The results of the theoretical and practical research of actual aspects of creativity motivation a of innovators – developers of product and technological innovations are presented in the book, from the point of view of innovative enterprise management. The wide experimental material substantiates the patterns of creativity motivation, the appropriate tool and practical recommendations are developed, which allows to make wellgrounded decisions in the process of diagnostics, motivation and development of innovators creativity, which will raise effectiveness of management of the processes of product and technological innovations creation. The book is addressed to leaders, consultants, managers in human resources in innovative sphere, and also to the wide range of readers who are interested in problems of innovation management.


Teacher education programs need to continually adapt to changes in licensure requirements as well as technological advances. This author advances an ethnographic approach to fieldwork that utilizes Google Maps programs to visually represent the collected data and subsequent reflections on their experiences in urban schools. This particular case draws from scholarship in the fields of narrative inquiry, critical cartography and the works of Michel de Certeau to analyze the data collected during the study and draws related implications for the field of art education.


This study analyzed different definitions of the conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), and gradient index (GI) used in evaluation of prostate cancer stereotactic body radiation therapy.


I have been asked to discuss certain aspects of the basic neuroanatomy and correlated neurophysiologic mechanisms which relate t o spasticity of muscles following injury or disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It might be best to begin by stating that hypertonia is usually classified either as spasticity or rigidity. A spastic muscle develops an increased tension as the muscle is manipulated and an increased resistance if stretched. Abruptly, the spastic muscle, upon sustained tension, will evoke repeated contractions, a symptom called clonus, and just as suddenly there may then be a collapse of tension, caused by an inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex through incoming afferent impulses from the Golgi tendon organs. Additionally, if deep reflexes are elicited, they are hyperactive. These three signs, then-an increased resistance to stretching, clonus, and exaggerated deep reflexes-constitute spasticity. Spasticity can be differentiated from the more simple rigidity of muscles, such as that seen in the Parkinson patient, since in these latter patients, the resistance to stretching is not as intense and since clonus is absent. In parkinsonism the rigidity is usually accompanied by tremor, but the limbs are more plastic and the rigidity does not increase with the application of additional force and does not collapse terminally in a lengthening reaction or clasp-knife reaction. Different still is the rigidity encountered in the decerebrate animal or person. Observed following transection or lesions of the great motor tracts at the midbrain level, decerebrate rigidity is characterized by a marked increase in extensor tonus. The limbs, back and neck are rigidly extended and the jaw is tightly clenched by tonic contraction of the masseter muscles. In decerebrate animals, the extensor rigidity is even further enhanced upon removal of the cerebellum, to an arching of the head and vertebral column. Each of these phenomena, ti.e.. spasticity, rigidity such as is observed in extrapyramidal disease, and decerebrate rigidity) are expressed at the spinal or bulbar level by final common-pathway somatic motoneurons which innervate the musculature of the limbs, back, neck and face. Supraspinal paths exert descending influences on reflexes at segmental levels, and both spasticity and rigidity are the resultants of events which occur in the spinal cord following partial or complete destruction or interruption in the function of these suprasegmental descending paths. It is not those paths which are destroyed that causes spasticity or rigidity, but the nature of the uneven influences on the spinal cord of those paths that remain. In the case of complete spinal transection, the reflexive changes that occur must be due to plastic alterations in the spinal segments below the transection, which become isolated from any supraspinal modulation. The segmantal neuroanatomy and the neurophysiologic reflex mechanisms upon which the different cerebral levels exert control have been investigated in great detail. For many decades the nmron cell bodies in the gray matter of the spinal cord were described by anatomists as consisting of dorsal, lateral and ventral horns. Within this simplistic description, the dorsal horns were considered to be the sites of termination of incoming afferent fibers, the intermediolatera1 horns, especially in the thoracolumbar and sacral segments, to be the location of the cell bodies


Random and pseudo-random number generators (RNGs) were initially used to solve numerical integration problems (the Monte Carlo method). Currently, the RNGs are used in cryptography and simulation modeling. The latter one typically uses RNGs based on computer algorithms and programs. This article presents a method aimed at testing the independence of random numbers sequences (RNSs). The method is based on the sums properties of independent random variables. Algorithms based on this method operate fast. Here not only the instant statistics including correlation coefficients are analyzed, but also the properties of empirical functions of RNSs distributed sums. In this article, the analysis is limited only to the case of uniformly distributed RNSs. The calculations performed prove the high selective efficiency of the proposed criteria, which allows to reliably distinguish between dependent and independent RNSs. Due to the high operation speed, the proposed algorithms and criteria can be used for testing very long RNSs (especially in Big Data tasks).


The order of Cyanidiales comprise seven acido-thermophilic red microalgal species thriving in hot springs of volcanic origin characterized by extremely low pH, moderately high temperatures and the presence of elevated concentrations of sulphites and heavy metals that are prohibitive for most other organisms. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of Cyanidiales long-term adaptation to such hostile environments, in particular to heavy metals, yet elucidation of these processes is important for understanding the evolution of the metabolic pathways underlying heavy metal detoxification for developing rational strategies for heavy metal bioremediation. Here, we investigated the long-term adaptive responses of Cyanidioschyzon merolae cells, a member of Cyanidiales, to extremely high nickel concentrations. Through complementary approaches based on physiological, microscopic and elemental analyses we dissect several molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term adaptation of this model extremophilic microalga to high Ni exposure. These include: (i) extrusion of Ni from the cells and lack of significant Ni accumulation inside the cells; (ii) maintenance of efficient photoprotective responses including non-photochemical quenching and state transitions; (iii) dynamic remodeling of the chloroplast ultrastructure such as formation of metabolically active prolamellar bodies and plastoglobuli together with loosening of the thylakoid membranes; (iv) activation of ROS amelioration metabolic pathways; and (v) preservation of the efficient respiratory chain functionality. All the dynamically regulated processes identified in this study underlie the remarkable adaptability of C. merolae to extremely high Ni levels that exceed by several orders of magnitude the levels of this heavy metal found in the natural environment of this extremophile.


This paper illustrates a martingale method of constructing repeated sig- nificance tests for a multi-dimensional parameter in survival analysis by reducing it to tests for one-dimensional parameters. This illustration is made with parametric survival data with staggered entry. A simulation study is included to indicate its numerical performance. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a martingale method of constructing repeated significance tests for a multi-dimensional parameter in survival analysis by reducing it to tests for one-dimensional parameters. We will make the illus- tration by considering parametric survival data with staggered entry times. The parameter space is assumed to be two-dimensional for simplicity, although it can be extended to higher dimensions without difficulty. For parametric survival data with staggered entry, we know the likelihood score process is a martingale relative to the calendar time filtration. In case the parameter space is one-dimensional, we can make a random time change to obtain a Brownian motion approximation to the likelihood score process, which paves the way to proposing repeated significance tests of the parameter. (cf. Andersen, Borgan, Gill and Keiding (1993), p.397). The situation is different in the multi-dimensional case. Although compo- nents of the likelihood score process are martingales, they are not orthogonal. The operating characteristics of sequential tests defined in terms of these like- lihood processes would be difficult to calculate. We will consider martingale transforms of these components so as to get orthogonal martingale estimating functions and then apply the strong representation theorem to obtain the stan- dard R 2 -valued Brownian motion approximation to them. With this preparation, we propose repeated significance tests and study their asymptotic properties. We would like to remark here that, although the model of Tsiatis, Boucher and Kim (1995) involves a multi-dimensional parameter, the hypothesis they


A recent paper (Zhoa et al 2016) shows that tropical convection sub grid model parameters have a strong influence on model ECS and that there are no obvious constraints to set those parameters. Another shows that diurnal cloudiness errors in models have a significant influence on insolation at the surface. There are also recent papers showing that adding convective aggregation to a model significantly reduces ECS. And yet another showing that some of these changes affect the vertical temperature gradient


This paper analyses the load torque effect for assistive robotic arms. For the purpose, we consider a typical assistive robotic arm delivering some loads and derive the torque effect at the joint space of the robot arm. We also try to find the reliable torque range of each joint for exemplary load manipulation tasks. Thus the available torque patterns and ranges of the shoulder and elbow joints have been identified by various simulations and discussed the load effects for the delivering tasks by assistive robotic arms. As a result, this analysis is practically helpful for us to determine the specifications of actuators to be employed at the joint space of humanoid, prosthetic and industrial robotic arms. It is also applicable for the purpose of effective rehabilitation of human arms using some loads.


This article analyzes the legal policy of the national idea, holding that would create social, national and spiritual values common to the entire Russian society, which will reduce tensions in international relations, reduce the number of conflicts on a national basis and, ultimately, improve national security.


The area of metabolomics has broadened over the last decade with growing popularity in numerous applications. Nonetheless, ultimate challenges still persist in both interpreting and gathering metabolomics data. To date, there is no such interface, software or online tool that can accomplish all the analysis for metabolite identification of LC-MS data in a single package. In response to overcome these challenges, I have made an interface that makes use of the available popular online web-based tools in the area of the metabolomics environment. The interface that I made is called the LC-MS/MS Pipeline which is an Excel based Interface for the analysis of LC-MS data. Considering, the study of LC-MS data being a huge approach, the pipeline that I have made comprises of four modules. Although the pipeline that I made utilizes the assistance of the online based tools to generate its results and does not have any database of its own, it can still achieve all the required analysis for the LC-MS data with just a click of a button and, moreover, it is user-friendly.


Chemical fertilizer and agricultural chemicals are utilized excessively at present. As one of the best ways for environment protective and economic agriculture, the functional biofertilizer using ectotrophic mycorrhiza mycelium was developed. One fungus, mainly inhabit in soil, that can indirectly provide phosphatefor pine trees by the way of analyzing diagenesis soil to phosphate is well known as Suillus bovines. In addition to it, we also utilized Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus subtilis that can analyze organism in soil; Streptomyces riseoviridis and Trichoderma harzianum which have abilities of hastening the organism decomposition to generate antibacterial substance for antipollution. Saprophytic plant material was processed economy with wastes from ferrite pulverization, slag of Posco and sawdust from sawmill or fruit farm pruning. By the reserve experiment, a mixture of sawdust and ceramic powder was made in an ingredient of sawdust 80%, rice bran 19.5%, functional ceramic powder0.5%, water 60% and sterilized at atmospheric pressure in 60℃. Then after the temperature of medium decreased to 24℃, combined it with the fungus that we introduced previously for fixed cultivation at atmospheric pressure. The growth experiment of cultured fungus was provided in a controllable simulated confined space that embodies the similar weather conditions of the field.


Pest management strategies involve a complex set of considerations, circumstances, and decision-making. Existing research suggests that farmers are reflexive and reflective in their management choices yet continue to employ curative rather than preventative strategies, and opt for chemical over biological solutions. In this piece, we detail work from a two-year, multidisciplinary, mixed-methods study of insect pest management strategies in alfalfa in Wyoming, integrating data from four focus groups, a statewide survey, and biological sampling of production fields. We outline how these different sources of data together contribute to a more complete understanding of the challenges and strategies employed by farmers, and specifically on biological pest control. We applied this approach across alfalfa hay and seed crop systems. Relatively few farmers acknowledged biological control in focus groups or surveys, yet biological exploration yielded abundant parasitism of common pest alfalfa weevil. On the other hand, parasitism of seed alfalfa pest Lygus was far less common and patchy across fields. It is only in integrating quantitative and qualitative, biological and social data that we are able to generate a more complete portrait of the challenges and opportunities of working with farmers to embrace a preventative paradigm. In doing so, we offer insights on possible barriers to the adoption of preventative insect management strategies and provide a case study of integrating social science and biophysical techniques to better understand opportunities to expand biological pest control in cropping systems.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an aqueous ink composition and an ink set which have excellent curing sensitivity and ensure excellent quality and blocking resistance of a formed image.SOLUTION: The aqueous ink composition includes: a water-soluble polymerizable compound containing two or more polymerizable functional groups each selected from the group consisting of a (meth)acrylamide group, a maleimide group, a vinyl sulfone group, and an N-vinyl amide group, wherein a ratio of a molecular weight of the compound relative to a number of the polymerizable functional groups contained in a single molecule of the compound is ≤175; a polymerization initiator; and water. The ink set comprises the aqueous ink composition and a treatment liquid capable of forming an aggregate upon contact with the aqueous ink composition.


This article proposes an ethnographic analysis of collective organization processes generated around care in popular sectors, specifically analyzing the practices of women who are members of cooperatives and participate in social programs training spaces. Based on an ethnographic research developed with women beneficiaries of «Ellas Hacen» social program (Argentina), we interrogate the meanings and practices toward care built by these women, showing the centrality of collective practices in tension with familiaristic and maternalistic models of care. Recovering contributions from feminist economics and from an anthropological and ethnographic perspective on the collective, we show that these dynamics of care allow to rethink the limits between the autonomous/ dependent population or public/private spheres. We argue in favor of inquiring in the boundaries between care of others and self-care, interrogating what is produced during the process of caring


Abstract Milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. is one of the most researched medicinal plants, but at the same time it belongs to crops with wide industry potential whose growth requirements for marginal agroecological conditions or the response to agronomic interventions has not yet been sufficiently studied. The aim of the present research was to verify the effect of mineral nutrition (NPK 200 kg/ha) and humic acids applied to the soil (HUMAC Agro 250 kg/ha) on the main biometric parameters and the intensity of photosynthesis of milk thistle grown under less favourable climatic conditions of the semi-cold and humid foothills in Central Europe. The highest seed yield was achieved with the NPK variant in terms of dry matter 0.534 t/ha, in the HUMAC Agro variant 0.254 t/ha and with the untreated control 0.087 t/ha. The soil before the trial establishment was characterised by low nutrient content. The use of mineral fertiliser on NPK treatment eliminated the influence of low PK nutrients content of the soil, influencing the crop growth and yield/quality, while no doses of NPK were used on the HUMAC Agro variant and the untreated control. For both of the two sequences created (temperature and light), the highest photosynthesis rate was measured on untreated control (20.115 and 12.386 mmol/m2/s1), markedly lower on HUMAC Agro (16.386 and 9.653 mmol/m2/s1) – and the lowest on the NPK (10.933 and 7.813 mmol/m2/s1, respectively), in inverse proportion to the crop yield. Therefore, the size of the leaf area of the crop was decisive for the increased crop yield. The polynomial trend line of the photosynthesis rate according to the temperature sequence shows the photosynthesis rate and the torrential decrease by temperature increasing on untreated control compared with both treated variants. Both of these threats, mineral nutrition and use of humic preparations to soil, although they reduce the photosynthesis rate, have a wide range of complex effects that provide an opportunity to optimise the growth and yield of milk thistle. Ideally, the mineral nutrition and humic preparations should be used in combination with the crop of milk thistle for medicinal and energy purposes.


In this paper we examine cases commonly characterised as risk‐risk tradeoffs (i.e., creating new risks while solving existing ones), in an attempt to learn lessons that can be valuable for future regulatory decision‐making. A broad range of environmental and health literature was reviewed and numerous cases of proclaimed risk‐risk tradeoffs were analysed in order to determine: 1) why regulatory measures were initially taken, 2) why these measures caused a countervailing risk to emerge, 3) how tradeoffs could have been avoided, and 4) whether the case is a good example of a risk‐risk tradeoff. The analysis reveals that only a small number of these cases can actually be considered risk‐risk tradeoffs. In a large number of cases safer alternatives are and were available at the time decisions were made. In some cases the proclaimed risk‐risk tradeoff simply did not exist or occur, and in some cases countervailing risks were ignored for reasons unknown. In many cases, the countervailing risks could have been anticipated and avoided by proactively seeking safer alternatives, completing a tradeoff and impact assessment, or increasing stakeholder input in the decision‐making process. We conclude that concerns about risk‐risk tradeoffs are not a reasonable argument against future application of the precautionary principle. Indeed, sound decision‐making processes in the face of uncertainty should always consider and attempt to mitigate reasonable risk‐risk tradeoffs.


On egg and embryonic development of the hydroid polyp Eudendrium armature. A light and electron microscopic study. Oocytes of Eudendrium armature originate in the branching stalks from undifferentiated ectoderm cells, in younger as well as in older parts, individually or in groups - prior to the development of blastostyles. Oocyte migration is caused by an autonomous activity. Possible interrelationships between oogenesis and the migra- tion of oocytes on the one hand, and the development of gonozoids on the other are discussed. Cleavage is complete, at least from the eighth nucleus stage onwards. Co~atroversiaI opinions about cleavage in various species of Eudendrium are discussed, with special reference to the problem of the "syncytial cleavage" and areas of "liquefied yolk". In E. armature, the latter is regarded as an artefact of fixation. Egg shell formation, function and retraction of the spadix and embryogenesis are described.