Gas pressure,moisture content and interference gas could affect sulphur dioxide concentration monitoring,and sometimes even produce a gravely deviates.Based on the principle of sulfur dioxide measured by fixed-potential electrolysis,we proposed several solutions:adding heating/condensing function on the sampling tube,keeping a suitable sampling flow and using prepositive pump to reduce the subpressure when it is beyond 2.3kPa,calculating the critical concentration,modifying the software,and so on.


The article is dedicated to the legal philosophical views of poet Jānis Pliekšāns (Rainis) about freedom, the people and the state. For Rainis, these concepts constitute a united philosophical system, founded on the idea of a free, happy, socialist State of Latvia. Of course, all nations, not only Latvians, are entitled to a state of their own. However, the idea of a state is not eternal. With time, states will voluntarily unite in one socialist global state. Freedom, democracy and genuine respect for nations' rights differentiate Rainis from Pēteris Stučka and other communists. The author believes that, in the contemporary understanding, Rainis' socialist state would be a socially responsible state.


In accordance with the PON(passive optical network) could be setup, effective connections with light sources, optical detectors, and optical fibers are the best sensitive points to represent the efficiency of network. Therefore, in this paper we designed and fabricated optical transceiver connection chip that was consisted of channel waveguide, Y-branch, and CWDM on the 2" BK7 glass substrate. This chip can be used for 1.31/1.55 CWDM network and 1.55 region dense WDM network.work.


This research paper deals with a vital and important issue in computer world. It is concerned with the wireless technologies that examine latest wireless technology Gi-Fi that have more advantages over earlier technologies. It represents three technologies; these technologies have advantages and disadvantages as well. Therefore, the main objective of this research paper is to represent different technologies and make a comparison between them to show the features and defects of each technology. Gi-Fi will helps to push wireless communications to faster drive and more up-to-date standards for data exchange rate.


The proportion of currently married Indian women not desiring additional children but not practicing family planning is high. The Second All India Family Planning Survey conducted by Operations Research Group (ORG) showed that 63% of such couples not wanting additional children were currently using family planning methods; this level of unmet need has declined by 41% from 78% in 1970 to 37% in 1980. Data in this paper are taken from the Second All India Family Planning Survey. The survey covered a total sample of about 35000 currently married couples with the wives aged 15-49 from all states of India except Assam. Detailed personal interviews were conducted with persons selected randomly from a list of currently married persons who were members of the selected households. The authors found that there were 3 main reasons couples undesiring of more children did not practice family planning. About 39% of these respondents report that there is no need for them to adopt family planning methods as they or their spouse have attained menopause or are naturally sterile. About 15% of the target couples report that they do not like the existing methods or do not use any method because of perceived side effects; side effects named include weakness pain lack of sexual satisfaction cancer and death. About 11% of the couples believe that the use of contraceptives is against their religion. For them adoption of family planning is a sinful act and amounts to killing the offspring.


The material described below is part of a collection made in 1959 by Dr. H. E. McClure in the Batu Caves near Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. The specimens were sent to me by Dr. Laurence W. Quate of the Bishop Museum, Hawaii, to whom the types and the bulk of the collection have been returned. Paratypes of all the new species have been retained in the British Museum (Natural History). The collections were in spirit and there were about 60 tubes, some containing large numbers of specimens. Most of the material was taken at light in Cavern C, but there were also a few tubes from Caverns A, B, D and F. The Chironomidae fell into only three species, two belonging to the genera Pentaneura and Paratendipes, the third I have placed in a new genus of the Parakiefferiella group of the Orthocladiinae. Previously I would have placed the last species in Smittia, but Brundin (1956) has given a revision of the genera of the subfamily and has shown that this course is no longer permissible. There is a second species of this new genus from Africa, but it is not associated with caves.


The speed at which people elect to travel is affected by vehicle and road design; by limits to speed and enforcement of those limits; by traffic control, signs, and markings; and so forth. The speed at which people travel, in turn, affects road safety. In this context two questions arise: (a) How is the evolution of speed over time and space affected by what drivers do? (b) How does speed affect safety? This paper reviews what is known, notes the gaps in knowledge, and describes where opinions differ and why. Unfortunately, despite decades of speed measurement and monitoring, the evolution of speed over time is poorly documented, and the understanding of what drives the evolution is largely missing. It is known that speeds evolve over time, but not why; it is known that there is some spillover of the change from one road to another, but its size or extent cannot be predicted. This is a neglected field of inquiry. More is known in answer to Question b. There can be no reasonable doubt that if speed increases while other conditions (vehicles, roads, medical services) remain unchanged, the accidents that occur will tend to be more severe. However, the prevalent and strongly held belief that the greater the speed, the higher is the probability that accidents will occur is, at present, not well supported by research. Even so, given a change in mean speed, one can predict the consequences in injuries and fatalities and this paper discusses how to do so.


Following the publication of the paper utilising docetaxel and cyclophosphamide as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer Jones et al JCO 24:5381-5387/2006, we elected to use this program for low to intermediate risk breast cancer patients at the Carlo Fidani Cancer Centre in Mississauga Ontario. From January 2008 until June 2009 we have treated 86 patients. After treating our first 16 patients 6 had developed febrile neutropenia requiring admission to hospital. These patients were subsequently treated with either dose reduction or filgastrim/pegfilgastrim was added. For all 70 subsequently treated patients with this program, either dose reduction or primary prophylaxis with filgatrim or pegfilgastrim was used,prophylactic antibiotics were not used. In this cohort 2 patients required admission to hospital with infection and only 1 was neutropenic (2/70=3%). Details of all patients will be presented. The likelihood of this difference occurring from chance was small p 30 % would mandate the usage of filgastrim or pegfilgastrim for primary prophylaxis. The addition of figastrim/pegfilgastrim markedly reduced our fne rate. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2092.


The Shanghai eco-environ-mental estimating system is a practicalcomputer information system that is basedon the theory and measuring method of thethree-dimensional vegetation quantity andtakes the quantitative relationship betweenurban greenery and eco-environment as itscore. It provides a powerful tool with reli-able theoretical foundation and the prop-erty of easy to use for forecast of environ-mental quality in the time of that the plant-ing program is put into effective, and deci-sion of planting program.


The paper deals with the use of friction among bladed segments to reduce vibrations in turbomachinery. The non-linearity of the phenomenon is included in the analysis after that the detailed finite element model of the segment has been condensed. In the solution search, both numerical integration and harmonic balance method are used. The latter is here extended to the case of slip among parts in relative motion. By means of a sample case it is shown that the simplified harmonic solution can lead to the same results given by time-consuming numerical integration. Some insight on the slipping phenomenon between segments is obtained.Copyright © 1999 by ASME


Introduction The primary reason for importing foreign breeding rnaterial into an indigenous cattle population is to cause a fastei rise in the genetic level than would be possible if the breeding programme was conducted solely on a national basis. New Zealand, (NZ) and American Jerseys (USJ) have been imported into the Danish Jersey (DJ) population, and American Brown Swiss (ABS), Red Holstein (RHF) and Swedish Red and White (SRB) have been imported into the Danish Red (RDM) population. Bulls of these breeds have in recent years been used extensively as bull sires. An unbiased conrparison ol the breeds is conditional on there being no heterosis or that heterosis is taken into consideration in the statistical models used.


Objective To observe the changes of index of coagulation and fibrinolytic system in the progress of a rat to become chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods Fifty Wistar rats were equally randomized to normal control,1-week-,2-week-,3-week-,and 4-week-COPD group.A model of COPD in rats was created by exposure in cigarette smoking and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide.The pathology of lung tissue in each group was observed;PT,FIB,TT,APTT and ATⅢ were determined by BE-Compact automated blood coagulation analyzer;The blood plasma levels of tPA,PAI-1 and D-dimer were measured by ELISA method. Results The 4-week group was consistent with the rat COPD model,its pathological changes were in line with the features of COPD in man.The pathology of lung tissues of rats in 1-week-to 3-week-group was consistent with acute bronchitis,chronic bronchitis and emphysema,respectively.In 1-week-COPD,PT,TT,ATⅢ,APTT,FIB,PAI-1,tPA,and D-dimer were not significantly different as compared with the control(P0.05);In 2-week-COPD and 3-week-COPD,the levels of FIB,PAI-1 and D-dimer were higher than that in the control(P0.05,0.01),while ATⅢ and tPA were lower(P0.01);In 4-week-COPD,the levels FIB,PAI-1 and D-dimer were higher than that in the control(P0.01),while PT,APTT,ATⅢ,and tPA were lower(P0.01). Conclusion Pre-thrombus state is existent in COPD rats.The coagulation and fibrinolytic system in rats are unbalanced before they are involved in COPD.


The effects of shear deformation on analysis of the wave propagation in periodic lattices are often assumed negligible. However, this assumption is not always true, especially for the lattices made of beams with smaller aspect ratios. Therefore, in the present paper, the effect of shear deformation on wave propagation in periodic lattices with different topologies is studied and their wave attenuation and directionality performances are compared. Current experimental limitations make the researchers focus more on the wave propagation in the direction perpendicular to the plane of periodicity in micro/nanoscale lattice materials while for their macro/mesoscale counterparts, in-plane modes can also be analyzed as well as the out-of-plane ones. Four well-known topologies of hexagonal, triangular, square, and Kagomé are considered in the current paper and their wave propagation is investigated both in the plane of periodicity and in the out-of-plane direction. The finite element method is used to formulate the governing equations and Bloch's theorem is used to solve the dispersion relations. To investigate the effect of shear deformation, both the Timoshenko and Euler-Bernoulli beam theories are implemented. The results indicate that including shear deformation in wave propagation has a softening effect on the band diagrams of wave propagation and moves the dispersion branches to lower frequencies. It can also reveal some bandgaps that are not predicted without considering the shear deformation.


Magneto-acoustic tomography (MAT) is a new electrical impedance tomography(EIT), which combines high contrast of EIT and high resolution of ultrasonic imaging. At present, image reconstruction algorithm of MAT mainly include filter back projection algorithm and reconstruction algorithm based on potential function. Although these traditional algorithm avoid the diffraction effect of sound waves, but they all have a common shortcomings, the target sample must be scanned for a circle to achieve accurate imaging. It takes a long time to achieve real-time imaging. The research of microscopic tomography technique based on the difference of electrical characteristics is vital for the study of micro structure of organizations and material. A new magnetic acoustic tomography based on acoustic lens was proposed in this paper. We carried out an in-depth study of the theory of excitation and detection through theoretical and experimental methods. The new reconstruction algorithm was deduced and confirmed the new method could improve the imaging speed. The new method inherits the merit of high resolution, high sensitivity, and fast imaging speed. The new method could form a new functional imaging technology are urgently needed in the scientific research of animals.


This paper describes the critical importance of interfacial strength between copper lines and cap layer for catastrophic failure due to chip-package interaction (CPI). Recently, copper interconnects and insulating layers are stacked alternately in semiconductor devices. Especially, copper/low-k structures are widely selected. However, the low-k materials have weak mechanical properties, which sometimes induces reliability issues, especially, chip package interactions. In our previous works, the interfacial strength of Cu/Cap has been successfully measured on the sub-micron scale. In this paper, based on the measured results, we try to simulate the initiation and propagation of failure in interconnect structures and discuss the scenario for catastrophic failure under CPI.


Congress should establish a committee on regulatory reform. Changes that would be helpful include: 1) require benefit-cost analysis for new regulation; 2) enforce a fixed timetable for agencies to issue permits; 3) emphasize objectives sought rather than precise methods to be used; 4) use risk assessment for achieving environmental, health, and safety protection; and 5) promote regulatory justice.


The geological environmental problems associated with mining are becoming serious in Shaanxi province.The factors influencing on the mine geological environment include the effect of mining on the geological environment,the location and setting of the geological environment,mineral resources development planning,and the difficulty in mine ecological recovery.The paper presents a method for zoning the mine geological environment using the MAPGIS.The vector maps representing the spatial distribution of the influential factors are transformed into grid layers that are easy to process in the MAPGIS.Then the grid layers are combined with a weighted linear equation using map overlay to obtain a map indicating the quality of the mine geological environment.The resultant grid map is categorized into three classes: severe,relatively severe,and moderate,and then vectorized into a vector map.It is found that in Shaanxi province,the zoning number and area representing that the mine geological environment is severe account for 22 and 8 384.09 km2,respectively,the zoning number and area representing that the mine geological environment is relatively severe are 40 and 20 194.7 km2,respectively,while the zoning number and area indicating that the mine geological environment is moderate account for 1 and 177 221.21 km2,respectively.


CHIEF Justice Holmes' dictum: "equal treatment of unequals can only result in the greatest inequality" is one that must not only be recognized, but also be whole-heartedly accepted and practiced by all successful counselors. This is especially true of those working with the mentally handicapped. Since no two individuals are the same, or have identical experiences, each case must be treated individually. Consequently, the guidance program for the mentally handicapped must consist of many phases involving close coordination with the school, the community, state agencies, and with the employers.


The invention provides an LED (light emitting diode) lighting driving circuit and electronic equipment, belonging to the field of analog circuits. The LED lighting driving circuit is characterized in that two output pins of an optical coupler are respectively connected with a feedback pin fb of a PWM (pulse-width modulation) controller and the ground, a first resistor is connected in parallel between two input pins of the optical coupler, one input pin of the optical coupler is connected with the ground, a second resistor is connected in series between the other input pin of the optical coupler and a first connecting point, a third resistor is connected in series between the ground and the first connecting point, and the first connecting point is a connecting point of the LED lighting driving circuit and a load. The optical coupler is directly utilized for realizing the constant-current LED lighting driving, without additional various constant-current circuits, electrical isolation guarantee safety is realized for input and output, and the circuit is simple in structure and low in cost.


An aspect of the present invention provides a voice recognition system includes that a memory unit (140, 270, 350,701, 801) configured to store a statistical language dictionary (706, 803) which statistically registers connections among words, a voice recognition unit (120, 220, 330, 704) configured to recognize an input voice based on the statistical language dictionary (706, 803), a prediction unit (130, 250, 330, 805) configured to predict, according to the recognition result provided by the voice recognition unit (120, 220, 330, 704), connected words possibly voiced after the input voice, and a probability changing unit (150, 260, 330, 804) configured to change the probabilities of connected words in the statistical language dictionary (706, 803) according to the prediction result provided by the prediction unit (130, 250, 330, 805), wherein the voice recognition unit (120, 220, 330, 704) recognizes next input voice based on the statistical language dictionary (706, 803) changed by the probability changing unit (150, 260, 330, 804) and wherein the memory unit (140, 270, 350, 701, 801), the voice recognition unit (120, 220, 330, 704), the prediction unit (130, 250, 330, 805) and the probability changing unit (150, 260, 330, 804) are configured to be installed in the mobile unit.


The criminal legal aid in China seems slowly and inadequate, having caused wide social attention and severe criticism. The State Council has recently issued "The Regulations on Legal Aid", which makes an effort to raise the quality of the legal aid. But, after analysis we can see that what the regulations intends perhaps can not be really turned into reality. The author of the article, while dealing with the reliance on lawyers in contemporary criminal proceedings and the influence of the legal aid upon the administration of justice and though revealing the important role of criminal legal aid in the overall judicial reform, discusses how to perfect the legal aid in China.


Mahase mentions the finding that obesity among nurses and unregistered care workers is "concerning."1 Although senior leaders ought to lead through example, I think that all healthcare staff should become exercise champions.

Guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in 2015 put forward quality statements on physical activity for NHS …


In the affective predication there are two syntactic types: Experiencer as subject and Stimulus as subject,either of which has several constructions displaying various differences in English and Chinese.This paper makes a contrastive study of these constructions,particularly those of lexical complexes in Experiencer as subject and those of implicit and explicit causatives in Stimulus as subject.


The Administration's 2008 budget follows a predictable pattern. The President has once again sent a message that America's hardworking families are on their own, especially when it comes to child care. Stable, affordable child care is essential for families to work and to succeed financially. The federal Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) was created in recognition of this need and has successfully helped millions of families go to work. The President's budget shows little recognition of the importance of the child care assistance program. Rather than making child care a priority for investments, the Administration has proposed a freeze in discretionary funding for CCDBG—for the sixth consecutive year. Research supports this investment in families: low-income parents who receive help paying for child care are more likely to be employed, to have higher incomes, and to remain off of welfare. 1 High-quality child care has also been shown to improve the wellbeing and healthy development of low-income children. However, it is also more expensive than child care of lesser quality, and the costs can be prohibitive for many lowincome families. A study of 17 states found that in 11 communities, families without any help paying for child care could only afford 10 percent or less of the center-based care in that community. Receipt of a child care subsidy made child care centers and regulated family child care homes more accessible for these low-income families. 2 Yet, the most recent available data show that only one in seven federally eligible children receives child care assistance. 3


The ecological importance of cryptic ichthyofauna in the trophic chains of reef communities has scarcely been studied. It has been established that cryptic fish (CF) contribute to keeping the equilibrium of marine environments, and are also potential indicators of the environment. In the present study, ecological evaluations of CF associated with two reef communities off the Colima, Mexico coast (La Boquita - LB, and Bahia Carrizales - CA) were carried out. A total of 16 surveys were carried out during winter-spring (WS) and eight surveys were carried out in summer-fall (SF). Three CF surveys were carried out in each reef community, covering a 180 m 2 area; several ecological indices were calculated and the benthic habitat was characterized. A total of 3,056 CF belonging to 23 species, 22 genera and 15 families were recorded. The species Axoclinus lucillae, Acanthemblemaria macrospilus , Coralliozetus boehlkei, Ekemblemaria myersi and Hippocampus ingens represented new records for the region. The physiographic and topographic characteristics of the marine substrate were decisive for the occurrence of CF, especially those with reduced mobility. There was higher CF richness and diversity during the SF. The species C. boehlkei and E. myers, associated with rocky environments with high sponge and macroalgae cover, were identified as potential bioindicators of environmental quality. The species Cirrhitichtys oxycechalus, Acanthemblemaria macrospilus, Coryphopterus urospilus , and Elacatinus punticulatus were associated with coralline, crystalline, and relatively unperturbed environments.


ThE QUESTION Of whether Kierkegaard's position is irrational or not has been raised because of the centrality of the notion of the Absolute Paradox in his two most ostensibly philosophical works, Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Johannes Climacus, the pseudonymous author of both works, admits at the end of Fragments that the picture he has tried to sketch is that of Christianity. He reveals at the beginning of Postscript that his interest is in finding the way into Christianity, and the notion of the Absolute Paradox is central to the view of Christianity presented. The question then can be seen in this way: Does Kierkegaard, who sees himself as a religious writer and specifically as a writer for Christianity, hold the view that Christianity is essentially unintelligible and irrational? Is the Paradox simply opposed to the Reason or does it transcend the Reason? Traditionally put, is the Paradox contra rationem or supra rationem? Proponents of the view that the Paradox is contra rationem interpret it as the Athanasian two-nature doctrine of Christ's person as uniting mutually exclusive attributes. The statement of that unity is thus seen as a strict contradiction and the central claim of Christianity is viewed as unintelligible and irrational. On the other hand, it has been argued that for Kierkegaard Christianity is not a doetrine and hence does not set itself up to be understood in the manner of a philosophical doctrine. Nonetheless, it is argued, "the thought content of Christianity is not nonsense but is clear and understandable within the sphere of faith. ''1 The believer not only believes; he understands what he believes, albeit in a manner different from the way he would understand a philosophical position. Per LCnning suggests that one of the options sketched in response to the question is adequate to Kierkegaard's position. The difficulty, he argues, stems from putting the issue in terms of whether the Paradox is against or above the Reason. When the issue is so put, most "interpretations may be grouped around a decisive either~or."


An estimation of average mass balance of a high hanging glacier in the Swiss Alps was made by measuring volumes of ice avalanches originating from this glacier. Ice avalanches are this glacier's predominant form of ablation. Since the volume of the glacier has not noticeably changed over the past few years, the annual ice loss due to ice avalanches can be taken as an indication of average total net acumulation above the ice cliff where the avalanches originate. The mass balance value, as determined by recording ice avalanches, compares well with values obtained by independent methods (measurements of firn stratigraphy in the cliff, direct accumulation measurements in the vicinity). No seasonal variation in the frequency of ice avalanche occurence was detected.


Contents Acknowledgments xxx Introduction: Toward a Sociology of the Contemporary Avant-Garde 1 1. Auto Poesy: Allen Ginsberg and the Politics of Poetry 000 2. Ron Silliman and the Ethnicization of the Avant-Garde 000 3. Inventing a Culture: Asian American Poetry in the 1970s 000 4. Audience Distant Relative: Reading Theresa Hak Kyung Cha 000 5. Mr. Moto's Monologue: John Yau and Experimental Asian American Writing 000 Conclusion 000 Notes 000 Bibliography 000 Index 000


Acoustic micro imaging has been used in the microelectronics industry for years to evaluate the quality of devices by imaging the internal structures and/or defects in the devices. Lately methods have been developed to investigate other properties of the samples such as the flatness/warpage of devices, substrates, or wafers, and to measure the bondline thickness for die attach or thermal interface materials. AMI (Acoustic Micro Imaging) is a non-destructive test method that utilizes high frequency ultrasound in the range of 5 MHz to 500 MHz [1]. Ultrasound is sensitive to variations in the elastic properties of materials and is particularly sensitive to locating air gaps (delaminations, cracks and voids). AMI typically involves producing images at specific depths in a device based on the location of reflected ultrasound echoes from the internal interfaces. The initial echo information is presented in the A-scan which represents a single point depth profile in the part. The time difference between the echoes corresponds to the depths within the device. The echo of interest is selected using an electronic gate and an x, y plot of the echoes for that selected depth (z) is produced. The shape and amplitude of the echoes at the interface give the condition at the interface. However, the information contained in the Ascan can also be used for other types of analyses. The distance of the surface echo from the sample relative to the transducer can be used to measure the flatness of the sample surface. Internal to the device the distance between echoes can be used for thickness measurements. This paper will discuss the acoustic surface flatness (ASF) and bondline thickness measurement methods as well as present examples of these applications.


As the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality proposed, the construction of new power system with new energy as the main body is becoming the future development direction. In the context of the new power system, flexible resources not only improve the consumption rate of new energy, but also provide a strong guarantee for the safe and stable operation of the system. Studying the changes in the power market mechanism abroad which adapting the change of low carbon system can help to improve the flexibility of the power system. At last, focusing on the reform of the new power system, can point out the direction of the power market to improv the flexibility of the power system.


In this article, the authors share the challenges we faced as we launched a Center for Teaching and Learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, and we describe how we used design thinking as a strategy for working through these challenges. The articles presents an overview of the design thinking process, a case study of our school's application of the process, and recommendations for how educational developers can use design thinking as a strategy for solving problems related to limited resources and low faculty engagement.


The course begins by presenting a circular flow of money and physical goods, as shown in Exhibit 1 . There are three sets of decisionmakers : households, businesses, and government and three markets, goods and services, money, and resources . Goods and services are demanded by households, businesses, and government and are supplied by businesses . Resources are demanded by businesses and supplied by households . Income is received by households for factor services rendered . The discussion of the circular flow diagram is usually followed by an examination of the workings of individual markets in order to deter mine how price and output levels are established .


Objective To estimate onsite dust allowable concentration in railway tunneling.Methods A retrospective study of \{5 482\} tunnellers from 9 Railway Engineering Bureau was conducted.Dust exposure histories(till the end of 1998),dust concentration,dust dispersion,and length of dust exposure were investigated.Linear regression,life\|table,estimation of respirable dust value,estimation of dust\|load in the lung and pulmonary dust retention were used to calculate dust allowable concentration.Results Current onsite dust concentration was 20 51 mg/m\+3 .If the prevalence rate were to be set at 1%,the allowable concentration would be 1\^47~ 4 75 mg/m 3 .Conclusions Different dust concentrations can be calculated from 5 different methods.It suggested that non\|linear relationship existed between the prevalence rate of silicosis and cumulated dust exposure.


This paper presents an LO frequency multiplier and phase shifter for the 28-GHz band, implemented in 28nm FD-SOI CMOS technology. The phase control is introduced in an injection-locked oscillator, followed by an injection-locked frequency tripler. The phase of the output signal is compared with that of the input signal using a phase detector based on third harmonic mixing, enabling automatic phase tuning using low frequency detector outputs. Additionally, the phase detector can be used to detect locking of the oscillators, supporting automatic frequency tuning. A 24-30GHz sliding-IF receiver is also implemented to test the LO circuitry. Simulations show that the phase shifter achieves >360° tuning range over the full 24-30GHz span, with a gain variation of 0.11 dB or less, and that the phase detector has an rms phase error of <2.5°. The entire chip, including pads, measures 1080µm x 1080µm and consumes 27–29 mW from a 1 V supply.


In a recent paper the authors proposed a new Transform Domain LMS algorithm with variable step-size (TDVSS). As a novelty, comparing with the existing Transform Domain LMS algorithms, the new TDVSS uses an adaptive step-size that depends also on the output error. In this paper, we study the theoretical behavior and implementation of TDVSS for the problem of channel equalization. The speed of convergence and the steady-state misadjustment are compared with that of the most known Transform Domain and Time Domain LMS algorithms. Key-Words: Transform Domain LMS, Variable Step-Size LMS, Transform Domain Variable Step-Size LMS algorithm, Channel Equalization.


Selecting the right person to a particular job needs a lot of considerations, especially in a growth company. To solve this problem, many organisations have created an ideal candidate that fulfils all requirements for a particular job. In this case, decision makers will make a comparison between a set of candidates with the ideal candidate. The distance measures are then used to compare whether the candidates are on the par with the ideal candidate. Hamming and Hausdorff distances are the two distance measures that popularly used to compare the set of candidates with the ideal candidate. In this study, reseachers employ fuzzy set theory along with the Hamming and Hausdorff distances to solve staff selection problem. Based on numerical computations that have been carried out, final results showed that both methods produced almost the same results even at different exigency levels. The results also showed that both distance measures have its own advantageous and can be applied according to suitable condition.


We report on direct measurements of superfluid density, ${n}_{s}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(T)$, in films of Fe-pnictide superconductors. The magnetic penetration depth, \ensuremath{\lambda}(0), in our epitaxial, single-crystal $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}){}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ films near optimal doping ($x$ $=$ 0.08) is 350 \ensuremath{-} 430 nm, comparable to bulk single crystals. The $T$ dependence of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ indicates a small $s$-wave gap, $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)/{k}_{B}{T}_{c}=2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. In detail, \ensuremath{\lambda} has power-law behavior at low $T:\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)/\ensuremath{\lambda}(0)\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\approx}0.{60}^{*}(T/{T}_{c}){}^{2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1}$. The small gap, together with power-law behavior at low $T$, suggests strong intraband scattering on the larger-gap Fermi surface and significant interband scattering between large-gap and small-gap Fermi surfaces.


Improved heat dissipation in InP Gunn devices resulted in RF power levels exceeding 200 mW, 130 mW, 80 mW, and 25 mW at oscillation frequencies of around 103 GHz, 132 GHz, 152 GHz, and 162 GHz, respectively. Corresponding DC-to-RF conversion efficiencies exceeded 2.3% between 102 GHz and 132 GHz. Power combining increased the available RF power levels to more than 300 mW at 106 GHz, around 130 mW at 136 GHz, and more than 125 mW at 152 GHz with corresponding combining efficiencies from 80% to more than 100%. Operation in a second-harmonic mode yielded RF power levels of more than 2 mW around 220 GHz and more than 1 mW around 280 GHz.


Reports on a study of two 16th-century churchwarden accounts for the parish of Louth, a market town in England near Lincolnshire Wolds. The first set (1500-25) and the second set (1527-59) compare the people of a conservative parish before the Reformation


The types of falsification that we identified are the same as those of foreign researchers. In our research, the leading place is occupied by meat food products, including semi-finished products containing poultry meat. To identify counterfeit poultry meat products, complex methods were used to determine the type of protein, fat, muscle fiber structure, freshness and severity of morphological signs of raw meat. So, according to research results, falsification, in many cases, included the replacement of more expensive meat of a slaughter animal with poultry, which was not reflected on the product label. Another variant of falsification was the replacement of meat with less valuable raw materials of the same type of animals. To determine this type of falsification, only the PCR method is not enough, and for a more accurate and detailed determination of the constituent components of the product, it is necessary to additionally use histological, enzyme immunoassay, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric methods.


An Introduction to Statistical Methods. The Display of Distributions. Statistical Summaries of Distributions. Probability and Probability Functions. Sampling Designs and Sampling Methods. Statistical Inference: Fitting Probability Functions. Statistical Inference: Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. An Introduction to Bivariate Relationships. The Simple Linear Regression Model. The General Linear Model----Multiple Regression. Issues in the Application of the General Linear Model. Extensions of Multivariate Linear Regression Methods. Alternative Forms of Multivariate Analysis. Index.


The 'wages jungle' is to be seen as 'simply a part of a wider structure of inequality which has no rationale whatsoever'. In saying this he seems, tb be reinforcing the Swedish view, as reported by Scase, that inequality is one and indivisible and needs to be attacked on all fronts. In a more pragmatic way both the government and the labour movement appear to have recently and belatedly espoused this doctrine. If a modernized version of 'egalite' is to become a central focus of social policy, can new forms of 'liberte' and 'fraternite' be far behind? ' , GORDON ROSE University of Manchester


Summary: This data set, file management program, and utility for converting files together provide a relatively inexpensive resource for instructors to use in social science courses to provide summaries of interesting data about the 50 states. It is a good concept and has a fairly reasonable price, but suffers from a few simple shortcomings which should be easily corrected.


In this paper,the author disscussed the accuracy of coordinate gird points after transformation.A new criterion of selecting coordinate transformation model is given,which is the tolerance of coordinate's difference of coordinate gird points before transformation and after transformation.


The present invention is also effective to provide a signal processing circuit even in the presence of unwanted changes in signal conditions. Suitably predicted noise in the digital circuit section, the output of the subtraction as its signal to the analog circuit portion. Subtraction signal is inputted to a subtraction circuit the D / A converter, removes noise from the analog input signal in the subtraction circuit. Further, the output of the subtraction circuit is amplified by the variable amplification circuit, by the A / D converter into a digital signal.


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I N THE war-torn world of today there is a strange paradox. Never have people been so universally and so directly affected by a catastrophe. Never have they been so thoroughly and vividly informed of day-to-day world events as they are today. The radio, the neighborhood movie, newspapers, and popular magazines bring to everyone who will look or listen not only the news of the home front, but the actual rumblings of battles and voices of world leaders thousands of miles away. Never, on the other hand, has it been more difficult for the mind to encompass what is happening. Billions of dollars, thousands of ships, tons of bombs, millions of fighting men and other millions of dead or dying men, women, and children, entire cities crashing in ruins-these are the concepts that leave us shocked and numb rather than truly comprehending. The total reality is so much out of proportion to what our minds have been accustomed to perceiving and interpreting that only when a tiny part of the huge canvas is seen in the light of the familiar or when the voices of individual men, women, and children can be heard through the world din, do we grasp what war really means. \Ve cannot think in terms of billions of dollars, but income taxes, bond buying, cost of living, are personal and vivid. We try to envisage the fall of France and the bombings of China, and they grow clear and real only through pictures we have seen--one of a Frenchman standing erect and struggling with his tears as the Germans march by, and one of a tiny Chinese baby sitting alone and crying desolately among the ruins of his home. We could not picture the widespread destruction in London under the" blitz," but the tragedy came very close to us in individual stories of people's losses, sufferings, and incredible heroism. The social worker has always been in a particularly advantageous position to observe what is happening to the individual in mass situations. During. the recent economic depression, when people by the thousands were victims and mass methods for immediate financial help had to be employed, social workers held firm to their conviction that these victims of the disaster must also be individualized and given the over-and-above understanding and help that their particular needs indicated. If it had not been for this constant awareness and activity on the part of the social work group, the casualties would have been infinitely more serious and the functioning of many who are now contributing steadily and effectively to the war effort would have been permanently impaired. Now that a new and much graver crisis is facing our citizens, social workers are again taking stock of what is happening and are again doing their part. Throughout our lives, our adjustment depends upon what we bring to situations and what they require of us. If we are weak, confused, frightened, or unhappy, even the normal demands of life may prove too much


and 70 million tons of oil. If it is taken into account that the area of the Gulf Coast region is less than that of the Caspian depression, the comparative study of these two regions represents greater practical interest. The Caspian depression is a broad depression of the Russian platform, which actively subsided during the Paleozoic and Meso-Cenozoic. The Gulf Coast depression also experienced downwarping during this time. The Caspian and Gulf Coast depressions are filled by enormous units of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments, which are complicated by salt domes. The thickness of the sedimentary complex in both depressions reaches 10-12 km. In contrast to the Gulf Coast, the salt domes of the Caspian have a more even distribution. In both regions the salt domes are variable in both form and size. The salt domes of both regions have much in common as to structure and form, but also there are some substantial differences. Both in the Gulf Coast and in the Caspian regions the growth of the salt domes is connected with the rise of salt masses of Permian age. The similarity appears in the structure and form of the salt cores, in the structure of the rocks above the salt, in the many types of traps associated with the salt domes, in the distribution of faults, etc. In contrast to the Gulf Coast, in the Caspian area both the crest areas of the domes as well as the inter-crest zones are deformed. Further, in the Gulf Coast the dimensions of the upper parts of the salt domes are comparatively small (0.8 to 3.5 km in diameter), whereas in the Caspian area they are from 500 to 1500 km. The productive sediments of the Caspian depression and the Gulf Coast are Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. However, in the Gulf Coast, in contrast to the Caspian Region, the main role in oil and gas production belongs to the Tertiary, followed by the Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments. Carbonate rocks predominate in the Lower Cretaceous section of the Gulf Coast, whereas clastic deposits are characteristic of the Lower Cretaceous of the Caspian area. Both areas are similar in their tectonic constitution and in the distribution of their oil and gas fields. On the Gulf Coast the oil and gas fields occur over the entire area of the depression–from the inner boundary onshore to the continental shelf in the waters of the Gulf. See Fig. 1. Most of the fields, however, are located in the west, southwest, and central parts of the region. The most important commercially are the oil pools in the Neogene and in the Gulf Series (Upper Cretaceous). In addition, oil and gas are found in the underlying rocks from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous. The productive horizons occur at depths from a few meters to 6500 m. The oil and gas are accumulated largely in sandy rocks and also in argillaceous sediments and limestone caprock of salt domes. The largest oil and gas fields occur in regions where the reservoirs are sands (30-50%). The highest in oil are sandstones of t he Miocene. Sometimes oil and gas are encountered in volcanic and metamorphosed igneous rocks. Irregularity in the structure of the depression and various complicating structural forms have caused the great diversity in th e zone of oil-gas accumulation. The oil and gas fields in the Gulf Coast region are related to structures due to salt movements, zones of structural uplift and downwarping, structural terraces, and faulted anticlines. A large number of the oil and gas fields occur on salt domes. The latter extend along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in the states of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi; they continue beneath the water in the offshore part of the continental shelf. Together with the salt dome fields there are commercially very important gas-oil and particularly gas condensate fields related to buried structu res between the domes.


Graphic anthropology, broadly construed, approaches drawing as a mode of anthropological inquiry. Most commonly, drawing and sketching have been employed by cultural anthropologists as visual research methods during fieldwork. This practice, which can include sketching fieldnotes and inviting research interlocutors to create or respond to drawings, has developed as a way to document the process of coming-to-know during research and to visually explore the different perspectives at play in an ethnographic encounter. In archaeology, technical drawings, field drawings, and the analysis of drawings from the archaeological record have been central to the research process. In recent years, anthropologists across the sub-disciplines have begun to more actively explore the conceptual and critical potentials of drawing as a process (to draw) and product (a drawing) that is open-ended, multidimensional, and attuned to bodily practice. The creation and analysis of graphic arts in anthropology has fostered cross-disciplinary affinities and overlaps with medical and digital humanities, public health, visual culture studies, and the visual and literary arts. Of particular interest to many cultural and medical anthropologists is the genre of comics, as its unique blend of text and image arranged in sequence allows for the layering of different times, spaces, bodies, and perspectives within a single page in non-linear and non-hierarchical ways. While comics have long been a tool in public health campaigns, the early 2000s saw the growth of the field of "graphic medicine," which explores how comics about illness and healing can provide unique insights into the cultural, personal, embodied, and epistemological contexts of medicine. Similarly, the fields of anthropology, literature, and visual studies have recently witnessed renewed interest in the social and aesthetic dimensions of drawings and there has been an upsurge in the creation of comics, zines, and graphic novels as major research outputs across academic disciplines and anthropological sub-disciplines. Graphic anthropology can also be situated in relation to the subfield of multimodal anthropology, which expands the domain of visual anthropology beyond its historical focus on film and photography to include engagement across multiple media technologies, platforms, producers, and publics. While graphic anthropology is connected to visual anthropology, the strong interdisciplinary articulations of drawing as a mode of research, practice, and creation combined with a focus on comics as site of cultural production mark the "graphic" as a rich domain of anthropological inquiry in its own right.


We evaluated alternative approaches to imputation for univariate estimates and multivariate regression analyses of physiological health measures collected in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). From the NHANES public use data files we selected 5041 respondents age 20+ who provided questionnaire or medical exam data. Measures collected at interview (e.g., demographics, self-reported health status) and measures collected at physical examination (e.g., height, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and iron) were evaluated for rates of item missing data (i.e., item nonresponse). The properties of several imputation methods (including single and multiple imputation) were evaluated with respect to univariate estimates and a regression model using age, sex, race, height, weight, cholesterol, and marital status to predict blood pressure. Only small differences were found between imputation methods, and no major systematic differences between methods were observed. The findings suggest that for the missing data problems considered in our investigation, the specific imputation method makes little difference on univariate and multivariate estimates and standard errors.


During the 20th Century (especially since the end of the 1940s), many national constitutions, international documents and human rights treaties explicitly recognized a so-called right of access to justice, in various degrees of scope and coverage. And yet, the concrete articulation of the basic principles that should govern the effective allocation of the right of access to justice has proved difficult and uncertain. Constitutional courts on one side, national legislators and political activists on the other, have often stumbled on difficult problems. This paper argues that a capabilities approach (CA, for short) has much to say in guiding the difficult political questions that lurk behind judicial, political and social interventions in the field. In a nutshell, the argument is this: we are well advised to interpret the provision of equal access to justice as an instrument for the protection of people's capabilities, both within as well as beyond the legal process itself. When the need for tragic choices in prioritizing litigants or classes of cases arises, we are well advised to use two conceptual tools recently elaborated within a CA, and allocate, for example, the right to legal aid for a particular class of litigants or areas of law in light of its fertility in promoting the parties substantive achievements both within and beyond the legal process itself, or the corrosiveness of the disadvantages caused by not providing it. The paper has four sections. The first section provides a short introduction to a CA, presenting its vocabulary and speculating on its reach in guiding practical thought in the field of access to justice. The second section closely comments on the decisions by the US Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights that provide the general framework of constitutional protections for indigent parties in the US and in Europe. The third section introduces two observation-concepts that have been recently developed within a CA, and that might prove especially useful in the field of access to justice and, in particular, for allocating the right to legal aid to indigent parties —namely, the concepts of «fertile capability» and «corrosive disadvantage». The fourth section concludes.


A series of molecular crystals, β'-type X[Pd(dmit)2]2 display a rich variety of electronic and magnetic properties [X is a monovalent cation, EtyMe4-yZ, where y = 0, 1, 2, Me = CH3, Et = C2H5, Z = P, As and Sb, and dmit denotes 1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate]. At ambient pressure, most of the β'-Pd(dmit)2 salts are Mott insulators associated with the half-filled band due to the strong dimerization of Pd(dmit)2 molecules. Their magnetic properties at low temperatures depend strongly on the cation; EtMe3Sb salt shows a quantum spin liquid (QSL) state, Et2Me2Sb salt shows a nonmagnetic charge ordering state and others exhibit antiferromagnetic ordering. The antiferromagnetic compounds turn to a superconductor by applying a pressure of less than 1 GPa. In the present study, systematic variation of the electronic structures of β'-X[Pd(dmit)2]2 with different kinds of cations are investigated by first-principles density functional theory calculations. The valence bands are analyzed with a molecular orbital (MO) representation of an isolated dimer, [Pd(dmit)2]2. It has been reported that the rich variety of the spin configurations originates from the anisotropy of the approximately isosceles triangular network formed by the dimers. The spacial anisotropy is evaluated by introducing a frustration parameter, i.e., a ratio of inter-dimer transfer integrals t'/t. As the parameter gets close to 1.0, the triangular lattice becomes a regular triangular, and the spin-frustration is maximized. However, extended Hückel tight-binding (EHTB) calculations show that t'/t for EtMe3Sb salt which shows a QSL state is 0.91 but that for Et2Me2Sb salt is 1.01 [1]. In general, results by EHTB method depend on the choice of MOs as the basis which are made to calculate the overlap matrices. For the estimations of t'/t, the HOMO of Pd(dmit)2 are used, since it has been understood that the bands crossing the Fermi level are built with the antibonding pair of the HOMO. However, the present first-principles calculations for an isolated dimer reveal that two MOs near the Fermi level are composed of the mixture of both HOMO and LUMO of Pd(dmit)2. To derive the frustration parameter from first-principles calculations, transfer integrals are calculated based on an effective dimer model determined by a numerical fitting to the first-principles band structure near the Fermi level with fragment MO scheme. The obtained t'/t value for EtMe3Sb salt is 0.97, which gets closer to the maximum level of spin-frustration of 1.0. In both calculation methods, the cation dependences of the frustration parameters are in fairly good agreement with each other, and well explain experimentally observed magnetic ground states. We also report noticeable differences, in bandwidth and anisotropy of Fermi surface depending on the type of cations in relation to the frustrations.


Conducting ultrasound measurements in a nuclear environment necessitates a non-invasive and non-intrusive transducer design, capable of operating through thick walled stainless steel vessels. Decommissioning of legacy infrastructure requires transducers capable of retro fitting. Achieving spatial measurements across vessel or pipe cross-sections requires a tomographic approach, typically using multiple invasive or intrusive point source transducers with a fanbeam profile enabling point to multipoint measurements. Non-invasive point source transducers are unable to create fan beams within the vessel. Differing path lengths within the vessel wall combined with the ultrasonic velocity mismatch between the wall and vessel contents creates a plane wave ultrasound beam within the vessel which is unsuitable for tomography. The objective of this study is to create a non-invasive transducer array with the spatial diversity to allow point to multipoint measurement. A non-intrusive array design methodology, overcoming the inherent focusing effects of curved inner pipe surface, is proposed and illustrated through the design, manufacture and testing of an 18 virtual point tomographic array on a stainless steel 6" pipe with 18mm thick walls. The pipe transfers a slurry of corroded Magnox nuclear fuel rods during decommissioning activities. A point to multi-point transducer arrangement is achieved through the creation of virtual sources, located on the inner surface of the pipe wall. Transducers are arranged at discrete angles around the virtual point such that refraction at the inner pipe surface creates multiple beams, each directed at individual, virtual points, to create point to multipoint measurements. The transducer array is constructed using an electrical discharge machined (EDM) stainless steel support with random 1"3 piezo-composite transducers. Finite element verification of the design PZFlex and the manufactured array is experimentally characterized.


. We give conditions which oblige properly embedded constant mean curvature one surfaces in hyperbolic 3-space to intersect. Our results are in- spired by the theorem that two disjoint properly immersed minimal surfaces in R 3 must be planes.


To examine the relationship between water loading and the determination of renal function by clearance methods, we have examined men with type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension


Body composition traits of Chaohu ducks selected within the breed were tested and analyzed to breed the new meat-type strains of Chaohu ducks.Sixty Chaohu ducks(thirty males and thirty females) with 10 weekages were slaughted and detected the carcass traits including carcass weight,eviscerated weight with giblets,eviscerated weight,breast muscle,leg muscle,abdominal fat,subcutaneous fat and so on.Statistics analysis was carried out for these traits.The results showed that there were no significant differences(P0.05) between male and female ducks for the percentage of carcass weight,eviscerated weight,leg muscle weight,subcutaneous fat and the shearing forces of breast and leg muscle.The female ducks' percentage of eviscerated weight with giblets,breast muscle and lean meat was significantly higher than that of the male ducks'(P0.05).The male ducks' ratio of bones weight to meat weight was higher than the female ducks'(P0.05).Analysis of correlation revealed that there was a significantly positive correlation among the different section weight index(P0.01).There was no sinificant correlation between the percentage of different section weight and the body weight(P0.05).There was a significant correlation(P0.05) between sex and the percentage of eviscerated weight with giblets,breast and leg muscle weight,and heart weight.The better carcass performance and qualities were found in the elementarily selected Chaohu duck population from the experiment.


Sound intensity has received significant attention over the past five years in the fields of noise control and product noise analysis. Yet, at this date, it is an infrequently used technique in consulting acoustics in general. Standards have been slow in developing and thus have not increased its use, and the most fundamental reason for its use is still the utility of its results rather than any existing standard. The benefit of intensity measurement in architecture is principally in its ability to indicate source direction, and this benefit is particularly important in a number of fields now being studied. The first of these is the open plan office, and the current work in intensity is based on an interest in the performance of acoustical dividers and absorbers. The second field, for which intensity seems to be the only measurement technique that is easily used, is the analysis of compound element building facades. This analysis is aimed at developing field transmission loss values for facade elements, s...


ABSTRACT This document presents the educational research model from the classroom implemented at the Colegio Gimnasio Campestre El Rodadero, in the city of Santa Marta, Colombia. This model consisted of creating a research seedbed integrating middle school students, with the aim of generating academic spaces that would allow the development of investigative skills from the area of humanities, according to the guidelines that the national Ministry of Education proposes. For this, the anthropological theory of the didactic was implemented, understanding education as a social process of cultural transmission. Methodologically, school ethnography and action research were applied. The results, for this case, show that the creation of seedbeds strengthens the investigative competences in the students through collective work, encouraging them to be interested in science and research, in contrast to the formalist and unilinear methodologies traditionally used.


The paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of carbonate reservoir rocks subjected to quasistatic and nonlinear dynamic loads. During the quasistatic loading the zones of linear elasticity were determined. Dynamic loading of samples was performed at several frequencies and load amplitudes using a testing system. There were two zones found in which the elastic modulus changes nonlinearly in terms of dynamic load frequency. While the frequency of the dynamic load increases from 0 to 10 Hz the dynamic elastic modulus rises according to logarithmic law; while the frequency increases from 10 to 60 Hz elastic modulus rises according to a power law for each load amplitude. The amplitude of the longitudinal strain and phase shift decreases with increasing frequency of the dynamic load. Under the higher strain rates the rock gets stiffer in comparison with rock subjected to smaller strain rate dynamic loading. Saturation of rock samples with distilled water flattening the dependencies of dynamic Young's modulus on frequency.


Frailty as a concept emerged as a geriatric term more than three decades ago, but although the concept was easy to understand its practical translation to individual patient care and the availability of robust methods to identify frail patients remained a problem for a long time 1 . It was only in the past 20 years that two important "schools" of frailty developed, one based on the "accumulated deficit" model 2 and the other based on "phenotype" criteria 3 where the latter operationalized frailty to five characteristics: shrinking (weight loss and sarcopenia), weakness, poor endurance, slowness and low physical activity. The latter then defined frail patients as those having ≥ 3 positive criteria, and those with one or two of these characteristics as prefrail. The concept of frailty gradually spread outside the realm of geriatrics and reached our specialty with a review paper in 2011 4 concerning the critical ill. Here the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) probably was introduced for the first time to this audience. Ten years later there are now multiple papers published on frailty, many with relevance for intensivists, emergency physicians and anaesthesiologists, also printed in this journal 5 .


For mapmakers, animating maps presents an amplified cartographic challenge. Because animated maps are difficult and expensive to make—even with today's powerful software and computers—a designer will want to be reasonably confident that their efforts will pay off with a map that is both attractive and informative. There is no shortage of poorly conceived and clumsily executed maps with animated content to be found these days, and many such examples seem made for no other reason than "they look cool" (Campbell and Egbert 1990). In the spirit of Edward Tufte, it is always worth asking why do I need to animate these data? Does the animation lend something to the representation that would be difficult or impossible to convey in static form? If the answer is yes, than the added expense and time of creating an animated map may well be justified. Cartographers who want to use animation to make a better map must know the strengths and limitations of animation as a tool, and how map-readers are likely to be impacted by animation. This article presents suggestions for creating effective animated maps derived from my experiences both as a user and as a creator of animated maps, as well as insights from formal user-testing over the past few years. Below, I offer some solutions to the four major challenges identified by Morrison (2000) with watching and learning from animated graphics: disappearance, attention, confidence, and complexity.


service, or public support, and as a result, communities loose precious energies that could otherwise be put to imagine real alternatives. Chapter Four brings to discussion the place of creativity in an algorithmic society, and Chapter Five concludes on creativity and the creative city. Both of these chapters open up on a common problem, creativity as – digital or spatial – environments that are over-engineered, which inexorably leave us with the production of a new form of "cultural authenticity," one which is engineered, overly-scripted and that engenders exclusionary processes. In conclusion, this book helps us think about many common and contemporary misunderstandings about creativity.


In this paper, a brief account on the development of integrating technology in the mathematics curriculum in Singapore over the last decade is first discussed. The impact of such an initiative in the mathematics classroom, on teaching and learning of mathematics in Singapore, and in the training of mathematics teachers is considered. Future directions and projects are also briefly presented.


The authors have studied the lateral transport of electron-hole (e-h) pairs in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells (QWS) (0.3 100 K AC scattering and PO scattering are found to dominate the scattering processes. In addition, a crossing of the theoretical electron and hole mobilities is observed for isolated BAL scattering for very narrow well widths or very low Al contents.


This article, based on two years of participant observation, in-depth interviews, and informal exchanges, offers an ethnographic account of a nonprofit organization that promotes the idea of corporate social responsibility. It follows the ways and means by which midlevel corporate executives are initiated into the universe of "corporate citizenship," learning to deploy terms such as "stakeholders," "brand loyalty," "social investment," and "community empowerment." Through an analysis of workshops, lectures, and ceremonial events, I show how the idea of social responsibility is transformed into a managerial tool, designed to enhance employee loyalty and to improve brand loyalty. From a constructivist sociological perspective, I also show that the idea of corporate social responsibility, when framed and advocated by a corporate-friendly organization, fits the neoliberal emphasis on corporate self-regulation.


The robust filtering problem for uncertain discrete-time systems is treated in this paper. An ϵ-contaminated framework is adopted to design the robust filter in presence of model uncertainties. The result is presented in term of Toeplitz matrix equations. The proposed approach does not require a formal modelling of uncertainties. Meanwhile, the ϵ-contaminated robust filter is equivalent to the minimum variance filter with a stochastic representation of the uncertainties. An example shows the effectiveness of the approach.


Several environmental and dietary factors have been implicated in risk for breast cancer. Particularly prominent on this list is dietary fat. Results


To characterize the excretion of 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate sodium (mesna) administered by intermittent infusion, urinary concentrations of mesna and its corresponding inactive disulfide »eremeasured during 50 courses of ifosfamide (1.6 g/nr for 5 days) and mesna (400 mg/nr at 0.25, 4, and 6 h after each ifosfamide dose) administered i.v. to 19 patients. Some patients had previously received nephrotoxic therapy that might influence the excretion of mesna and its associated uroprotective effects. The median urinary free thiol concentration increased to 3 HIM by l h after mesna infusion, declining to background levels by 4 h. The rate of mesna excretion correlated with the creatinine clearance rate in a subset of six patients. The proportion of mesna recovered in urine »¡thin 4 h after infusion was lower (/' < 0.05) in children who had evidence of preexisting renal tubular damage. Ifosfamide-induced tubular proteinuria was associated with lower urinary mesna recovery. Low urinary mesna concentrations indicated potentially subthcrapeutic renal tubular levels. However, ifosfamide nephrotoxicity was subclinical and is not necessarily linked to differences in mesna excretion.


example of the water purification from zinc ions on the KU-2-8 cationite in the continuous single-chamber apparatus with a fluidized bed. The ion exchange unit has a cylindrical body with a diameter of 0.08 m and a conical bottom. Distributive lattice with thickness of 3 (cid:215) 10 -3 m and with holes with diameter of 2 (cid:215) 10 -3 m and orifice of 20.6 % were located in the lower part of the device. The height of the fluid-bed ionite layer in the device was 0.12 m. The chamber for separation of ion exchanger and solution was placed in the top of the device. This chamber had a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 0.15 m and height of 0.1 m. The chamber for fluid-bed ionite and chamber for separation of ionite and solution were joined conical shell. The solution flow rate in the apparatus was 2.1 (cid:215) 10 -5 m 3 /s. The ionite flow rate in the device was 1.42 (cid:215) 10 -7 m 3 /s. The initial concentration of the solution of zinc chloride was taken 5.1 (cid:215) 10 -3 kg-eq/ m 3 . The concentration of zinc ions in the spent ionite was 0.67 kg-eq/m 3 . The concentration of zinc ions in the purified solution was 6.4 (cid:215) 10 -4 kg-eq/m 3 . The calculated value of concentration of zinc ions in the spent ionite was 0.66 kg-eq/m 3 . The calculated value of concentration of zinc ions in the purified solution was 7.2 (cid:215) 10 -4 kg-eq/m 3 . The deviation of the calculated results from the experimental data does not exceed 12 %. The elab-orated mathematical model is recommended for practical application.


In this work warped linear prediction (WLP) is applied lo a model-based method to detect impulsive disturbances in audio signals. According to simulations performed on artificially corrupted audio signals the adoption of negative values for the warping factor favors the click detection scheme. As a consequence, for equal lcvels of inissing (false) detection the WLP-based scheme yields consistently lower percentage of false (missing) detection than the conventional method.


This study described the bioinformatics methods to analyze seven oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes from mangrove plants on DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank as well as predicted the structure, composition, similarity, subcellular localization and phylogenetic. The physical and chemical properties of seven mangrove OSC showed variation among the genes. The percentage of the secondary structure of seven mangrove OSC genes followed the order of a helix > random coil > extended chain structure. The values of chloroplast or signal peptide were too low, indicated that no chloroplast transit peptide or signal peptide of secretion pathway in mangrove OSC genes. The target peptide value of mitochondria varied from 0.163 to 0.430, indicated it was possible to exist. These results suggested the importance of understanding the diversity and functional of properties of the different amino acids in mangrove OSC genes. To clarify the relationship among the mangrove OSC gene, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic tree shows that there are three clusters, Kandelia KcMS join with Bruguiera BgLUS, Rhizophora RsM1 was close to Bruguiera BgbAS, and Rhizophora RcCAS join with Kandelia KcCAS. The present study, therefore, supported the previous results that plant OSC genes form distinct clusters in the tree.


This study, by Fuk-chuen Ho of the Hong Kong Institute of Education and Michael Arthur-Kelly of the University of Newcastle, aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a professional development programme for in-service teachers in Hong Kong special schools. The goal of the programme was to deliver a field-based mode of training for teachers in special schools. A school cluster system was set up, with the goal of providing participants with a platform through which it is possible to conduct an interactive exchange of ideas, resources, services and expertise, mutually addressing the issues pertaining to children with special needs. Twelve school clusters were organised. Participants in this study included four educators from teacher training institutions, 31 expert teachers from supporting schools, and 101 trainees from participating schools. The most significant response came from trainees, because the participating schools had the opportunity to apply the learned skills in their own classrooms.


Abstract The binding of esters of gallic acid to milk proteins increases with increasing alkyl chain length. Chain branching decreases binding but changes in temperature, salt concentration, and heat treatment of the proteins have little effect. Butylated hydroxy anisole binds to the same extent as propyl gallate. Calcium-free milk proteins bound less than natural milk proteins. Binding is reversible and at low concentrations the amount of antioxidant bound is a linear function of the concentration of free antioxidant. The proteins of milk would thus compete with the fat phase for antioxidant.


The following topics are dealt with: soft decision decoding algorithms; multiple access systems; multiple antennas; iterative decoding; cryptography; algebraic codes; lattices; source and channel coding; turbo coding.


: Aim: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of new irrigant Chitosan citrate on Enterococcus Feacalis and its potency to remove smear layer. Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. Part one is the assessment of antibacterial efficacy of five irrigants against E. faecalis. E. faecalis (29212) was incubated in brain-heart infusion broth. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, 10% citric acid (pH3.5), Chitosan-citrate solution was then added to the bacterial inoculum for 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. Survival rates of E. faecalis were analysed as number of colonies formed at each time interval. Part two is the assessment of efficacy of chitosan citrate and 10% citric acid in smear layer removal. Thirteen extracted teeth were used for this experiment. The middle third of the root was cut longitudinally, and all specimens were immersed in both solutions for five minutes. All specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The number of open dentin tubules was determined for evaluation of smear layer removal. Mann Whitney and chi square tests were used for analysis of open dentin tubules. Results: The antibacterial effect of chitosan-citrate solution was achieved at 30 min and 60 minute. Chitosan-citrate solution removed significantly more of the smear layer than 10% citric acid (P<0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan-citrate solution showed antibacterial activity at 30 minutes and 60 minutes which shows it could be used as an intracanal medicament in primary tooth pulpectomy. Effectiveness of a chitosan-citrate solution to remove the smear layer in root canal treatment is satisfied and is superior to 10% citric acid . The chitosan-citrate solution might be the promising endodontic irrigation solution in future.


The inclusive economic growth and increasing wealth in Malaysia have some negative effects on transportation, predominantly in form of rising demand for private vehicles and refusing attitude to use public transportation (PT). The government and local authorities support this occurrence by subsidizing the fuel costs, determining low highway tolls and lack in investments which would ensure an effective functioning of PT. This politics resulted in enormous traffic congestions and air pollution which can be evident especially in Kuala Lumpur and its suburban areas. Thus, the objective of this article is to investigate the characteristics of the transportation users in the mentioned area and specify factors that would convince the car/motorcycle users to switch to public transportation. With the help of the consumer survey the article also studied the willingness of private vehicle users to accept the potential travel time reductions and opt for PT. With respect to these preliminary survey findings we proposed several policies which can strengthen the number of public transportation users and reduce car/motorcycle utilization.


King Saul was not only Israel's first monarch, but he was also her first sacrilegious ruler, a point on which the two historiographical books in the Hebrew Bible agree. However, each respective corpus delineates Saul's portrayal in uneven and distinctive representations, varying in theological perspective and emphasis. 1 Samuel presents a complex account of Saul's rise to power and his subsequent fall from divine favor, and culminates with Saul's battlefield suicide. 1 Chronicles, however, shows no interest in Saul's life, but begins and ends with his suicide. Though Chronicles uses the antecedent Samuel as a source, the story of Saul's suicide and its ramifications experience a conceptual metamorphosis, resulting in considerable shifts in the perception of human and divine agency. Relatedly, Chronicles is temporally posterior to Samuel, finding its inception following the Judean restoration in the Second Temple period's postexilic milieu. This paper seeks to uncover these shifts manifested in Chronicles by elucidating each account, highlighting the relationship between human and divine agency. Attention to the shifts yields a different sacrilegious Saul and an altered concept of divine transcendence, both birthed in the cradle of the Judean community in the Second Temple period.


A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 25 December, 2020 Accepted: 05 February, 2021 Online: 25 February, 2021 The objective of this paper is to allocate transmission congestion cost to responsible generators using a novel method. Deregulation of the electrical power system leads to the compulsion of open access to the transmission system for all entities of the power system. There is a trend to utilize cheaper generators by all loads. This leads to a violation of the operational and physical constraints of transmission corridors connected to those generators. It is not possible to utilize cheaper generators all the time due to the operational and physical constraints of the transmission lines. Hence there is an increase in the cost of energy produced. This increase in energy cost is taken into account as total congestion cost. Allocation of total congestion costs among various entities is always a complex task. Here, generators liable for the increase in total congestion cost identified using Bialek's algorithm. Bialek's upstream algorithm was applied to allocate congestion costs to generators. Results are obtained on IEEE-14 bus and IEEE-30 bus standard test systems.


Prussian Blue (PB) is an excellent electrochromic (EC) material, possessing many praiseworthy advantages such as proper redox potential, large transmittance, environmental benignity, neutral colored state, and low cost. However, the co‐influence of weak interaction force and low electrical conductivity results in poor cyclic stability and slow switching speed. In this work, the novel Pt/Au and Au/PB films are prepared by electrodeposition to improve the EC properties of PB. The introduction of Au and Pt nanoparticles not only enhances the conductivity and inhibits polarization, but also increases the contact area and alleviates the stress and strain caused by volume expansion during ion insertion/extraction. Furthermore, the Pt/PB and Au/PB heterojunction with a strong inner electronic field promote the separation of electrons and holes and quicken charge transfer. In consideration of the better electrical conductivity, higher transmittance and strong local plasma resonance effect of Au nanoparticles, the Au/PB film shows ultrastable EC cyclic stability (96.4% after 2000), fast coloration/bleaching switching time (1.36/2.32 s), small charge transfer resistance (38.2 Ω), and high coloration efficiency (131.3 cm2 C−1). In addition, the EC iris devices are designed and assembled using Au/PB film as an EC layer to confirm the feasibility of the material in digital cameras and mobile phones.


This study documents the rediscovery of Acanthobrama hadiyahensis in Saudi Arabia and the first report since it was described in 1983. One female and one juvenile were collected from Qusaiba'a Dam, in the Al-Thamad area of Khaybar City. Threats facing this species are the same as those facing all other freshwater fishes in Arabia, mainly habitat loss and damming.


The central theme that arises from the study of the information technology (IT) industry in India is the importance of the size and adaptability of the IT workforce in the country. The prominence that Indian companies receive globally is due primarily to their ability to provide knowledgeable and skilled IT workers to clients who have a lot of projects that need to be carried out. The IT industry in India has also been able to adapt fairly well to the changing needs of their global clients. Global businesses have not only been outsourcing their IT work to Indian IT service companies over the past three decades, but they have also started to locate in-house units in India in order to make appropriate use of the availability of this sizable and skilled workforce.


With the rise of Transformers and Large Language Models (LLMs) in Chemistry and Biology, new avenues for the design and understanding of therapeutics have opened up to the scientific community. Protein sequences can be modeled as language and can take advantage of recent advances in LLMs, specifically with the abundance of our access to the protein sequence datasets. In this paper, we developed the GPCR-BERT model for understanding the sequential design of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are the target of over one-third of FDA-approved pharmaceuticals. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the relationship between amino acid sequence, ligand selectivity, and conformational motifs (such as NPxxY, CWxP, E/DRY). By utilizing the pre-trained protein model (Prot-Bert) and fine-tuning with prediction tasks of variations in the motifs, we were able to shed light on several relationships between residues in the binding pocket and some of the conserved motifs. To achieve this, we took advantage of attention weights, and hidden states of the model that are interpreted to extract the extent of contributions of amino acids in dictating the type of masked ones. The fine-tuned models demonstrated high accuracy in predicting hidden residues within the motifs. In addition, the analysis of embedding was performed over 3D structures to elucidate the higher-order interactions within the conformations of the receptors.


"Non-Squeezing Theorem" which says that it is impossible to embed a large ball symplectically into a thin cylinder of the form R2, x B2, where B2 is a 2-disc. This led to Hofer's discovery of symplectic capacities, which give a way of measuring the size of subsets in symplectic manifolds. Recently, Hofer found a way to measure the size (or energy) of symplectic diffeomorphisms by looking at the total variation of their generating Hamiltonians. This gives rise to a bi-invariant (pseudo-)norm on the group Ham(M) of compactly supported Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms of the manifold M. The deep fact is that this pseudo-norm is a norm; in other words, the only symplectomorphism on M with zero energy is the identity map. Up to now, this had been proved only for sufficiently nice symplectic manifolds, and by rather complicated analytic arguments. In this paper we consider a more geometric version of this energy, which was first considered by Eliashberg and Hofer in connection with their study of the extent to which the interior of a region in a symplectic manifold determines its boundary. We prove, by a simple geometric argument, that both versions of energy give rise to genuine norms on all symplectic manifolds. Roughly speaking, we show that if there were a symplectomorphism of M which had "too little" energy, one could embed a large ball into a thin cylinder M x


Background: Brain calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is exclusively expressed in neurons, where it localizes to the post-synaptic density (PSD) to link calcium signals to chang...


serves. By ideology, a class rationalizes the acceptance of the privileges it obtains from the status quo. It is particularly significant that in Marx's own usage, the term is one of opprobrium and implies self-deception. Neither Sorel's concept of 'social myths' nor Pareto's concept of 'derivations' carries quite the same overtones of class warfare, or indeed self-deception.,I shall use the word 'ideology' in the widest sense. Any comprehensive world-view constitutes an ideology, on this view: such a world-view will


The first results on wall conditioning in the first and second campaign of LHD experiments are described. By confirming device integrity, operational reliability, and environmental safety, LHD has been successfully started up with intensive discharge cleaning without doing high-temperature baking. Evacuation of about 100 molecular layers of surface contaminants is found to be the key to start up the target plasma by ECH for NBI injection. Importance of combination between mild baking, GDC, ECR-DC and main shots is experimentally confirmed.


A new approach for providing tolerance to soft errors in digital circuits is presented. This approach is based on filtering transients at register inputs. It is shown in this paper that it can reduce the error rate due to ionizing radiation to insignificant levels. A comparative analysis of the overhead implied by our approach and alternative existing methods is also given.


Mechanical ventilation (MV) can contribute to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI); dexmedetomidine (Dex) treatment attenuates MV-related pulmonary inflammation, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the protective effect and the possible molecular mechanisms of Dex in a VILI rodent model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of seven groups (n=24 rats/group). Rats were euthanized after 4 h of continuous MV, and pathological changes, lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio, the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the expression levels of Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), Bcl-2, pro-caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the lung tissues were measured. Propidium iodide uptake and TUNEL staining were used to detect epithelial cell death. The Dex pretreatment group exhibited fewer pathological changes, lower W/D ratios and lower expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in BALF compared with the VILI group. Dex significantly attenuated the ratio of Bak/Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 expression levels and epithelial cell death, and increased the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2. The protective effects of Dex could be partially reversed by PD98059, which is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (upstream of ERK1/2) inhibitor. Overall, dexmedetomidine was found to reduce the inflammatory response and epithelial cell death caused by VILI, via the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.


Many measurements of heavy flavor production at HERA collider at DESY were performed using the ZEUS detector. Charm production is of special interest due to its non negligable contribution to the total cross section of the ep collisions. Measurements of the D + , Λ + c , D * meson final state are presented for the deep inelastic scattering regime, 5 < Q 2 < 1000 GeV 2 , where Q 2 is the photon virtuality, differential cross section are presented and compared to NLO QCD predictions. The charm contribution to the proton structure fucntion, F c ¯ c 2 , and the charm fragmentation fraction f (c → Λ + c) are also shown and compared to previous results from ZEUS and other experiments. The new results are in agreement the older ones.


According to the published sequences of genome of porcine bocaviruses(GenBank accession number GU902967-GU902971),one pair of primers was designed to amplify VP2 gene by PCR,and then the gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a(+) to construct a recombinant pET32a-VP2.After sequencing,the recombinant was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) competent cells.The transformed bacterium was induced by IPTG to produce a recombinant protein of 49 000 of molecular weight.The recombinant protein was in high expression and was soluble in the bacterium.The recombinant protein could react with the antibody of His in a Western blot test.The above indicated that the VP2 gene of porcine bocavirus was cloned and expressed in E.coli successfully,which would be helpful to study the function of the protein.


We provide a synopsis of the family Schizaeaceae in Bolivia, comprising four species in the genera Actinostachys and Schizaea . Due to their inconspicuous nature, several species of the family are poorly known in Bolivia, and additional species are likely to be found in the future.


The term "computer literacy" became very popular in the 1980s as a catch phrase describing a new type of understanding. Prior to the phrase's popularity, "literacy" was reserved for the knowledge of basic skills in reading and writing and familiarity with the classical works and great books of ancient and modern cultures. To be literate means to be educated regarding the fundamental or basic ideas, beliefs and methods of communication in society. By applying the term "literacy" to the knowledge of computers, society is signifying that this sort of knowledge is as important to a person's education in contemporary society as knowledge of reading and writing has been in the past (Ringle, 1981).

While many people seem to agree that the proliferation of computers and their application in extensive areas of human endeavor require us to take the notion of literacy seriously, there is still no consensus as to how this educational goal should be achieved. The difficulty stems from the fact that there is no universally accepted definition of computer literacy. Until educators are clear about the goal, effective ways to attain the objective of computer literacy will be clouded by confusion.

The purpose of this research is to examine the historical evolution of the phrase "computer literacy," to develop a chronological continuum of computer literacy, and to identify several competencies that will likely characterize the computer literate teacher in the 1990s.


The Landscape Architecture Program at Harvard University plays an international leading role with a 106-year-old history. Based on the introduction of the Landscape Architecture history at Harvard, this paper examines features of landscape architecture master program conducted from the perspectives of education idea, goals, administration and methodology. The success of MLA Program at Harvard is put forward to be significant for the current Landscape Architecture Education in China.


This work focuses on the problem of coordinating feedback and switching for the stabilization of the zero solution of the one-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation (KSE) with periodic boundary conditions and input constraints. Galerkin's method is initially used to derive a finite-dimensional system that captures the dominant dynamics of the KSE for a given value of the instability parameter. This ODE system is then used as the basis for the integrated synthesis, via Lyapunov techniques, of stabilizing nonlinear feedback controllers together with switching laws that orchestrate the switching between the admissible control actuator configurations, in a way that respects input constraints, accommodates inherently conflicting control objectives, and guarantees closed-loop stability. The theoretical results are successfully illustrated through computer simulations of the closed-loop system using a high-order discretization of the KSE.


Only by choosing the scientific and accurate strategic value for the cultural products going to the world,can they effectively occupy the international cultural market.Based on the traditional Chinese cultural values and the modern global culture values,first,we must follow the strategy of market that cultural products must meet world market demand.Second,we must follow the strategy of international value that cultural products must meet international market standards.Third,we must follow the strategy of future that the cultural products must reflect the discoveries of the future society development.Fourth,we must follow the strategy of science that cultural products must have scientific values.Fifths,we must follow the strategy of theme that cultural products must have impressive theme.


Introduction: dengue is a viral infection that affects Colombia, especially children in the Huila department. It continues spreading throughout Latin-American countries, warnings having been issued by several health agencies.Objective: presenting the first cases to be documented in Huila in pregnant women and their newborn. Methodology: this article presents two clinical cases and a review of the pertinent literature regarding dengue during pregnancy, in the newborn and during the perinatal period.Results: most studies were, in fact, found to be case reports. The 2009 WHO guidelines for dengue and two systematic reviews of the subject were consulted. The presentation of dengue during pregnancy, in the newborn and associated problems is described.Conclusion: the new nomenclature for dengue should be stressed: dengue with or without warning signs and severe dengue. There is a clear need for comparative studies aimed at defining specific guidelines for expectant mothers suffering from dengue.


Silicon germanium alloys (SiGe) have long been used in thermoelectric modules for deep-space missions to convert radio-isotope heat into electricity. They also hold promise in terrestrial applications such as waste heat recovery. The performance of these materials depends on the dimensionless figure-of-merit ZT (= Sσ T/ κ), where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ the electrical conductivity, κ the thermal conductivity, and T is the absolute temperature. Since 1960 efforts have been made to improve the ZT of SiGe alloys, with the peak ZT of n-type SiGe reaching 1 at 900 – 950 C. However, the ZT of p-type SiGe has remained low. Current space-flights run on p-type materials with a peak ZT ~ 0.5 and the best reported p-type material has a peak ZT of about 0.65. In recent years, many studies have shown a significant enhancement of ZT in other material systems by utilizing a nanostructuring approach to reduce the thermal conductivity by scattering phonons more effectively than electrons. Here we show, using a low-cost and mass-production ball milling and direct-current induced hot press compaction nanocomposite process, that a 50% improvement in the peak ZT, from 0.65 to 0.95 at 800 – 900C is achieved in p-type nanostructured SiGe bulk alloys. The ZT enhancement mainly comes from a large reduction in the thermal conductivity due to the increased phonon scattering at the grain boundaries and crystal defects formed by lattice distortion, with some contribution from the increased electron power factor at high temperatures. Moreover, nanocomposite approaches have been used to study the thermoelectric properties of other material systems such as bismuth telluride (Bi-Te), bismuth antimony (Bi-Sb), and half-Heusler phases. We observed a significant improvement in peak ZT of nanostructured pand n-type half-Heusler compounds from 0.5 to 0.8 and 0.8 to 1.0 respectively. The ZT improvement is mainly due to the reduction of thermal conductivity. This nanostructure approach is applicable to many other thermoelectric materials that are useful for automotive, industrial waste heat recovery, space power generation, or solar power conversion applications.


Objective: To establish the determination method of tannin contents in YuHuang spray by casein method. Method: The contents of tannin was measured by casein method which referred to Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Results: Casein method showed better linear relationship, average recovery rate of tannin was 99.1%, RSD=2.91%(n=3). Conclusion: The method, simple and sensitive, could be applied to the determination of tannin contents in YuHuang spray.


This paper presents a novel tree-based algorithm for reconfiguring an electrical system. We specifically consider a breakerless medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) zonal shipboard power system architecture. The reconfiguration algorithm was implemented and tested in a controller hardware-in-the-loop setup with a notional 4-zone MVDC real-time model. Simulation results demonstrate the approach and its efficacy. We conclude, that this approach is a viable candidate for future MVDC system designs.


This paper examines the effect of inflation on total factor productivity growth (TFP), using time-series data for every two digit Greek manufacturing industries. In order to do the above a translog flexible cost function is estimated and used to decompose TFP growth into scale economies, inflation and technical change. The advantage of estimating a very general and flexible cost function is that it allows us, for the first time, to examine empirically a large number of significant relationships between TFP growth and economies of scale, inflation and technical change. The main conclusion drawn from this analysis is that inflation reduces TFP growth in a way, which is sizeable. Furthermore, using standard causality test the direction of causality between inflation and TFP growth was tested at the manufacturing level.