A proximity drawing of a graph is one in which pairs of adjacent vertices are drawn relatively close together according to some proximity measure while pairs of non-adjacent vertices are drawn relatively far apart. The fundamental question concerning proximity drawability is: Given a graph G and a deenition of proximity, is it possible to construct a proximity drawing of G? We consider this question for outerplanar graphs with respect to an innnite family of proximity drawings called-drawings. These drawings include as special cases the well-known Gabriel drawings (when = 1), and relative neighborhood drawings (when = 2). We rst show that all biconnected outerplanar graphs are-drawable for all values of such that 1 2. As a side eeect, this result settles in the aarmative a conjecture by Lubiw and Sleumer 20, 22], that any biconnected outerplanar graph admits a Gabriel drawing. We then show that there exist biconnected outerplanar graphs that do not admit any convex-drawing for 1 2. We also provide upper bounds on the maximum number of biconnected components sharing the same cut-vertex in a-drawable connected outerplanar graph. This last result is generalized to arbitrary connected planar graphs and is the rst non-trivial characterization of connected-drawable graphs. Finally, a weaker deenition of proximity drawings is applied and we show that all connected outerplanar graphs are drawable under this deenition.


PURPOSE
Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy is one of the suitable therapies for irresectable multiple liver metastasis from colorectal cancer, but in nearly half of such cases the therapy does not prove effective. Our goal is to clarify the characteristics of non-effective cases.

METHODS
84 cases with irresectable multiple liver metastasis from colorectal cancer were investigated clinicopathologically, and were divided into two groups; non-effective cases (N = 38) and effective cases (N = 46). All cases received continuous arterial infusion chemotherapy using 5-FU according to the following regimen; 5-FU (500 mg/day) was infused in the hepatic artery over 7 or 10 days for induction, and the infusion was maintained (250 mg/day) to the hepatic artery for 7 days every other week after the induction therapy. We evaluated the efficacy of HAI chemotherapy by Computed Tomography.

RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences among these two groups in histological types. Rates of the histological type of non-effective cases were well (31.6%), mod (57.9%), por (7.9%), and muc (2.6%), respectively. Those of the effective cases were well (63.0%), mod (34.8%), por (0%), and muc (2.2%), respectively. In non-effective cases, 16 out of 38 cases (42.1%) had extra-hepatic metastasis. On the other hand, only 3 out of 46 cases (6.5%) had such metastasis in effective cases.

CONCLUSION
There were non-well type cancers and extra-hepatic metastasis in a large number of non-effective cases. We thought that those cases were basically high-grade malignancies, so these were the limits of HAI chemotherapy for irresectable multiple liver metastasis of colorectal cancers.


Digital technology has offered a completely different way of learning compared to previous times. Until now, the problem of equitable internet access and various limitations of digital resources have become obstacles in transforming technology-based learning.It's already been experienced. Some educators have successfully implemented online learning by involving students in a different learning management system (LMS), they have used LMS as part of non-traditional learning even before the pandemic started, e-learning for example, distance learning or blended learning.From the ongoing global pandemic, educational organizations are expected to be able to create learning methods based on the use of technology with all aspects and technological developments, it's just that currently educational organizations to realize it are much faster than previous expectations because the gaps in learning that need to be anticipated and researched are based on digital technology which also practically breaks the pandemic cycle. © 2021 Karadeniz Technical University. All rights reserved.


Recently, the recovery boiler has a significant role in the steam generation field for pulp mills. It becomes important to generate high pressure and high temperature steam of more than 100 kg/cm2g × 500°C as well as to recover high quality chemical. KAWASAKI KJ type recovery boiler has the following principal design concepts;(1) Safety and High reliability (2) Long continuous operation (3) High quality chemical recovery and steam generation (4) Energy saving (5) Labour saving (6) Low emission.This paper describes the newest technology based on the above concepts and introduces the operation records of recovery boilers, generating high pressure and high temperature steam.


At higher education settings, summarization skills are essential to academic success. However, research on summarization appear to have been relatively neglected, and consequently "many more are needed … [and] a re-examination of summarization from a reading-writing perspective merits more attention'' (Grabe, 2003, pp. 252-253). To this end, 120 EFL students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran were selected: the three experimental groups were subjected to the task-based language teaching principles in the treatment. Two reading comprehension texts (one as a pre-test, the other a post-test)were assigned to the four groups involved, and they were all required to write up two summary protocols for each text they read, one in English, and another in Persian. In the experimental groups, summary writing was mediated by a particular teaching task while for the control group there was no mediating task. Afterwards, the performance of all subject groups was evaluated based on a cross-linguistic evaluation scale to determine a) if task-based language teaching had any significant effect on learners' reading comprehension and b) if the L1 of the subjects contributed to a better comprehension of the texts they read. Finally, the conclusions and pedagogical implications of the research for EAP courses were highlighted.


This work is the result of a qualitative research that tries to highlight, through an interview with an adult educator,the qualities, skills and qualifications a trainer in adult education should have. His qualifications must be of highquality because the difficulties and obstacles in adult learning are different and perhaps more numerous than informal education. So the trainer must be able to coordinate and direct the educational process and at the same time bethe educational consultant of the team and also its guide. This versatile role must include the capacity of thefacilitator throughout the educational process. The teacher also should try to help adult learners regarding theireducational obligations taking into account that they are workers with families and leisure available is minimal andin some cases perhaps even nonexistent.


The management of fire, smoke, and air quality is tasked to multiple agencies at federal, state, and local levels. The diversity in data collection methods, data reporting requirements, data formatting schemes, data analysis methods, and data presentation create a daunting challenge for the integration of these data. However, integration of these heterogeneous datasets is precisely what is called for by federal and regional organizations in order to derive a more comprehensive understanding of forest fires and their impacts.


OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between the expressions of estrogen and progesterone receptors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and age distribution.METHODS:The immununohistochemical method(ABC)was used to determine the expressions of ER and PR of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)from the young patients(≤40 years old,n=72)and the elderly patients(40 years old,n=70)in a high incidence area for esophageal cancer.RESULTS:The immunostaining positive rates for ER and PR in the young patients and old patient were 51%,44%(P0.05)and 3%,34%(P0.05),respectively.The location of ER and PR expressions in the young patients was in nuclear and the location of ER and PR expressions in the old patient was in the cytoplasm.In the young patients,the immunostaining both positive rate for ER and PR was 3%,both negative rate for ER and PR was 74%,the immunoreactive of ER was not coincident with PR,P0.05.In the old patients,the immunostaining both positive rate for ER and PR was 24%,both negative rate for ER and PR was 41%,the immunoreactive of ER was not coincident with PR,P0.05.The older of the patients,the less of the immunostaining positive rates for ER,P0.05.The immunostaining positive rates for ER in male and female EC patients were not significantly different in every age group,P0.05.CONCLUSIONS:The alteration of sex hormones and the expressions of sex hormone receptors may be one of the important mechanisms for esophageal carcinogenesis,and may be associated with age distribution for esophageal cancer.ER may be a target of endocrine therapy for esophageal cancer.


In this paper we demonstrate that parallelism and fill can be traded off in orders for Gaussian elimination. While the well-known nested dissection algorithm produces very parallel elimination orders, we show that by reducing the parallelism it is possible to reduce the fill that the orders generate. In particular, we present a new "less parallel nested dissection" algorithm (LPND). We prove that, unlike standard nested dissection, when applied to a chordal graph LPND finds a zero-fill elimination order. Our implementation of LPND generates less fill than state-of-the-art implementations of the nested dissection (METIS), minimum-degree @MD), and hybrid (BEND) algorithms on a large body of test matrices, at the cost of a small reduction in the paralellism in the orders that it produces. We have also implemented a nested dissection algorithm that is different from METIS and that uses the same separator algorithm used by our implementation of LPND. This algorithm, like LPND, generates less fill than METIS, and on large graphs generates significantly less fill than AMD. The latter comparison is notable, because although it is known that, for certain classes of graphs, minimum-degree produces asymptotically more fill than nested dissection, minimumdegree is believed to produce low-fill orderings in practice. Our experiments contradict this belief. 'Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, (firstname.lastname@example.com). Claudson was supported in part by NSF Grant CCR-9505472. *School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai Technologies, Inc. Bruce Maggs is supported in part by the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) and DARPA under Contracts F19628-93-CO193 and F19628-96-G0061,by DARPA Contract NOOO14-95-1-1246, and by an NSF National Young Investigator Award, No. CCR-94-57766, with matching funds providedby NEC Research Institute and Sun Microsystems. 3Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, (firstname.lastname@example.com). Gary Miller issupportedin part by NSF Grants CCR-9505472 and CCR-9706572. Permission to make digital or hard copies ofall or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists. requires prior spccitic permission and/or a fee. SPAA '99 Saint Malo, France Copyright ACM 1999 l-581 13-124-O/99/06.,.$5.00


Development status of high-temperature titanium alloys of aero-engine in China was reviewed.Aimed at demands of low density and heat resistant structure materials for high thrust-to-weight ratio aero-engine,recent developments and applications of TiAl alloys and SiC fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites were introduced.Currently the domestic main alloy of aero-engine application is α+β type of titanium alloy,the working temperature are less than 500℃,for using at higher temperatures near α titanium alloy (such as 600℃ high temperature titanium alloy) is still in developing stage.TiAl Alloy abroad for nearly 20 years,in the field of aero-engine has been public reports of a dozen TiAl components installed to complete the ground tests,test results are very satisfactory.Respecting SiCf / Ti composite materials in aero-engine typical applications on the blades,ring and shaft parts,US and UK have developed a number of parts,and made the engine assessment test.TiAl and SiCf / Ti composite materials are the two kinds of key structural materials for a new generation of aircraft engines with high thrust-weight ratio.


Objectives: To date, different wireless blood pressure monitoring systems have been widely applied to rats and mice for medical research. But, they are non-flow through systems and it is impossible to perfuse drug and collect blood sample directly though the device. Furthermore, they exhibit insufficient flat frequency and signal damping. Thus, the goal of this study is to develop a flow-through Bluetooth (BT) implant for monitoring of left ventricular pressure (LVP) in small animals. Methods: The implantable flow-through BT-LVP device consists of a BT pressure sensor chip, a bubble-free fluid chamber, an implantable catheter, and a minipump for drug perfusion and blood sampling. A minimal dose of heparin (1.3Unit/hr.) was perfused via the minipump. The device implantation was performed under 1.5% Isofluthane and 1.5 litter of oxygen per min. The catheter tip was inserted into the left ventricle of an adult normotensive Wistar rat via the carotid artery and fixed. The device body was implanted subcutaneously at the chest side of the rat. The LVP was then monitored in the freely moving rat during the implantation period. Results: The figure shows real-time monitoring of LVP at a sampling rate of 475 Hz by BT-LVP device on day-1 and day-7 after implantation in a freely moving rat. The implantation period of the BT-LVP device can last for one month by 20 second sampling per hour. Conclusion: This initial prototype of a flow-through BT-LVP monitory system will be further validated in mouse and rat models of heart failure and hypertension. It should become a useful tool for studying the pathophysiology and drug therapy in heart failure and hypertension in animal. Potentially it could be later adapted for heart failure patient as well. The work was supported by a Suisse Fonds pour la recherche thérapeutique


Gathering information from EHRs connected to different information systems is a challenge and involves the adoption of interoperability solutions. To overcome this interoperability failure among prenatal EHRs our strategy is to develop an ontology in the obstetric and neonatal domain (OntONeo ). Such ontology will be able to join different standards and terminologies adopted by information systems that deal with prenatal EHRs. OntONeo has the potential to contribute to interoperability of information among EHR from different specialties. In addition, the definitions of OntONeo will facilitate the understanding of how information can be organized in EHRs for purposes of healthcare.


Analysis of in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 bereaved parents and 11 service providers revealed a more holistic conceptualization of the bereavement process for parents who have lost a child. Holistic "states" included: "helplessness prior to the death," "fog," "turmoil," "transition," "new beginnings," and "stability." Findings showed that loss and restorative processes are characteristic of more than one state, the bereavement narrative starts prior to the death, there is often a downturn after the bereaved parent seemingly is doing better, and the process never ends but may include a continuing bond with the deceased and reoccurring moments of extreme grief. Recommendations for direct practice, program development, and future research are presented.


This paper describes the error-correcting capability of a convolutional code when transmitting close to capacity. We show that it is the combination of average burst length and first event error probability that allows us to better describe the error-correcting capability of a code.


The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease appears to involve a dysregulated and destructive immune response to intestinal contents. The primary etiology remains unknown, but both genetic and environmental factors are likely to play a role. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis both occur in increased frequency in some families and numerous susceptibility genes are involved. However, it appears that the application of highly hygienic practices have been associated with the progressive increase of IBD prevalence and other immune mediated disease in many Western industrialized countries [1]. As parasites are being eradicated by rigorous hygienic practices and specific treatment, immune diseases are increasing dramatically around the world. These diseases include multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergic and asthmatic disorders and even type I diabetes mellitus [2]. Parasites coexist with their hosts through modification of their host's immune system. It has been hypothesized that the emergence of inflammatory bowel disease and other immune disorders occurs because of the loss of exposure to helminths and their resulting modulation of the immune system. This is being called the helminth hygiene hypothesis. Weinstock, Elliott and numerous other investigators have elucidated many of the helminth-induced immune regulatory pathways that suppress destructive and inappropriate intestinal inflammation[3].


Abstract This paper follows the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach to investigate inventory policies for deteriorating items taking account of time value of money in the presence of trade credit. In this study, we demonstrate that the present value of the total relevant cost PV∞ (T) is unimodal and differentiable. With the unimodality and differentiability of PV∞ (T), a theorem can be obtained to decide on the optimum time interval T *. Finally, numerical examples are used to illustrate all theoretical results of this paper.


DBOMs, design-build-operate-maintain contracts, are starting to be used by transit operators in response to growing cost over-runs on signed agreements because of design changes during the course of a contract. They help reduce costs by involving the contractor at every stage of the contract and construction, which helps achieve optimal scheduling and optimal pricing of construction options. DBOMs also fit with the worldwide trend toward privatization and cost-sharing. By including the operations and maintenance functions in the same contract, the contractor is more likely to pay attention to lifecycle costs and long-term concerns. But they need to be properly drawn to avoid excessive litigation and disputes. The article includes guidelines for structuring such agreements and some of the pitfalls to avoid.


Convolving the output of Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) computations with symmetric Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) filters can improve both smoothness and accuracy. To extend convolution to the boundaries, several one-sided spline filters have recently been developed. We interpret these filters as instances of a general class of position-dependent spline filters that we abbreviate as PSIAC filters. These filters may have a non-uniform knot sequence and may leave out some B-splines of the sequence.
For general position-dependent filters, we prove that rational knot sequences result in rational filter coefficients. We derive symbolic expressions for prototype knot sequences, typically integer sequences that may include repeated entries and corresponding B-splines, some of which may be skipped. Filters for shifted or scaled knot sequences are easily derived from these prototype filters so that a single filter can be re-used in different locations and at different scales. Moreover, the convolution itself reduces to executing a single dot product making it more stable and efficient than the existing approaches based on numerical integration. The construction is demonstrated for several established and one new boundary filter.


The production of acoustic waves by the absorption of radiation, known as the photoacoustic effect, is described by two coupled differential equations for pressure and temperature. Here, solutions to the coupled equations are given for sinusoidal deposition of heat in space as is typically generated using two picosecond laser beams to form a transient grating. The solutions to the coupled equations, along with the equation of state of the fluid, gives the pressure, temperature, and density of the fluid following rapid deposition of heat. The time dependence of the grating diffraction efficiency is readily calculated from the modulation of the density and temperature. For small values of the viscosity and heat conduction parameters, closed form expressions for the state variables are given which describe thermal and acoustic modes of wave motion in the fluid. The method is applied for computation of the state variables using a frequency‐dependent viscosity. Experiments with ethylene glycol are reported where the viscosity and sound speed are measured as functions of temperature.


High-speed packet switches become increasingly important to embedded systems because they provide multiple parallel data paths necessary in emerging systems such as embedded multiprocessors, multiprotocol communication processors, and so on. The most promising architecture for embedded switches is the one that uses multiple input queues, due to its low-cost integration in conventional embedded systems, which include memory management subsystems. Such switches require high-speed schedulers, in order to resolve conflicts among packet destinations and to achieve low latency, high bandwidth communication, while providing fairness guarantees. In general, these schedulers are categorized as centralized or distributed, depending on their operation.
 In this paper, we evaluate hardware and software implementations of two schedulers: 2-dimensional round-robin and FIRM, which are centralized and distributed, respectively. The evaluation is performed for embedded system implementation, on a system that includes an FPGA and an embedded processor on-chip. The performance results show that, in contrast to expectations, centralized schedulers provide better performance than distributed ones in hardware implementations. In software implementations for embedded processors, surprisingly, distributed schedulers achieve better performance, due to better management of the processor's limited resources and simpler code; our experiments have shown that compilers for embedded systems are quite limited and require significant improvement. Finally, we evaluate the scalability of the schedulers, in terms of throughput, circuit complexity, and power consumption, based on implementation technology, considering the dramatic improvements expected in the availability of high-speed programmable logic and embedded processors on the same chip.


Cell populations of dog bone marrow enriched by erythroid cells were obtained by fractionation in a sucrose density gradient. Functional properties of the haemoglobin isolated from nucleate erythrocyte precursors were studied during the radiation injury development. The haemoglobin of later nucleate forms of the erythroid series of irradiated dog bone marrow exhibited an increase in its affinity to oxygen.


As a part of International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effect on Forests (ICP Forests), defoliation of forest stands has been assessed in the Czech Republic since 1986. Defoliation is one of the principal parameters reflecting the health of forest stands that is assessed on monitoring plots within this programme. Monitoring plots are distributed evenly according to woodiness of the area in a regular schematic network all over the Czech Republic. Even though there has been a long-term reduction of air pollution in most European countries, forest ecosystems reflect these changes with some delay. In the Czech Republic the trend of total defoliation of coniferous and deciduous forest stands has been increasing very moderately in the last 10 years. This trend appears to be partially analogous with some neighbouring countries. Compared to the whole of Europe the trend of defoliation of broadleaves is very similar, but differences have occurred in conifers in the last 10 years. There are significant differences in defoliation levels among the particular countries; in this comparison the Czech Republic is classified as one of the worst. Differences in these levels are very evident especially among the neighbouring countries. To partly eliminate these differences, regular international calibration courses are organized.


In this paper we deal with the problem of lowering down the difficulty of face detection in video. Most of the recently developed systems swap detection accuracy for higher speeds, or vice versa. We have proposed a robust approach which makes use of spatial and temporal information in video to reduce time execution and improve precision rate. Our experiments show that our proposed approach proves efficiency without sacrificing real-time performance which makes it well-suited for live video applications.


System science is an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the nature of complex systems in nature, society and science. The aim of this study is to present a case study on the experimental performance of solar pump dryer. The drying curves are formed by the measurement of the material moisture content as a function of time under constant drying air condition.


The fourth grade of SD Negeri II Watuagung in the academic year of
2011/2012 had problems in mastering vocabulary. It could be seen from several
indicators: first, their vocabulary score was low. Second, the students did not have
motivation during teaching-learning process.
To overcome the problems, the researcher designed an action research
using flashcards to improve students' vocabulary mastery. The purpose of the
researcher was to investigate whether or not optimizing the use of flashcards can
improve the students' vocabulary mastery and students' motivation in learning
English. The research was conducted to the four grades students of SDN II
Watuagung, from June to September 2011. There were two cycles of action. In
each cycle, the procedure of the research consists of planning, acting, observing,
and reflecting. In collecting the data, the writer used qualitative and quantitative
data. The techniques of qualitative data are interview, observation, document
analysis, and test. The qualitative data are analyzed using the following
procedures; assembling the data, coding the data, comparing the data, building
interpretation, and reporting the outcomes. For the quantitative data, the data are
analyzed by finding and comparing the mean scores in pre-test and post-test
(descriptive statistics).
The result of the research shows that flashcards can improve the students'
vocabulary mastery. Based on interview, observation, document analysis, and test
result, the students made improvement in vocabulary mastery. The students can
learn vocabulary easier than before. They can memorize and understand the
English words easily. When flashcards are used, in the first and the second cycle,
students are enthusiastic in joining learning activity. Students are also active as
group members when they do the group task. It is proven by the observational
data that the activities outside the learning activity are minimized. The tests score
results show an improvement of the students' achievement. The students' mean
score in the pre-test is 45.70. The students' mean score in the post-test 1 is 70.52
and the mean score in post-test 2 is 80.13. It can be concluded that teaching
English vocabulary by using flashcards as media does improve the students'
vocabulary mastery.
From the test result, it showed that there is a significant improvement of
students' vocabulary mastery after the writer conducted the research. It proved
that using flashcards can improve students' vocabulary mastery. The result of the
research implies that English teachers need apply to implement flashcards in
teaching vocabulary.


The Knowledge Flow Paper at hand gives an overview of the economic reasons for the loss of biodiversity and eco¬system services, i.e. the public goods character and externalities. It points out that natural ecosystems have a higher economic value than currently reflected by market prices. The paper then focuses on policy instruments particularly Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) that take into account those values which are not refelected by markets. For the design of policy instruments subjective preferences of the stakeholders concerning the use of ecosystem services are an important information. In economics these preferences are typically narrowed down to a monetary value. Therefore the paper deals with the opportunities and challenges of methods for economic valuation of ecosystem services. It concludes that these methods have restrictions and that it will be impossible to come up with a precise global monetary value, because subjective preferences differ in time and from on place to another. On a smaller scale however monetary values can be generated more precise. Economic valuation is thus seen as an additional criteria in decision making besides ecological assessments and ethics.


Hungary's convergence to the developed western economies has been much slower than initially expected. Applying the FOI model, this study investigates whether there were any changes in the convergence process during the first two decades of the 21st century. It is found that the future potential (influencing the long-term competitiveness of the economy) and inside potential (determining the current well-being of the country) of the Hungarian economy did not improve at all compared to the 34 countries that were OECD members in 2010. Hungary's position is in fact very poor; it is ranked 33rd in both areas. The country does somewhat better in the outside potential (characterising its world market position), prompting the conclusion that Hungary follows a growth model that is focused on external resources. This feature is not new, however: the same development model patterns were detected in 2010, too.


Ecological services may be exploited by use of living mulches in intercropping systems for production of vegetable crops. But may high yields be attained in intercropping systems for production of resource demanding crops such as cauliflower? In the frame of the InterVeg (Core Organic II) project, four field experiments were carried out in IT, SLO, DE and DK in order to study the effect of the living mulch introduction in cauliflower based cropping systems on crop yield and yield quality. The preliminary results, obtained after the first year project, showed yield and produces quality equal to those obtained in the sole cropping system if the system is properly managed (i.e. LM is late sown or its growth is controlled by root pruning).


This Letter describes a model-independent search for the production of new resonances in photon + jet ( γ + jet) events using 20 fb − 1 of proton–proton LHC data recorded with the ATLAS detector at a centre-of-mass energy of √ s = 8 TeV. The γ + jet mass distribution is compared to a background model fit from data; no significant deviation from the background-only hypothesis is found. Limits are set at 95% credibility level on generic Gaussian-shaped signals and two benchmark phenomena beyond the Standard Model: non-thermal quantum black holes and excited quarks. Non-thermal quantum black holes are excluded below masses of 4.6 TeV and excited quarks are excluded below masses of 3.5 TeV.


The invention relates to a water-cover skirt cage type rapid heat-storage heat-preserving heating boiler. The boiler is placed in the hearth of a heated brick bed to recover waste heat, stores the heat and preserves the heat for use, the boiler is like a cage, with a cover and a skirt-shaped portion, suspended in the air in the hearth, straw can be fully and efficiently combusted, a water-cover and skirt portion structure of the boiler can cover and absorb thermal current ascending through convection in the combustion process of the straw, flames are fully covered with the cage-shaped structure of the boiler, heat radiated by the flames can be efficiently absorbed, the last heat of charcoal fire can be completely absorbed, hot water is rapidly and continuously stored in a hot water storage tank through a boiler water supply pipe and a boiler water return pipe, the diameter of the boiler water supply pipe and the diameter of the boiler water return pipe are larger than 75 mm, the volume of the hot water storage tank is larger than 185 liters, heat of the hot water is preserved, and the hot water is stored for use. It can be ensured that the boiler can well supply heat to the room interior and the heated brick bed for twenty-four hours after the heated brick bed is heated once every day, the boiler is provided with a rapid water vapor discharge and overflow preventing device, adverse effects on the boiler due to expansion caused by heat and contraction caused by cold can be eliminated, and the boiler has the advantages of being wide in application range, efficient, safe, low in cost, capable of saving time and labor, low in pollution and the like.


In this work we investigate the problem of learning adaptive strategies, called policies, in domains where evaluating different policies is costly. We formalize the problem as direct policy search: searching the space of policy parameters to identify policies that perform well with respect to a given objective. Bayesian Optimization is one method suitable for such settings, when sample/data efficiency is desired. We use this method as a starting point and present approaches that further improve sample efficiency. To take advantage of domain knowledge we propose an approach for constructing a domainspecific kernel. This construction utilizes a simulator of the underlying model dynamics, but does not require the simulator to perfectly capture the dynamics. We demonstrate the success of this approach on the case of learning bipedal locomotion policies and outline conditions necessary for a similar approach to be useful in other domains. In some settings model-based approaches are weakened by the lack of domain knowledge. However, the task structure could be used to improve sample efficiency in a model-free way. We demonstrate how this can be achieved for the case of learning optimal stopping policies. We propose a resampling approach that reuses samples/trajectories for model-free off-policy evaluation. "Off-policy" means we can reuse previously collected samples/trajectories to evaluate new policies. This allows to significantly reduce the number of costly samples collected from the environment during optimization, while providing a way to evaluate a large number of stopping policies. For our experiments we consider two domains where policy evaluation is costly: bipedal locomotion and intelligent tutoring systems. For locomotion we construct a domain specific kernel and use it when optimizing control parameters for a recently developed neuromuscular model in simulation. We demonstrate that our approach substantially reduces the number of costly trials. To evaluate our model-free resampling approach we turn to the domain of education. Here we consider the problem of inferring how many instructional exercises are enough to achieve a learning objective. We show that resampling offers improvements over standard Bayesian Optimization in simulation, and is also effective on real interactions with students/participants.


Learning strategies have an important role in implementing learning for the success. Informal learning strategies are used to facilitate Tahfidzbased learning and character in elementary schools that use a informal education system. The Hanifah Semarang Primary School in the process of implementing those strategies profit informal learning that is different from elementary schools in general. This Elementary School has its own advantages, because students have the ability to memorize the Qur'an and the formation of character that do not exist in elementary schools in general. The purpose of this study was to discover informal learning strategies that carried out as well as to have knowledge of the differences with elementary schools in general. The focus of this study discusses Tahfidz-based models, methods and non-formal learning techniques. This study uses qualitative research approach with data collection techniques using the method of observation, interviews and documentation. As for the process of data analysis with stages data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion and verification. The results of this study are informal learning strategies carried out in elementary schools by prioritizing recitation of the Qur'an and character, this is what distinguishes elementary school learning in general, which only prioritizes subjects.


Objective: Peripheral T-cell lymhomas (PTCLs) represent a heterogeous group of diseases, with poor long-term outcomes excluding ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Method: We represent data of our retrospective analysis of 62 consecutive PTCL cases diagnosed since 2002. Median observation time was 16 months. Results: The overall response rate to first line treatment was 53 percent. Data related to median progression- free survival and overall survival times could not be obtained for ALK+ALCL group whereas median progression- free survival and overall survival times for ALK-negative ALCL group were 1 and 18 months, respectively. Disease progression was frequently observed histologically in ALK-negative group. For ALKnegative ALCL, advanced stage disease was defined as the presence of serum albumin <3.4 g/dl, serum total protein ≤6.2 g/dl, high serum LDH, and serum ferritin >200 ng/ml, presence of B symptoms, and extranodal involvement of more than one site. Risk factors associated with death were serum albumin <3.4 g/dl, serum total protein ≤6.2 g/dl, serum ferritin over 200 ng/ml, and bone marrow involvement at the time of diagnosis. During follow-up 39 patients (64%) died. Most common reasons were progressive disease and infections. Four patients developed secondary malignancies. Conclusion: Our study is a reflection of the 'real-life'. Three patients died due to disease progression shortly after diagnosis without providing treatment due to aggressiveness of the disease. Alternatives to CHOP-based chemotherapies should be found for the ALK + non-anaplastic large cell lymphoma group.


An electric blower comprising: a motor unit provided with a stator and a rotor; a fan unit including an impeller attached to an output shaft of said rotor and a casing covering said impeller; and a drive circuit for controlling electric power to said motor unit, characterized in that said circuit unit is disposed in a flow path of air expelled from an outer periphery of said impeller leading to said motor unit.


The liquid-phase synthesis method for preparing phosphor (Y2O3: Eu) fine particles, which was expected in the application for mercury-free fluorescent lamps, was investigated. The monodispersed sols as the precursor of phosphor fine particles were first synthesized by the co-precipitation method under different conditions in the aqueous-phase. The colloidal particles of precursor sols were spherical and almost uniform. The particle sizes of the sols were under 1 μm, and the size distributions were sufficiently narrow. The metal element ratio of the sol particles could be controlled by adjusting the initial concentration of the synthesis solution. The as-prepared precursor sols were converted into well crystalline phosphor particles by heat-treatment over approximately 600°C. The phosphor particles showed emission spectra with a remarkable emission line of Eu3+ activator, and the emission intensity was sensitively influenced by the concentration of Eu3+ in the precursor solution. A morphological feature as the monodisperse of the phosphor particles remained after the heat-treatment.


This is the content of a set of lectures given at the "XIII Jorge André Swieca Summer School on Particles and Fields", Campos do Jordão, Brazil in January 2005. They intend to be a basic introduction to the topic of gauge/gravity duality in confining theories. We start by reviewing some key aspects of the low energy physics of non‐Abelian gauge theories. Then, we present the basics of the AdS/CFT correspondence and its extension both to gauge theories in different spacetime dimensions with sixteen supercharges and to more realistic situations with less supersymmetry. We discuss the different options of interest: placing D–branes at singularities and wrapping D–branes in calibrated cycles of special holonomy manifolds. We finally present an outline of a number of non‐perturbative phenomena in non‐Abelian gauge theories as seen from supergravity.


This paper provides systematic design procedures for output regulation of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems using an integral fuzzy controller. Instead of a conventional PDC controller, the integral fuzzy controller is adopted to minimize the steady-state error on the output of the given system. Sufficient conditions for the output regulation problem are derived in the sense of Lyapunov, and these are formulated in the format of linear matrix inequalities. Furthermore, the decay rate of the Lyapunov function is also considered in this paper so that one can adjust the output regulation response of the given system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed design procedures is demonstrated through numerical simulations on the output regulation of the Lorenz's chaotic system.


NASA has recently completed an in-depth review of the Space Station Program plan and is considering several changes to the baseline configuration and to the launch and assembly sequence. These configurational changes will facilitate development as well as system operation, although a few more launches are required. However, the new sequence will allow more useful payload activities earlier than previously planned, and will still result in a permanently manned capability by 1994.


The present invention relates to a cutting device for cutting bar-shaped or strand-shaped products of the tobacco processing industry, comprising - a rotationally drivable cutting knife (4), and - a sharpness of the cutting edge (6) of the cutting blade (4) detecting sensor means (2), wherein - the sensor device (2) is a magnetoresistive sensor device.


REVIEW QUESTION
The question of this review is: What is the impact of lifestyle modification on absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in high-risk adult populations with no history of CVD? The review question will seek to address the effectiveness of lifestyle modification in reducing the absolute CVD risk in high-risk adult populations.


1 Effect of pH on vascular smooth muscle contraction was analyzed by use of biochemical and pharmacological techniques. 2 In the aorta isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) decreasing extracellular pH (pHo) caused a rapid acidification of intracellular pH accompanied by a pHo‐dependent increase in tension. The contraction of the SHR aorta was remarkable compared with that of the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY) aorta. 3 Removal of NH4Cl caused a transient decrease in intracellular pH followed by a marked increase in tension. 4 Both contraction and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by acidic pHo were markedly inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+, verapamil and adenosine, whereas these were not affected by tetrodotoxin or Gd3+, a stretch‐activated cation channel blocker. Furthermore, cromakalim (a K+ channel opener) inhibited acidic pHo‐induced contraction (APIC). 5 Acidic pHo induced a depolarization of cultured smooth muscle cells from SHR aorta. 6 Blood pressure elevated with increasing age of WKY and SHR accompanied by an increase in APIC. Feeding WKY with NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases caused a marked elevation of their blood pressure followed by an increase in APIC. 7 These results suggest that APIC is caused by Ca2+ influx mediated through the activation of voltage‐sensitive Ca2+ channels mainly due to acidic pHo‐induced depolarization of the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. It is also suggested that APIC is strengthened by the elevation of blood pressure.


A method of local smoothing of noisy data by making a least squares fit to a suitably chosen polynomial is described. Various n-dimensional formulae are derived and their effects compared empirically.


Most people will recognise a sense of apathy within them, at some point during their lives, and this may present to a greater or lesser extent depending on the individual and the context. When people are asked about what apathy is, what it means, or how it might feel, generally they can provide an insight, suggesting it is something broadly universal to the human experience. We might consider apathy to be a lack of motivation, a feeling of not being bothered, or a desire to do something coupled completely with a desire not to do that same thing. For most people though, apathy can be overcome, and it represents a fleeting problem that does not impact on day-to-day life. For people with dementia, apathy is an important problem because it is recognised anecdotally, clinically and in research to be common (Selbaek et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2016), persistent (van der Linde et al., 2017), and difficult to live with for both the person with dementia and those close to them (Feast et al., 2016). Follow-up studies suggest that apathy is associated with worse health and social outcomes (Breitve et al., 2018). Apathy is already recognised clinically, but typically under another guise as a symptom of something else rather than in its own right. It is strongly associated with disorders of mood and is an important symptom of depression. However, apathy can occur without depression (and vice versa), and in dementia apathy and dementia are poorly correlated (Levy et al., 1998) and have different trajectories with different biomarker patterns over time (Banning et al., 2021), so they are clearly different entities. Apathy is also closely related with anosognosia and lack of insight, with more severe apathy being associated with less awareness into a person's cognitive and functional limitations (Horning et al., 2014). This is observed even in early dementia (Azocar et al., 2021), and is most marked in people with frontotemporal dementia or Alzheimer's disease with frontal lobar involvement (Tondelli et al., 2021). Apathy has become an important topic in dementia research. The number of published papers with keywords apathy and dementia has grown exponentially over the last three decades, with over 2000 papers listed under these two headings in PubMed, growing from just one paper in 1987 to over 150 in 2020. Apathy is considered to be an outcome of neurological changes, and imaging research shows a relationship with various neural processes and an association with pathology in certain brain regions, such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum (Le Heron et al., 2018), which is consistent across different disorders associated with apathy. This has led to a predominantly biological approach to apathy research and exploration potential pharmacological remedies, with limited success to date (Harrison et al., 2016; Ruthirakuhan et al., 2018), although apathy remains an important target for future drug trials (Mortby et al., 2021). Several scales to measure the severity of apathy are available, for example the Apathy Evaluation Scale (Marin et al., 1991), the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS) (Sockeel et al., 2006) and the brief Dimensional Apathy Scale (Radakovic et al., 2020). However, there is more to apathy than simply neurological changes or mood problems. Apathy does not happen in a vacuum, and consequently considering the role of psychological, social, and environmental factors is important to provide a holistic understanding. Perhaps not surprisingly, not much work has been done on the subjective experience of having apathy. What does it feel like? What factors act as barriers and facilitators? What do carers experience and how do they try to deal with caring for someone with dementia and apathy? What can we learn that will help with improving practice and care? Our recent work (Baber et al., 2021; Chang et al., 2021) involved a qualitative study to explore these questions. Semistructured interviews with six people with dementia and six carers (five men and one woman with mild to moderate dementia, and their spouses) were conducted separately to allow for independent accounts. In order to capture the everyday experience of apathy, all participants were recruited through non-clinical contacts, such as community support groups, and were living at home. The participants were recruited as volunteers, not as a clinic sample. They were not selected as having severe apathy, but it was evident from the interviews that at least some degree of apathy was experienced by all of them. Quantitative measures showed a mild to moderate level of apathy across the participants. An interpretative phenomenological approach was taken to analyse the data to explore and develop an account of how the participants made sense of their experience of apathy, and what they thought was happening to themselves or their spouses. Analysis of the interviews with people with dementia identified four themes, and three themes were identified from the interviews with carers (see Table 1). The analyses were completed separately for the two groups of participants in order to retain independent voices and avoid positioning either group of participants as 'correct' or not, and are published elsewhere (Baber et al., 2021; Chang et al., 2021). This editorial positions the findings next to each other for the first time, and demonstrates how the different insights complement each other. Firstly, our findings suggest that there is a strong emotional element to the experience of apathy for both parties. People with dementia spoke of a fear of failure, aware that their present did not quite match up to their past, and attributes such as hobbies that make them who they are no longer felt part of their identity, leading to a loss in confidence. This perhaps stopped our participants with dementia from wanting to undertake activities and outings in a bid to maintain their sense of self as a constant amongst the experience of cognitive and functional changes. This is consistent with previously published literature, which has described, for example, the existential threat to the person's self-esteem (Cheston et al., 2015) and how people with dementia attempt to present a preserved, rather than damaged, image of themselves to the world (Birt et al., 2020). We did not specifically examine the topic of insight,


Many researchers have tried to design and develop serious games with virtual characters to help children with ASD practice language communication skills. However, children with ASD often suffer from language communication disorders, especially often make mistakes in the use of personal pronouns. Games that use virtual characters usually do not take into account these inherent shortcomings of dysfunction in children with ASD, so they are not very effective in improving the language communication skills of children with ASD. In this study, an intervention system based on serious games which were integrated with the real avatars was designed for children with ASD to train their use skills in personal pronouns. By watching videos of themselves undergoing intervention in the game scenes, they can directly see "themselves" participating in the game, avoiding their abnormal brain mirroring functions. We hope that this avatar-based intervention system can help children with ASD overcome the dysfunction of the mirror neuron system and improve their express skills of personal pronouns.


We present in this paper four approaches to parallelizing the Hough transform on a hierarchical structure called hyper-pyramid. We show the flexibility of the structure to distribute the data and the computations according to the structure of the image and the space quantification of Hough space.


The woolly poplar aphid, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), causes the most damage to poplars in southern Europe and the Near East as outbreaks can lead to massive mortality in mature stands. Previous studies, conducted on poplar cuttings or young trees, showed that resistance varied depending on the poplar genotype. However, these results did not indicate how aphid populations were affected by tree resistance and were only partially confirmed by field observations. This study investigated the effect on aphid settlement and performance of poplar genotypes belonging to Populus × canadensis Moench, Populus × interamericana Brockh., Populus nigra L., Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall, and Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. using a single aphid clone. The study was conducted under three experimental conditions: (i) unrooted cuttings, (ii) potted cuttings, and (iii) mature trees. The aphid settlement rate, the larval development rate, and the fecundity were affected by...


ERDHEIM CHESTER disease (ECD) called also non-Langerhans Histiocytosis, is a rare illness, which can present various unusual clinical aspects. It is a Histiocytosis characterized by an infiltration of various tissues and organs, bones, retroperitoneum, pleuro-pulmonary sites, skin, and central nervous system. The most frequent central nervous system manifestations of ECD are diabetes insipidus, cerebellar syndromes, orbital lesions, and extra-axial masses involving the dura and here we report a rare case with spinal cord compression on the context of ERDHEIM CHESTER disease. Our work highlights another different clinical, radiological and pathological manifestation associated with ECD that should be considered.


The travel range of a mobile robot is directly linked to its energy consumption. Apart from the actuators, the computing resources are the main energy consumers. Thus, robots that can navigate with minimal computational resources would be able to travel longer distances and, hence, would be valuable tools in applications such as search and rescue or planetary exploration. Inspired from the navigational abilities of insects, we developed the Trail-Map as a data structure for biologically inspired homing that can easily be scaled in case of memory or computational shortage. The Trail-Map can be built in constant time and enables constant time homing vector calculation. In this paper, we evaluate the Trail-Map-based homing performance of a simulated mobile robot equipped with an omnidirectional camera under the presence of sensor noise, such as odometry errors and observation errors. Further, we will show that Trail-Map-based homing outperforms SLAM methods in terms of computational resources while achieving a comparable homing performance.


Back Cover The growth mechanism was clarified and differences between the plasma- and neutral gas-grown carbon nanotubes were explained by using an enhanced large-scale model and numerical simulation technique. The nanotubes synthesized by plasma process can be longer than those synthesized by neutral gas technique. The low-temperature growth of the nanotube array is also possible when the hydrocarbon ion flux to the nanotubes dominates over fluxes of other species. Further details can be found in the article Gennady Burmaka et al. on page 798.


Data transmission between smart meters and data center is facing network security threats in advanced metering infrastructure of smart grid. The traditional solution is to move the data to the data center to build a centralized attack detection model, or divide the collected data into several independent and identically distributed datasets to build a distributed attack detection model. However, the long‐distance transmission and the centralized storage of data not only increase the communication overhead and time overhead, but also increase the risk of being attacked, causing privacy disclosure during the process of building the model. In this paper, we propose an efficient intrusion detection framework Fed_ADBN based on federated attention deep belief network and client selection. Clients cooperate with the data center to jointly build a horizontal federated learning framework. Under the premise of protecting data security by keeping data on the clients, we design a client selection algorithm based on client computing power, communication quality and security risks, which can improve the operating efficiency of federated learning. We also deploy a deep belief neural network with attention mechanism in each client to accurately detect possible network attacks in AMI network in real time. Experimental results show that compared with state‐of‐the‐art methods, the proposed framework can not only maintain good detection accuracy but also protect privacy.


OBJECTIVE
To report the results of the Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) registry of the NADYA-SENPE working group of the years 2004 and 2005.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We summarized the data of the new on-line HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group for the period 2004-2005.

RESULTS
During the year 2004, 70 HPN-patients (23 males and 47 females) were registered from 14 hospitals. Mean age of adults was 53,7 +/- 14,87 years (m +/- SD) and 6 +/- 2,83 years for those younger than 14 years. The most frequent etiologies of the intestinal failure were neoplasia (24%) and mesenteric ischaemia (19%). Tunnelled catheters were used in 75% of the patients. The catheter-related infections were the most frequent complications, with a rate of 0,98 episodes/10(3) days. In 69% of the cases the nutritional support was maintained for more than 2 years. HPN solutions and disposables were supplied by the hospital pharmacy in 81% and 83%, respectively. Up to 54% of the patients had a normal activity level. The most frequent reasons to end HPN treatment were the transition to oral intake (41%), or exitus (28%). During the year 2005, 79 patients (33 males and 46 females) were registered from 14 hospitals. Mean age of adults was 52,39 +/- 14,21 years and 6,5 +/- 5,21 years for those younger than 14 yrs. The most frequent etiologies of the intestinal failure were neoplasia (22%), and mesenteric ischaemia (15%). Tunnelled catheters were used in 63% of the patients. The catheter-related infections were the most frequent complications, with a rate of 1,14 episodes/10(3) days. In 51% of the cases the nutritional support was maintained for more than 2 years. HPN solutions and disposables were supplied by the hospital pharmacy in 76% and 81%, respectively. Up to 50% of the patients had a normal activity level. The most frequent reasons to end HPN treatment were the transition to oral/enteral feeding (41%) and exitus (31%).

CONCLUSIONS
We have observed a mild decrease in the number of HPN patients registered in the period 2004-2005, probably related to the change of the registry. The characteristics of the patients are similar to previous years. We have observed an increase in the septic catheter-related complications in the year 2005.


"Payment into court" is a procedural device designated to promote settle ment of civil claims. The defendant offers a sum of money by way of full settlement of the claim. If the offer is accepted, that is the end of the case. If it is not accepted, and in the event that the claimant recovers more from the decision of the court, the ordinary English costs rule applies and he gets his judgment plus (party and party) costs. But if the judgment is for an amount less than the sum paid into court, the normal consequence is that the plaintiff must pay both his own and the defendant's costs from the date of payment-in. An illustration of the rule is the case of Findlay v. Railway Executive1. The defendant paid into court the sum of ? 920. In the trial she was awarded ? 867.5.1 d. The judge clearly considered that the operation of the rule worked harshly and in the circumstances he refused to apply it. He therefore gave the plaintiff her full damages and the costs. On appeal his decision on costs was reversed. The Court of Appeal unanimously held that the defendant was entitled to have the costs from the date of payment-in. Lord Denning said:


I briefly summarize on the theoretical motivations for having long-lived particle signatures from models predicting Heavy Neutral Leptons, making special emphasis on the associated (displaced) collider phenomenology at the Large Hadron Collider.


Context: A large number of plants still need to be investigated through screening of amylases suitable for industry. In the present study, and for the first time, we describe the amylolytic activity of Saint Pedro Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) crude latex of Kahli and Bidhi varieties. Objective: Effects of temperature, pH, metal ions, and inhibitors and compatibility with some commercial detergents were investigated for amylase activity. Materials and methods: Amylase activity was screened in crude latex using the DNS method and potato starch as a substrate. Analyses of amylolytic reaction products by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed. Results: Bidhi and Kahli amylases were active in optimal pH of 6.5 and 7 at 45°C, respectively, displaying a half life of 85 and 60 min, respectively, at 80°C, and they were very stable in a wide range of pH (4–12). Bidhi amylase activity increased to 260% by addition of 10−3 mM Fe2+ or 10−2 mM Cu2+, and was strongly inhibited by Mg2+ and EDTA. In the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, Kahli amylase activity was dramatically enhanced by 220 and 260%, respectively. The compatibility of both amylases with certain commercial detergents was also shown to be good as enzymes retained up to 98% of their activities after 30 min of incubation at 80°C. Discussion and conclusion: Analysis of amylolytic reaction products by TLC and HPLC suggested that Kahli amylase was an amyloglucosidase and Bidhi amylase was β-fructose, α(1–4) glucose. Bidhi amylase is a good choice for application in starch, food, detergents and medical industries.


Comprising charged material, specifically disclosed apparatus and methods for field incorporated promotion for biological methods, including target DNA in a biological sample is present. Reaction cell provides a dielectric surface, an electric field is generated by inducing charge separation in the dielectric material by applying a potential to electrodes in contact with the dielectric material.


An inverse design problem is presented to estimate the optimum shapes for the spine and longitudinal fins by using the conjugate gradient method (CGM) based on the desired fin efficiency and fin volume. One of the advantages of using the CGM in the inverse design problem lies in that it can handle problems with a large number of unknown parameters easily and it converges very fast. Results obtained using the CGM to solve the inverse design problems are justified based on the numerical experiments.


The present study examined two opposing needs involved in social behavior: standing out and fitting in. The American culture values individualism, yet at the same time, there exists in the United States the norm that women are more communal than men. Using an experimental paradigm developed from the theoretical perspectives of terror management and optimal distinctiveness, female college students thought about either their self or their gender group under a mortality salience or neutral condition. Participants were then given a gender identification measure, rated their preference for unique and inclusive abstract figures, and asked to choose between a unique and an inclusive pen. Following mortality salience, individuals primed with gender identified more with their gender group, preferred inclusive abstract figures, and were more likely to take the inclusive pen compared to the group with the self prime suggesting that maintaining the balance between standing out and fitting in can be tipped under mortality salience conditions, the direction of which depending on whether the individual is thinking of the group or the self. Effects of Thought Salience 3 Effects of Thought Salience on Feelings of Uniqueness and Inclusiveness Reminders of death can occur on an everyday basis. Watching the news, passing by a cemetery, or being involved--directly or indirectly-in war are all possible situations that would prime death thoughts in an individual. Thoughts of one's own mortality typically conflict with one's instinctual desire to live thus triggering issues about what life is really about, what it takes to be a "good" person, and basic goals for transcending death (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986). Being reminded of one's own death has been shown to affect a person's attitudes and behaviors ranging from subtle forms of aggression to blatant discrimination (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986; Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991). Dealing with mortality is best managed by feeling that one is an important member of something larger than life, and there are multiple pathways to accomplish this, for example, group memberships facilitate the need of fitting in and validating one's theory of reality (Castano, Yzerbyt, Paladino, & Sacchi, 2002). Optimal Distinctiveness Theory (ODT; Brewer, 1991) states that individuals seek a dynamic equilibrium between the competing needs of fitting in and standing out, and that an optimal balance is achieved through group identifications that provide equal opportunity for these needs. The goal of the current project was to examine these two opposing desires vis-à-vis group membership in our society. Specifically, this study addressed the question, will American women seek to stand out, or will they be more likely to try to fit in when dealing with mortality? Effects of Thought Salience 4 Terror Management Theory Terror management theory (TMT) deals with the potential terror, or deathanxiety, caused by the opposing forces of the human's fundamental need for survival and the awareness of the inevitability of death (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986; Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991). Humans are capable of controlling this terror in specific ways: self-esteem buffers the anxiety caused by death awareness (i.e., mortality salience), and self-esteem is managed by subscribing to, and living up to the standards of a cultural worldview (CWV). Culture is a shared conception of reality that gives life meaning, order, and permanence. The CWV promises certain positive things like safety and death transcendence through literal or symbolic immortality as a result of adhering to the CWV (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986). Because death-anxiety is buffered by group identifications and affiliations, mortality salience often motivates assimilation to the in-group (i.e., fitting in) as a terror management strategy (Arndt, Greenberg, Schimel, Pyszczynski, Solomon, 2002). In general, various studies have shown that after mortality has been made salient, individuals increase their identification with and pride in important groups such as country, university, and gender (Castano, Yzerbyt, Paladino, & Sacchi, 2002; Dechesne, Greenberg, Arndt, & Schimmel, 2000; Arndt, Greenberg, Schimel, Pyszczynski, Solomon, 2002). A TMT study conducted in Italy has shown that mortality salience effects ingroup entitativity, ingroup identification, and ingroup bias (Castano, Yzerbyt, Paladino, & Sacchi, 2002). In this study, Italian undergraduates were asked to answer questions about their own death or parallel questions about reading a book before Effects of Thought Salience 5 completing the dependent measures of ingroup entitativity, ingroup identification, and ingroup bias. Ingroup entitativity was measured by having participants rate their agreement on statements such as, "Italians have many characteristics in common," and "Italy has real existence as a group." The identification scale included items such as, "I identify with Italians," and "Being Italian has nothing to do with my identity." The ingroup bias measure had participants rate an ingroup (Italians) and an outgroup (Germans) on 10 traits, such as, competent, organized, passionate, and sociable. Participants in the mortality salience condition rated the ingroup as significantly more entitative, experienced greater identification with the ingroup, and evaluated the ingroup (Italians) more positively than the outgroup (Germans) compared to the nonmortality salience condition. This study is a basic example used to illustrate that strengthening identification with the ingroup (fitting in) is a successful terror management strategy due to the validation of the CWV by the power of group membership. This gives reason to further investigate social identity and its role in the needs of fitting in and standing out. Optimal Distinctiveness Theory Optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT; Brewer, 1991) was designed to help explain the complex concept of social identity. Using social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) as a foundation, this theory proposes that individuals seek to find a balance between the need to fit in and stand out, and the balance can be tipped, causing compensatory actions to regain a balance. When one is part of a larger collective, one will need to seek a balance by standing out in some way in order to reassert uniqueness Effects of Thought Salience 6 outside of the group. If an individual feels exceedingly unique, he or she will seek a balance by fitting in some way to reemphasize his/her position in a larger social group. Pickett, Silver, and Brewer (2002) have noted that making social identity needs salient influences the importance of social groups. In this study, participants assigned to a need for assimilation (i.e., need-to-fit-in) group were asked to describe two situations where they felt deviant from other people around them. Alternatively, a need for differentiation (i.e., need-to-stand-out) group was asked to describe two instances when they felt their identities were indistinguishable from other people around them. Participants in a third (control) group were asked to describe two instances where they felt that there were some people around whose identities were very similar and yet some whose identities were very different. In the need for differentiation group, participants rated broad social categories, such as nationality, ethnicity, and religious affiliation as less important than the control group. In contrast, participants in the need for assimilation group rated these categories as more important than the control group. Current Study The current study combines the paradigms of TMT and ODT research to further investigate the needs of standing out and fitting in. Research from ODT has shown that the importance of certain groups decreases after manipulating the need to stand out in order to reassert uniqueness. Research from TMT has shown that the importance of certain groups increases after mortality is made salient by experimental manipulation because people desire to validate and strengthen their CWV. Effects of Thought Salience 7 Membership to a CWV can range from large groups of people to small groups. For example, Americans are viewed as individualistic, meaning they share a common belief in the importance of the individual and in the merits of personal independence (Kim & Markus, 1999). However, for American women specifically, there exists in the gender norm that women are more communal, which includes characteristics such as caring, nurturant, interpersonally sensitive, and concerned with the welfare of others (Kay & Jost, 2005; Eagly, 1987). Therefore, this study was designed to find out whether females would desire to fit in as stated by the gender CWV, or to stand out as stated in the American CWV after thinking about either their gender group or about the self as a function of mortality salience. It is possible that after making mortality salient, individuals who are first primed with a focus on membership to a group will then desire to stand out, in order to reestablish their individual uniqueness in an effort to live up to the individualistic, uniqueness-standard of the American CWV. However, it is also possible that following mortality salience, individuals who are first primed with a focus on membership to a group will then choose to fit in, in order to reestablish their position in the collective unit. Method Participants One hundred nine female introductory psychology students at the Ohio State University Newark campus participated in exchange for research credit. Demographically, participants ranged in age from 18 to 38 with a mean age of 19.73; 86% identified themselves as Caucasian, 12% as African-American, and 2% as other. Effects of Thought Salience 8 Participants were run in groups of 4 and randomly assigned to conditions in a 2 (group prime vs. self prime) X 2 (mortality sali


Disrupting the neatly-packaged story that White Americans of European-ancestry moved across a virtually empty continent as independent yeoman farmers and hardy explorers taming a wilderness, New Western scholarship of the last decade has added heroic indigenous Indians, selfreliant women, Mexican rebels and farmers, Black cowboys, and a cast of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese workers and adventurers to the picture. New scholarship, in addition, sees the story of the 20th-century West as equally compelling and important as that of the 19th century. The three books reviewed here enhance the New Western saga in significant and different ways. The first two of these books focus on Texas, which, despite the cattle drives of the 1870s and 1880s, images of two-gun Texas Rangers, and its quintessential American boasts of big-ness and Number One-ness, has historically been classified as Southern by the U.S. Census. Defining the West, at least partially, as the homeland of the U.S. population of Mexican ancestry, the books reviewed here lay claim to Western-ness on the basis of Texas's being home to the largest concentration of Mexican Americans until surpassed by California during the 1930s and of its providing leadership in the political revolt of Mexican Americans during the 1960s. With its central role in Mexican American history, these


The role of the cognizing subject in epistemology cannot be understated or overstated in any case is the central figure of the cognitive process. In the current situation the lack of epistemological and historical clarity in the description of transition from the classical construction of subjectivity to non-classical deconstruction is presented.


This chapter presents the applications of the matrix R theory for spectrum decomposition and reconstruction. We apply the method to spectra of seven illuminants and fourteen spectra used in the color rendering index (CRI) under the CIE 1931 or CIE 1964 standard observer. The common characteristics are derived and discussed. Based on these characteristics, we develop two methods for deriving two basis vectors that can be used to reconstruct various illuminants to some degree of accuracy. The first method uses the intuitive approach of averaging to generate basis vectors. The second method uses input tristimulus values to obtain the fundamental metamer via orthogonal projection, and the metameric black is obtained from a set of coefficients to scale the average metameric black. The coefficients are derived from ratios of input tristimulus values to average tristimulus values. These methods are applied to reconstruct 7 illuminants and 14 CRI spectra. The application of the metameric spectral reconstruction to the estimation of the fundamental metamer from an RGB or XYZ color scanner for accessing skin-tone reproducibility is also discussed.


The article discusses the unique impact of folklore on the development of the spiritual outlook of primary school students. The author praises the role of fairy tales in the development and upbringing of primary school children, emphasizing that the values, traditions, relationships and actions of the heroes are a key factor in the formation of students' spiritual worldview. , puts forward analytical ideas based on the problem presented. The article emphasizes the educational effect of cultural actions in harmony with the ideas put forward in fairy tales. shown. The article defines the scope of the topics of fairy tales given in primary school textbooks, provides an analysis of three fairy tales and describes the convenience and advantages of working on the text of a fairy tale.


The topic, engineered soil and the need for lime-natural pozzolan mixture percentage approximation is tried to be realized with the basic objective of initiating the identification of the percentage range for lime-natural pozzolan amender mixture approximation as in lime fixation for soil stabilization. The so far accomplished research sources were taken as bases of conceptual formulation. Amending of soil by using CaCO3 and the abundantly available local natural pozzolan showed a success to develop a wall making input for rural housing development. In due course, arriving at an approximate percentage fixation remained a challenge because of the lengthy time required for laboratory material characterization and the cost incurred. In here, though for a specific soil type, a possible method of range approximation is suggested based on: pre-initial lime consumption, initial lime consumption, optimum lime-natural pozzolan consumption and post-optimum lime-natural pozzolan consumption. The outcome indicated the rough range of 4.5% to 9.5% for lime-natural pozzolan mixture application as shown in the omc and mdd vs. amender percentage line graph; reflecting a possible answer to the stated objective.


China's stock market becomes more international and professional. But there are still some imperfections in the tax system, which affect the healthy and stable development of it. Beginning with the analysis on basic principles, based on the discussion of practical problems, this thesis puts forward some advice to perfect its tax system.


At this time, not all of the versions and definitions of the concept of knowledge have been compiled within the scope of science. It is not the object of knowledge but rather the subject that knows, or in other words, the cognitive ability of the subject The process is as follows: to produce information, and on the basis of that information, to produce knowledge, and on the basis of that knowledge, wisdom. In the context of globalisation of information, the memory was the method of knowing. The organisation, processing and retrieval of information tend to take on a structure and design according to the information‐processing model of the human mind. This discontinuity is made up of the new forms of artificial knowledge and artificial wisdom. The pillars of the new society of knowledge are settling on the basis of productivity and utility, and this has turned knowledge into nothing more than productive information.


Primary pipe rupture is an important design base accident in the high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR). When a primary pipe of the HTGR ruptures, helium coolant gas in the reactor blows out into the reactor confinement structure and the reactor primary system depressurizes. After the pressures of the reactor and the confinement equalizes, air is expected to enter the reactor core from the breach. Consequently, the core graphite structures may be oxidized by the air and the complicated natural convection of multi component gas mixtures with chemical reactions would take place inside the reactor. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the air ingress process, the natural convection of multi component gas mixtures in order to understand the effect and develop mitigation of the air ingress. JAEA has performed analysis and fundamental experiments about air ingress from the rupture of one or more main coolant pipes on the lower body of the RPV. These studies showed the air ingress phenomena in the depressurized reactor and proposed a new passive mechanism of sustained counter air diffusion (SCAD) that has been shown effective in preventing major air ingress through natural circulation in the reactor. In the present plan, JAEA will construct an experimental reactor mockup including reactor core, the SCAD system, pressure vessel, coaxial pipe and so on. The core is made of graphite or ceramics and heated by electric heaters to allow for test operation up to 1200°C. Present status of these activities will be presented. Based on the analytical results and know-how obtained through the bench test, a 1/8 scale air ingress mockup test, which intends to simulate the accident condition of GTHTR300, is being planned with a conceptual design as the next step of the air ingress experiment evaluation in JAEA. In the design of mockup experimental facility, it is important to reproduce flow phenomena in a reasonable scale from the viewpoint of construction cost. We designed the internal structure to reproduce mixing performance of multi-component flow involving ingress phenomena especially in the guillotine breaks of primary coolant pipe. Complex flow pattern with gas oxidized chemical interaction in the graphite porous structure of the HTGR core will be characterized. Preliminary analytical results especially natural circulation flow patterns induced by density and concentration difference obtained with a CFD model agreed well with that measured by bench experiments, which showed natural circulation pattern in a simplified reactor.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Virus typing in the Department of Virology by the plaque reduction neutraliza.tion (PRNT) method for the past decade has employed monkey antisera raised against local So~.ltheast Asian strains of dengue viruses. Although these sera ha.ve been used with great effectiveness, reference sera raised against the prot9type strains of virus could be valuable for periodic validation of the typing techniqueo The high mouse passage prototype strains in this laboratory often. provoke only a weak HI and neutralizing antibody responseo As a seporate cont:t'ol gJ:'oup for the pertussis primed monkeys~ we also investigated the antibody response of monkeys on rechallenge with homologous prototype virus


Background: Thirteen school district teams from Michigan and Indiana participated in the Michiana Coordinated School Health Leadership Institute with the intent of Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) implementation. The study purpose was to analyze the utilization of success stories for documenting CSHP achievements. Methods: Throughout the three-year Institute, teams were introduced to the process of sharing success stories with school and community stakeholders and provided a common format for crafting stories. To conceptualize stories, data were analyzed via content analysis. Results: Success stories primarily focused on four CSHP components: physical education and activity, food and nutrition services, family and community involvement, and staff wellness. "Success" was typically defined through four avenues: receipt of grants and financial support, high participation rates, requests for followup events, and community support. Discussion: Stories are an effective strategy for communicating school health messages and successes. They provide advantages for both authors and audience members. For authors, composing a story may be a less intimidating process that does not require an extensive skill set. For audience members, the structure provides a memorable story line. This study helps substantiate the use of success stories as a practical tool for articulating and disseminating the importance of CSHP.


Recently, world economy has changed into knowledge-based economy focusing on knowledge. The specific feature of knowledge-based economy is that the important input in the knowledge-based economy is human capital, not physical capital such as huge factories or land. It is important to foster and make the best use of human capital in order to keep growing in the knowledge-based economy. So far, studies on human capital in Korea have focused on the internal effects of human capital, which the growth of labor productivity of a worker is internalized only to the worker himself. There is another effects of human capital, however, which the growth of labor productivity affects other workers' productivity. This is called the external effects of human capital. The external effects of human capital are important: external effects of human capital is a source of local economy growth and one of the reasons of existence of cities. This paper is focused on the external effects of human capital in Korea. The purpose of research is constructed in two parts: verifying the existence of external effects of human capital and estimating the magnitude of external effects of human capital. Using Data from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) over 5,434 wage workers and through 8 years from 1998 to 2005, this paper constructs an unbalanced panel data model. Panel data endows fixed effect over each worker, so that a researcher is able to control the omitted variables bias. This paper shows that there exist external effects of human capital and that 1% growth of college graduates induces 0.83% growth of labor productivity. This is the external effects caused by the quality of labor market improvement. Efforts to maximize the magnitude of external effects of human capital are crucial because it is connected directly to the local economy growth in the knowledge-based economy.


Ceramic samples of cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) were successfully synthesized utilizing a high-powered electron flux field with a considerable energy level of 1.4 MeV and a power density of 23 kW/cm2. The ceramics were formed in a remarkable time span of just one second from a specifically prepared mix of yttrium, aluminum, and cerium oxides. The process of radiation-assisted synthesis of ceramics within radiation flux fields fundamentally deviates from the methodologies commonly employed today. Analyzed diffraction patterns closely align with those documented for YAG:Ce crystals, both in peak position and proportion. Furthermore, every sample consistently demonstrated a space group symmetry of Ia-3d. The luminescence and excitation spectra of ceramics synthesized in this study closely resemble those of YAG:Ce ceramics produced by other methods and YAG:Ce -based phosphors. The luminescence bands exhibit high efficiency, and the intensity ratios of the UV bands vary among the studied phosphors. The ceramics' radiation-to-luminescence conversion efficiency was found to be impressive, achieving scores of 0.57 and 0.48 in the industrial phosphors SDL 4000 and YAG-02, respectively. It was also observed that an increase in quantum efficiency of the samples could be achieved via high-temperature annealing. High conversion efficiency underscores the potential of the outlined luminescent ceramics synthesis method.


Network programming is the act of writing computer codes for communications between programs or processes in different computers across networks. It is crucial for applications and services using networks, including e-commerce, gaming, and social media. However, university courses of educating it are very limited. As a result, it has become important to develop and offer IT tools to support self-studies of network programming by novices. In this paper, we present a study of two types of introductory exercise problems, namely, Grammar-concept Understanding Problem (GUP) and Comment Insertion Problem (CIP), for self-studies of five basic network protocols of TCP/IP, ARP, SMTP, POP3, and SSH with Python. A GUP instance requests to answer the keyword such as a library function in the given source code that corresponds to the grammar concept described in the question. A CIP instance requests to insert the comment at each blank of the code. String matching is adopted to mark any answer at the browser-based answer interface. Through solving them, it is expected to understand the meaning of important words and the code structure for network programming. As preliminary evaluations, we generated six GUP and CIP instances respectively, and assigned them to 10 students in Okayama University, Japan. The results confirmed that the proposal is proper for novices to learn network programming with Python.


Indifferentiable Hashing to Barreto-Naehrig Curves.- Semi-bent Functions with Multiple Trace Terms and Hyperelliptic Curves.- Complete Atomic Blocks for Elliptic Curves in Jacobian Coordinates over Prime Fields.- Message-Based Traitor Tracing with Optimal Ciphertext Rate.- Leakage-Resilient Spatial Encryption.- On the Pseudorandom Function Assumption in (Secure) Distance- Bounding Protocols: PRF-ness alone Does Not Stop the Frauds!.- Lattice-Based Hierarchical Inner Product Encryption.- Towards Efficient Arithmetic for Lattice-Based Cryptography on Reconfigurable Hardware.- The Security Impact of a New Cryptographic Library.- Faster Implementation of Scalar Multiplication on Koblitz Curves.- Zero-Knowledge for Multivariate Polynomials.- Improved Exponentiation and Key Agreement in the Infrastructure of a Real Quadratic Field.- UOWHFs from OWFs: Trading Regularity for Efficiency.- Random Mappings with Restricted Preimages.- On the Sosemanuk Related Key-IV Sets.- High Speed Implementation of Authenticated Encryption for the MSP430X Microcontroller.- Infective Computation and Dummy Rounds: Fault Protection for Block Ciphers without Check-before-Output.


We propose an inter-domain path routing algorithm for multi-domain photonic networks that uses inexact traffic information of each domain. Proposed method almost matches the blocking probability of a method that utilizes all existing path information.


The advantage of collaborative research is clearly indicated in problems connected with the sense of hearing. It is only through applying the recent advances made by the physicist to the structural conditions as established by the morphologist that the details in the mechanics of sound transmission from the drum membrane to the end organ may be properly investigated. This paper, as well as others to follow, has been made possible through the courtesy of Colonel George Fabyan of Riverbank, Geneva, Illinois. The physical material is cQntrilmted by Kranz, and the physiologic aspects, both subjective and objective, are by Pohlman. Cp to the present no satisfactory method has been devised for testing acuity of hearing in any form of animal excepting man himself. This fact necessarily places a limit on the possibility of experimental work. The most sensitive type of physical apparatus for the detection of sound is illustrated by the Webster phonometer. The moving member in this instru-


Background/Aim: Outcomes of older persons with secondary brain lesions from carcinoma of the breast may be improved by individualized therapy. This process will likely be easier with survival scores. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was performed in 111 older patients with carcinoma of the breast irradiated for secondary brain lesions. Dose-fractionation, age, general condition, number of brain lesions, other visceral metastases and time period from breast cancer detection until radiation therapy were investigated. Results: Post-radiation survival was significantly related to general condition (p<0.0001) and other visceral metastases (p=0.041). When using these characteristics, sum-scores of 0 (n=46), 1 (n=50) or 2 (n=15) points were gained. Six- and 12-month survival was 7% and 3% for 0 points, 43% and 19% for 1 point, and 73% and 52% for 2 points (p<0.0001). Conclusion: This survival score contributes to treatment individualisation of older patients with secondary brain lesions from carcinoma of the breast.


Introducing glass fibre to polyurethane foams increases the foam stiffness without raising the isocyanate content. This allows glass fibre reinforced polyurethane foams to be used in structural applications. Glass fibre reinforced polyurethane foams can be manufactured on a large scale using a chopper gun spray system. The glass fibre is commonly supplied as a roving (long strands of fibre wound into a spool) and the chopper gun breaks the roving into equal length pieces, which delivers a stream of glass fibre at a constant mass flow rate. Residual natural fibre is cost-effective, abundant and renewable making it an ideal candidate to replace non-renewable glass fibre in reinforcing polyurethane foam. However, residual natural fibre are often supplied as loose tufts and require multiple steps to be made into roving. In this study, a novel concept was developed that can meter natural fibre at a constant mass flow rate. The concept has the potential for developing natural fibre reinforced polyurethane foams on a large scale, with uniform fibre dispersion and high fibre volume fractions. The concept is verified through mathematical simulations and a prototype.


ABSTRACT There is little understanding about ecological interference of weeds in direct-seeded rice. To get estimates of economic thresholds of two weeds in direct seeded rice, two-year field trials were conducted at research area of College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Punjab-Pakistan. Treatments included 0, 22, 44, 66 and 88 plants m-2 densities of each of Echinochloa colona and Digera arvensis laid out in randomized complete block design. Augmented densities of E. colona (0, 22, 44, 66 and 88 weed plants m-2) enhanced its plant dry biomass up to 348 and 353%; and relative competitive index maximally to 80 and 77% in years 2015 and 2016, respectively. While the corresponding increases in plant dry weight and relative competitive index of D. arvensis were 367 and 360% and 79 and 82%. The enhancement in N (up to 258 & 257 %), P (up to 220 & 232%) and K (up to 293 & 301%) uptake in years 2015 and 2016, respectively were made by E. Colona whereas the corresponding increases in N, P and K assimilation by D. arvensis were as far as 265 & 257%, 238 & 233% and 305 & 298%, respectively. The declines in growth and yield of rice were observed in response to growing number of both the weeds. Rice grain yield losses ranged between 9.8 to 80% and 28 to 80% by E. Colona and D. arvensis. The economic thresholds of false amaranth and jungle rice were estimated to be 1.6-1.4 plants m-2 and 2.2-2.6 plants m-2, respectively.


As the language revitalization movement progresses, the impacts of Indigenous language beyond the domain of language use are gaining recognition. Previous literature has identified links between Indigenous language revitalization efforts and Indigenous well-being, but to date, there are few studies that explore this topic thoroughly. The purpose of this study is to explore the impacts of Indigenous second-language learning on urban Indigenous perceptions of their well-being. Urban Indigenous populations are growing, and are particularly impacted by language loss; thus, it is vital that urban perspectives be represented. Indigenous language-learners from the Nêhiyaw (Cree) Language Lessons Program in Edmonton, Alberta participated in semi-structured interviews. Five exploratory themes emerged from thematic analysis. The results presented in this paper, while exploratory, are a meaningful addition to the existing scholarship in this field. They may be used as a departure point for future research on the topic of Indigenous language learning and how it impacts Indigenous well-being.


The author reflects on his relationship with the late artist and poet Rene Ricard as well as Ricard's influence on his own artwork and literature. Details are included on Ricard's childhood in Acushnet, Massachusetts, relationship with artist and filmmaker Andy Warhol, and work as an art critic. The author goes on to describe his first meeting with Ricard as well as the inspiration on his poetry, song lyrics, and art criticism.


In this paper, The measure and control system of axial automatic collimating for friction jointing machine is introduced. A kind of laser ranging is designed. It decreases the error caused by part of lack of old drill pipe. A T S fuzzy control model is established. It has gained favorable control effect for the hydraulic pressure set with nonlinear characteristic.


Abstract In this paper, we first establish the solvability of an (n × n) hyperbolic systems with non-homogeneous mixed Neumann conditions involving operators of second order with an innite number of variables. Also a boundary control problem for these systems is considered. The optimality conditions are obtained and the set of inequalities that characterize these conditions is formulated.