The final section also includes applications to BECs and solid state physics. There are many positive aspects to Swendsen's approach. He has an excellent choice of topics, including the concepts that are often overlooked at texts of this nature. Specific examples include an explanation of the volume of higher dimensional spheres, Legendre transformations, and a chapter on the irreversibility paradoxes that arise when trying to give a microscopic justification of thermodynamics. Another very nice feature is the inclusion of computer-based problems, and an appendix to help newcomers on their way with computer programming in VPython. Furthermore, the text is aimed at multiple levels of study, and it will be of value for students on undergraduate courses up to beginning graduate study.


Aim: To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of substernal goiter. Methods: A total of 35 cases of substernal goiter were analyzed retrospectively and a review of the literature was performed. Results: The most common symptom was cervical mass (91%) and the accuracy of diagnosis for chest X-ray and chest CT scan was 82.9%(29/35)and 100%(35/35)respectively. Substernal goiters were removed by collar incisions in 94%(33/35)of the cases. No mortality severe or complications were observed in all the patients. Conclusion: The presence of substernal goiter is an indicatior for removal and most substernal goiters can be simply resected through cervical incision.


Two case studies are presented as a focus for discussion of ethics in addiction medicine. The first is that of the alcohol‐dependent patient who receives a liver transplant. The second is that of a heroin‐dependent patient who continues to inject himself while in a general medical ward. I make some comments about the obligations of doctors to treat those who cause harm to themselves as they would treat those who are 'not responsible'.


The paper introduces the technology of remote simulation,compiles the access program of remote simulation basic on the platform of Visual Studio.net,and achieves remote MATLAB simulation. Combining with the application of the learning web of the excellent course 'automatic control theory'in Guangdong province,it explains the process of remote MATLAB simulation in detail.


We present polynomial-time algorithms for computation in quotient groups G/K of a permutation group G. In effect, these solve, for quotient groups, the problems that are known to be in polynomial-time for permutation groups. Since it is not computationally feasible to represent G/K itself as a permutation group, the methodology for the quotient-group versions of such problems frequently differ markedly from the procedures that have been observed for the K = 1 subcases. Whereas the algorithms for permutation groups may have rested on elementary notions, procedures underlying the extension to quotient groups often utilize deep knowledge of the structure of the group. In some instances, we present algorithms for problems that were not previously known to be in polynomial time, even for permutation groups themselves (K = 1). These problems apparently required access to quotients.


The nature of the capital lies in the proliferation.At different development stages of capitalist production mode only one of the capital forms takes the dominant position.The emergence of various forms of the capital is the result of the contradictions in a capitalist society.In history of capitalist development,evolution of the capital has experienced four stages,namely,the commercial capital,industrial capital,financial capital and virtual capital.The types of economic crises at different stages vary in characteristics and status.The sub-loan crisis represents economic crisis at the development stage of virtual capital,which is an inevitable consequence of the development of capitalism.It is in essence of the same nature with economic crises in history.


A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is examined to solve the inverse problem in structural health monitoring. The damage detection problem is formulated as a PSO problem to find a damaged stiffness matrix that satisfies the structure's eigenequation and satisfying the necessary symmetry, sparsity, positive definiteness, and damage localization constraints. Finally, the PSO technique is compared to the Alternating Projection method in estimating damage using a simulated cantilever beam model.


Learning the Quran and Hadith is one of the subjects given at Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Ideally, this learning effectively achieves the goals of National education, especially those related to understanding the main points of Islamic teachings and the proper way of practicing them in everyday life. Preliminary studies indicate that learning the Quran and Hadith is still not able to achieve the goals or ideals outlined by the curriculum. The Quran and Hadith material still dominantly emphasizes memorization/knowledge and is still far from solving problems (problem-solving skills). This study aims to develop learning the Quran and Hadith to instill the values of social care and become learning that challenges students' intellect and curiosity. The method used in this research is Research and Development, which steps in the form of a Preliminary Study, Development, and Product Testing. The development of the Social Inquiry model in learning the Quran and Hadith is significantly proven to be able to the teacher's social inquiry stating that in implementing learning, developing student creativity increases in learning. It can be interpreted that learning the Quran and Hadith based on social inquiry is practical to be implemented.


Physical characters of acrylic and epoxy polymers used in constructing external skeletal fixator vis-à-vis economics were compared in the present study. The fixator constructs were prepared using acrylic/epoxy polymer, 1.5 mm K-wires and ultra high density polyethylene rods as a bone substitute. Observations on fabrication ease, weight, radiographic properties and economics of polymers were taken. The epoxy polymer being doughy, less heat producing and fumeless was easier to fabricate into constructs. Hardening time for acrylic was dependent on environmental temperature with an average of 11 min; whereas, epoxy putty hardened in about 22 min and the hardening was independent of environmental temperature. Acrylic fixators were radiolucent and significantly lower in weight. Preparation cost of epoxy constructs was significantly lower than acrylic constructs. Present study provides baseline benchmarks to choose polymers in constructing external skeletal fixators according to available resources, technical expertise and economics involved.


This PhD thesis pursues two lines of inquiry. It attempts to interpret Arendt as a "third position" within the debate between legal positivism and modern natural law, one which legitimates and delimits juridical forays into the extra-law sphere of the pol


The hospitality, travel, and tourism industry remains one of the hardest-hit casualties of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of marketing strategies on the improvement of the tourism and hospitality industry after the COVID-19 outbreak in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The study specifically aimed to determine the effectiveness of pricing strategies on the improvement of the tourism and hospitality industry after covid-19 outbreak; to determine the effectiveness of promotion strategies on the improvement of the tourism and hospitality industry after covid-19 outbreak; to assess the effectiveness of product strategies on the improvement of tourism and hospitality industry after covid-19 outbreak; and to examine the effectiveness of policy strategies on the improvement of tourism and hospitality industry after COVID-19 outbreak. The study employed the relationship marketing theory while using a quantitative approach. The study also used a sample of 112 top and middle-level managers from three-star hotels in the Arusha region. Findings show that all variables namely product, pricing, promotion and policy strategies used had a positive significant relationship with the improvement of hotels after the pandemic outbreak. The study recommends that the tourism and hospitality industry should create a customer relationship management system to manage their relationships with leads and existing customers. Similarly, hotels must conduct marketing research to assess changing customers' behaviour and comprehend their needs to develop relevant marketing strategies, which will contribute to improving the sectors' performance. Also, social media usage should be upheld by tourism and hospitality industries in promoting their products and spreading awareness of what the industry offers since it has currently been noted to be an easier way of reaching customers. Correspondingly, the usage of innovative systems such as travel websites encourages customers to comment or post their suggestions, recommendations, and reviews as a basis for creating more personalized offerings for the guests.


The experiments described test the theory of fine-particle magnets. Particles of Fe, Co, and Ni, of size 100-2000A, were prepared by electrodeposition into a mercury cathode. Their sizes and shapes were determined with an electron microscope. Experiments on coercive force $\mathrm{vs}$ particle size show, in general agreement with theory, that the maximum coercive force of Fe particles occurs at about 150A and is about 1000 oersteds, for very small packing factors. The coercive force decreases rapidly for smaller particles, slowly for larger particles. The rapid decrease for particles smaller than 150A is attributed to thermal fluctuations; this is borne out by measurements at low temperatures.


The residual stress,which is unavoidable in the process of flash-butt-weld rails,plays important roles in the service life of the railway rails.Residual stress can and do change in service.In this paper,the distribution of initial residual stress was presented,and the redistribution was measured after 2×106 cycles as well.The result shows that residual stress would change after appling fatigue loading.After 2×106 cycles,the residual stress of some tested places increased while others decreased,the state of the longitudinal residual stress in the side region and the foot region has not changed,which still presented compressive,while the change of the longitudinal residual stress in the head region and the foot region does not present general tendency. In the transverse direction,residual stress in the head and side head regions decreases while the foot region shows opposite change.


The use of the lactation index (by M. Peynovich) allowed to differentiate highly productive dairy heifers to different types such as a record type, highly productive dairy type and dairy type. The main features of milk productivity by types and economic efficiency of their use have been studied. The most desirable type of productive dairy cattle has been identified.


Introduction The production of ethanol from corn grain has become an effective strategy to produce high quality and clean liquid transportation fuels. In fact, the growth of the U.S ethanol industry has provided an economic stimulus for U.S.-based agriculture. The feed industry plays an integral role in the ethanol production industry. For example, the primary product of the dry milling production process is ethanol; but approximately onethird of the total dry matter is recovered in the form of co-products. The supply of these co-products continues to grow at a rapid rate. As a result co-products are becoming an increasingly available feedstuff that are usually an extremely cost effective feed ingredient for dairy and feedlot cattle. Two primary types of milling processes currently exist, namely wet and dry milling and these result in quite different feed products.


although Smith did well in summarizing conditions contemporaneous with the writing of the Wealth of Nations, he was less successful in his historical summaries; at best he was an "indifferent empiricist" (p. 206). In Chapter 12 Mirowski again looks at time series of eighteenth-century share prices for the East India Company, the Bank of England, and the Million Bank, and, using a methodology pioneered by Shiller, he tests whether financial markets were efficient by constructing ex post rational share prices (share prices that would have been warranted, given actual dividend payouts and a discount rate estimated as the average long-term rate of interest). He finds that markets were not efficient, both in the sense that most of the Shiller variance bound tests fail, and in the sense that there were large and systematic divergences of actual from ex post rational share prices. Interestingly, he finds that although markets were not efficient, they may more closely have approximated efficiency in the eighteenth century than, according to recent research in finance, they do in the twentieth; thus the notion that there has been a historical trend toward more efficient markets is called into question. This is an important piece of research that stands on its own. Mirowski does allude here to how idiosyncratic historical developments may explain anomalies in share prices not otherwise accounted for (p. 230). But neither of these empirical studies really serves to delineate by example the evolutionary, historical, institutional methodology advocated elsewhere in the book. And as for the book's subtitle, "Protecting Economics from Science," is not Mirowski's use in Part 4 of econometric technique and statistical data in efforts to falsify hypotheses vaguely scientific, nay, dare I say it, Popperian? The journey Mirowski has begun is thus only partially complete.


Abstract. 1. Activities of phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, hexosediphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate‐carboxykinase, of enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle and connected pathways, of hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and carnitine acetyltransferase were determined in biopsy specimens of liver and of tibialis anterior muscle from thyrotoxic and hypothyroid patients and from controls. The results are compared with data obtained from liver and red and white muscle of thyrotoxic rats and guinea pigs. 2. Concomitant with diminished glucose tolerance, the glucokinase activity is decreased in thyrotoxic human liver. The decrease of rat liver glucokinase activity as a response to administered thyroid hormones is found to be dose‐dependent. A relationship between the diminished glucose tolerance in thyrotoxicosis and the decrease of glucokinase activity is discussed. The increase of hexokinase activity (isozyme II) is the most interesting finding in thyrotoxic human muscle because of its possible significance with respect to the elevated metabolic rate. The activity of triosephosphate dehydrogenase, (NADP) malate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and carnitine acetyltransferase is markedly enhanced in human thyrotoxic liver, whereas that of phosphoglucomutase is diminished. 3. Mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, which is known to be markedly increased in the liver and red muscle of thyrotoxic rats, is not increased in the liver and tibialis anterior muscle of thyrotoxic patients, nor in the liver and white muscle of thyrotoxic guinea pigs. The enzyme responses to thyrotoxicosis in human liver and muscle are more similar to those of the guinea pig than of the rat.


The invention relates to an arc extinguishing chamber and a breaker adopting the arc extinguishing chamber. The arc extinguishing chamber comprises a moveable end part, wherein the moveable end part comprises an air cylinder, a piston, a pull rod and a separating plate; the piston is arranged in the air cylinder; the air cylinder is separated into an expanding chamber and an air pressure chamber by the piston and the separating plate; a normal connected channel for connecting the expanding chamber with the air pressure chamber is arranged on the separating plate; and the area of the normal connected channel is only 15%-25% of the section area of the air cylinder, so that the process of the compressed air in the air pressure chamber entering the expanding chamber through the normal connected channel so as to be blown to the arc is not influenced, and the excessive arc energy is also prevented from being transferred to the air pressure chamber and resulting in the increasing of operation power. With such a structure, the arc extinguishing chamber can be used for effectively extinguishing arc when the current is broken on a circuit exceeding the limited voltage level in the prior art.


We evaluated medical incomparison tosurgical plusmedical (surgical) treatment ofunstable angina usinga prospective randomized protocol thatstratified patients byclinical presentation andbyinvasive evaluation ofleft ventricular (LV)function. Clinical presentations were as follows-type 1:progressive or new onsetangina relieved bymedication; type2:prolonged boutsofangina poorly or incompletely relieved bymedication. AbnormalLV function was arbitrarily defined asejection fraction less than0.50 orLV end-diastolic pressure16mm Hgor more. Of468patients, 237were assigned tomedical and231tosurgical therapy. Therewere 374type1and94type 2patients. LV function was normalin334andabnormal in134patients. Comparedwithresults at24months,this60-monthfollow-up studyshowedimportant differences insurvival forpatients withthree-vessel disease: 75% formedical and89% for surgical patients (p<0.02). Thecumulative 5-yearrateofrepeat hospitalizations forcardiac reasonswas less withsurgical patients foreither clinical presentation. Fortype1,medical patients hada 56%orate, andsurgical patients hada 42% rate(p=0.004). Fortype2,medical patients hada62%rate, andsurgical patients hada43% rate(p=0.05). Overall mortality did notdiffer between thetwotreatments, andthis remained trueintype1versustype2patients andinthose withnormal versusabnormal LV function. However, regression analysis ofmedical andsurgical groupswithejection fraction as a continuous variable showedthatmortality of medical patients depended on ejection fraction (p=0.004), whereas themortality ofsurgical patients didnot(p=0.76), andsurvival inthesurgical groupwas higher inthelowest ejection fraction tercile-73% formedical and86% forsurgical patients, p=0.03. We conclude that surgeryimproves survival inpatients withthree-vessel disease andleads tofewersubsequent hospitalizations forcardiac reasons.An impaired ejection fraction hadan adverse impact on survival ofmedical patients butnoton surgical patients, andmortality insurgical patients was improved compared withmedical patients inthelowest ejection fraction tercile. (Circulation 1989;80:1176-1189)


A new IDDQ testable design method is proposed for static CMOS PLA circuits. A testable PLA circuit of the NOR-NOR type is designed by using this method. It is shown that all bridging faults in the NOR planes of the testable designed PLA circuit can be detected by IDDQ testing with 4 kinds of test input vectors. The test input vectors are independent of the logical functions to be realized in the PLA circuit. PLA circuits are designed by using this method so that the quiescent supply current generated when they are tested can be zero. Thus, a high resolution of IDDQ tests for the PLA circuits can be obtained by using this testable design method.


ERIS is a new Adaptive Optics Instrument for the Adaptive Optics Facility of the VLT that foresees, in its design phase, a Pyramid Wavefront Sensor Module (PWM) to be used with the VLT Deformable Secondary Mirror (VLT-DSM) as corrector. As opposite to the concave secondary mirrors currently in use (e.g. at LBT), VLT-DSM is convex and calibration of the interaction matrix (IM) between the PWM and the DSM is not foreseen on-telescope during day-time. In this paper different options of calibration are evaluated and compared with particular attention on the synthetic evaluation and on-sky calibration of the IM. A trade-off of the calibration options, the optimization techniques and the related validation with numerical simulations are also provided.


We describe a topic tracking system developed at GE R&D Center in connection with our participation in DARPA TDT evaluations. The TDT tracking task is specified as follows: given Nt training news stories on a topic, the system must find all subsequent stories on the same topic in all tracked news sources. These sources include radio and television news broadcasts, as well as newswire feeds. The initial set of training stories (usually 1, 2 or 4) is the only information about the topic available to the tracking system. The tracking performance is gauged using the False Alarm Rate and the Miss Rate metrics, reflecting the incidence of incorrect classification decisions made by the automatic system.


In this article, a machine hand model was made with Omron's micro PLC. The machine hand has several running status according the ladder diagram. During the design stage, reset keys were used as the position sensor of the machine hand, which simplified the system structure and lowered cost. There are a crowd of difficulties in designing the hardware and software, the article focus on how to solve these problems.The machine has a simple structure, flexible programs and high practicality.


The total number of small islands that make up Japan amount to about 5529 (Table I), excluding the 623 in the mandated territory of the South Sea and the 108 islands of the Kwantung leased territory. In this papas, only islands smaller than Etorofu (3220 km2) of the Kuriles are considered, the large islands of Honsiu, Sikoku, Kiusiu, and Hokkaido forming Japan proper, and Formosa being treated as mainlands. At first we classified the islands into continental and oceanic according only to their distances from the mainland. There are two kinds, viz., isolated islands and island groups. In addition to these we have many islands forming the centers of lakes, calderas, and coral lagoons. The second classification of islands was made on a genetic and topo-graphic basis. Volcanic, coral, and non-volcanic islands were genetically classified. Types intermediate between these three are the reef encircled volcanic islands, reef encircled non-volcanic islands, and partially volcanic islands with volcano (ordinary islands but with one or more volcanoes on parts of the island). Fig. 1 shows that distribution of these six types. These six types can be subdivided further according to their forms, the stages of erosion and the crustal movements they have suffered. Such a division is shown in Table III. Since the oceanic and continental islands are generally in groups, they have been classed as island groups, as in Fig. 2. The characteristic features, such as the nature of the bed rock, the volcanoes, ; coral reefs, whether elevated or living, the erosion stages, the abrasion terraces and drowned valleys, of. every island of every group were studied. Table IV shows the data thus obtained and Fig. 3-6 the distri-bution of these topographical forms. Finally we considered some topographical agents which affect the shape, the largeness and even the number of islands, and we knew the diminishing effect by deposition is very large. In Table V, twice the islands number of each group is written, excluding the smaller ones than 100m in length.


Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) have broad potential applications in drug screening, regenerative medicine, and basic biology, and using iPS as starting materials that have identical properties to embryonic stem cell would probably revolutionize the production of gene-targeted livestock. However, iPS in livestock is still lacking except for in pigs. Instructed by Yamanaka's idea, in the current study we attempted to generate bovine iPS from fetal fibroblast cells (bFF; from a fetus 2.5 months old after gestation) by using 4 defined transcriptional factors: Oct-4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. A lentivirus haboring the 4 factors acted as a vehicle to transfect the bFF. One bFF cell line was infected for at least 3 replicates. After transfection, the treated bFF were then cultured in DMEM supplemented with 4 ng mL–1 of basic fibroblast growth factor and 1000 IU mL–1 of leukemia inhibitory factor at 37.5°C, 5% CO2, on the mouse embryonic feeder cells pretreatd with mitomycin C. From Day 16 after the onset of induction, morphology of a few typical spindle-like bFF gradually changed into round, ball-like cells and grew into colonies. Afterward, when these colonies were harvested and subcultured in stem cell medium supplemented with 1000 IU mL–1 of leukemia inhibitory factor and 4 ng mL–1 of basic fibroblast growth factor, new colonies with clear-cut, round edge emerged, and the cells in the colonies had increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio, kept normal karyotype up to 10 passages, and were alkaline phosphatase staining positive. We also found that the cells exhibited part of the stem cell markers, as evidenced by being Nanog, SSEA1 positive but SSEA3 and TRA-60 negative. Moreover, embryoid bodies could be formed in vitro, and terotoma formation after injection into nude mice also displayed 3 layers. Taken together, we found that 4 lentivirus-mediated, defined transcriptional factors could successfully induce bFF into iPS-like cells. H. G. Cao and Y. Liu contributed equally to this work. The corresponding authors are Y. H. Zhang and X. R. Zhang. This work was supported by NSFC (30800784/c120103, 30700574), 973 (2009CB941004).


Introduction:
 Perioperative cardiovascular events are an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with non-cardiac surgery (NCS), especially in patients with recent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who require dual antiplatelet therapy.

 Objective:
 To illustrate the types and timing of different noncardiac surgeries occurring within 1 year of PCI, and to evaluate the risk of thrombotic and bleeding events according to perioperative antiplatelet management.

 Methods:
 All patients undergoing NCS within 1 year of PCI at a tertiary-care center between 2011 and 2018 were included. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE; composite of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis or target vessel revascularization). The key secondary outcome was major bleeding, defined as ≥2 units of blood transfusion. All outcomes were evaluated at 30 days after NCS.

 Results:
 A total of 1092 NCS (corresponding to 747 patients) were included and classified by surgical risk (low: 50.9%, intermediate: 38.4%, high: 10.7%) and priority (elective: 88.5%, urgent/emergent: 11.5%). High-risk and urgent/emergent surgeries tended to occur earlier post-PCI compared to low-risk and elective ones (
 Figure-A
 ). The incidence of MACE and bleeding was time-dependent, with an increased risk in surgeries occurring in the first 6 months post-PCI (
 Figure-B
 ). Perioperative antiplatelet cessation occurred in 487 (44.6%) NCS and was more likely for intermediate-risk procedures and after 6 months of PCI. There was no significant association between antiplatelet cessation and cardiac events.

 Conclusions:
 Among patients undergoing NCS within 1 year of PCI, the perioperative risk of MACE is inversely related to time from PCI. Preoperative interruption of antiplatelet therapy was observed in less than half of all cases and was not associated with an increased risk of cardiac events.


The bachelor work deals with the new internet sites of the University of Pardubice, especially with student intranet. This one is described, characterized and analyzed in the work. Utility of intranet is tested by usage utilization and the solution of founded imperfections is outlined.


Let {Xj} be an i.i.d. sequence of Banach space valued r.v.'s and let Sn = Z, 1 Xj . For certain positive sequences bn oo, we determine the exact asymptotic behavior of E exp{(b2/n)D(Sn/bn)}, where D is a smooth function. We also prove a large deviation principle for {2Y(Sn/bn)} .


In order to study SPWM technology based on the grid frequency of real-time changing,this paper analyzed the principle of SPWM algorithm,which is based on the asymmetric regular sampling. To combine power grid frequency tracking technology and SPWM technology,a kind of automatic tracking grid frequency SPWM wave generating system was researched and designed.The system consists of voltage transformer,the anti aliasing filter,synchronous sampling,DSP and oscilloscope display of five parts.The key research was the grid frequency measurement unit based on DSP and the realization process and principle of the SPWM wave generating unit. We also designed the hardware circuit and software program and completed the debugging of the system. The analysis of the experiment results show that the system can automatically measure the frequency of the power grid online and produce the SPWM wave of tracing power grid frequency with a small waveform distortion rate and a strong anti-interference ability.


Recently, there is more and more evidence of the presence of a cognitive defect of varying severity in the clinical picture of ALS. A rare form of the disease is the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — dementia complex, characterized by a combination of dementia (usually frontotemporal) with ALS symptoms. The profile of cognitive deficit in ALS includes impairment of executive functions, memory, speech and visual-spatial disorders. A literature review on this problem is presented with a description of the clinical observation of ALS–dementia syndrome (frontal variant of possible Alzheimer's disease). A patient with a reliable diagnosis of ALS showed rapidly progressive cognitive impairments in the form of hippocampal memory impairments, speech, visual-spatial impairments, and defective executive functions, accompanied by behavioral changes (apathy, decreased criticism). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed significant atrophy of the hippocampus, frontal lobe cortex, and left temporal lobe. In the literature, there are practically no descriptions of patients with a clinical picture of a combination of AD and ALS. Difficulties in diagnosing this condition are discussed. The relationship between these neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. The presented literature data and the presented clinical observation confi rm the expediency of studying cognitive functions in patients with suspected or signifi cant ALS, on the one hand, and analysis of the state of the central and peripheral neurons in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders of the frontotemporal type, on the other hand, which can be useful for diagnostics and treatment and rehabilitation measures.


We consider three categories of physical variables that can be measured for different freshwater ecosystems: (1) variables measured or described at the catchment or sub-catchment scale (e.g., bathymetry, depth, topography, geology); (2) those in or near to the water (e.g., temperature, turbidity, solar radiation); and (3) variables used to describe the substrate (e.g., particle size, mineral vs. peat). In this chapter we consider the practical aspects of undertaking a freshwater survey that includes measurement of physical variables; the approaches needed to undertake the survey; choosing a sampling strategy or protocol; practical tips on choice of measurement method or sensor, battery type, equipment calibration, resolution, accuracy, and links to literature providing further detail. The final section provides examples from a diversity of freshwaters where physical variables have been measured as part of an ecological survey, forming the evidence-base for management or conservation decisions.


The prevalent method of synthesizing nonlinear aircraft control is gain-scheduled linear designs. Although this approach has proven successful in numerous applications, it has distinct limitations for the application to highly nonlinear operating region such as transonic region. Thus the desire to continually improve performance suggests the need for a new design paradigm. This paper presents an alternative gain scheduling method based on Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy framework of Parameter-Dependent System (PDS) paradigm to provide more efficient and systematic design techniques. This theoretical development is then specialized to the problem of synthesizing a large envelope roll mode control for a high maneuverable aircraft. Finally the resulting fuzzy gain scheduled controller is demonstrated via nonlinear simulations, and its performance is evaluated relative to that of the conventional gain-scheduled controller.


Objective To investigate the effects of preoperative short course chemotherapy with TPF regimen on advanced gastric cancer.Methods Of 56 untreated subjects with local advanced gastric cancer,randomly selected 36 cases(group A) received one course of preoperative chemotherapy with intravenous injection of docetaxel 70-75 mg/m2 on the first day,cisplatin 20 mg/d and 5-FU 0.75/d for 5 days.The other 20 cases(group B) were not given preoperative chemotherapy as the controls.The apoptosis index of cancer cells in the primary lesion after chemotherapy and the toxic effects were observed.All cases were followed up for three years after radical surgery.ResultsRadical operations were performed on all 56 patients.The apoptosis index of cancer cells was higher in group A than that in group B \[(26.85±12.02) vs.(9.12±7.03)\](P0.01).Toxic effects of group A were mainly leukopenia(0-Ⅰ),diarrhea,nausea,vomiting and alopecia,which did not affect the surgery.The three-year survival rate was higher in group A than that in group B \[(72.2% vs. 65%)\](P0.05).Conclusion The preoperative short course chemotherapy can effectively enhance apoptosis of cancer cells without influence on the surgery and prolong the three-year survival rate.


Patient and methods: Our series includes 15 peripheral aneurysms treated in our Unit with endovascular technique in the period between January 2014 and February 2015. Of these 11 were men (73.3%) and 4 women (26.6%) with a mean age of 67.2 years (range 45-71 years). The localization of the aneurysmal lesions was as follows: 6 at femoral artery level (4 pseudo-aneurysm and 2 true), 4 iliac artery(CIA, internal iliac) (true), 2 popliteal artery (true), 2 anterior tibial artery (pseudo-aneurysm) and one subclavian (true). The average length of the lesion was found to be 47.3 mm (range 33-67 mm). We used either coils or covered stent to treat such aneurysms.The follow-up was done by serial outpatient clinical evaluation and Doppler-US and CT angiography every 6 months.


Since prehistoric times, air pollution from dust has been an essential threat to human health. There is a brief historical sketch that highlights how textile fibers were one of the original material components used to protect the respiratory tract and have been applied for as long as the need was recognized. From the beginning, they had been used intuitively, without understanding the mechanism of filtration. The need to protect the respiratory tract against particles of submicron sizes forces producers to apply multilayer systems, which can achieve high filtration efficiency, low airflow resistance, and high dust absorption capacity. The structure and design of the multilayer materials depend on their appropriation. Considering the general filter design, the following types can be distinguished: filters completed together with the face part (masks, half-masks, quarter- masks, and masks with a mouthpiece); filtration half-masks.


A BNL/KEK/SHI type 1.6cell Photocathode RF gun has been constructed in Tsinghua university. During the tuning process, the relation of the external quality factor to the length of the coupling iris is measured. Mode frequency, single cell frequency and field balance are also measured. Initial high power test results are also presented in this paper.


From the Publisher:
Widely acclaimed as the authoritative textbook on Ada 83, Ada as a Second Language has been thoroughly revised to reflect the latest version of the language, Ada 95. Encyclopedic in scope, this book covers all of Ada 95, including the predefined packages and the specialized-needs annexes. Each chapter ends with a section addressed to users of Ada-83 compilers. Comparisons with C, C++, COBOL, Fortran, and Pascal avoid misconceptions about Ada and help readers recognize a new notation for a familiar concept. Proceeding from introductory explanations of fundamental software-engineering and programming concepts to detailed and enlightening discussions of language features, and containing hundreds of complete examples, Ada as a Second Language serves as both a tutorial introduction and a complete reference to the Ada language.


Diploma thesis deals with financing projects from EU funds and includes instructions on how to obtain subsidies from EU funds. Introductory part is devoted to theoretical information concerning European Union funds. In the main part of analyzing the situation HATRACO Company Ltd. and described the procedure for obtaining funds from the EU structural funds. The final section is devoted to evaluate the use of structural funds for the development of the company.


RENEW is a maintenance event estimation simulation program developed in support of the Space Station Freedom Program (SSFP) Work Package 4 at NASA Lewis Research Center. This simulation uses reliability and maintainability (R&M) data as well as logistics data to estimate both average and time dependent maintenance demands. RENEW uses Monte Carlo techniques to generate failure and repair times as a function of the R&M and logistics parameters. The estimates are generated for a single type of orbital replacement unit (ORU). The RENEW simulation gives closer estimates of performance than steady-state average calculations since it uses a time dependent approach and depicts more factors affecting ORU failure and repair. RENEW gives both average and time dependent demand values, and generates graphs of both failures over the mission period and yearly failure occurrences. The average demand rate for the ORU over the mission period is also calculated. While RENEW displays the results in graphs, the results are also available in data tables. The process of using RENEW starts with keyboard entry of the R&M and operational data. Once entered, the data may be saved in a data file for later retrieval, and the parameters may be viewed and changed. The simulation program runs the number of Monte Carlo simulations requested by the operator. Plots and tables of the results can be viewed on the screen or sent to a printer. The results of the simulation are saved along with the input data. Help screens are provided with each menu and data entry screen. RENEW is written in BASIC and assembly language for IBM PC series and compatible computers running MS-DOS. Microsoft's QuickBasic Professional Development System and Crescent Software's QuickPak Professional are required to compile the source code. A CGA or VGA monitor is required. A sample executable is provided on the distribution media. The standard distribution medium for this program is one 5.25 inch 360K MS-DOS format diskette. This program was developed in 1992.


........................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... x Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Propulsion Mechanics ..................................................................................................... 2 Quantify Arch Height ..................................................................................................... 3 Kinematics, Kinetics, and Electromyography Patterns Associated with Arch Height .... 3 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 5 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 6 Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................... 7 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 8 Delimitations ................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter II. Review of Literature ................................................................................................. 9 Functional Anatomy of the Foot ..................................................................................... 9 Function and Anatomy of the Forefoot ......................................................................... 10 Function and Anatomy of the Rearfoot ........................................................................ 11 Function and Anatomy of the Midfoot ......................................................................... 16 Arches of the Foot ......................................................................................................... 16 Influence of Foot Mechanics on Propulsion ................................................................ 20 Fundamental Elements of Propulsion ........................................................................... 20 Foot Mechanics ............................................................................................................. 23


The purpose of this study was to explore the in vivo cardioprotective potency of liver (digestive gland) oil from S. lessoniana on isoproterenol induced myocardial infracted wistar rats. Rats received IPH for 2 successive days (85 mg kg−1 body weight) at 24 h intervals to induce myocardial infarction at the end of the experiment. S. lessoniana liver oil was served orally at a dose of 0.05 mL per day for 45 days, then the serum and heart tissue were analysed for CK and LDH enzyme activity, then haematological, lipid profile changes was examined in the blood, histopathological examination was carried in heart tissue and the activity of β-D-glucuronidase, β-D-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsin-D in the serum lysosomal heart fraction. The results of the present study suggested that the pre-treated animals with squid liver oil prevented isoproterenol-induced haematological changes and heart weight increases. Lysosomal membrane integrity was well protected in rats pre-treated with squid liver oil, as indicated by significantly lowered activities of lysosomal hydrolases in the serum and associated increase in their activity in the lysosomal fraction of the heart. The histopathological examination further confirmed that the cardioprotective potency of squid liver oil.


The carbon-carbon bond formation by the condensation of bisulfite adduct of aromatic aldehydes with thiazolidine-2, 4-dione to furnish 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione's has been investigated. This novel methodology was applied to convert substituted aryl bisulfite adducts to corresponding 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione's with POCl3 in less-polar solvents such as toluene, chlorobenzene and o-xylene. 5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione and 5-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione were obtained in good yields.


Abstract. Excitation functions for the reaction 18~Ta (ct, xn) ~sS-XRe, 1°7'1°9Ag (ct, ypxn) and 59Co (ot, ypxn) were obtained from measurements of residual activity of stacked foils from thresold to 60 MeV. The excitation functions for the production of ~8~Re, ~82Re, ~3Re, ~84Re, ~°~Ag, ~ ~ ~In, 54Mn, 56Co, 5SCo, and 6°Co, are being presented. The experimental data are compared with calculations considering equilibrium as well as pre-equilibrium reactions according to the hybrid model of Blann. High energy part of the excitation functions is dominated by the pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism. Calculations were done using a priori calculational method of Overlaid Alice Code of Blann. Most of the excitation functions in the energy range mentioned above could be very well fitted with the hybrid model calculation for exciton number n = 4 with n r = 2 and n, = 2. The overall agreement with theory is good. Certain discrepancies, however, indicate the necessity to revise the hybrid model with respect to emission of complex particles.


A specially designed DC/RF magnetron sputtering system has been installed for the development of large area x-ray multilayer (ML) optics at Indus synchrotron radiation facility. A brief description of the system configuration, automation and operating conditions are presented. The system has the capability of fabricating large area (300×100-mm2) X-ray MLs with required accuracy, uniformity and reproducibility. Thin film growth suitable for fabrication of X-ray ML optics has achieved by optimizing the sputtering process parameters. The representative results are presented.


Isolated DC microgrid is independent of utility grid. It consists of distributed energy resource (DERs) as Photovoltaic (PV) solar array along with battery and connected loads. The objective of this concept is to cater the growing energy demand. In country like India, till now conventional energy resources have been used which are limited deposits. To equitable the rising demand for energy the best way is to switch with renewable resources for energy generation. Also in the obscure areas where it is nearly impossible to transmit electricity, this concept of isolated dc microgrid to electrify the remote areas can be implemented. Another advantage is that; it earns carbon credits. The entire system incorporates PV array along with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm and battery to maintain the voltage level since the nature of solar is intermittent in nature as the sun's radiance fluctuates every time. This is achieved by using MPPT charge controller. The electronically operating dc to dc converter is MPPT, which stands for Maximun Power Point Tracking. The energy derived from solar and battery is enhanced by MPPT controller. It also protects the battery from overcharging thus ensuring battery protection. The voltage obtained from MPPT is dc voltage and to run the ac load inverter circuit is used. This paper provides MPPT design using the perturb and observe method.


O ver the last few years, the question, "can type 2 diabetes be reversed?" came to the surface after several observations of partial or complete remission from the disease were seen in response to surgical and non-surgical interventions for weight management. This leads us to propose an alternative model for type 2 diabetes management by targeting body weight instead of our current classic model of targeting blood glucose levels by anti-hyperglycemic medications. The proposed alternative model may be successful in the early stages of type 2 diabetes as we currently have several effective tools. Untimely, this model of intervention may reduce cost and improve patients' quality of life.


The utility model relates to a fiber laser based on sound waves. The fiber laser solves problems that an existing mechanical tuning fiber laser is relatively small in tuning range, slow in tuning speed, relatively large in coupling loss, relatively low in output power and tuning efficiency, reduced stability and reliability, complex structure, and high cost, and the existing system is not easy to integrate. The fiber laser comprises a FBG disposed in a laser cavity, a WDM disposed outside the laser cavity, a sound wave signal generator disposed outside the laser cavity, a sound wave energy transducer, and a horn. An end of the horn is fixedly connected with the sound wave energy transducer, and the other end of the horn is fixedly connected with an end of the FBG. Sound waves generated by the sound wave signal generator act on the sound wave energy transducer, and sound waves are coupled into the FBG through the horn. Tuning of output wavelength of the fiber laser does not rely on devices, wide tuning range can be obtained, and tuning speed is fast. Tuning speed is faster than 100 kHz. The fiber laser is high in output power, simple and compact in structure, low in cost, and is easy to integrate.


The de-excitation of compound nuclei has been successfully described for several decades by means of statistical models. However, such models involve a large number of free parameters and ingredients that are often underconstrained by experimental data. We show how the degeneracy of the model ingredients can be partially lifted by studying dierent entrance channels for de-excitation, which populate dierent regions of the parameter space of the compound nucleus. Fusion reactions, in particular, play an important role in this strategy because they fix three out of four of the compound-nucleus parameters (mass, charge and total excitation energy). The present work focuses on fission and intermediate-mass-fragment emission cross sections. We prove how equivalent parameter sets for fusion-fission reactions can be resolved using another entrance channel, namely spallation reactions. Intermediate-mass-fragment emission can be constrained in a similar way. An interpretation of the best-fit IMF barriers in terms of the Wigner energies of the nascent fragments is discussed.


This study examined the actual state and future improvement of food allergies in adolescents and adults in order to prevent damage. In this survey, proportions of females, people in their 40s, college graduates, and office workers and housewives with allergies were higher than other groups. Exactly 41.1% of participants responded that they had experienced food allergies while 58.9% responded that they had not. According to their responses, the most common food allergy symptom involved the skin while whole-body allergic reactions were rare. Most respondents answered that frequency of their food allergies was two or three times. There was a variety of allergenic foods, including fast food, eggs, mackerel and milk, and instant food was ranked as the most allergenic food. Therefore, in order to protect consumers from damage caused by food allergens, the food allergen labeling system must be improved. A better food allergen labeling system should be implemented to avoid potential risks of allergic reactions and ensure national food safety.


The binuclear Schiff base complexes prepared by condensation 2,6-diamino-pyridine and salicylaldehyde (LH) by using microwave and adding metal salts to ligand by same ratio. The Schiff base ligand was checked by infrared, electronic spectra and 1HNMR spectroscopy and prepared complexes characterized by molar conductivity, infrared, electronic spectra and susceptibility measurements. The values of molar conductivities reveal that the complexes are non-electrolytes, from obtained data of electronic spectra and magnetic moment, an octahedral geometry was suggested, coordinated to the metal ions in a manner with N donor sites of imine groups, and oxygen of phenolic OH group.


Significance Autonomy separates robots from machines. Incorporating autonomy into soft robots is an outstanding challenge due to the mismatch between rigid electronics and the compliant bodies. In this work, we demonstrate origami as a platform for compliant mechanical logic, containing mechanical bits, logic gates, and signal transmission mechanisms that can supplement conventional electronic controls. Furthermore, these processes can be responsive to and programmed by the environment via the integration of adaptive materials. Thus, origami provides a framework in which sensing, computation, and reflexes can be seamlessly integrated into the compliant bodies of soft robotics. Robots autonomously interact with their environment through a continual sense–decide–respond control loop. Most commonly, the decide step occurs in a central processing unit; however, the stiffness mismatch between rigid electronics and the compliant bodies of soft robots can impede integration of these systems. We develop a framework for programmable mechanical computation embedded into the structure of soft robots that can augment conventional digital electronic control schemes. Using an origami waterbomb as an experimental platform, we demonstrate a 1-bit mechanical storage device that writes, erases, and rewrites itself in response to a time-varying environmental signal. Further, we show that mechanical coupling between connected origami units can be used to program the behavior of a mechanical bit, produce logic gates such as AND, OR, and three input majority gates, and transmit signals between mechanologic gates. Embedded mechanologic provides a route to add autonomy and intelligence in soft robots and machines.


Salkowski \cite{salkow}, one century ago, introduced a family of curves with constant curvature but non-constant torsion (Salkowski curves) and a family of curves with constant torsion but non-constant curvature (anti-Salkowski curves) in Euclidean 3-space $\e^3$. In this paper, we adapt definition of such curves to time-like curves in Minkowski 3-space $\e_1^3$. Thereafter, we introduce an explicit parametrization of a time-like Salkowski curves and a time-like Anti-Salkowski curves in Minkowski space $\e_1^3$. Also, we characterize them as space curve with constant curvature or constant torsion and whose normal vector makes a constant angle with a fixed line.


The recent reform of the Turkish constitution makes Turkey a more democratic country according to EU standards. This does not mean, however, that Turkey is automatically closer to its goal of EU membership as a result of the September [2010] referendum. Dynamics surrounding the latest reforms confirmed that, over the years, Turkey's democratization and Europeanization processes have become less and less the product of a deliberate effort coherently pursued by Turkish elites than the uncertain outcome of what is primarily a struggle for power involving actors representing different segments of the Turkish state and society. [R, abr.]


An experimental investigation was carried out for the buoyancy-driven exchange flow in a narrow vented cylinder concerning the air ingress process during a standing pipe rupture in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. In the present study, the evaluation method of exchange flow was developed by measuring the velocity distribution in the cylinder using a laser Doppler velocimeter. The experiments were performed under atmospheric pressure with nitrogen as a working fluid. Rayleigh numbers ranged from 2.0 × 104 to 2.1× 105. The exchange flow fluctuated irregularly with time and space in the cylinder. It was found that the exchange velocity distribution along the horizontal axis changed from one-hump to two-hump distribution with increasing Rayleigh number. In the case that the hemisphere wall was cooler than the heated disk, the volumetric exchange flow rate was smaller than that in the case where the hemisphere wall and the heated disk were at the same temperature.


Four-junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge solar cells are a widely-pursued route toward AM0 efficiencies of 35% and above, and terrestrial efficiencies of up to 40%. Extensive research into the new material system of GaInNAs has so far yielded subcells with AM0 current densities far below the /spl sim/17 mA/cm/sup 2/ needed to current match the other subcells in the stack. A new multijunction structure, a 5-junction GaInP/GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge cell, divides the solar spectrum more finely in order to relax this current matching requirement, by using an optically thin, high-bandgap GaInP top subcell, with an additional thick, low-bandgap GaInP subcell beneath it, in combination with a GaInNAs subcell. In this way, the 5-junction cell design allows the practical use of GaInNAs subcells to increase the efficiency of multijunction cells. Light I-V and external quantum efficiency measurements of the component subcells of such 5-junction cells are discussed. Experimental results are presented for the first time on GaInP/GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge cells with the top four junctions active, with measured V/sub oc/ of 3.90 V.


Reliable multicast is useful for replication and in support of publish-subscribe notification. However, many of the most interesting applications give rise to huge numbers of multicast groups with heavily overlapping sets of receivers, large groups, or high rates of dynamism. Existing multicast systems scale poorly in one or more of these respects. This paper describes QuickSilver Scalable Multicast (QSM), a platform exhibiting significantly improved scalability. Key advances involve new ways of handling time and scheduling, adaptive response to observed traffic patterns, and better handling of disturbances.


Luminescent nanomaterials doped with rare-earth elements are characterized by such physicochemical properties as long-lived luminescence, large Stokes or anti-Stokes shifts, narrow emission bands, high photostability and low toxicity. These materials can be considered as a new generation of biosensors along with conventional molecular probes, such as organic dyes, quantum dots and chelate-based lanthanide probes. In recent years there has been significant interest in the study of functional nanomaterials based on rare earth elements. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of recent advances in the development of luminescent inorganic nanoparticles doped with rare earth elements which could be used for biomedical applications.


As the nation's potential candidates, the young generation is abandoning their value-rich regional cultures in favour of foreign cultures such as K-Pop one of the affected cultures is wayang Timplong. This study analyzes about what are the visual meanings and character education values contained in the Timplong puppet, the character Panji Asmarabangun and its relevance to the Pancasila Students' Profile. This study was to determine the value of character education in the wayang Timplong of Panji Asmarabangun figure based on the visual form of the objective. This was designed with a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The study was carried out in Kepanjen, Pace and in Nglawak, Prambon, Nganjuk Regency. The informants of this research are 3 dalang and a craftsman. The data analysis technique in this study used the Interactive Model. The results showed that the visual form of Wayang Panji Asmarabangun consists of the head, body, and clothing consisting of the gabahan eyes, ambangir nose, damis mouth, torso putro sariro, satria arm, bokongan satria, suku bambang feet, rapakan bolo clothes, keris, wadyo bracelet. The character education values were religious, nationalist, independent, mutual cooperation, integrity, simple, innocent, noble, virtuous, holy, smooth, tough, and skilled. The relevance to the profiles of Pancasila students is a) having faith, fearing God Almighty, having noble character; independence; mutual cooperation; global diversity; critical reasoning; and creativity. This study provides information in the form of characters possessed by Panji Asmarabangun, and character can be used as a reference/material in teaching and instilling character education values based on local culture that are in line with those encapsulated in Pancasila students' profiles in the independent curriculum, so that can be a trigger for student appreciation, — especially in the Nganjuk region.


This essay traces historical evidence of the critical ambivalence toward American literary journalism not only by belle lettres and the literature academy, but also by the journalism community and the journalism and mass communications academy. Paradoxically, such ambivalence stems from similar attempts by both scholars of literature and journalism to base their studies on critical assumptions that could only prove exclusionary of the serious consideration of American literary journalism as an identifiable discourse. This examination is necessary if one is to understand why a narrative form that has proved as durable as it has since at least the latter part of the nineteenth century has received relatively little acknowledgment by the academy until recently. By engaging in such an examination, the form can be further defined by the historical presence it was not permitted to have.


Melt textured single crystals of YBa_2Cu_3O_6.5 (123) superconductors were produced by isothermal solidification from a semisolid melt using single crystal NdBa_2Cu_3O_6.5 or SmBa_2Cu_3O_6.5 seeds. The microstructure within the single crystals shows an inhomogeneous segregation of Y_2BaCuO_5 (211) particles trapped in the 123 crystals during solidification. The concentration of 211 particles varies with the crystal axes in 123 crystals produced from precursors with compositions of 80 wt.% 123 powder and 20 wt. % excess 211. The 211 particle concentration along the c -axis in the crystal is much lower than that along the a - or b -axes during initial crystallization. This concentration increases in both directions as the crystal grows larger. The 211 concentration along the c -axis increases more quickly than the concentration along the other axes during solidification, which allows the 211 concentration to approach that on the other axes as the solidification continues. 211 particle segregation in stoichiometric 123 samples formed "X"-shaped tracks instead of the variations in 211 concentration described above. A single crystal growth model of 123 is proposed and employed to interpret these experimental observations. Quenched samples were prepared to investigate the volume fraction of 211 particles in the liquid phase. A constant distribution of 211 particles was observed in the liquid, except very near the crystal interface, where the 211 concentration decreased rapidly. Copper oxide content in the liquid was also measured. It is found that the copper content is lower at the (001) interface compared with (100) or (010) interfaces.


The invention discloses a high-precision low-cost machining method for a transmission chain wheel of an oil pump, which is used for constructing a chain wheel with the following structure: the chain wheel comprises a metal hub, a gear ring and a vulcanization integrated rubber body. The machining method provided by the invention comprises the following steps of: a, carrying out powder metallurgy to form a gear ring; b, forming a product through vulcanization: integrally forming a conventional metal hub, the gear ring obtained in the step a, and a half finished product rubber through vulcanization; and c, finishing to obtain a product with a structure of the conventional product. The high-precision low-cost machining method provided by the invention has the advantages in that according to the high-precision gear ring obtained by the steps provided by the invention, the dimensional precision of a root circle and the like is 8 level, and the fineness is 0.8; the crushing strength is more than or equal to 300 MPa; the density is more than or equal to 68000 Kg/m ; and the rigidity is 60-100 HRB. According to the innovation provided by the invention, the traditional machining method for the transmission chain wheel of the oil pump is improved, so that not only can the high-precision product be manufactured, but also the machining procedures are fewer due to the adjustment of the process, and the manufacturing cost is low. The gear ring is about ** Yuan/piece.


This study is to describe the relationship between life purpose and instrinsic motivation and the impact to the job achievement among the employees in paper mill factory in East Java province, Indonesia. The data was collected from 165 operator level employees in production department, consists of Deinking Plant, Stock Preparation and Paper Mill. There are three findings of the study, firstly, the life purpose significantly influences the instrinsic motivation and shown by the p value of 0,003. Secondly, the life purpose influences significantly the job achievement that shown by p value of 0,054 and thirdly, the instrinsic motivation influences the job achievement significantly, shown by p value of 0,025.


The work focuses on question of migration of slovakian Roma people to Czech lands after the World War II. and its influence on incorporating of these minority into majority society. It also deals with influence of state policy on Roma minority between the years of 1945 - 1989.


We propose a novel scheme for high-speed all-optical AND gate, utilizing the effect of cross-phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Theory analysis and numerical simulations are performed to validate our proposal. The results are useful for design and optimization of SOA-MZI-based AND gate.


Several authors have treated the optimization of passive filters in electric distribution systems. Optimization methods like: sequential quadratic programming (SQP), simulated annealing (SA), differential evolution (DE), artificial neural networks (ANN), particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), etc., have been employed for optimizing certain configurations of passive filters. These optimization methods have been employed to solve several formulations of the problem of the project of filters. These formulations can be classified in: formulations of one or several objectives. The objective of the present work is to show the evolution of the formulation of this problem in the lasts years respect to the objective functions and constraints used. This analysis shows how the formulations employed have been upgraded from single-objective to multi-objective formulations to achieve a better representation of this complex problem.


of an ultra-high intensity laser pulse. We accurately evaluate the impact of stretcher and compressor optics on the contrast pedestal of the ultra-high intensity laser pulse by precise quantitative characterization of the optics surface. The surface roughness of tens of nanometers on the stretcher and compressor optics causes random spectral phase noise, which reduce the temporal coherence of the main pulse and generates a noisy structure around the main pulse. A degradation of a few orders of magnitude is estimated with the random spectral phase noise.


There are some disadvantages for existing brush-plating platform, such as having not stepless timing, rotate speed on the high side, and so on. We develop the brush-plating platform based on PLC and transducer. At the same time, we introduce hardware and software of the equipment respectively.


The lesions occur on the soft palate, buccal mucosa, and tongue, and only rarely on the masticatory mucosa such as the gingiva and hard palate.


In this paper we use a numerical simulation to analyze the time evolution of the net spin magnetization in diffusion weighted MRI. We compare the integer and fractional cases by simulating the Bloch-Torrey equation for several different types of gradient pulses. This generalization of the diffusion process is based on the Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW) model, where the order of the fractional time derivative a, and the order of the fractional space derivative β, encode the distributions of waiting time and jump length increments that underly anomalous dynamics in heterogeneous materials. We examine the time evolution of the net magnetization for a constant gradient field, for a pair of bipolar gradient pulses, for the Stejskal-Tanner pulse sequence, and for a set of oscillating gradients. We compare the numerical results with analytical expressions in particular cases, and present the overall system response for selected values of α and β. One novel observation is a slow recovery of magnetization in the case of non-integer fractional time derivatives, which seems to reflect the persistence (or memory) of the earlier states of magnetization that is encoded in the definition of the Caputo time-domain fractional derivative.


The aim of the study was to assess the regression of liver stiffness after successful direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfection and HCV/‐HIV coinfection. In addition, we aimed to identify factors associated with liver stiffness regression.


Thickness uniformity of the Ultra Thin SOI (UTSOI) substrates is one of the key criteria to control Vt variation of the planar FDSOI devices. We present an evolutionary approach to SmartCutTM technology which already allows achieving a maximum total SOI layer thickness variation of less than ± 10 Å on preproduction volume. Total thickness variation of ± 5 Å is targeted.


The Physical Setting for Early Life An Evolutionary Perspective of Nitrogen Fixation The Coupled Evolution of Life and Atmospheric Oxygen Chemistry of the Early Oceans The Role of Carbon Dioxide in Plant Evolution Solar Energy and Life Could Life Travel across Interplanetary Space? Genome Evolution and the Impact of the Physical Environment The Impact of Gravity on Life Gravity, the Atmosphere and the Evolution of Animal Locomotion Evolution and Low Temperatures Temperature, Tectonics, and Evolution The Interplay of Physical and Biotic Factors in Macroevolution The Causes of Phanerozoic Extinctions Drifting Continents and Life on Earth Land-Sea Relations and Speciation in the Marine and Terrestrial Realms Tectonics, Climatic Change, and the Evolution of Mammalian Ecosystems Ice Ages, Species Distributions, and Evolution Environmental Variability and Its Impace on Adaptive Evolution, with Special Reference to Human Origins The Younger Dryas, Climatic Change, and the Beginnings of Agriculture The Physical Constraints on Extraterrestrial Life


Microwave brightness temperatures emerging from horizontally finite clouds of hydrometeors have been computed by means of an analytical model. The analytical model is sufficiently fast that simulations of multifarious aspects of this problem can be easily evaluated. The results of these computations were compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations, and the agreement was found to be satisfactory. The results of the present computations show that radiation emerging from the sides of isolated hydrometeor clouds causes the brightness temperature of such clouds to differ markedly from the brightness temperature of plane parallel clouds. If, however, the effect of the underlying surface is included in the computations of upwelling radiances, then the microwave brightness temperatures of finite clouds depart somewhat less from the plane parallel cloud results. Radiances emerging from hydrometeor clouds over land are less sensitive to the effects of horizontally finite geometry than are radiances emerging from comparable clouds over water. The effect of the finite field of view of satellite-borne microwave radiometers on measured brightness temperatures is considered; it is shown that ambiguities of the order of a factor of 2 in the inferred mean rainfall rate can occur if a rain cloud does not fill the radiometer field of view.


The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of inclusion of bean residue to replace cottonseed meal in diets for feedlot sheep. 16 sheep males mongrel were used, with 12 months of age and weighing 30 kg. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the replacement of cottonseed meal by bean residue at 0, 11, 22 and 33% of dry matter (DM) of the diets. The diets were isonitrogenous with 16% crude protein (CP), comprise 45% of forage (corn silage) and 55% concentrate in the dry matter. The time spent eating were recorded, idling time of the animals by visual observation of the animals every 10 minutes over a period of 24 hours. Regardless of the treatments the power peaks are arranged in the early morning hours of 07h corresponding 9am: 50min and in the late afternoon around 16h to 18h: 50min after the intake of the animals peaks distributed its activities in idling time . A statistically significant difference (P 0.05) between the periods. Sheep grazed under confinement system have daytime feeding habits and use most of the night period to ruminate and rest.


Seven American and fourteen English ball clays were compared in regard to bonding effect, (a) after burning, in a composition containing no fluxes, at cones 5, 8, 10 and 12; (b) in a semi-porcelain body burned to cone 8; and (c) in a vitreous china body burned to cone 11. The English clays developed greater strength in the absence of fluxes. The semi-porcelain and vitreous china bodies containing the imported clays were in general of greater strength than those bodies in which the domestic clays were used, but most of the bodies containing American clays were of good transverse strength.


In the modern world, vehicle drivers use geographic information systems (GIS) — based navigators instead of the conventional paper maps to build traffic routes. One of the promising branches in this area is the use of augmented reality (AR) technology and head-up display (HUD) technology in the form of information projection onto the windshield of a car. The development and implementation of augmented reality algorithms together with the implementation of HUD technology is an urgent task to solve the problem of improving road safety. The objective of the study is to optimize the algorithm for constructing traffic routes for a car using geographic information services and augmented reality technology with projection of information onto the windshield of a car. In the present paper, an algorithm for visualizing objects with dynamic parameters functionally dependent on geographic information data using OpenStreet-Map and OSRM (Open Street Routing Machine) services is proposed and implemented as a software. Features of route optimization in OSRM based on efficient Contraction Hierarchies algorithm are shown, which has a number of advantages compared to commonly used Dijkstra and A* route construction algorithms — higher speed, less memory requirements, a relatively fast preprocessing. The simulation results are provided. Possibilities and prospects of using the proposed algorithm in the software of the vehicle navigation system are presented. The developed algorithm using geographic information services and augmented reality technology with the projection of information onto the windshield of a car makes it possible to optimize the route construction process. The interactive interface of the augmented reality visualization program with the projection of route indicators and other important information onto the windshield of a car has the integrated effect of combining the advantages of AR, HUD technologies and geographic information services. The use of the interface in the vehicle navigation system will help to improve traffic safety.


This paper describes the domino effect mechanism,discusses the analyzing process of chemical tank district poolfire domino effect,as well as the consequences and its probability.The rationality of the safety distance of the existed tank district in China is also simply analyzed.


In order to raise up the the rate of multipurpose utilization of rich-silicon iron ore tailing (IOTP for short) and the preparation of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC for short), the influence rules and mechanism of rich-silicon iron ore tailing powder replacing fly ash in UHPC were studied, the influences of different specific surface area and dosage of IOTP replacing fly ash on its strength and liquidity were tested. Moreover, the pore structure and hydration products morphology of UHPC were tested by MIP and SEM methods, respectively. The results show that when fly ash replaced by IOTP, the liquidity of UHPC will be increased. When alternative content of IOTP is less than 10%, proper specific surface area of IOTP can improve the strength and pore structure, it can get the best result when the alternative content is 5% and the specific surface area is 588m2/kg. However, when alternative content of IOTP is 15% or more, all of these properties of UHPC become worse. It proves that IOTP can be used in the preparation of UHPC and improve the properties of UHPC.


The objective of this research is to evaluate how the physical properties and thickness of asphalt pavements influence behaviors of ultra thin whitetopping (UTW). The results of the three-dimensional finite-element method reveal that properties of asphalt and concrete layers, bonding between the two layers, and temperature strongly affect the distress of UTW. Based on results of FEM analysis, a wheel tracking device called the "heart wheel load simulator (HWLS)" was developed and used to perform an experiment to observe behavior variation in accordance with asphalt and concrete layer thicknesses as well as temperature. The results of HWLS simulation show that the effect of temperature is not significant and the increase of the tensile strain with the increase of a load is relatively small for a 100 mm concrete layer, as compared to a 50 mm concrete layer. In addition, for a 50 mm concrete layer with a less than 150 mm asphalt layer, the increased ratio of the tensile strain at the bottom of the concrete s...


In general,the patient in the critical case is hospitalized and treatment starts with deploying different sensors on body for the measurement of ECG,PPG to diagnose the response. This sensing, embedded system is wired connected cardiogram system. The mobility of patient is restricted. Sometimes the doctor may be present in the hospital or may not be during the course of treatment. In this paper, we proposed the remote sensing of parameter of the body mostly heart rate and temperature. The parameter are sensed and monitored wireless using wireless sensors. Additionally web based monitoring is proposed to keep keen observation on regular health status of patient's. The database will be sensed continuously and will use for to address future problem possible diagnosis.


Article history: Received May 12, 2013 Received in revised format 12 September 2013 Accepted 7 October 2013 Available online October 25 2013 Information technology plays essential role on the success of organizations; it eases the access on information, reduces time on reaching the necessary information and builds a better communication among different groups of an organization. This paper performed an empirical investigation to find the effects of information technology on strategic management in one of Iranian automakers in after sales services in Iranian auto industry. The proposed study designed questionnaire and distributed among some experts and using t-student test examined the effect of information technology on various factors. The study design a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributes it among some experts and using some statistical observation measures the effects of information technology on various factors. The results have confirmed that information technology influenced on strategy execution and control policy. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


We consider the subfamilies of rational and pushdown transducers and corresponding translations (relations) which are most frequently encountered in the literature. We survey some of the known results on the characterization, factorization, closure properties, decision problems and comparisons of classes and give new results on these properties using either direct proofs or results from other theories such as homomorphic equivalence.


It is considered that the traditional inventory method of adding copper that calculate the aluminum liquid and current efficiency of aluminum reduction cell has higher reliability.However,it has a lot of defects needing to improve,especially in algorithm technology.According to the basic principle and process characteristics of electrolytic aluminum,the technological information of aluminum reduction cell was developed at maximum limit to evaluate and guide the technological management of traditional aluminum reduction cell and correct its fuzziness based on several process technological practices of calculating aluminum reduction cell by inventory method of adding copper.


Ti(OiPr)Cl3 reacts easily with various ligands to form a series of six-coordinate complexes, [Ti(OiPr)Cl5]2-(HAm+)2 (Am = NEt3 (7a) or NC5H5 (7b)), Ti(OiPr)Cl3L2 (L = THF (8) or PhCHO (9)), Ti(OiPr)Cl3(PhCHO)(Et2O) (10), and [Ti(OiPr)Cl2(μ-Cl)(PhC(O)OMe)]2 (11). Upon dissolution of 7a in THF, 8 was obtained. When 1 mol equiv of HNEt3Cl was added to 8, [Ti(OiPr)Cl4(THF)]-(HNEt3)+ (12) was obtained. With the addition of another 1 mol equiv of HNEt3Cl, 12 was converted to 7a. One THF in 8 can be removed in vacuo to give the chloride-bridged dimer [Ti(OiPr)Cl2(μ-Cl)(THF)]2 (13) which can be converted back to 8 by dissolving in THF. 13 was found to react with 2 mol equiv of HNEt3Cl or PhCHO to give 12 and Ti(OiPr)Cl3(PhCHO)(THF) (14), respectively. The molecular structures of 7b, 8, and 10−13 show short Ti−OiPr distances, and the relative bonding order of -OiPr > Cl- > THF > Et2O > PhCHO > μ-Cl- > RC(O)OMe is discussed based on the solid state structures. This bonding sequence is very useful for the prediction...


.................................................................................................................................................. 2 THE EDUCATION CHALLENGE IN MEXICO: DELIVERING GOOD QUALITY EDUCATION TO ALL................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction: the human capital challenge .................................................................................................. 4 Delivering services to one of the largest school-age populations in the OECD.......................................... 7 Spending better.......................................................................................................................................... 10 Addressing inequalities in education......................................................................................................... 20 Overall assessment .................................................................................................................................... 25 ANNEX 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................... 29 Tables Table A.1. Panorama of the education system (2003/2004) ..................................................................... 27 Table A.2. Enrolment rates 2003/2004 ..................................................................................................... 27 Table A.3. Spending per student (annual spending, 1 000 current pesos) ................................................ 28 Table A.4. Income distribution ................................................................................................................. 28 Figures Figure 1. Educational attainment of the working-age population ............................................................... 5 Figure 2. Student performance and enrolment rate at age 15...................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Number of students enrolled in school in OECD countries and selected Latin America countries ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. Total public expenditure on education......................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. Spending per student up to 15 years old and PISA results in 2003 ........................................... 11 Figure 6. Distribution of total and current expenditure on educational institutions................................. 12 Figure 7. Level of decision making in public lower secondary education................................................ 17 Figure 8. PISA results and level of centralisation of decision making ..................................................... 18 Figure 9. Enrolment rates by poverty status and location ......................................................................... 20 Figure 10. Results of national tests by type of schools ............................................................................. 21 Figure 11. Education performance in selected Mexican States................................................................. 23 Boxes Box 1. Quality school programme (Escuelas de calidad )......................................................................... 13 Box 2. Summing up of the main recommendations in education.............................................................. 26


Thispaper examines theassociation between fertility andreligious affiliation amongPuerto Ricans. Bongaarts' proximate determinants framework isusedtocompare religious categories on behaviors thatdirectly affect fertility. We found nodifference in recent fertility between Catholics andnon-Catholics inPuerto Rico (total fertility rate =2.5). Wealso found Catholics andnon-Catholics tobesimilar onageatfirst marriage (23.3 and23.4years, respec- tively), contraceptive use(71percent and69percent ofmarried womencurrently contracepting), andbreast-feeding practices (mean duration ofbreast-feeding of4.4and4.3months). Differences were


The paper mainly researches relationship between the monetary policy and output through distributing the lagging model of Almon method.Through positive research,we find the monetary policy can influence the output within a short time(three years),but can't have effect in a long time.It is proved that our country monetary policies have PARETO IMPROVEMENT function on the specific fields through the history of our economic development after our opening-up reform.


In this paper, we present a database of emotional speech intended to be open-sourced and used for synthesis and generation purpose. It contains data for male and female actors in English and a male actor in French. The database covers 5 emotion classes so it could be suitable to build synthesis and voice transformation systems with the potential to control the emotional dimension in a continuous way. We show the data's efficiency by building a simple MLP system converting neutral to angry speech style and evaluate it via a CMOS perception test. Even though the system is a very simple one, the test show the efficiency of the data which is promising for future work.


Modulation-doped In0.3Ga0.7As/In0.29Al0.71As heteroepitaxial layers were grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using compositionally graded buffer step layers. The misfit strain in the x=0.3 layer, which contains the two-dimensional electron gas channel, is relaxed by 96% as determined by X-ray diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the active layer is dislocation-free. The sheet electron density of the channel is of the order 1012 cm-2 and the mobility is 9340 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature and 42290 cm2 V-1 s-1 at cryogenic temperatures. The effective mass of the electrons, m*=0.066m0, is greater by about 20% than that expected of this ternary alloy, due principally to the nonparabolic correction at the Fermi level. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations measured at 1.6 K as a function of magnetic field show that the quantum relaxation time is 8.8*10-14 s while the classical relaxation time determined from the measured mobility and calculated m* is 1.5*10-12 s.


The quasi-adiabatic transformation of the internal solitary wave propagated under inclined bottom is studied analytically on the base of the Gardner equation and in the frames of the full nonlinear model (Euler equations). Two-layer stratification is considered. It is shown that the solitary wave amplitude grows during propagation and stabilized before the turning point and the amplification is biggest for initial small amplitudes (Korteweg ‐ de Vries solitary waves). The amplification of initial table-top soliton is less than 1.5. It is shown that the tail generated after soliton before turning point is negative for all initial amplitudes. Theoretical estimations are compared with obtained by numerical simulations and range of applicability of the adiabatic theory is estimated. The wave shape at the turning point and the secondary solitary wave generation are studied.


The Aim of Paper Is Analysis and Optimization of Clamping Jaws & Pins for Spm by Using Fea & Validate Same by Testing at Concern Industry. Paper Also Involves Geometrical and Finite Element Modeling of Existing Design. Geometrical Model Was Done by Using Solidworks.


Measurements have been made of sensitized luminescence in the phospor KCl:Ag:Tl in the fcc phase to 18 kbar. The studies include both lifetimes and relative emission intensities of the two dopants. Both the lifetimes and relative intensities gave quantitative agreement with theory over the pressure range. The calculated efficiencies ranged from ∼0.08 to ∼0.28. Measurements from 100 to 300 °K at 8 and 18 bar also agreed with theory. Some more limited measurements on KCl:Ag:Pb in the same pressure range also exhibited satisfactory correspondence to the theory.


Abstract
This chapter considers the implications of the lack of uniformity, consistency and harmonisation in defining and regulating research integrity across Europe. In view of this, recent initiatives of the Council of Research Ministers and of the European Commission aim to provide a common point of reference in institutional terms and legal terms. However researchers and institutions themselves remain ultimately responsible for detecting, investigating and adjudicating any allegations of scientific misconduct through their established procedures. Therefore, a complementary approach between the Commission's initiatives and the self-regulatory approach of local/national structures is desirable. A major step towards this direction could be the formulation of a single European-wide definition of research integrity.


Abstract The dysregulation of Notch signaling is found in many cancers and is closely related to cancer progression. As an important Notch receptor, abnormal Notch4 expression affects several tumor-cell behaviors, including stemness, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, radio/chemoresistance and angiogenesis. In order to inhibit the oncogenic effects of Notch4 activation, several methods for targeting Notch4 signaling have been proposed. In this review, we summarize the known molecular mechanisms through which Notch4 affects cancer progression. Finally, we discuss potential Notch4-targeting therapeutic strategies as a reference for future research.


In order to elucidate further the mechanism of the alkalosis observed during the alkali treatment of peptic ulcer, a detailed study of mineral excretion following the administration of relatively nonabsorbable antacids seemed desirable. Hence, an investigation of the influence of calcium carbonate on mineral excretion in man was undertaken, and its action compared with the effects of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, two nonabsorbable compounds.


In order to figure out how memory faults affect high-performance servers,this paper presents a multi-layer fault injection method for Itanium architecture computers.HMFI(Hierarchical Memory Fault Injector) is designed and developed to inject memory faults in physical level,operating system kernel level and process level.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of HMFI in evaluating the fault-tolerant properties of complex computer system.


The new approach in GIS based system has made a change from spatial data division and attribute to become database structure, so that the displayed information by GIS is taken from data which storages in the database. Most part of GIS application which has been developed recently for a certain purpose of specific object by applying a specific database design. As the result, the development of the data in the GIS applications only can only be executed by detaching the database then adjust them based on the development needed. This paper discuss the alternative solution, in form of a scaled database design framework to be applied in GIS based applications.


To assess whether parents who were born small for gestational age (below the 10th birthweight centile, SGA) have increased risk of severe or mild placental abruption. To assess whether a history of SGA in other family members modifies this intergenerational effect.


Most present researches on the synthesis of mass exchange network focus on the conditions of tiny mass transfer load,where the inlet and outlet flowrates of the rich and lean streams can be regarded as constants.The condition of a little larger mass transfer load for compatible contaminants between rich and lean streams is taken into consideration,where the flowrates of the streams are taken as a set of variables instead of approximately being regarded as constants.Besides,the effect of temperature and pressure on the mass transfer equilibrium equations is also taken into account,and the mass transfer composition differences of all components are taken as optimizing variables simultaneously to trade off the operating cost and capital cost,then a non-linear mathematical programming model can be built with the total annualized cost as objective.And the optimal problem is solved by means of the adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm.As a result,the optimal flowrates,along with the set of mass transfer composition differences and the mass exchange network,can be obtained simultaneously.


This paper aims at designing a novel decentralized energy management strategy to optimally split the power in a modular fuel cell system (FCS). The FCS is composed of two fuel cells (FCs) in a parallel structure and a battery pack. The proposed decentralized strategy consists of two layers. Initially, a local optimization problem is solved by means of auxiliary problem principle (APP) method at each time step for each of the fuel cell modules (FCMs). Subsequently, the obtained values are broadcasted to the near FCM neighbors. At each step, the APP utilizes the power values and Lagrange parameters of the previous step shared by the sub-problem neighbors to find the solution that is the reference power for each FC. Compared to the centralized form of the APP algorithm, besides the modularity point of view, the proposed strategy is able to converge to the optimal answer faster. The final results indicate that the performance of the proposed strategy is very close to the results achieved by dynamic programming (DP).


characteristics & effects of German-language publications in psychology between 1945-1965, changes in content & formal characteristics & frequently cited publications, trends, 6,405 German-language publications


It is noteworthy, and forecasting the course of techno-politico-economic events and developments in Europe, the renowned financial management expert, Professor Dr. M.R. Kumara Swamy became the first person in the world to propose the name United States of Europe (USE) for the European Union as early as 1992 (see Journal of Financial Management and Analysis: July-December 1992) followed by political scientist, Professor Dr. Jurg Martin Gabriel when he states: Security integration, by well-known functionalist avenues, will not produce a European federal state, or, as some would like to see, a United States of Europe (See Gabriel, J.M., The integration of European security: a functional analysis, Aussenwirtschaft: April 1995) Also, with the USE, Japan and China emerging as more powerful techno-financial world leaders with stronger currencies combined with good political risks and employing more modern management practices, coupled with good business ethics posing a threat to the sagging US economy, any steps by the US administration to impose trade, patent, etc. sanctions against the USE, Japan and China would aggravate the highly vulnerable and heavily import-dependent US economy's financial problems which, in turn, would have adverse cyclical effects on the US-dependent international financial institutions and developing countries.


Original sources show that the founders of the Accademia del Disegno in Florence intended to provide a professional education equivalent to the university teaching of letters, and the same is true elsewhere. Grammar school education is studied in the case of Bologna, to show that artists there were taught in a humanistic pattern. Finally it is suggested that modern antipathy to the idea of academic teaching has distorted not only our understanding of the nature of Academies, but also that of the art of the Carracci.