The invention discloses a flexible display with a reinforced pad region. The flexible display has a bendable part. The display may comprise a display pixel array in an effective region. A contact pad can be formed in an ineffective region of the display. A display circuit in the effective region can show a specified stack height, while a display circuit in the ineffective region can show a stack height smaller than the specified stack height. Specifically, the contact pad can be directly formed on multiple buffer layers directly arranged on a flexible display substrate. Passivation materials can be selectively formed only at the rim of the contact pad of the multiple buffer layers. The multiple buffer layers can be formed at a certain distance from the rim of the flexible display substrate, thereby enabling the crack in the multiple buffer layers to be minimized.


Martin Halliwell is a very promising young scholar. In addition, he is one of the most imaginative and proficient historians studying post–World War II American culture. His productivity is extraordinary—eight monographs and two edited volumes, with these books ranging in topic from rock music to William James. Indeed, Halliwell has already launched a sequel to this study that covers the 1970 to 2000 interval in the culture of American psychotherapy. Couple this track record with the fact that he treats history as a literary art and writes quite gracefully. Therapeutic Revolutions makes a very good read. The theme of the volume is clear and to the point. More accurately, there are two interrelated themes. The first, Halliwell asserts, is that, in the quarter of a century after World War II, there were decided and telling interpenetrations between American psychiatry, medicine, and culture. (He emphasizes popular and "middle brow" culture.) Historians have been disposed to focus on one, or at most two, of these elements in the trilogy, while Halliwell casts a larger net and concerns himself with all three. Gerald Grob, the "dean" of the history of American psychiatry, has focused (brilliantly and with remarkable archival research) on the medicine-psychiatry connection during this period. Grob's From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America (1991) is a stellar study of this connection, which Halliwell does not surpass. Grob argued that psychiatric/medical policy in the period at hand represented the interplay of motivations that were primarily benevolent and caring, but periodically they were to control and manipulate the patient. Additionally, Grob maintained that policies, and especially implementations, almost always had unintended consequences, usually for ill. By exploring a broader swath of American cultural life and thought than Grob had done, Halliwell presents a great many new and important topics and developments on postwar therapeutic culture. To be sure, unlike Grob and his mastery of archival sources, Halliwell focuses almost entirely on print sources and film. This is a shortcoming. But because Halliwell portrays the


Objective To observe the effects of antisense directed against telomerase RNA on human bladder carcinoma line T24 in a nude mice model and to explore the mechanism and significance of anti-telomerase gene therapy for bladder carcinoma.Methods The animal model was established by transplantion of human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 into the abdomens of nude mice.The plasmid pBBS-hTR,antisense human telomerase RNA gene expression vector,was injected into the model by using lipofectamine mediation (300 μl/day,once a day for 7 days).Then telomerase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoabsordent assay (PCR-ELISA),hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain and light microscopy,and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the effects of pBBS-hTR on telomerase activity,proliferation of T24 cells.Results The growth of bladder cancer in nude mice model was significantly decreased as compared with the control groups.The proliferation activity was inhibited by 48.7% and 2.8% (P0.05),respectively.Telomerase PCR-ELISA assay suggested that antisense telomerase RNA had a powerful inhibition on telomerase activity in T24 cells.HE staining showed the bladder cancer treated with pBBS-hTR had a lower cell density than the control groups.There was apoptotic characteristic by electroscopy in the meantime.Conclusion Injection of antisense telomerase RNA could induce inhibitory effects on the growth of bladder cancer in nude mice model by inhibition of telomerase activity and promotion of carcinoma cell's apoptosis,which provide the therapeutic potentiality of inhibiting or targeting telomerase as a novel antineoplastic strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer.


The lightweight, high sensitivity and low-price camera to image Cs-137 contamination in environment has been developed. These three merits have not been realized by recent gamma cameras and Compton cameras. The camera images Cs-137 distribution by detecting the characteristic X-rays from it instead of gamma-rays. We have investigated the performance of the characteristic X-ray camera (CXRC) in detail and the specification is summarized.


Multiple tumor nodules in the skin have been reported as occurring in the course of many malignant diseases. Almost every type of epithelioma, sarcoma or lymphoma has been known to involve the skin secondarily, but only a few types, such as melanoma, leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and cancer of the breast and of the stomach have given widespread cutaneous metastases. As such cutaneous involvement is uncommon, we are reporting a case of reticulum cell sarcoma in which the cutaneous manifestations were the outstanding clinical feature. In considering the differential diagnosis in the case which follows, Recklinghausen's disease, with countless neurofibromatous nodules scattered diffusely over the body, comes first to mind, but the sudden onset and the rapidly fatal course exclude this at once. Generalized lymphadenopathy is strong presumptive evidence of lymphoma as opposed to carcinoma and sarcoma, while a lack of pigmentation is against melanoma. A superficial examination serves to exclude


To investigate the external validity of laboratory results, we combine a public good experiment with three treatments in a field experiment. One treatment offers the opportunity to free-ride, the other two are placebo treatments. We compare results within subjects. In the free-riding treatment, subjects who contribute little in the lab are less productive. This effect is quantitatively as important as the effect of ability. The correlation between lab and field disappears in the two placebo treatments. We conclude that we can use lab experiments to learn about behavior in situations that share the game form but not necessarily the frame.


Rapid and reliable test of SOCs necessitates upfront consideration of the test power issues. Special attention should be paid to scanbased cores as the test power problem is more severe due to excessive switching activity stemming from scan chain transitions during shift operations. We propose a scan chain modification methodology that transforms the stimuli to be inserted to the scan chain through logic gate insertion between scan cells, reducing scan chain transitions. We provide a mathematical analysis that helps model the impact of scan chain modifications on test stimuli transformations. Based on this analysis, we develop algorithms for transforming a set of test vectors into power-optimal test stimuli through cost-effective scan chain modifications. Even in the highly challenging case of fully specified test vectors, more than an order of magnitude reduction in scan-in power is attained by the proposed methodology, exceeding previous power reduction levels significantly.


Autonomy with respect to psychostimulant medication for children has proven to be problematic in the face of the many influence processes at work in a climate of uncertainty and controversy over both the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) and the medications associated with it, Ritalin® and analogous medications (RAM). The reconstruction of these influence processes using the framework of social representations theory allowed, in turn, for the reconstruction of a rather complex set of social dynamics based on a review of the literature. Among other things, this investigation revealed a landscape dominated by groups of professionals, where collaboration is more purposive than operative. In this context parents are subject to a concentration of influences in the form of pressure and scientific legitimation exerted mainly by groups of professional and scientific actors.


The natural resource is the most basic material and energy foundation for the human society's survival and development. All the human society pays more attention to the natural resources along with the natural resource's shortage and the ecological environment's worsening. This article has discussed the background and the significance of natural resource's concept and has analyzed the different natural resource's definitions in different academic fields. It has proposed that natural resource's concept should be understood from the different dimensions (such as time﹑space and value). It has pointed out that the definition of the natural resource is conditional, relative, dynamic. This article also presents the new comprehension of the generally recognized definition of the modern natural resources , which would provide the theory basis for people's engaging in natural resource practice and development.


This paper proposes a mathematical model for converting conveyor assembly line to cellular manu- facturing in complex production environments. Complex production environments refer to the situations with multi-products, variant demand, different batch sizes and the worker abilities varying with work stations and products respectively. The model proposed in this paper aims to determine (1) how many cells should be formatted; (2) how many workers should be assigned in each cell; (3) and how many workers should be rested in shortened conveyor line when a conveyor assembly line should be converted, in order to optimize system performances which are defined as the total throughput time and total labor power. We refer the model to a new production system. Such model can be used as an evaluation tool in the cases of (i) when a company wants to change its production system (usually a belt conveyor line) to a new one (including cell manufacturing); (ii) when a company wants to evaluate the performance of its converted system. Simulation experiments based on the data collected from the previous documents are used to estimate the marginal impact that each factor change has had on the estimated performance improvement resulting from the conversion.


Digital contact tracing (DCT) applications, as a type of location-based application, have been employed in many countries to help mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 virus. However, the emergence of DCTs has amplified concerns over privacy issues as consumers are confronted with the ethical dilemma that arises regarding serving public and private interests. In other words, to what extent are consumers willing to negotiate their privacy concerns to gain perceived social benefits? Drawing on Social Exchange Theory as the theoretical lens to examine interpersonal relations between the government and consumers, this study investigates the extent to which consumers' perceived social benefits (e.g., reciprocity, trust, and reputation) mediate the relationship between privacy concerns and the intention to use DCT applications. Based on 269 usable responses, the results revealed that government trust was insignificant in mediating the relationship between privacy concerns and intention to use the DCT application. Rather, the expected reciprocal benefits and reputation enhancement were found to have significant mediating effects. Perceived government regulation was also found to moderate the relationship between privacy concerns and government trust. The paper concludes with suggestions for practitioners and policymakers on the plausible strategies to encourage the adoption of DCT applications. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


Cryptocurrencies are a subset of virtual currencies that have been devised for anonymous payments made entirely independent of governments and traditional financial institutions. The payment system of cryptocurrencies is expanding at a rapid pace and has reached Ethiopia. This article examines the extent to which cryptocurrencies are regulated under Ethiopia's national payment system and anti-money laundering legal norms. The study has employed doctrinal research supported by in-depth interviews. During the last decade, Ethiopia has adopted several legal frameworks that govern different aspects of the payments landscape, most notably regarding payment services and electronic money. The country has anti-money laundering legal norms that are embodied in domestic laws and international and regional instruments that it has ratified. However, these legal norms have strategic deficiencies in regulating cryptocurrencies. Thus, the government of Ethiopia should consider enacting a comprehensive law that regulates the payment system of cryptocurrencies.


ABSTRACT: Numerous neighborhood effect studies have reported on the negative consequences of living in disadvantaged neighborhoods for various employment outcomes, such as the duration of welfare dependence and level of income. One hypothesis for explaining this relationship is the social isolation hypothesis, which assumes that low-income residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods are worse off than their counterparts in mixed neighborhoods because they rely on other disadvantaged neighbors to find work. These ideas are addressed by comparing survey data on social resources in the social networks of residents in a low-income neighborhood and a socioeconomically mixed neighborhood in the Dutch city of The Hague. Findings show that living in a low-income neighborhood influences labor market participation indirectly by limiting residents' access to job information. However, differences in access to job information cannot be explained by the high degree of neighborhood orientation in the social networks of residents in the low-income neighborhood.


In x-ray differential phase contrast imaging (DPCI), a simple sinusoidal model is used to describe the measured signal intensities. When there is no noise added to the measurements, one is able to estimate the three unknown parameters, absorption contrast, phase-contrast, and small angle scatter, directly from the signal model. However, for x-ray detections, noise is always present and the noise level increases with a decrease in x-ray flux. When noise is involved, an experimental ensemble average is needed to make the above parameter estimation method accurate. Unfortunately, an ensemble average requires a large number of measurements acquired under identical experimental conditions. Such repetition procedures would significantly prolong the data acquisition time and require additional radiation dose to the image object. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a reliable parameter estimation method from a group of single x-ray signal intensity measurements. This paper addresses this concern by proposing a statistical signal estimation method. This method maximizes the joint probability of measurements in a complete phase stepping period and is able to estimate the three unknowns in DPCI simultaneously. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the statistical signal estimation method outperformed the current blind estimation method by minimizing the noise variance of each parameter. As a result, this method has the potential to further improve the dose efficiency of DPCI.


Since its announcement made on September 6, 2011, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) has been pursuing the goal of a minimum EUR/CHF exchange rate of 1.20, promising to intervene on currency markets to prevent the exchange rate from falling below this level. We use a compound option pricing approach to estimate the latent exchange rate that would prevail in the absence of the SNB's interventions, together with the market's confidence in the SNB's commitment to this policy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:1103–1116, 2015


Significance Changes in sulfur isotope ratios (34S/32S) of marine sulfur phases are often attributed to global biogeochemical perturbations. Sediments collected on the shelf of the Gulf of Lion revealed remarkable sulfur isotopic fluctuations in sedimentary pyrite over the last 500,000 years, ranging between −44.0‰ and 32.3‰. We suggest this pattern is related to changes in the local environmental deposition, specifically, sedimentation modulating connectivity with the overlying water column and resulting microbial activity. Besides providing new understanding of an important and poorly constrained aspect of past glacial−interglacial transitions, our results are critically important because they question the degree to which changes in sulfur isotopes in pyrite reflect global biogeochemical processes versus local depositional conditions. The sulfur biogeochemical cycle plays a key role in regulating Earth's surface redox through diverse abiotic and biological reactions that have distinctive stable isotopic fractionations. As such, variations in the sulfur isotopic composition (δ34S) of sedimentary sulfate and sulfide phases over Earth history can be used to infer substantive changes to the Earth's surface environment, including the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Such inferences assume that individual δ34S records reflect temporal changes in the global sulfur cycle; this assumption may be well grounded for sulfate-bearing minerals but is less well established for pyrite-based records. Here, we investigate alternative controls on the sedimentary sulfur isotopic composition of marine pyrite by examining a 300-m drill core of Mediterranean sediments deposited over the past 500,000 y and spanning the last five glacial−interglacial periods. Because this interval is far shorter than the residence time of marine sulfate, any change in the sulfur isotopic record preserved in pyrite (δ34Spyr) necessarily corresponds to local environmental changes. The stratigraphic variations (>76‰) in the isotopic data reported here are among the largest ever observed in pyrite, and are in phase with glacial−interglacial sea level and temperature changes. In this case, the dominant control appears to be glacial−interglacial variations in sedimentation rates. These results suggest that there exist important but previously overlooked depositional controls on sedimentary sulfur isotope records, especially associated with intervals of substantial sea level change. This work provides an important perspective on the origin of variability in such records and suggests meaningful paleoenvironmental information can be derived from pyrite δ34S records.


In many tourism destinations, sustainability of the local economy leans on small and medium-sized hotels that are individually owned and operated by members of the community. Suffering from seasonality more than their big competitors, these hotels should undertake marketing initiatives to counteract wide demand fluctuations. Such initiatives are most effective if based on accurate occupancy forecasts, which must be performed at the individual hotel level. In this aim, the present paper suggests a demand forecasting approach adapted to specific features that characterize reservation data for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the hospitality sector. The proposed framework integrates historical and advanced booking methods into a forecast combination with time-varying, performance-based weights. Whereas historical methods use only past observations about the number of guests recorded on a particular stay night to forecast future room occupancy (long-term perspective), advanced booking methods predict bookings-to-come based on partially accumulated data from reservations on hand (short-term perspective). In order to provide a possible solution to data sparsity issues that affect the application of advanced booking models to hospitality SMEs, a procedure that incorporates length-of-stay information directly into the reservation processing phase is also introduced. The methodology is tested on real time series of reservation data from three Italian hotels, located either in a city center (Milan) or in a typical destination for seasonal holidays (Lake Maggiore). Model parameters are calibrated on a training dataset and the accuracy of the occupancy forecasts is evaluated on a holdout sample. The results validate earlier findings about combinations of long-term and short-term forecasts and, in addition, show that using performance-based weights improves the quality of forecasts. Reducing the risk of large forecast failures, the proposed methodology can indeed have practical implications for the design and implementation of effective demand-side policies in hospitality SMEs. These policies are expected to provide a competitive advantage that can be crucial to the sustainability of small establishments in a context of growing global tourism.


With the rapid advancement of technology development at the moment, as a first step in using technology and science that exists, then designed a system that is able to facilitate the application of SMA Negeri 2 librarians North Cikarang in the data store data and improve students' reading interests / high school student Cikarang Aairs 2 North. At this writing, the application is built used to store books - books in the library, the data of the student / student member of the library, the data of the student / students who borrow and return books, using Visual Basic 6.0 as an interface and MySQL as the database . Where this application is expected to im- prove the performance of the librarian in the record of the student / students who borrow and return books, record books - books in the library and can facilitate the student / students in nding books they want.


WE APPEAR to have come full circle from the days in the latter part of the 19th century when specialty practice was looked upon with a good deal of suspicion, and even scorn, by established medical practitioners. In Canada, this attitude is best described in a resolution passed by the General Council of the Canadian Medical Association at its 14th Annual Meeting, held in 1881: "Whereas, the system of specialism and specialists which at present obtains to a certain extent in the Dominion, and which has developed to very large proportions in the neighboring republic of the U.S.A. is for the most part the outgrowth of superficial professional education and a want of success as practitioners of medicine and surgery; Therefore Be It Resolved, that it is the opinion of this Society that specialism should be discountenanced by the members of the Society, and that, except in the rare cases where long experience, extended study and peculiar aptitude have placed a man in a special position toward his brethren, specialists should be treated and looked upon as irregular practitioners". We have moved from that attitude, through an almost complete preoccupation with specialization, subspecialization, and medical technology from 1945-1965, to the present, which has been called a period of renaissance in general practice/family medicine. What were some of the milestones along the way?


This study developed an optical module for laser headlamps with a tunable light field. Laser headlamps have high and low beam lighting functions that are applied by changing the numbers of unit headlamps. For regulatory validation, we validated the project in accordance with the Regulation No. 112 of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) to determine whether the results meet the regulatory requirements or not. The proposed design increased the lighting distance by 2.14 times and decreased the size of the mechanism by 45% relative to the values for LED headlamps. High and low beam lighting functions were provided by the same laser sources.


It's an honour to feature Stella Dextre Clarke in this issue. She is a past winner of UKeiG's prestigious Tony Kent Strix Award, Vice Chair of the UK branch of the International Society for Knowledge Organization and presented at last year's Tony Kent Strix Memorial Lecture at the Geological Society in London. For those of you who couldn't attend the event, she has written an extensive feature that traces the history of the award winners going back to 1998, articulating how their research and achievements reflect the scope and evolution of information retrieval through the years.
Keywords: Information Retrieval, Search, Awards, Tony Kent Strix, Knowledge Organisation


AbstractThe strength of soldered joints has been measured as a function of their width and the results are compared with theoretical estimates. An explanation is given for noted deviations from theoretical predictions. Measurements have also been made of the elastic modulus of solder at high stresses. A possible relation to a ductile fracture mechanism by cavity coalescence is briefly considered.


In Section 1 of the research, it is established that the spread of the COVID-19 virus all over the world has determined a new wave in digital tourism development. In this part of the research, the direction of its development is substantiated from the positions of its functional content (social media, recommendations, and so on). In Section 2 of the research, ecology tourism development by means of the usage of e-technologies is accentuated. At the same time, the importance of development of the tourism sector in general and ecology tourism in particular with the application of cluster approach is proved. For this purpose, the ring model of tourist clusters implementation in Ukraine is clarified. It is calculated that formation of 10 tourist clusters enables a state to obtain additional $500m to its budget during 5 years, to involve $800m to $1.5bn of investments into the tourism sector, as well as to form 800 work places in this and relevant sectors. Considering a raise in influence of endogenic and exogenic factors on the tourism sector, the need in researching digital representation of nature reserves and national parks is recognized. The research estimates their web sites and social networks accounts. This estimation is carried out by means of content analysis application. It is stated that at the moment it is difficult to speak of a due level of digital representation of nature reserves and national parks. The research helps evaluate the preparedness of the mentioned objects' administrations for current changes by analyzing the following indicators: the number of visitors, infrastructure development, factors of tourist flow formation. It is established that nature reserves and national parks administrations are not duly prepared for current conditions of the Industry 4.0 development. It is determined that the acceptable forms of tourism development nowadays are digital and ecological tourism, as well as their combinations. For this area, a perspective step is determination and analytical estimation of a digital tourism implementation model as a socially targeted and ecological activity, as well as definition of potential opportunities for innovations' development on recreational territories.


The control of multiple robots in the context of tele-exploration tasks is often attentionally taxing, resulting in a loss of situational awareness for operators. Unmanned aerial vehicle swarms require significantly more multitasking than controlling a plane, thus making it necessary to devise intuitive feedback sources and control methods for these robots. The purpose of this article is to examine a swarm's nonverbal behaviour as a possible way to increase situational awareness and reduce the operators cognitive load by soliciting intuitions about the swarm's behaviour. To progress on the definition of a database of nonverbal expressions for robot swarms, we first define categories of communicative intents based on spontaneous descriptions of common swarm behaviours. The obtained typology confirms that the first two levels (as defined by Endsley: elements of environment and comprehension of the situation) can be shared through swarms motion-based communication. We then investigate group motion parameters potentially connected to these communicative intents. Results are that synchronized movement and tendency to form figures help convey meaningful information to the operator. We then discuss how this can be applied to realistic scenarios for the intuitive command of remote robotic teams.


Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) operate in a changing environment. First was the transition from the reimbursement system of the 1980s and 1990s to our current Prospective Payment System. Along with that came the challenges of educating and re-educating staff and patients about achieving optimal outcomes within prescribed periods of time. Now the paradigm is shifting once again. This time the shift is more clinical rather than fiscal. Although the following discussion specifically applies to patients with Medicare coverage, the new guidelines set the standard within the industry for all patients. In 2009, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) rescinded HCFA Ruling 85-2, "Medicare Criteria for Coverage of Inpatient Hospital Rehabilitation Services," 50 FR 31040 (July 31, 1985) as corrected at 50 FR 32643 (August 13, 1985). Some regulations remain unchanged. Patients can be considered acute rehabilitation candidates if they can be expected to make significant functional gains in a reasonable time. REFERENCES 1. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/. 2. Finkelstein EA, Corso PS, Miller TR. The Incidence and Economic Burden of Injuries in the United States.?USA: Oxford University Press; 2006. 3. Hansen TS, Engberg AW, Larsen K. Functional oral intake and time to reach unrestricted dieting for patients with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1556-62. 4. Shalev AY, Freedman S, et al. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:630-7. 5. Gregg SC, Harrington DT, Adams CA Jr. The evolution of the Rhode Island trauma system: where do we stand? Med Health RI 2009 May;92:172-4.


Reactivity coefficients for some rare earth oxides are reported from measurements similar to those made in the Dresden Critical Assembly. The comparative data are tabulated. The accuracy of the average measurement is better than 0.1%, where most of the error results from period timing. The comparison of similar samples measured in the Dresden and the critical assembly for the NS Savannah show similar results; however, some differences are evidenced which may be attributable to the difference in neutron spectra of the two reactors. (B.O.G.)


Abstract : Bioslurping is a new dynamic technology designed to efficiently recover free-floating petroleum hydrocarbons (free product) from the subsurface while simultaneously enhancing natural biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the vadose zone. Bioslurping is a vacuum-enhanced fluids pumping technology that simultaneously extracts groundwater, free product, and soil gas in the same process stream. The U.S. Air Force has initiated a multi-site program to evaluate the widespread application of bioslurping at free product-contaminated Air Force sites. The Air Force Bioslurper Initiative is designed to access the field application of the bioslurping technology at 36 Air Force sites. The field studies are designed to evaluate the efficacy of bioslurping for the recovery of free-floating fuel (free product) and to evaluate the potential for bioventing to enhance natural biodegradation of petroleum contaminants. The technical approach for conducting the bioslurper pilot tests includes assessing the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of each site, free-product baildown testing in site monitoring wells, soil gas analysis, and a bioslurper pump test. Bioslurping free-product recovery efficiency is compared to conventional skimming and dual-pump free-product recovery technologies, and bioventing potential is assessed via in situ respiration testing. The Air Force field program was initiated in July 1994. At the time of this writing, seven field tests have been completed. At each site bioslurping has yielded the highest LNAPL recovery rate. This paper presents a summary of LNAPL recovery data to date. Operational issues such as permitting and treatment of vapor and wastewater discharge will be discussed.


Developments in science and technology can lead to rapid high-techcrime (cybercrime). It is characterizedby the emergence ofvarious forms oftechnological innovation is one of Interconnected Network, popularly referred internet. Libel cases occur as a result of the abuse of freedom of social media can be trapped in addition to Criminal Act (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana) and Act Number 11 Year 2008 About Information and Transactions Electronics (UU ITE).


Dynamic representations situated within a "Which One Doesn't Belong?" routine can extend students' exploration of functions and can enable a focus on the variant and invariant characteristics of mathematical objects.


Taking advantage of digital image processing technology, automatic inspection for surface defects of cold-rolled steel strips promises real-time restriction and is preferable to human inspectors. Due to the complexity of surface texture, the images obtained from the existing online detection system cannot show the strip surface defects exactly, which becomes one of the important problems to be solved for the detection of surface defects of cold-rolled strip. A novel wavelet-based image filtering algorithm by virtue of anisotropic diffusion filtering is proposed in this paper. The algorithm is divided into four steps: wavelet decomposition, coefficient normalisation of wavelet diffusion, wavelet reconstruction, and edge detection. Experimental results indicated that the method could not only filter off the unnecessary texture background but also preserve the valuable information in detail effectively.


747 Background: Appropriate treatment for rectal cancer is vital to increasing the likelihood of survival. Disparities in receipt of appropriate radiation treatment have been observed with respect to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. We used enriched cancer registry data to identify alternative factors associated with receipt of appropriate radiation therapy for rectal cancer. Methods: Data were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System and were enriched with detailed treatment information collected from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Comparative Effectiveness Research study. Using multivariable regression, we evaluated factors associated with receipt of radiation therapy among rectal cancer cases summary stage II/III. Our sample (n=403) included cases diagnosed in Florida in 2011 who were 18 years and older. Cases clinically staged as 0/1/4 were excluded. Though patients over age 80 years (n=67) and those with stage IIA disease (n=185) may not routinely be prescribed radiation, th...


KAPRA (Korea Accelerator and Plasma Research Association) is conducting a project of designing and making a 1 MW, 700 MHz klystron which purpose the future stage of the PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) proton accelerator at KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute). And KAPRA has completed the proto-type klystron for proofs of principle and the performance test in first phase. The second phase is in progress at present. The goals of this phase are 1) making the new advanced klystron which was base on adjustment and repletion of previous work 2) setting up infra structure for baking, assembling, and supporting fabrication process 3) covering full power, operating CW and reliability issue 4) training the young scientists and engineers. In this paper, a summary of R&D status and results.


The shift of accreditation from standards to student outcomes has created the need to define the best way to measure the benefits that students are receiving from their education. This chapter examines what types of student learning outcomes are amenable to assessment for the purposes of accreditation.


Silicon samples, with a prediffused impurity layer, were irradiated between 800 and 1200 deg C, by energetic protons (250 kev to 1 Mev). After irradiation it was found that the impurity had diffused much faster than expected from thermal diffusion. The increase in diffusion coefficient took place at some distance of the end point of the proton range, typically 2 to 5 microns. This result is consistent with a model of point defect diffusion, where defects (vacancies or aggregates) created by irradiation diffuse in the bulk of the sample. It was thus possible to measure diffusion coefficients of the defects. Activation energy for motion near 1.2 ev and jump frequency of 10/sup 7/ sec/sup - 1/, at 850 deg C, was obtained. These values could be attributed to a divacancy. The annihilation mechanism was investigated, and is shown to depend on grown-in dislocation density. (auth)


Histopathology and ultrastructure of cultured Penaeus monodon infected byvibriosis were studied. Hemolymph smears stained with Giemsa's stain showed that thenumber of hemocytes of infected shrimps decreased significantly and some of hemocyteswere irregular in shape. Cytoplasmic of hemocytes was deeply stained and hyaline cellswere found few. The results of histopathology and ultrastructure showed that vibrioscaused necrosis and inflammation in gills, midgut, hepatopancreas, heart and muscle,especially in hepatopancreas. A large accumulation of hemocytes was found in these or-gans. Cells swelled and nucleocytoplasm was at the edge of nuclear. Muscle fiberswelled and arranged disorderly. Some mitochondrial cristae broke up; mitochondrialmembrane and nuclear membrane partially swelled, broke up and finally became un-clear. A lot of additive lysosomes were also found in gills and hepatopancreas of infectedshrimps. In the meantime, the activity of SOD of infected shrimps by transmusclar in-jection was measured. The result showed the activity of SOD decreased significantlyduring 2 hours after injection, later increased slowly and most of activity was restoredduring 48 hours after injection.


. Orthography is a part of language study that deals with letter and spelling and a graphic representation of spoken sounds. This paper tries to present a contrastive analysis between orthography and pronunciation of words that contain silent letters in Arabic and English based on script compilations. Based on the circumstance that Arabic and English have their writing system that different from each other, it is found that both of these languages have similarities in the field of silent letters.


Research findings indicate that different types of social relations have an important influence on the performance of employ ees in organisations. This paper focuses on a comparison of different met hods for acquiring information on advice, cooperation, friendship, adv ersarial and superficial networks in knowledge organisations. We investigate the applicability of three distinct measurement methods to acquire different kinds of complete network data by means of the recognition method. Data were collected in a small governmental organisation consisting of knowledge workers. First , employees were presented a short description of a specific situati on in which social relations with their colleagues might play a significant role . They had to indicate if (or how often) this specific situation occurred wit h each of the colleagues. Second, respondents were asked to indicate whether a specific relational concept (in this case 'advice' or 'friendship') app lied to each of their relations with their colleagues. Third, we provided respondents with four semantic differentials (e.g. distrust-trust) on whi ch they needed to position their relation with the other employees. Whether th ese different measurement instruments capture distinct aspects of the relation between employees, or whether they measure the same underlying concepts, is one of the major concerns of this paper. The aim of this p aper is twofold. First of all, we want to know to what extent these different measurement instruments overlap. Second, we would like to find out to what degree these different methods as a whole give us conceptually d ifferent and complementary information. To the extent that items are correlated within one method and between methods we need to investigate which of these different instruments is best suited for our conten t related purposes. The criteria used for selecting the most appropriate me thod are minimal item non-response ‐ i.e. from the viewpoint of measuring complete networks ‐ and maximum relational diversity with a minimum of questions.


In situ optical microscopy measurements show that thermochemical H-spillover and electrochemical H-intercalation in tungsten oxide proceed by a congruent mechanism at room temperature in the presence of an acidic electrolyte.


This study examined factors related to workplace gender diversity in a sample of 87 college-educated White women. Specifically, we investigated the moderating effects of one individual difference variable (sensitivity to sexism) and one contextual variable (perceptions of the workplace climate) in the relationship between the gender composition at the hierarchical level above the woman and her well-being (job satisfaction and general health). Results indicated that more negative well-being was associated with having more women working at the level above when women worked in a perceived negative climate whereas more positive well-being was associated with having more women working at the level above when women worked in a perceived positive climate. For general health, these findings were stronger for women who were also sensitive to sexism. Implications for research on gender diversity in work organizations are discussed.


A dual band antenna design is proposed and studied in this paper. The actual dual band operation is achieved by using the in phase L twin in form of V shape. The simulation study reveal that antenna can cover the useful two WLAN bands namely IEEE standards 802.11a b/g(2.4-2.4835GHz and 5WLAN), WIMAX bands (2.5-2.8GHz, 3.2-3.8GHz), and satellite TV in C band (3.7-4.2GHz). With proper dimensions choice antenna has been succefully radiate in two bands low band 2.2-3GHz and high band 3.3-6.25GHz with maximum gain 5.6dBi and 10.3dBi respectively, parameters dimensions can also be adjusted to achieve an ultra-wide band operation (2.2-6.5GHz) details of the design process are described in the sections to follow CST MWS 2012 is used as simulator tool.


Concrete Building. Formwork made of plywood has many drawbacks. A new sandwich system in plastic offers improved surface properties, greater durability and lower repair costs.


The authors analyzed the teaching contents and teaching forms of computer major-related subjects in Medicine Hat College,and discussed mainly how to train students' basic practice skills.Its successful experience can be used as a reference for EA College running.


This paper analyzes the defects of the traditional mechanical lubricator firstly,and introduces a new type of electric cylinder lubrication system further.It also gives details the control strategy of the main control unit,including the injection timing control and lubrication frequency control.Finally,it introduces the effect of its application in the real ealship and real marine engine.Form the experiments,it is concluded that: the cylinder oil injection concentrates in the piston curl,which has guaranteed the cylinder jacket lubrication effect.The oil injection frequency can be adjusted with parameters of load, fuel sulphur content,cylinder jacket wearing in condition and so on.It causes the cylinder oil consumption rate to reduce more than 30% compared to the mechanical lubricator.


We evaluate the performance of list sequence (LS) maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding on the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the fully interleaved flat Rayleigh fading channel. In particular, we focus on the frame error rate (FER) of LS-MAP decoding with genie-assisted error detection. It is demonstrated that LS-MAP decoding yields significant performance improvements relative to single sequence MAP decoding on the AWGN channel as well as the fully interleaved flat Rayleigh fading channel. Furthermore, feedback convolutional codes have been observed to have the potential to yield improved FER performance with both single sequence MAP and IS-MAP decoding, compared to feedforward convolutional codes. Based on these performance improvements, we propose a joint source-channel IS decoding scheme. The scheme is based on the max-log list algorithm for simultaneous soft symbol and IS decoding of convolutional codes. In existing systems where a cyclic redundancy check for error mitigation is concatenated with a convolutional code for error correction, this scheme can be implemented in a fully backward compatible receiver.


Two studies were conducted to assess the consistency of classification of college students as depressed or not depressed. In the first study, classification of students at three depression levels (not depressed, mildly depressed, moderately depressed) was compared using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores obtained on two occasions separated by either a 1-day or a 1-week interval. Whereas the overall test-retest reliability coefficients were acceptable, particularly when both administrations of the BDI occurred on the same day, the consistency of classification of subjects into the mild and moderate levels of depression was poor. In an attempt to determine the factors contributing to the poor classification consistency, a second study compared the effect of exposure to the BDI on subsequent BDI responses. Subjects who completed the BDI on two occasions showed significantly lower BDI scores compared to subjects exposed to an alternate depression inventory (the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale) or no prior questionnaire. In addition, a large percentage of subjects classified as moderately depressed following the initial BDI administration failed to be classified within the moderate categories on retesting the same day. Subjects tested using the Zung Depression Scale maintained the same depression classification when retested on the BDI. Item analyses failed to reveal significantly different amounts of change among individual BDI items.


We conducted the analysis using the data of the '2019 Korean Middle and Elderly Technology Acceptance Survey' to verify the comprehensive senior technology acceptance model. In this study, we examined the significant effect the relationship between behavioral intention to use the diital health devices and perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, gerontechnology self-efficacy, gerontechnology anxiety, facilitating conditions, attitude to life and satisfaction through the structural equation. The results of the research model are as follows. First, the usefulness and ease of use had significant effects on intention to use. Second, the self-efficacy had significant effects on the intention to use. But they had negative effect. Third, perceived usefulness, self-efficacy and anxiety had significant effects on ease of use. Lastly, self-efficacy, facilitating conditions, attitude to life and satisfaction had significant effects on perceived usefulness. These findings highlight that verified the comprehensive senior technology acceptance model in Korea.


Coronal tongue images made using ultrasound have been limited by lack of precision in transducer placement. To improve precision and accuracy of data collection, especially in the coronal plane, a transducer holder and a head holder have been developed. The transducer holder maintains the transducer at a specified submental location in either the sagittal or coronal plane. Beam angulation is determined relative to the mandibular rami. An acoustic standoff prevents transducer interference with mandibular movement. The head holder consists of three cup‐shaped cushions attached to the back of a dental chair which form a triangular support against the posterior head. A Velcro strap, placed around the head, is tightened by means of an eccentric. The head holder also contains a removable arm which can hold up to three strain gauge transducers allowing simultaneous lip and jaw measurements to be made. With increased instrumental accuracy, more subtle tongue shape comparisons can be made. The effects of coarticul...


Abstract Forests are excellent "outdoor classrooms" for active learning in ecology and evolution; however, in many areas trees have no leaves or visible animal activity for much of the year. Fallen leaves may preserve evidence of interactions such as herbivory and infectious diseases, although these can be difficult to differentiate from mechanical damage and decomposition in older fallen leaves. I developed an exercise in which students collect fallen leaves and observe several different types of damage to the leaves. I provide images and descriptions of different types of damage and practices to differentiate them. In addition, I provide a list of questions that can be answered by collecting fallen leaves and observations of damage. My students gained valuable quantitative literacy skills by entering data into an online worksheet and performing various calculations and data analysis techniques. This exercise provides many benefits and can be an engaging addition to a high school's or college's outdoor curriculum outside of the growing season.


Two knowledgeable guides take us through that contemporary looking-glass called the Internet, introducing readers to the Pastoral Resources Portal, and offering guidance and a few cautions for making use of this valuable tool. Their words reveal the web's potential not only for providing information, but also for serving as a supplement to our religious life.


In this essay I inquiry the image and the color in Hume's Treatise, in the way to relate with the institution, in opposition to the constitution.


The invention provides an implementation system for transforming a PCIe (peripheral component interface express) card into a PCI (peripheral component interface) card. The system comprises a server host, an extension box and a Cable; the server host is connected with the extension box through the Cable. A PCIe slot is extended to the outside of a server host case through the Cable, then the PCIe card is transformed into the PCI card to extend PCI slots, space limitations of the server host case are overcome, and more PCI slots can be extended. The system is applicable to extension of the PCIe slots into the PCI slots under the condition that the PCI slots of the server host are enough.


The present invention relates to a wave force generator that can not only generate electricity at a higher efficiency by rising tide and ebb tide in a condition of being installed at a shallow waterfront, etc., but also reduce production costs due to a simple structure, and have particularly no risk of lowering electricity generation as a plurality of blades can be spread smoothly according to a flowing direction of rising tide and ebb tide.


Crossing social boundaries and dispersing social identity: tracing deaf networks from Cape Town The conciliatory discourse of the South African Deaf social movement claims a commonality across South Africa's historical divides on the basis of a 'Deaf culture'. This claim in view of South Africa's deeply entrenched 'racial' divisions triggered this study. The study investigates the construction of Deaf identity and emphasizes the crossing of social boundaries in Cape Town, a society with a long history of discriminatory boundaries based on race. The study was carried out among adults who became deaf as children, the group for whom deafness, commonly viewed as both sensory and social deficit, is said to pose considerable linguistic, social and cultural challenges. It focused on strategies that deal with being deaf in a predominantly hearing world. To identify strategies, for this population without a geographical base, the study traced networks of social relationships. Fieldwork was carried out from September 1995 to December 2001. Between September 1995 and December 1997 research included systematic participant observation and informal interviews. Between January 1998 and December 2001 , continuing with participant observation and informal interviews, the study added formal interviews with a sample population of 94 deaf people across Cape Town, collected by the snowball method. The profile of this sample shows a relatively heterogeneous population on the basis of demographic factors and residential area but similarity on the basis of first language, Sign. The study demonstrates that history imposed boundaries. It categorized the Deaf as different from the hearing and in addition, in South Africa, produced further differentiation on the basis of apartheid category, age, Deaf school attended, method of education and spoken language. In this historical context the study identified a key strategy, 'Signing spaces'. A Signing space, identifiable on the basis of Sign-based communication, is a set of networks that extends from the deaf individual to include deaf and hearing people. On analysis it comprises a Sign-hear and a Sign-Q.e.gfspace. In Sign-~ networks, hearing people predominate. Relationships are domestic and near neighbourhood. In III Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


Although an increased number of those practising martial arts, there is little information about the physiological responses induced by such physical activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of an official kickboxing game (three 2�min rounds with a 1�min break between rounds) on handgrip muscle strength (HGS) considering the outcome of the game (winners vs. losers). Thirtyone kickboxers (age 24.5 (6.0) years, weight 74.1 (11.6) kg, height 1.77 (0.08) m and body mass index 23.5 (2.2) kg.m �2 , mean (standard deviation)) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and performed the HGS test using an isometric digital dynamometer (Takei, Tokyo, Japan) before and after a game. Dominant and nondominant hand HGS was measured and their sum was calculated. Postgame HGS decreased in total (�3.5 kg (�5.6;�1.4), 0.15 (mean (95% CI), effect size), in the dominant hand (�1.9 kg (�2.9;�0.9), 0.16) and in the nondominant hand (�1.6 kg (�3.3;� 0.6), 0.14). The largest decreases were noticed in winners (�4.6 kg (�6.5;�2.7), 0.22; �2.4 kg (�3.5;�1.3), 0.23; �2.2 kg (�3.4;�1.0), 0.21, respectively), while the corresponding findings in losers were not statistically significant (� 1.8 kg (�6.4;2.9), 0.07; �1.1 kg (�3.3;1.1), 0.08; �0.7 kg (�3.3;2.0), 0.05, respectively). We also observed different patterns in variability changes; variability increased in losers, while it decreased in winners. In conclusion, a kickboxing game has a negative effect of small size on HGS and this effect is related with the outcome of the game. The findings of this study can be used by coaches and fitness trainers in order to evaluate training load and achieve neuromuscular loads similar to game demands.


The utility model relates to a double-row tapered roller bearing, in particular to a novel structural sealed double-row tapered roller bearing which is used in a small wheel of a steckel mill. The utility model comprises an outer ring with a double raceway, two inner rings with single raceways, two cages, two rows of rollers and an inner spacer ring between inner rings. The utility model is characterized in that the external diameter of the outer ring presents a V shape, two skeletons are respectively arranged on the external end faces of the two cages, and every skeleton is matched with a seal ring. The utility model solves the deficiencies of prior art; providing a bearing which can be directly used as a small wheel in the steckel mill to roll on the orbit improving the bearing load and prolonging the service life of the bearing.


Applying the intrusion detecting algorithms directly on rough data for anomaly intrusion detection suffers from very low efficiency.A novel approach based on principal component analysis is conducted.With this approach relevant information was extracted and encoded in a network connection record.One network connection record encoding was compared with a database of network connection records.It captured the variation in a collection of connection records and find the principal components of the distribution of the connection records and detectes the anomaly behaviors efficiently by machine learning approch combined with PCA on the new feature space.Experimental results demonstrate that the approach can deerease the learning time and the space representation of different datasets when applying the methods with a combination with principal component analysis on different KDD99 cup datasets.


Introduction The TP53 gene encodes the tumour suppressor and cell cycle regulatory protein and is found to be mutated in a variety of carcinomas. Mutation in TP53 gene is associated with resistance to conventional therapy, disease progression and overall poor prognosis in solid tumours and haematological malignancies including Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). TP53 mutated sub-clones in MDS have been demonstrated by deep sequencing technology in prior studies. Strong nuclear staining of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry has been used as a surrogate marker for TP53 gene mutation in haematological and other malignancies. Methods We analysed sequential marrow samples for p53 expression on 35 patients with MDS from a single institution pre and post Azacitidine therapy. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded marrow biopsies were stained with DO-7 mouse p53 monoclonal antibody. 1000 haematopoietic cells were examined under the high power and p53 expression was determined as per Modified Quick Score. Results Median age of the patients was 70 and WHO subgroups were identified as follows: 7 RCMD, 1 5q-syndrome, 1 MDS/MPN, 8 CMML, 6 RAEB-1, 6 RAEB-2 and 6 t-MDS. Cytogenetic risk as per IPSS-R/CPSS showed 17 (50%) lower risk, 4(12%) intermediate risk and 13(38%) higher risk groups. Patients received a median 13 cycles of Azacitidine. Marrows were assessed prior to treatment and after 3-6 cycles. Median overall survival of the study group was 20 months and transformation to AML occurred in 13 patients (37%). At diagnosis, 27 patients (77%) were p53 negative and 8 patients (23%) were p53 positive. At reassessment, 24 patients (69%) remained p53 negative while 6 patients (17%) remained p53 positive. Two patients (6%) became p53 negative and 3 (8%) became p53 positive following Azacitidine treatment. Median overall survival of patients who remained p53 negative during Azacitidine treatment was 28 months compared to 11 months in patients who remained p53 positive, p=0.005. Similarly, median overall survival of patients who remained or became p53 negative was 28 months compared to 18 months for those who remained or became p53 positive during Azacitidine therapy, p=0.012. p53 expression at diagnosis or changes in p53 expression during Azacitidine treatment did not correlate with transformation to Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) or time to progression to AML. Among the p53 positive group, patients who had more than 10% p53 expression had lower overall survival compared to those who were Conclusions In conclusion, our study showed that p53 expression changes in some patients during treatment with Azacitidine. Persistently positive p53 expression correlates with poor survival but does not correlate with transformation to AML. Analysis of p53 expression by immunohistochemistry is a clinically useful tool without employing expensive gene sequencing techniques and is readily available for routine practice. This method may be particularly useful in predicting outcomes for a subgroup of MDS patients on Azacitidine. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


On the basis of experience running an outpatient clinic for
inflammatory bowel disease (IBO) for more than 25 years we concluded that a
long term follow-up regimen offers both therapeutic and scientific advantages.
The management program is based on treatment, information and social/
psychological support, factors which are mutually dependent. In Copenhagen
County, patients arc offered lifelong affiliation with the IBD clinic, which means
annual visits and easy access to treatment during recurrences. With this system,
we have been able to conduct epidemiological studies on the incidence and
prevalence of IBD in Copenhagen County. A systematic approach to clinical
activity assessment is available during the course of the disease for the individual
patients. We have found the economic and psychological costs for such a lifelong
surveillance program in IBO to be more than outweighed by the benefits to
patients and society.


Thin spot welding is frequently used for industrial purpose, such as automobile and aerospace industries and household appliances due to its high performance. In these days, the systemization of welding process made it possible to produce more precise or smaller electric parts. And when it comes to welding of steel sheets, the size of nugget must be getting smaller. Therefore, welding conditions are limited to avoid defects, such as deformation, damage and weakening of joining area. In this research, thin spot welding establishes the welding conditions, and then the measurement of the nugget size by the nondestructive inspection has been conducted. As a result, the right estimation of the nugget size, the detection of corona bond near joining area, the selection of the optimum ultrasonic mode, and setup for ultrasonic inspection are studied. From the trustworthy solutions of the nugget size estimated by results of measurement, the optimum inspection conditions depending upon the width of welding parts are determined as well.


The authors have studied light-induced degradation in hydrogenated and deuterated amorphous silicon alloy solar cells in which intrinsic layers were deposited by using SiH{sub 4}+H{sub 2} and SiD{sub 4}+D{sub 2} gas mixtures respectively. Replacing hydrogen with deuterium in the intrinsic layer of the cell improves stability against light exposure. On the other hand, cells in which intrinsic layers were deposited from SiD{sub 4}+H{sub 2} and SiH{sub 4}+D{sub 2} do not show any improvement in stability. This result shows that improved stability in deuterated cell does not originate from simple replacement of hydrogen with deuterium. From deuterium/hydrogen effusion measurements, the authors found similar effusion at low temperature (400 C) in both deuterated film and hydrogenated film prepared with heavy dilution. The latter film was shown to have oriented microstructure which was correlated with higher stability. This correlation strongly indicates that microstructure of the material plays a key role in improving the stability.


In some applications such as automotive oxygen sensor, 5mol% Y2O3stabilized zirconia (5YSZ) is generally used because it has both excellent ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. the automotive oxygen sensor would experience a cyclic change from high temperature (engine running) environment to the lowtemperature damp environment (in the tail pipe when vehicle stops). The microstructures change with coupled conditions of thermal cycle and dump environment in the 5mol%Y2O3–ZrO2 (5YSZ) system was examined by XRD,Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in this paper.


Antennal responses to host and non‐host odours were recorded, using the electroantennogram technique, from four gomphocerine grasshoppers with different feeding habits: Bootettix argentatus (monophagous on Larrea, a dicotyledonous plant), Ligurotettix coquilletti (oligophagous on dicotyledonous plants), Cibolacris parviceps (polyphagous) and Chorthippus curtipennis (graminivorous). The patterns of responses across the plant odours were similar for all four grasshopper species, but there was a relatively greater response to the odour of Larrea in B. argentatus and L. coquilletti which specialise on this plant. This suggests that there is considerable overall similarity in the make up of the olfactory receptor populations of these four grasshoppers species, but that some specificity for hostplant odour does exist at the antennal level.


Construction-agent system can realize the separation of investment,construction,management and use by special management of project management company.This paper analyses the procedure of construction-agent system which is suitable to the situation of our country,and points out that the project management company should organization actualizing and take full charge of the project for investors.And energetically advance of the development of construction-agent system will effectively promote the project management level in general and enhance the international competence of construction industry in china.


Those engaged in the research and practice of MI have shown interest in treatment adherence as an indicator of effective MI and have expressed curiosity in the threshold at which MI practice could be viewed as "good enough". The most widely used and often cited of MI integrity measures are the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code (MISC) and the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code (MITI). These adherence tools share similar descriptive coding systems for therapist in-session behavior. MI fidelity standards are often used as reference points for therapist performance, yet practitioners rarely meet full criteria. Further, substandard ratings have been associated with positive client change. These findings have elicited questions about the necessary levels of therapist treatment adherence to promote client change and suggested the need for empirically-derived fidelity standards. This study analyzed existing data from a sample of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) sessions from Running Header: MI TREATMENT INTEGRITY & CLIENT CHANGE Fischer, vi Project MATCH (Matching Alcohol Treatments to Client Heterogeneity) that were audio recorded and previously coded with the MISC. MI adherence variables were analyzed along with client drinking outcomes to test the relationship between therapist fidelity and client change. Therapist adherence was determined using behavioral codes common to the MITI and MISC. Client change thresholds were determined using clinically significant change standards developed by Jacobson and Truax. The relationships between therapist adherence level and client change thresholds were examined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Findings showed mixed support for the relationship between therapist adherence level and client drinking outcomes, but yielded levels of therapist MI adherence associated with client changes in drinking outcomes. Running Header: MI TREATMENT INTEGRITY & CLIENT CHANGE Fischer, vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... x CHAPTER


Abstract:Marijuana is derived from the cannabis sativa plant originating in central and southeast Asia. In recent years, there was increasing popularity and use of marijuana in addition to the legalization of its recreational use in parts of the United States. Singing teachers should be fam iliar with the voice effects of marijuana so that they may counsel students about marijuana usage. The authors sent a web-based questionnaire to adult voice center patients. The survey was designed to collect relevant demographic data, past laryngeal history, marijuana use history, and beliefs about effects of marijuana on voice. Those who used marijuana reported voice symptoms that they attributed to marijuana use, including hoarseness, breathiness and weakness. Smoking marijuana may cause immediate and long-term voice dysfunction. No positive changes to the voice have been identified. Further research is necessary to evaluate changes to the voice and safety of marijuana use, but voice teachers should be aware of the common adverse effects.


One solution to the logistical constraints seen in ethylene plant furnace scheduling is technology that automatically generates multiple optimised schedules for schedulers to analyse and quickly select the best one to be executed.


Information embedded in the fluid dynamic properties undergo stochastic behaviour when propagating from transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx). This is due to the high dimensionality and continuous dynamic forces of the environment, which erodes the achievable mutual information. Quantifying the statistical noise distribution and mutual information with respect to the key fluid dynamic parameters is important to molecular communication. Here, we empirically study macro- scale molecular signal propagation using a planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) method. We first statistically characterize both the additive and jitter noise distribution. We show that mutual information is maximized under certain transmission strategies and varies with the receiver size. The statistical results can benefit future studies to analyse the impact on communication reliability, and design superior modulation coding schemes.


We demonstrate the first waveguide-coupled metal-cavity nanoLED in a III-V photonic membrane bonded to a silicon substrate, which operates at telecommunication wavelengths. The device works under electrical injection and was characterized through a grating coupler.


Demographic characteristics for the population of 15 Indian states are tabulated and compared with figures for the entire country. Growth rates vary among these states and between rural and urban areas of India. Several important biological and sociological factors which might interconnect to account for the variation in growth rates are considered. The factors examined are: 1) female average age at marriage 2) the female average age at effective marriage 3) age at menarche 4) proportion of women married in various age groups and 5) average number of births throughout the marriage. Continued biosocial research into the factors governing fertility is needed.


Since 50's of twenty century, ADR has developed greatly in America. What caused ADR so much development in such a country like America, which has a tradition of rule of law? in China today, in condition of the explosion of lawsuits, thoudht of such problem will be helpful to the effective utilization of current dispute rscolution resources.


Substance-specific factors (SPFk), average polarity factors (APF), retention polarities (RP), McReynolds polarities (MP), and effective polarities (P) for 26 stationary phases spanning the entire range of polarity were recently determined at 120°C. Here, their temperature dependence for 8 stationary phases and the first 5 McReynolds probes at the 60‐150°C temperature range is studied. A very good correlation between ln SPF versus temperature is found for most cases. Decreasing straight lines are obtained for benzene, pentan-2one, and pyridine, and increasing straight lines are obtained for n-butanol and 1-nitropropane. Regarding ln APF versus temperature dependence, a linear correlation is merely adequate for Squalane (coefficient of regression r 2 = 0.9999) and XF-1150 (r2 = 0.9944) and somewhat worse for TFPS35 (r2 = 0.9249) and OV-101 (r2=0.9023); the variation for the rest of the trifluoropropyl siloxanes is negligible, and straight lines quasi-parallel to the temperature axum are obtained. The correlation with temperature is very good for the Kovats coefficient but rather unequal for RP, MP, and P.


The effects of positive and negative temperature and static load on the main informative parameters (structure coefficient, partial energy, location) of acoustic emission (AE) signals, which determined the mechanism for changing the structure of carbon fiber and the beginning of its destruction, are investigated. Tests of specimens of carbon fiber T800, made of nine monolayers with laying [±45/90/О3/90/±45], size 600x100x0.9 mm. Each sample was subjected to static loading and the effects of positive (+20, +40, +60, +80, +100 °С) or negative (–20, –40, –60, –80 °C) temperatures in the area of the concentrator in the form of a 12 mm diameter hole. Using fractography, changes in the structure of carbon plastic from the applied static load and temperature and changes informative parameters were analyzed. It was shown that the lamination of the material with simultaneous exposure to static load and temperatures from –80 to –20 °C and from +60 to +100 °C corresponded to an increase in the structural coefficient and partial energy, which caused an energy shift in the frequency range 125…250 kHz. Under the same static loads, but temperatures of +20 and +40 °C, informative parameters took on minimal values, that meant the energy was shifted to the frequency range 250…500 kHz, characterized the crumbling of the matrix and breaking of the fibers without lamination of the CFRP. Under all temperature conditions, the location of the signals began in the hole area and spread in the direction of the static load. The detection the disturbance of the CFRP structure by the informative parameters of AE signals makes it possible to reduce the risk of emergency situations during working of the composite construction.


In C-Mn and some low alloyed steels, the plastic deformation begins by a macroscopic heterogeneous strain which materializes into the propagation of a strain band along a tensile sample with a uniform cross-section. This band is named Luders, or Piobert-Luders, band and it is considered by some authors as a plastic wave. This particular strain localization, which goes through the length of the sample, is explained by an avalanche phenomenon which enables step by step to unfix the dislocations from their Cottrell's atmosphere. However, although its effects are well enough known, one knows much less its causes. In this paper, the travel of the Luders band is monitored thanks to several techniques based on different physical principles: optical (speckle interferometry), thermal (infrared pyrometry) and acoustic (acoustic emission). The position of the band, its inclination, its propagation speed and the strain rate inside the band are the main points of comparison between each technique. They allow verifying some features about the propagation of the bands and giving some new assumptions about their formation and their development.


Abstract Differences between the archaeologies practised north and south of the Rio Grande can be understood in terms of the history of colonization as well as the varying sizes and complexity of the pre‐Hispanic cultures. Archaeology in Mexico began in the late eighteenth century when Charles III of Spain commissioned research into the monuments. Despite the intervention of many European and North American institutions and scholars with diverse theoretical viewpoints and personal interests in building their careers, archaeology in Mexico remains primarily a state monopoly to be justified by its contribution to public education, the economy and the broader cultural needs of the nation.


ABSTRACT The high pressure behavior of gallium phosphide, GaP, has been examined using the synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique in a diamond anvil cell up to 27 GPa and 900 K. The transition from a semiconducting to a metallic phase was observed. This transition occurred at 22.2 GPa and room temperature, and a negative dependence of temperature of this transition was found. The transition boundary was determined to be P (GPa) = 22.6 − 0.0014 × T (K).


Wafer bonding in combination with ion slicing emerges as a flexible technology by which bulk quality thin layers can be transferred onto different host materials. In the first part of this paper a successful application of this process to transfer 4-inch InP layer onto Si wafer is demonstrated. The use of an SiO2 interlayer makes the fabricated heterostructures compatible with high temperature processes. In the second section we address the applicability of this process for 2-inch freestanding GaN wafers which exhibit a strong post-implantation bowing making any bonding exceedingly difficult. We describe the origin of this bow enhancement and present a novel strategy to manipulate it. Based on our approach a successful bonding of 2-inch free-standing GaN onto sapphire handle wafers is achieved. Finally, by using a variety of experimental techniques, we explore the atomic processes and structural transformations involved in H ion-induced GaN splitting. A plausible mechanistic picture is presented.


An important part of the LPD's mission is to improve the quality of life for village residents, and it does so through implementing a wide range of programs and projects that benefit the community. For the purpose of this study, we are interested in determining how professionalism and regulatory body functions affect financial reporting quality. The Village Credit Institution in Gianyar Regency served as the site of this study. A total of 1,711 workers from 270 LPDs were included in this study. Purposive sampling was used to choose the 255 participants in this study, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine each participant's health. Financial report quality is positively and significantly influenced by professionalism, according to the findings of this study. The financial report quality variable is positively impacted by the role of the oversight body. The quality of financial statements is positively influenced by the level of accounting knowledge. As a starting point for developing legislation and policies aimed at raising the standard of financial reporting, the findings of this study should be taken into account.


The present invention relates to a permanent finish for cellulose-containing fibers and fibrous substrates. The active ingredient of the finishing agent is a hydroxyl-containing amine, preferably, the active component of the finishing agent is trialkanolamine. When combined with a suitable crosslinking agent, the amine is crosslinked on this substrate fiber bonded to said substrate fiber, and said amine is permanent with respect to cleaning procedures, a soft resinous coating formed to. The polymeric coating imparts renewable control of antimicrobial activity and specific odor permanence.


The invention relates to a preparation method of a traditional Chinese medicine lotion for acute mastitis caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, which belongs to the traditional Chinese medicine preparation method technical field. Currently, the treatment for treating acute mastitis caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis generally employs antibiotics and sulfonamides, and the disadvantage of the antibiotics and sulfonamides is large side effect. A technical scheme is characterized in that orange blossom, green tangerine peel, clove, fiveleaf akebia fruit, illicium verum, kamuning, aspongopus, sword bean, elecampane, szechwan Chinaberry fruit, mysorethorn, combined spicebush, Nardostachyos Root and Rhizome, ambergris, red sage root, camellia, osbeckia chinensis, hairyvein agrimony, pseudo-ginseng, garden burnet, Pink Reineckea Herb, plant soot, Terra Frava Usta, Crinis Carbonisatus, rumex japonicas, marmor serpentinatum, Cacumen biotae, Madder, common sage herb, wild sesame, lithospermum, Japanese beauty-berry, sophora flower and licorice are taken, the above 35 traditional Chinese medicines are placed in water for immersing, and then decocted by slow fire, wherein the decocted soup is the traditional Chinese medicine lotion for acute mastitis caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis. The prepared traditional Chinese medicine has the advantages of small toxic and side effects, short treatment course and high cure rate.


Factorization algorithms widely used in projective reconstruction handle all of images uniformly without preferential treatment for any image. However, they require that all the points are visible in all views. Due to reasons, such as occlusion, the demand can not be satisfied. For the factorization method to be better applicable, we propose a new factorizationbased algorithm combining 2D reprojection error and subspace method for projective reconstruction with missing data, which estimates projective shape, projection matrices, projective depths and missing data iteratively. Estimation problems of projective shape and projection matrices are formulated in terms of the minimization of 2D reprojection error. The subspace method is used to estimate projective depths. Experimental results using both synthetic data and real images are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. Keywords-projective reconstruction; missing data; 2D reprojection error; subspace


According to the issues existed in present environmental landscape planning in residential quarters concrete method and suggestions are introduced. Author emphasized that the humanized design with "behavior space" conception should be embodied in environmental landscape planning for residential quarters.


Reviews the books "Asi es" and "Student Activities Manual," by Nancy Levy-Konesky and Karen Daggett. Review of the accompanying videotapes entitled "Asi es," by Nancy Levy-Konesky.


This paper provides a model which helps explain the variability of stock liquidity premium. I model liquidity as a time-varying price impact and include both permanent as well as temporary price impact. Liquidity premium is defined as an additional return that stock should yield to compensate an investor for the loss of wealth utility caused by price impact costs. I find that liquidity premium varies with the expected net stock return, return volatility and, to a lesser extent, with the returns on risk-free bonds. I also conclude that the liquidity premium arises mainly as a result of the effect of temporary price impact. The "Per unit liquidity premium" associated with temporary price impact is more than 2 times higher than that associated with the permanent one.


Using distance dependent tight binding molecular dynamics model (DDTB MD), the relative rotation processes in the sodium cluster collisions have been studied at the different incident energies and different impact parameters. It shows that for a given energy, there is a critical impact parameter. Under this impact parameter, the rotational energy increases rapidly with the increasing of the impact parameter, while above this parameter, the rotational energy decreases when increasing impact parameters. At lower energy, the relaxation time of the relative rotation is longer than that at higher energies.


According to their note about themselves, "Eric R. Pianka and Laurie J. Vitt are hard core/longterm university ecologists. ... They wrote a prizewinning coffee table book 'Lizards: Window to the Evolution of Diversity' ... Pianka was awarded the Eminent Ecologist Award by the Ecological Society of America in 2015. Vitt is an elected member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences." (P. 237; page numbers without further identification refer to pages of the book under review.)


We address an important empirical question as to which firm-level characteristic best predicts stock returns in the UK equity market. To answer this question, we employ a semiparametric characteristic-based factor model first introduced by Connor, Hagmann and Linton (2012). We also augment their model by including the liquidity characteristic together with the market, size, momentum, volatility and book-to-market factors. We find that momentum is the most important factor and liquidity the least important based on their relative contribution to the fit of the model and the proportion of sample months for which factor returns are significant. Our main results are robust to the states of the economy and to the inclusion of the monthly reversal factor.


Provided is a novel work mode for a TCAM. The work mode supports the TCAM to carry out reading operation and searching operation simultaneously, allows partial bits in one line to participate the searching operation and meanwhile other bits to participate the reading operation, and outputs stored data to a reading bus, and therefore the searching operation and the reading operation can be carried out simultaneously. When a CLK comes and both reading control signals of a reading unit and searching control signals of a searching unit in one line of the TCAM have high levels, a partial bit work mode is triggered; if the searching control signal cmp of a certain bit is 1 and the reading control signal of the bit is 0, then the searching unit carries out the searching operation; if the reading control signal of a certain bit is 1 and the reading control signal of the bit is 0, then the reading unit carries out the reading operation; if the searching control signal cmp in one line is 1 and meanwhile the reading control signal is 1, the searching unit carries out the searching operation and the reading unit carries out the reading operation at the same time.


The results of three action studies conducted by the Victimiology Society of Serbia with the aim to raise awareness of Serbian citizens about truth and reconciliation, as well as to examine the attitudes of citizens about the best forms of remembering the past and ways of establishing trust between the different political and ideological groups in Serbia and between the citizens of the member states of the former Yugoslavia, will be presented in this paper. The research was carried out in the period 2002-2010. The first analysis was done on the questionnaires gathered in the period 2002-2004, the second for the period 2004-2009 and the third research was conducted in 2010. A total of 325 filled questionnaires were collected and 3031 informational brochures were handed out. Awareness of the citizens about this issue was raised, and a large number of useful suggestions about the best forms of remembering the past and ways of regaining trust were gathered.


In this work, we derive a novel multicarrier modulation based on the Type-I even discrete cosine transform (DCT1e), which includes new procedures to carry out both the channel estimation and the signal reconstruction. By using a small number of training symbols, we achieve an accurate estimation of the channel's impulse response (CIR) using a novel mirror, replicate and add (MIRA) procedure. The proposed scheme does not require knowing the length of the CIR and is valid even in the presence of spectral nulls. We provide the theoretical results that guarantee the validity of the developed technique. After the estimation process, the transmitted symbols are also reconstructed by means of the DCT1e using the same novel MIRA scheme. The conditions that ensure a perfect reconstruction in the absence of noise are also provided in this case. Numerical simulations illustrate the excellent behaviour of the proposed approach, both in terms of channel estimation and recovery of the transmitted information.


and Szoke (3) in 1969 and 1974 respectively. Optical bistability can be displayed by a number of techniques: using a Fabry Perot resonator cavity filled with various media (4) , in a microwave cavity (5) , using a nonlinear interface (6) , in lasers with intracavity saturable absorbers (7) and incoherent mirrorless optical devices (8) ,These methods were studied extensively but the method of optical bistability based on self focusing is rarely mentioned (9,10) . The purpose of the present work is to present experimental evidences of observing optical bistability in CS2 liquid based on the effect of self-focusing (11-18) . Principles of operation: self focusing occurs when a light beam having a uniform spatial profile (such as a Gaussian laser beam) and sufficient intensity propagates through a nonlinear medium having an intensity dependent index of refraction. Previously proposed devices that exhibited intrinsic bistability are operable in principle with light beams having uniform intensity profiles. The new class of devices used in the present work (Fig.1) differs from previous intrinsic devices in that the earlier devices have all required resonant optical cavities (4) ; no such cavity is required for this class of devices. In principle, eliminating the resonant cavity removes Experimental Evidence of an Optical Bistability Based on Self Focusing


Cyclin I (Ccni), a new member of cyclin family which contains a typical cyclin box at N‐terminal and PEST sequences at its C‐terminal. Unlike other cyclins, the mRNA level of cyclin I is high in post‐mitotic tissues and expresses constantly during cell cycle progression. However, the function of cyclin I remains unknown until this study. In this study, we have cloned, expressed and refolded the recombinatant human cyclin I from E. coli system. Spectroscopy analysis by circular dichroism spectra and thermal stability analysis by differential scanning micro‐calorimeter indicated that cyclin I is a native disorder protein but with helical secondary structure. Both far western blot analysis and reaction heat measurement by isothermal titration calorimeter showed that cyclin I can bind with p21cip1/waf1directly only at the condition with calcium ion present. These results suggested that cyclin I prolongs the life time of p21 by calcium regulation at the early stage of apoptosis.


The corrosion characteristics of as-cast SiCp/ 2024 al composites in chloride (Cl-) media were investigated using scanning micro reference electrode technique,electrochemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The composites have less resistant to pit initiation than the corresponding aluminum alloy. The increase in volume fraction of SiCp reinforced phase resulted in a signiflcant decrease of pitting potential. In situ mapping of the active centers in composites revealed that local breakdown of passivity and micropitting corrosion could happen even at the open-circuit potentials, and the increase of volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced phase in the composites led t0 a significant increase of active centers on their surfaces. Pitting corrosion attack occured preferentially at the interfaces of SiC / al, and al2Cu or (Cu, Fe, Mn)al6 inclusions / al for the composites.


We consider robust predictive control of continuous-time, constrained, nonlinear systems by means of a discrete-time control scheme. The key idea is to discretize the system first and to explicitly bound the arising discretization error. Taking this error into account a robustly stabilizing predictive controller is proposed that guarantees constraint satisfaction at the sampling instances and via a simple modification also continuous constraint satisfaction. The results are illustrated by an example.


In view of problems such as duplicate input,time-consuming,error-prone and so on existed in manually compiled inspection reports with format of Word,the paper proposed a compilation scheme of mine-used products inspection report based on VBA.The scheme provides user input interface through VBA program in Word document,calls relevant Excel and Word documents automatically and completes extraction and preservation of required information and writing of inspection reports.The scheme can avoid duplicate input and promote efficiency and level of office automation.The practical application result is good.


The modulation of tropical cyclone activity by the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is explored using an empirical genesis potential (GP) index. Composite anomalies of the genesis index associated with the different MJO phases are consistent with the composite anomalies in TC genesis frequency that occur in the same phases, indicating that the index captures the changes in the environment that are at least in part responsible for the genesis frequency changes. Of the four environmental variables that enter the genesis potential index, the midlevel relative humidity makes the largest contribution to the MJO composite GP anomalies. The second largest contribution comes from the low-level absolute vorticity, and only very minor contributions come from the vertical wind shear and potential intensity. When basin-integrated MJO composite anomalies of the GP index are regressed against basin-integrated composite anomalies of TC genesis frequency, the results differ quantitatively from those obtained from the analogous calculation performed on the annual climatologies in the two quantities. The GP index captures the MJO modulation of TC genesis to a lesser degree than the climatological annual cycle of genesis (to which it was originally tuned). This may be due to weaknesses of the reanalysis or indicative of the importance of precursor disturbances, not well captured in the GP index computed from weekly data, to the intraseasonal TC genesis frequency fluctuations.


This article is based on some theoretical considerations about ageing and old age that are part of the debates on older adults` education. The paper first focuses on international documents in which education is connected with active ageing and on research results that expose the great significance of older adults` education for well-being on the individual and social levels. Afterwards, it presents the analysis of PIAAC research results about the influence of education and skills on active citizenship, social cohesion, and personal development. The main focus is that of the data relating to the sample age group of 55-65 years old in selected countries. The findings confirm the relationship between education level and skills of older adults with individual and social well-being in most selected countries, although the relationship is stronger in some countries than in others.


In this article, we have considered the problem of estimation of population variance on two occasion successive sampling. A class of estimators of population variance has been proposed and its asymptotic properties have been discussed. The proposed class of estimators is compared with the sample variance estimator when there is no matching from the previous occasion. Numerical illustrations are also given in support of the present study. © 2019 Author(s). All rights reserved.


Drawing on interviews with Hewison, this critically reviews his contribution to post-war British cultural history and in particular the impact of his concept of The Heritage Industry.


The ability to grasp and manipulate small objects in cluttered environments remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a novel approach that utilizes a tactile sensor-equipped gripper with eight degrees of freedom to overcome these limitations. We employ DenseTact 2.0 for the gripper, enabling precise control and improved grasp success rates, particularly for small objects ranging from 5mm to 25mm. Our integrated strategy incorporates the robot arm, gripper, and sensor to manipulate and orient small objects for subsequent classification effectively. We contribute a specialized dataset designed for classifying these objects based on tactile sensor output and a new control algorithm for in-hand orientation tasks. Our system demonstrates 88% of successful grasp and successfully classified small objects in cluttered scenarios.


Author provided a classification of modern historical and medical knowledge. Further, the author convincingly proved that certain distortions and disproportions had been developed in the modern domestic historical and medical discourse. This conclusion has been done basing on analysis of publications and speeches at scientific forums of Ukrainian historians of medicine in recent years, and applying problem-chronological as well as comparative-historical research methods. Medical researchers have been trying to undertake a reconstruction of socio-cultural components of the discipline, but without sufficient mastering historical instruments. As a result, works of low quality have published. The author recommended physicians who study History of Medicine to investigate problems of development of medical science and practice, and leave problems of social relations for professional historians.


Using tie -dying in graphic designing of T-shirt can reflect cultural value of T-shirt glibly. This paper studies on performance method and decorative form in T-shirt of tie-dying pattern, and also points out two developing ways of tie-dying:replicable process and designing tie-dying pattern with computer technology.


I t is true that Kissinger is not attempting to lay any stress upon the conclusion of agreements among nations about limited war, and of course he places no reliance on promises, whether in treaties or otherwise, emanating from the Soviet Union. He is concerned to show the self-interest which would induce both sides to recognize the value of limited war. He faces the difficult task of convincing people, particularly military people, that they must change their fundamental conceptions of war. In this respect his problem is not greatly different, it is believed, from that which has been suggested concerning the need for breaking away from the traditional dichotomy in international law between peace and war. The rules governing the treatment of prisoners of war, which is one of the accomplishments to which the ICRC has so greatly contributed, rest on self-interest, although the movement for their adoption had a humanitarian motivation. I t is true that for this purpose it was necessary to have various detailed provisions partly for the guidance of protecting Powers. But the observance of the conventions—and they have been observed by and large in spite of some violations—results from the fact that they have been drafted realistically by military people, with the urging indeed of humanitarians, but always with an eye to practical self-interest. Kissinger, in effect, argues that an intelligent appreciation of self-interest might well lead to a continued limitation of a war and to a cautious type of military tactics which would obviate the possibility of the limited war developing into the nuclear holocaust.