The immediate objectives of exchange-rate policy should be stability of output, stability of the rate of inflation and stability of the exchange rate itself. Moreover, exchange-rate policy is likely to be of some use in achieving these aims, as the modifications to the rational expectations theory which make monetary policy effective do so for exchange-rate policy as well, and additional channels of effectiveness operate in an open economy. There are various explanations for the volatility of exchange rates under free floating, but a more realistic picture of the reaction to external disturbances is obtained if step changes in interest rates are allowed for by considering the term structure of interest rates and the influence of the terms of trade on the demand for money. Capital is not in fact perfectly mobile internationally, which widens the range of policy options, and some modifications of the theory are required to study the determinants of capital flows in an imperfect world. One can use the correlation between deviations of output and inflation from trend to study the origin of disturbances. This is illustrated by a study of eighteen sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, the type and origin of disturbances have implications for whether some sort of dual exchange-rate or dual interest-rate system is desirable. Finally, a model of an open economy is presented in which exchange-rate policy can be analyzed whether specified in terms of exchange-rate targets or the degree of intervention, and with the possibility of a restricted forward foreign-exchange market. A variant of the model is estimated for South Africa for the period 1974-1981 and various exchange-rate policies are simulated.


Education, worthy of the name, it has quality. This amounts to saying that is personalized and evolves in freedom. As personal, it'll proceed from within in order to building up virtues. Parents' example and their generosity ensure such teaching. However, in the hands of the agencies, national and international, has spread educational formalism. It is based on an abstract goal and just looking pragmatism and ideological slogans. This option produces passivity and social unrest. Family follows the right direction to so each child is formed and fully developed (on the will and intelligence).


In an MHD plant, the coal combustor produces combustion gases at a temperature of about 2800 K, resulting in the production of large amounts of nitric oxide, as much as 10,000 ppM or higher. This high level of NO must be reduced to about 550 ppM before leaving the stack to meet the emission standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Calculations and experiments have shown that a gas residence time of about 2 seconds in an MHD radiant furnace at gas temperatures above 1800 K is required for NO relaxation. This requirement can be met for a radiant boiler of a full size MHD plant if the gas flow in the boiler approximates plug flow. However, for a real boiler, flow recirculation especially around the inlet driven by the diffuser exhaust could adversely affect NO decomposition. For a smaller plant or a small-scale test facility, in addition to the flow recirculation problem, the gas residence time in the boiler is, in general, shorter than the required two seconds. Thus, the knowledge of residence time as well as the flow profile within the radiant boiler are essential in (1) the interpretation of the measured NO data from a small facilitymore » and (2) the extrapolation of such data for the design of larger plants. Computer calculations are described.« less


The advantages of high efficiency and reliability, as well as weight and loss benefits, make matrix converters an attractive option for AC/AC power conversion. This paper reviews the existing AC/AC converter solutions in mining industry and provides a detailed discussion of the main features and techniques associated with matrix converters. The paper explains the fundamental difficulties in satisfying the load side and the supply side performance objectives, simultaneously. The paper then discusses and compares several control options for matrix converters, including the recently proposed Comprehensive control. The latter shows advantages over other options and can be recommended for demanding industry applications. Findings of the paper are supported by detailed simulations.


As with many cities in China experiencing rapid urbanisation, Guangzhou is undergoing a specific form of urban development characterised by the engulfing of rural settlements: a process resulting in the so-called village in the city. This paper uses three modes of economic integration (redistribution, market exchange and reciprocity) as a framework to examine the interrelationship of various development issues and conditions of these villages. It shows that the poor integration in the spheres of state redistribution and formal market exchange pushes migrants to focus on survival strategies that relate to the self-organisation of housing, employment and education. It also makes a critical review of several (re)development projects, each relating to one or more of the different modes of economic integration. This paper concludes that new project approaches that organise a productive interplay between market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity are needed.


Advancement in drug delivery could come from innovating improvement to the existing drug delivery system. Lornoxicam (Lxm) loaded ethyl cellulose microspheres were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique and also to investigate the effect of variations in drug concentration, polymer concentration, internal phase volume, continuous phase volume and emulsifier concentration on the particle size, shape, % yield, percent entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release behavior. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that microspheres had good spherical geometry with smooth surface. The result showed that the maximum yield of the microspheres was found to be 64.23 ± 0.25%, with particle size in the range of 64.24 ± 1.82 to 81.83 ± 3.43 μm and encapsulation efficiency was found to be in a range of 60.34 ± 1.63 to 71.61 ± 1.20%. The average particle size and entrapment efficiency of microspheres were enhanced with increasing polymer concentration but reduced with increasing internal phase volume, external phase volume and emulsifier concentration. In vitro release profile of microspheres was in the range of 75.65 ± 2.3 to 87.78 ± 2.3% at the end of 12 h. It was concluded that Lxm loaded ethyl cellulose microspheres formulation showed sustained effect over a period of 12 h.

 Key words: Ethyl cellulose, lornoxicam, microspheres, solvent evaporation, sustained release.


say, "the argument is simply that union growth and character are correlated with various indices of position in the social stratification system, and that these correlations are prima facie evidence for the existence of a causal link between stratification and unionization" (p. 153). The authors qualify that adventurous proposition. There is "no easy correlation" between definitions of social position and patterns of union growth. "No easy equation" can be expected between "social position, social imagery and trade unionism" (p. 154) . "None the less . . . it is neither possible nor desirable to dismiss completely the impact of social stratification upon union growth and character" (p. 155). This is not an impetuous book. The authors rather like power as an analytical tool. "Unions are not monolithic entities," they say; but before that flash sets off the firedamp, they reveal that "union membership is not necessarily a voluntary act" (pp. 159-60). A union therefore has power over its members, and the phenomena of union growth and character might well be studied in terms of the power relations between unions and their members rather than on the basis of the perceptions of those who are about to join, have joined, or wish they hadn't. The authors nearly get around to saying we should study union government.


of thesis submitted to Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) For the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)


Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and side effects of Shenqi ten blindly particles combined with three dimensional-conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)for elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods 158 cases of elderly patients with NSCLC were randomly divided into observation group and control group.79 cases of patients in the control group were given 3D-CRT,the others in the observation group were given Shenqi ten blindly particles combined with 3D-CRT.ResultsThe Karnofsky score improvement of the two groups was significantly different(P0.05).The effective rate were 72.2%vs 57.0%(P0.05).The major toxicity in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(P0.05).The 1-,2-,3years survival rate were 82.1%,34.5%,5.0% in the observation group and 49.7%,15.9%,0 in the control group,the difference statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusions Shenqi ten blindly particles combined with 3D-CRT for elderly patients with NSCLC is well effective,while it can lowering the incidences of toxicity of radiotherapy,and improving patients quality of life.


The present invention relates to a method for producing yogurt containing coated rice cake dices and to yogurt which contains coated rice dices, produced by the method. The yogurt producing method includes the following steps: (a) producing fermented milk by fermenting mixed milk after adding a mixture of milk, skimmed milk, and oligosaccharide to lactobacillus; (b) producing coated rice cake dices by sterilizing the rice cake dices after coating the rice cake dices; and (c) adding the coated rice cake dices, which are produced in step (b), to the fermented milk which is produced in step (a).


In recent years, legal reform on corporate governance has been aggressively pursued in Taiwan. However, the modification in the legal model is often simply to borrow foreign laws and regulations without paying attention to the norms of the business community. Besides, lawmakers and administrative authorities might not be able to accurately recognize the interrelation between various regulatory means and business practices. Under such circumstances, the effect of legal reform is far from certain. The observation of the interaction between legal rules and norms in corporate governance leads to this paper on cumulative voting. In view of the protection of minority shareholders, cumulative voting is believed to play a significant role. The institution of this voting mechanism has also attracted much attention in comparative corporate governance. In Taiwan, cumulative voting was before required in Article 198 of Company Law. Since the law was amended in 2001, permissive cumulative voting has been put in place. It is worth noting, however, that the change from mandatory rule to permissive provision does not bring about the transformation in business practice. Most, if not all, of Taiwan's companies still employ cumulative voting to elect their directors and supervisors. After analyzing the causes responsible for the variation and constancy of cumulative voting, this paper would not only offer reflections on the change of mandatory cumulative voting, but also make suggestions on the future of cumulative voting in Taiwan's regulatory structure.


ABSTRACT The interface reaction between solid titanium alloy and liquid aluminium is critical to understanding the evolution of the intermetallic compound (IMC) in brazing and weld brazing processes of titanium to aluminium dissimilar alloys. In this study, hot dip aluminising of solid Ti6Al4V under different temperatures was conducted to reveal the influence of reaction temperature and time on interfacial IMCs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were employed to investigate the interfacial microstructures and phases. The dominant IMC at the interface was identified to be TiAl3. With increasing dipping temperature and time, the thickness of TiAl3 increased. The TiAl3 layer grew parabolically and its growth was governed by a diffusion mechanism. A deviation from the normal parabolic to a smaller n value (n = 0.2) was observed and an activation energy of 71.6 kJ mol−1 was obtained. Both aluminium and titanium atoms were diffusing species through the TiAl3 layer. Grain coarsening of the TiAl3 and the existence of vanadium in the IMC possibly led to the deviation in the present study from the normal parabolic laws.


Base on analysing the existing autocar Collision-avoidance system,the arcticle puts forward a improve methods .Adding the effective beam-incept equipment to the autocar,and making use of PRI arbitration mode of CAN-Network and brake system controlling by inner computer,the autocars can be detected one another.It could achieve automatic brake in the case of none disturb,and avoid autocar accidents effectively.So does the electronic fuel injection system .The improve methods could make up the lack of autocar Collision-avoidance system better.


Segmentation of medical images is a highly challenging process, especially when dealing with blood smear images, which have a very complex cell structure. The tissue-like P Systems, actually based on the methodology of cell and tissue behavior in a human body, are used in various areas of computation. Segmentation of medical images is one such area where these systems can be used, whereby the various objects in the images can be identified. The proposed work aims at segmenting the nuclei of the White Blood Cells (WBCs) of the peripheral blood smear images, which can help to identify various pathological conditions. In the first approach, segmentation is color based. The second approach is intensity based. In the third approach, morphology is used to strengthen the findings from the results.


A case of an unusual foreign body of plum seed in an adult who presented with right upper lobe collapse is reported herewith because of the rarity of its location in right upper lobe bronchus


This paper proposes a new D flip-flop configuration based on differential cascode voltage switch with pass-gate logic. The circuit is able to reduce the transition time from the input to output. The flip-flop was implemented in 0.18 mum CMOS technology. The flip-flop was simulated using HSPICE to assess the performance and was further evaluated by measurements on a test chip. The maximum operating frequency of the flip-flop is 5 GHz according to simulation. The test chip operates correctly at 3 GHz. This performance makes it one of the fastest flip-flops with a rail-to-rail input and voltage swing


This thesis is to introduce in details the research,design and implementation of exam paper quality analysis system,based on the theory of educational measurement and rich teaching experiences,which is customizable to meet the needs of different subjects and teachers.


The paper describes an innovative program "Empathy without Compassion Fatigue" for health professionals designed to enable them to manifest empathy without suffering compassion fatigue (CF). It includes four distinct parts. The first is designed to promote the creation of a motivational disposition for bounded empathy. The second is targeted to produce a cognitive mental set enabling the individual to focus on interpersonally-shared reality rather than on the subjective personal meanings. The third is designed to promote the expansion of meaning assignment of the situation in terms of meanings other than those that support empathy. The fourth is targeted to enhance the differentiation between the self and the other. The first part is based on the cognitive orientation theory, the second and third parts are based on the Kreitler Meaning System, the fourth is based on the self-identity approach. An empirical demonstration of the implementation of the program with nurses provided evidence for its feasibility and potential efficacy.


Data from all patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) admitted to Shepherd Center from 1975 to 1991 was analyzed to identify factors associated with patients injured at ages 60 and older. In the elderly patients, 40% of injuries were due to medical/disease etiologies and 29% resulted from falls. The elderly group had higher rates of preexisting medical conditions, complications, and mortality than did the under-60 patients. Older patients were also hospitalized longer, were less often functionally independent at discharge from rehabilitation, and faced greater risks of adjustment difficulties. All geriatric-care professionals involved in the treatment of elderly people with SCI must be well-informed of the special characteristics and needs of this group.


With the development of computer technology, the overlapping computation with communication has been continuously developed and widely applied in the process of computer development from single machine to supercomputer. The degree of parallelization is getting higher and higher, and the data volume of communication between nodes is getting larger and larger. Communication overhead becomes an important factor affecting parallel computing. The overlapping computation with communication is an important way to solve the excessive communication overhead in parallel computing. This paper first introduces the development history of overlapping computation with communication, including hardware optimization compiler upgrade and task optimization scheduling. For the development of numerical weather prediction models, the wide application of overlapping with computation and communication can effectively reduce the communication overhead and improve the computational efficiency of the models. Due to the increasing parallelism of numerical weather prediction models and the increasing communication cost, more and more application scenarios of computation and communication overlap, which can be effectively realized by grouping computation and communication. There is more communication in the three-dimensional data redistribution of spectral mode, which is the direction of performance optimization by overlapping computation with communication in the future.


Oxidation ditch treatment technology is adopted in waste water treatment plant of Jinmen Petrochemical Branch.Based on sludge bulking in the process of treating waste water from refinery and operating data,the cause of activated sludge bulking is analyzed and discussed and proposals are put forward in this article.


The aim of this article is to show that, in order to understand the new public role of religion, we need to rethink the nexus, often neglected by contemporary philosophy, between politics and imagination. The current resurrection of religion in the public sphere is linked to a deep transformation of political imagination which has its roots in the double process of the reduction of politics to mere administration, on the one hand, and to spectacle, on the other. In an epoch when politics is said to be simply a question of 'good governance', of good administration within a neo-liberal consensus, the paradox is that of a lack of political imagination which goes hand in hand with its hypertrophy through the media. This article tackles this paradox, by firstly discussing the nexus of politics, imagination and religion and, secondly, by analysing their contemporary transformations. In conclusion, the thesis is illustrated through the analysis of some contemporary examples.


The electrode process of removing copper from an anolyte of nickel electrolysis by electrowinning has been studied. It was found experimentally that the cathodic reduction of copper ion on copper electrode and nickel electrode has precedenoc over nickel ion and the diffusion is a rate-determining step in copper electrowinning from an anolyte of nickel electrolysis. When the cathodic potential is more positive than -0.500V(vs. SCE.) and the solution agitation is in existrice, the concentration of copper ion in an anolyte of nickel electrolysis falls below 0.002g. L-1 by electrowinning with porous nickel electrodes. The product of electrwinning is pare copper powder. The rate of copper electrowinning is quickened by strengthening solution agitation and increasing the area of cathode.


This document describes the Programming Methodology Framework also
known under the PMF methodology. The methodology is based on the
manifesto written by Zed A. Shaw [PROGRAMMING-MF-MANIFESTO] which
describes a natural approach to software engineering with a strong
focus on the act of programming. The PMF methodology uses a soft
naming to allow for a non-partisan reference to official engineering
or project documents describing one of the most used software
engineering methodologies.


AN MALIGNANT MELANOMA OCCUR AS A PRIC mary growth in the vagina? Although sporadic reports of such growths appear in the literature:. 4,597 a prominent textbook on gynecological pathology10 contains the statement that it does not. Hertig and Gore6 stated that the type of cell in the vagina from which these tumors arise is unknown. Even though it is obvious that malignant melanoma occasionally involves the vagina and a study of these cases may give evidence for or against a primary origin we feel that another approach is to study the vaginal tissue for the presence of non-neoplastic melanoblasts. If such cells are present, then, theoretically, a malignant melanoma may arise from them. This paper concerns such a study.


In his attempt to rehabilitate the reputation of Dr. De Puebla, Spain's first resident ambassador to England, Garrett Mattingly dismissed as unimportant certain unflattering remarks about the envoy made by a royal councillor to two Spanish officials, who knew the councillor as Dr. Pedro Panec. Mattingly, unable to identify Panec, believed him to be insignificant in Tudor service and, therefore, his remarks to be uninformed. Nonetheless, the available sources reveal Pierre Le Pennec as the Spaniards' Dr. Panec, a cleric and lawyer from Morlaix, doctor of civil and canon laws, prothonotary of the Roman Church, king's clerk and councillor, and political agent in Henry VII's foreign service. Historians of early Tudor diplomacy (when the term is not used interchangeably with foreign policy) have focused on the routine functions of ordinary diplomatic representatives, but Pennec has not merited the interest of Tudor diplomatic historians because he did not serve extensively as one of the king's ordinary diplomats. His only ordinary diplomatic function was in 1499 when he carried procuratorial letters to the Roman Curia for Henry VII.


The title compounds are prepared from mixtures of Cs, Cs2O, Tl, and SiO2, GeO2, or Sn (sealed Ta tubes, 623—773 K, 2—3 d,).


The invention prior invention because of the execution of the court auction property analysis method and a system and is never existed Special application at the time of a recording medium storing a program source of the method so as to a computer to execute (commercial lease protection law) in the prior invention it is an object to this invention to a new method of course eliminate the actual request to be added or created. This object of the invention of the prior invention: quote but the overall configuration and operation of the (registration number 10-0465240-0000) recognize just the right factor in the establishment of new legal rights to the conventional components of a housing lease protection law and homologous to the area, date and time, amount, type, for identifying it from the processing between step 1 and the components of the new law right factor in the prior art chief method of that presented by total scale stored in the memory in the determined date arrangement of the prior invention executing a third step by calling the value assigned to the configuration parameters of the step 2 and step 2 to cause to subdivide a respective configuration for the process stored in the memory to execute the result of the dividend and analysis sikimeuroseo newly established laws expand the invention of the method of analysis of the environmental changes in a court auction real estate development and its contents to be a sense of its features.


One of the most outstanding events at the annual APBE Membership Meeting in Chicago last March was a session featuring papers by both broadcasters and educators concerned with the student of broadcasting. These papers, slightly edited, follow under the titles bestowed upon them by their several authors.


Datacenters are core computational engines in cloud computing. They are de facto platforms to run computationally intensive applications and execute big data workload. They are expected to provide reliable and cost-effective cloud services. The exponential growth in cloud applications, the demand for more computational and communicative resources, and the need for energy and cost-efficient resource management have motivated researchers to introduce an array of resources management techniques to efficiently manage datacenters' resources. To address these challenges and facilitate future advancements in datacenters, it is important to synthesize, classify and assess the proposed resources management techniques for datacenter clusters. This article investigates how different architectural designs could affect the operational effectiveness of a datacenter. It presents key contributions and a taxonomy of resource management techniques that would guide future design and developmental efforts. It will help researchers and developers to design the most appropriate resource management framework for their datacenters and optimize certain design goals under different workloads.


DURING the past three years, we have observed a series of 23 cases of deep suppurative ringworm infections which were contracted from cattle. In the large majority of the cases the organisms were difficult to isolate and produced slowly growing, glabrous colonies which were identified as belonging to the faviform group of trichophyta. In a few cases the rapidly growing, fluffy colonies of the gypseum trichophyta were obtained. Since the lesions were of a deep suppurative character—a type of trichophyton infection which, according to Conant and his colleagues,1is rarely seen in this country—and since the incidence of the transmission of ringworm infection from livestock to farm workers is not generally known or recognized, we feel that these cases should be reported. Also the high incidence of the faviform trichophyta observed in these infections and the difficulty encountered in their isolation and identification emphasize the importance of a study


There are three kinds of current which may lie used for inert-gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding: (1) direct current, straight polarity; (2) direct current, reverse polarity, and (3) alternating current. It is not practical to use alternating current without superimposing high-frequency stabilization; otherwise the arc cannot be established and maintained in the inert atmosphere blanketing the welding operation.


Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS) is characterised by continuous neurological worsening from the first onset of symptoms, without remission or relapse. PPMS affects 10-15% of people diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and remains a severely disabling condition with no approved treatments. While a range of effective options are available for Relapsing and Remitting MS, only now are new treatments becoming available for PPMS. This report presents estimates of costs of PPMS in Australia by disability level, and assesses the impact of disability level on quality of life (QoL) and health state utility values (HSUVs) using data from Australian Multiple Sclerosis Longitudinal Study (AMSLS). The data presented in this report is aimed to inform Roche's Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) submission. Whilst the cost analysis presented here was based on data from 39 people with PPMS, QoL/HSUV analysis utilised data from 108 people with PPMS. We have segregated the costs and QoL/HSUV estimates in this report by disability severity (classified as mild, moderate, and severe), and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). As EDSS was mapped from the Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS), it was not possible to achieve an accurate estimate of costs and HSUVs by each single EDSS category, so we grouped some EDSS categories together (e.g.: 0-1, 2-3.5, 4-5). The estimated costs per person with MS in 2017 Australian Dollars was $56,099 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41,330–70,867), with indirect costs due to lost wages being the largest cost component (57%). The costs of PPMS generally exhibited an increasing trend with increasing disability severity/EDSS. The mean HSUV score (on a scale of 0-1) for all people with PPMS was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44−0.51), compared to 0.87 for the Australian general population. The mean QoL score (out of a maximum of 20) was 12.27 (physical health), 13.61 (psychosocial health), 11.91 (level of independence), 13.66 (social relationships), 15.04 (environment), and 12.83 (spirituality/religion/personal beliefs). As expected, the estimated QoL/HSUV scores generally declined with increasing disease severity/EDSS. Our results should however be interpreted with caution due to small sample sizes.


Increase in Internet traffic has increased the importance of congestion control and fairness. Active queue management, such as Random Early Detection (RED) seeks to improve congestion and fairness. However, RED serves flows unfairly when there are many TCP flows with various roundtrip times (RTT). Adaptive Explicit Congestion Notification (AECN) is a direct extension of RED to address this issue by classifying flows into three classes: robust, average and fragile, based on their RTTs. We propose an extension to AECN called MAECN (More Adaptive ECN) to improve AECN to handle more diverse traffic mixes. We believe that MAECN will serve various types of traffic more fairly than AECN. We will measure, analyze and compare MAECN with other active queue management schemes through simulations.


The paper analyzes Basara's notions and tenets on the Serbian language as stated in the book Atlas pseudomitologije (The Atlas of Pseudo-mythology) published in 2018. The author finds Basara's claims quite offhanded, ideologically distorted, and lacking grounds based on relevant references, thus most often, totally wrong. Basara mostly refers to the process and results of Vuk Karadžić's language reform which he evaluates without any previous critical analysis.


The construction of rural communities is an important part of community construction,which is of great significance for the promotion of civil society transformation and grassroots democracy.The growing number of experts and scholars conduct research from the theoretical and practical aspects of rural communities.Rural communities,however,in practice,face some difficulties and problems,which restrict the further development of the rural communities to some extent.In order to promote the construction of rural communities and to speed up the process of urbanization,this paper,by organizing the literature,summarized a series of problems in the development of rural communities.


The paper reaches a conclusion that Fe(OH) 3 "slightly appear amphoteric" through solution of newly made Fe(OH) 3 in the newly made 8 mol.1 1 hot and concentrated sulphuric acid.


The present invention relates to an intelligent video bus congestion level acquisition device and method based on measuring the time it solves existing bus congestion level data collection errors, low accuracy, timeliness and relevance do not have technical problems, including a car information terminals, video cameras, door control switch and the central server, in-vehicle information terminal provided with the car congestion analysis module, video surveillance module, GPS module, control module and mobile communication module, the car congestion analysis module and control module, GPS module and control module, a mobile communication module and the control module, video and car congestion monitoring module analysis module connector; gated switch is connected to the vehicle congestion analysis module, camera and video surveillance module is connected, the central server communicates with the mobile module connector; the present invention is widely used in the management and scheduling of urban public transport vehicles.


. Abstract Articular cartilage homoeostasis is critical for joint function. The steady state homoeostasis of articular cartilage matrix composits (above all collagen type II and proteoglycans) is a balance be-tween anabolic morphogens such as cartilage derived morpho-genetic proteins. Cartilage composites of superficial tangential zone, middle zone, deep radial zone, tide mark and subchondral bone. The superior zone is rich on radial orientated collagen fibers. This causes a high mechanical resistance against pressure and shear forces. The deep layers contain more proteoglycans and water. This creates a preload for the collagen fibers as well as neutralizes pressure forces too. The matrix turnover is regulated by cytokines which activate matrix metalloproteinases. The biomechanical property of cartilage is characterized by vis-coelasticity. Cartilage degeneration is caused by the increase of katabolic processes. There is a decrease of matrix composites like collagen type II and proteoglycans. The increases of water content products the edema and the chondrocytes become apoptop-tically. This is conformed by a decreased mechanical resistance. The cartilage defects results from this loss of mechanical properties. Secondary are damages within the subchondral bone and the synovia. This is characteristically for the osteoarthritis.


The media increasingly creates and reports peoples' experiences of insecurity in divers news reports on insecurity in Nigeria. Previous studies on media discourse and insecurity in Nigeria have focused largely on discourse construction and representations without full attention to clausal structures and logical sequence of information in the selected media reports. This study, therefore examines the clause complexes as the meaning domain and clause connectors as cohesive devices in selected news articles on insecurity in Nigeria with a view to establishing the inter-clausal structures and logical sequence of ideas in the reportage. The clause complex of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) which sees clause as the meaning domain in a text, served as framework in the study. The main focus was on three categories: banditry, farmer/herders crisis and ethnic rivalry. Twenty-one news articles were purposively selected for their relevance to the study. The findings revealed the hypotactict constructions dominate the selected news articles. The dependent clauses were employed to amplify the meaning in the dominant clauses, and to give circumstantial information about the process rather than the participants. Also, status of clause was used to establish level of importance ascribed to the unit of information it depicted. Activities of the bandits, kidnappers and killers were often written in main clauses which gave credence to the act of insecurity in the country, while efforts of the government often came in subordinate clauses, apart from those that talked about the process. The paper concludes that news articles displays hypotactic structures than paratactic because it allows writers to describe and give circumstantial information.


There are in existence a number of CAD tools that perform circuit simulations and analyze circuit performance before fabrication. Most of these simulators do not take long-term environmental effects into account. These environmental effects on VLSI circuits are specifically more important for performance estimation in hostile environments such as high temperature and space radiation environments. The ICs designed for normal environments fail to function normally in these hostile environments. A study is made of the effects of one such environment, the space-radiation environment, on CMOS digital circuits, and methods for extending the operational life of a part by changing operating parameters, namely, operating frequency, are proposed. Although the study specifically concentrates on the space environment, the concept can be applied to any hostile environment.<<ETX>>


While we are encouraged by the promise shown by AI in healthcare, and more broadly welcome the use of digital technologies in improving clinical outcomes and health system productivity, we also recognise that caution must be exercised when introducing any new healthcare technology. Working with colleagues across the NHS Transformation Directorate, as well as the wider AI community, we have been developing a framework to evaluate AI-enabled solutions in the health and care policy context. The aim of the framework is severalfold but is, at its core, a tool with which to highlight to healthcare commissioners, end users, patients and members of the public the considerations to be mindful when introducing AI to healthcare settings. By way of a summary, the framework encompasses eight key considerations that policymakers are encouraged to discuss (Table 1).


Among the most prominent benchmark quantities investigated to detect signs for new physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics are the weak mixing angle and the muon anomalous magnetic moment. For both quantities, new experiments aiming at a substantial error reduction are being constructed. Due to the great precision achieved by perturbative computations of the QED and electroweak contributions, the non-perturbative leading QCD contributions nowadays account for the largest uncertainties in the standard model predictions. They are usually extracted from results of other experiments by means of sophisticated phenomenological analyses. In this way the accuracy of the theoretical determination of these contributions is limited by the accuracy of the experimental data, and the resulting values cannot be regarded as pure standard model predictions. Lattice QCD currently constitutes the only ab initio approach available at small momentum transfers for the computation of non-perturbative hadronic observables. We compute the leading QCD contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment by performing lattice QCD calculations on ensembles incorporating Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 dynamical twisted mass fermions. Considering active up, down, strange, and charm quarks, admits for the first time a direct comparison of the lattice data for the muon anomaly with phenomenological results because both the latter as well as the experimentally obtained values are sensitive to the complete first two generations of quarks at the current level of precision. Recently, it has been noted that improved measurements of the electron and tau anomalous magnetic moments might also provide ways of detecting new physics contributions. Therefore, we also compute their leading QCD contributions, which simultaneously serve as cross-checks of the value obtained for the muon. Additionally, we utilise the obtained data to compute the leading hadronic contribution to the running of the fine structure constant, which enters all perturbative QED calculations. Furthermore, we show that even for the weak mixing angle the leading QCD contribution can be computed from this data. In this way, we identify a new prime observable in the search for new physics whose hadronic contributions can be obtained from lattice QCD. The phenomenological determination of the hadronic contributions to the running of the weak mixing angle is hampered by the necessity to perform a flavour separation of the experimental data, for which several possibilities exist. With the results obtained in this thesis, we are able to exclude unsuitable flavour separations and thus directly assist the presently more precise phenomenological determinations of this eminent quantity. For all five electroweak observables, we perform the continuum limit and comprehensive analyses of the systematic uncertainties, including a first estimate of the influence of the light-quark disconnected contributions. The resulting values for all quantities are fully consistent with the results of various phenomenological analyses, thus representing a highly non-trivial cross-check of those values. Moreover, since they can systematically be improved, these first four-flavour lattice QCD determinations pave the way for obtaining more exact results in the future. The quantified systematic uncertainties of our computations enable us to outline the steps that are necessary in order to possibly surpass the phenomenological accuracies within the coming years.


The results show that main crux of Chinese urban diseases lies in irrational spatial distribution of urban population; their sources rest with unbalanced spatial allocation of high quality urban public resources such as health care and education resources; the key barriers consist in fast urbanization mechanism of land; and the top-level system design defect is the major breaking barriers. Optimizing the structure of spatial distribution of population, promoting equal allocation of high quality public resources, reversing the land urbanization faster than population urbanization mechanism, and establishing the new administrative system of urban-rural integration are important measures for clearing urban diseases away.


LS 5039 is one of the four TeV emitting X-ray binaries detected up to now. The powering source of its multi-wavelength emission can be accretion in a microquasar scenario or wind interaction in a young non-accreting pulsar scenario. These two scenarios predict different morphologic and peak position changes along the orbital cycle of 3.9 days, which can be tested at milliarcsecond scales using VLBI techniques. Here we present a campaign of 5 GHz VLBA observations conducted in June 2000 (2 runs five days apart). The results show a core component with a constant flux density, and a fast change in the morphology and the position angle of the elongated extended emission, but maintaining a stable flux density. These results are difficult to fit comfortably within a microquasar scenario, whereas they appear to be compatible with the predicted behavior for a non-accreting pulsar.


Chemically amplified resists(CARs )are the most promising optical recording materials for the next generation lithography.The key steps of the pattern-making process with CARs via electron beam lithography,together with the popular types,are introduced.The problems encoun-tered in the process of CARs and their development tendency are analyzed.


Reciprocating shear is found to increase the isotropic-to-lamellar transition temperature in a symmetric diblock copolymer melt. The temperature at which the isotropic state becomes unstable rapidly approaches the ordering transition as the shear rate increases. Shear-induced ordering results in lamellae orientation with wave vectors directed normal to the shear and velocity gradient directions. These results are anticipated by a recent theory that accounts for the suppression of fluctuations by a symmetry breaking field in this class of weakly first-order phase transitions.


The 2007 statistics from 11 prefectural police departments in central Honshu (the largest island in Japan) regarding incidents in mountain areas were subjected to detailed analysis to assess the risk levels associated with mountain activities. These statistics were also compared with published statistics on mountain incidents that form the current basis for analysis of mountain incidents. The results of this analysis were: 1) The highest incidence rate is in the 50-69 age group for men, and the 40-59 age group for women. 2) A high percentage of incidents among people over the age of 40 and people getting lost reflected characteristic of incidents among people who were picking wild vegetables. 3) Incidents that were not officially classified as "getting lost", but began when someone got lost their way, had a high risk of fatal injury. 4) Incidents that involved people getting lost were due not only to poor navigation skills but also to poor planning, a lack of general knowledge about mountain areas, and low basic skill levels. The importance of detailed analysis of mountain incidents for promotion of mountain safety is discussed.


An ultra-low-power wake-up receiver is proposed to reduce the energy consumption through adoption of two wake-up modes of operation with different power dissipations and detection bandwidths. During the Monitoring (MO) mode, the start frame bits are received at a data rate of 10 kbps, while during the Identifier (ID) mode the remaining wake-up pattern is transmitted at 200 kbps. By lowering the gain of the front-end amplifier in the MO mode the power dissipation is reduced, which in turn causes an increase in the overall noise figure of the receiver. However, adequate sensitivity is maintained by intentionally lowering the data rate as well as the detection bandwidth of the receiver. The proposed wake-up receiver is designed and fabricated in IBM 130 nm technology with a core size of about 0.2 mm2 for the target frequency range of 902-928 MHz. The measured results show that the proposed dual-mode receiver achieves a sensitivity of -78.5 dBm and -75 dBm while dissipating an average power of 16.4 μW and 22.9 μW during MO and ID modes, respectively.


The effect of multiple-pulsed laser irradiation on Ni silicide formation in Ni(Ti)∕Si system was studied. A layered structure consisting of both crystalline NiSi2 and Ni-rich Ni–Si amorphous phases with a protective TiOx overlayer was formed after five-pulsed laser annealing at 0.4Jcm−2. Different solidification velocities caused by a variation in the atomic concentration across the melt have led to the formation of this layered structure. On the other hand, by increasing the number of laser pulses, a continuous layer of polycrystalline NiSi was obtained after a 20-pulsed laser annealing at 0.3Jcm−2 laser fluence. Its formation is attributed to a better elemental mixing which occurred during subsequent pulses. Enhancement of surface absorption and remelting of the phases formed is proposed as the mechanism governing the continuous NiSi layer formation.


Wuyutai is a century-old tea shop brand which owns some 300 chain stores across the country.The past 15 years witnessed this time-honored brand's fastest growth when it launched and expanded franchised operation and made intensive and extensive efforts to develop new varieties of tea products.Wuyutai's success lies in the first-class products and services it provides to customers.In the future,Wuyutai will as always respect customers,give priority to quality,embarking on a new and ambitious journey to establish itself as China's top tea company. ——From the editor


The reaction of the phenol-based ligand 4-methyl-2,6-bis{[(2methylpyridyl)(2-methylthiophenyl)amino]methyl}phenol(Hpy2th2s), containing pyridine and thiophene substituents, with copper(II) chloride and bromide yields two new dinuclear complexes with the composition [Cu2(py2th2s)X3], where X = Cl or Br. In both complexes, the copper(II) ions are pentacoordinate and bridged by the deprotonated phenolate anion and by one halogen anion. Both complexes exhibit geometric asymmetry, as the coordination environment around one of the two copper ions is square-pyramidal, whereas the geometry around the other can be best de


The migration to line side power conversion topologies comprising a medium frequency transformer in AC-fed propulsion systems may reduce size and weight of the conversion system. The switching frequency is a crucial factor affecting the viability of such a conversion system. An increased switching frequency of a mutually commutated conversion system comprising a medium frequency transformer employing soft switching is verified by single pulse measurements. A test bench to characterize standard IGBT modules under soft switching has been build and loss measurements on a 3.3 kV IGBT module are presented for hard and soft switching. A loss model of the investigated topology is developed and the maximum switching frequency for a converter equipped with the investigated module is estimated for hard and soft switching


The progress in development and use of nuclear power in England, Japan, the Euratom Countries, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Denmark, and underdeveloped countries is summarized. Developments in nuclear propulsion in Norway, Holland, Italy, France, Japan, England, Sweden, Denmark and Greece, and Germany are briefly discussed. (T.R.H.)


To improve the anti-crack performance and anti-brushing performance of lime-fly-ash stabilized-aggregates,the multilevel dense built-in grading skeleton is studied by step-by-step filling theory and indoor tests.The best mix ratio of lime fly ash is designed,according to the principle that lime fly ash has biggest agglomerating fore.The dosage of lime fly ash mixtures is calculated by the skeleton void volume.The multilevel dense built-in grading skeleton formed by crude materials is filled with lime-fly-ash after mixing.The multilevel dense built-in grading skeleton designing method of lime-fly-ash-stabilized aggregate is put forward;furthermore,its performances are verified.The results of test show that the mix design method proposed has better road performances,especially the mechanical performance,anti-crack performance and anti-brushing performance.


In order to decide an effective management plan, managers often draw up and evaluate business scenarios. To make the evaluation, a simulation method on the qualitative and quantitative hybrid model represented as causal graph has been proposed. There is a strong need to get optimal input values for the target outputs in the simulation, but exhaustive search can not be realistically applied to it from considering the processing time. Therefore, we propose a quick search method for optimal input values cencerning the qualitative and quantitative hybrid simulation. Our approach is to get optimal values of input nodes by inverse propagation of effects from the value of target output nodes on the simulation model. However, it generates the contradiction that the value of a separated node in the causal graph decided from one of destination nodes is different from the value of the other destination nodes. Therefore, we re-execute the inverse propagation repeatedly from the nearest qualitative node connecting to a quantitative node for solving the contradiction. By experimental results about the proposed method, time could be reduced for reaching the solution. We also could confirm a certain level of accuracy about the solution.


Efforts to include the crest of the Sierra and the Kern and Kings canyons in a national park date back to the beginnings of the movement that led to the establishment of Sequoia National Park in 1890.1 Although the original advocates of the Park favored a large forest reserve encompassing the entire western slope of the Sierra, they decided in 1890 that it was wiser to work for the immediate protection of the few Big Trees in Tulare County that had not yet fallen into private hands. They thought that once a small park had been established, it would be relatively easy to add other areas to it. There was no way for them to know that thirty-six years would elapse before the Park would include Mount Whitney and the Kern Canyon, and fifty years before Kings Canyon National Park would be created. Among the most outspoken early proponents of Park enlargement were the Park's military superintendents. Both before and after the creation of the Sierra Forest Reserve in 1893, these men requested repeatedly that the United States government provide adequate protection for the High Sierra against the destruction caused by sheep and fire. Unhappily, the time was not favorable for Congressional action. The American people on the whole were not yet aware of the need to preserve scenic areas, particularly in the High Sierra, and it was most unlikely that the opponents of national parks would be caught off guard as they were in 1890 so that a park bill could again slip through Congress essentially unnoticed. Gradually the Sierra did become better known, partly through the mountain trips of the Sierra Club, partly through John


Discussing the connotation,the ideal of construction and the typical model of ecological demonstrating region from practice and theory.Discussing the problems which facing and the options which disposing of.


A brief summary of the calculation of the NLO QCD corrections to the process pp -> e+ ve mu- v_mu bb~ j + X is reported. This provides a complete description of the process of t-tbar + jet production with leptonic decays beyond the narrow-width approximation. Off-shell effects for top quarks and W boson decays are fully taken into account, namely all resonant and non-resonant contributions are included in the fixed-order calculation. Selected results for total and differential cross sections are shown for the case of the LHC Run I at the energy of 8 TeV.


Taking conguration space as a Lie group, the trivialized Euler-Lagrange and Hamilton's equations are obtained and presented as Lagrangian submanifolds of the trivialized Tulczyjew's symplectic space. Euler-Poincar e and Lie-Poisson equations are presented as Lagrangian submanifolds of the reduced Tulczyjew's symplectic space. Tulczyjew's generalized Legendre transformations for trivialized and reduced dynamics are constructed. Key words Trivialized Euler-Lagrange equations, trivialized Hamilton's equations, EulerPoincar e equations, Lie-Poisson equations, Morse families, Tulczyjew's triplet, Legendre transformation, Lagrangian submanifold, dieomorphisms group.


Polyesterimide can be converted into small molecular compounds by using methanolysis method.The structure and composition of polyesterimide enameled wire varnish were analyzed by means of gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy(GC-MS),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and atom emission spectrum.The results showed that polyesterimide was synthesized from terephthalic acid,glycol,trimellitic acid and 4,4′-diaminophenyl methane;the solvents used was a mixture of phenol,1,2,3-trimithyl benzene and 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl benzene.The additive used was tetrebuty titanate.


A group of components called as 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters has been found in some vegetable oils, particularly palm oil. Analysis of these components needs GC-MS instrument to reach a low level detection, parts per billion or ppb level. An effort to validate the 3-MCPD esters analysis by GC-MS method (Weiβhaar method) using phenyl boronic acid (PBA) as a derivatizing agent and isotopic internal standard (IS) 3-MCPD-D 5 followed by the determination of 3-MCPD in commercial palm oils has been conducted. The analytical results showed the instrumental performance as follows: instrument linearity for the analysis of 3-MCPD standard solutions containing IS 2.0 μg/mL was obtained at a concentration range of 0.25-7.50 μg/mL test solution with R 2 higher than 0.990, precision of 3-MCPD as well as IS retention time was less than 2.0% which was acceptable according to JECFA guidance. Instrument detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were read from GC-MS based on the linearity experiment, i.e. 0.17 and 0.59 μg/mL solution, respectively. Method linearity by using palm oil as a matrix also showed R 2 higher than 0.990. Recovery test result at 40 μg/g gave an accuracy at 83.29 ± 7.12% which is in the range of AOAC standard (80-110%) and precision at 5.38% (less than RSD HORWITZ ). Analysis of 14 palm oils from local market showed 100% of the sampels were positive to contain 3-MCPD esters. 3-MCPD esters in palm oil were found at a concentration range of 8.15-58.14 µg 3-MCPD/g sample.


relief of pain, Have we in these two references the earliest allusions to inhalation anaesthesia? It comes as a surprise to realize that the principle of inhalation anaesthesia was known-some two thousand years ago. There are few things more fascinating than the tracing of origins, and if these stray notes do no more than emphasize the wisdom and knowledge of the ancients who lived in golden days when the world was young and fresh, they will have served a purpose. It may be that some who read them will be drawn irresistibly to the great literature from which the examples are taken. In that literature they will find a glory and a radiant humanity of which they had not dreamed. By way of conclusion, let us quote again from the lecture by Mr. Mascar6:-


The Māori model of health considers physical health as the cornerstone of Western medicine. Maslow's understanding of homeostasis. Seligman's PERMA model and vitality. The relationship between vitality and ageing, and the author's experience after a heart attack: 'You look like an old man.' Telomeres, stress, and ageing—'you are only as old as you feel'. Professor Elizabeth Blackburn (and her PhD student Carol Greider)'s Nobel Prize-winning research on telomerase. The concept of healthspan. Lifestyle choices and optimum health and wellbeing. Epigenetics and Dr David Sinclair's book, Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To. Sir Harry Burns on the role of the environment and Glasgow effect. Tertiary prevention and the author's experience. The science of nutrition and diet. The work of Professor Grant Schofield, author of What the Fat? and What the Fast?, who promotes a healthy fat, Mediterranean diet, with low carbohydrates and intermittent fasting. The science of sleep and its role in obesity.


The Ontario Lakeshore Capacity model (LCM) has been widely and successfully used for over 30 years. Water quality models such as the LCM are useful and important tools that can provide invaluable insights into past and future lake trophic status. This information can then be used to maintain water quality during future development, and to set realistic remediation goals. The LCM is simple and robust, making it an ideal candidate to study and test applications in different geographical regions. In this book, total phosphorus and volume-weighted hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentrations were modelled to identify changes in lake trophic status, shoreline development capacities and coldwater fish habitat. Preliminary sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also conducted and outlined, so that proper result interpretation is possible; one of the most important aspects of scientific modelling. Through the research described in this book, the reader will not only understand the purpose and value of modelling, but should be able to comprehend the inner-workings of the LCM.


Over two thousand years ago, Archimedes discovered a remarkable result concerning two circles drawn with reference to a configuration of three circles and a straight line. Figure 1 displays this result. In the figure, A, B, C are three collinear points, with B between A and C; circles ω1, ω2, ω3 are drawn on AB, BC, AC as diameters, respectively; a line l is drawn through B, perpendicular to AC; a circle ω4 is inscribed in the region bounded by {ωl, ω3, l}; and a circle ω5 is inscribed in the region bounded by {ω2, ω3, l}. The Archimedean property is that ω4 and ω5 have equal radii.


Teacher education colleges were founded with the same name,but their founding causes,organization attributes and function locations were different.The dynamics of "teacher education college phenomenon" originated from the central policy,local government thrust and institution choice.The characteristics of teacher education in normal colleges and universities lie in its leading role in teacher education.And the way to strengthen teacher education needs to promote the organization development,transform the organization essence,explore higher learning,and reconstruct the knowledge base of teacher education.The reform of teacher education should focus on the system innovation of colleges,and explore the system of "liberal college teacher college".


Business strategic plan of the State Authority for Geodetic Works (SAGW) followed by three sub strategies aims to trace the safety and sustainable path for better future of the institution, which means improvement of its geodetic, cartographic and cadastral services. Achievement of main business strategic goals of SAGW were supported by preparing of ICT strategic plan based on MIT strategic alignment model, where the future of institution was mapped as organization with fully implemented modern ICT systems related to its responsibilities. Business and ICT strategic plans were prepared based on real user requirements, contemporary trends and current situation within the institution, scientific trends and market. Six strategic goals followed by twelve ICT projects would transform SAGW in to a modern governmental institution providing digital geospatial information according to international standards ISO, INSPIRE, CADASTRE 2014, OGC ect. This could be observed as solid bases for a future inter institutional data sharing.


In order to improve the disadvantages of the current sewing equipment pattern format in sewing control of complicated pattern,partial amendment and adjustment of the pattern and the support of special sewing application,at the same time to satisfy the requirement of individuation and diversification,propose an improved high-fidelity pattern format PSF based on analyzing and comparing with the current primary pattern format,and furthermore researches the correlative multi-style vectorization transformations and multi-mode customization algorithms.The experiment results show that PSF can satisfy the requirements of complex pattern design and the special sewing application.Currently, PSF has been successfully applied in new electronic pattern sewing machine and the pattern design emulation software "LanHuaHua V2.0".


This paper presents a new analytical solution to the circular segmental tunnel lining subjected to overburden and surrounding earth pressures. The governing equations are derived by adopting the curved Euler beam theory and the principle of minimum potential energy. Based on the state space method, the displacements and the relevant energy‐conjugated internal forces are treated as the fundamental unknown state vector and can be obtained by solving the state function. The inter‐segment joints on the lining are modeled by a set of linear springs, including shear, compression, and rotation. The presented method allows for the arbitrary distribution of the segmented joints and loads along the circumferential direction. The most striking advantages of the proposed method include the rigid body displacement treatment, lining‐displacement‐dependent soil reaction, and internal force direction dependency of the joint stiffness. Using this method, the displacements and internal forces of the entire lining can be obtained conveniently and simultaneously under the arbitrary loading and joint distribution conditions. The verification of the analytical solutions is provided by several examples.


We numerically test two novel concepts for film cooling enhancement in gas turbines and other engineering applications. The first concept utilizes electric force to induce attachment of cold jet to the work surface by actively altering the body force in the vicinity using a horse-shoe shaped plasma actuator. Two different force models have been utilized: (1) spatially distributed electric force based on phenomenological model, and (2) time averaged reduced order model. For the other concept, we propose three geometric modifications of the cooling hole exit for enhancing lateral tripping of the cold jet. We have shown that a combination of plasma and geometric change can significantly improve the film cooling performance. Numerical predictions with finite volume based simulation are performed using standard turbulence models. Detailed computation of a single row of 35 degree round holes on a flat plate has been obtained for a unit blowing ratio. Results are compared with the published experimental data and other numerical predictions for the latest film cooling technology to identify effectiveness improvement. The numerical results show an improvement of effectiveness well above 100% over the standard baseline design.


The appropriateness of regulatory methods to characterise the toxicity of photovoltaic (PV) modules was investigated to quantify potential environmental impacts for modules disposed of in landfills. Because solar energy is perceived as a green technology, it is important to ensure that end-of-life issues will not be detrimental to solar energy's success. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1311, California waste extraction test, and modified versions of both were performed on a multi-crystalline silicon module and cells and a copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) module. Variations in metal leachate concentrations were found with changes in testing parameters. Lead concentrations from the multi-crystalline module ranged from 16.2 to 50.2 mg/L. Cadmium concentrations from the CIGS module ranged from 0.1 to 3.52 mg/L. This raises doubt that regulatory methods can adequately characterise PV modules. The results are useful for developing end-of-life procedures, which is a positive step towards avoiding an e-waste problem and continuing trends of increasing installation and cost reduction in the PV market.


For those of us who were raised politically on the vicarious experience of National Socialism, its graduation into an apparently successful and overpowering regime was a cataclysm of unparalleled proportions. The movement seemed an enormous, overbearing force whose source was beyond time and the changes associated with time. It appeared not so much to grow and develop as to manifest in apparently different, but internally affinitive, ways the relentlessly consistent potentialities which had ever been in it. Nazi opportunism was well known to us, of course, but it did not so much define the movement as express it, generalizing National Socialism and equipping it to act characteristically on all kinds of objects in all kinds of situations. Nazism, in short, was a massive central reality, sui generis. We were uneasy about Italian fascism, saddened by the Spanish version, regretful at the east European varieties, and divided both within and among ourselves vis-à-vis the instrumental similarities of the Soviet dictatorship. But Nazism was in a class by itself, at once invincibly individual and supremely representative, an inimitable compound of Germanism, fascism, and regressive autocracy that was reducible to none of these ingredients and yet intensified each of them to its ultimate power. Thus Nazism was connected to the past and contemporary worlds sufficiently to make its impact universal, but in these connections it was ever Nazism that was the senior partner: it was not German history or fascism or absolutist tradition that made Nazism relevant to us but the other way around. Nazism abolished the limitations of time and space for us: the clutches of atavism and the tentacles of technology alike could now reach to any individual anytime anywhere. It was at once fact and symbol. It marked both the climax of German history and the point at which, as the ultimate authoritarianism, this German finality met the destiny of humanity.


For highly camouflaged Command and Control (C&C) communications, especially those using the Transport Security Layer (TLS) protocol, traditional classifiers which only based on statistical features or TLS handshake features gradually fail to detect such behavior. In this context, exploring features of other dimensions to build a more targeted recognition model is one of the ways to alleviate this problem. This paper proposed a new method of detecting malicious TLS traffic by using the communication channel as the detection unit, and a new set of modeling features for the communication channel was designed, including distribution features, the consistency features and statistical features of TLS communication channel. Experiments show that compared with other two types of features, the consistency features contribute most, and combining these three types of features together can train a better classifier which the precision reaches 92.57%. Comparative experiments show that the proposed method is more advantageous when faced with highly camouflaged TLS flows because the proposed method also achieved highest F1 score, and the accuracy is about 2% higher than the classifier based on the TLS handshake features, and 12% higher than the clustering model based on the statistical features of flow.


An enormous spontaneous exchange bias (EB) was obtained after zero-field cooling in Ni50Mn36Co4Sn10 Heusler alloy. It can be attributed to the enhancement of antiferromagnetism, which induces a strong interaction with superferromagnetism, superspin glass, and superparamagnetism. In addition, the EB with an abrupt drop below the lower temperature of 5 K was observed, which can be interpreted as the fact that the rotation of the antiferromagnetic spins from a disordered state to a more ordered state is hindered by domain wall pinning.


DISCLAIMER: The IMF Notes Series aims to quickly disseminate succinct IMF analysis on critical economic issues to member countries and the broader policy community. The IMF Staff Climate Notes provide analysis related to the impact of climate change on macroeconomic and financial stability, including on mitigation, adaptation, and transition. The views expressed in IMF Staff Climate Notes are those of the author(s), although they do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, or its Executive Board, or its management. Summary Global investment to achieve the Paris Agreement's temperature and adaptation goals requires immediate actions—first and foremost—on climate policies. Policies should be accompanied by commensurate financing flows to close the large financing gap globally, and in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) in particular. This note discusses potential ways to mobilize domestic and foreign private sector capital in climate finance, as a complement to climate-related policies, by mitigating relevant risks and constraints through public-private partnerships involving multilateral, regional, and national development banks. It also overviews the role the IMF can play in the process.


It has long been established that a diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, seeds, grains and legumes and antioxidants and other beneficial compounds may help prevent cancer. However diet is not a cure for cancer, but it may help prevent some cancers as well as heart disease and it can help the body overcome the effects of conventional treatments.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to find the suitability of a crosslinkable processing aid, trans-polyoctenylene (TOR) on general purpose rubber based filled compounds for application in thick rubber products. Objective is to have better processability as well as improvement in vulcanizate properties using TOR. Thus to investigate its effect as processing aid, rheological behaviour of TOR filled Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds has been studied in a capillary rheometer. Two types of carbon black were used. All compounds show pseudoplastic behaviour and obey Power-law equation in the shear rate range studied. True viscosity decreases marginally at 60°C and increases little at 100°C with addition of TOR. Die swell (index) decreases with incorporation of TOR, a probable mechanism has been suggested. Maximum recoverable deformation (vm ) has been correlated with die swell (α). Principal normal stress difference (N 1) decreases with increase in TOR which is explained through mechanistic theory of ...


This Paper presents Simulation and Implementation of Series-Resonant APWM Converter. It is composed of a generalized analysis for the auxiliary network in a modified series-resonant asymmetrical pulse width-modulated (APWM) converter. Telecommunications and computer systems require power supply topologies frequencies. This is a simple topology that operates at a constant in that offer high efficiency and high power density at ever increasing switch is performed to produce a design procedure ant frequency and with near Zero voltage switching losses. It ensures that zero voltage switching (ZVS) is achieved for any series-resonant APWM converter design. New equations that correctly predict the magnitude of auxiliary current are obtained by accounting for the trapezoidal nature of the waveforms associated with high-frequency operation, and the dead time between the switches in the halfbridge. A prototype of the modified topology is constructed and experimental analysis supports the theoretical results. To further improve the performance the use of MOSFET's as synchronous rectifiers in place of diode rectifiers is proposed. Experimental results verify that ZVS is achieved, and that the proposed design reduces the auxiliary inductor.


The network analyzer instruments are needed for monitoring, and fault identifications in a local network. An application program in PC based can realize this instrument. The information MAC (Medium Access Control) frames are needed to develops these applications. In Microsoft Windows environment, there are three methods to capture the MAC frames in the local network that are direct NIC (Network Interface Controller) chip access, real NIC driver access, and virtual driver NDIS access. Virtual driver NDIS is used in this research, because the methods are independent from kinds of NIC. The result of the research shows: the application can to identify MAC address, IP address, protocol transport, services, the packet content, and statistically to analyze every packet has passed in the local network. The monitoring report can be store in a file. The application has successfully analyzed some local network technology, a UTP-Ethernet LAN, a wireless LAN, and a dial-up connection. Keywords: Network analyzer, MAC (Medium Access Control), NIC (Network Interface Controller), and Virtual driver NDIS


Abstract : The research has been carried out simultaneously on three aspects of aircraft wings performance optimization, as follows: (1) Structural tailoring and modern control of thin-walled model of composite aircraft wings; (2) Structural tailoring of a low-aspect ratio plate model of composite aircraft wings; and (3) Integrated structural design and vibration control by multiobjective optimization. Significant progress has been made on all fronts.


Laboratory tests were done for researching influence of compaction and hulking of refuse rock on filling effect and several relationships were obtained including stress and strain,compaction degree and stress,hulking coefficient and stress in this paper.Test results were showed as follow.Relationship of compacted stress-strain was nonlinear.Relationship of compaction degree and axial stress was nonlinear.Compaction degree decreased with stress increasing and hulking coefficient of refuse rock decrease with stress increasing.Relationship of compaction degree and hulking coefficient was nonlinear as well.


Current explanations of coup activity focus on the regime factors that makes them more likely to be successful rather than what them more likely to occur. While 60% of all coups succeed in autocracies, there has been less attention to the 40% that do not. Current empirical approaches testing the effect of legislatures on coup success implicitly treat the decision to attempt a coup as random and relegates it into the model's residuals. This article discusses why this empirical approach is theoretically unrealistic and shows that the selection effect of coup attempt and success should be empirically accounted for. The analysis replicates and extends Bove and Rivera's (2015) study on autocrats' strategies to prevent coups, and it demonstrates that (a) institutionalisation reduces the risk of coup onset by 50%, (b) after accounting for the factors influencing coup attempt, an elected legislature does not by itself, help autocrats survive coups, and (c) purges increase the likelihood of coup attempts, but reduce their likelihood of success.


We have studied the performance of ballistic channel diodes with strained channel or drain, based on Monte Carlo simulation. A larger increase in drain current and mean velocity of electrons in the drain region is observed for strained drain diode compared to strained channel diode. This is due to reduction of intervalley scattering and electrons transported with smaller transverse effective mass in the strained drain. This also results in lower heat generation and parasitic resistances in strained drain. We conclude that the strained drain is an efficient way to improve electrical characteristics of devices with ballistic channel.


Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide band gap semiconductor, interesting for its physical properties such as high breakdown field, high saturated drift velocity and high thermal conductivity, which has been intensively studied in the last years. Although the high potentiality of this material, the SiC technology shows at the moment some limitations, indeed, the reliability of SiC‐based devices is strictly correlated to the defects present in the crystalline structure. 4H‐SiC epilayers were grown by Hot Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition (at 1600 °C) and by Sublimation techniques (at 2000 °C). A surface investigation of the epilayers has been performed finding particular physical finger‐prints correlated with several kind of defects aimed at giving an important feedback to the epitaxial growth processes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Material and Management Cephaloridine ("Ceporin") was used to treat 255 attacks of uncomplicated gonorrhoea (other than gonococcal proctitis) in 234 women. Of these 234 patients, 182 were born in the United Kingdom, 26 were from Southern Ireland, 26 from the West Indies, and the remaining three from India. 34 per cent. of the patients were aged between 13 and 19 years, 31 per cent. between 20 and 24 years, and 34 per cent. over 24 years. The diagnosis of gonorrhoea was based on the recognition of diplococci morphologically identical to gonococci in films stained by Gram's or Sandiford's methods, or on the presence of gonococci in chocolate agar cultures. Specimens for films and cultures were taken from the urethra, the vagina, and the cervix, and at times from the rectum. Treatment consisted of either 2 g. cephaloridine given as a single injection or of one injection of 1 g. repeated the following day. These treatments were given alternately except on Saturdays when all patients were given 2g. cephaloridine. Table I shows the number of patients receiving each treatment and their age distribution.


This review focuses on the process of preparation of nanofibers via Es, the design and setup of the instrument, critical parameter optimization, preferable polymers, solvents, characterization techniques, and recent development and biomedical applications of nanofibers.


Microcystis aeruginosa has great competition advantages to survive, grow, and dominate phytoplankton communities for its high photosynthetic activity in unsuitable conditions. Berberine was the allelochemical capable of inhibiting M. aeruginosa growth. To better understand the allelopathic mechanism involved, RNA-sequencing technology was used to investigate the berberine-induced changes in photosynthesis gene expression of M. aeruginosa. Using the next-generation sequencing platform Illumina/Solexa, a total of 13 099 868 and 13 870 448 90-bp pair-end reads for "no berberine" and "berberine" libraries were obtained, respectively. Among these genes, 10 324 794 (no berberine) and 8 944 254 (berberine) reads mapped multiply in the genome, while 9 988 318 (no berberine) and 8 316 668 (berberine) mapped to unique targets, respectively. It was indicated that berberine significantly repressed the expression of 869 genes and induced the expression of 1419 genes. Those berberine-affected genes belonged to different functional categories, especially enriched in various photosynthesis-relevant metabolic pathways based on the analysis of gene ontology, clusters of orthologous group terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The results suggested that berberine-induced disturbance in the algal photosynthesis process via repressing the expression of key photosynthesis genes, such as psbD, psaA, psaB, might be one of the main mechanisms involved in inhibitory allelopathic activity of berberine.


The paper asserts that political violence has been a major road-block to democratic stability in Nigeria. It argues that the excitement and euphoria that greeted the country's return to democracy on May 29, 1999 has drastically waned and cynicism and fear have become the other of the day. The methodology adopted is that of secondary data and insights were drawn extensively from the conflict theorists. The paper concludes with a ray of hope by suggesting antidotes to political violence and prescriptions for attainment of democratic stability by Nigeria


Abstract Neonatal myocardial infarction (MI) is a very rare but potentially life-threatening condition with an approximated mortality rate of 80%. Congenital heart disease, anomalous coronary artery anatomy, thromboembolism, coagulopathy, birth asphyxia or myocarditis have been suggested as possible causes of MI. Here we report the case of a premature infant who died at about 40 h of life from a massive MI. Autopsy revealed an occlusive thrombus in the right coronary artery. An isolated prothrombotic status, characterized by a double copy variant of the MTHFR A1298C mutation, was identified at the postmortem genetic studies as a possible explanation for the coronary artery thrombosis. No other risk factors were detected.


Traditional distance-based outlier detection usually consider the distances from a point to its nearest neighbors as its outlier degree. In this case, if a few points form a small but dense cluster, which is far from other points, points in this small and dense cluster are not likely to be detected as outliers. In this paper, we propose a new distance-based outlier definition, Closest Neighbors Excluded (CNE) outlier, and the corresponding detection algorithm, which is able to detect dense outliers, as well as sparse outliers. Experimental results show that the CNE algorithm achieves great improvement in accuracy with little cost of efficiency.


Complete high resolution geochemical maps are strongly needed for mineral exploration; however, the previously proposed methods for making geochemical maps have low accuracy. In this research, we propose a new algorithm called sample density based mixture interpolation (SADBAMIN) for high resolution geochemical map completion using remote sensing data. In the SADBAMIN algorithm, first, according to the measured copper data density on the map, the map is classified into two parts: the area for training (T area) and the area waiting to be predicted (P area). The two areas are classified by the edge of the data point set's alpha shape. In the T area, a triangle area among three neighbourhood points is interpolated by using the kriging model. Then, remote sensing data, including advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data, digital elevation model (DEM) data, and geophysics (magnetic) data, and copper geochemical data at all measured and partial randomly selected interpolated points are applied as training data to construct a random forest regression model. By considering the relationship between interpolation reliability and distance, a penalty on data selection probability of going into training data is given. Finally, by inputting the remote sensing data in the P area to the model, the copper data in this area can be obtained, and the completed map comprises these two parts. We use 16,000 measured points, 10-fold cross-validation, and root mean squared error (RMSE) for model evaluation. We achieved an RMSE of 293 ppm, while the RMSE of the previously proposed method is 347 ppm.


The utility model provides an anti-theft bolt which comprises a screw rod and a bolt head. The screw rod is provided with threads. The bolt head and the screw rod are integrated. The bolt head is in a circular table shape. A groove is formed in the end face of the bolt head. A clamping column which is used for being connected with an assembling-disassembling tool in a clamping mode is arranged in the groove. The utility model further provides the assembling-disassembling tool which is matched with the anti-theft bolt for use. The anti-theft bolt has the advantages that the anti-theft bolt cannot be screwed and disassembled easily through a spanner, pinchers and other common clamping tools, and accordingly safety of the anti-theft bolt and an object fixed by the anti-theft bolt is guaranteed. The assembling-disassembling tool guarantees assembling and disassembling of the anti-theft bolt.


The efficiency and the robustness of active noise control against fluctuations depend, amongst other things, on the secondary source and control microphone configurations. Within the context of harmonic sound attenuation, the performance (efficiency and robustness) according to the source configurations has recently been dealt with. The present study is focused on the performance according to microphone, or sensor, configurations. It is demonstrated that all sensor configurations may become equally efficient due to the fact that they may be made to control equally well a domain defined by a certain number of observation points. The paper also gives a definition of robustness starting from the result of previous work on source configurations. Robustness is understood here in relation to the spatial fluctuations of the primary sound field. Given this definition, indications are provided for choosing the most robust sensor configuration or how to improve the robustness of any one of the sensor configurations.


One of the Hahnemannian reforms the influence of which has been felt in all medical schools, and later most universally accepted is mono-pharmacy. It is a principle most necessary to be maintained with great integrity, not for respect which is due to our master nor for tradition's sake, but because it is absolutely rational, being entirely favorable to homoeopathic therapeutics. Mono-pharmacy means not the administration of one simple remedy for the cure of a disease, but the successive administra tion of remedies always simple, prescribed according to indica tions as they are presented. Administration at the same time and the alternation of several remedies, as recommended by some practitioners, constitute a most irrational proceeding that brings us again to the quackery which reigned during the beginning of the century. All that can be said of complex medicines is that they repre sent an odious attempt to return to poly-pharmacy so condemned by Hahnemann.


In this paper I argue that Plato's notion of the care of the self is his remedy to the psychological malady he refers to as 'wandering'. The wandering self requires care, and a close reading of the Platonic corpus indicates self-cultivation means stabilizing the soul in accordance with its intelligent nature. I then argue that Plato appropriates the ethical injunction to care for the soul and draws from it an important epistemological consequence. Specifically, his view is that a wandering soul's instability renders it incapable of philosophical cognition. To engender a healthy soul, one must participate in dialectic.


Modern mathematics is known for its rigorous proofs and tight analysis. Math is the paradigm of objectivity for most. We identify the source of that objectivity as our knowledge of the physical world given through our senses. We show in detail, for the core of modern mathematics, how modern mathematical formalism encapsulates deep realities about extension into a system of symbols and axiomatic rules. In particular, we proceed from the foundations in our senses to the natural numbers through integers, rational numbers, and real numbers, including introducing the concept of a field. An appendix shows how the formalism of complex numbers arises.


Due to the great success of MEMS-based FBARs in wireless communication,advantages of being thin,small size,compatible with the IC and much higher resonant frequency and more sensitive than traditional micro mass sensor like quartz crystal microbalance(QCM),which have led to further applications as microbial molecular detection sensor in biological and biomedical fields.Most of microbial molecules survive in liquid environment,however,the acoustic loss of the longitudinal wave mode FBAR is larger in liquid environment,Qvalue is around 3.53.A new compressional wave mode FBAR micro mass sensor used in liquid environment is present.After analyzing characteristics of longitudinal wave mode FBAR in gas and liquid phase environments,the sensor is designed by embedding a micro fluidic channel on the top of the FBAR to solve the problem of lowQ.Simulation shows the new Qvalue increases to 30.85which increased by almost 9times.This advantage can greatly enhance the performance of the sensor for microbial molecular detection.


Agomelatine (Valdoxan®) is licensed by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of major depressive episodes in adults. The objective of this review was to consider how the drug should be used in clinical practice in particular starting, stopping and switching to and from the drug.


Background  Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a key player in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but no data are available on the mitochondrial function and ATP homeostasis in the liver during NASH progression. In the present paper we evaluated the hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and ATP synthesis in a rodent model of NASH development.


This paper presents a novel method to describe and analyze strategic interactions in settings that include multiple actors, many possible actions and relationships among goals, tasks and resources. It shows how to reduce these large interactions to a set of bilateral normal-form games in which the strategy space is significantly smaller than the original setting, while still preserving many of its strategic characteristics. We demonstrate this technique on the Colored Trails (CT) framework, which encompasses a broad family of games defining multi-agent interactions and has been used in many past studies. We define a set of representative heuristics in a three-player CT setting. Choosing players' strategies from this set, the original CT setting is analytically decomposed into canonical bilateral social dilemmas, i.e., Prisoners' Dilemma, Stag Hunt and Ultimatum games. We present a set of criteria for generating strategically interesting CT games and empirically show that they indeed decompose into bilateral social dilemmas if players play according to the heuristics. Our results have significance for multi-agent systems researchers in mapping large multi-player task settings to well-known bilateral normal-form games in a way that facilitates the analysis of the original setting.


The process of geometry modeling of 3D turbine blades is basically related to the necessity of finite elements with high quality to be obtained, in the process of flow domain approximation. Various approaches for geometry modeling and grid generation, ways to attain elements of high quality and having positive volumes, have been under research and are presented in current paper. Developed methodology and established techniques to high quality grid, are implemented into practice, for geometry modeling of a wide range of turbine and compressor blades of complex geometry.


Background: Decreased fetal movements (DFM) are associated with adverse outcomes and the Australian and New Zealand Stillbirth Alliance (ANZSA) have developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of women who report DFM.

Method: A medical records review of women presenting to Barwon Health, Victoria, with DFM between 1 April 2010 and May 31 2012 was conducted to describe the characteristics of women presenting with DFM, the alignment of practice with ANZSA guidelines and birth outcomes.

Results: The records of 146 women presenting with DFM were reviewed. Thirty (20.5%) re-presented with DFM between 2–6 times (median 2). Women presented between 28–41 weeks (median 36 weeks). Complications were present in 88 (60.3%) women, including 11 (7.5%) with gestational diabetes, 42 (28.1%) with a BMI ≥ 30, 11 (7.5%) with hypertension disorder and 8 fetuses (5.5%) were growth restricted. Management was consistent with the guidelines for CTG which was performed for 141 (96.6%) and ultrasound biometry for 89 (61%) (recommended only if concerned after clinical assessment). The median time to review was 105 minutes however, 26 (17%) women were seen more than 2 hours after arrival (less than 120 minutes recommended) and fundal height was measured in only 81 (55.5%) women. Investigations were more likely to be conducted were the woman re-presented with DFM. There were four fetal deaths detected on initial presentation with DFM. Other outcomes included preterm births (n = 3), Agars <7 at 5 minutes (n = 11) and admissions to SCN (n = 13).

Conclusions: In this high risk population increased awareness of the ANZSA guidelines may increase alignment of practice with the guidelines and improve pregnancy outcomes.


The Chancery Pavilion continued to be the venue for Comsnets for the 8th year in a row for same three reasons, namely, for its location, good conference facilities and its relatively affordable cost. As always The Chancery Pavilion offered our delegates a special tariff as they did in the previous years. I would like to thanks to Mr Vivek Thakur, Asst GM of The Chancery Pavilion Hotel and Mr B Madhushudhan, Banquet Manager Chancery Pavilion Hotel, for all their help and support. This year again The Chancery Pavilion Hotel promised a total gastronomic delight by providing a very special menu for all the lunches, welcome reception. The Vivanta by Taj, has been chosen as the venue for the Comsnets Gala Banquet. Everyone is aware of the Taj Hotels tradition of hospitality and so our expectations are high. They have promised us a a dinner fare suited for Kings in their grand Vijayanagar Banquet Hall.


Tourette's Syndrome has been barely researched in Puerto Rico. The children diagnosed with this syndrome present congenital and neurological symptoms that can cause behavioral problems that affect their learning capabilities and the development of social skills. It has been estimated that about 200,000 North Americans suffer the most severe traits of the condition and this number is still increasing up till today. The Puerto Rican Chapter of the Tourette Syndrome Association indicated that by 2006 about 35 families had a member that presented the symptoms of this disorder but lacked the necessary resources to manage and treat them adequately. These statistics are the only existing data available at the present. Research shows that in Puerto Rico there are no programs designed to identify, educate, and treat people with Tourette's Syndrome. It is the duty of the psychology health professionals in the Puerto Rican society to be committed to attend the important task of promoting awareness and education about Tourette's Syndrome. It is advisable to elaborate seminars and conventions to educate the professionals in the psychology field based on the changes presented by the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  ( American Pyschiatric Association , 2013) to enhance knowledge about the process of identification, diagnosis, intervention and psychotherapeutic techniques. This article provides statistics and offers various recommendations based mainly on the literature provided by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention which can be useful to develop a reliable plan to manage the necessities of the Tourette clients and their families in Puerto Rico. Digital Institutional Repository at University of Puerto Rico - Permanent Identifier:  https://dire.upr.edu/handle/11721/1063


This is the second volume of a series of textbooks ?which is being published under the general heading of 4 The Rehabilitation of the InjuredIt deals with specific remedial exercises. The first volume dealt with occupational therapy and a further volume will be devoted to general exercises, games and recreational activities. The importance of physiotherapy and rehabilitation in the management of injuries of all kinds particularly bones and joints should need no ?emphasis to-day and any orthopaedic unit is incomplete without such ancillary facilities. Unfortunately this realization has not yet taken roots in our country and more often than not, patients are left to their own ?devices to get back to normality after fractures or joint injuries. There is therefore special need for a book of this kind here and if orthopaedic surgeons will go through these pages and at least try to inculcate some of the principles mentioned herein to the


According to the data of Guangxi rural contiguous environmental governance,the scale of rural sewage treatment facilities was generally small,average about 107. 2 m3/ d. The average investment of unit construction( including pipeline construction) was 6 445 Yuan / m3,and the main treatment is bio-contact oxidation method with A / O and the bio-contact oxidation method with A / O + constructed wetland. The unit construction on rural garbage disposal was 339. 2 thousand Yuan,including garbage collection and clearance. The urban and rural garbage integration treatment mode " household classification-village collection-township transfercounty treatment" was only carried out in the regions of nearby towns with convenient transportation. In addition,relevant countermeasures would aim for the existing problems for example,large scale construction,the lag of pipeline construction,serious leakage,the operating cost and so on.