We study critical behavior in the collapse of massive spherically symmetric scalar fields. We observe two distinct types of phase transition at the threshold of black hole formation. Type II phase transitions occur when the radial extent $(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ of the initial pulse is less than the Compton wavelength $({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ of the scalar field. The critical solution is that found by Choptuik in the collapse of massless scalar fields. Type I phase transitions, where the black hole formation turns on at finite mass, occur when $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\gg}1$. The critical solutions are unstable soliton stars with masses $\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Our results in combination with those obtained for the collapse of a Yang-Mills field [M. W. Choptuik, T. Chmaj, and P. Bizon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 424 (1996)] suggest that unstable, confined solutions to the Einstein-matter equations may be relevant to the critical point of other matter models.


Based on the model and feature of combination testing, a novel technique of fault analysis based on combination testing is proposed. The faults of software can be triggered by system parameters and their interaction. The result of combination testing is analyzed, and discovered the possible reasons, and then generates an additional test cased which involved from the test case causing the fault, and analysis and verify the result. This method can locate the faults in a relative small area, and can simplify the process of software debugging and testing.


At the end of a distinguished career as chronicler of the Burgundian court, Georges Chastellain (1404–75) penned a quick sketch of the outstanding accomplishments of his duke, Charles the Bold. Accustomed to expositions awash in chivalric pomp, Chastellain employed a different tack to commemorate this sovereign: He sketched eleven "magnificences" performed by the duke of Burgundy, all reconstructed images of this prince's engagement with ceremony. Foremost among this snapshot collection of state ritual was neither a tournament, nor a wedding ceremony, nor even a processional entry. What stood out, in Chastellain's estimation, as Charles' greatest deed was something more riveting and more powerful than any of these spectacles so beloved by the fifteenth-century Burgundian court: The first [magnificence] was at Brussels, where, seated on his throne, his sword unsheathed and held by his Marshall, he gathered the men of Ghent arranged kneeling before him and at his pleasure and in their presence cut and tore up the political charters they bore. Done for permanent record, this action was without parallel. For Chastellain, the supreme magnificence of Charles the Bold was a lesson in exemplary punishment, the public abasement of the aldermen and guild deans of the Flemish city of Ghent in January 1469, a year and a half after a city revolt of rank-and-file guildsmen had unsettled celebrations in honor of his accession to the countship of Flanders.


Composting of vegetable wastes in Tony's Farm and rice straw as raw material,and respectively with cattle manure,swine manure in different ratios were studied.The study was set up four different ratios.The content of vegetable wastes was increased in turn.Addition of microbial agent before anaerobic composting.After composting,pH,EC,organic matter,C/N,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were studied.The results showed that the best ratio of raw materials is vegetable waste:straw:pig manure in the 10:40:50~20:30:50.


Two novel synthetic methods of febuxostat were reported.The key intermediate methyl 3-bromo-4 -(isobutoxy)benzoate(9)was prepared from starting material methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate via bromination and etherization.In the first method,compound 9 was treated with CuCN,followed by thiazole ring formation to give febuxostat in 35%overall yield.In the second method,thiazole ring was initially formed,then introduced the cyano group in 38%overall yield.


Thanks to the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the life of people living with HIV has been extended to close to that of healthy people. However, patients with HIV are now presenting with accelerated development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD is currently the leading cause of death in patients with HIV on HAART. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the protease inhibitor ritonavir contributes to HAART‐associated CVD by impairing vascular function via C‐C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)‐ and reactive oxygen species‐mediated mechanisms. We treated 8–10‐week‐old male C57BL6/J with ritonavir for 4 consecutive weeks (5mg/kg/day, i.p). At the end of the treatment, blood was collected and aortas excised to measure H2O2 via Amplex Red and vascular function via wire myography. Aorta from ritonavir treated animals exhibited higher H2O2 levels, impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach) and increased contractility to phenylephrine (Phe). Nox1 inhibition with GKT771, (10μM) fully restored endothelial function in rings from ritonavir treated animals. Ritonavir treatment also elevated RANTES (CCR5 ligand) plasma levels, as well as CCR5, NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and NoxA1 transcript levels in the aorta. No difference was observed for others oxidases, such as Nox2 and Nox4. Repetition of the ritonavir treatment in CCR5 deficient mice revealed that CCR5 deficiency protects vessels from ritonavir induced‐endothelial dysfunction and upregulation of Nox1 and NoxA1 enzymes. To analyze the direct effects of RANTES on the vasculature, thoracic aorta, endothelial, and vascular smooth muscle cells were exposed to RANTES in different times (20ng/mL). RANTES elevated endothelial NOX1 expression and impaired ACh‐mediated relaxation. Concomitantly, Nox1 inhibition prevented RANTES‐mediated endothelial dysfunction. In addition, RANTES time‐dependently stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation, as measured by Ki67 expression, which was partially reverted by Nox1 inhibition. Our data suggest that the protease inhibitor ritonavir contributes to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease by increasing RANTES‐mediated CCR5 activation ultimately leading to increases in Nox1 expression, ROS production, endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings provide potential explanation for the increased risk of cardiovascular disease developed by patients living with HIV and present CCR5 as a potential target for treatment.


In this essay we analyze the normative power of labor law, its application and the attempts to change it over the years, among the period between 1945 and 1964. The institution normative competence can be briefed as the power of elaborating "general and abstract rules" for collective labor law, applied exclusively in concrete cases, to professional and economical categories in litigation, according to 1946's Brazilian Constitution. The period is known by the increase of industrialization and workers' migration from the country to the urban areas. One of the consequences of this phenomenon was the increase in the number of workers hired according Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), a law created in 1943 to guarantee certain rights for the workers. We selected a number of collective bargaining agreements regarding questions such as increase of the salaries and social benefits, better work conditions, work vinculation and union trade representation. With the research we could better comprehend collective dynamics of the demands made by trade unions for the labor law, as well as the multiple variables put in action by workers and employers aiming to have their own thesis recognized, especially when the subject was the increase of wage.


Schistosomes are parasitic worms that cause schistosomiasis, a chronic disease associated with a Th2 response. During the chronic phase of infection the disease is also associated with enhanced IL-10 production and suppressed T cell proliferation against parasite and third party antigens. The tegumental outer-surface structure of schistosomes is unique in nature and consists of a syncytium of fused cells covered by two closely-apposed lipid bilayers that form the interactive surface with the host. Schistosome-specific lysophosphatidylserine (lysoGPSer) activates toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and affects dendritic cells in such a way that mature dendritic cells gain the ability to induce the development of IL-10 producing regulatory T cells. We present a novel HPLC-MS/MS method that separates molecular species of all phospholipid classes in one single run. Using this method, more that 400 phospholipid species were identified and quantified in crude lipid extracts from Schistosoma mansoni. Furthermore, we analysed the phospholipid species composition of phosphatidylserine and lysophospholipids in adult worms, in isolated tegumental membranes of adult schistosomes and in blood cells of the host. It was shown that the tegument comprises many schistosome-specific and tegument-specific phospholipids. We also show that lysophosphatidylserine species with saturated acyl chains containing 16 to 20 carbon atoms have very poor activating capacity, while long chain lysophosphatidyl species (22 carbon atoms of longer) have a potent TLR2 activating capacity. Finally, we show the effect of schistosomal lipid fractions on the immune system of Gabonese children living in an area endemic for schistosomiasis. A lipid fraction contained lysophospahtidylserine (lysoGPSer) plus diacylphosphatidylserine (GPSer) while the other one contained lysoGPSer and only a trace of GPSer. The effect of the lipid fractions was compared with commercial available TLR2 ligands. LysoGPSer plus GPSer was shown to have different immunological effects compared to lysoGPser.


To evaluate the fully automated FACSCantoTM software, we compared lymphocyte subpopulation counts obtained using a 3-color FACSCaliburTM-CELLQuest and a 6-color FACSCantoTMFACSCanto software techniques. High correlations were observed between data obtained with these techniques. Our study indicates that FACSCanto clinical software is accurate and sensitive in single platform lymphocyte immunophenotyping. Key terms Lymphocyte immunophenotyping, FACSCanto software, multicolor analysis. Recently, flow cytometry has become the principal technique for the diagnosis and monitoring of cellular immunodeficiencies (Helbert et al., 2000). New instruments, methodologies and reagents have been developed to improve accuracy, precision and standardization in lymphocyte subpopulations count (LSc) (Storie et al., 2004). Clinical laboratories are now routinely using single platform assays with a lyse-no wash methodology which reduces inter-laboratory variability (Gratama et al., 2002) but requires a complex analysis with a multiple gating strategy (Lambert et al., 2006; Ashman et al., 2007). The recent availability of new multicolor flow cytometers has allowed to perform absolute LSc in a single tube, including B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, with a reduction in cost and time. In 2004, the 6-color flow cytometer FACSCantoTM provided with FACSCanto and FACSDivaTM softwares (BD, Biosciences, San Josè, CA) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for in vitro LSc. Lambert et al. evaluated the performance of this cytometer using a lyse-no wash, single platform technique and a manual gating analysis. Similarly, Ashman et al. compared the performance of FACSDiva and FACSCanto software using a lyse/wash double platform technique. They concluded that FACSDiva software should be preferred for 6-color LSc, as it offers a better manual gating performance. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of the completely auto-gating new FACSCanto clinical software using the 6-color single tube reagent (TBNKTM) in a lyse-no wash and single platform technique (6-ST). We compared LSc obtained with this approach with those obtained with 3-color multiple tube technique (3-MT) and FACSCaliburTM, routinely used in our clinical diagnostic procedures. AC CE PT ED on O cber 3, 2017 by gest httpcvi.asm .rg/ D ow nladed fom LSc were measured in EDTA whole blood samples of 40 consecutive subjects referred to our laboratory (14 adults; 22 children; 4 neonates) and 10 adult healthy blood donors. Patients included 17 HIV infections, 6 kidney transplant recipients and 17 undiagnosed cases. Samples were processed within 8 hours of blood draw, using in parallel the 3-MT (Schenker et al., 1993) with the following monoclonal antibodies: CD3 FITC (clone SK7), CD4 PE (clone SK3), CD8 PE (clone RPA-T8), CD3/CD16+CD56 FITC/PE bundle, CD19 PE (clone SJ25C1) and CD45 PerCP (clone 2D1); and the 6-ST (trucount tubeTM) with the TBNKTM kit that combines CD3 FITC (clone SK7), CD16 PE (clone B73.1), CD56 PE (clone NCAM16.2), CD45 PerCP-Cy-5.5 (clone 2D1), CD4 PE-Cy7 (clone SK3), CD19 APC (clone SJ25C1) and CD8 APC-Cy7 (clone SK1), according to manufacturer's recommendations. Full blood counts were performed for all samples using a Sysmex XE 2100TM hematology analyzer. Tubes of 3-MT were acquired both with FACSCaliburTM (CELLQuestTM software v. 3.3; fig.1 panel A) and with FACSCanto (FACSDivaTM software v. 4.0.2; fig. 1 panel B). Data analysis employed CD45/SSC gating on lymphocytes and then dot plot evaluations of two antigen coexpression on CD45+ lymphocyte events (CD3/CD4; CD3/CD8; CD19; CD3/CD16+56. Each absolute LSc was determined multiplying percentages obtained in the analysis by the hematology analyzer lymphocyte counts. Samples processed with 6-ST were acquired and analyzed with FACSCantoTM and FACSCanto clinical software (v 2.0; fig.1 panel C). This software automatically calculates the absolute LSc using the internal reference beads contained in truCount tube. In order to exclude operator variability (Schnizlein-Bick et al., 2000) all the analyses were performed by the same operator. Correlations of LSc obtained with 3-MT and 6-ST were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess differences between the two methods. All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad PrismTM 4.0 statistical software. Instruments' calibrations were highly stable over a period of three months. The automatic compensation setting included in FACSCanto software passed in all performances with CVs always below 20%. Excellent correlations (r > 0.94) were observed between all LSc obtained with 3-MT and 6-ST and between 3-MT performed with both CELLQuestTM and FACSDivaTM software (r > 0.98). As reported in table I, 6-ST produced higher and statistically different counts in all LSc as compared to 3-MT. AC CE PT E on O cber 3, 2017 by gest httpcvi.asm .rg/ D ow nladed fom The 6-ST lymphosums (sum of percentages of CD3+, CD19+ and NK cells) were significantly higher than those obtained with 3-MT (99.5 ± 0.32% vs. 94.1 ± 3.7%; p < 0.0001). No difference was found between 3-MT lymphosums obtained with CELLQuestTM and FACSDivaTM software (94.1 ± 3.7% vs. 93.7 ± 3.7%; p=0.084). We also recalculated LSc using the 6-ST percentages and the hematology analyzer lymphocyte counts, in a double platform approach (Table II). Only CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+ and CD19+ cell counts remained statistically different using 6-ST and 3-MT performed with FACSCantoTM flow cytometer. FACSCanto files were also reanalyzed with FACSDiva and results were not statistically different from those obtained with FACSCanto software (data not shown). In our study we evaluated the performance of similar methodology and instrumentation used by Lambert et al. but employing the new fully automated FACSCanto clinical software for data analysis, in parallel with our internal reference method. FACSCanto software, although evaluated by Ashman et al. less accurate than FACSDiva software in LSc, seems to be precise and sensitive as FACSDiva software, when we employed it in a lyse-no wash, single platform assay using TBNK reagent. Differently from FACSDiva, FACSCanto software automatically compensates all 6 fluorescences and creates all gates needed to evaluate lymphocyte subsets. Higher LSc obtained with 6-ST could be due to different platform approaches, instrument sensitivity and brighter fluorochromes used in the TBNKTM reagent. Since we did not find any statistical variation comparing data obtained using only a double platform technique, we could exclude that differences were due to the platform approach used. At the same time, a minimally different instrument sensitivity, related only to CD19+ cell counts, was found when 3-MT was performed on either FACSCalibur or FACSCanto flow cytometers. A unique manual gating strategy employed by a single operator for both software (CELLQuest and FACSDiva) probably contributed to obtain similar counts. Higher CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cell counts found with the 6-ST seem to be related to the introduction of brighter fluorochromes in TBNK reagent, i.e. CD4 PECy7, CD8 APC and CD19 APC-Cy7, instead of PE conjugated antibodies in 3-MT. It is important to notice that, in spite of these differences in LSc, no modifications in clinical reports were required. TBNK reagent in combination with FACSCanto software allows LSc in shorter time and with a smaller blood sample, a crucial requirement in testing newborns or pediatrics, as in our setting. The higher lymphosum obtained with 6-ST supports a higher accuracy in characterizing a larger amount of lymphocytes. Certainly, the use of complex instruments with multicolor analysis in which every fluorochrome has to be accurately compensated, especially in a lyse-no wash technique, could be problematic for a junior operator. The implementation of new fully automated software can overcome these problems. AC CE PT ED on O cber 3, 2017 by gest httpcvi.asm .rg/ D ow nladed fom In conclusion, our study indicates that FACSCanto clinical software is accurate, sensitive and easy to apply for LSc using the TBNK reagent and a single platform approach in clinical routine setting.


Abstract : The volume contains the text of 16 papers, related to the problem of spatial disorientation in flight, which were presented during the first part of the 28th Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Panel, held at Luchon, France, 28-30 September 1971. The papers covered the following topics: (1) description and analysis of disorientation incidents, (2) orientation error accidents, (3) training procedures, (4) laboratory studies. The principal findings and recommendations are summarised in a Technical Evaluation Report.


This study investigated the feasibility of capillary as carrier for DNA detection.First,1×10-4mol/L ssDNA is fixed onto capillary inernal wall with 0.2%poly-l-lysine,then hybridizes with 3.33×10-5mol/L target DNA,and finally the ssDNA is dyed with 1g/L EB and detected by RF5000 fluorescence spectrophotometer(t=5.5629,p0.05).The result shows that the fluorescence intensities of the samples at 14h are significantly higher than those of the blanks 12h,target DNA of 0.01,0.1,1,100,1000nmol/L is detected,and fluorescence intensity increases obviously with the increase of hybridization time.Experiments show that capillary is a practicable carrier for DNA detection.


This research aims at investigating the effect of blended learning on the achievement and motivation to learn English of German Jordanian University students. A pilot case study research strategy was used. Pilot case studies are effective research strategies for investigating educational issues in real life situations. They are used to refine research problems, variables, and also to refine the case study design before doing it in a larger-scale investigation. The study sample comprised 34 students who were selected purposefully and distributed into experimental and control groups. The experimental group studied English through a computerized program melded with the traditional method, whereas the control group was taught solely by the latter. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed statistically significant differences in achievement between the two groups, indicating that the experimental group performed better than the control group. Significant differences were also found in the respective groups' motivation to learn English.


We evaluated the scintigraphic findings of sonographically atypical hemangioma, that is, a hypoechoic or heterogeneously hypoechoic nodule which contains hypoechoic areas more than 40% of the volume, and compared it with those of sonographically typical hemangioma in 26 patients with 31 nodules. Sonographically atypical hemangioma were 13 in 11 patients and sonographically typical hemangioma were 18 the 15 patients. Dynamic blood flow, planar and SPECT blood pool imaging was performed. In atypical hemangioma, increased blood pool activity was seen in 11 of 13 nodules on SPECT and in 10 of 13 nodules on planar image and increased blood flow was seen in 4 of 13 nodules on dynamic blood flow study. No significant difference in detecting increased blood pool activity between sonographically atypical and typical hemangioma. In conclusion, blood cell SPECT is as useful in diagnosis of sonographically atypical hemangioma as in typical hemangioma and can be used as a confirmatory or complementary study.


Price, Gavin Numerical magnitude representation in developmental dyscalculia: Behavioural and brain imaging studies. Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a behavioural learning disorder affecting the successful acquisition of arithmetic skills. The root causes of this disorder, however, are poorly understood. This thesis investigates the theory that dyscalculia is caused by a core deficit in the representation and processing of numerical magnitude information by comparing behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) profiles during symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical comparison. Dyscalculic and typically developing (TD) children are compared on both the behavioural and neural distance effects. The behavioural results reveal that DD children show stronger effects of distance on comparison accuracy than the TD group in both symbolic and nonsymbolic comparison. fMRI results reveal that during nonsymbolic numerical comparison the TD group show increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus for small distance comparisons relative to large distance comparisons. The DD group, on the other hand show no such distance related modulation of brain activity in this region. As the IPS is thought to house a domain specific representation of numerical magnitude these results suggest a core deficit in the representation of numerical magnitude in DD. Brain activation during symbolic comparison, on the other hand, did not reveal parietal differences between groups, but rather a set of regions which may relate to the visual recognition and processing of Arabic digits. A high rate of comorbidity exists between dyscalculia and dyslexia, and the causes of this comorbidity are poorly understood. Therefore this thesis also investigates whether the mental representation of numerical magnitude in children with comorbid dyscalculia and dyslexia (CM) shows more in common with that of children with either pure dyscalculia or pure dyslexia (DL) using behavioural evidence from symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical comparison tasks. The results reveal that while the DD group show stronger accuracy distance effects during both symbolic and nonsymbolic comparison, the CM group show a stronger accuracy distance effect during symbolic number comparison only. These results suggest that while the DD group has an impaired representation of numerical magnitude, the CM group has an intact representation but a specific deficit in accessing that representation through visual symbols, a deficit which is not shared with either the DD or DL groups.


Conclusions In conclusion, our results indicate a protective role for Axl in atherosclerosis. The TAM receptor is reduced in diseased vessel compared to healthy controls in both human and mouse. Furthermore, global knock-out resulted in significantly increased plaque burden in mice. The necrotic core was not found to be influenced by Axl, suggesting that TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis is not a key contributor to the role of Axl in atherosclerosis. Axl was found to be predominantly expressed in the VSMC compartment in the aortas of both healthy and diseased mice. Furthermore, Axl deficiency promoted VSMC pheno-typic switching. These data support the hypothesis of a ben-eficial role of Axl in atherosclerosis via modulation of smooth muscle cell phenotype. (PR: pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle were significantly more prevalent. CMA analysis of 89 patients identified likely disease-causing copy number variants in five patients (5.4%), while a further 4.5% had variants of uncertain clinical significance. Using exome sequencing on 95 patients, pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations were identified in 15 patients (15.8%); 65.3% of the sequenced cohort had variants of uncertain significance in established CHD genes. Conclusions Preliminary analysis of the PROTEA indi-cates that the prevalence of CHD subtypes is largely in accordance with international data, although mild lesions had a lower prevalence, and certain severe phenotypes were Genetic analysis of these patients demonstrates that disease-causing variants can be identified using CMA and exome sequencing, and will yield results in the expected range from international studies. Together these findings illus-trate the feasibility of conducting epidemiological and genomic research amongst CHD patients in sub-Saharan Africa. current in patch clamp recordings made from cells expressing unpalmitoylatable NCX1. This suggests that XIP inactivates K229Q but not C739A because palmitoylation tunes the interaction between XIP and its binding site. Targeting palmitoylation therefore offers great potential to sensitize NCX1 to XIP, and hence devise novel pharmacological strategies to manage cardiac pathologies.


Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) infects a wide range of arthropods, including several mosquito species. The bacterium is known to induce a plethora of phenotypes in its host, examples being the reproductive phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility or resistance against infection with arboviruses. The latter is especially relevant when assessing the vector competence of mosquito species for emerging arboviruses. Thus, knowledge of Wolbachia infection status is important for the assessment of vector competence.


A series of 4-amino-3-[[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]thio]-5-(substituted phenyl)[1,2,4]triazoles (5a-f) and the isomeric 4-amino-2-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1piperazinyl]ethyl]-5-(substitutedphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiones (6a-f) and a series of 3-[[2-[4-(2-methoxy or 2-nitrophenyl)1-piperazinyl]ethyl]thio]-5-(substituted phenyl)[1,2,4]triazoles (8a-i) were synthesized with the aim of obtaining new selective 5-HT1A ligands, with reduced affinity for the α1-adrenoceptor subtypes. New compounds were tested in radioligand binding experiments where many of them showed a preferential affinity for the 5HT1A receptor.


Parameter estimation for the class of compound Gaussian random variables is considered in the more natural domain of the Hankel transform, where the expression of the probability density function appears generally more manageable. The estimation algorithm, based on the minimization of the integrated mean squared error between empirical and theoretical Hankel transform, has been tested for the case of K-distributed data using Monte Carlo simulation and some guidelines for the algorithm setup are derived.


In this paper,the finite element analyzing software ANSYS5.7 is used to analyze and calculate the circular parabolic antenna made of composite materials to ensure that the designed products satisfy the application requirements.


Introduction Despite recent advances in medical therapy, approximately 80% of patients with Crohn's disease will require surgery within 20 years of diagnosis. Surgery is not curative and clinical and/or endoscopic recurrence occurs in the majority of patients. Correct pre-operative planning and post-operative care has a major impact on the outcome of such treatment. The aim of this study was to compare local practice in the Countess of Chester Hospital with published ECCO guidelines, to identify opportunities to improve care. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all patients with Crohn's disease that underwent a right hemicolectomy between January 2013 and December 2017 at the Countess of Chester Hospital. Patients were identified by obtaining a list of right-hemicolectomy specimens from the histopathology department. Patient notes were reviewed to ascertain patient demographics, pre- and post-operative treatment, and follow-up endoscopy. Results A total of 14 patients were identified for this study. Age range was 2–5 with a male to female ratio of 4:3. The Montreal classification varied widely. Only 8/14 (57%) of patients had received an immunomodulator pre-operatively and 2/14 (14%) were on a biologic. 10/14 (71%) of patients were not given either an immunomodulator or biologic post-operatively. Follow-up endoscopy occurred in 7/14 (50%) patients. 3 of these were within 6 months and 4 were within 12 months of the operation date. 3/7 (42.9%) of patients had evidence of recurrence on endoscopy. None of the patients had a Rutgeerts' score generated. Conclusions This study demonstrates the variability of management of patients with Crohn's disease post-operatively. Our results show that over 60% of patients were not on any medical treatment pre-operatively. In addition, over 75% of patients continued to remain on no maintenance after their operation. Only 50% of patients underwent a follow-up endoscopy within 12 months of their operation date and a Rugeerts' score was not generated in any of these patients.


The object of this note is to present a brief derivation of the main result of Andrews, Paule and Riese (2001).


Objective To study the effects of Placenta Hominis and its substitutes on learning and memory ability in mice. Methods The step-down test was adopted to study the impairment status of memory acquisition induced by scopolamine and memory consolidation induced by NaNO2 in mice. Results Compared with model group, Placenta Hominis and its substitutes dose-dependently prolonged step-down latency (SDL), reduced significantly the number of errors of mice in medium and high dosage groups. Conclusion The placentas of pig, cattle and goat can be considered as the substitutes of Placenta Hominis for improving the learning and memory ability.


Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of food concentration, turbulence and turbidity on growth and survival of striped bass larvae Morone saxatilis. Initial experiments indicated that striped bass larvae could forage and grow well (G = 0.143 to 0.179 d-l) at food concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 ind I-' of the copepod Eurytemora affinis and that growth was similar on Artemia sp. and E. affinis. Subsequent experiments tested effects of turbidity (50, 100, 150 ppm kaolin), reduced light intensity (2000, 1000, 600, 300 lux) and turbulence, separately, and then reduced light intensity (450, 70, 12, 0.4 lux) in combination with turbidity (150ppm kaolin) and turbulence to determine how these variables moderate food requirements of striped bass larvae. Reducing light or adding turbulence reduced growth and forage rates, while adding turbidity in combination with turbulence apparently ameliorated some of the negative effects of the turbulence. Although growth studies indicated an energetic cost of turbulence, additional experiments comparing weight loss and starvation mortality in turbulent versus non-turbulent conditions showed no significant differences. A comparison of individual growth variability (G) in the turbidity (150 ppm) reduced light treatments and the treatment in total darkness without turbidity or turbulence showed that while average growth rates were positive, a portion of the individuals surviving until 25 d after hatch were either not growing or losing weight. Low light level in combination with turbidity and turbulence substantially reduced survival and growth rate, but even at very low light levels (< 1 lux) and darkness, striped bass were able to survive and grow. Results indicate that previous studies of critical food requirements of striped bass larvae may have overestimated necessary prey levels. Although striped bass larvae are well adapted for growth and survival in highly turbulent, turbid environments, encountering poor feeding conditions in the field is likely to greatly reduce their probability of survival to the juvenile stage.


Background: Silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles are the most eminent nanoproducts. Due to their antimicrobial and antifungal activity, they have been the well commercialized nanosubstances. The hazards associated with human exposure to Ag and TiO 2 nanoparticles should be investigated, and hence both the nanoparticles were synthesized to facilitate the risk assessment process. Methods: Prior to the cytotoxic studies, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were carried out to ensure the particle size. Glutathione (GSH), Nitric Oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) estimated by ELISA method. Results: In the present study, the cytotoxicity of Ag and TiO 2 were investigated by using the glutathione (GSH), Nitric Oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by incubating various concentration of silver (0.25 to 76 mg/mL) and titanium dioxide (0.25 to 2 mg/mL) nanoparticles in different incubation periods (24, 48 and 74 hours at 37°C) in plasma.  Results observed that significant decrease (P <0.0001) in the concentration of GSH associated with increased concentration of NO (P <0.0001) and SOD (P <0.0001) after incubation with silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles at 24hrs at 37°C, however at 48 hours and 74 hours there is not much change. Conclusion: The results indicate that silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibits, nanoparticles mediated cytotoxicity by induction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).


Based on the full two-dimensional characteristics of the quasi-phase-matched fan-out periodically poled crystal, a scalable and engineerable scheme for ultrabroadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification is proposed, which can significantly broaden the gain bandwidth by the spatial separation of different frequency components of the signal pulse and manipulation of the distribution of the pump beam along the fan-out direction of the crystal. The theoretical analysis shows that the signal pulse can be amplified with minimal spectrum narrowing, and the initial spectrum can be broadened considerably if needed. Based on this scheme, using a fan-out periodically poled 5% mol MgO-doped congruent lithium niobate with a configuration of 5x0.5x5 mm{sup 3} and two pump beams, the 3.3-{mu}m middle-infrared ultrabroadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier is designed. The numerical computation results confirm that the -3 dB gain bandwidth of this amplifier exceeds 320 nm and can be further broadened.


1. Moore's warning 'I am the person Moore warned you against,' joked David Lewis2 before reading his now famous paper, 'Dispositional Theories of Value', to the Aristotelian Society in 19893. The alleged warning occurs in §13 of Principia Ethica4, the crucial passage in which Moore expounds the Open Question Argument. 'To take, for instance one of the more plausible, because one of the more complicated of such [naturalistic] definitions, it may easily be thought, at first sight, that to be good may mean to be that which we desire to desire.' (PE: §13.) But plausible as it may be, Moore goes on to contend that this definition is false, since it is possible to wonder whether what we desire to desire is good. If 'good' meant 'what we desire to desire', the question 'Is what we desire to desire good?' would be a silly question since the answer would be very obvious – 'Yes'. Since the question is open and the answer is not obvious to every competent speaker, the definition cannot be correct. 1


The Polyakov$-$Nambu$-$Jona-Lasinio model has been quite successful in describing various qualitative features of observables for strongly interacting matter, that are measurable in heavy-ion collision experiments. The question still remains on the quantitative uncertainties in the model results. Such an estimation is possible only by contrasting these results with those obtained from first principles using the lattice QCD framework. Recently a variety of lattice QCD data were reported in the realistic continuum limit. Here we make a first attempt at reparametrizing the model so as to reproduce these lattice data. We find excellent quantitative agreement for the equation of state. Certain discrepancies in the charge and strangeness susceptibilities as well as baryon-charge correlation still remain. We discuss their causes and outline possible directions to remove them.


This study aimed to explore perceptions and experiences of Occupational Therapy and Speech-Language Therapy students regarding interprofessional supervision during an interprofessional rural schools placement. Eight participants were recruited to participate in three semi-structured, one-to-one interviews conducted by phone before, during, and after the placement. The interviews were transcribed verbatim for subsequent thematic analysis. Our findings indicate that whilst participants valued the interprofessional peer supervision afforded by interprofessional placements, they entered interprofessional placements with misguided assumptions and expectations regarding interprofessional supervision from supervisors. This appeared to contribute to their largely negative perceptions of interprofessional supervision resulting in the devaluing of interprofessional supervision now and possibly in the future. This exploratory study presents a unique insight into the limitations of interprofessional supervision, and the critical need for interprofessional supervisor training and student preparation before placements. Follow-up research is required to expand on these findings so the limitations are addressed. This may enable interprofessional supervisors to provide better learning experiences, increasing students' acceptance and appreciation of interprofessional supervision.


As the finite nature of non-renewable energy resources is realised and climate change concerns become more prevalent, the need to shift to more sustainable forms of energy such as the adoption of renewable energy has seen an increase. More specifically, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) have become increasingly important as a contribution to grid frequency support, to maintain power at the nominal frequency and mitigate power failures or supply shortages against demand. Therefore, limiting deviations in frequency is imperative and, thus, the control methods of WECS are called to be investigated. The systematic literature review methodology was used and aimed at investigating these control methods used by WECS, more specifically variable-speed wind turbines (VSWT), in supporting grid frequency as well as the limitations of such methods. The paper identifies these to be de-loading, energy storage systems and emulated inertial response. Further classification of these is presented regarding these control methods, which are supported by literature within period of 2015–2022. The literature indicated a persistent interest in this field; however, a few limitations of VSWTS were identified. The emulated inertial response, specifically using a droop control-based frequency support scheme, was the primary means of providing frequency support. This systematic literature review may be limited by the number of papers selected for the study. Results and conclusions will not only be useful for WECS development but also in assisting with the security of the transmission grid's frequency stability. Future work will focus on further studying the limitations of WECS providing frequency support.


I am deeply grateful for all the wonderful responses and comments that have been written with such care and, dare I say it, attention. The editors too were taken by surprise by the range and extensiveness of the responses, and asked me if I would not mind to limit the length of my replies so as to give as much space as possible in the volume for the responses themselves. I shall therefore make a few comments below, mostly indicative of what I have learned. With the help of a Virtual Reality (VR) headset one can find oneself standing on the surface of the moon or at the bottom of the ocean or at some other place that has never existed. One can, perhaps, see one's hands and feet, and one occupies a position in a virtual space, a space that consists in a field of experience populated by virtual simulacra. One's personal past is like a virtual world, and the fact that one has lived through it already means, extraordinarily enough, that one can step back into that world without the aid of any special technology. In doing so, it is as if one is there again, at the centre of a field of experience populated by present-tense simulacra of events now past. Attention is the activity of arranging of a field of experience, a field in which one is at the implied centre, and which is, in another sense of 'centre', centred on a particular place in the field whose contents are thereby foregrounded against an experiential background. What the VR headset enables is a distinct form of attention because it generates a virtual field of experience. There is a phenomenological difference between attending to a virtual field of experience and a real one, perhaps manifest in the absence of an expectation that the laws of nature hold. According to the mental time travel hypothesis, episodic memory is the active constituting of a field of experience populated by simulacra from one's personal past. It is as if one were there again; one relives the past experience. What the episodic memory system enables is a distinct form of attention because it recreates a past field of experience. There is a phenomenological difference between attending to a past field of experience and a present one, which is what the sense of 'again' corresponds to, perhaps manifest in an anticipation of the sequence in which events unfold. I believe that such a picture of episodic memory was first discovered by the fifth century Buddhist philosopher Buddhaghosa. Even without the assistance of VR handsets he described the experience sustained in episodic memory as consisting in a kind of 'as-if-ness'. What is intriguing about his account is that he did not feel it necessary to add any more robust analysis of the sense in which my past experience is experienced as mine, that is, of the ownership of one's personal past. What, then, makes the episodic


Nucleation is the first step in the formation of a new phase inside a mother phase. Two main forms of nucleation can be distinguished. In homogeneous nucleation, the new phase is formed in a uniform substance. In heterogeneous nucleation, on the other hand, the new phase emerges on a pre-existing surface (nucleation site). Nucleation is the source of about 30% of all atmospheric aerosol which in turn has noticeable health effects and a significant impact on climate. Nucleation can be observed in the atmosphere, studied experimentally in the laboratory and is the subject of ongoing theoretical research. This thesis attempts to be a link between experiment and theory. By comparing simulation results to experimental data, the aim is to (i) better understand the experiments and (ii) determine where the theory needs improvement. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools were used to simulate homogeneous onecomponent nucleation of n-alcohols in argon and helium as carrier gases, homogeneous nucleation in the water-sulfuric acid-system, and heterogeneous nucleation of water vapor on silver particles. In the nucleation of n-alcohols, vapor depletion, carrier gas effect and carrier gas pressure effect were evaluated, with a special focus on the pressure effect whose dependence on vapor and carrier gas properties could be specified. The investigation of nucleation in the water-sulfuric acid-system included a thorough analysis of the experimental setup, determining flow conditions, vapor losses, and nucleation zone. Experimental nucleation rates were compared to various theoretical approaches. We found that none of the considered theoretical descriptions of nucleation captured the role of water in the process at all relative humidities. Heterogeneous nucleation was studied in the activation of silver particles in a TSI 3785 particle counter which uses water as its working fluid. The role of the contact angle was investigated and the influence of incoming particle concentrations and homogeneous nucleation on counting efficiency determined.


The Paris Agreement presents a historical landmark in the global response to climate change and sets out the objective of limiting global warming to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. However, the national climate change efforts to which Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have committed themselves in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are largely insufficient, and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal (UNEP 2017). There is still a significant gap between 2030 emission levels and a least-cost 2 °C pathway amounting to 11 GtCO2e or even as much as 13.5 GtCO2e, taking only unconditional NDCs into account (UNEP 2017). Global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, albeit at a slower rate, and even though the Parties must increase the goals of their NDCs over time, it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient (UNEP 2017).


A touch sensitive device having a plurality of driving electrodes and a plurality of receiving electrodes, a touch sensing device the drive electrodes and the receiving electrode are electrostatically coupled to each other. By comparing the first and second time periods, configured touching-measurement circuit to identify the touch event on the touch-sensitive device. The first period of time, for example, periodic reception signal transmitted by the receiving electrode may represent the length of time that is below or exceeds the threshold voltage level.


Researchers analyzed solar spectra obtained with the 1-m Fourier Transfer Spectrometer (FTS) for absorption by CO2, CH4, N2, CO, HF, and HCl. During the period 1979 to 1985, they found that the CO2 total column amount was increasing 0.4 percent/year, CH4 was up 1.1 percent/year, while N2O shows no detectable trend. CO undergoes a large seasonal variation that masks any long-term trend within the observational time span. Stratospheric HF doubles in strength, displaying a conspicuous single-point increase that coincided with the mystery volcanic event of that era. Researchers are now attempting to resume the observations as resources permit.


As we navigate through the world, eye and head movements add rotational velocity patterns to the retinal image. When such rotations accompany observer translation, the rotational velocity patterns must be discounted to accurately perceive heading. The conventional view holds that this computation requires efference copies of self-generated eye/head movements. Here we demonstrate that the brain implements an alternative solution in which retinal velocity patterns are themselves used to dissociate translations from rotations. These results reveal a novel role for visual cues in achieving a rotation-invariant representation of heading in the macaque ventral intraparietal area. Specifically, we show that the visual system utilizes both local motion parallax cues and global perspective distortions to estimate heading in the presence of rotations. These findings further suggest that the brain is capable of performing complex computations to infer eye movements and discount their sensory consequences based solely on visual cues. eye rotations and correctly estimating the direction in which we are heading. Further research into the mechanisms behind this neural process could lead to new vision-based treatments for medical disorders that cause people to have balance problems. Similar research could also help to identify ways to improve navigation in automated vehicles, such as driverless cars.


Changes in numbers and distribution of wintering waterfowl populations in Lithuania in the 20th century are assessed and their reasons analysed. A total number of wintering waterfowl species increased from 17 in the 1900s–1940s to 28 in the 1960s and to 42 in the 1990s. A total number of wintering wildfowl species doubled. In the 1930s, several thousand wintering waterbirds were recorded throughout the Lithuanian wetlands. In the late 1990s, about 150,000 wintering waterbirds were annually counted on coastal wetlands and about 50,000 of them – on inland water bodies. Major changes observed in species composition and in the abundance of wintering waterfowl in Lithuania were primarily caused by the human activities affecting waterbird habitats and by general climatic amelioration, an increased number of mild winters in the Eastern Baltic region in recent decades.


In 1995 a group of scientists led by Craig Venter, at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) in Maryland, published a landmark paper in the journal Science. This paper reported the complete DNA sequence (the genome) of a freeliving organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (or H. influenzae, for short). Up until that moment, only small viral genomes or small parts of other genomes had been sequenced. The first viral genome sequence (that of phage phiX174) was produced by Fred Sanger's group in 1978, followed a few years later by the sequence of human mitochondrial DNA by the same group. Sanger – working in Cambridge, UK – was awarded two Nobel prizes, the first one in 1958 for developing protein sequencing techniques and the second one in 1980 for developing DNA sequencing techniques. A bacterial sequence, however, is enormously larger than a viral one, making the H. influenzae paper a true milestone. Given the order of magnitude increase in genome size that was sequenced by the group at TIGR, the genomic era can be said to have started in 1995. A few months later the same group at TIGR published an analysis of the full genome of another bacterium, Mycoplasma genitalium – a microbe responsible for urethritis – and shortly thereafter the sequence of the first eukaryote, the fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (or S. cerevisiae, baker's yeast) was published by other groups. The method created by the TIGR group to obtain and assemble genome sequences was itself a watershed; their method relied massively on computer technology, but is beyond the topics discussed here. In the years that followed, the number of complete genomes published grew enormously, and the pace is still increasing. Before the start of the genomic era the collection of publicly available DNA sequence data was distributed among scientists on magnetic tape, then on CD, and finally over the internet. Now whole genomes are available for fast download from a number of public databases. After completing the sequencing of H. influenzae, Venter's group moved to what is the next phase of any genomic project: genome annotation. Annotation


The world of HRD is awash with policy interventions offering myriad forms of support for performance improvement and advancement of human capital. Yet a common critique levelled at the field is a gap between HRD practice and research communities (Short et al., 2009). The debate calls for approaches to research that go beyond quantitative notions of 'impact', for example, Gold and Thorpe (2008:399), with reference to SMEs argue that serious attention needs to be accorded to 'the desires and aspirations of ... managers, which can only be accessed from the inside'. In terms of the impact of research on practice, much HRD research in the 'expert' tradition, whilst it might enlighten a particular problem, often leaves participants ignorant and powerless in the face of ongoing issues (Cockman et al., 1999; Schein, 1998).


What is SPSS? It is an abbreviation of statistical package for social scientists. The SPSS is a powerful software to analyse data. It is well known that the pictures are worth thousand words. The first version of SPSS was released in 1968. The recent version in 2013 is the 21st. The humans capture faster and accurately the meaning when the information is depicted pictorially. The graphing capabilities of SPSS are enormous. The book with the title 'Building SPSS graphs to understand data' by James O. Aldrich and Hilda M. Rodriguez highlights how SPSS can be utilized to create graphs, plots and figures out of data. Basic knowledge of statistics would help the readers to appreciate the contents of this wonderful book. There are 19 well-written chapters and 4 appendices covering the topics introduction of SPSS, graphical presentation of data, simple bar graphs, stacked bar graphs, clustered bar graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, histograms, population pyramid, boxplots, scatter plots, high-low graphs, panelling on one or two dimensions, descriptive graphing examples, summary of SPSS graphs, SPSS basic information, databases, and type and purpose of graphs. Each chapter has exercises for the readers to practice and check their answers. This book is suitable for use to teach SPSS graphing course. I enjoyed reading this book and recommend it to statistics professionals and SPSS users.


Background: Individuals with intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) suffers from poor oral health
due to impaired physical coordination and cognitive skills. However, their dental caries status is mostly
underreported particularly in low-income countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the dental caries status of individuals
with IDD as compared to age and gender matched healthy individuals in India.
Methodology: In this comparative cross-sectional study, dental caries status of 266 individuals with IDDs aged 13-35 years and
266 age and gender-matched healthy individuals were assessed using the DMFT index. Statistical analysis was done using
descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Mann Whitney test.
Results: Of the 266 individuals with IDD, IDD associated with autism (n=40, 15%) was the most common type of disability.
10.9% of the case and 30.5% of controls were caries-free. The mean number of decayed tooth and the DMFT score (DT=
4.16±4.17 vs 0.65±0.90; DMFT= 4.56±4.55 vs 1.41±1.42); P Value=0.00) were signicantly higher among disabled compared
to their healthy controls. Whereas the mean number of the lled tooth (0.18±0.81 vs 0.68±1.1; Pvalue=0.00) was signicantly
lower. DT and DMFT increased signicantly with the severity of disability (P value<0.05).
Conclusion:Individuals with IDD had a highercaries experience and considerably lower lled tooth ratecompared to healthy
individuals. Uplifting the priority given to oral health by oral health education programs and implementing strategies to
improve access to dental services will help to address many of the challenges faced by these lessfortunate individuals.


Due to the strong impact the news has on society, the detection and analysis of bias within the media are important topics. Most approaches to bias detection focus on linguistic forms of bias or the evaluation and tracing of sources. In this paper, we present an approach that analyzes co - occurrences of entities across articles of different news outlets to indicate a strong but difficult to detect form of bias: bias by omission of information. Specifically, we present and evaluate different methods of identifying entity co - occurrences and then use the best performing method, reference entity detection, to analyze the coverage of nine major US news outlets over one year. We set a low performing but transparent baseline, which is able to identify a news outlet's affiliation towards a political orientation. Our approach employing reference entity selection, i. e., analyzing how often one entity co - occurs with others across a set of documents, yields an F1 score of F1 = 0.51 compared to F1 = 0.20 of the TF - IDF baseline. for further testing. Those approaches did not show high performance, they did not the peculiarities of bias by omission of information.


fetus. The guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists [5] on the management of anaphylaxis advocate the early use of adrenaline and whilst its use in pregnancy has been questioned [6], there was no doubt in our minds that it was the appropriate drug to use in this case. Theoretically, ephedrine should be less detrimental to uteroplacental blood flow, is less likely to produce arrhythmias and in doses of 25-50 mg should produce effective increases in cardiac output and blood pressure. It is a well established drug in the management of hypotension during regional anaesthesia in obstetrics, but we are not aware of its reported use as the first line treatment for anaphylaxis in pregnancy. Aggressive fluid therapy is also of great importance in such cases and in the case report of anaphylaxis with Syntocinon [2] colloid plasma expansion together with hydrocortisone was successful. It is worth noting, however, that on the second occasion this patient developed a reaction to Syntocinon, it was more than an hour before a systolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg was achieved using ephedrine 10 mg, hydrocortisone 100 mg, 2 1 of 4% gelatin solution and 1 of crystalloid. We doubt if this delay in achieving an adequate perfusion pressure is acceptable if the fetus is still in utero. We accept that our doses of adrenaline may be thought to be enthusiastic, but it has been our recent experience in managing such cases that higher than the recommended doses of adrenaline [5] are required, particularly when bronchospasm is present. The following week, another patient who required tracheal intubation developed a proven Type 1 hypersensitivity to suxamethonium. In this case, bronchospasm was immediately evident and an adrenaline infusion was ultimately required to ensure both an adequate perfusion pressure and resolution of the bronchospasm. As to the correct treatment for anaphylaxis, we would still advocate the use of adrenaline as the first choice.


There have been a number of papers written about the academic–allied staff divide within educational institutions in the Western world. This paper considers one particular institution to ascertain whether there is evidence of a divide and, if there is, whether there are other factors that influence the perception of a divide; for example, length of tenure, gender and the home department. This paper looks at what the literature perceives as a divide in terms of the numbers, qualifications, contractual conditions, the perceived importance of roles, whether these roles are changing, and the understanding of each other's roles. Finally, the paper looks at what impact a divide will have upon a strategic plan. The case of Manukau Institute of Technology is then compared with the literature review. This paper is based on a literature review and data gathered from a questionnaire; however, the author also draws on her own experience of being married to 'one of the enemy'.


Resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) have negative differential resistance (NDR) that enables them to produce power at several terahertz (THz). In this paper, an AlAs/GaAs/AlAs RTD is optimized for maximum output power and large negative differential resistance to improve matching to the antenna. Simulations for the designed RTD are based on the quantum-mechanical global coherent model.


The ubiquity in neonatal events of signatures of Schwabe and
hale cycles is extended to many variables of pediatric
interest: incidence of toxicosis, miscarriage, anemia,
respiratory infection, pyelonphritis, gestosis, premature labor
etc.


I argue in this paper for the value of adopting some specific design approaches when creating slow technology, how to create long lasting relationships with technology, and how to design reflective or slow digital interactions. The problem I have addressed is how to design for long lasting technologies with changing users. My approach is informed by activity theory, which provides a theoretical and methodological perspective while design principles inform ideas of process, structure and interaction. The contribution to HCI is in the view of slow technology as demanding a unique set of design skills.


Many regularities and systematic trends among atomic oscillator strengths have been studied using the extensive material which has recently become available for the lighter elements. The quantum-mechanical background for the existence of these regularities is discussed, and in particular the relationship between oscillator strength and nuclear charge as predicted from conventional perturbation theory is reviewed in detail. A number of characteristic numerical examples are then presented. The regularities are of great practical importance, since they may be exploited to obtain additional oscillator strengths by simple interpolation techniques as well as to evaluate the reliability of existing data by the degree of fit into established systematic trends.


The purpose of this study was to discover the issues raised about human cloning in young adult fiction. This study determined the themes found in the young adult fiction selected and if those themes reflected issues about human cloning. The questions asked in the study were: 1. Does young adult fiction confront the complexity of ethical issues about human cloning? 2. Do the plots and characters in young adult fiction about cloning provide substance to provoke reader response to the ethical controversies that surround cloning? A thematic analysis was conducted. The researcher read each book and recorded themes that were present. This list of preliminary themes was grouped to create six final themes: Utilitarianism, Exceptionality of Clones, Individuality, The Fight for or Against Control, Dislike or Hatred of Clones, and Justification of Cloning. Both print and electronic resources were used to gather titles of young adult fiction books that dealt with human cloning. This list of titles was compared with WorldCat search results showing the number of OCLC member libraries owning the books. Those books owned by more than 200 libraries were considered. Nineteen books were chosen. Eight titles were removed from the list which left eleven books eligible for the study. The study found that young adult fiction about human cloning did address the ethical issues about the topic that were reported in the news or discussed in research. The books in the study addressed the complexity of the issues to varying degrees. Books that included human cloning as a main part of the story discussed the issues and the complexity of those issues with more detail than those books where human cloning was just an incidental part of the storyline. This open access graduate research paper is available at UNI ScholarWorks: http://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/63 CLONING IN YOUNG ADULT FICTION A Graduate Research Paper Submitted to the Division of School Library Studies Department of Curriculum and Instruction In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA by Jennifer L. Kehoe


This paper proposes the finite control set applied to the current control of an interleaved boost converter of photovoltaic systems. The proposed controller select the state of the converter semiconductor by using the predicted behavior of the converter and the minimization of a cost function. Hence, the controller guarantees that the current reference is reached. The current reference is computed by a PI controller that processes the error between the voltage reference calculated by P&O MPPT and the measured panel voltage. The results validate the proposed controller.


Type IV pili are expressed from a wide variety of Gram‐negative bacteria and play a major role in host cell adhesion and bacterial motility. PilC is one of at least a dozen different proteins that are implicated in Type IV pilus assembly in Thermus thermophilus and a member of a conserved family of integral inner membrane proteins which are components of the Type II secretion system (GspF) and the archeal flagellum. PilC/GspF family members contain repeats of a conserved helix‐rich domain of around 100 residues in length. Here, we describe the crystal structure of one of these domains, derived from the N‐terminal domain of Thermus thermophilus PilC. The N‐domain forms a dimer, adopting a six helix bundle structure with an up‐down‐up‐down‐up‐down topology. The monomers are related by a rotation of 170°, followed by a translation along the axis of the final α‐helix of approximately one helical turn. This means that the regions of contact on helices 5 and 6 in each monomer are overlapping, but different. Contact between the two monomers is mediated by a network of hydrophobic residues which are highly conserved in PilC homologs from other Gram‐negative bacteria. Site‐directed mutagenesis of residues at the dimer interface resulted in a change in oligomeric state of PilC from tetramers to dimers, providing evidence that this interface is also found in the intact membrane protein and suggesting that it is important to its function. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


© World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists 2018. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, 21 Portland Place, London W1B 1PY, UK. Update in Anaesthesia


Background: Oral cancer is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. Most are preceded by a potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) visible in the mouth. The present study evaluates a national social marketing campaign (SM) conducted in 2012 designed to increase public awareness of risk factors and to encourage early detection of disease by self referral to dental clinics.

Methods: A cross-sectional community-based cluster survey was carried out to evaluate the SM and other oral cancer control activities in two Districts by interviewing 491 subjects >25 years of age to assess the level of disease awareness and the prevalence of risk factors associated with oral cancer. The Ministry of Health has established a surveillance system for oral cancer and OPMD by introducing registries and collecting returns at Outpatient Dental Clinics. We have evaluated the SM using the returns obtained from the dental clinics in these districts and also returns obtained through the national surveillance system as published in the Annual Health Bulletins of Sri Lanka.

Findings: A random sample of 491 subjects was interviewed; 44% males, 99% Sinhalese, 37% skilled workers and 7.5% pensioners. Most (93%) were aware of oral cancer; but only 45.4% of OPMD. Statistically significant improvements were observed on awareness of OPMD (P < 0.04) and of the risk factors for oral cancer): smoking (P= 0.000) and alcohol use (P< 0.002), compared to the base line study in 2008. A marked increase in the detection of leukoplakia and oral cancer was observed in the years 2012 and 2013, at the time the SM campaign was implemented.

Interpretation: This campaign was successful in improving public awareness and changed behavior by increasing attendance at a health care facility. Such Risk Factor-based approaches to social marketing are suitable for control of oral cancer in countries with a high burden of disease.

Funding: Funds for these activities were obtained through Government of Sri Lanka Budget released to the Ministry of Health. It is Ministry of Health funding the activities.

Declaration of Interest: None declared.

Ethical Approval: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo and all subjects signed their informed consent before data collection.


A novel tetradentate Schiff base (I) synthesized from sulfametrole [N1-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-y1)sulfanilamide] and salciyldelyde forms stable complexes with transition metal ions such as Fe(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and UO2(II) in absolute ethanol. Elemental analyses, IR, 1HNMR, electronic spectra, magnetic moment, mass spectra and thermal analysis (TGA) were used to confirm the structures. From the elemental analyses data, the complexes were proposed to have the general formulae [M2Cl3(I)(H2O)5].YH2O (Where M=Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), Y=0-3], [Fe2Cl5(I)(H2O)3]: 2H2O, (FeSO4)2 (I)(H2O)4]:2H2O and [(UO2)2 (NO3)3 (I) (H2O)]:2H2O. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal complexes were non-electrolytes.  The IR, 1HNMR, spectra show that ligand (I) is coordinated to the metal ion in a bidentate manner ON and via NO donor sites of the azomethine-N, phenolic-OH, enolic sulfonamide–OH and thiadiazole–N.  The magnetic and electronic spectra showed that the complexes exhibit octahedral geometry. The thermal behaviour of the complexes was studied.  All the prepared  compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal properties and have exhibited potential activities


This research discusses about slang language in a comedy-action movie, entitled Super Troopers 2. Slang is any words, expressions or special use of language found mainly in very informal speech, especially in the usage of particular groups of people. This language varieties used by certain groups that are very limited and should not be known by those outside the group. Slang is the most commonly informal language to use. Slang represents that evanescent, vulgar language, ever changing with fashion and taste, spoken by persons in every grade of life, does not matter rich or poor, honest and dishonest. In the meantime, the slang words are almost easy to find, especially in the movie. In the Super Troopers 2 movie, many of slang language are used by the characters in their conversation. Super Troopers 2 is a 2018 American comedy film directed by Jay Chandrasekhar. Thus, this research aimed to find the types and functions of the slang words in the Super Troopers 2 movie. This research uses descriptive approach. The findings show that the types of slang words namely, (1) Society Slang, (2) Public House Slang, (3) Slang in Public School and University, and (4) Slang in Church. Meanwhile, the functions of slang language, (1) to change the level discourse in the direction of infornality, (2) to provide emotive feeling of the slang users, (3) to induce friendliness and intimacy.


A model for estimation of the profiles of erosion and buildup material in the hearth of an ironmaking blast furnace has been developed. The model is based on thermocouple readings in the hearth wall and bottom and solves an inverse heat transfer problem for two-dimensional slices of the hearth geometry to estimate the inner profile. Special attention has been paid to the mathematical formulation of the problem at hand, yielding a general model optimized for fast computation. This includes a flexible formulation of the boundary conditions, a generic setup of the lining materials applied in the hearth refractory, and a sophisticated iterative procedure in the estimation of the location of the internal profile. These steps have led to a model that facilitates process analysis with estimation and reestimation of the furnace hearth conditions over whole campaigns using different parameter settings. The model has been applied to study the evolution of the hearth erosion and buildup formation processes in severa...


The Kyoto Protocol, which has been directing global attempts to control climate change, is due to expire in two years' time. While it was hoped that the recent Copenhagen talks would provide a way forward, such hopes were dashed. Surprisingly, the South African delegation actually took on something of a leadership role at Copenhagen and exceeded many watchers' expectations in its proclaimed commitment to mitigating climate change.


The National Technical Information Service (NTIS) is a self-supporting agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce that actively collects, organizes, and distributes technical information generated by United States and foreign governments in all areas of science and technology. There are two million titles in the NTIS permanent archives, some of which date as far back as 1945, and last year NTIS added 63,000 new titles to its collection. The entire collection is available at any time - whether a report dates from 20 years ago or last month. In addition, NTIS provides government generated computer software and computerized data files on both tape and diskette through its Federal Computer Products Center. To keep pace with technology transfer activities, the NTIS Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology licenses Federal inventions and makes them available to private industry and prepares and issues a number of publications, catalogs, and directories announcing Federal technologies and resources. In th...


ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile infection is currently the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis worldwide. Cathelicidins, a major group of natural antimicrobial peptides, have antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities in Clostridioides difficile infection. Here, we have shown that cytokine IL-27 induced human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37) expression in primary human colonic epithelial cells. IL-27 receptor-deficient mice had impaired expression of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP, mouse homolog for human LL-37) after Clostridioides difficile infection, and restoration of CRAMP improved Clostridium difficile clearance and reduced mortality in IL-27 receptor-deficient mice after Clostridioides difficile challenge. In clinical samples from 119 patients with Clostridioides difficile infection, elevated levels of IL-27 were positively correlated with LL-37 in the sera and stools. These findings suggest that IL-27 may be involved in host immunity against Clostridioides difficile infection via induction of LL-37/CRAMP. Therefore, IL-27-LL-37 axis may be a valuable pathway in the development of immune-based therapy.


The location and physical characteristics of 32 occupied swift fox (Vulpes velox) natal/rearing dens and 33 unoccupied sites in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada, were comp...


For through-focus focus metric we build a measurement system, in which a single diffraction-limited micro lens is used for imaging and a grating with a few pitches is used as a target. In this system, the optical field is calculated by the boundary-element method, in which a new algorithm is developed to reduce the dimension of a matrix. As a result, the memory capacity required in this calculation is much reduced up to 83% in our simulation case. An optimization of the grating structure is made to obtain the highest sensitivity for the critical dimension metrology. With the optimized grating structure the simulation shows a sensitivity of less than 1nm in the through-focus focus metric.


ABSTRACT
Carbon footprint (CFP) is defined, "as sum of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in a product system, expressed as CO2 equivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of climate change". In short, net emissions of green house gasses, this is not so easy to understand and CFP management may become one of those ratios used by technicians and managers but far away from company's bottom line.
Despite of the increasing interest of CFP issues, in their different aspects, both regarding energy consumptions and brand image, the authors have not found a method to deploy CFP management, company wide.
A management tool to include CFP management into the control system should be very valuable for companies, for the people in charge; this tool will allow, also, supporting further decisions about CFP.
Authors propose a systematic approach to CFP deployment through any company or organization, the main reason for this proposal is the use of CFP related information to be done.
In fact, nowadays, many organizations of different types are moving on to calculate, to certify and to manage CFP, supported by world class entities.
The proposed way of acting, CFP deployment top down, leads to the optimization of CFP business in three complementary fields, energy and transport cost savings, environmental issues and, even more, social responsibility business.


5-Aza, 2,3-benzo-5-aza-, 6-aza-, and 2,3-benzo-6-aza-1,4-dithiafulvalenes were synthesized and their spectroscopic properties are described. For example, the reaction of 2-methylthio-1,3-dithiolylium iodide with pyrrole gave 2-(2-pyrrolyl)-1,3-dithiolylium iodide in a 92% yield, which was treated with DBU, giving rise to 5-aza-1,4-dithiafulvalene as thermally-stable orange crystals in an 82% yield. Several reactions found during the course of these synthetic studies are also reported.


Micro6rganisms causing plant and animal diseases occur, in most instances, in pure culture, or in such great abundance over contaminating forms that their r6le in a particular infection can be established with comparative ease. The same is true to a large extent of the so-called industrial fermentations, which are carried out by pure cultures and where the presence of other organisms usually has a deleterious effect. Micro6rganisms concerned in the dairy industry, in the preparation of silage, in bread making, preparation of beverages, oriental food products, etc., may not occur and act in pure culture, but the transformations brought about are comparatively so simple that they can readily be differentiated and the r6le of specific organisms in each can be readily established. As a matter of fact, the use of pure cultures in many of these processes presents definite advantages and has helped greatly in advancing the process in question. The contaminating organisms often destroy the desired product or produce undesirable substances. However, the micro6rganisms concerned in soil processes and in sewage purification do not occur in pure culture; they bring about various complex (as well as simple) reactions, and usually act in associations, one organism rapidly utilizing the products of another, thus stimulating it to further action. A soil organism isolated in pure culture may often bring about only a semblance of a certain specific reaction; in the soil, however,the same organism will carry on the particular reaction very vigorously. This is particularly true of certain cellulose decomposing bacteria, which are many times more active in the soil or when accompanied by various other non-cellulose decomposing forms than in pure culture. This is due largely to three factors: (1) the soil is a medium highly complex in composition and no artificially prepared culture medium can approach it, in the various physical, chemical, and physico-chemical problems which it represents; (2) the organism does not act in the soil in pure culture and often the PROC. N. A. S. 476


Objective: In order to solve the virtual high drug price in centralized drug purchasing system. Methods: The forming reasons of virtual high drug price were analyzed from the perspective of resource monopoly. Results: It is found that doctors monopolized the drug use was the important reason of virtual high drug price, government monopolized doctor service pricing and drug centralized purchasing were basic reasons. Conclusion: While fighting against commercial bribery, the government should release the doctors' authority of service pricing, restrict doctors' authority of drug use, endow the health care institutions' right of drug centralized purchasing.


In the present day scenario embryonic stem (ES) cells are very important for the development of cell-based therapeutic strategies. Studying the dynamics of ES cells will provide information on their temporal evolution, which will be useful for their further development. Bright field microscopy cannot provide quantitative information since stem cell colonies are non-pigmented and relatively transparent and so do not produce appreciable variation to the amplitude of electromagnetic radiation passing through them. This necessitates the use of phase contrast imaging techniques for studying their dynamics. Digital holography with its interferometric evaluation capability is an ideal tool for quantitatively observing the spatial and temporal evolution of ES cells. Digital holographic interferometric microscopy (DHIM) is used for imaging stem cell colonies and it provides quantitative information on the evolution of optical volume, path length change and lateral and axial growth.


The utility model provides a stamping die for a hardware pore plate. The stamping die can implement continuous machining, trimming, punching and forming, is high in machining efficiency, machining accuracy and product percent of pass, and comprises an upper die body and a lower die body, wherein the upper die body and the lower die body are matched with guide mold closing through an inner guide pillar and an inner guide sleeve, and an outer guide pillar and an outer guide sleeve; the upper die body comprises an upper die holder as well as an upper base plate, an upper clamp plate, a stop plate and a stripper plate which are mounted below the upper die holder in sequence; the upper base plate and the upper clamp plate are fixedly connected through a fixing bolt; the stop plate and the stripper plate are fixedly connected through a fixing bolt and are mounted below the upper clamp plate through a spring and an equal-height sleeve; the lower die body comprises a lower die holder as well as a lower base plate and a lower template which are mounted on the lower die holder in sequence; the lower template and the lower base plate are fixed on the lower die holder through a fixing bolt; each of the upper die body and the lower die body is provided with a punching raising mechanism, a punching sizing mechanism, a first trimming mechanism and a second trimming mechanism in the conveying direction of boards.


The invention relates to a pair of health-care leather shoes, each shoe comprises a shoe body and an insole, wherein massage contacts matched with acupuncture points of a sole are arranged on the insole, and a heating device is arranged in an interlayer of the insole. The health-care shoe provided by the invention has a simple structure and is convenient to use. The massage contacts are arranged on the insole to massage the acupuncture points of the sole at any time, and the needs of fast-paced health care of people can be met without a special foot massage device, so that the money and the labor are saved, and the curative effect is obvious. In addition, electric heating wires are arranged to heat the insole, so that the cleaning and drying of the inside of the shoe are kept, the trouble brought by wet feet and smelly feet is relieved, and the self health-care quality is improved.


High-sensitivity recording techniques demonstrate a continuous relation between the onset and magnitude ot tension and the membrane depolarization that is induced by increasing K in the bathing medium or by intracellularly applied outward currents. This finding is not consistent with the mechanism of signalling e-c coupling by electrotonic spread of a "critical" depolarization inward along the membrane of the transverse tubular system. It is in accord, however, with the channelled current mechanism that is based on the known anion-permselectivity of the membrane in the terminals of the TTS. The channelled-current model also predicts a direct role of Cl and a possible interaction between Ca and CI in e-c coupling. The initiation and maintenance of tension as well as its magnitude, are in fact dependent upon the concentrations of Ca and Cl in the medium. Thus, both the signalling to, and the activation of, the contractile system appear to be performed by a flow of current in the loop: cell membrane – cell interior – TTS membrane – TTS channels – exterior, as is envisaged in the channelled-current model of e-c coupling.


Present generation wireless networks have been designed considering voice as the primary traffic. After the advent of the Internet era, demand for high data traffic over mobile networks is increasing. Third generation standards are proposed to meet the increasing data traffic demand over mobile networks. The third generation CDMA standards are called Wideband CDMA because of their wider access bandwidth and are proposed to meet varying traffic rates. To support multiple bit rate traffic, power allocation at the base station becomes vital. This paper deals with the problem of resource allocation in the forward link for Wideband CDMA networks. It has been shown that static algorithm for power allocation is most suited for voice traffic whereas dynamic power allocation strategy with buffers for data at the base station are desirable for data traffic.


We adapt J. G. Williams' expression of the precession and nutation using the 3-1-3-1 rotation to an arbitrary inertial frame of reference. The modified formulation avoids a singularity caused by finite pole offsets near the epoch. By adopting the planetary precession formula numerically determined from DE405 and by using a recent theory of the forced nutation of the nonrigid Earth by Shirai & Fukishima, we analyze the celestial pole offsets observed by VLBI for 1979-2000 and determine the best-fit polynomials of the lunisolar precession angles. We then translate the results into classical precession quantities and evaluate the difference due to the difference in the ecliptic definition. The combination of these formulae and the periodic part of the Shirai-Fukishima nutation theory serves as a good approximation of the precession-nutation matrix in the International Celestial Reference Frame. As a by-product, we determine the mean celestial pole offset at J2000.0 as 0 = -(17.12 ± 0.01) mas and 0 = -(5.06 ± 0.02) mas. Also, we estimate the speed of general precession in longitude at J2000.0 as p = 5028.″7955 ± 0.″0003 per Julian century, the mean obliquity at J2000.0 in the inertial sense as (ϵ0)I = 84381.″40621 ± 0.″00001 and in the rotational sense as (ϵ0)R = 84381.″40955 ± 0.″00001, and the dynamical flattening of Earth as Hd = (3.2737804 ± 0.0000003) × 10-3. Furthermore, we establish a fast way to compute the precession-nutation matrix and provide a best-fit polynomial of an angle to specify the mean Celestial Ephemeris Origin.


appears aware of the latter point, but it does not sufficiently inform his inquiry. Probing for informants' ideas about justice and the handling of conflicts in hypothetical or real case power contexts would have revealed much more than he turned up. For example, the plurality of normative traditions he describes is not simply the result of accretion. The existence of multiple norms is often used to advantage and thus perpetuated by powerful Filipinos. They insist on strict application of state law if it serves their purposes (e.g. to support property rights), but they often manipulate traditional values (e.g. the virtue of "amicable" settlement) in the process of forcing weaker parties to accept unjust agreements. Similarly, the size of negotiated restitution payments is determined not just by ability to pay but by the relative power of the parties to a conflict. This criticism notwithstanding, Zialcita's study is useful for its rudimentary systematization of some of the values that must be effectively advanced before Filipinos will regard their country as more just.


Based on the prototypical scene (LAGAZZI, 2015) of Agrado's monologue in All about my mother, directed by Pedro Almodovar in 1999, we aim to reflect on the body, transsexuality and resistance around the utterance of the almodovarian character which, organized around the signifier "authentic", concern the trans body. In this papper, based on materilist discourse analysis, we consider the body a place of observation of the subject, object of investigation and a theoretical category (LEANDRO-FERREIRA, 2015), crossed by language. In this analysis we understand how such bodies can shatter the rite of ideological interpellation of gender, cracking the social fabric, destabilizing evidence.


THE USE OF REFLECTION IN A SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT IN A POST-GRADUATE PROGRAMME In a context like South Africa's, the prevailing numerous social inequalities and problems place additional demands on psychologists and educational psychologists practising in South Africa. Western-based, individualised medical approaches are increasingly regarded as inadequate for the purposes of training psychologist. We thus contend that Service-learning is an alternative approach to the training of Educational Psychology master's students. Little has been written about the role of service-learning components in the curriculum of an Educational Psychology master's programme. Thus, we argue for the integration of service-learning in the curriculum of a psychology-oriented programme  that could serve as a vehicle for the achievement of the professional development of Educational Psychology master's students. The main research question is: What do Educational master's student' reflections and artefacts reveal about the contribution of a service-learning project to their knowledge of the young adult? A qualitative case study design was followed utilizing a convenience sample of master's educational psychology students. Data collection methods included, observation, interviews and documents. Content analysis was employed as a data analysis strategy. The contribution of this study consists of emphasising the centrality of reflective practice as teaching and learning tool. The peculiarity of this study is its unique context, namely, an educational excursion to a conference site involving young adults and master's students.


This essay questions the pavesian realism or neorealism and tries to show the definitive and admirative importance of the myth, a force full of hermeneutic valencies in Pavese's work. We discover in this way the «segnali dell'infinito», the «salti nel vuoto» in the pavesian texts, specially in Feria d'agosto. These are the unavoidable traces of the extreme modernity of this author. The article insists once more on the large debt of Pavese to the Romanticism and all irrational poetics od the Symbolism and Decadentism, without doubt, the richest models of the twentieth century writing of Cesare Pavese.


In this paper we investigate the existence of positive solutions of second order differential equations with integral boundary conditions, and the nonlinearity is a continuous function, depending on the first derivative of the unknown function and may change sign, with respect to its second argument, infinitely many times.


TODAY there is general agreement that the family finds itself more and more alone in an urban world of growing impersonal complexity. Lack of a sense of belonging brings neglect of democratic responsibilities. And reduced from the status of a human being to a mere statistical cipher, the citizen becomes profoundly discontented with the pattern in which the fabric of his life is woven.1 In addition, during the war years there was built up an imaginary period ahead which was labeled the "postwar world," as though it were to be entirely different from that time and the past, and in which problems of the family and the individual were to be automatically solved by full production, high income, and victory over fascism. However, many of these problems that are now arising are unhappy ones that we have known before. The same old social and economic problems are still with us, perhaps more intensely. For example, municipalities are today engaged in debate as to whether they will honor their veterans and memorialize their soldier dead by erection of statuary, or whether their memories will be most hallowed by provision of muchneeded community facilities to create and sustain the moral and social values for which these men fought. In order to promote better psychological outlook and increased social values, participation in community life must be encouraged by the provision of well-organized educational, cultural, and recreational activities. An effort to instill a discriminating appreciation of music, art, and literature into community living, to promulgate educational programs and participation in recreation, and to provide background for the religious life of the individual, must be assisted by an adequate program of services and the physical facilities necessary for their implementation, such as community buildings, schools, churches, libraries, museums, and recreation space. It is now realized that greater participation in desirable activities results from their properly planned relationships to the people. A comprehensive analysis of the needs must precede the planning of projects in order to determine the effects of population and economic trends, the kinds of people who live within each residential area, and their desires and requirements in these fields, along with the facilities and program already existent.


Genomewide association studies (GWAS) are becoming an important part of the human genetics research landscape. As the technological and analytical tools have been developed, many of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) centers and institutes have launched projects to find genes or sets of genes that contribute to a variety of human disorders. Massive data sets are required to perform comprehensive genotype-phenotype analyses. GWAS projects that have been launched by the NIH include the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) (http://www.fnih.org/GAIN/GAIN_home.shtml) and the Genes and Environment Initiative (GEI) (http://www.gei.nih.gov). Because the NIH is the steward of the public's investment in biomedical research, the NIH created a mechanism (i.e., a data repository) and related policy to maximize data sharing among the scientific community. The draft policy includes the following major elements: data management (i.e., protection of research subjects, data submission procedures, and data access principles), scientific publication, and intellectual property. The draft policy is available at http://grants2.nih.gov/grants/gwas/.


Pullulan, a kind of exopolysaccharides produced by Aureobasidium pullulans, has good film forming, high adhesion,low digestibility,nontoxicity and other characters and is used widely in food,pharmaceutical,chemical,petrochemical and light industries etc.It is even drawing more and more attentions.In this paper,the structure of pullulan was studied using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. There were the specific characteistic absorbance peaks in the pullulan infrared spectra from 4 000 to 400 cm 1 in the FTIR assay,which indicated that the pullulan consisted of α D glucopyranoses. With the aid of the technique of the one dimensional and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, the clear spectra of 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, 13 C 1H COSY had been recorded at the temperature of 343K.The results confirmed that the unit of pullulan was α 1,4 maltritose and successfully assigned the chemical shifts of pullulan in the 1H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra.


The principal details of Cr film growth on $\mathrm{Mo}(110)$ at elevated temperature are described. Cr films form nanostripes by the step-flow growth mechanism for film coverages up to 3 monolayers. In contrast to the $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Mo}(110)$ system, there is no indication of strain relaxation in either the first, second, or third layers. The Cr nanostripes remain pseudomorphic up to the onset of Stranski-Krastanov growth, which is typified by the formation of nanowedge islands. This is accompanied by the formation of a two-dimensional dislocation network within the nanowedge islands. Two types of steps can be observed on top of the Cr nanowedges, unlike the $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Mo}(110)$ system where the (110) surface of the Fe nanowedges is unbroken by any steps. The first are monatomic steps formed by incomplete Cr layers, while the second are fractional steps formed between adjacent layers with different degrees of tetragonal distortion. The fractional steps are modeled using the first principles calculations.


 Early in the year, the firm participated in some securitised AAA investments which exploited market anomalies to provide yields closer to those on junk bonds. The capital model had been based on the portfolio prior to this participation. The participation turned out to be disastrous, and virtually all the investment had to be written off following an avalanche of unforeseen defaults in the underlying assets.


Paper laboratory-produced from sepiolite, Gole{-Serbia was studied to determine its sorption characteristics for nitric oxides, water vapor, and ammonia. The paper adsorbed high percentages of nitric oxides and ammonia was stoichiometrically chemisorbed on paper saturated with NO2 and H2O. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the sorption of nitric oxides and ammonia does not destroy the crystal lattice of sepiolite, which was confirmed by XRD-analysis. Sorption of both nitric oxides and ammonia occurred by zeolitic water inside the structural channels of sepiolite. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or temperature swing adsorption (TSA) cycles can be repeated many times, in the case of NOx and NH3.