The presence of a silicon phosphide phase in the surface layers of heavi ly phosphorus-diffused silicon was suggested by the results of t racer experiments . Invest igat ion of sui tably thinned silicon specimens then led to the direct observat ion of the precipi tate by transmission electron microscopy, and to its crys ta l lographic identification by means of electron diffraction. Tracer W o r k The occurrence of a steep spike in the phosphorus concentrat ion at the Si/SiO2 interface, extending into the silicon for a distance of only 1-2,000A, as detected by t racer techniques has been repor ted before (1). F igure 1 shows the profile of such a spike, obtained by s tep-wise dissolution of the phosphorus-doped anodic oxide film which had been used as the diffusion source (1), subsequent mul t ip le anodization of the silicon, and dissolution of the anodically formed oxide in HF be tween each step. The sloping of the phosphorus concentrat ion in the oxide f rom left to r ight is due to the fact that the doped oxide was not protected by a nondoped SiO2 layer, and that the diffusion was carr ied out in a sealed quar tz tube. Under these conditions ini t ia l ly a large quant i ty of phosphorus was lost f rom the doped anodic oxide to the surroundings, but did not diffuse deeply into the quartz walls because of the density of the latter. During the la ter stages of these longt ime diffusion runs the oxide became depleted of phosphorus, and eventua l ly some of the phosphorus f rom the walls diffused back into the anodic oxide. The act ivi ty of the p32 contained in the silicon layer which was conver ted to oxide by anodization, was de termined after evaporat ing the HF solut ion to dryness in a Teflon tray. The reproducibi l i ty of the magni tude of the spike as de termined in this fashion was poor, whereas the adjoining port ion of the diffusion profile could be reproduced quite accurately f rom run to run. This fact suggested that the phosphorus in the region of the spike might be present ei ther as e lementa l phosphorus, precipi ta ted at dislocations, or as silicon phosphide. The existence of a silicon phosphide phase (and its get ter ing propert ies for gold), has been suggested by Kooi (2). In the t racer exper iments repor ted here the P-32 tagged silicon wafers were counted: (a) af ter anodization in the radioact ive solution; (b) af ter diffusion;


A transmission-line negative-refractive-index planar lens with a resolution surpassing the diffraction limit at microwaves is presented. Moreover, we show how to extend these lenses to 3 dimensions. Possible far-infrared or optical realizations are also discussed.


Method of questionnaire was used to investigate mediating role of social support system in academic stressors and coping strategies in middle school student.The results were as follows:(1) Competition Stress has a direct influence on passive coping strategies;Frustration stress also has a direct influence on maintaining coping strategies and active coping strategies;(2) negative social support(such as conflict and punishment) is a mediator between self development stress or target requirement stress and the three types of coping strategies;(3)positive social support is a mediator model between target requirement stress and maintaining coping strategies or active coping strategies.


This dissertation consists of three separate essays. In the first essay, privatization is found to improve bank performance by both better monitoring of existing firms, and improved selection of new bank clients. Data on firms borrowing from government-owned banks, and firms borrowing from a privatized bank suggest that privatization led to an improvement of 1 to 2 percent in the earnings-per-asset of firms financed by the privatized bank. Privatization influenced firms with weak outside options the most. Moreover, bank-debt became more responsive to expected profitability of firms after privatization. Finally, privatization significantly improved the ability of the bank to attract and select more profitable firms, with the newly selected firms having on average, 4 percent higher earnings-per-asset compared to other firms in their cohort. The second essay presents new empirical evidence on differences between domestic and foreign owned private banks in Africa. Domestic banks hold significantly more liquid assets, and are substantially less profitable than foreign banks. However, all of the difference in profitability can be explained by the 2.6% higher interest rate on deposits for domestic banks. Furthermore, domestic banks appear to take on riskier loans, but their return on loans is higher by 2.7%. Foreign banks on the other hand earn significantly more income through bank fees. Finally, domestic banks grow a lot faster than foreign banks with overall economic expansion in the country. A 1% growth in GDP expands domestic bank credit by 1.76% compared to 0.86% for foreign credit. The third essay (joint with Daron Acemoglu and Michael Kremer) presents a theoretical analysis of the relative merits of markets, firms, and governments in environments where high powered incentives have both costs and benefits. Firms obscure information about workers' output, thus flattening incentives, and improving efficiency over markets. However in some cases, most notably under common shocks, firms are unable to commit to such a strategy. Under these circumstances, Governments may be able to commit to much flatter wage schedules, and improve the allocation of resources. Thesis Supervisor: Abhijit Banerjee Title: Professor, Applied Theory and Development Thesis Supervisor: Sendhil Mullainathan Title: Mark Hyman Jr. Career Development Assistant Professor of Economics


Objective Analyied the elfective treatment of tuberculosis hemoptysis.Method Reviewable collection clinical clata of 43 cases of tuberculosis hemoptysis Patients in hospital duting January 2000—Decumber 2005 to observe,analyse,statistic and sum up.Result It has remarkable elfection to tuberculosis hemoptysis with vein injection pituitrin reptilase and interventional treatment.Conclusion Pituitrin reptilase combined with percutaneous voscular intervention treatment to cure tuberculosis hemoptysis is a safe and effective treatment programme.It is worthy of promotion in cliinicul.


Crustaceans have frequently been used to study the neuroethology of diverse function as agonistic behavior and circadian rhythms. Whether the highly stereotyped and quantifiable agonistic activity in crustaceans is controlled by circadian pacemakers has so far not been investigated. In order to address this question, I introduce the marbled crayfish (Procambarus spec.), an easy to breed parthenogenetic decapod crustacean of unknown regional origin, as a new preparation for neuroethological studies. Isolated marbled crayfish displayed rhythmic locomotor activity under 12 hours light-12 hours darkness (LD12:12) and rhythmicity persisted after switching to constant darkness (DD) for nine days, suggesting the presence of endogenous circadian pacemakers. Isogenetic females of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish displayed all behavioral elements known from agonistic interactions of previously studied decapod species including the formation of hierarchies. Previously isolated marbled crayfish initially displayed high numbers of agonistic encounters during the first hour of their co-habitation in groups of six animals. With the formation of hierarchies, the frequency of agonistic encounters was reduced to low levels. Group agonistic activity was entrained to periods of exactly 24 hours under LD12:12 and peaks of agonistic activity coincided with light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions. After switching to DD, enhanced agonistic activity was only observed at times corresponding with light to dark transitions during the preceding three days in LD 12:12. During four days under DD, agonistic activity remained rhythmic with an average circadian period of 24.83 ± 1.22 h in all crayfish groups tested. Analysis of individual agonistic activities revealed that the most dominant crayfish participated in more than half of all agonistic encounters within the group and initiated most of them. Only the most dominant crayfish revealed clear endogenous rhythmicity in their agonistic behavior. Subordinate individuals, depending on their social rank, initiated only between 19.4 and 0.03 % of all encounters in constant darkness and displayed no statistically significant rhythmicity. The results indicate that both, locomotion and agonistic social interactions are rhythmic behaviors of marbled crayfish, which are controlled by light-entrained endogenous pacemakers. The availability of isogenetic populations of marbled crayfish may foster the future analysis of these pacemakers in crustaceans. Crustaceans and insects appear to be sister groups, but their circadian systems seem to differ in degrees of centralization of pacemaker centers in their brains. However, also in Crustacea at least part of the circadian control resides in the optic lobes. In insects, optic lobe pacemaker neurons reside in a specialized neuropil, the accessory medulla (AMe). The insect AMe is innervated by neurons expressing the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), and because of that it is known as PDFMe. PDF is homologous to the crustacean pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH), which in crustacea is expressed in a variety of brain neurons. With combined immunocytochemical and backfill studies, I identified neural structures in the marbled crayfish that probably correspond to the insect optic lobe circadian pacemaker. In this work, the PDH-expressing neuron system of the crayfish was studied in eyestalks and brain, and results show a tripartite PDH-ir neuron cluster that appeared to be homologous to the insect PDFMe according to the homology criteria of similar position and neurochemical quality. However, I did not find a structure comparable to the insect AMe, thus leading to the assumption, that the insect AMe is a newly attained structure in the evolution of the insect optic lobe, which was not present in the common ancestor of crustaceans and insects. This work opens first insights into the evolution of the arthropod circadian system and presents new valuable information about the location of circadian pacemakers in crustaceans. Melatonin, the classical time messenger of vertebrates, is present in most organisms studied so far. In the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, the indoleamines serotonin (5-HT) and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) are formed from 5-hydroxytryptophan. Serotonin is important for a variety of functions, in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. In contrast, the knowledge about potential functions of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin in invertebrates is relatively limited. In this work, I adapted an ELISA procedure for the analyses of crustacean tissues, in order to measure serotonin, N-acetylserotonin and melatonin in the brain and eyestalks of the marbled crayfish Procambarus spec. over a complete daily cycle (LD12:12). Serotonin showed mean levels in the range of 21.05 ± 0.93 ng/ml in brains and 6.75 ± 0.36 (mean ± SEM) ng/ml in eyestalks. NAS concentrations were slightly lower than those of serotonin with 5.65 ± 0.29 ng/ml in brains, and 3.12 ± 0.23 ng/ml in eyestalks. Strikingly, melatonin showed levels 1000 times lower than NAS, in brains 30.82 ± 1,61 and in eyestalks 21.66 ± 1.54 pg/ml. Significant changes between minima and maxima over one day cycle were found for serotonin and melatonin levels in both central nervous structures. NAS differences were not significant in both structures, but in eyestalks they were very close to significance. Cosinor analysis did not show a significant (p ≤ 0.05) fit to a sinusoid with a period of 24 h, but significance was close to be reached in some cases. These results enable some assumptions about the biosynthesis of melatonin in the nervous system of arthropods, specifically in the crayfish Procambarus espec. This is the first time that NAS is measured in arthropods and provides new insights into metabolic pathways that form melatonin in invertebrates.


A simple and inexpensive method for cadmium determination in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was developed. In order to obtain the best experimental conditions, experimental design was applied. Calibration was made in the range of 10–100 μg/L, obtaining good linearity (R2 = 0.9947). The obtained limit of detection based on calibration curve was 8.5 μg/L. Intra- and interday repeatability were checked at two levels, obtaining relative standard deviation values from 9.0 to 13.3%. The enrichment factor had a value of 73. Metal interferences were also checked and tolerable limits were evaluated. Finally, the method was applied to cadmium determination in real spiked water samples. Therefore, the method showed potential applicability for cadmium determination in highly contaminated liquid samples.


Synchronous multipoint measurements were performed in the atmospheric surface layer at theQingtu LakeObservationArray site to obtain high-Reynolds-number [Re-tau similar to O(10(6))] data. Based on the selected high-quality data in the near-neutral surface layer, the spatial length scales of the large-scale dominant structures in the outer region of the turbulent boundary layer are investigated. The characteristic length scales are extracted from the two-point streamwise velocity correlations. Results show that the spatial length scales are invariant over a three order of magnitude change in Reynolds number [Re-tau similar to O(103) - O(10(6))]. However, they increase significantly with the wall-normal distance, showing reasonable collapses on outer-scaled axes. The variation of the spanwise width scale in the logarithmic region follows a linear increase, with the rate of increase much larger than that in the wake region. Moreover, the variation of the wall-normal length scale is also revealed, which displays a qualitative behavior similar to that of the spanwise width scale. The universal laws revealed in the present work contribute to a better understanding of the dominant structures in the outer region of the turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds numbers.


The most important goal of therapy in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is to reach the remission state of disease. Nowadays, data on molecular players of clinical remission and effective disease inactivation are scarce: gene expression analysis could highlight markers characteristic of PsA remission state.Our aim was to analyze the gene expression profile of patients with clinically inactive (drug-induced remission) PsA versus healthy controls and PsA active state.From a cohort of 300 patients affected by PsA according to CASPAR criteria, we selected 40 patients (peripheral arthritis subset) with >1-year remission by TNFα antagonism assessed by DAPSA ≤ 4 (R) and 40 PsA with active disease state by DAPSA > 14 score (no bDMARDs ongoing) (A), and 40 healthy controls (HC) matching for mean age and gender ratio. Both PsA groups were not on corticosteroid treatment. Each condition has been profiled first using pooled RNAs from peripheral blood (biological duplicates) by Affymetrix Human GeneChip HTA 2.0. To identify a transcript as differentially expressed in both duplicates, a fold change (FC) 1.5 and p-value 0.05 has been set. Then, from the comparative list of differential expressed genes (DEGs) in R vs HC state, coding mRNAs were selected and interactions analyzed by STRING software, biological functions and annotations by Gene Onthology (GO). From these analysis, 12 genes were validated in the whole PsA cohort (R+A) and HCs, by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) in triplicate (TaqMan chemistry, GAPDH housekeeping, 2–ΔΔCt for relative quantification, FC cutoff ±1.5 for differential analysis).The transcriptomic analysis generated 3 comparative lists of mRNAs (R vs HC= 125; R vs A= 1184; A vs HC= 378 transcripts). Then, we focused on remission state analyzing the mRNAs list R vs HC. Filtering data for coding DEGs, was made a list of 24 genes further analyzed for functions and interactions: STRING analysis created one interactions network and GO highlighted in which biological processes these DEGs are involved (Fig panels 1A, 1B). Validation analysis by rt-qPCR in the PsA cohort (R+A) and HCs confirmed the downregulation of c-FOS and the upregulation of CCDC50 (alias YMER) genes in the R vs HC conditions (pvalue= 0.004). The dysregulation of further genes in other comparisons was measured, as shown in Tab and Fig panel 1C.Observing the amount of DEGs, is evident that the drug-induced remission state is more similar to healthy condition, however this trend of "similarity" does not mean "identical". The bioinformatic analysis showed that DEGs in the R vs HC conditions are primarily involved in biological processes related to immune system as well as correlates in an interactions network. Our molecular characterization of clinical remission revealed that effective disease inactivation appears to be molecularly-driven by two key genes, c-FOS and CCD50 (YMER), both involved in the NF-κB signalling pathway modulation.Coding DEGs mis-regulated in the remission state. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Remission (R) state vs Healthy Controls (HC) analyzed for multiple-proteins interaction by STRING software V10.5 (panel A) and biological functions by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (panel B). DEGs validations by RT-qPCR, confirmed the CCD50 and c-FOS dysregulation in the R state (panel C, RQ= Relative Quantification, t test RvsHC pvalue=0,004).GENE SYMBOLGene chip Array R vs HCRemission vs HCActive vs HCRemission vs ActiveALPL-1.7-1.11.3-1.25ANPEP-1.681.01.1-1.1BPI-1.57-1.11.27-1.5CCDC501.51.5-1.251.8CEACAM8-2.3-1.21.2-1.5CHI3L1-1.59-1.1-1.0-1.0DEFA1B-2.3-1.41.9-2.7FCAR-1.56-1.11.1-1.3FOS-1.51-2.0-1.5-1.4KLRB11.52-1-1.61.6PADI2-1.54-1.11.0-1.1TNFSF14-1.511.11.2-1.1DEGs by RT-qPCR. Validated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the remission (R) state vs healthy controls (HC) selected from the microarray analysis comparative list (FC cutoff ±1.5). Differential analysis (40 R vs 40 HC vs 40 Active) was made by FoldChange (FC) cutoff ±1.5 (overexpressed ≥ 1.5; - 1.5 ≥ downregulated).None declared


The modern technologies used to generate electricity from renewable sources allow some control abilities of the production. These abilities can be required when the system is at risk by the System Operator. When facing a contingence, the System Operator could specify maximum values of renewable production in zones of the system. Delegated Dispatches of renewable production are zonal intermediate entities, responsible of calculating the optimal profile of renewable generations in the region reaching the System Operator restrictions. In the present paper, the economic exchanges in a Delegated Dispatch are analyzed. The renewable producers bid control prices to the Delegated Dispatch in a market-based procedure. After the operation, the control costs are proportionally shared among the producers. A realistic test in a Spanish distribution grid shows the efficiency of the proposed method.


Disclosed is a vibration isolation assembly for mounting the vibration source, roof-mounted condenser, such as a vibration isolation assembly comprising: a chassis having a pair of flanges; and a top plate, adapted to support the vibration source positioned thereon, and having a pair of flanges. At least one vibration isolation member disposed between the top plate and the chassis, and fixed to the top plate and the chassis, to isolate vibrations generated by the vibration source. Flange and the flange of the chassis top plate spaced from the load time withstand vibration source, the vibration source during normal operation to allow the top plate relative to the movement of the chassis, and the wind load is applied to the vibration source on the chassis projections and the top edge of the flange engages the disc, so that wind load of the flange disc through the top, instead of through the vibration isolating member, passing the flange in the end disc.


Recording of meeting rooms is carried out by the Amalia Hotel marketing division by using calendar events and this takes a long time. The marketing division wants an application that is able to analyze meeting room packages that are ordered most quickly and accurately. To determine the meeting package that is most ordered at Amalia Hotel, the marketing division requires several criteria including the usage period, the name of the meeting room and meeting package. The divide and conquer method is applied by way of dividing the data of the use of meeting packages into two groups, determining the greatest value of each group, and combining the largest values of each group together to find the greatest value.The application applied is in accordance with the needs of the marketing division. Evidently when looking for packages that are most ordered from 140 data borrowing meeting packages, the application can display the percentage of meeting packages that are the most in order within 0.0018 ms. Applications can be developed using other sorting methods such as bubble sort and selection sort that can solve problems without dividing the problem into two groups first. Keywords: Application, Meeting Room, Meeting Room Package


At present, the keystoke number and the instrument volume of kinds of portble industry detector are more and more strictly limited. Take the portable temperature detector as an application example, we proposed a system design plan based on the design thought of the state variable monitor routine. The system, with lesser keys and smaller volume, meets the challenge of industry detector. The characteristic conform algorithm of the monitor routine design is studied as a vital part. Compared with conventional location conform algorithm, the characteristic conform algorithm, applied to the monitor routine, improved the executing efficiency and the reliability of the supervisory routine, and reduced the impropriated system resource by state matrix. In addition, the design plan can be transplanted and popularized more conveniently.


Objective To investigate the effects of An-Gong-Niu-Huang Wan(AGNH) on the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms in mouse.Methods Adult male mice were given orally with AGNH(1.5 g/kg-1 and 3.0 g/kg,ig) or saline(control) daily for 8 days.One hour after the last does,mice were decapitated and livers removed.Hepatic total RNA was extracted,purified,and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis for expression of cytochrome P450 isoforms.Results Compared to control group,the expression of Cyp1a1 increased in high-dose of AGNH(3.0g/ kg),and Cyp2a4,Cyp3a11,Cyp4a10 increased in both doses of AGNH(1.5 and 3.0 g/kg),but the expression of Cyp7b1 decreased in a dose-dependent manner.The expressions of Cyp2e1 and Cyp2j5 were unchanged in AGNH group.Conclusions AGNH administration for 8 days induced the expressions of Cyp1a1,Cyp2a4,Cyp3a11,Cyp4a10 mRNA in mouse liver,inhibited Cyp7b1 mRNA,but had not effect on the levels of Cyp2e1,Cyp2j5 mRNA.


Studies of the pharmacologic effects of exudates from traumatized limbs have been made by several workers (30, 69). Detailed studies have been lacking, however, on the chemical nature of exudates from anoxic or traumatized tissues. The technique of muscle tying previously described (14) has afforded an opportunity for collecting the exudate from a well-circumscribed set of muscles after a period of anoxia and trauma. This exudate, in amounts which ranged up to 480 ml., accumulated in the first 51/2 hours after release of a constricting band which had produced anoxia for 5 hours. We have studied, therefore, in some detail the chemical properties of muscle exudates obtained from single animals, as well as the properties of a pooled collection of muscle exudates from a group of 9 dogs. The central problem which has concerned us has been to determine the type of substance responsible for the toxic effects of certain muscle exudates.


between all authors. All authors designed the study and selected the study sites. Authors JMK and JMM collected samples from the selected sites and coordinated all sample analysis and statistical analyses. Author JMM tabulated the analyzed data. However, the author JMK reorganized data into its current status, wrote the first draft of the manuscript and managed all literature searches. Author DWO provided advisory role oversaw final paper shape up. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT Aims: To determine the populations and diversity of beneficial microsymbionts (rhizobia and mycorrhiza) which associates with Acacia senegal varieties at selected sites in semi-arid areas of Kenya. Place and Duration of Study: Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) Biotechnology Laboratories and selected semi-arid sites of Kenya, between 2009 and 2010. Methodology: We estimated rhizobia populations, identified mycorhiza abundance and diversity and estimated plant growth of A. senegal plants grown in soils collected from the selected semi-arid sites. Results: Rhizobia populations were generally low, below 30 cells.g -1 soil, in most of the sites but were relatively higher in areas with high forest cover such as Kimalel (559 cells.g -1 soil) and Ntumburi (104 cells.g -1 soil). Seven mycorrhizae species were identified in the selected sites and all the species were represented in all selected sites except Gigaspora spp which was totally absent in Baringo and poorly represented in all sites. Glomus etunicata and Glomus intra were the most abundant mychorrhizal species, and were most abundant in Baringo, at Kimalel (76.7% and 58.3%, respectively) and Rimoi (54.7% and 44.7%, respectively). The same species were also abundant at Daaba (26.3% and 55.7%, respectively) in Isiolo. In overall, mychorhiza were most abundant in Baringo, where Kimalel had in overall highest numbers (20.2%), followed by Isiolo where Daaba had in overall highest mychorrhizal number (13.8%) and finally Kajiado, where Kajiado sub-site had higher mycorhizal number (4.8%) compared to the Namanga sub-site (3.3%). It was established that mycorrhiza survived in harsher conditions (Daaba) than rhizobia. Conclusions: We concluded that drylands of Kenya have low rhizobia populations, implying need for rhizobia inoculation to enhance rhizobia benefits in A. senegal tree species. We also concluded that the drylands have diverse and abundant mycorrhiza species which vary across sites, and which can be utilized for enhanced mycorrhizal benefits.


Abstract On 10 October 1978, a landslide on the coast near Mt Vulcan, North Canterbury, New Zealand, was observed taking place, at high tide, by 2 fishermen. A 4 ha block of massive sandstone, 10 m thick, slid down an impermeable clayey siltstone layer dipping seaward at 22°. The main scarp was formed where the dip of this layer steepened abruptly to 60°. Most of the block slid intact, but, as it passed over the beach, the foot broke into a series of blocks 1 m wide, and its underlying part and edges disintegrated completely. The slow draining nature of the massive sandstone suggests that heavy rainfall (twice normal) of all the preceding 6 months contributed to the failure. More surface water probably gained access to the block from the bedding plane parting that formed the main scarp, than by direct percolation from above. Although there was no seismic disturbance at the time of the slide, earlier earthquakes may have contributed to instability by initiating creep displacement on the bedding plane, and ...


Glyphosate 30% SP is effective to control cogongrass at 3 750g/hm 2 and 4 500g/hm 2.The control effect is 80.0% and 85.0%,respectively .


Objective To examine temporal trends in incidence of Rolandic epilepsy (RE), prevalence of comorbidities and antiepileptic drug (AED) prescribing patterns. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting The UK. Patients Children aged 0–16 years born 1994–2012 were followed from birth until September 2017, transfer to another general practitioner practice or death or practice withdrawal from The Health Improvement Network (THIN), whichever occurred first. Main outcome measures Incidence of RE, prevalence of comorbidity and AED prescribing patterns. Read codes for comorbidities and AEDs were adapted from other UK population-based epilepsy studies. Results There were 379 children with first RE event recorded between 2000 and 2014 from active THIN practices with available mid-year population counts. Crude annual incidence across all years was 5.31/100 000 (95% CI 4.81 to 5.88). There was no significant time trend in adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) (0.99/year, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.02). Males had higher aIRR (1.48, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.82) as did children aged 6–8 and 9–11 years compared with 4–5 years (aIRR 2.43, 95% CI 1.73 to 3.40; aIRR 2.77, 95% CI 1.97 to 3.90, respectively). There was recorded comorbidity in 12% with 6% with a recorded diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder. Half of children with RE had a record of being prescribed AEDs. Conclusions UK incidence of RE has remained stable with crude incidence of 5/100 000/year. Carers and clinicians need to be aware that comorbidities may exist, particularly pervasive developmental disorders. Carbamazepine is consistently the most commonly prescribed AED for RE in the UK.


The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of Leech therapy in treatment of cardiovascuLar diseases. This assessment is based on the analysis of results of clinical trials conducted in 2000-2015 and published in peer-reviewed literature indexed in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, E-library.ru and E-library.kz databases. The paper presents a review of the current controlled and uncontrolled studies ensured evidence-based information about the effectiveness of leech therapy in the treatment and prevention of complications of coronary heart disease, hypertension, chronic heart failure and stroke. In discussion, we demonstrate the rationale for leech therapy from the evidence-based point of view. We conclude that the current evidence is considered sufficient for using leech therapy as a complementary method in treatment of cardiovascular diseases and prevention of their complications as a part of the conventional therapy. According to the official recommendations on the use of leech therapy in healthcare issued by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation from 2002, the list of indications for leech therapy include coronary heart disease, early stages of heart failure, cardiosclerosis, cardialgias, dyscirculatory encelopathy and arterial hypertension. However, leech therapy should not be used as a substitute for standard treatment schemes of the abovementioned conditions.


Most, if not all, of the theoretical work on child support presupposes that it becomes an issue only when couples separate, that is, that the flow moves between custody and child support and that the duty to make monetary payments is typically owed by the noncustodial parent. (I realize, of course, that there can be issues regarding the identity of the payor and that there are criminal and civil actions possible when parents refuse or neglect to provide support to dependent children.)Some empirical work confirms the relationship between the two. For example, Judith Seltzer, Weiss and Willis, and Brinig and Buckley in the early 1990s showed that more frequent access to children was associated with more adherence to court ordered support. This intuition has been confirmed by the research team from the Institute for Poverty at the University of Wisconsin. More recently, psychologist Robert Emery and his colleagues have demonstrated that mediated child custody decisions tend to result in higher payment of child support. In fact, one impetus of the custody mediation movement has been to strengthen and stabilize parental relationships (custody) to secure more support security. Child support guidelines that adjust to account for shared parenting also presuppose that custodial arrangements determine (or at least affect) child support.However, there are some indications that the direction of flow may be ambiguous. Web sites for fathers' rights groups couple the two, but suggest that unfair child support "tribute" is a reason for demanding equal parenting time. In Illinois, Oregon, and perhaps other states, enforcement of parenting time/visitation orders now mirrors the stringent remedies mandated for child support. Child support enforcement agencies study whether noncustodial parents seek parenting time that would just reach thresholds for reduction in child support. Since 2014, child support enforcement agencies establishing support primarily to recoup TANF payments offer voluntary establishment of parenting time arrangements. Some feminist scholars, concerned about the parenting time drift first noted by Maccoby and Mnookin in the early 1990s, question whether the modern increases in parenting time reflect a desire of noncustodial parents to opportunistically claim more time with children than they actually want, or will use.This project, both theoretical and empirical, will develop these questions, answering some of them based upon a longitudinal study of more than 1000 divorcing and separating couples in two US states.


The workshop of the EUPHA section Health Services Research took place on Thursday, December 8th, 2001 in Brussels at the annual conference of the EUPHA (European Public Health Association). The theme of the workshop was integrated care in an international perspective. Integrated care can be defined as a concept bringing together inputs, delivery, management and organisation of services related to diagnosis, treatment, care, rehabilitation and health promotion. The theme was chosen because of its relevance to European health care systems. In several European health systems, a development towards integrated care can be observed. Partly, this takes place under the banner of 'managed care' experiments (e.g. in Switzerland), in which case an American form of integrated care is imported and moulded into the own, national health care system. In other cases, however, the same type of development is named differently throughout European health care systems: e.g. 'shared care' (in Great Britain), or 'Vernetzung' (in Germany), or 'transmurale zorg' (in the Netherlands).


A solution of [Ph(CNCttl I l)2(PPh3)2 ][PF6] (0.4 g) in Me2CO (30 cm j) containing MeCOCI (2 cm j) was stirred for 2 h. On addition of i-Pr20 and concentration of the mixture in vacuo, a pale yellow solid precipitated. This was filtered off and recrystallised from CH2C12 : i-Pr20 mixtures to give the complex as yellow crystals (0.16 g, 24%). The compound [Rh(CNCtHI I)2(PPh3)2Br2][PFt] (yellow solid, 65%) was prepared similarly. [ Rb( CNC101t7 )2 (PPb3 )2 Cl2 ][PF 6 ]


The psychological societies of Great Britain and Germany were deeply connected with each other before the First World War through friendly relationships and scientific communication. These relations were only partly disrupted during the war. The psychologists of both countries (a.k.a. members of the societies) committed themselves to the military demands, worked in similar fields but in different ways. They differed in the involvement in military psychiatry and in their treatment of Shell Shocked soldiers. Their shared knowledge of relevant psychological research before the war influenced the development of sound localisation machines for detecting submarines, a military project, which was supported in both countries. The activities of those psychologists were observed and commented by the other side, but there were no hostile remarks against the enemy and soon after the war the scientific exchange began again.


The invention relates to an intelligent injection moulding machine including a U-shaped injection moulding machine pedestal, a cover plate, a display instrument and a data line. The U-shaped injection moulding machine pedestal is connected to the cover plate through a telescoping rod. A positioning plate is fixed to the top of the telescoping rod. A feeding inlet is fixed to a left end of the U-shaped injection moulding machine pedestal. The display instrument is disposed on a left bottom end of the U-shaped injection moulding machine pedestal. A pressure detecting apparatus is fixed to the bottom of the U-shaped injection moulding machine pedestal and is connected to the display instrument through the data line. The intelligent injection moulding machine is simple in structure and is low in manufacturing cost.


The most important component of a nuclear power plant is its nuclear reactor. Studies on the integrity of reactors have become an important part regarding the safety of a nuclear power plant. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide (NRC RG) 1.20 presents a Comprehensive Vibration Assessment Program (CVAP) to be used to verify the structural integrity of the Reactor Vessel Internals (RVI) for flow-induced vibration prior to commercial operation. However, there are few published studies related to the RVI CVAP. We classified the Advanced Power Reactor 1400 (APR1400) RVI CVAP as a non-prototype category-2 reactor as part of an independent validation of its design. The aim of this paper is to present the results of structural response analyses of the Upper Guide Structure (UGS) assembly of the APR1400 reactor. These results show that the UGS and the Inner Barrel Assembly (IBA) meet the specified integrity levels of the design acceptance criteria. The vibration and stress analysis results in this paper will be used as basic information to select measurement locations of the vibration and stress for the APR1400 RVI CVAP.


Electronic health record systems are gradually coming into use at large hospitals, but are not yet implemented at clinics. This is due to both expensive costs and a lack of interest in checking electronic health records on the part of patients. And doctors also do not want to show patients their health records, as it then may require a doctor to let patients observe images to check for improvement of symptoms at follow-up. In this paper, we propose a simple web based database system of affected part images that both doctors and patients can check. In the prototype system, doctors can photograph affected part areas and tagging keywords such as patient's ID, patient's name, affected part name and prescription. The system is implemented on smartphone and tablet for both doctors and patients quickly and easily use during medical examination in the clinic.


In financial markets with volatility uncertainty, we assume that their risks are caused by uncertain volatilities and their assets are effectively allocated in the risk-free asset and a risky stock, whose price process is supposed to follow a geometric -Brownian motion rather than a classical Brownian motion. The concept of arbitrage is used to deal with this complex situation and we consider stock price dynamics with no-arbitrage opportunities. For general European contingent claims, we deduce the interval of no-arbitrage price and the clear results are derived in the Markovian case.


In this paper, an experimental study of the dependence of the coefficient of friction in the "sole-floor" system under various conditions is carried out. During the test, a tile was used as a support surface. Part of the sole of a special Shoe was placed on a tile and, slowly lifting the tile, determined the angle at which the movement of the Shoe sample begins. The sole and surface of the tile were specially prepared: cleaned before testing or applied a layer of graphite, rubbing into the surface. The studies were performed under various conditions: a clean Shoe sample and a clean surface, a Shoe sample and a surface contaminated with graphite dust. A graphite electrode powder with a grain size of no more than 0.1 mm was used as graphite dust. Graphite was applied to the tile surface in the form of a loose layer, or with a small seal. Analysis of the results shows that the highest coefficient of friction occurs between a clean Shoe sample and a clean floor surface, which is difficult to achieve in real production conditions. This combination is the safest in production conditions. The lowest coefficient of friction is obtained when a Shoe sample contaminated with graphite slides when there is a loose layer of graphite on the floor surface. This leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to clean the floor surface and shoes from carbon dust to ensure a safer environment for production workers in the presence of carbon-containing dust in the air of the working area. The results obtained can be useful for developing recommendations on the organization of safe working conditions at enterprises associated with the processing of carbon-containing materials.


Abstract : The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a proposed new state-of-the-art plastic linerless closure to be used on one-quart (2-pound) and one-gallon glass jars to package mustard for the military. Product was received, packaged according to military requirements except for lids, and vibrated to simulate shipping conditions and to determine whether the caps performed as intended. Also, accelerated storage studies were conducted on mustard produce evaluating its sensory and chemical parameters. Results indicated that the Suncoast plastic liner tested would be suitable for at least minimum protection known in the military as level C. These lids should be included in EE-M-821 for the next procurement in order for the Government to realize savings by allowing contractors a choice of either plastic or metal. Specification requirements should be written so that they protect the Government against inferior plastic closures - those that loosen, leak, or do not adequately protect the product. Mustard was found to be very stable on accelerated storage, with little loss in acceptance. Keywords: Packaging; Plastic Closures; Condiments; Shelf Life; Plastic Seals; Plastic Lids; Moisture/Vapor Transfer.


Stock prices are a challenging issue in the real world because of their complicated dynamics and dependence on several factors. Complex time series issues have been successfully handled by recurrent neural networks (RNN). We examined several multivariate models built using various RNN architectures, such as GRU and LSTM, and compared them to their corresponding univariate models as well as to one another. This paper's goal is to examine how well a neural network can deal with this situation. We have suggested a multivariate RNN-based analytical model in this work to forecast stock price movement. To determine the temporal relationships and anticipate stock prices of a certain firm from its prior historical data of stocks, we employed a soft computing technique based on RNN. In order to forecast stock price, we present a multivariate neural network structure and contrast and compare the estimation error of mentioned networks with a univariate LSTM model. The results highlighted that, when trained on the same data, the proposed multivariate prediction model readily beat the univariate prediction models. We have also demonstrated that multivariate prediction models may be trained and used in corporate environments more quickly and efficiently. The results suggest that the proposed RNN model gives the most accurate predicted result for the prediction with accuracy of 88.91% taking the time of 1.76 seconds. The accuracy for the LSTM and GRU is 85.43% and 81.24%. Time taken by GRU and LSTM ais 1.78 and 1.80 seconds respectively.


We investigate here the dynamics of polymers at equilibrium by means of a self-consistent approximation that can be applied to arbitrary Hamiltonians. In particular we show that for the case of two-and three-body excluded volume effects, and the Oseen hydrodynamic interaction, the Gaussian self-consistent approach can recapture what we believe to be the essential features across the collapse transition. This method is based on the approximation of the complete Langevin equation by a Gaussian stochastic ensemble obeying a linear equation of motion with some unknown effective potential [Delta][ital V][sub [ital q]]([ital t]) and friction. Self-consistency equations for this potential are derived and studied in a variety of regimes across the collapse transition. Here we have calculated the friction [zeta][sub [ital q]] scaling behavior. The results of a simple power counting analysis of the equations, applicable for sufficiently large polymers, confirm the expected law [zeta][sub [ital q]][proportional to][ital N][sup [nu]][ital q][sup 1[minus][nu]], and give exponent values [nu]=3/5 for the Flory coil, [nu]=1/2 for so-called [theta] point, and [nu]=1/3 for the collapsed globule phase. Further applications of the method for various experimental observables of interest, e.g., the dynamic structure factor of light scattering, are presented, and again simple applications are discussed.


The extent of financial inclusion among Indian states for the period has been measured and compared by constructing a composite index using an integrated methodology of TOPSIS (Technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution) with EWM (Entropy Weighting Method). The proposed index has three broad dimensions of banking penetration, availability, and usage of banking services with an extended variable. Data for the study include: state wide bank data, demographic, geographic, and economic data, and are taken from Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) publications. There is a general improvement in financial inclusion in India, while UT of Chandigarh and Delhi top the index, and Manipur and Nagaland bottom of the index. The southern region tops India on financial inclusion in terms of average rank. The methodology adopted in this study is not widely adopted in IFI literature. Moreover, the index has been constructed with statically assigned weight by using EWM.


The CINCAMI/Measurement Interchange Schema (MIS) organizes jointly data and metadata generated from the heterogeneous measurement devices under the same data stream. The Processing Architecture based on Measurement Metadata (PAbMM) is a data stream engine which processes the data streams organized under the CINCAMI/MIS schema. PAbMM is able to replicate in real-time each measurement stream but limited to C-INCAMI/MIS. This constitutes a use limitation of CINCAMI/MIS because the reading, using and writing of the measures was previously performed just by PAbMM. The CINCAMImisConversor library extracts this functionality with the aim of fostering the using along with any measurement project who need it. The functionality extraction was guided by PAbMM ́s internal behavior, which is documented through SPEM metamodel. This allowed defining to the CincamimisConversor's object mode l, its implementation and carry forward a discrete simulation for having an associated time reference. As a contribution, the library allows the data format conversion from the CINCAMI/MIS streams to the columnar organization. The library could translate 4900 measures in approximately 11 ms.


In gen- eral, every company wants to always make a pro t in each of its operations. Pro ts of an enterprise are determined by the success of the sales system is doing. To ensure that sales activity can be run as it should and then the function of the internal control system is very signi cant for the company's operations. The issue discussed was about the application of the internal control system for the sale of credit and its elements and how they aect the eciency and eectiveness of the company. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the internal control system has been running well, to evaluate whether the accounting records of credit sales have been in accordance with accounting standards, as well as to evaluate whether the application of credit sales which have been implemented to increase eciency and marketing eectiveness. To obtain relevant data, the authors make ob- servations and interviews on the marketing manager of PT. Sapukurata Karisma located in Pamulang, Tangerang, in the period 1 June - 30 June 2007. Conclusions obtained from the discussion of thesis is that the system of inter- nal control over credit sales at PT Sapukurata Karisma are already well underway for all elements of the system of internal control over credit sales has been well estab- lished. Thus the company's management should always be introspective and anticipatory action against a variety of possibilities that would be able to inhibit the activity of PT Sapukurata Karisma to better understand in depth the various internal and external conditions for general purpose and special purpose company can always be achieved.


Fresh as the last of the traditional retail fortress, as many e-commerce business coveted a long cake, so fresh electricity came into being. Many fresh and fresh business platform to get involved in fresh, but because of the unique nature of fresh agricultural products, so that the risk of fresh health and business coexist. This article will combine the specific situation of our country to analyze the bottleneck of the development of fresh electricity business, to explore the localization of fresh electricity to the development of countermeasures, to meet the gorgeous era of fresh electricity business.


The excavations at Greta Bridge (NZ o88 132) were sponsored by the then Ministry of Works as a rescue project occasioned by the re-alignment of a section of the A66 trunk road. The A66 follows the line of the Roman road from Scotch Corner to Carlisle very closely, to the extent that the Roman pavement lies immediately below the modern surface for most of its length. At Greta Bridge a slight southward deviation of the A66 seems to have occurred when the bridge carrying the route over the River Greta collapsed (FIG. 1). In the eighteenth century the new route was carried over the river on an elegant Palladian bridge — the subject of a widely reproduced watercolour by John Sell Cotman. At the outbreak of war in 1939 a Bailey bridge was built beside Cotman's to carry the weight of tanks and armoured vehicles used by the numerous army units stationed in the Catterick area. The army bridge remained in use until 1972 when the decision was made to straighten the road and to re-expose the Palladian bridge to full view. In choosing a new road line the engineers simply connected the ends of the known Roman route, thus putting the modern carriageway back to where it had been in the Roman period.


Metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices have been fabricated using a polycrystalline diamond film doped with boron. The diamond film has been deposited on Si substrate by a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition method. The SiO2 film has been deposited on the diamond by a plasma-assisted CVD method and aluminum has been evaporated as a gate on the SiO2 film. The MIS capacitance was varied as a function of voltage applied between the gate and substrate. Further, the metal-insulater-semiconductor field-effect transistor has indicated transistor operation capabilities at room temperature. These results suggest a possibility that the polycrystalline diamond film can be used as an electronics material.


The article reveals the methodology of teaching younger students the ability to write narrative-narratives: building an algorithm for writing an exposition, mastering the features of textual activity as a prerequisite for a written retelling of a text. An example of an integrated lesson of the Russian language and literary reading in the third grade is given, which includes both the mastering of knowledge of the Russian language by students and the work with author's texts.


In the paper the different variants of the dual phase lag equation (DPLE) are considered. As one knows, the mathematical form of DPLE results from the generalization of the Fourier law in which two delay times are introduced, namely the relaxation time τq and the thermalization one τT. Depending on the order of development of the left and right hand sides of the generalized Fourier law into the Taylor series one can obtain the different forms of the DPLE. It is also possible to consider the others forms of equation discussed resulting from the introduction of the new variable or variables (substitution). In the paper a thin metal film subjected to a laser pulse is considered (the 1D problem). Theoretical considerations are illustrated by the examples of numerical computations. The discussion of the results obtained is also presented.


There is a preliminary question that must be dealt with: is it true to say that religion has an integrating function? If by this we mean to indicate a consequence of religion—and not its finality—we can in fact say that it has a role to play in society The latter need not necessarily be an integrating role; it may equally be a disfunction. There exist also other social factors which are capable of fulfilling the social functions of religion (parties, ideologies) and which can be consi dered as being substitutes. By the fact that it is among other things a social reality, religion does have an influence upon social structures, but it acts in the first place on the cultural system. Variables which may be either internal (doctrine, organisation. liturgy, etc.) or external (social groups, social or cultural changes) affect the role which religion actually plays.


To the Editors:

It was with great interest that we read the paper of Lo Mauro et al . 1 entitled "Abdominal volume contribution to tidal volume as an early indicator of respiratory impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy'' in a recent issue of the European Respiratory Journal . This paper very elegantly explained the contribution of the abdominal volume to tidal volume if patients with Duchenne disease are getting older and change …


A geochemical traverse across Honduras re- veals the heterogeneity of the mantle underneath Central America. Alkali basalts from Lake Yojoa (170 km be- hind the front) have low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr but high La/Yb, and elevated incompatible trace element abundances, con- sistent with derivation from a normal mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle via low degrees of melting. These lavas lack evidence for an enriched source thought to be intermingled with normal mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle beneath most of Central America. The amplitude of the subducted slab signature decreases smoothly with distance from the volcanic front. Lavas from Zacate Grande, the area nearest to the volcanic front (17 km behind the arc), display large ion lithophile element en- richment and high field strength element depletion in- dicating the involvement of subducted material in magma genesis. Components of subducted material are not evident in lavas from Lake Yojoa, the area furthest from the arc. Basalts and basaltic andesites from Tegucigalpa, 102 km behind the volcanic front, are geochemically intermediate between those of Lake Yo- joa and Zacate Grande. The lavas from Tegucigalpa show a decreased influence of the subduction compo- nent, and are aAected by assimilation-fractional crys- tallization processes at shallow depths. The gradual de- crease in the subducted component from the volcanic front to Zacate Grande, Tegucigalpa and finally Lake Yojoa contrasts with the abrupt decrease documented for southeast Guatemala, the only other area in Central America where a cross-arc transect has been studied.


We begin our paper with a hypothetical question: Is there a distinction to be made between Professional Ethics and Business Ethics?1 This is a conceptual question, but one with pedagogical import. The answer hinges on both the nature of professional and the further question of whether business is subsumed under this understanding. For the purposes of this paper, we shall adopt the admittedly controversial position that for an occupation to be a profession, it must be governed by moral rules, principles, privileges, and responsibilities that differ from our everyday morality. To act in a professional manner is thus to act according to a moral code that would be considered morally wrong if applied outside of a professional context. If a businessperson is a professional by this definition, then clearly an understanding of the complexities of navigating between a professional code of conduct and one's everyday moral responsibilities is best examined by a course in professional ethics. On the other hand, if a businessperson is not a professional, then what requires emphasis is the way in which moral rules and principles ought to be applied within a business context. In this paper we shall argue that businesspersons are not professionals in the technical sense presented above, and consequently business students are best served not by a course in professional ethics, but by a course in business ethics. In making this case we shall argue: 1) that the nature of the professional entails a special morality, one that may allow for actions normally seen as unethical to be ethical, while business ethics concerns no such special morality, and 2) that unlike the concerns that are well-studied in professional ethics, business has numerous fundamental assumptions that are taken for granted by most business students, and hence go unquestioned (e.g., the nature of capitalism and markets, the profit motive, and the nature of


FIELD: electricity. SUBSTANCE: three-phase balun is proposed, wherein the three-phase three-legged transformer comprises two or three primary windings included counter in the zigzag . The free leads of the first windings are connected to the input and output terminals through the three-phase automatic switch, and the free leads of the second windings are connected into a common zero point to couple the phase loads. The throttle filter of the residual currents is included between the zero output of the power line and the zero output of the three-phase transformer. EFFECT: higher reliability. 2 dwg


Decades of research have confirmed that debates increase viewer knowledge about the issue stands of the candidates (e.g., Benoit, Hansen, and Verser 2003). However, the conditions under which viewers learn are less well understood. In this article, we examine how differences in the context of information in presidential debates affect both who learns from such debates and what they learn. We ask three research questions regarding learning from exposure to the 2012 general election presidential debates: (1) Did these debates increase knowledge of the content discussed in them? (2) Were viewers more likely to learn about issues and matters relevant to the 2012 presidential election when one candidate challenged the other's view or when the candidate's statement was not contested? (3) Does learning occur at the same rate regardless of viewer political predispositions, or did confirmation bias determine whether and which individuals learned from the debates? Issue Knowledge and "Correct" Voting For a representative democracy to work, citizens must be able to cast a "correct vote" (Lau and Redlawsk 1997), one in line with their policy preferences. In a world in which presidential campaigns do at times mislead (see Jackson and Jamieson 2007), citizens may vote for a candidate on the supposition that their positions align when in fact they do not (see Waldman and Jamieson 2006). In 2008, for example, the Obama campaign used targeted radio ads to deceptively cast Senator John McCain as opposed to federal funding for stem-cell research (see Kenski, Hardy, and Jamieson 2010). If a stem-cell issue voter voted against McCain based on this deceptive message, then an "incorrect vote" was cast. Because most of us do not personally know national political actors, we rely on media and campaign events to provide the necessary information to cast a "correct vote." One important function of presidential campaigns, then, is to inform voters of candidate policy stands and of other factual information that is relevant to the election. In our system of government, this function is central because, as Gans (2003) wrote, "The country's democracy may belong directly or indirectly to its citizens, but the democratic process can only be truly meaningful if these citizens are informed" (1). Debates offer a unique opportunity for voters to gain such information. Debates and Learning Since incumbent president and Republican nominee Gerald R. Ford challenged Democrat Jimmy Carter to a series of nationally televised debates in 1976, broadcast debates have become standard campaign events in U.S. politics. These quadrennial events demand an unmatched level of accountability of those seeking public office. Research on debate viewing effects has focused primarily on political learning and shifts in vote intentions (e.g., Benoit and Hansen 2004; Chaffee 1978; Jamieson and Adasiewicz 2000). We focus on the former. Past studies have consistently linked debates viewing with higher levels of political knowledge. A meta-analysis of 18 studies on debates from 1976 to 2000 (total N--7,202) found a mean weighted correlation coefficient of 0.256 between debates and political knowledge, suggesting that on average, debate viewing has a substantial impact on viewer learning of the candidates' policy positions (Benoit, Hansen, and Verser 2003). Some research suggests that debates increase issue salience and have an agenda-setting effect (Becker et al. 1978; Benoit and Hansen 2004). Benoit and Hansen (2004) examined the 1976, 1984, 1996, and 2000 data in the American National Election Studies (ANES) and found that debate watchers cited more issues in their evaluations of the candidates than did nondebate watchers. Consistent with these findings, we hypothesize, Hypothesis 1: Exposure to the 2012 presidential debates will increase accurate knowledge of the issues and matters discussed in the debates themselves. …


In Part I the general partial differential equations are derived for the flow of compressible liquids and of gases through porous media, on the basis of the generalized Darcy law that: for all homogeneous fluids the fluid velocity is directly proportional to the pressure gradient. The equation for compressible liquids turns out to be the Fourier heat conduction equation with the density as the dependent variable, while for gases a nonlinear parabolic equation is obtained. The steady state solutions for these equations for linear and plane radial flow are derived and discussed in Part II. The heat conduction equation, in polar coordinates with radial symmetry, for compressible liquids, is then solved in Part III for systems in which (a) the density is specified over both concentric circular boundaries of an annular region, (b) the density is given over one boundary and the normal derivative over the other, and (c) the normal derivative is given over both boundaries. For the last case a new elementary solut...


A case of epipharyngeal tuberculosis with middle ear tuberculosis is reported. A 4lyear-old female complained of left otorrhea and left facial nerve palsy. Examination of the epipharynx revealed a granular mass. A biopsy from the epipharynx showed only inflammatory changes. A smear of ear discharge and post nasal discharge showed no positive results. To facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the inflammation, we performed an exploratory tympanotomy and biopsy of the epipharynx under general anesthesia. The pathological findings were consistent with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy was performed for one year and the epipharynx granuloma disappeared and the facial nerve palsy was reduced. The present case suggests that it can be difficult to diagnose tuberculosis and that it is very important to consider tuberculosis in cases of intractable inflammation of the head and neck region.


There has been some confusion recently about the doings of the European Parliament with regard to the European Working Time Directive (EWTD). Some reports in the press suggested that an opt-out had been achieved. In fact, all that happened was that after considerable wrangling an attempt by the socialist bloc to phase out the right of individuals to opt out was not so much defeated as talked out.


The growth habit of Rhizophora mangle L. in southern Florida is described in a preliminary way. A number of features contrasting with those in temperate trees are emphasized. The seeds are viviparous, and it is a seedling propagule that falls from the tree. The seedling can form adventitious buds, but the mature plant cannot. Branches are formed at intervals within the terminal bud, and on lateral shoots branching changes from monopodial to sympodial. Aerial roots are formed adventitiously and do not develop laterals unless distally anchored in the substrate or injured. Subterranean roots branch endogenously and differ markedly from aerial roots. THE CONCEPT OF normal tree growth is largely based on a study of woody plants of the temperate zone. As a contribution towards a survey of the ecology of mangroves in South Florida we have undertaken an extensive investigation of its three native mangrove species iRhizophora mangle L., Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, and Laguncularia racemosa Gaert., which are known locally as red, black, and white mangrove, respectivelyl. These have already revealed a number of features of growth which seem remarkable, at least when viewed in the light of our knowledge of dicotyledonous trees of the temperate zone. Whether, in fact, these features will continue to be regarded as unusual depends on future investigation of the growth of other tropical trees. This is another subject which is being studied extensively at Fairchild Tropical Garden, and it is against this broadening background that our studies specific to mangrove trees are set. The present paper serves to introduce the nonspecialist to general features of growth and morphology of Rhizophora, emphasizing those aspects which may be regarded as unusual. Future accounts will expand the topic of root and shoot growth and seedling establishment. The ultimate object is to prepare a detailed report on Rhizophora which will provide a firm botanical background to ecological and physiological studies on the plant. These studies are being carried out in the vicinity of Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, where Rhizophora mangle is toward the northern limit of its distribution. Climate and topography suit it so well, however, that it forms extensive stands. These are much disturbed by real estate development and are subject to natural catastrophes, notably hurricanes. Nevertheless growth of the tree in South Florida is representative for the whole of its range, and abundant material has been available for the investigation of growth responses throughout the year. In this respect we have been more fortunate than most previous investigators who, although they have contributed to the development of an extensive literature on Rhizophora, evidently have not had the opportunity to observe the tree as a growing organism. For this reason a number of the elementary aspects of growth we will describe have remained unobserved. This needs emphasizing, otherwise we may be accused of introducing a topic at an unnecessarily elementary level or of relating information which is readily available already. However, we may point out that much of this earlier information is based on a study of pickled or herbarium specimens and does not concern itself with growth. Future studies in botany are likely to require this phase of re-investigation, at a seemingly elementary level, of living plants before significant advances in our understanding of the growth of tropical plants can be made. Well-grown plants of red mangrove form trees 30-40 feet in height with records in South Florida of over 70 feet. In pure stands trees have a single trunk, with a system of arching aerial roots confined ' Contribution to a study of the growth of native woody plants of South Florida supported by a grant from the Michaux Fund of the American Philosophical Society. Part of this study was carried out while the first author was employed by the Cabot Foundation for Botanical Research of Harvard University. The authors wish to express their thanks for help from both of these sources. BIOTROPICA 1(1): 1-9. 1969 1 This content downloaded from 22.214.171.124 on Fri, 20 May 2016 08:35:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms to the base of the plant. Old plants on disturbed or relatively exposed shores tend to develop long low branches supported by aerial roots. This has given rise to erroneous ideas about growth habit which, unfortunately, have passed on as popular knowledge, as is explained below. Under certain circumstances, as outlined below, aerial roots may develop abundantly on high branches. An appreciation of the form of the tree is best obtained from a study of development from the seedling.


Tyrosinase (EC 126.96.36.199) is a copper-containing monooxygenase catalyzing the o-hydroxylation of monophenols to the corresponding catechols (monophenolase or cresolase activity), and the oxidation of monophenols to the corresponding o-quinones (diphenolase or catecholase activity). These functions of tyrosinase play an important role in the formation of melanin pigments during melanogenesis. Melanin production is principally responsible for skin color and plays an important role in prevention of sun-induced skin injury. However, abnormal accumulation of melanin products is responsible for hyperpigmentations including melasma, freckles, and senile lentigines, which could be a serious aesthetic problem. Recently, a global market demand has developed for skinwhitening agents because some dark-skinned individuals in many countries and races are prefer lighter skin color. Several tyrosinase inhibitors have been used in the cosmetic industry as skin-whitening agents. Unfortunately, many of these inhibitors have not been demonstrated yet to be clinically efficacious when critically analyzed in carefully controlled studies. Thus, many efforts are still devoted to screening recognized and putative skin-whitening agents. A correct assay method is essential for the development of effective inhibitors of tyrosinase. Until now, the screening and evaluation methods of these skin-whitening agents have been adopted dopa oxidation test by mushroom tyrosinase because of its commercial availability, not human tyrosinase. Moreover, a comparative study on the inhibitory effects of skin-whitening agents by human tyrosinase and mushroom tyrosinase is still undone. In this study, we investigated inhibitory effects of skinwhitening agents on L-dopa oxidation by human tyrosinase and mushroom tyrosinase, and compared their effects. According to our study described here, L-dopa oxidation activities of human tyrosinase and mushroom tyrosinase show very different inhibitory effects depending upon the nature of skin-whitening agents.


To evaluate current computed tomography (CT) referral practice with emphasis on correct clinical data and examination choice. Our second aim was to investigate turnaround times on all brain CT scans included in the study. Retrospective analysis of CT examinations in the radiology information system was carried out at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted six months after hospital wide implementation of the iRefer criteria, the Royal college of Radiologists imaging referral guidelines. The review included all patients who had attended the emergency department, out-patients, or were inpatients and had a CT request during the period from July to September 2012. Clinical data and indication for all subjects were evaluated and analyzed. Two thousand three hundred twenty two records were investigated, of which 1695(73%) were adults and 627(27%) were pediatric patients. The majority of requests were for brain 856 (37%). Of those, 46% were requested by the Emergency department, (86%) adult and (14%) pediatric patients. The total number of examinations performed with inadequate clinical information was 111; among those were 17(15%) pediatric patient requests. There is a need to increase collaboration between clinicians and radiologists to follow appropriateness guidelines and decrease inappropriate CT requests. Educational tools should be used in raising clinicians' awareness on radiation dose from radiological investigations. [Sarah Hagi, Mawya Khafaji, Naushad Ahmed, Majdi Al Nowami. Current Trends in Computed Tomography Referral Practice Experience at a Large Academic Hospital. Life Sci J 2014;11(11):842-848]. (ISSN:10978135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 150


This ethnographic case study describes the patterns of language socialization and literacy/biliteracy practices and the patterns of language choice and language use of a Spanish heritage bilingual family of Mexican origin from the participant perspective, the emic view, and the research perspective, an etic view. This analysis attempts to broaden the knowledge of how Mexican origin families use language at home by demonstrating how literacy/biliteracy practices (i.e., reading, writing and talk/conversation), language choice (i.e., Spanish, English, code-switching (CS)) and language use (i.e., domains) contribute to reinforce, develop or hinder the use of Spanish as a heritage language. Using ethnographic methodology, this study analyzes the participants' naturally occurring language interactions. Socialization and language learning are seen as intricately interwoven processes in which language learners participate actively. The analysis and discussion is presented in two sections: 1) language socialization in conjunction with literacy practices, and 2) language socialization in conjunction with language choice and CS. Language choice and CS are analyzed by means of conversation analysis theory (CA): the analysis of language sequences of the participants' conversation. The description of the domains (i.e., what participants do with each language and the way they use language) constitutes the basis for the analysis. The findings of this study show that language shift to English is imminent in an environment of reduced contact with parents, siblings, and the community of the heritage language group. Understanding which literacy practices are part of the everyday life of Hispanic households is relevant to the implementation of classroom literacy practices.


This paper reviews some of the concems that have been raised about the educational system during the pa~t several decades. Many of these concerns focus on the need for ~"tudents, especially at-risk students, to take greater responsibility for and to be more actively involved in their education. An e<lucational program which promotes self-directed learning and student responsibility, as well as skill development, is presented. Using a Descriptive Psychology perspective not only illuminates the elements, processes and outcomes of this program, but helps to understand why the program is successful when done well and, also, how it can go wrong. In recent decades, there have been many debates about the quality, success and failure of our educational system. These debates often reveal different definitions of what constitutes quality education, and also reflect a bck of any clear conceptualization of either the educational process or its outcomes. Frequently, The educational system is viewed in very simplistic terms without recognition of the Advances in Descriptive Psyc.hology, Volume 7, pages 235-247. Editors: H. Joel Jeffrey and Raymond M. Bergner. Copyright© 1998 DC!lcriptive Psychology Press. All right!; of reproduction in any rorm re~ened. ISB~: 1-891700-01-4 235 Catherine M. Felknor complex interrelationships that exist among its various elements, processes, and outcomes. This paper lirsl considers a conceptualization of education posed by IIoward Gardner ( 1991) which is much more complex than most and incorporates findings from cognitive research that indicate important variations across students. A brief review is given of selected issues mised in several books and articles written during the past 30 years which have identified problems and documented serious deficiencies that occur in many schools. The paper focuses on one educational program which is based on a complex conceptualization which parallels several of the ideas presented by Gardner, including the notion that different students learn and understand ln different ways. Using a Descriptive Psychology perspective not only illuminates the elements, processes and outcomes of this progmm, but helps to understand why the program is successful when done well and, also, how it can go wrong. Howard Gardner, in The Unschooled Mind: llow Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (1991 ), describes three types of undersTanding: intuitive or natural understanding, rote or ritualistic understanding, and disciplinary or genuine understanding. The first allows for some degree of competency in dealing with the everyday world, but undL:rstandings may be immature, misleading, or actually misconceived. The second type rcnccts the conventional performances which most educators view as acceptable-students responding by repeating particular facts, concepts or solutions which have bet:n taught. Such responses do not preclude genulne understanding, bttt fail to assure that genuine understanding has occurred. The third type of understanding is evidenced when students are able to take information and skills they have lemned and apply them appropriately in new situations. There is little evidence that students achieve this type of understanding at least in part because schools are not promoting such understandings (Gardner, \991). Gardner and others working in the area of cognitive research conclude tlmt students learn, remember, perform and understand in different ways. As Gardner points out, these difkrcnces challenge an educational system that assumes everyone can learn from the same materials in the same way with a single measure to assess student learning. The chances of acquiring genuine understanding are enhanced if multiple entry points arc recognized and utilized. Genuine understanding is most likely to occur if the learner uses concepts and skills in several ways. An educational approach which integrates multiple entry points and allows a variety of furmats for representing learning is not only beneficial for the learners, but also, "the way in which we conceptualize underslllnding is broadened." (Gardner, 1991, p. 13). One purpose of Gardner's 1991 book is to suggest educational interventions which encourage more genuine understanding. While he reviews a number of possibilities, he notes most c<m be linked to rwo major themes: the apprenticeship approach and the children's museum approach. Both of these strategies involve Kids lntere.~t Discovery Studies (KIDS KITS) ..;. 237 considerable hands-on activities with a variety of materials. In addition, the following feahtres are typically present: (I) use of mentors; (2) the use of models or real objects to facilitate learning, and (3) the use of concepts and skills iu carrying out real tasks. These types of lenming siruations usually involve interacting with others in the learning activity or in sharing what is learned. Unfortunately, these approaches are rarely implemented in public schools. Research studies describing the climate and opemtion of schools have painted a somewhat dismal picture for several decades: The Underachieving School (John Holt, 1969); Crisis in the Clm·sroom (Charles Silbennan, 1970); A Place Called School (John Good lad, 1984 ); Schools of Thought (Rexford Brown, 1991 ); as well as the book by Howard Gardner noted above. In one of the most cxtensi ve studies, John Goodlad collected in-depth infonnation from over 1,000 classrooms at all \eve Is of public school (elementary, junior high, and high school). According to the results of his seven year ~tudy, students " ... rarely planned or initiated anything, rend or wrote anything of some length, or created their own products. And they scarcely ever speculated on meanings, discussed alternative interpretations, or engaged in projects calliug for collaborative effort." The topics in the curriculum, il appeared " ... were something to be acquired, not something to be explored, reckoned with, and converted into personal meaning and development." (Uoodlad, 1983,p.468) For more than a decade, much has been written about the de~irability of getting srudents to take responsibility for their leaming. The National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation At Risk (1983), advocated greater responsibility and increased involvement for all students. Brown (1991, page 249) states that " ... ~tudents at all ages must mkc increasing responsibility for their leaming. That is the only way to get them deeply engaged and committed to their education." A great deal of attention has been focused on the problems of low achievement by at-risk students as well as the challenge of keeping them in school. In some districts, however, there is an equal level of concern expressed about pro vi ding challenging instructional programs for the gifted and talented students. l11ere is an educational program which provides a possible remedy for many of the concems raised by the <~uthors noted above and uses the approaches recommended by Gardner. Tt integrates student responsibility and self direction as well as promoting increased learning. The program, Kids Interest Discovei)' Studies Kits (KIDS KITS), has been demonstrated to be effective with a wide range of students including at-tisk, special needs, and academically gifted students (Petersen and Felknor, 1990; Felknor, \992a: Felknor, !992b ). The goal of the KIDS KITS program is to promote independent, self-directed learning, as well as research and study skills. n1esc goals are accomplished through the development ofthinking and questioning skills, awareness and use ofnwnerous learning resources, application of the infonnation gained, and increased enthusiasm for research activities. Kits are organized sets of multimedia materials designed to 238 + Catherine M. Felknor elicit active student involvement in higher levels of thinking <md independent learning. Kits include filmstrips. video tapes, audio tapes, real objects, models, games, puzzles, slides, diagrams, transparencies, charts, etc. as well as books and other types of print materhli. The high interest materials vary in terms of difficulty and learning modality so that all students can fmd resources suited to their ability level and learning style. Kit topics reflect areas of student interest and relate to regular curriculum especially for science and social studies. Once the general topic has been established, student participation moves through four phases or stages (Petersen and Felknor, 1990): exploration (where students examine materials to stimulate interest and generate questions), in-depth study (where students identify/articulate specific questions and locate information to answer those questions), application (where students plan and prepare presentations or producrs which will demonstrote what they have learned), and sharing (presentations, displays, discussions, etc.). The program can be used in the regular classroom, in the library or LMC (library media center), and in special program settings. Students may work individually, in pairs, in small groups or in moderate size groups. Grouping may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. The program can be used in any organizational structure (i.e., single grade classrooms or multigrade units; single teacher, teaching teams, or subject area departments; etc.). In addition to serving the needs of regular students, KIDS KITS is well suited to meet the needs of special populations, including gifted, Title I, at-risk, English as a second language, and those with learning disabi lilies or other special needs. It is possible to serve this wide variety of needs because, within the kit, students can find materials appropriate for their reading level and their learning style. In addition, students are able to demonstrate their learning in a format of their own choosing. Both of these conditions increase the probabi lily of a challenging and successful learning ex peri en ce. The program has been used successfully with


The approach oriented at developing life skills as one of the health education strategies is rooted in the wider context of social and cultural transformations infl uencing changes in the scope of human self-understanding and one's role and functioning in the world. In the sphere regarding health and health education these transfor-


A method is presented to approximate lighting on 2D drawings. The specific problem solved is the incorporation of 2D cel animation into live-action scenes, augmenting the existing method of drawn "rims and tones" with subtle environmental illumination. The image-based tools developed to solve the problem have both photorealistic and non-photorealistic applications.


The authors review the emergence,formulation, pronouncement and conduct of Russian foreign policy since the demise of the Soviet system in the light of the country's moves towards a democratic political system. They consider the applicability in the Russian case of the view recently advanced that regime change in a democratizing direction is likely to increase a country's proneness to war. Examining the effect on Russia'sforeign policy offree political debate and competition, and of the tendency towards fragmentation within the executive, they conclude that the impact of democratization is both mixed and limited.*


Increasing density of mid-storey vegetation since European settlement has been observed in forests and woodlands in several parts of the world and may result in greater fire fuel hazard. This phenomenon is often attributed to a longer interval between fires since European settlement, but may also be influenced by tree removal during the same period. We hypothesised that the number of mature trees in a stand reduces mid-storey vegetation cover and the associated fire fuel hazard through competition. To test this hypothesis, we examined associations between mid-storey cover and fire fuel hazard and the mean diameter of trees within stands of open forest and woodland in south-eastern Australia, a region prone to wildfires. We found that vegetation cover between 2 and 4 m and 4 and 6 m above the ground and two measures of fire fuel hazard were negatively associated with the quadratic mean tree diameter. Our results suggested that the removal of mature trees since European settlement may have triggered tree and shrub regeneration, resulting in higher mid-storey cover and fire fuel hazard. Thus, managing stands for the persistence and replacement of mature trees may contribute to long-term fuel reduction in Australian forests and woodlands.


The aim of the present research was to study the dynamics of growth and conditions of aspen stands under climate change, according to different periods of forest inventory. The study was conducted in modal aspen forests growing in the subtaiga/forest steppe region of Central Siberia. Aspen forests grow intensively at young age, which allows them to realize maximum carbon sequestration potential. The research was based on forest inventory data from 1972, 1982, 2002, and 2021 (the study was conducted on a limited territory). There was a steady increase in temperatures in the growing season from 1982 to 2002. The amount of precipitation in the same season and period, however, did not exceed the median value. With an increase in the sum of temperatures in 1982–2002 from 1800 °C to 2100 °C, carbon stored in the stands increased from 0.56 to 1.48 tons C/ha per year. This statement is true for pure aspen forests aged from 10 to 30 years. There is a certain (although indirect) influence that climate trends have on aspen forests' carbon dynamics. There was a decrease in the average carbon increment in aspen forests from the age of 40. After 55 years, the average carbon increment values in the aspen forests leveled off, and the differences depending on the stand composition became insignificant. Along with an increase in biomass increment with age, aspen stands started losing resilience, and trees began to die due to natural and pathogenic mortality. At ages between 50 and 80, carbon emission increased from 1 to 12 tons C/ha.


Abstract Context: New biomarkers are needed in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Plasma argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) is a promising candidate. Objective: Characterize ASS in APAP hepatotoxicity. Methods: ASS was measured in plasma from rodents and humans with APAP hepatotoxicity. Results: In mice, ASS increased before injury, peaked before alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and decreased rapidly. Fischer rats had a greater increase in ASS relative to ALT. Patients with abnormal liver test results had very high ASS compared to controls. ASS appeared to increase early in some patients, and declined rapidly in all. Conclusions: ASS may be a useful biomarker of acute cell death in APAP hepatotoxicity.


In the industrial the process of clamping on an object is an important process carried out to facilitate the work when the process of cutting, sculpting, welding and etc. A vise is a clamping tool to clamp a workpiece milled. Using the vise, the workpiece clamped tightly to facilitate the work and the results of a process is maximum. The components contained in a vise have their own functions. This research is about simulating vise production process. The purpose of this study is to model the vise production process using Flexsim software and compare the simulation results data with the vise production target data to find out whether the simulation describes the actual condition of the vise production process. The results obtained in the manufacture of vise production lines using Flexsim software produce an output of 22 units for 1 shift / day or 7 working hours. The vise production line simulation model produces 25 vise production target data, 22 simulation results data and 12% deviation occurs, so the simulation describes the actual condition of the vise production process.