Phonetic training makes word learning easier Amy Perfors (email@example.com) Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide David Dunbar (firstname.lastname@example.com) Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide Abstract Motivated by the idea that differences between adult and child language learners may stem in part from initially minor differ- ences (such as in phonetic perception) that cascade throughout other aspects of language learning, we explored to what extent training adults on a novel phonetic contrast results in improved learning of words that incorporate that contrast. Results indi- cate that distributional training on a novel phonetic contrast improves word learning as well as the ability to discriminate a related contrast. We discuss implications for how adults' phonological abilities in affect other aspects of language learn- ing, and also for understanding the effectiveness of different phonetic training regimes. Keywords: language acquisition; phonetic learning; second language learning Introduction Children and adults differ both qualitatively and quantita- tively in their ability to acquire a new language. Adults have difficulty with many aspects of language acquisition, from phonetic perception (Werker & Tees, 1984; Werker & Lalonde, 1988; Kuhl, 2004) to language processing (Clahsen & Felser, 2006) to certain aspects of syntax (e.g., Johnson & Newport, 1989; Birdsong, 2006). Scientists have proposed many theories to account for the difference between children and adults; these theories differ in both the degree and type of contribution made by pre-existing language-specific biases. Although nearly everyone agrees that (due to the inherent log- ical problem of induction posed by language learning) some bias must be necessary to explain successful language acqui- sition, explanations about the nature of the bias – and the dif- ference between children and adults – vary considerably. Some argue that there is a fundamental difference between first and second language acquisition: that acquisition in chil- dren is guided by an innate Universal Grammar and language- specific acquisition procedures, but that adult acquisition is directed by more domain-general learning mechanisms (e.g., Bley-Vroman, 1990). There are many other possibilities, however, since children and adults differ profoundly in their cognitive capabilities and typical linguistic input. Children have significantly poorer cognitive skills, including memory and processing speed; perhaps these differences aid children to learn language by enabling them to isolate and analyze components of a linguistic stimulus (Newport, 1988) or to over-regularize inconsistent input (Hudson Kam & Newport, 2005; Singleton & Newport, 2004). Another possibility is that learning a second language is made more difficult due to interference from the first language; indeed, the evidence that experience with a first language influences acquisition of a second is extensive (e.g., Mayberry, 1993; Iverson et al., 2003; Tan, 2003; Weber & Cutler, 2003; Hernandez, Li, & MacWhinney, 2005). This explanation overlaps considerably with the related point that adult brains are in many ways less plastic, and therefore less malleable in response to novel input (Elman et al., 1996; MacWhinney, 2005). Other explanations suggest that adults and children differ in their style of learn- ing (Ullman, 2004) as well as the nature of the social support (Snow, 1999) and linguistic input (Fernald & Simon, 1984) they receive. Of course, many of these possibilities may be true simultaneously. This work investigates yet another possibility – that small differences in children's abilities along one dimension or as- pect of language can have cascading effects, resulting in larger differences in other aspects of language. These ini- tial minor differences might be due to language-specific skills that naturally decay over time, or could be due to domain- general changes in the underlying cognitive abilities that sub- serve them. Key to this idea is the notion that, because lan- guage is such an intertwined, multi-dependent system, small differences in one aspect of language can be steadily ampli- fied when it comes to the acquisition of other aspects. This idea is similar to the neo-constructivist view of Karmiloff- Smith (1998): both suggest that differences in eventual lin- guistic performance may derive from cascading effects that result from variation in more basic skills. That view focuses on abnormal development in children, however. Our work is motivated by an extension of this viewpoint: the notion that some of the well-attested differences between child and adult learners may result from the more minor, lower-level differ- ences between adults and children. To investigate this, we be- gin by identifying aspects of language acquisition where one might expect to see cascading effects, and investigate whether performance in one improves performance in the other. What minor difference between adults and children might have significant cascading effects onto other aspects of lan- guage? One possibility derives from children's well-attested superior phonological processing and perception abilities. Young infants can distinguish between phonemes in all natu- ral languages, but lose that ability by the age of 10-12 months if they have not received sufficient linguistic input for a lan- guage containing that phoneme (Eimas, Siqueland, Jusczyk, & Vigorito, 1971; Werker & Tees, 1984; Kuhl, 2004). Adults who begin acquisition of a language later in life, even after decades of experience using the language, show phonolog- ical deficits in perception, production, and processing (e.g., Flege, 1995; Pallier, Colom´e, & Sebasti´an-Gall´es, 2001; Se- basti´an-Gall´es & Soto-Faraco, 1999).


D2 dissociates on Co3O4 at room temperature but not at 40 K, and donates electrons to Co3+ defects in tetrahedral sites.


Observability properties of errors in an integrated navigation system are studied with a control-theoretic approach in this paper. A navigation system with a low-grade inertial measurement unit and an accurate single-antenna Global Positioning System (GPS) measurement system is considered for observability analysis. Uncertainties in attitude, gyro bias, and GPS antenna lever arm were shown to determine unobservable errors in the position, velocity, and accelerometer bias. It was proved that all the errors can be made observable by maneuvering. Acceleration changes improve the estimates of attitude and gyro bias. Changes in angular velocity enhance the lever arm estimate. However, both the motions of translation and constant angular velocity have no influence on the estimation of the lever arm. A covariance simulation with an extended Kalman filter was performed to confirm the observability analysis.


Abstract No Abstract Available. * Supported in part by the State University of Iowa and in part by a research grant, D-217, from the National Institute for Dental Research, National Institutes of H...


Jane Austin and Zhang Ai Ling are the outstanding women writers who conveyed the subjects of love and marriage .The similar views on their works are :1 They reflected their views on society with minor materials .2 Their love novels lacked romantic plots .3 The historical backgrounds of their novels are vague .The different aspects in their works are the main style ,the language style and the mentality for figure creation .


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This paper deals with the Cauchy problem of 3D inhomogeneous incompressible magnetic Bénard equations. Through some time-weighted a <italic>priori</italic> estimates, we prove the global existence of strong solution provided that the upper boundedness of initial density and initial magnetic field satisfy some smallness condition. Furthermore, we also obtain large time decay rates of the solution.
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to sustain these efforts. They stress the intensity of embedded instruction and the necessity of being available to students over long periods of time. Several note that they transitioned to less labor-intensive means of serving students while still finding ways to maintain the level of per-sonalization critical for embedded librari-anship. All of them identified the value of evaluative feedback from faculty members and students, as well as the need to revise programs in light of this feedback. Embedded Librarians: Moving Beyond One-Shot Instruction will be useful to librarians looking for " how-to " guidance on embedding instruction in a course, program, or department. The case studies and reports are well written, theoretically based, and adaptable, and the chapter references will benefit those who wish to read more about this topic. This book provides stimulating ideas for librarians who want to create, expand, or deepen an embedded librarian program and for those who wish to expand the role of librarians within the academy. It is recommended highly to all academic librarians .—Margaret N. Gregor, Appalachian State University. The Challenge of Library Management: Leading with Emotional Engagement is a concise change leadership treatise that should be required reading in every library and information science graduate program. The work opens with the premise that the greatest challenge facing libraries is the recognition that, without change, our past strengths will become our liabilities. In nine brief chapters, the authors detail the unique challenges facing administrators and managers charged with leading change in a library environment. Through the translation and application of private sector corporate change management literature and research, the authors advise how to become an effective change leader in library environs. The structure of the book, well documented with over 150 sources, is effective for both new managers and seasoned managers in need of a refresher who may be charged with leading either small-or large-scale organizational changes. Each chapter ends with " Keys to Success , " a summary of the major points discussed in the chapter. The " Keys to Success " are followed by a series of questions under the heading " Thinking Exercises " that encourage the reader to explore a hypothetical situation using the theory, research, and advice provided in the chapter. The " Keys to Success " and " Thinking Exercises " operate similarly to a book discussion guide at the end of a novel. Although written with …


The three cases studied share a peculiarity rare otherwise in Normandy: they are known through charters of franchise. These charteres were granted as an outgrowth of a movement of improvement in a neighbouring area of Picardie. They show a mix of influences from Normandy and Picardie, as well as the traditions and economic evolution of the institutions which launched these ventures. While the privileges granted the men of Criquiers in 1305 were less generous than those conceded to Villedieu or Gourchelles over a century earlier, all three documents reveal rural communities of unquestionable vitality.


Objective To study the prevalence of neurasthenia and the influencing factors,and to provide evidence for the effective measures.Methods Based on randomized cluster sampling,2 106 seniors from 10 high schools were screened for neurasthenia according to the criteria of CCD-3.Data were tested by Chi-square. Results The general prevalence of neurasthenia was 2.89%,which was 6.93% for melancholic group,3.50% for sanguine group,2.79% for phlegmatic group and 2.54% for choleric group.The prevalence rate of neurasthenia in melancholic group was higher than that in other three groups.The prevalence rate of neurasthenia in the key school group was higher than that in the general school group(P=0.005) and in the vocational school group(P=0.000),but no statistical significance was found between general school group and vocational school group.Conclusion The prevalence rate of neurasthenia may be influenced by the style of trait and the studying stress.Effective measures should be conducted to prevent neurasthenia among middle school students.


SUMMARY A low-nitrogen mycelium prepared by suspending freshly grown mycelium in a nitrogen-free medium for 22 to 24 hours was transferred to buffered media containing NH4Cl as sole nitrogen source for estimation of ammonia absorption. In one experiment a 'sugar-starved' mycelium, obtained by suspending the fresh mycelium for a similar period in a medium lacking both nitrogen and glucose, was employed. During the absorption of ammonia by low-nitrogen mycelium, there is an increase in the ammonia content of the cells, and also in the total organic nitrogen, showing that assimilation of ammonia takes place. The rate of increase of both forms of nitrogen is greatest during the first Io minutes of uptake and the maximum level of ammonia in the cells is reached within this initial period. External glucose is required for maximal uptake only after the second hour and it increases only the rate of assimilation. In the sugar-starved mycelium, uptake of ammonia is considerably smaller: ammonia increases within the cells but ammonia assimilation is very slow in the absence of external glucose. The chief soluble product of ammonia assimilation is glutamine. Ethanol-insoluble nitrogen compounds are also formed, suggesting that proteins may be synthesized. Assimilation of ammonia is only slightly affected by external ammonia concentration above 5 mM, but is markedly sensitive to temperature, external pH, anaerobic conditions and low concentrations of sodium azide or 2,4-dinitrophenol. The effects of the last three factors indicate that ammonia assimilation depends upon aerobic respiration, including the transfer of high-energy phosphate. The level of ammonia in the mycelium depends on the external concentration and pH; it is reduced by anaerobic conditions and by sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol although sensitivity to these factors is apparently much smaller than is that of ammonia assimilation. The participation of respiration is therefore implicated both in the assimilation of ammonia and also in some process leading to the increase of ammonia in the mycelium.


A FOOD PRODUCT ANALOGO A MANTLE cephalopod and its manufacturing process. A food product typically contains mainly on its composition 80-95% OF MANTLE OF POTA, and which the manufacturing process involves subjecting POTA MUSCLE PICADO A homogenized with 1-3% by weight of salt together. AFTER A FUNCTION OF INITIAL MUSCLE POTA, is added CARRAGEENAN IN PROPORTION AND one or more ingredients from the following: calcium salt, potassium salt, starch, egg albumen, AND SOY PROTEIN AFTER proceeding TO A NEW homogenised for 2 to 10 minutes. This mass will be molded ring-shaped cephalopod OPEN OR MANTLE AND IF YOU WANT TO SKIN THAT, WILL BE TREATED WITH A BATH OF SODIUM FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER Alginate calcium chloride. THE PRODUCT TO CONTINUING ALWAYS BE SUBJECT TO HEAT TREATMENT SUITABLE which can range from 110 A 250GC for a time depends on the temperature at which BE SUBMITTED FOR THE PRODUCT. THIS PRODUCT WILL BATTER or not, and frozen or refrigerated.


Modern critics agree that the tragic cannot be Christian, because Christian and even Judaic conceptions of life are not consistent with that implied by tragedy. From a poetic point of view it appears that Christian tragedy does exist, as far as modern tragedy is grounded in Christian society. Ancient Greek tragedy was rediscovered at the beginning of the modern era, in the context of Christian beliefs and morality, and became a pedagogic means of showing the ruin of the mighty, and the terrible consequences of sin. This chapter analyzes Christian tragedy - in particular French and Italian early modern tragedies - and points out some problems arising from the contact between a tragic interpretation of Greek models and the modern reception of ancient tragedy. It studies modern adaptations of Oedipus the King , and shows how modern dramatists try to respect both moral injunctions and the tragic contradictions of Sophocles?s plot. Keywords: ancient Greek tragedy; Christian tragedy; early modern tragedies; Oedipus the King


PURPOSE
This research examined the expression of cortical auditory evoked potentials in a cohort of children who received cochlear implants (CIs) for treatment of congenital deafness (n = 28) and typically hearing controls (n = 28).

METHOD
We make use of a novel electroencephalography paradigm that permits the assessment of auditory responses to ambiently presented speech and evaluates the contributions of concurrent visual stimulation on this activity.

RESULTS
Our findings show group differences in the expression of auditory sensory and perceptual event-related potential components occurring in 80- to 200-ms and 200- to 300-ms time windows, with reductions in amplitude and a greater latency difference for CI-using children. Relative to typically hearing children, current source density analysis showed muted responses to concurrent visual stimulation in CI-using children, suggesting less cortical specialization and/or reduced responsiveness to auditory information that limits the detection of the interaction between sensory systems.

CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that even in the face of early interventions, CI-using children may exhibit disruptions in the development of auditory and multisensory processing.


Results of a lasercomm demonstration in the maritime environment conducted off the mid-Atlantic coast near Wallops Island, VA, in July and September 2009 will be presented and performance of the optical channel will be discussed.


A kinetic theory of cluster formation is developed based on the recent numerical results of N -body systems. First, a stability criterion for equilibrium clusters is formulated in terms of residence time distributions. Secondly, the Negative-Weibull distribution is derived theoretically in a certain scaling hypothesis under a free particle approximation. Thirdly, the origin of the Universal Long Tail is explained from a general feature of nearly integrable hamiltonian dynamics. Lastly, the collapse of unstable cluster is briefly discussed.


The predominant beta-thalassemia in Sardinia is the beta 0 type in which no beta-globin chains are synthesized in the homozygous state. We determined the beta-thalassemia mutations in this population by the oligonucleotide-probe method and defined the chromosome haplotypes on which the mutation resides. The same beta 39(CAG----TAG) nonsense mutation was found on nine different chromosome haplotypes. Although this mutation may have arisen more than once, the multiple haplotypes could also be generated by crossing over and gene conversion events. These findings underscore the frequency of mutational events in the beta-globin gene region.


Abstract. In this study, the dead carbon fraction (DCF) variations
in stalagmite M1-5 from Socotra Island in the western Arabian Sea were
investigated through a new set of high-precision U-series and radiocarbon
( 14C ) dates. The data reveal an extreme case of very high and also
climate-dependent DCF. For M1-5, an average DCF of 56.2±3.4  % is
observed between 27 and 18 kyr BP. Such high DCF values indicate a high
influence of aged soil organic matter (SOM) and nearly completely closed-system carbonate dissolution conditions. Towards the end of the last glacial
period, decreasing Mg∕Ca ratios suggest an increase in precipitation which
caused a marked change in the soil carbon cycling as indicated by sharply
decreasing DCF. This is in contrast to the relation of soil infiltration and
DCF as seen in stalagmites from temperate zones. For Socotra Island, which
is influenced by the East African–Indian monsoon, we propose that more
humid conditions and enhanced net infiltration after the Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM) led to dense vegetation and thus lowered the DCF by increasing
 14CO2 input into the soil zone. At the onset of the Younger Dryas
(YD) a sudden change in DCF towards much higher, and extremely variable,
values is observed. Our study highlights the dramatic variability of soil
carbon cycling processes and vegetation feedback on Socotra Island
manifested in stalagmite DCF on both long-term trends and sub-centennial
timescales, thus providing evidence for climate influence on stalagmite
radiocarbon. This is of particular relevance for speleothem studies that aim
to reconstruct past atmospheric 14C (e.g., for the purposes of 14C
calibration), as these would rely on largely climate-independent soil carbon
cycling above the cave.


The present study explores Reynolds number dependence in the viscous wall region of turbulent boundary layers. Low Reynolds number experiments (R0=2,000) were conducted in the boundary layer wind tunnel at the University of Utah. High Reynolds number experiments 0^=4,000,000) were conducted in the atmospheric surface layer which flows over the salt flats of the Great Salt Lake Desert in western Utah. Velocity measurements are derived from a five element vertical rake of wires spanning the region 2<y<40. For some of the experiments, the high frequency surface pressure fluctuations were simultaneouslyj^acquired with a microphone flush mounted immediately upstream of the hot-wire array. In addition, visualizations of the viscous sublayer were performed using dual slit, tangential smoke injection. To facilitate reliable comparisons, both the laboratory and field experiments employed the same instrumentation. The results presented include longtime statistical profiles, space and space-time correlations, and length scale and flow structure correlation information from the visual data. Comparisons between the high and low Re results indicate that even in the immediate vicinity of the surface there are strong influences produced by the low frequency motions at high Rj. These influences are pronounced in the axial velocity and wall pressure statistics. Nomenclature 9 momentum thickness 8 boundary layer thickness v kinematic viscosity p density 1 length of hot-wire sensor y distance above surface x streamwise/axial distance u streamwise velocity U.. free stream velocity z0 aerodynamic roughness length f filter frequency co circular frequency 0) spanwise vorticity p static surface pressure iw wall shear stress Copyright 01996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and AMronauUc*, Inc. All rights reserved. Re


Recently, there have been some research interests in using cellular automata (CA) traffic models to study the occurrence of rear-end crashes by introducing unsafe driving conditions in the model. However, these CA models have unbound deceleration rates and do not permit realistic behavioral variations in the simulation. These deficiencies reduce the validity of the safety results obtained by the models. This study analyzed the likelihood of occurrence of rear-end crashes by incorporating parameters that affect driver risk-taking and alertness behaviors in the simulation model. The movements of vehicles in the model were affected by relative speeds and inter-vehicle spacings. The performance of the proposed model was evaluated by comparing speeds and spacings obtained from simulation with actual traffic data. A MAPE statistic of 9.9% was obtained upon comparing simulated speeds and spacings with actual traffic data observed in the field. The likelihood of vehicles to crash in the model was assessed by examining the time-to-collision and the rates of vehicles' decelerations applied to avoid imminent collisions. The frequencies of simulated decelerations were fitted to a two-parameter Gamma distribution function from which the likelihood of crashes was estimated when the deceleration rate was greater than 0.6g. Simulation results indicated that there were higher chances of a vehicle being involved in a rear-end crash when traffic flow was near maximum. Future improvements the proposed model will involve increasing the authenticity of driver reactivity to traffic states using finer time steps.


In this paper, the design of a RF MEMS oscillator on a silicon-ceramic composite substrate using a high-Q Lamb-wave resonator as frequency-selective device is described. The MEMS resonator is designed on a 1.8 μm thick piezoelectric AlN layer, deposited on silicon using thin-film processes. The finite-element simulation results of the resonator structure are presented, and the derivation of the electrical equivalent-circuit is described. The active part of the MEMS oscillator, which was laid out in a Pierce topology, has been integrated in an application-specific integrated circuit fabricated in CMOS technology. Both, amplifying and frequency-selective parts are hybrid-integrated on a unique silicon-ceramic composite substrate, which enables a very compact high-quality module design with minimal parasitics. The MEMS oscillator serves as a technology demonstrator combining the advantages of microelectronic and microelectromechanical components towards a compact and power-efficient hybrid technology, e.g. for mobile communications or wireless sensors.


A series of experiments was conducted to study the memory alignment effect on the polymer film surfaces. The results show that the liquid crystal alignment can be imprinted on polymer surfaces. The anchoring strength of the imprinted alignment increases with memory time.


In many innovation settings, ideas are generated over time and managers face a decision about if and how to provide in-process feedback to the idea generators about the quality of submissions. In this paper, we use design contests allowing repeated entry to examine the effect of in-process feedback on idea generation. We report on a set of field experiments using two online contest websites to compare the performance of three different feedback treatments – no feedback, random feedback, and directed feedback (i.e., in-process feedback highly correlated with the final quality rating of the entry). We posted six logo design contests for consumer products and accepted submissions for one week. We provided daily feedback during the contest period using one of the three treatments. We then used a panel of target consumers to rate the quality of each idea. We find that directed feedback is associated positively with agent participation. For outcome, while directed feedback benefits the average quality of entries submitted, we don't find that relationship for the best entries – indeed, no feedback or random feedback may produce better top-end entry quality. We also find that, under directed feedback, the variance in quality declines as the contest progresses.


Please cite this paper as: A simple assay for the study of human hair follicle damage induced by ionizing irradiation. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e306–e309.


The centres of galaxies are powerful laboratories to test the current $\Lambda$CDM model for structure formation and evolution. While these sub-galactic scales can be directly investigated in the local Universe, it is observationally extremely difficult to access them at high redshift. The combination of strong gravitational lensing and VLBI observations allows us to access these scales to study both the baryonic and the dark matter distribution at the largest distances. For example, it becomes possible to unveil complex mass density distribution of lensing galaxies, faint cold molecular gas reservoirs, offset and binary AGN candidates at $z>1$. Currently, these detailed studies are limited by the small number of known radio-loud lensed sources. Wide-field VLBI observations may provide a viable way to search for many more radio-loud systems and test strategies in preparation for the future surveys with the next generation of interferometers.


Reversing the consequences of oncogenic Ras is a fundamental problem in cancer therapeutics. Somatic RAS mutations are highly prevalent in many human cancers that respond poorly to current treatments, including carcinomas of the lung, pancreas, and colon; melanoma; and myeloid leukemia (for review, see Schubbert et al. 2007). At first glance, oncogenic Ras is an appealing target for rational drug discovery as the mutant protein is a membrane-associated signaling molecule that is expressed at robust levels in primary tumor cells. However, targeting oncogenic Ras is extremely challenging in practice due to the nature of the Ras cycle and the functional consequences of oncogenic mutations (for review, see Vetter and Wittinghofer 2001; Downward 2003). Ras relies on an intrinsic GTPase activity to terminate signaling by hydrolyzing GTP to GDP. This "off" reaction is relatively inefficient, but is accelerated thousands of fold by the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) neurofibromin and p120 GAP, which stabilize a transition state between Ras-GTP and Ras-GDP. Cancer-associated amino acid substitutions at codons 12, 13, and 61 both impair intrinsic Ras GTPase activity and confer resistance to GAPs. In principle, an effective small molecule therapy must therefore restore enzymatic activity within a highly constrained phosphate-binding loop of the oncoprotein without deregulating normal Ras or related cellular GTPases. Given these grim biochemical realities, drug discovery efforts have primarily focused in two areas: (1) blocking enzymes such as farnesyl transferase, which catalyze post-translational modifications of Ras that are essential for membrane targeting; and (2) developing inhibitors of downstream kinases such as MEK, Akt, and mTOR. Inherent in these strategies is the notion that reversing the growth of Ras-driven malignancies inevitably requires interrupting aberrant cell-intrinsic signaling networks. However, despite substantial effort, there are currently no agents that effectively counter the biochemical consequences of oncogenic Ras. A provocative paper by Ancrile et al. (2007) in the July 15 issue of Genes and Development suggests that interfering with the ability of Ras-driven tumors to modulate the behaviors of other cells in the microenvironment could represent a viable therapeutic approach. The current work was inspired, in part, by a previous study showing that HRAS-transformed HeLa cells secrete the cytokine interleukin 8 (IL8), which contributes to tumor growth in immunodeficient mice by promoting angiogenesis (Sparmann and Bar-Sagi 2004), and by the reports of elevated levels of another cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL6), in the sera of patients with pancreatic cancer (Wigmore et al. 2002). Ancrile et al. (2007) harnessed a tractable system for transforming primary cells with a defined set of genes that includes SV40 T/t antigens, the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT, the p110 isoform of phosphoinositide-3-OH (PI-3) kinase fused to a CAAX membrane localization sequence, and a regulatable HRAS oncogene (Lim and Counter 2005). Inducing H-Ras protein expression resulted in morphologic transformation and a tumorigenic phenotype, which was associated with dramatic up-regulation of IL6 production in multiple cell types. Moreover, reducing IL6 levels through the use of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown technology markedly attenuated tumorigenesis in vivo. Interestingly, Ancrile et al. (2007) present data that argue strongly against autocrine signaling as the reason that IL6 enhances tumor growth. Instead, the data support a paracrine mechanism through which tumor-produced IL6 acts on infiltrating cells in the tissue microenvironment (see Fig. 1). In related studies, these authors observed attenuated tumor formation in IL6 mutant mice that are exposed to a well-established model of skin carcinogenesis. They also showed that IL6 knockdown altered the growth of kidney and mesenchymal cancer cell lines. These experiments support the general principle of targeting the microenvironment as a strategy for inhibiting the growth of tumors expressing oncogenic Ras. This idea is consistent with elegant studies of Schwann cell tumorigenesis in Nf1 mutant mice. The Nf1 tumor suppressor gene encodes neurofibromin, a GAP for Ras, and inactivating this gene in the Schwann cell lineage deregulates Ras signaling and results in tumor formation, which is dependent on aberrant cytokine signaling between the tumor and infiltrating haploinsufficient mast cells (Zhu et al. 2002; Yang et al. 2003). The data of Ancrile et al. (2007) also raise new questions. First, it is uncertain how oncogenic Ras expression induces IL6 production and, in particular, whether this is consequence of activating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Ral-GDS, PI3 kinase/Akt, and/or other effectors of Ras-GTP. Second, whereas IL6 production by tumorigenic cells is asCorresponding author. E-MAIL email@example.com; FAX (415) 502-5127. Article is online at http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gad.1587907.


This study determined the effects of television (TV) advertising restriction of Energy-Dense and Nutrient-Poor Foods on product and promotion activities by food companies producing or selling children's favorite foods. A survey using a selfadministered questionnaire was conducted via on-line or fax by marketers or R&D managers from 108 food companies. The data from 55 respondents (50.9%) were analyzed. Restriction exerted positive effects on food products with respect to compliance with labeling requirements (4.0 out of 5 points) and reinforcement of nutritional contents examination of new products (3.7 out of 5 points). Reformulations of products such as reduction of nutrients like sodium, sugar and fat were also reported. In addition, food companies underwent diverse changes in promotional activities, including modification of package designs and displays in stores, offering free gifts, discounts, etc. In conclusion, restriction of TV food advertising may contribute to improvement of children's food environment by encouraging food companies to make favorable product changes. On the other hand, the results also revealed that food companies adopt diverse marketing channels that are not yet under regulation. Hence, to make policies more effective, regulation needs to be extended from TV to other marketing channels to which children are easily exposed.


In this paper, the axial plasmonic Talbot effect is investigated with a graphene monolayer sheet with different chemical potential distribution. The Talbot distance of axial self-imaging effect is discussed by controlling the chemical potential of graphene and the frequency. The Talbot distance is in inverse proportion to the frequency, and decreases when the chemical potential of graphene increases. Moreover, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Talbot image is also studied by varying the frequency and the chemical potential of graphene. The result shows that the FWHM follows an upward curve with the increase of chemical potential and frequency. The proposed structure might find applications in the fields of deep sub-wavelength imaging and nano-lithography.


Capsule endoscopy has proven useful in the diagnosis of small bowel luminal pathology. The following examples highlight the usefulness of capsule endoscopy in the treatment of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, occult inflammatory bowel disease, and neoplasms of the small bowel.


Membrane �ltration has been widely adopted in various water treatment applications, but its use in selective solute separation for resource extraction and recovery is an emerging research area. When a membrane process is applied for solute-solute separation to extract solutes as the product, the performance metrics and process optimization strategies should differ from a membrane process for water production because of separation goals are fundamentally different. In this analysis, we used lithium (Li) magnesium (Mg) separation as a representative solute-solute separation to illustrate the de�ciency of existing performance evaluation framework developed for water-solute separation using nano�ltration (NF). We performed coupon and module scale analyses of mass transfer to elucidate how membrane properties and operating conditions affect the performance of Li/Mg separation in NF. Notably, we identi�ed an important operational tradeoff between Li/Mg selectivity and Li recovery, which is critical for process optimization. We also established a new framework for evaluating membrane performance based on the success criteria of Li purity and recovery. This analysis lays the theoretical foundation for performance evaluation and process optimization for NF-based selective solute separation.


The increasing demand for timber globally has led to a search for sustainable wood sources. Young Eucalyptus plantations are a potential source of timber, taking advantage of their fast growth and high adaptability to a wide range of climatic conditions. Young trees usually contain undesirable features, such as knots, warping, and high contents of juvenile wood, apart from providing timber of limited cross-sectional dimensions, what can be overcome by the manufacture of engineered products. We aimed to address some key points, from the wood quality and mechanical properties point of view, for the adoption of short-rotation Eucalyptus plantations to manufacture engineered wood products. Among the high-productive clones already in use in the Brazilian bioenergy industry, we have identified some with desirable wood mechanical properties even at early ages (seven years-old). We developed and tested a bow and spring index in young and mature E. grandis timber boards which allows us to identify and segregate timber portions whose localized distortion is too high, helping to use the low warping sections to compose finger-jointed lamellas for engineered wood products. When testing the adhesion strength on knot-containing timber from young E. grandis in relation to clear wood, we found that knots reduce wood adhesion strength only when density is above 0.65 g cm -3 , reinforcing the benefits of stratifying lamellas on glued laminated beams. High-density lamellas are positioned on zones with higher compression and tensile stress demand, but where shear stress is low. This fact, together with the low proportion of knots on lamellas' surfaces, makes the influence of knots on the adhesion of wood of young Eucalyptus less significant. We build an tested glued laminated beams using timber from young E. grandis with different levels of bow, adding presstress to the beams. Prestress did not influence the beams' load capacity as hypothesized. However, laminated beams returned mechanical properties adequate for structural applications, even though 80% of lamellas did not meet the minimum requirements of national timber standards. While knots in the compression zone did not influence the beams' behavior, knots on the tension side were the points where rupture started. However, only one beam had the bending behavior and strength affected by the knot, although not enough to affect the average and the variation of the data. In turn, knots did not influence beams' bending stiffness independently of their position. The results showed young Eucalyptus timber has a high potential for manufacturing engineered products, especially in countries where Eucalyptus is already well established as a forest culture, such as Brazil, South Africa, and Chile. There are several benefits of using this timber source, from the fast-growing raw material production and processing, lower risks, and earlier payout, to the possibility of establishing plantations close to the consumer market. There is, however, the need for assessing the yield of each processing step and the economic viability of manufacturing engineered wood products from young Eucalyptus forests.


Scenario Analytics is a type of analysis that focuses on the evaluation of different scenarios, their merits and their consequences. In the context of the legal domain, this could be in the form of analyzing large databases of legal cases, their facts and their claims, to answer questions such as: Do the current facts warrant litigation?, Is the litigation best pursued before a judge or a jury?, How long is it likely to take?, and What are the best strategies to use for achieving the most favorable outcome for the client? In this work, we report on research directed at answering such questions. We use one of a set of jury verdicts databases totaling nearly a half-million records. At the same time, we conduct a series of experiments that answer key questions and build, sequentially, a powerful data-driven legal decision support system, one that can assist an attorney to differentiate more effective from less effective legal principles and strategies. Ultimately, it represents a productivity tool that can help a litigation attorney make the most prudent decisions for his or her client.


A reformative kernel Fisher discriminant method is proposed, which is directly derived from the naive kernel Fisher discriminant analysis with superiority in classi1cation e2ciency. In the novel method only a part oftraining patterns, called "signi1cant nodes", are necessary to be adopted in classifying one test pattern. A recursive algorithm for selecting "signi1cant nodes", which is the key ofthe novel method, is presented in detail. The experiment on benchmarks shows that the novel method is e8ective and much e2cient in classifying. ? 2003 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Timing and Triggering: Clues from Antiquity Barton Phelps The-sis, n. Gk., lowering of the voice; downbeat, the more important part of a poetic foot; the act of laying down. Landscapes are dynamic, and place is about time and activity. Function usually follows form—not the other way around; and time (in its historic, annual, and daily guises) performs a continual, not always harmonically constructive duet with presence. Designers rarely encounter stable, unchanging landscapes in this country. Indeed, it appears such an idea is histori- cally un-American: experimentation and commodification are more powerfully culture-driven ambitions than conserva- tion and permanence. Partly because its development came late and quickly, California is home to a distinct sequence of efforts to respond to this dynamism—to speed up or slow down the rate of change. (Deciding where to come down in the professionally suspect, often moralistic terrain of time is a fundamental problem of architectural and planning activ- ity. And what we are thinking as we go about this and what we report to clients are not necessarily the same thing.) Let's call it timing. An experiment in timing is under- way at Thacher School in the hot, dry foothills of the Santa Ynez Mountains near Ojai. Founded on a former cattle ranch by a Yale-educated newcomer in 1889, Thacher provided an early societal link between California and elite institutions of East Coast higher education. Nowadays, it's a diverse, Opposite: Campus plan of Thacher School showing site of Arts Building and Commons (AB/C). The school's setting is dominated by vistas to surrounding mountains (inset). Images courtesy of Thacher School. coed boarding school. Yet even if its curriculum is no longer based on the Classics, it still undertakes an update of Sherman Thacher's broadly inclu- sive educational initiative, combining academic achievement with objectives in self-reliance, teamwork, and envi- ronmental awareness. The 240 high school-age students at Thacher live a rugged, outdoor life, shaped by the Ojai Valley and the daily ranch labor they perform. Their 400- acre campus (also home to 60 faculty and 140 horses) drops 200 feet in 1,200 feet from east to west, making for steep climbs and long, elevated views on the way to anywhere. Part grid, part contour-tracing ramble, its layout, and daily life itself, take focus at a shady central terrace called "The Pergola." In 2001, the decision by the school's trustees to construct a new performing arts building and a student commons (the largest project in school history) on this central space raised a range of questions about space and time—as well as the designers' ability to get it right. Bordering hallowed space unchanged for a half century, the Commons building would be the school's first to fully recognize coeducation in its design, and the Arts Building would give new importance to creative activ- ity. The siting that we ultimately settled upon, however, intervened forcefully in a spatial composition evolved over five or six generations. Our design aimed to show that architectural "progress" is not a Zeit- geist constant, and that the conscious choice of where to come down in architectural time is critically impor- tant to supporting social progress in every community. We started by trying to be useful, helping other people to collect and orga- nize their thoughts for a project whose name was soon shortened to AB/C. Building with Gerunds Engaging: Two programs totaling 24,000 sq.ft. in an integrated compo- sition anchored to the Pergola estab- lish movement patterns that clarify campus orientation, provide new, precisely oriented view lines, and heighten awareness of the setting. Double-functioning: Operations overlap to avoid redundancy and link activities. In addition to casual spaces for student, faculty, alumni and con- ference use, the Commons provides lobby/reception/rest room facilities for events in either building. Lower- level music practice rooms are close to the stage/rehearsal rooms across the court. Linking/Encountering: Circulation is concentrated in a skylit central corridor linking Pergola and Arts Building, interpreted as a Parisian shopping arcade with a cafe and a school store display window. A socio- petal space, it banks on function, loca- tion, and daily visits to the mail room at its center to encourage social inter- action. The space doubles as a gallery for the display of student work and traveling exhibitions. The tackboard "Toad" (school mascot) offers addi- tional space for pin-up, Internet access, and vending machines. Testing Regionalism/Elevating Per- formance: Orientation, daylight pen- etration, roof overhangs/sun shades, foundation/structural design, natural ventilation/limited HVAC systems, and material selection all reflect a balance between construction cost and life-cycle performance. In terms of texture, fieldstone, boulders (from the excavation), concrete, and metal siding predominate. Metal roofing replaces heavy tile, diminishing the seismic load its use created in earlier buildings. Phelps / Timing and Triggering


Summary The effect of bacterial endotoxin on the production of factor VII, VIII and IX activities in isolated rabbit livers, spleens and kidneys was investigated. The organs were perfused for 4 hours with fluid devoid of coagulation activity and containing either endotoxin or glucose-saline diluent. A series of parallel experiments included an initial hour of perfusion to ensure removal of tissue-stored coagulation activity, and perfusion with platelet-rich plasma and protein synthesis inhibitors. Endotoxin increased factor VII production in all organs but especially in livers not subjected to the initial perfusion; this effect was abolished by actinomycin D and puromycin. Endotoxin had little effect on hepatic factor VIII and IX activities but it inhibited production of both factors in the kidney and of factor VIII in the spleen. Initial perfusion prevented this inhibition of splenic factor VIII activity. These data suggest that endotoxin increases factor VII synthesis and causes consumption of factors VIII and IX in perfused kidneys and, to a lesser extent, spleens. Also, initial perfusion appears to prevent the subsequent consumption of splenic factor VIII by endotoxin. This response may involve activation of some tissue-bound or stored factor(s) or may be due to removal of an inhibitor substance.


The study aims to investigate the causality relationship between Gross Domestic Product and its components with Tax revenues in developing countries as a case study in Palestine. This study based on an empirical approach using secondary data from Palestine monetary Authority during (1999-2014). The findings exposed mainly that the tax revenues does not Granger Cause each of the Palestinian Gross Domestic Product, Government spending, Consumption, Investment and Balance of trade. In addition, researcher divided period of study into three stages according to changing in income tax act. Moreover, results shows that the impact of macro-economic variables on tax revenues and correlations between dependent and independent variables was changing from one stage to other. This paper concludes that the Palestinian authority should motivate investment conditions and improve the tax collection instruments and decrease the tax invasion. In addition, Palestinian government should rationalize the government consumption spending and increase the government expenditure for the development.


The paper presents results of studies on the workability during drilling of polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene-based WPCs with filler in the form of wood meal in the amount of 50%. The aim of investigations was to determine proper machining work and thrust force when drilling selected WPC materials and to compare them with the proper machining work and thrust force when drilling the following wood species: alder, birch and beech. The experiments were carried out on a universal OUS-1 machine tool equipped with a drill torque meter. Polyethylene-based WPC was found to be better workable than the remaining materials and its machining was better than such wood species as alder, birch and beech.


A new intrusion detection mechanism in SELinux based on dual-Markov chain and triggered by critical system calls is put forward in this paper. The mechanism integrates access control with intrusion detection by Linux Security Module (LSM) in SELinux and considers both the global behaviour characteristics and local behaviour characteristics. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the mechanism we propose is able to integrate access control with intrusion detection effectively and gets a preferable efficiency of intrusion detection, thus enhancing embedded system security.


The development of students' overall quality can not be passively achieved in an ecological environment. Without individual activity, the educational ecologicam factor would not exist. If we anticipate that individual activity develops well, we must seek for an effective system, namely, individual activity, which combines education ecology with educational ecological individuals. Besides, individual activity can make individual life and psychological activities penetrate into all social activities. Meanwhile, it can effectively affect these activities. Only in this way, can the goal of the development of students' comprehensive quality be realized.


Dynamic service provisioning is expected to a key feature of next-generation optical networks. The increasing use of wavelength multiplexing (WDM) infrastructures due to Internet traffic is expected to play a crucial role in the flexible, low-cost networking needed for the inherent dynamism of future data services. While the main evolution of current infrastructures is optical intelligence (automated functions in the network), principally through distributed approaches such as the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) framework, services, mainly based on the Internet Protocol (IP), are also evolving from centralized to distributed. In this work, we group traditional telecommunications services with centralized control (i.e. network operator) as 'centralized services', whereas 'distributed services' are those user-defined or managed, such as Grids or customer-empowered applications [1, 2].


Macromolecular structures are traditionally determined by means of single crystal X ray diffraction from protein crystals of micrometer dimensions. Nevertheless, the growth of good quality single crystals can be very difficult or even impossible, especially in cases of large proteins, membrane proteins or protein complexes. Modern developments of X-ray powder diffraction have allowed the structural investigation of a range of proteins establishing the method as a useful complementary tool to traditional approaches [1]. Protein powder specimens consist of a large number of randomly oriented diffracting micro-crystals which are usually formed rapidly by batch crystallization under a variety of conditions. An overview of the most recent developments in this field will be presented including: (a) application of the molecular replacement technique and structure refinements of selected proteins (b) methods for successful cryocooling (c) experimental phasing and extraction of molecular envelopes (d) high throughput automated data collection allowing systematic investigations such as screening and phase diagram mapping and (e) application of the method on biologically interesting proteins such as non-structural viral replication proteins coming from emerging viruses [3].


Brain tumor classification is one of the most important aspects in the fields of medical image analysis. As tumors are regarded as precursor to cancers, efficient brain tumor classification can prove life saving. For this reason, Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) based approaches are widely being used for classifying brain tumors. However there lies a dilemma, CNNs are accustomed to large amount of training data for giving better result. It is where transfer learning comes useful. In this paper, we propose 3-class deep learning model for classifying Glioma, Meningioma and Pituitary tumors which are regarded as three prominent types of brain tumor. Our proposed model by adopting the concept of transfer learning uses a pre-trained InceptionV3model extracts features from the brain MRI images and deploys softmax classifier for classification. The proposed system is tested on CE-MRI dataset from figshare and achieves an average classification accuracy of 99%, outperforming all previous methods. Few other performance measures such as precision, recall, F-score are also considered while assessing the performance.


The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a huge impact all over the world. Healthcare industry is one that has been greatly affected by Global supply chain disruption, including shortages of critical medical equipment and drugs, insufficiency of diagnostic, and inadequacy of medical personnel. The aforementioned problems directly affect human health in the dimension of "patient safety" which may cause life-threatening situations. Therefore, it is important to learn how to strengthen the healthcare supply chain (HSC) and increase safety, particularly for patients. There are various researchers who studied HSC performance in developed countries but the research in developing countries especially southeast Asia countries e.g., Cambodia is scarce. Therefore, this research aims to identify and synthesize HSC performance for patient safety and provide a novel model of HSC performance in developing countries' healthcare settings. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was conducted using a patient safety definition from WHO, International Patient Safety Goals from Joint Commission International (JCI), and the Hospital Accreditation institute (HA) from Thailand. The HSC performances are categorized under the easily recognizable heading SIMPLE (stands for patient safety goals in 6 domains as follows: Safe surgery, Infection Prevention & Control, Medication safety, Patient care process, Laboratory & blood product safety, and Emergency preparedness and response). The novel model of HSC performance for patient safety is provided to demonstrate the factors that can enhance the performance of HSC management in developing countries. Moreover, this study contributes to the meta-analysis by analyzing existing research and proposing new future research opportunities in HSC performance for patient safety that leads to social sustainability.


Barut`s formula for the mass of leptons is successfully extended to quarks. A very simple non-linear scalar field model explains both the N{sup 4} power law dependence of the mass, and the existence of a cut-off which limits the number of leptons to three and the number of quarks to five, suggesting that the mass of the sixth quark is of different origin.


Abstract This paper discusses the diffusion rendering of ink painting and focuses on synthesizing the effects of ink‐refusal and stroke‐trace‐reservation that make the ink paintings remarkable and implicitly beautiful. We derive the diffusion model, which can be used as an ink‐painting rendering approach, from the physical interaction between ink and paper. In this paper, we have successfully developed a method that is able to simulate the artistic effects of ink‐refusal and stroke‐trace‐reservation in ink paintings.


We have previously proposed the use of a Sagnac-interferometer in underwater acoustic sensor array applications. In these proposals, we described a configuration that passively desensitises the delay coil required by the Sagnac interferometer and passively eliminates polarization-induced signal fading (PISF). Additionally, an all-passive polarization-based biasing scheme that yields arbitrarily biased outputs was given. Here, we describe an experimental demonstration of a time-division-multiplexed (TDM) Sagnac-based array including all features described previously and supporting 16 individual sensors with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) telemetry.


When the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice undertook to update the 1968 Merger Guidelines,' two goals were set: first, to bring the Guidelines into line with subsequent developments in antitrust law and economics; and second, to reduce the uncertainty surrounding the evaluation of mergers and acquisitions by the Department. At the time the revised Guidelines were issued in June 1982, the Department felt that it had met those goals. Today, after extensive public scrutiny and debate and after using the Guidelines to review a number of proposed mergers, the Department, or at least the head of the Antitrust Division, remains convinced that the Guidelines meet these objectives. As evidenced by this Symposium, however, there are some-although apparently a minority-who remain skeptical of, if not hostile to, the Guidelines. Most, if not all, of the criticisms were foreseen at the time the Guidelines were released. One's evaluation of those criticisms depends primarily on the philosophical and economic assumptions with which one approaches the Guidelines. To those who view with approval the current trend in antitrust jurisprudence toward a focus on economic efficiency and consumer welfare, many of the criticisms of the Guidelines are unlikely to be persuasive. A number of the other criticisms reflect the debates among economists on relatively minor points, such as the extent to which the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is superior to concentration ratios as a measure of concentration.2 Still other


Abstract The main metallic mineral resources of New Caledonia are hosted by the obducted Peridotite Nappe. Ni, Co, Cr and the Pt group elements (PGEs) are specific to this ultramafic terrane. Cr, as podiform chromitite in the uppermost mantle, is the only hypogene metal mined economically in the past. The largest chromitite deposits are located in the lherzolitic Tiébaghi Massif. Supergene Ni and Co deposits are concentrated by the tropical climate that has prevailed since the Miocene. New Caledonian lateritic Ni deposits account for 10% of the global Ni resources. Hydrous Mg silicate and oxide types coexist in a single deposit. A local genetic model based on geomorphological evolution is proposed. Sc is a prospective resource associated with these supergene deposits. The PGEs are a prospective resource associated with chromite, with potential in the hypogene, supergene and fluvio-littoral domains. Pt and Pd are the most significant elements. The transition zone between the upper mantle and crustal cumulates constitutes a regional Pt–Pd-enriched horizon. The concentrations are related to small disseminated chromite lenses in a pyroxene-rich lithology. The PGEs are concentrated in weathering profiles. The value of chromite-rich sands as placers or sand beach deposits might be enhanced by the occurrences of PGEs.


This article analyzes the emergence of biocapitalism from an examination of biosafety. Thus, this text demonstrates how biosafety is a mechanism for which the production of fictional scenarios is the main means of intelligibility, and describes how those scenarios operate to transform what is living into a deterritorialized, global and fluid stream. In this regard, it affirms that biosafety generates a suspension of the scientific standard, which reconfigures the relationships between both the techno-science and political-legal paradigms.


A distinctive feature of virtualization of noise-immune encoding is the realized possibility of complex solution of problems of noise immunity, protection against information intrusions and imitating resistance. This, with relatively low economic costs, will significantly expand the capabilities of telecommunications systems in terms of information security. The effectiveness of the complex solution of information protection tasks from the positions of virtualization of the noise-immune encoding processes is experimentally proved in the work. The effectiveness of protection from information intrusions provided by virtual noise-immune codes and the effect of virtualization on the efficiency of the original noise-immune code were experimentally investigated. The obtained results show that virtual noise-resistant coding provides the effectiveness of protection from information intrusions, comparable with the efficiency of modern standards of cryptographic protection, with significantly lower complexity of practical implementation. In general, the results of experimental studies show that the virtualization of the process of noise-immune encoding from the perspective of the approach proposed in [1] opens an additional possibility of protecting information in the part of ensuring information security.


Elsewhere in this issue of PS, Evron M. Kirkpatrick, who retired on June 30, 1981, presents his final executive director's report. Having now taken up the reins of the executive directorship, I propose to report to you regularly on those matters that are engaging the attention and energies of Association officers, committees and staff. This first installment deals with two issues of great interest: federal support of social science research and the declining membership in the Association.


When injected into cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), dihydropyrazoles (pyrazolines), e.g. RH 3421, methyl 1-(N-(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)carbamoyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-2-pyrazolin-4-ylcarboxylate, caused incoordination, followed by prostration and violent tremors. After several hours, prostrate cockroaches became very still, appearing paralyzed, but for several days they retained the ability to produce violent tremors when physically disturbed. The paralysis was associated with block of spontaneous activity in sensory nerves of cockroaches, tobacco hornworm larvae (Manduca sexta) and housefly larvae (Musca domestica). Block of spontaneous central nervous system activity was also seen in some cases.

Current-clamp experiments on the cell body of the crayfish slowly-adapting stretch receptor neuron revealed that spike initiation in response to injected current was blocked by dihydropyrazoles, with no change in resting potential or input resistance, suggesting that the sodium current was suppressed. Hyperpolarization of blocked stretch receptors could reverse block, and crayfish giant axons, which were not normally sensitive to block by dihydropyrazoles, were rendered sensitive when artificially depolarized by elevation of extracellular potassium ion concentration, leading to the conclusion that the block of sodium current was strongly voltage dependent. The proposed mode of action, while similar to that of local anesthetics, class I anticonvulsants and class I antiarrhythmics, is novel for an insecticide.


Many biological systems such as neuronal systems, immune systems and gene regulatory systems have highly nonlinear elements and form complex networks that may feature nontrivial coupling(feedback) and architectures. Experimentally, they have been observed for generating complex spatio-temporal activity patterns. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such dynamic patterns, as well as their transient behavior that may emerge in these networks, represents a mathematical challenge of current interest. The aim of this special session is to survey some recent results in which dynamical systems theory or computational and statistical methods have been developed and applied to these dynamical patterns, examples of which include oscillation, bursting and other neuronal activities in complex neuron circuits, dynamical patterns in complex inflammatory systems that are related to wound healing, immune reactions, and cell di↵erentiations in gene regulations. The common themes of these dynamics include many excitatory/inhibitory coupling or in general positive and negative feedbacks, and their e↵ects on the overall dynamics; the influence of stochastic noise may be another significant contributor that are not only as act as perturbations to these dynamics patterns, but also give rise to new dynamics altogether. This special session o↵ers a forum for new viewpoints and results related to this rapidly developing field. The aim is to foster and encourage communication and interaction between researchers in these interesting directions. The topics include mathematical models and theoretical analysis, computational and statistical methods of dynamical systems and di↵erential equations, as well as applications, in neurodynamics, biological circuitry, biophysics and biochemistry, in several scales. The topics may include but not restrict to: 1. Neuronal dynamics: Mathematical modeling and dynamical analysis of biological neurons, synapses, neuronal networks and brain, especially with e↵ects of time delay and noise; Nervous signal generation, encoding and transduction; Cognitive information processing, learning and memory functions in brain; Mathematical and computational analyses in artificial intelligence and other biological and medical applications; 2. Immune dynamics: Modeling biomedical processes including tumor growth, cardio-vascular disease, infection, and healing are mediated by immunologic mechanisms; Nonlinear di↵erential equations arises in immunology and medical applications; Analysis of mathematical models for features of solutions such as instabilities, bifurcations, symmetries, and blow-up that provide insight into the nature of the underlying bio-physical mechanisms; 3.Systems Biology: Dynamical system models in Gene regulation, expression, identification and network; Computational evolutionary biology; Algorithms, models, software, and tools in Bioinformatics.


: Platypharodon extremus is an endemic species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a 7 secondary protected species in China, the basic genomic information of this species has not 8 yet been reported. Here, through third-generation sequencing, the full-length transcriptome 9 of P. extremus was obtained. We identified 323,290 CCS sequences, and a total of 50,083 10 unigenes were extracted after correction with second-generation sequencing data and the 11 removal of redundant reads. A total of 50,067 transcripts were annotated with the various 12 databases. Based on the sequence information, three members in the bone morphogenetic 13 proteins (bmps) family and their receptors, were identified. We found that the special 14 structures of these proteins (zinc-dependent metalloproteinase domain, CUB domains, 15 EGF-like domains and TGF-β domain ) are highly conserved in fish and that they are closely 16 evolutionarily related to the bmps and bmp receptors of Cyprinidae fishes. This is the first 17 study to sequence the full-length transcriptome of P. extremus , which will help us to further 18 understand its biology. 19


Principal component (PC) or factor analysis was applied to 13C substituent effects (literature SCS values) in α to δ positions of 47 aliphatic frameworks with 4–13 different substituents X. Two PC terms for each substituent X are sufficient to describe 99.3% of all C‐α shifts within < ± 0.6 ppm, even in the largest data matrix containing 13 × 47 = 611 shifts; shifts in β. γ and δ positions require a third PC term for a similar percentage SCS accuracy. Scaling problems with the different order of magnitudes between α to δ SCS variations are avoided by analysing the corresponding data sets separately; this approach, together with the large data base, leads to a dominating first PC term for C‐α which unambiguously correlates with substituent electronegativities (EN), in contrast to an earlier factor analysis. The same result is obtained by direct comparison of α‐SCS with different EN scales, including for the first time group electronegativities. PCs for β to γ SCS indicate only less consistent trends, which again agree partially with results from direct correlations, but not with EN values. The present PC analysis did not include stereochemical descriptors, but furnishes clear distinctions between clusters of (pseudo‐) equatorially or axially substituted compounds. The PC loadings for C‐α also lead to the unambiguous distinction of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon atoms.


A recent paper by Matsumoto et. al [1] revitalizes the discussion of neutron scattering on indistinguishable particles, started in 2000 by Karlsson and Lovesey [2]. In a QENS measurement, Matsumoto et al. showed that the proton entanglement created in scattering on SiH2 (deposited on Si-surfaces) changes the conditions for vibrational excitations of the SiH2 "molecules"; the second scissor mode at 226 meV was strongly reduced compared to the first one at 113 meV. The present note will discuss the selection rules for vibrational excitations when the proton pairs are quantum entangled during scattering, and relate them to the reduced Compton cross-sections for such proton pairs, first discussed theoretically in [2]. It is well known that in the collision of two particles of the same kind, like in electron-electron scattering, their space and spin states become entangled, which leads to interference terms in the cross-section (see Schiff [3], Ch. 6). But the same is valid also for two or more identical particles of any kind which are interacting coherently with a neutron or an X-ray photon in scattering experiments (measurement-induced entanglement). In QNES as well as in Compton scattering, the coherence volume Vcoh = lx × ly × lz contains more than one particle if the energy resolution (determining lz) is high and the detector solid angles (determining lx and ly) are small enough. For the simplest case of only two particles a and b within Vcoh, the initial state of the scattering system can be taken as [[2],


I estimate the relative e↵ects of changes in borrower characteristics and subsequent credit policy changes on the revival in mortgage debt and loan approval rates, post the financial crisis of 2007-2009. Using loan-level data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) and IRS tax-return income data, I find that trends in median applicant income closely match those of median IRS income per ZIP code between 2010 and 2015 indicating that the mortgage market has attracted applicants from across the income distribution during this time. The aggregate increase in debt has not been disproportionately higher in high-income areas and approval rates have increased across the distribution of income and credit scores. In contrast with existing literature that suggests lower credit access along credit scores, I find that ZIP codes with lower average credit scores have experienced the highest levels of income growth. I use a Bartik instrument for income to show that this has driven higher approval rates and mortgage origination both along the extensive and intensive margins of mortgage origination. ⇤NYU Stern Undergraduate Honors Program. I would like to thank my advisor Professor Arpit Gupta (NYU Stern) for his unyielding and generous support in helping me through the research process. I am also grateful to Professor Marti Subrahmanyam (NYU Stern) for his wisdom and the opportunity to participate in this invaluable research opportunity.


First results of two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) measurements of atomic nitrogen in an inductively heated nitrogen plasma flow are presented. Although particle densities can not be derived yet, promising results have been obtained. For calibration of these measurements, several levels in neutral xenon have been investigated.


Objective To investigate the infectious situation of hepatitis B virus in new college students of Luzhou Medical College in 2008 and 2009 and provide scientific evidence for the prevention of B hepatitis in this college.Methods Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied for the detection of HBsAg in serum specimens from new college students in 2008 and 2009,and the results were statistically analyzed.Results The positive rate of HBsAg in new college students of Luzhou Medical College in 2008 and 2009 was 5.85%.There was no statistical difference of the positive rates in male and female students(P0.05).Conclusion The positive rate of HBsAg in new college students of Luzhou Medical College is lower than that of general population,but monitoring and prevention measurements of B hepatitis are still important.


There is discontinuity between modern Chinese administrative law and the Chinese legal tradition,while English administrative law,with its focus on judicial review of administrative actions,has a proud history of several centuries.There is considerable difference between the structures of Chinese and English administrative law.In the Chinese system of administrative litigation,the following features are noteworthy regarding the scope of judicial review of administrative actions.First,Abstract administrative actions are not subject to judicial review.Secondly,internal administrative acts are not subject to judicial review.Third,the Law of Administrative Litigation only authorizes judicial review of several types of concrete administrative actions.As regards the grounds for judicial review,the provisions of Chinese law are more limited than those in England or Hong Kong.But as regards the review of the factual basis of administrative actions,Chinese law allows more room for,and provides for a more intensive form of,judicial review.


The physical empirical patterns of the water holding characteristics of 10 dry land soils in Hubei Province were calculated and analysed by Arya Model and the Gardner Curve.Results showed that the only empirical constant in Arya Model was not always greater than 1 and that it was related with factors such as the soil texture and was fit only for some soils.The calculation equation of the two empirical coefficients in the double curve model for the dry land soils in Hubei Province was put forth.The model was proved to be applicable through examinations.


2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) has been considered a promising biofuel, potentially derived from biomass. There have been various reports on DMF production from hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). However, most reports employed high hydrogen pressure, long reaction times, and reactions under batch reactor. In this study, Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts incorporated on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were used for�hydrogenation of HMF to DMF using 2-propanol as hydrogen donor under continuous ?ow system. Synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and temperature programmed reduction of hydrogen (H2-TPR) techniques. 10Cu1Pd/RGO exhibited 96% HMF conversion with 95% DMF yield under optimum reaction conditions with good stability with time on stream. XRD and XPS results pointed to the presence of a palladium?copper alloy, which could enhance both the activity and especially the stability in the conversion of HMF toward DMF. The effect of temperature, pressure, and feed ?ow rate were also investigated on the catalytic performance. The stability of catalyst was tested for� 8 h time on stream, where it was found that the catalyst provided �67% HMF conversion with 65% DMF yield.


A phosphorus flame retardant named N,N′-piperazinebis(neopentylglycol)phosphoramidate (PBNGP) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Its thermal properties were evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The solubilities of PBNGP in selected solvents at T = (293.15 to 333.15) K and atmospheric pressure were measured via a static-analytic method. The experimental data were correlated with Scatchard–Hildebrand, Buchowski-Ksiazczak, Wilson, nonrandom two liquid, and universal quasichemical equations. The calculated results showed that all of these models can reproduce the experimental data well, and the Wilson model gives the best correlation, with an overall relative standard deviation of 0.70%. The solubility parameter of PBNGP was calculated using the Scatchard–Hildebrand methodology.


High-energy-beam processes have been widely accepted in autogenous welding operations that require repeatable, high-quality welds that cannot be duplicated using conventional welding techniques. When the wire feed system and the motion components are designed to handle long cycle times, heavy vapor loads, and intelligent process control, the system can be employed to provide near-net-shape processed components. This article covers the additive process to produce near-net-shape components using an electron beam (EB) welding system.


In Ecuador the art of carving wood is one of the oldest traditions that have been passed down from generation way, initially wooden handicrafts are strictly used for practical purposes, but later appeared his decorative applications and utilities becoming an important source of income and employment.

It is for this reason that the Ecuadorian handicraft products must be prepared to be able to compete in various markets around the world, knowing that these markets can have big advantages: quality products, high technology, low costs and work done by hand skilled labor.

However Ecuador, despite being a less developed country has excellent handicrafts. The crafts sector has economic and social importance for our country: preserve the culture and traditions contribute to the growth of the economy, generating foreign exchange earnings, generating direct and indirect employment, further their development potential is very large and it has high quality handicrafts.

Among the features most valued in the Ecuadorian handicraft products they are: artistic expression, ethnicity, specific geographical origin, prehispanic culture, heritage and colonial tradition.

This degree project shows the development of a system of export concerning economic unit craft Mr. Alonso Lopez said artisan crafts made of wood, the same that is located in the rural parish of San Antonio de Ibarra. It began with a descriptive study of 285 affordable units being included the craft in question, to analyze the external and internal aspects of them. The paper argues the research problem, a theoretical framework for the purpose of guiding the conceptual bases, then the methodology used in the research, results and finally the proposal which is focused on the creation of a web page through the acquisition of a for hosting the workshop under study; well in this paragraph the US market which is the main export destination for crafts from our country is analyzed, besides being the main trading partner of Ecuador in relation to economic and trade policies that have been established around these two nations.


We wish to respond to the 2 areas of criticism raised by Professor Croxatto: 1) insufficient evidence that early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a monitor of fertilization and 2) the possibility that IUDs induce EPF release by the endometrium. With respect to point 1 we have first unpublished observations indicating the existence of EPF as a family of different molecular size forms. We have not attempted to identify in vitro EPF and EPF in maternal serum as representing the same molecule. 2nd we wish to refer Professor Croxatto to our more recent publication where we reported the validation of EPF measurement as an indicator of fertilization. Our experiments included a blind study which showed an 80% accuracy with pregnancy status. We have also shown that serial assay of EPF in conception cycle sera correlated with the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and clinical pregnancy. That EPF is evident in maternal serum within 2 days of ovulation and intercourse has been shown. It is highly unlikely that the 2nd criticism has any bearing on our data since sera from 74% of menstrual cycles were negative suggesting the absence of nonspecific effects. If IUD alone or IUD and semen were causative in EPF release the incidence of EPF detection would be expected to be much higher. Professor Croxattos suggestion of using as a control group IUD-wearing women with no sperm exposure was considered and deemed technically nonfeasible. Given a low 26% positive detection and limitations of the bioassay for EPF detection we would need to look at 100 sera to arrive at statistically significant results. (full text)


In this paper,the haploid generation ways and its potential application in plant genetics and breeding are reviewed.Haploid can be gained by different ways,such as anther culture,distant hybridization,inducer line,centromere mediation and so on.Haploid has important actions in accelerating breeding process,building DH population,studies on non-homologous chromosome pairing,transgenic donors and mutants,and genome sequencing.


The rise of commercial transactions from the early '90 forced companies of all sizes to formulate strategies to better compete both in domestic and foreign scenarios. This case study investigates how these strategies were designed for the international insertion of a small business that produces a substrate for synthetic turf made from waste tires. In order to investigate the internationalization strategies, we used the theoretical bases that support studies in the area, coupled Palavras-chave:


It has a strong transcriptional activation activity against human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha, a novel optically active compound from a substituted phenylpropionic acid derivatives showing a lowering effect strong blood lipid (cholesterol and neutral lipid) I will provide a. Equation (1) In represented salts acceptable optically active substituted phenylpropionic acid derivatives and their pharmaceutical is as well as their hydrates and methods for their preparation.


The problem of telecommunications network design with the objective to maximize service data flows and provide fair treatment of all services is very up-to-date. In this application, the so-called Max-Min Fair (MMF) solution concept is widely used to formulate the resource allocation scheme [1,6,13]. It assumes that the worst service performance is maximized and the solution is additionally regularized with the lexicographic maximization of the second worst performance, the third one, etc. The MMF approach is an extreme and very stiff and it can be compromised by some compensatory models based on the ordered weighted averaging (OWA). In the OWA aggregation preferential weights are allocated to the ordered outcomes. Such OWA aggregations are sometimes called Ordered Ordered Weighted Averages [5]. When differences between weights tend to infinity, the OWA model becomes Lexicographic MaxMin [16], thus extending the MMF approach for nonconvex problems.


Objective To analyze the immune effects in different varieties of horses.Methods Horses were grouped according to the species and the regions from which they were purchased,and immunized with the same tetanus toxoid by the same route,and the antitoxin titers,immunization success rates,the numbers of courses when immune tolerance appeared,discard rates and mean life span for immunization of various groups were compared.Results Immune effect showed significant difference in various groups and in the horses with different physical qualities and health statuses.Conclusion The production of high titer immune serum needs the high-quality horses which may be obtained by breeding.


The behavioural theory of Willems exploits the correspondence between the algebraic properties of the module describing the behaviour and the properties of the behaviour. For excellent introductions to the behavioural theory in the 1 D case and the n D case, we refer the reader to Polderman & Willems (1998) and Pillai & Shankar (1998), respectively. As opposed to the case of 1 D linear dynamical systems corresponding to a set of linear ODEs with constant coefficients, in the n D case there is a greater variety of possible solution spaces and the correspondence between modules and the associated behaviours may not be bijective: indeed, it depends on the solution space considered. There exists a bijective correspondence between modules and behaviours if one considers the space of smooth functions or distributions, and this was established in Oberst (1990). (In the 1 D case this was known, and it is the content of Theorem 3.6.2 on page 100 of Polderman & Willems, 1998.) However, this bijective correspondence does not go through for several classical spaces, such as the space of tempered distributions, S ′ (Rn). This naturally brings one to the notions of a Willems module and the Willems closure of a module with respect to a given solution space, which were first introduced in the works of Pillai & Shankar (1998) and Shankar (1999, 2001). This is analogous to the definition of the radical of an ideal in a polynomial ring and the correspondence between affine varieties and radical ideals. Roughly speaking, the notion of a Willems module can be explained as follows. Start with a given set of equations and find the corresponding behaviour in a certain solution space, say W. Nowfind all the equations that this behaviour satisfies. If this set of equations turns out to be the same set one started off with, then the original set is said to be Willems with respect to the solution space under consideration. The Willems submodules play an important role in the behavioural theory and furthermore, from a purely mathematical point of view, the determination of Willems submodules is the Nullstellensatz for systems of PDEs, the analogue of Hilbert Nullstellensatz, where as opposed to looking at the zeros in Cn of a set of polynomial equations, one now looks at the solutions of a set of linear PDEs with constant coefficients. In Shankar (1999), it is determined when a module is Willems with respect to the Schwartz space of tempered distributions. In this paper, following Shankar (1999), we perform a similar calculation for another space, which we call 'the space of distributions


This article discusses recent accomplishments in bringing computing technology into the areas of initial survey data collection, setting out and interim measurements. This has been brought about with the introduction of new electronic instruments, data collectors, stereo analytical plotters and field computing coupled with the greater processing power of modern software, particularly on the latest workstation computers. The discussion covers mapping and modelling, data collection, graphics output, volumetrics, setting out, data transfer, and hardware.


The racial gap in educational achievement has been large and mirrored inequality in economic outcomes. While economists such as Robert Margo have done an excellent job in documenting these gaps from 1880 onwards, much of the literature ignores the period immediately following emancipation. The Freedmen's Bureau was a governmental agency set up to assist freed slaves in their transition to their new lives. Perhaps its most important function was in establishing a system of schools in the South. I have obtained data from the US archives on Freedmen Bureau schools. Coupling this information with individual census data, I estimate the effect that these schools had on black literacy and school attendance rates. While previous scholars have minimized the impact of the schools this paper suggests they had a strong effect. Estimates indicate counties with bureau schools had literacy rates nearly 35 percent higher and school attendance rates over 100 percent higher than counties without. These results suggest the Freedmen's Bureau schools had a large impact on the economic and social development of the South.


During the fifteen years, 1955-69, two hundred and twenty-four patients with fractures of the femur were treated in our orthopaedic clinic.Femoral head fracture was seen in five patients and the slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis was seen in four patients. Femoral neck fracture was seen in ninety-eight patients (internal neck fracture-51 cases, external neck fracture-47 cases). Sixty-six of this fracture were treated operatively with Smith-Petersen nail and McLaughlin nailplate. Femoral head was resected in two cases and arthroplasties were performed on only four cases. There remained twenty-one conservatively treated femoral neck fractures. Femoral shaft fracture was seen also in ninety-eight patients. Fourty-two of this fracture were treated by intramedullary nailing. In sixteen cases the nailing was done by a closed techinique, without exposing the fracture site, and using an image intensifier. But the fractures of the femoral shaft of children were mainly treated by conservative extension. The fracture of femoral condyle was seen in eighteen patients and they were commonly treated operatively with blade plates and screws. Only one case of the slipping of the lower femoral epiphysis was found in our series.


In this paper, the meaning and prevalence of intergenerational conflicts in organizations is explored. The paper has two objectives. First, it wants to contribute to a better theoretical understanding of intergenerational conflict in organizations. This is done by drawing upon De Dreu and Gelfand's (2008) framework for analysing conflicts in organizations. The multiple sources and multiple levels of analysis of conflict within organizations that these authors suggest, are being used to gain a more comprehensive conceptualization of intergenerational conflicts in organizations. Moreover, the concept of generation is connected to the faultline theory. It is argued that the concept of generations within the context of organizations can be understood as aligning multiple attributes such as age, gender, educational level, skills, work styles and values. This means that existing faultlines within organizations can be explained for by making reference to the concept of generations. This insight advocates the relevancy of taking a generational perspective on organizational conflicts. The second objective of the paper is to show how this conceptualisation of intergenerational conflict is applicable to the context of a specific case of organizations: namely local governments in Flanders. Based on a demographic analysis of the workforce and an analysis of the institutional context of these organizations, several faultlines that potentially give rise to intergenerational conflict were hypothesised. Furthermore, the salience of these faultlines were examined through focus groups among civil servants in two local governments. The result of these focus groups suggest that people do experience intergenerational tensions in these organizations.


This report summarises the outcomes of the second annual Australia-Papua New Guinea Emerging Leaders Dialogue. This Dialogue set a new standard for frank and broad-ranging discussion between young leaders from diverse fields in both countries. Food security, access to services and justice, the growing importance of social enterprises, and the prospects for Bougainville were key focus areas for the discussion. Connections made through the Dialogue are enabling exciting new collaborative work. Key findings The agriculture sector struggles to attract young talent and government attention in both Australia and PNG. This has flow-on effects for national food security and health in PNG and limits diversity and innovation in Australia. The growing popularity of entrepreneurship as a tool to create positive social change creates opportunities for greater collaboration between young Australians and Papua New Guineans. This could be enabled by better utilising the social media tools already available in both countries. The consequences of Bougainville's upcoming referendum are not well understood among the younger generation of Papua New Guineans. Given the significance for our region of a vote for independence in Bougainville, greater discussion and education about Bougainville's future is warranted.


The involvement in active leisure activities requires physical and mental energy. There are some activities which require physical involvement, whereas, some leisure activities require only substantial mental effort such as playing chess and painting a picture. These physical and mental activities also overlap too much. School is place where the students with visual impairment can enhance their physical, mental emotional, social skills by which they can adopt the changing conditions of the progressive world. In this study the efforts have been made 1) to identify types of leisure activities used by students with visual impairment, 2) to explore the difference in the selection of leisure activities of students with visual impairment on the basis of their gender and level of impairment (blindness and low vision)


3 kinds of graphs are presented as instructional examples of how to display data collected on family planning (FP) programs. The first is a trend analysis of new acceptors and requires monthly summaries of new acceptors serviced by the clinic. The objective is to gauge declines or increases over time in new acceptors for each contraceptive method offered. The second graph requires a monthly summary of new acceptors by method mix. The third graph needs data on the reason for attending the particular FP clinic. IEC activities can be enhanced with this information. In the example for graph 1, new acceptors over an 18-month-period are plotted on one axis by monthly units, and the other axis by number of new acceptors. The connection of dots reflects the trend over time. There is a specific example with data from Yena clinic over a 12-month-period; the interpretations and possible actions are indicated. Instructions for presenting a pie chart are also given for new acceptors by method mix; the example is given for data from Yena Clinic and possible interpretations and actions are indicated. A visual presentation of the data worksheet needed for a pie chart is provided. Calculations must be made for the fraction of new acceptors out of total acceptors and the percent of total new acceptors for each method. An explanation is given for constructing a bar chart; again an example is given of a completed bar chart with data and the accompanying data sheet. A checklist identifies important guidelines for developing and using line graphs, bar charts, and pie charts.


SUMMARY

Six rice cultivars (lines (TKM6, OS6, ADNY 11, IR28, Rexero and IR579-48-1) were used to determine the pupation sites of Diopsis thoracica and their effects on pupal parasitism. There was a general preference for pupation on the first three outer leaf sheaths. Preference was also observed for healthy tillers compared with damaged ones, except in OS6 where there was no significant difference between pupation on healthy and damaged tillers. Pupae on the first two outer leaf sheaths were heavily parasitised by the eulophid Tetrastichus (Neotrichoporoides) sp. (Hymenoptera). The level of parasitism ranged from 17·6% in OS6 to 58·8% in Rexero, with an overall mean of 38·9% for the entire experimental plot. The number of parasites per pupa ranged from 0·5 in OS6 to 3·0 in Rexero, with an overall mean of 1·37. There was a strong relationship between (a) parasitism (%) (r = 0·68); (b) number of parasites per pupa per variety (r = 0·90) and pupal length. The relationship between parasitism (%) and parasite density was very strong (r = 0·89), but a marginal improvement in relationship was obtained when parasitism (%) was correlated with log parasite density (r = 0·94), thus possibly suggesting weak interaction between the parasites.


【Objective】 To determine whether or not children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) perform worse than healthy control children in cognitive function domains of response inhibition. 【Methods】 One hundred children with ADHD and 100 healthy controls matched in age,gender,grade,handedness were conducted with neuropsychological tests concerning the domain of response inhibition(go/no-go,stop signal task,Stroop color-word test).Then they were compared with healthy controls,using multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA). 【Results】 The omnibus MANOVA of the primary neuropsychological variables(go/no-go and Stroop color-word test) revealed a large group effect [F(5,176)=13.121,P0.001].The ANOVAs of each test showed that children with ADHD performed worse than healthy controls in go/no-go,stop signal task,Stroop color-word test.After controlling for full-scale IQ(FIQ),the distinctions of MANOVA and analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) remained unchanged. 【Conclusion】 There are significant deficiencies in response inhibition in children with ADHD.