co rrelat ion bet\\'een echo ampli tudes at spaced antennas \TaS found to be much greater for a pulsed s ignal than for a C \V signal, indicating t hat m ost of t he di vers ity in long-d is tance C \V t ra nsmission arises through p hase incoherence between t he variOLls orders of reflection.


In the present study, 83 high school students first indicated how effective they felt their counselors were and then completed the Survey of Interpersonal Values as they felt their counselors would if the latter were responding frankly. The students followed the same procedure for some "other adult" of their choice, with whom they would find it easy or difficult to discuss a personal problem. As had been hypothesized, those who were considered to be the more effective counselors or the more receptive "other adults" had attributed to them higher Benevolence and lower Recognition and Leadership scores on the survey. These interpersonal values characteristics are among the more highly regarded by the public at large and had been previously attributed to more highly preferred political figures. A study of the development of the attributional process in the client over the course of counseling, particularly as it relates to the outcome of counseling, would represent a potentially useful direction for future research.


Background In persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities, not only cognitive brain functions, but also socio-emotional processing networks may be impaired. This study aims to validate the Scale of Emotional Development—Short (SED-S) to provide an instrument for the assessment of socio-emotional brain functions. Method The SED-S was applied in 160 children aged 0–12 years. Criterion validity was investigated at item and scale level in terms of the agreement between the scale classification and the child's chronological age. Additionally, interrater reliability and internal consistency were assessed. Results For the majority of items, the expected response pattern emerged, showing the highest response probabilities in the respective target age groups. Agreement between the classification of the different SED-S domains and chronological age was high (κw = 0.95; exact agreement = 80.6%). Interrater reliability at domain level ranged from κw = .98 to 1.00 and internal consistency was high (α = .99). Conclusion The study normed the SED-S in a sample of typically developing children and provides evidence for criterion validity on item, domain and scale level.


This article described the design method and process of several dress sweaters,which were produced on the common flat knitting machine.Design idea and style of the dress sweater were analyzed.Organization design and knitting pattern notations of each dress sweater were described.Operation process of each sweater was given.The results showed that,using the common flat knitting machine,the dress sweater can also be designed and produced,which can better reflect the curves taken by the body.The dress sweater with changes in knitted patterns had innovative and unique style,taking the beautiful,stylish,could follow the development trend of fashion and variety the market needs of sweater.With the increasing popularity of computerized flat knitting machine,space of design and production for the dress sweater was also growing.


The gold standard technique for inguinal hernia repair is Lichtenstein repair since its description in 1984, being a pure prosthetic, tension free repair, which achieved consistently low recurrence rates in long term outcomes analysis. After that when the laparoscopic approach began to show its advantages, it started to be used in the resolution of inguinal hernias, especially in bilateral ones. European nationwide registers report 15% recurrence rate occurred in all operations for inguinal hernia repair.


Polymers are often embedded with specific nanofillers such that the functional characteristics and properties of the resulting polymeric nanocomposite (PNC) are enhanced. The degree to which these enhancements can be achieved depends not only on the level of particle loading of nanofillers, but most importantly on the resulting dispersion profile achieved within the matrix. Agglomeration (often referred to as clustering) is a result of the mixing process and very much depends on the chemistry between the polymer and nanofiller. Depending on the PNC type, different mixing processes can be applied but the general consensus is that such processes are not repeatable themselves. Not only it is quite difficult to achieve the desired level of dispersion, but in addition there is a limited number of characterization tools that can be employed to routinely check the homogeneity achieved within a produced sample. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are usually employed, but they are very time consuming, expensive, require special sample preparation and treatment, often produce results that are difficult to interpret and can only analyse very small areas of sample. This work reports on the adaptation and development and three optical techniques that are non-destructive, can accurately characterize the dispersion achieved as a result of the mixing process and can analyse larger material areas. The techniques reported are based on static and dynamic visible and infra-red light scattering.


Conductance measurements have been made on solutions of NaClO 4 and C 6 H 5 COONa in acetonitrile+water at 298.15 K. The limiting molar conductances and association constants were derived from the experimental data by means of the Lee-Wheaton and Fuoss equations. Variations with the solvent composition on the conductance parameters are discussed


"The overcrowding and general insanitation of the dwellings of the poorer classes, together with the problem of re-housing, have been almost constant topics for discussion in England since about 1838. Similar problems have had to be considered during the past half century in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, and the United States. Any complete bibliography of the enormous number of publications on the subject in all its ramifications cannot be here attempted. The following list contains only the most important, more useful, or most accessible printed sources of information in the English language." - p.44.


Abstract : Modem ultra high strength alloy steels (UHSS) have been developed with outstanding combinations of strength and fracture toughness. Such steels are characterized by high purity and nanoscale strengthening clusters/coherent precipitates in a complex precipitation hardened, martensitic microstructure. However, the performance of such steels is degraded dramatically by internal hydrogen embrittlement (IHE) and hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE). Thus, the development of an UHSS that is immune to hydrogen embrittlement is of seminal importance. The issues that hinder understanding of IHE/HEE center on the capability to first understand fracture process zone damage mechanisms, and second to quantify and ultimately predict crack tip hydrogen concentrations relative to critical concentrations that trigger fracture. Mitigation of the hydrogen-cracking resistance of modem UHSS requires reduction in hydrogen uptake and/or modification of critical hydrogen concentrations for a given material by improving the intrinsic tolerance to dissolved and trapped hydrogen. Strategies for controlling and/or mitigating HEE and IHE of UHSS include control of intrinsic intergranular susceptibility governed by hydrogen-segregated impurity interactions and metallurgical alteration of H trap states. Another strategy is to exploit the strong electrochemical potential dependency of HEE cracking by using tailored cathodic protection schemes. Lastly, coatings can be designed to release ions that% reduce H production and/or block H uptake at crack tips. A combination of a responsive coating that provides a tailored-low level of cathodic protection and active corrosion inhibition, as well as control of metallurgical purity and H trap states, provides a necessary- couple strategy to mitigate HEE of modem high strength steels.


Objective To investigate the effect of lancemaside D on the time effects of cell proliferation and cell cycle of HepG-2 cells and explore the anticancer active ingredients and mechanisms of codonopsis lanceolata.Methods The HepG-2 cells were treated with different concentrations(5,10,15,20 and 25 mg·L-1) of lancemaside D in vitro,meanwhile control group was set up.The proliferation inhibition of HepG-2 cells was detected by MTT assay,and the change of cell cycle of HepG-2 cells was determined by flow cytometry.Results The results showed that the inhibitory rate of cell proliferation of HepG-2 cells were significantly higher than that in control group(P0.01) after treated with 25 mg·L-1 lancemaside D for 12,24,48 and 72 h;the cell numbers in lancemaside D groups were significantly smaller than that in control group after treated with lancemaside D for 48,72,96 and 120 h(P0.05),among 5,15,20 and 25 mg·L-1groups there were significant differences(all P0.05);the HepG-2 cell proliferation speed was delated with the increasing of lancemaside D concentration.The cell cycle detection results showed that in the lancemaside D concentration range of 10-25 mg·L-1,the percentages of HepG-2 cells at G0/G1 phase were 55.97%±0.42%,57.16%±0.13%,57.48%±0.15% and 60.39%±0.32%,respectively,they were significantly higher than that in control group(53.22%±0.28%)(P0.05).In the same concentration range of lancemaside D,the percentages of HepG-2 cells at S phage were 27.47%±1.42%,26.15%±2.71%,26.34%±0.67% and 24.81%±0.46%,they were significantly lower than that in control group(33.47%±0.25%)(P0.05),which suggested a G0/G1 cell cycle arresting in lancemaside D group.Conclusion Lancemaside D strongly inhibits the growth of HepG-2 cells in vitro and furthermore cause cell DNA metabolism disturbance.


Selective advantages of epizootic strains of bacteria circulating in livestock and poultry farms, with mass illnesses of respiratory and digestive organs of young agricultural animals are due to the presence of adhesive antigens, hemolysins, bacteriocins, thermolabile and thermostable toxins. In a comparative evaluation of methods for study the antagonistic properties of bacteria, it has been established that the most effective is the «membrane filters» method, which makes it possible to determine the antagonistic activity of microorganisms belonging to different systematic groups and to make a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the degree of inhibition of the antagonist strain. Based on the approbation and selection of effective methods for study the antagonistic activity of bacteria, it was established that the Escherichia produced colicins, inhibited the growth of cultures of microorganisms S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, Y. enterocolitica. Pseudomonads synthesized water-soluble pigments - piocyanin, pyoverdin, piorubin, pyomelanin, it inhibited the growth of cultures of microorganisms S. enteritidis, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, Y. enterocolitica. The sensitivity of the strain Mycobacterium B5 to the action of drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, kanamycin, cycloserine, ofloxacin has been established. Epizootic strains of bacteria were sensitive to cephalosporin group drugs (cefazolin, cefatoxime); fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin); aminoglycosides (kanamycin, amikacin, neomycin, sisomycin); carbapenems (imipenem); polymyxins (polymyxin). 82,05% of cultures of microorganisms were resistant to antibiotics of the macrolide group (erythromycin, oleandomycin); 79,49% were resistant to s-lactam antibiotics of natural and semi-synthetic penicillins (ampicillin, oxacillin, carbocillin). The use of hexadisks with cefotaxime, ceftazidime in combination with clavulanate, made it possible to study the production of extended-spectrum s-lactamases by strains showing reduced sensitivity to one of the third generation cephalosporins. In the study of sensitivity to antibacterial drugs was found a direct correlation between the results of studies using diffusion methods in agar and serial dilutions (r = 0,91).


A maximum a posteriori decoder is given for convolutional codes when transmitted over a binary random error channel that exhibits insertion, deletion and substitution errors. It is shown that the error-correcting performance of these codes can be improved by more than two orders of magnitude when compared to similar systems found in the literature, for the same decoding complexity. This is achieved by the simple addition of a pseudo-random sequence at the output of the encoder. The complexity of the decoder is limited by reducing the size of its state space using probabilistic arguments, avoiding the use of experimental trial-and-error techniques used in similar decoders.


Ignition device for large caliber barrel weapons capable of permitting ignition of a number of propellant charge modules (50) preset, these modules (50) being generally rotationally symmetrical and having a channel continuous light (51) of generally circular section arranged around an axis of revolution and having an ignition coating (52) composed of annular ignitable ignition powder by laser, the ignition device comprising a laser (10) and an optical device and being characterized in that said optical device comprises a multisector lens (20) consisting of several sectors (21) adapted to form, in use and in each sector (21) of the multi-sector lens (20), a laser beam part (11).


A new technique for the management of intractable ascites in uremic patients, involving extracorporeal dialysis of ascitic fluid, may be applicable also for the management of ascites in the absence of renal failure. ( Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1550-1551)


This paper presents the results of a study of differences between participants selecting each of two alternative treatment regimes at the Occupational Health Services (OHS) Multiple DUI Offender Program in Alameda County, CA, USA. Participants selected one of the following regimes: (1) Program A, requiring the ingestion of Antabuse; (2) Program B, requiring twice as many 12-Step (Alcoholics Anonymous) meetings and periodic blood testing for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT). In addition, participants had to attend educational meetings, group counselling, and private interviews for up to 18 months. The participants were 548 convicted multiple DUI (driving under the influence of alcohol) offenders, enrolled in the drinking driver programme. All English-speaking participants in the OHS programme were asked to participate in the Health Attitudes and Practices (HAP) Interview, lasting about 90 minutes. The HAP Interview includes 323 questions on drinking behaviour, driving behaviour, drug use, attitudes and family history; it also has a self-administered battery of tests and personality assessments. It was found that those who chose Program A tended to be non-white, non-black, younger, non- college graduates, and divorced. However, no differences were found in programme compliance or completion. For the covering abstract see IRRD 866577.


The kukri snakes of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 reach the westernmost limits of their distribution in Middle and Southwest Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan), and the Palearctic portions of Pakistan. In this article, we review the systematics and distribution of the two species native to this region, Oligodon arnensis (Shaw, 1802) and Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1853) based on an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular, and species distribution modeling (SDM) data. Phylogenetic analyses recover O. taeniolatus populations from Iran and Turkmenistan in a clade with the O. arnensis species complex, rendering the former species paraphyletic relative to O. taeniolatus sensu stricto on the Indian subcontinent. To correct this, we resurrect the name Contia transcaspica Nikolsky, 1902 from the synonymy of O. taeniolatus and assign it to populations in Middle–Southwest Asia. So far, Oligodon transcaspicus comb. et stat. nov. is known only from the Köpet–Dag Mountain Range of northeast Iran and southern Turkmenistan, but SDM mapping suggests it may have a wider range. Genetic samples of O. "arnensis" from northern Pakistan are nested in a clade sister to the recently described Oligodon churahensis Mirza, Bhardwaj & Patel, 2021, and are phylogenetically separate from O. arnensis sensu stricto in south India and Sri Lanka. Based on morphological similarity, the Afghanistan and Pakistan populations are assigned to Oligodon russelius (Daudin, 1803) and we synonymize O. churahensis with this species. Our investigation leads us to remove O. taeniolatus from the snake fauna of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, with the consequence that only Oligodon transcaspicus comb. et stat. nov. and O. russelius are present in these countries. Additional studies are needed to resolve the taxonomy of the O. taeniolatus and O. arnensis species complexes on the Indian subcontinent, and an updated key for both groups is provided.


The Prince Charles Mountains (PCMs) of East Antarctica were first spottedfrom the air during The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program'Operation Highjump' in 1946-47. but first visited ...


An attempt was made to stain single spinal cord neurones of cat with China-made horseradish peroxidase(HRP).After taking intracellular recordings frommotor neurones or dorsal horn neurones 4% HRP was injected iontophorcticallythrough the recording glass microelectrodes.In well-stained neurones,the soma,dendrites,dendritic spines,axon,axon collaterals,and also the terminal buttonswere clearly visible against a clean background.The morphological features ofa motor neurone and some dorsal horn neurones were described.


We present feasible experimental proposals to construct an optomechanical transducer entangling radiation modes by quadratic nonlinearities and to prepare a cubic phase state of mechanical oscillator. We show robustness of both protocols to thermal noise.


. In this paper, we present monotone sequences of lower and upper bounds on the Perron value of a nonngeative matrix, and we study their strict monotonicity. Using those sequences, we provide two combinatorial applications. One is to improve bounds on Perron values of rooted trees in combinatorial settings, in order to find characteristic sets of trees. The other is to generate log-concave and log-convex sequences through the monotone sequences.


Over the last five decades, Pakistan experienced its worst drought from 1998 to 2002 and its worst flood in 2010. This study determined the record-breaking impacts of the droughts (1998–2002) and the flood (2010) and analyzed the given 12-year period, especially the follow-on period when the winter wheat crop was grown. We identified the drought, flood, and warm and cold edges over the plain of Punjab Pakistan based on a 12-year time series (2003–2014), using the vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI) approach based on Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data products. During the year 2010, the Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS) model applied to the real-time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall incorporated data products into the TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) for the flood detection/intensity, stream flow, and daily accumulative precipitation, and presented the plain provisions to wetlands. This study exhibits drought severity, warm and cold edges, and flood levels using the VTCI drought-monitoring approach, which utilizes a combination of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with land surface temperature (LST) data products. It was found that during the years 2003–2014, the VTCI had a positive correlation coefficient (r) with the cumulative precipitation (r = 0.60) on the day of the year (D-073) in the winter. In the year 2010, at D-201, there was no proportionality (nonlinear), and at D-217, a negative correlation was established. This revealed the time, duration, and intensity of the flood at D-201 and D-217, and described the heavy rainfall, stream flow, and flood events. At D-233 and D-281 during 2010, a significant positive correlation was noticed in normal conditions (r = 0.95 in D-233 and r = 0.97 in D-281 during the fall of 2010), which showed the flood events and normality. Notably, our results suggest that VTCI can be used for drought and wet conditions in both rain-fed and irrigated regions. The results are consistent with anomalies in the GFMS model using the spatial and temporal observations of the MODIS, TRMM, and TMPA satellites, which describe the dry and wet conditions, as well as flood runoff stream flow and flood detection/intensity, in the region of Punjab during 2010. It should be noted that the flood (2010) affected the area, and the production of the winter wheat crop has consistently declined from 19.041 to 17.7389 million tons.


There is now a great interest in the Paleozoic sediments that form the intermediate tectonic complex between the basement and the platform cover of West Siberia. This interest is not new. I. M. Gubkin suggested exploration for oil in both the Mesozoic and the Paleozoic here. In the Fifties much work was concentrated on exploring the Paleozoics. During the Sixties, however, with the discovery of large and giant fields in the Mesozoic attention turned away from the Paleozoics; they came to be regarded as metamorphosed and not favorable. In 1969 the first geochemical evidence indicative of oil in the Paleozoics was obtained, and then in the Tomsk and Novosibirsk areas large flows of oil and gas were recovered from Paleozoics in several places. These sediments are now regarded as prospective.


In this work, we study the fair resource sharing problem, where a set of resources needs to be shared by a set of agents. Each agent is unit-demand and each resource can serve a limited number of agents. The agents have (heterogeneous) preferences for the resources, and preferences for other agents with whom they share the resources. Our definition of fairness is mainly captured by envy-freeness. Due to the fact that an envy-free assignment may not exist even in simple settings, we propose a way to relax the definition: Pareto envy-freeness, where an assignment is Pareto envy-free if for any two agents~i and j, agent i does not envy agent j for her received resource or the set of agents she shares the resource with. We study to what extent Pareto envy-free assignments exist. Particularly, we are interested in a typical model, dorm assignment problem, where a number of students need to be accommodated to the dorms with the same capacity and the students' preferences for dorm-mates are binary. We show that when the capacities of the dorms are 2, a Pareto envy-free assignment always exists and can be found in polynomial time; however, if the capacities increase to 3, Pareto envy-freeness cannot be guaranteed any more.


Abstract : Three Mo + 0.5% Ti ingots were processed to sheet bar by extrusion, forging, and rolling with good yields. Plasticities of Mo + 0.5% Ti and TZM ingot structures were determined from 2400 to 4000 F. Minimum plasticity was found in the range of 3000 to 3400 F. An outline of phase II (sheet rolling development) is presented. This phase will consider the effect of the following process variables on 0.060 in. Mo alloy sheet: (1) surface contamination, (2) transition temperature and room temperature tensile properties, (3) elevated temperature tests, (4) chemical homogeneity and impurity level, (5) laminations, (6) surface imperfections, (7) dimensional tolerance, and (8) inert atmosphere fabrication.


Introduction : Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL)rapture is one of the most common injuries in soccer players, so the purpose of this study was to identify the effect of some intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors on the incidence of ACL injuries in professional soccer players. Material and Methods : For this study 100professional soccer players(Mean± SD:age:25.05±4.1y,height:1.81±0.06m) who had ACL injury considered as research sample from several countries of the world. The informations about intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors, gathered from studing the medical files, interviewing with the team physicians and authoritative internet databases. The chi squares (χ2)(P 0.05). The players with 1.79-1.83meter height had  the most number of injuries(26%)and players with 1.69-1.73meter height had the least (13%), no significant differences were find between the 5 groups of height(P>0.05). The injuries that occurred during the away games(50.6%) were not significantly(P>0.05) more than home games(49.4%). The ACL injury in initial of season(34%)was significantly more than other times (P<0.05). In relation to age the significant difference was found between the different age groups (P<0.05), so players with 22-27 years (50%) had more injuries and players with 34-39 years(2%)had the least. The injuries during the game(85%)was significantly more than training(P<0.05)(15%). Conclusion : Midfielder players with 22-27 years in initial of season especially during the game are more prone to ACL injury. So coach, players and medical staff should pay attentive to these important point to design preventive program to minimize ACL injuries. Key words: Anterior cruciate ligament,soccer,injury,professional soccer player


PURPOSE: To execute the positioning within an allowable range with respect to servo positioning using a narrow converter head by providing the converter head by specifying the width of a reading element and a writing element. CONSTITUTION: A disk file 10 is provided with at least one disk 18 rotatable around an axis and this disk 18 is provided with at least one disk face to store data. In addition the disk file 10 is provided with the converter head 28 fixed so as to move across the disk face to write data or a servo pattern to the face of the disk 18 and to read them from the face. The converter head 28 is provided with the reading and writing elements and the width of the reading element is smaller than that of the writing element, larger than 1/3 of a data cylinder and smaller than 1/2 of it. The servo pattern is written on the face of the data disk 18 in a track pitch smaller than 1/2 of the data cylinder and this servo pattern is collected back to a data cylinder selected by binary number. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO


A lack of pension awareness undermines adequate savings decisions. To understand what motivates individuals to become informed about their pension situation, we conducted two field experiments with 245,712 and 257,433 pension fund participants, respectively. We find that lottery-type financial incentives to visit an online personal pension planner are cost effective and increase the rate at which individuals check their pension information. This uptake of pension information led to improved pension knowledge and increased savings behavior three weeks after our intervention. Offering a few large prizes rather than many small prizes is most effective, and financial incentives work when used repeatedly.


Modern education is witnessing wide changes in the wake of globalization of economy. Traditional way of learning and development is gradually shifting towards skill development and pragmatic learning modules. In addition to knowledge acquisition now a day's business and operational heads of various industries and firms are giving more importance to skill acquisition. It is widely acknowledged by various researches that there is big gap between what the kind of education imparted by the educational institutions and the kind of graduates with right aptitude and attitude expects by the corporate. The 'gap' which is identified when then placement activities is done in one of the Management institute of RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, which indicates the young graduates required skills that to be acquired during their learning and development period from educational institutions, which support them to survive in industry as best performers with absolute contributions.


General $L_p$ dual curvature measures have recently been introduced by Lutwak, Yang and Zhang. These new measures unify several other geometric measures of the Brunn-Minkowski theory and the dual Brunn-Minkowski theory. $L_p$ dual curvature measures arise from $q$th dual inrinsic volumes by means of Alexandrov-type variational formulas. Lutwak, Yang and Zhang formulated the $L_p$ dual Minkowski problem, which concerns the characterization of $L_p$ dual curvature measures. In this paper, we solve the existence part of the $L_{p}$ dual Minkowski problem for $p>1$ and $q>0$, and we also discuss the regularity of the solution.


As the English striker Gary Lineker famously said, "Football is a very simple game. For 90 minutes, 22 men go running after the ball, and at the end, the Germans win." Although the game is simple, analyzing it can be hard. Just what makes one team better than another? How much difference do tactics make? Is there really such a thing as a "lucky win?" Here, we try to answer these questions in the context of RoboCup. We take the giant set of log data produced by the simulator tournaments from 1997 to 1999 and feed it to a data-munching program that produces statistics on important game features. Using these statistics, we identify precisely what has improved in RoboCup and what still requires further work. Plus, because the data muncher can work in real time, we can also release it as a proxy server for RoboCup. This proxy server gives all RoboCup developers instant access to statistics while a game is in progress and is a promising step toward an important goal: understanding RoboCup.


Recent airborne radar sounding has made it possible to map accurately three of the West Antarctic ice streams that flow into Ross Ice Shelf. In previous work we have shown that ice streams A and B have negative mass balances, whereas inactive Ice Stream C has a strongly pOSl!1ve balance. In this paper we examine in more detail the balance of ice streams A and B by constructing several gates across them where velocities and ice thicknesses have been measured. We then examine the net f1uxes in blocks of the ice streams delimited by successive pairs of gates . Ice Stream A as a whole is apparently discharging more ice than is being accumulated in the catchment area , and currently thinning at the rate of 0.08 ± 0.03 m a-I. The situation on Ice Stream B is more complex. We have calculated separately the fluxes from tributary ice streams BI and B2 , and examined their individual fluxes within Ice Stream B by tracing the suture zone between them down-stream of their confluence. The flow band that is the farthest up-stream (girdle), encompassing both Ice Stream BI and Ice Stream B2, shows a strongly negative net flux that we attribute to lateral and head ward expansion of the ice streams within the band. Such expansion can occur by lateral movement of an ice-stream boundary, by temporally accelerating ice flow at the head of the ice stream, or by activation of formerly slowly moving "island" or "pen insula" ice. The imbalance in this flow band, 8 ± 2 km3 a-I (equivalent mean rate of change in ice thickness, if = -D.83 ± 0.2 m a-I), is nearly half of the total excess outflow for the Ice Stream B system (20 ± 4 km 3 a-I), H = -D.12 ± 0.02 m a-I) the remainder is mostly the difference between flow through the uppermost gate and mass input to the catchment area (10 ± 3 km3 a-I, if = -D.I ± 0.03 m aI). When if for the whole of Ice Stream B is plotted against the distance along the entire Ice Stream B, the overall pattern appears to be of mild thinning in the catchment, intense thinning in the girdle, and thickening in the main body of the ice stream, which decreases with distance from the girdle. This global behavior is suggestive of a major transient response, resulting from either a change in the internal dynamics or an internal adjustment to a change in the external forcings . We argue that there are a number of conditions which could lead to this type of response pattern. One possibility is a surge. Although the distribution of the changes in thickness is one characteristic of a surge, we caution that this alone is not sufficient to classify the behavior as a surge. Several other possibilities that support a picture of Ice Stream B as a system in the process of dynamic change and in unsteady state are discussed. At present, Ice Stream C and its catchment area are thickening over their entire area (if = 0.12 ± 0.02 m a-I) . The present surface elevation does not suggest that Ice Stream 8 has captured part of Ice Stream C. Moreover, the shut-down of Ice Stream C and the large mass imbalance of Ice Stream B are not related.


This paper studies the impact of shadow banking regulation on the financial system and the real economy. For identification, I exploit a policy – "New Asset Management Rules" (NAMR) – that restrict the issuance and investment directions of wealth management products (WMPs) in China. I find that depositors substitute the WMPs with deposits, leading to an increase in bank loans. I provide evidence the substitution is imperfect and the net credit supply of banks declines. Using a bank-firm linked database, I show that private-owned enterprises (POEs) with high shadow banking or WMP exposure experienced a decline in investments, the growth rate of total assets, liabilities, and revenue. The province-level data shows the aggregate impact of the NAMR is sizable. A counterfactual analysis shows that the investment growth rate would have been 1.6 percentage points higher, translating to a 1 percentage point higher GDP growth rate in 2018.


P2P downloading technology,which gives rise to different attitudes towards whether it is fair use or not,exists widely around the world.This paper provides that it doesn′t belong to fair use by analyzing the rationalization of P2P network downloading behavior on the basis of the "Four Standards" in America Copyright Law.


It is available a phase-coordinate model for the single-phase transformer with mid-tap on the secondary side. This model allows the representation of 120 V single-phase loads on each section of the secondary of the lighting transformer in a three-phase transformer bank that supplies a four wire delta system. However, the available model represents the entire transformer's impedance in the secondary winding. It differed from the traditional equivalent transformer's circuit, which always represents some portion of the impedance in the primary winding. The presented work develops a new phase-coordinate model for the single-phase transformer with mid-tap on the secondary side to be used in Power Flow and Short-circuits programs. The new model is general and adaptable to be used with transformers with interlaced and non interlaced secondary windings. The developed model is proved with examples of the literature showing a good agreement with the available model for the Power Flow Studies, and a great disagreement for the Short Circuit Studies.


This paper develops a two-sector general equilibrium model of an economy with an open access renewable resource. We characterize the autarkic steady state, showing that autarky prices (and 'comparative advantage') are determined by the ratio of intrinsic resource growth to labor. Under free trade, steady state trade and production patterns for a small open economy are determined by whether the resource good's world price exceeds its autarky price. Strikingly, if the small country exports the resource good while remaining diversified, then steady-state utility is lower than in autarky, and increases in the world price of exports are welfare-reducing.


Abstract : The historical relationship between operations research and the computer was developed using a search of the literature. The historical data was compiled into a timeline and bibliography. The analysis of the historical data concluded that operations research and the computer are in a synergistic relationship where developments in either field enhance the other field. From the historical background and from the literature, a model of computer support for graduate operations research education was developed. The checklist based upon this model was used to evaluate portions of the Air Force Institute of Technology's Graduate Operations Research program. After the results of a literature search on problem formulation was presented, a proposal for an automated method for algorithm selection was developed. (Author)


A novel algorithm called Fccrm is proposed,in which the dividing method is used to reduce the scale of formal context and the technology is adopted that gets all the lattice nodes by seeking all biggest concepts and their lower covers to avoid the complicated relations in concept lattice.The pre-pruning strategy is applied in the mining process to reduce the size of the formal concepts further,for getting the classification rules from the formal concepts.The experimental results show that the performance of this algorithm is obviously improved,and the classification rules set obtained from formal concepts is complete for the sample set.


Within the past 5 years, the synthesis and biological evaluations of organosilicon agents have rapidly developed into a potentially explosive area of medicinal chemistry. It has repeatedly been demonstrated that silicon analogs of recognized medicinal agents exhibit biological activity. Even more significant is the activity elicited by several types of organosilicon entities that are not isosteric to biologically active organic compounds. Ample evidence is also now available to establish that organosilicon compounds, per se, are not toxic. While certain classes of these compounds produce toxic responses, indeed, a few are highly poisonous, they too are not merely silicon congeners of toxic organic compounds. The diverse employment of these compounds—from therapeutic agents to agricultural chemicals—evidences the importance of, and exceptional potential for, these materials.


This brief note points out several basic connections between the Smarandache function, fixed-point theory [1] and prime-number theory. First recall that fixed-point theory in function spaces provides elegent, if not short, proofs of the existence of solutions to many kinds of differential equations, integral equations, optimization problems and game-theoretic problems. Further, fixed-point theory in the ring of rational integers and fixed-lattice-point theory provide many results on the existence of solutions in diophantine theory. Here are four fundamental examples of fixed-point theory in number theory. (1) There is the well-known basic result that for p>4, p is prime iff S(p) = p. (2) Recall that the present author defined [2] the number-theoretic function '¥(n) as the product of the primes alone in the mosaic of n, where the mosaic of n is obtained from n by recursively applying the unique factorization theorem/fundamental theorem of arithmetic to itselfl Now the asymptotic density of fixed points of'¥(n) is 7/rr, just as the asymptotic density of square-free numbers is 6/rr. Indeed, (3) the theory of perfect numbers is also connected to fixed-point theory, since if one puts ftn) = 6(n) n, where 6(n) is the sum of the divisors on n, then n is perfect iffftn) = n. Finally, (4) the present author defined [2] the number-theoretic function ,¥*(n) as the sum of the primes alone in the mosaic of n. Here we have a striking similarity to the Smarandache function itself (see example (1) above), since ,¥*(n) = n iffn = 4 or n = p for some prime p; i.e., if> 4, n is prime iff'¥*(n) = n. Thus, the distribution function for the fixed points of Sen) or of'¥*(n) is essentially the distribution function for the primes, TI(n).


PURPOSE: A solution spray apparatus, a mass analyzing system using pyrolysis, and a control method thereof are provided to enable automatic flow of a very small amount of solution in a pyrolyzer assembly. CONSTITUTION: A solution spray apparatus comprises a solution spray part(120), a solution injection part(110), and an air injection pump(112). The solution spray part sprays a very small amount of solution to a pyrolyzer assembly. The solution injection part supplies solution inside a reservoir(117) to the solution injection part by injected air. The solution injection part comprises a solution emission control valve(119). The solution emission control valve controls the flow rate of solution in real time. An air injection pump supplies air to the solution spray part and the solution injection part.


Poster: "ECR 2011 / C-1618 / Jumper's knee syndrome: US and color doppler evaluation  in staging and follow up in 87 amateur  and professional athletes. A new classification." by: "G. Argento1, F. Caporilli Razza2, L. Cristiano2, C. Cantone2, V. David1; 1Roma/IT, 2Rome/IT"


This invention relates to a wet type air cleaner utilizing a centrifugal impeller with an electric motor instead of using filters, thus the separation of particular dust, mist can be absolutely eliminated from air with the difference of specific gravity between gas and pollution liquid under centrifugal force. An wet type air cleaner utilizing a centrifugal impeller comprising: protection grill (400) and water tank (401) located on an inlet pipe (405), an electric motor (433) with a centrifugal impeller (408) and a bearing (434) located inside of centrifugal cleaner (407), a drain trap (441) and humidity controller (442) installed on an exit pipe (432) etc. Therefore centrifugal wet type air cleaner make fresh air efficiently to be carried out by centrifugal force without using filters in the field of home, office, passenger car, dust place like cement factory, machine center, exhaust gas cleaner for an industrial burner and an internal combustion engine.


Gout is one of the oldest diseases in the medical literature in which patients present with hyperuricemia-induced recurrent attacks of severe monoarthritis. Diagnosis can be confirmed by the demonstration of sodium urate crystals in synovial fluids. For years, allopurinol was the main urate-lowering agent despite many adverse effects including serious drug reactions. In February 2009, febuxostat was approved by Food and Drug Administration as a new urate-lowering agent, thus giving the first alternative to allopurinol-allergic patients. Here, we report a patient who developed fixed drug eruption secondary to allopurinol and tolerated febuxostat without any adverse effects.


————————————————— Product and company names are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force. More specifically, strain (ε) is defined as the fractional change in length, as shown in Figure 1 below. Strain can be positive (tensile) or negative (compressive). Although dimensionless, strain is sometimes expressed in units such as in./in. or mm/mm. In practice, the magnitude of measured strain is very small. Therefore, strain is often expressed as microstrain (µε), which is ε × 10 –6. When a bar is strained with a uniaxial force, as in Figure 1, a phenomenon known as Poisson Strain causes the girth of the bar, D, to contract in the transverse, or perpendicular, direction. The magnitude of this transverse contraction is a material property indicated by its Poisson's Ratio. The Poisson's Ratio ν of a material is defined as the negative ratio of the strain in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the force) to the strain in the axial direction (parallel to the force), or ν = –ε T /ε. Poisson's Ratio for steel, for example, ranges from 0.25 to 0.3. While there are several methods of measuring strain, the most common is with a strain gauge, a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to the amount of strain in the device. For example, the piezoresistive strain gauge is a semiconductor device whose resistance varies nonlinearly with strain. The most widely used gauge, however, is the bonded metallic strain gauge. The metallic strain gauge consists of a very fine wire or, more commonly, metallic foil arranged in a grid pattern. The grid pattern maximizes the amount of metallic wire or foil subject to strain in the parallel direction (Figure 2). The cross sectional area of the grid is minimized to reduce the effect of shear strain and Poisson Strain. The grid is bonded to a thin backing, called the carrier, which is attached directly to the test specimen. Therefore, the strain experienced by the test specimen is transferred directly to the strain gauge, which responds with a linear change in electrical resistance. Strain gauges are available commercially with nominal resistance values from 30 to 3000 Ω, with 120, 350, and 1000 Ω being the most common values.


This paper discusses the situation where the downstream retailer is the dominant player in the supply chain system. A demand function based on the price and freshness of fresh products is constructed to examine the joint fresh-keeping effort problem when the retailer and the supplier put in fresh-keeping effort separately, and to analyze the impact of the fresh-keeping effort cost sharing factor on the decisions making behavior of the retailer and the supplier. It is found that the system strategy is effective when the retailer takes up the fresh-keeping effort and when the supplier's share of the retailer's fresh-keeping effort is small; the joint fresh-keeping is not an effective system strategy when the supplier takes up the fresh-keeping effort.


A lot of infrastructures, such as roads and bridges, have been constructed to ensure our safety life and economic activities. Maintenance of the infrastructures costs huge sum of money and is getting to be serious financial problems. It is therefore quite important to develop a method which realizes a strategic decision-making of the maintenance and new constructions. This study presents a framework of risk management of infrastructures on road network. Real slopes, bridges and pavements existing in Hida area are selected as target infrastructures. Risks of each infrastructure are evaluated, and the optimum maintenance timing of each infrastructure is analyzed using a dynamic programming method. Finally, a trial calculation is conducted using evaluated risks. As a result, it is found the proposed framework is efficient for risk management of infrastructures.


Adopting an experiential learning explanation for varying student interest in the three sciences, out-ofschool experience questionnaire, scale of interest in science and Kolb's learning style inventory were administered on 775 higher secondary students in Kerala. Despite their similar achievement levels, boys had higher interest in physics, and girls had higher interest in biology and chemistry. Higher interest of girls in biology relate to their more out-of-school experiences (OSE) like observation of living world and with domestic medicine, and gardening experiences. Girls' higher interest in chemistry associated with their OSEs in domestic cleaning and cooking. Likewise, higher interest of boys in physics is related with their higher experiences with electric and electronic gadgets and domestic tools. The advantage of girls in biology through OSEs is more for convergers and assimilators. In chemistry backing from OSEs is more for converger girls. Girls with divergent or accommodating styles to some extent compensate their disadvantage in physics through their OSEs. The findings highlight the significance of relating science topics with life experiences, in consideration of student learning styles. The findings imply curricula to avoid gender stereotyping of the topics © 2018 Guru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences


the realization of these modern and uncomfortable dwellings requires the attention and application of passive strategies to address thermal deficiencies and excessive energy consumption. Native building materials used in the construction of traditional homes have proven to be an effective technique for energy conservation without compromising the comfort of the occupants. The most common building material for traditional houses in southeastern Algeria is stone. Several studies have shown the thermal, physical qualities of this material through the use of passive strategies. This paper aims to evaluate the thermal comfort in the most popular house typologies in Ouargla city in the southern part of Algeria. This research presents a comparison study between the vernacular architecture represented by the heritage houses (ksar of ouargla) and the typical contemporary house, in terms of thermal performance. For this purpose, a research method based on a questionnaire and on-site measurements is applied to determine the thermal characteristics of each of the studied types. The results show the dissatisfaction of the inhabitants regarding the comfort and the excessive energy consumption of the modern houses made of cement. In summer, the traditional stone house is by far the most effective means to cope with the heat problem, and it is shown that passive strategies are the best solution to create more comfortable and energy efficient houses. Abstract


Organizations that can adapt to the rapidly changing environment in today's global working life are achieving success. Keeping up with change is achieved by anticipating the future, but being ready for the future. Thus, the success achieved in the face of change affects the happiness of life and organizational success. The concepts of life satisfaction that are identified with being happy with a proactive personality, which can be explained by being prepared in advance, are also very important both in social life and in organizational life. In the study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between proactive personality and life satisfaction as well as to measure the mediating effect of Covid-19 fear on this relationship. For this purpose, the data obtained from the students of Ondokuz Mayıs University Vocational School of Health Services by the survey method were analyzed with the Structural Equation Model (SEM). As a result of the analysis of the data, positive relationships were detected between proactive personality and life satisfaction, while fear of Covid-19 was partially mediated negatively by these variables.


The article deals with the problem of determining the international legal status of prisoners of war on the Soviet-German front. The object of the study is the telegrams and letters of the governments of the USSR and Nazi Germany to the embassies of neutral countries. The Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Convention of 1929 provided real protection to prisoners of war. The Soviet government did not recognize the international treaties concluded by the former Russian governments, including The Hague Convention of 1907, and also did not join The Geneva Convention of 1929. The outbreak of hostilities on the Soviet-German front required the determination of the legal status of Soviet and German prisoners of war. The correspondence between the governments of the two countries, carried out through the mediation of neutral states, did not affect the legal status of prisoners of war on the eastern front. The results of our research show that the problem of prisoners of war has become an object of ideological confrontation between the authorities of the warring totalitarian states.


We discuss UV imagery of NGC 1275 obtained using the Goddard Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope. We are able to study the UV morphology down to mu 249 of about 25 mag/sq arcsec. There are significant nonaxisymmetric structures in the UV continuum associated with the low-velocity filament system. Continuum from the high-velocity system may also be present. The large aperture UV colors indicate that although the mass function extends to about 5 solar masses, more massive objects are not present. This implies either a cessation of star formation during the last 50-100 Myr or a truncated initial mass function.


Printed electronics processes have the potential to make electronics manufacturing more flexible by providing a wider choice of materials and easier processing steps. In traditional electronics manufacturing techniques, corrosive etching steps limit the choice of materials and also require advanced infrastructure for process implementation. High speed low cost printing processes (e.g. inkjet) can be used, and the printed tracks can then be cured to conductive circuits that meet the needs of electronic devices like radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, sensors, etc. In this work, intense flashes of broad spectrum light from Xenon lamps are used to cure inkjet printed metal nanoparticle inks. This technique is known as photonic curing. Paper, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyimide have been used as substrates with the aim of determining how different substrates affect the behavior of the ink and the photonic curing parameters. A statistical approach was employed for the experiments, and significant control variables determining curing of the ink were identified. Experiments were also conducted to obtain prints conforming to dimensional tolerances. Using the results from the experiments, standard curing parameters for low resistance and good adhesion of the ink were obtained. The results have been statistically validated and used to study the interaction between the control variables and individual effects of each control variable on the response variable.


We study the interplay of optimal ex-ante (macroprudential) and ex-post (monetary or fiscal stimulus) measures to respond to systemic financial crises in a tractable model of fire sales. We find that it is generally optimal to use both, rejecting the Greenspan doctrine to only intervene ex post. Optimal macroprudential policy resolves the time consistency problems associated with stimulus measures. However, if macroprudential policy is suboptimal, for example because of circumvention, only monetary stimulus should be used, and it is desirable to commit to smaller stimulus. Furthermore, accumulating macroprudential tax revenue in a bailout fund used for stimulus measures is undesirable.


Objective To investigate the risk factor of acute renal failure in severely thermal burn in order to provide the method for the prevention of acute renal failure (ARF).Methods Clinical data of 108 patients with severely thermal burn (the second and third degree burn,30% or more of total body surface area) were analyzed retrospectively.The related factors of ARF in 46 pa- tients complicated with ARF were also analyzed retrospectively.Results 42.59% patients with severely thermal burn complicated with ARF.Serum angiotensinⅡ,norepinephrine,interleukin-6,interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-αlevels in ARF group were all higher than those in ordinary group significantly (P<0.001).Conclusion Sympathetic nerve activity and mieroinflammation maybe play an important.role in severely thermal burn complicated with ARF.To control sympathetic nerve activity and microinflamma- tion as early as possible may be a good method to prevent ARF complicated with severely thermal burn.Sympathetic nerve activity and microinflammation can act as a useful parameter to diagnose ARF with severely thermal burn.


An investigation was made of the temperature and current dependences of the resistance of a surface layer in indiurn antimonide in the superconducting transition region. For sufficiently low currents these dependences are of a power nature with an exponent close to 3/2. It is suggested that superconducting regions are in the form of thin (almost one-dimensional) filaments on the surface of a sample. (auth)


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER 1 A Theory of Dual Representation 12 CHAPTER 2 Choosing Different Institutional Career Paths 33 CHAPTER 3 Diversification and Media Recognition 63 CHAPTER 4 Reputation and Constituent Evaluation 88 CHAPTER 5 Expanding the Boundaries of Electoral Coalitions 113 CHAPTER 6 Economic Interests and Campaign Contributions 143 CHAPTER 7 Rethinking Senate Representation 161 APPENDIX A Measurement of Variables 175 APPENDIX B Questionnaire Mailed to Newspaper Editors and Reporters 177 APPENDIX C Newspaper Articles by Subject Matter, State, and Senator 179 REFERENCES 185 INDEX 193


The nonlinear optical properties of the AgO x-type super-resolution near-field structure (SuperRENS) films were studied using confocal Z-scan technique with 0.7 ns, 532 nm laser pulses. Nonlinear refractive indexes at different laser power were obtained through close-aperture Z-scan and compared with the measured results of Au film and Ag film, The mechanisms of this change due to the photochemical reaction, thermal effects and optical response were discussed. The experimental results show that heat by laser illumination causes a phase transition, so results in the enhancement of the localized surface plasmon of dissociated Ag nanoparticles.


This study examined three hypotheses: (1) the SORT is sensitive to different levels of anxiety; (2) induced stress will yield differential effects on the SORT; and (3) Fch scores are a measure of anxiety on the SORT. 396 introductory psychology students were administered the 50-item version of the Taylor MAS. From this sample, 44 male and 44 female Ss were selected as high or low anxious Ss and assigned to the stress or non-stress groups. From an analysis of scores: (1) H appeared to be the only valid indicator of anxiety on the SORT. The SORT was not as generally sensitive to differing levels of anxiety as is the standard Rorschach. (2) The effects of stress could not be measured, since the stress situation apparently failed in its purpose. (3) Fch scores were not related to anxiety. A discussion of the SORT followed, with emphasis on the SORT as differing considerably from the standard Rorschach.


Fantasy of the XXI century becomes more attentive to the socio-political realities of our time. The resultant vector of the genre's problematic spectrum becomes a widely understood problem of memory - from generic, national civilization. The genre potential of fantasy gives the writer high opportunities, primarily mythological. Stel Pavlou interprets the issues of personal and cultural memory in an original way, touches the actual problem of the "beast" in man in the novel "Gene" - a representative work of Minotaurianism of the first decades of the XXI century. The purpose of our article is to determine for the first time the features of the author's version (associative model) of the Minotaur myth in the novel "Gene" by S. Pavlou against the background of the typology of modern Minotaurians, the specifics of the author's picture of the world and the accompanying philosophical subtext. In the interpretation of the key legendary-mythological image "Gene" we turn to the teaching of C. G. Jung. We show that the reinterpretation of the Minotaur's image is organically relevant to modern trends, actualizing the question of the meaning of existence, memory, man's choice of the future. In "Gene," man comprehends his essence (the


The objective has been to find memory-efficient coding/interleaving techniques and to accurately quantify their memory requirements. Toward this objective, convolutional interleaving, differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation, and various convolutional codes, Reed-Solomon codes, and concatenated convolutional and Reed-Solomon codes were evaluated by high-fidelity link simulations. Their interleaving memory requirements were derived as functions of data bit energy relative to channel noise-density for bit-error-rates of 10/sup -5/. Interleaving delay requirements were also derived, and code selections with the smallest interleaving memory and delay requirements were identified.<<ETX>>


A key difficulty in programming-in-the-large is the lack of a framework in which to place the rich set of concepts entailed in the software development cycle. We propose such a framework, one that supports separation of concerns (for example, among distinct phases such as analysis and design) in an integrated environment.Our multicolour programming approach splits programming into levels each of which is designated by a particular colour. The upper levels correspond to programming-in-the-large while the lowest levels correspond to programming-in-the-small. From high to low levels, these are:Brown Libraries and projects,Black Modules and relations among them,Green Interfaces to individual modules,Blue Specification and coding of individual modules.We also have Red programming, which corresponds to the making (compiling and linking) of individual software products or releases.Distinct from these levels, we distinguish the traditional (waterfall) phases of software development:A Analysis,S Specification,P Prototyping,I Implementation,T Tuned Implementation AN@Together we call these phases ASPIT, based on their initials. These phases may be developed in any order, including top-down and bottom-up. A phase is a view of a piece of software, rather than a sequential step in the process of its development. We use the term metamorphic programming to emphasize that the module is smoothly transformed from one ASPIT phase to another, minimizing the chance of disagreement between adjacent phases.Throughout we emphasize visibility and accessibility, to maximize the ability of programmers and managers to understand and improve the ongoing development process.


In this study, a novel inflatable belt-type clamp is introduced and its performance is verified. Finite element simulations are performed to compare the performance of three different aorta clamping systems. In every case, the aorta is modeled as a simple hollow cylinder made of linearly elastic material. For a traditional surgical clamp in which the jaws remain inclined to one another as they close around the aorta, the maximum normal stress within the aorta wall is found to be 806kPa. It is shown that the numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results obtained using a pressure sensitive film. The simulation results for a modified clamp in which the jaws remain parallel during the clamping operation show that the maximum normal stress is reduced to 222kPa. However, two regions of maximum stress are induced within the aorta wall. Finally, the numerical results for a novel inflatable belt-type clamp show that the maximum normal stress is equal to approximately 221kPa. In contrast to the modified clamp, the stress is uniformly distributed around the perimeter of the aorta, and thus the risk of aortic dissection is significantly reduced.


System for rendering information from a record carrier is described. Record carrier (1) has a built-in integrated circuit (4). Chip communicates with devices and non-contact. Power for the chip (4) is the built-in power supply coil to the chip, is generated from the magnetic flux change in the low frequency. The apparatus includes a read head (22), a magnetic array (21) having a plurality of magnetic poles for generating a static magnetic field having an area with positive and negative magnetic flux for cooperating with said power coil, the head (22) rotating the record carrier for scanning the track via, said driving means for moving the integrated circuit through said magnetic field to generate a magnetic flux change of a low frequency (4) (26) with.


Understanding the interactions between proteins and ligands is critical for protein function annotations and drug discovery. We report a new sequence‐based template‐free predictor (TargetATPsite) to identify the Adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) binding sites with machine‐learning approaches. Two steps are implemented in TargetATPsite: binding residues and pockets predictions, respectively. To predict the binding residues, a novel image sparse representation technique is proposed to encode residue evolution information treated as the input features. An ensemble classifier constructed based on support vector machines (SVM) from multiple random under‐samplings is used as the prediction model, which is effective for dealing with imbalance phenomenon between the positive and negative training samples. Compared with the existing ATP‐specific sequence‐based predictors, TargetATPsite is featured by the second step of possessing the capability of further identifying the binding pockets from the predicted binding residues through a spatial clustering algorithm. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets demonstrate the efficacy of TargetATPsite. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


doi:10.24875/j.gamo.17000011 1665-9201 / © 2017 Sociedad Mexicana de Oncología. Published by Permanyer México. Open Access under license CC BY-NC-ND. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Abstract Medullary thyroid cancer is a neoplasm of the C cells, the function of which is to regulate calcium metabolism. It has a low incidence rate, accounting for 5% of all thyroid cancers. Its occurrence is usually sporadic (84%) or hereditary (16%), with the latter occurring within the context of familial medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, which is associated with different mutations of the proto-oncogene RET 4. It is characterized by secreting calcitonin, which is a useful marker for staging, residual disease detection, and long-term patient follow-up. It is a relatively aggressive neoplasm since despite its slow progression, 60-80% of cases have lymph node metastases at diagnosis, which hinders fully curative therapy since more than 50% of patients have been observed to maintain elevated calcitonin levels after the first surgery. Patients with the hereditary form tend to be younger and to experience more aggressively evolving disease, with cancer often being multifocal and bilateral. The first line of therapy is surgery. (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). CLINICAL CASE


Food is considered functional' if it it contains (often added) components that affect one or more targeted functions in the body in a beneficial way. Foods can also be functional if potential harmful components have been removed by technological means. A food can be accepted to be functional only after its potentially beneficial effect has been proven by well-designed and properly executed intervention studies in humans. Cardiovascular disease has a multifactorial etiology, as is illustrated by the existence of numerous risk indicators, many of which can he influenced by diet. It should be recalled, however, that only after a cause-and-effect relationship has been established between the disease and a given risk indicator (called a risk factor in that case), modifying this factor can be expected to affect disease morbidity and mortality, In this presentation, effects of dietary lipids on cardiovascular risk are reviewed, with special emphasis on modification of the plasma lipoprotein profile and of hypertension. In addition, influences of dietary lipids on arterial thrombotic processes and insulin resistance will be discussed. Dietary lipids are able to affect lipoprotein metabolism in a significant way, thereby modifying the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, more research is required concerning the possible interactions between the various dietary fatty acids, and between fatty acids and dietary cholesterol. In addition, more studies are needed with respect to the possible importance of the postprandial state. Certain aspects of blood platelet function, blood coagulability, and fibrinolytic activity are associated with cardiovascular risk, but causality has insufficiently been proven. Nonetheless, well-designed intervention studies should be initiated to further evaluate such promising dietary components as the various n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and their combination for their effect on processes participating in arterial thrombus formation. Although in the etiology of hypertension the genetic component is definitely stronger than environmental factors, some benefit on the development and coronary complications of atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients can be expected from fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This particularly holds for those subjects where the hypertensive mechanism involves the formation of thromboxane A2 and/or α1-adrenergic activities. However, large-scale trials are required to test this contention. It seems feasible to modulate insulin sensitivity and subsequent cardiovascular risk factors by decreasing the total amount of dietary fat and increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, additional studies on the efficacy of specific fatty acids, as well as on the mechanisms involved are required to understand the real function of these dietary components.


The article reveals the prerequisites for the formation and development of European integration, reveals the processes of creating the European Union as a new form of European integration, and analyzes the achievements of Ukraine in European integration processes. It is noted that the idea of uniting the peoples and states of Europe has a long history. In various historical periods, European rulers and politicians sought to implement the idea of European unification. The idea of European unity was developed and defended in their writings by philosophers, scientists, religious figures, etc. This idea is based on the principles of territorial and civilizational kinship and unity of Europeans and runs through the entire history of European nations. The formation and development of European integration institutions was the result of the consistent development of the unification process of the countries of Western Europe, which went through several stages in their development. Integration involved an active search for ways and means of political, legal, economic (and in some cases, social and cultural) unification of European states with the aim of establishing their close, first of all, economic cooperation. An important role in integration processes was and continues to be played by the economic basis of the development of states. European integration is based on economic integration, which involves the process of convergence of national economies through the creation of a single economic space for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor between countries. International economic integration is carried out on the basis of the development of sustainable relationships and the division of labor between national economies, the interaction of their structures at different levels and in different forms. The process of economic integration occurs when two or more countries join together to create a wider economic space. Countries enter into integration agreements with the expectation of economic gain, although they may also pursue political and other goals. Integration associations of various types reached their greatest development in the 20th century. The following regional integration associations of countries are defined by the level of integration: free preferential trade zone, free trade zone, customs union, common market, economic union, etc. As a result of almost 40 years of development of the process of European integration, the European Union was created – an economic and political union that unites 28 independent member states located in Europe. It traces its origins to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), which were founded by six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. In its current form, it exists on the basis of the Treaty on the European Union, signed on February 7, 1992 and in force since November 1, 1993. The member states of the European Union decided to gradually combine their leading technologies and resources and create their future together. During a period of expansion that has lasted for more than 50 years, they have formed a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development, preserving cultural diversity, tolerant attitudes and individual freedoms. The European Union is a unique international entity, as it combines features of an international organization and a state, although formally it is neither one nor the other. The І. Бойко ISSN 2078-4503. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія юридична. 32 2023. Випуск 76 European Union is an association of democratic European countries working together for peace and prosperity. The countries of the European Union have formed joint institutions to which they have delegated part of their decision-making powers. The three main institutions of the European Union are: the European Parliament, which represents the interests of EU citizens and is directly elected by them; the Council of the European Union, representing individual EU countries; the European Commission, representing the interests of the EU as a whole. This institutional triangle produces the policies and laws that apply within the EU. The European Union demonstrates the ways in which countries can successfully pool their economic and political resources for common interests. Contributing to the establishment of security and stability in a broad global aspect, the EU helps to create safer and more favorable living conditions within its own borders. At the same time, the European Union is always ready to share its achievements and values with countries and people outside its borders. The declaration of state independence of Ukraine in 1991 determined the foreign policy orientation of Ukraine in the direction of integration into the European community. The European choice opens up new prospects for Ukraine's cooperation with developed countries, primarily the European continent, economic development, social and intellectual progress, strengthening the state's position in the international coordinate system. For Ukraine, European integration is the optimal way to modernize the economy, attract foreign investments and the latest technologies, increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian producers, and the possibility of entering the single internal market of the European Union.


a/b (a and b are natural numbers; ab, (a, b) = 1) can be expressed as pure recurring decimal if and only if (b, 10) = 1. The recurring period of decimal a/b, where ab, is always the same. The law of the length of decimal a/b when natural number b ((b, 10) = 1) is obtained.


Compressing hyperspectral images (HSIs) into compact representations under the premise of ensuring high-quality reconstruction is an essential task in HSI processing. However, existing compression methods usually encode images by smoothing due to the low-frequency information occupying a prominent component in most images. Consequently, these methods fail to capture sufficient structural information, especially in low bit rates, often causing inferior reconstruction. To address this problem, we propose here an edge-guided hyperspectral compression network, called CENet, to realize high-quality reconstruction. To enhance the structural latent representation ability, the CENet model incorporates an edge extractor neural network into the compression architecture to guide compression optimization by the edge-guided loss. We propose an interactive dual attention module to selectively learn edge features, obtain the most effective edge structure, and avoid additional edge information redundancy at the same time. In the proposed CENet, the edge-guided loss and interactive dual attention module are combined to enhance the comprehensive structure of the latent representation. Concretely, interactive dual attention makes the edge extraction network focus only on moderate boundaries rather than on all edges, which enables savings on the bit rate cost and helps achieve a strong structural representation. As a result, the reconstruction quality is significantly improved. The extensive experiments on seven HSI datasets verify that our model can effectively raise the rate–distortion performance for HSIs of any type or resolution (e.g., yielding an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 30.59 dB at 0.2382 bpppb, which exceeds the baseline for Chikusei by 10.99%).


Creative Projects for Digital Textile Design

Digital techniques are inspired by traditional handcrafts such as patchwork and embroidery, and utilize Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator. Previously the preserve of professional designers or fashion and textile colleges, digital printing is now available in high-street bureaus, where anyone can send a file to be printed on the material of their choice, ready to make and wear.


Evaluating the factors affecting customer value in department stores will shed light on the motivations of customers when choosing department stores, which will help department stores to improve their business performance and competitiveness. This paper applies the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to empirically analyze the determinants of customer value at department stores in Taiwan. This study first found the major factors influencing customer value at department stores in Taiwan through a review of the literature and expert interviews, and these factors consisted of four evaluation dimensions and 20 evaluation criteria. An empirical investigation was then conducted through an AHP expert questionnaire survey. The main findings of this paper were as follows: (1) "Physical environment" was the most important evaluation dimension for customer value at department stores in Taiwan. (2) The four leading factors influencing customer value in department stores were "roomy and comfortable space," "responsive customer service," "planning of lines of movement at counters," and "parking area and facilities." This study also performed further discussion of the four evaluation criteria as a reference for department stores that wish to raise their competitiveness.


The relevance of this topic is due to the difficulties of diagnosis and management of patients with aortic dissection and the need for the interaction between doctors of different specialties whereas exact algorithm with clearly defined time frame for surgical treatment and overall criteria for choosing between conservative and surgical tactics of treatment in these patients are not currently available. This article presents two clinical cases illustrating the differences in clinical and anamnestic parameters and complexity of treatment of patients with aortic dissection as well as the organization of team work of specialists for the purpose of personalized approach to management of patients with extremely high cardiovascular risk.


The resource management system is the central component of cloud computing. A resource management system matches requests to resources, schedules the matched resources, and executes the requests using scheduled resources. Resource allocation and resource scheduling is considered as very important part of resource management system. This paper discusses priority based scheduling technique on heterogeneous resources in cloud computing based upon PERT technology. This scheduling model minimizes the completion time, makespan.


FOXC1 encodes a mesenchymal transcription factor that is not normally expressed in haematopoietic cells. However, recent studies from this and another laboratory demonstrated that FOXC1 is inappropriately de-repressed in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). Through epigenomic profiling of primary AML samples, we showed that FOXC1 was specifically upregulated in the aggressive FLT3-ITD subtype of AMLs, in parallel with the activation of FOX:E-box composite cis-regulatory elements. Furthermore, complementary studies from the Somervaille laboratory demonstrated that FoxC1 expression in AML was leukaemogenic by establishment of a monocyte differentiation block and enhancement of clonogenic potential.

Collectively, these data indicated that FoxC1 plays a critical role in leukaemogenesis, but the target genes and mechanisms by which this occurred were not known. To address this, we performed an integrative genome-wide analysis of FoxC1 binding, chromatin accessibility and gene expression in primary AML samples, in vivo models and cell lines. These studies revealed that FoxC1 acts to block normal myeloid differentiation by contributing to the widespread repression of differentiation-specific target genes. Critically, we identify Meis2, a proto-oncogene which collaborates with Hoxa9, as a putative direct target of FoxC1, providing compelling indications of a potential FoxC1-dependent oncogenic mechanism.


Abstract Conventional surface and upper-air aerological data are combined with radar and aircraft measurements to give a description of a major winter storm that deposited over 69 cm of new snow at Muskegon, Michigan, between 8 and 11 December 1977. It is shown that most of this snow occurred during four distinct episodes, three of which were related to air-water temperature contrasts as Arctic air flowed over the relatively warm surface of Lake Michigan. These four episodes have been identified as 1) pre-cold frontal, 2) post-cold frontal, 3) secondary trough, and 4) mesolow phases. During the pre-cold front phase heavy snow was associated with an advancing synoptic-scale trough. Little direct effect of the lakes was detected. Following passage of the cold front, strong northwesterly winds across Lake Michigan resulted in strong air-mass transformation with light steady snow along the downwind shoreline. The evidence suggests the presence of horizontal-roll convection as the dominant organizational mode ...


The radiative efficiency is critical in applications and it is therefore necessary to have a good understanding of the factors which determine this in GaN based LEDs. To this end we have studied light output versus current characteristics as a function of temperature to separate out the relevant physical processes. We have measured the pulsed light-current characteristics of GaN/(x5)InGaN quantum well (QW) LEDs as a function of temperature using a low duty cycle to avoid self-heating.


 Dr. Ralph Delmdahl Coherent GmbH Product Marketing Manager Hans-böckler-Str. 12 37079 Göttingen Germany Tel.: +49 551 6938 397 Fax: +49 551 6869 1 email@example.com www.coherent.com www.coherent.de thE aUthOrS the smaller package sizes and increased functionality of today's smart phones create numerous manufacturing challenges, many of which are now being solved with high performance UV lasers.


When a leader decides to launch a major project that is sure to attract public scrutiny — such as opening a new amusement park or building a new international airport — the result is too often far from what was promised in the original press release. The resulting debacle often draws a great deal of attention to the decision‐maker. In this BSR article from 2001, Paul C. Nutt reveals why such debacles happen.


On September 2, 1945, Japanese General Yoshijiro Umezu and American General Douglas MacArthur signed the Instrument of Surrender on board the battleship Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay. But Japan was reminded of another historical event which was the arrival on July 2, 1853 of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his squadron of four Black Ships (kurofune), dropping anchor in the very same bay, with the mission to open up the country. Even the flag flying above the signing parties was Perry's original thirty-one-star one (Feifer 2006). But who could have anticipated that Japan would transform itself in less than 100 years, from a semi-feudal state into a country able to challenge modern Western powers? The Perry shock was a major historical event which prompted the fall of Tokugawa Shogunate (Bakufu) and triggered the Meiji Restoration. Indeed, forced to open their doors after more than 200 years of relative isolation (Sakoku), the Japanese leaders realized their vulnerability and decided to 'catch up' with the West (or a certain representation of it) to avoid meeting the same fate as China which was being broken up at that time by imperialist Western countries. I will show here how that race for power enabled Japan to become modern, transforming it into an imperialist nation-state (1868-1920's), and also how the conditions of its formation played a role in its rejection of the West, and led to wars which followed (1930's-1945). For the sake of convenience, I will divide my analysis into three specific domains ─ the State (and economy); the Military (and colonies); the Nation (and Emperor) ─ and show briefly their interactions according to imperial eras: the road to the nation-state during the Meiji era; the ending of the 'catching up' move in the Taishō era; and the rejection of the 'West' and the Shōwa wars. Consequences for contemporary Japan will then be summed up in the conclusion.


Introduction Transcranial Electrical Stimulates Motor Evoked Potentials (TES-MEP) is a safe technique for neuromonitoring during spinal surgery. However induced movement can cause injuries and delay surgical procedures. When TES movements are evoked by other than monitored muscles, one may expect that adjustments in stimulation paradigms and electrode montages may minimize movement while preserving quality of monitoring. In this study, TES evoked seismic evoked responses (SER) are studied at different electrodes montage during spinal deformity surgery. Materials and Methods In 12 patients undergoing corrective spine surgery, intra-operative TES-MEP was performed. Accelero transducers recorded SER in two directions at 4 different locations of the spine for TES-electrode montages groups Cz-Fz and C3-C4. A resulting acceleration value, SERr, was computed. A paired t-test was used to compare the means of SER and the relationship between movement and TES electrode montages. Results SER's are the strongest in the upper body. All mean SER's values of the Cz-Fz group are up to 5 times larger when compared with the C3–4 group. However, there are no differences between the C3-C4 and Cz-Fz groups in the lower body locations. Both electrode montage groups show gradual decreasing steps of all mean SER values along the spine from cranial to caudal. For the upper body locations there were no significant correlations of SERr between both montages, whereas in contrast, a significant correlation of SERr exists at the lumbar region. Conclusions At supramaximum levels, movements resulting from multipulse TES is likely caused by relative strong contractions from muscles in the neck resulting from extracranial direct stimulation. When interchanging electrode montages in individual cases, the movement in the neck may become reduced. At lumbar levels transcranial evoked muscle contractions dominate movement in the surgical exposed areas likely dominated by local muscles.


Cell therapy has been proposed as a salvage limb procedure in critical limb ischemia (CLI). Autologous cell therapy products (CTP) are obtained from patients with advanced peripheral arterial disease to be injected at the site of ischemia. Thrombogenicity of CTPs has not yet been assessed. The objectives were: 1) to assess thrombotic risk in candidates for cell therapy, 2) to evaluate two different CTPs in terms of thrombogenic potential, and 3) to evaluate clinical thrombotic events.


: An industrially efficient method was developed synthetic process for the preparation of 3-quinuclidinone HCI by recycling of 3-S-quinuclidinol in one step sequence of oxidation process. Oxidation of secondary alcohol of 3-S quinuclidinol which utilises complexes of a sulfide such as dimethyl sulfide with N-chlorosuccinimide to give target compound in high yield.


The article seeks to show that the ideas of evolutionary psychology have not only a unique contribution to make to the study of family business but have an overarching capacity to integrate theory, resolve empirical debates, and lead research in new directions. The article considers, first, what is different about family firms before outlining the Darwinian framework and its implications, and then moves on to an analysis of kinship dynamics as central to understanding the roots of cooperation and conflict in the family firm. The article concludes with a discussion of the scope for theoretical synthesis, practical implications, and the position this analysis leads us to about the unique performance potential and liabilities of the family firm.


In the transmission lines, the current that flows need to be analyzed for the proper calculation of power that is supplied to homes in general. The previous system had used the power sensor tags to monitor the amount of current flowing through the lines. Based on the current monitored and the voltage across the lines, the power supplied to the homes can be calculated. Using this application and with the help of GSM, the power consumed by the users can be sent as a message for paying the bill along with notification when the bill is not paid in time. These kinds of applications can also be used in industries and can alert the users about the usage of power. This paper is presented with a model for automatic power supply monitoring and billing system. The simulated results show that model can be adapted for practical implementation of such a system. Keywords—AT Command; CT; EB Station; GSM; Power Sensor tag; PIC-MCU; Voltage Regulator


Although postpartum aggression is primarily studied in laboratory mice and rats, it is unclear how the two species compare in terms of the factors associated with peak levels of aggressive behavior. Using the same experimental protocol, we assessed the relative effect of intruder sex and time since parturition on the frequency of maternal aggression in Long-Evans rats and CFW mice. Females were studied for 2 consecutive cycles of pregnancy and lactation. During the first lactation, aggression was tested 2 times per week for 3 weeks in order to select animals that attacked at least once. During the second lactation, both pup care and aggressive behavior were assessed in detail. Testing occurred twice in each lactation week, with postpartum days 1–7, 8–14, and 15–21 considered weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maternal behavior towards 3 pups was observed for 5 minutes, followed by a confrontation with an intruder. Lactating females encountered female intruders once per week, and male intruders in the alternate weekly test. The same behaviors were measured in the 2 species, except for the tail rattle exhibited by mice and the aggressive posture shown by rats. Lactating rats and mice show similar decreases in pup care behavior as lactation progresses in time; yet the factors associated with peak levels of aggression differ between species. In Long-Evans rats, female intruders receive more attacks, threats, and aggressive postures than males. Frequency of attack bite and sideways threat declines in each passing week of lactation. Lactating mice are more aggressive toward male intruders throughout the lactation period. Mice still attack and threaten during the third week of lactation, but less often in comparison to the first week. Therefore, peak levels of aggression vary in mice and rats both as a function of intruder sex and lactation week.


Objective:To study the effect of SP(polysaccharides from seaweed)on NO(nitric oxide)generated from irradiated macrophages.Methods:ESR(electron spin resonance)technique was used to measure NO generated from macrophages(MΦ)irradiated with 8Gy 60Co-γ in vitro.Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the expression of iNOS(inducible NO synthase).Results:The amount of No generated from MΦ decreased after 60Co-γ irradiation and the sensitivity of MΦ attenuated when exposed to the combination of LPS(lipopolysacchride),interferon-γ,iNOS inhibitor and iNOS precursor,and the iNOS expression was also attenuated significantly.All these changes could be reversed partially by SP.Conclusion:Decrease in NO generated from 60Co-γ irradiated MΦ can be attenuated by SP.