The primary thesis presented here is that language planning in the USA is carried out within a general vision of transethnification, a process by which minority groups are expected to subordinate their language and culture to a larger sense of "being American." Transethnification therefore differs from classic assimilation in that ethnic groups do not have to abandon completely their cultural identities in order to be integrated into the nationstate; what is necessary is that their political allegiance must be transferred completely to the multinational state, even while their local cultural and language practices retain a semblance of authenticity. In fact, such local practices are seen as contributing to the strength of the nation-state, so long as they do not reflect a competing political identity. While language planning as an activity of societies and individuals is perhaps as old as language itself, language planning as a professional field of work and systematic study did not establish itself until the mid1900s (see the discussion in Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997, esp. pp. ix and following). The initial purposes of pioneers in language planning, perhaps most easily exemplified by the work included in early volumes such as Language Problems of Developing Nations (Fishman et al., 1968) and Can Language Be Planned? (Rubin & Jernudd, 1971), centered primarily on solving specific "language problems" that coincided with the development of new nations emerging out of decades, sometimes centuries, of colonialism (cf Tollefson 2002); in spite of the titles of these volumes, it was clear from the outset that the issues involved were not merely linguistic, but had much broader societal implications. Thus, the field quickly was populated and informed by researchers from a wide variety of disciplines besides language and linguistics, including anthropology (Heath, 1972), economics (Coulmas, 1992; Jernudd, 1971), education (Andersson & Boyer, 1970; John-Steiner, 1971), law (Leibowitz, 1969; Turi, 1977), political science (Kelman, 1969 [1971]; Pool, 1972; Weinstein, 1983), psychology (Lambert & Tucker, 1972; Macnamara, 1971), and sociology (Lieberson, 1971). Research and publication has persisted and expanded in all of these areas up to the present. Language planning therefore has become a vast multidisciplinary field that potentially touches on all dimensions of public life, as demonstrated by the following short list of some of the activities and concerns of language planners: 1 Portions of this paper have been read as early as 1986 at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in San Francisco and as recently as the 2nd International Congress of Applied Linguistics in Costa Rica in 2009. I wish to acknowledge helpful comments and conversations with Brendan O'Connor, Janelle Johnson, Leila Varley Gutierrez and the members of the Language Planning seminars at the University of Arizona. This paper is the original manuscript and has not been revised or edited. For the final version, see the French translation. 2  Literacy campaigns  Media of various sorts  Language and economic opportunities (the "linguistic marketplace")  The social and political status of language minority communities  Language maintenance, shift, and revitalization  Orthographic development and spelling reform  Production of Dictionaries, grammars, and style manuals  Medium of instruction policies in schools  Language policy development  Language rights  Court Interpretation  Terminological elaboration  The language of technology  Language standardization  Preparation of teachers  Bilingual and foreign language education  Language and cultural identity  Language and political integration  Language officialization It is evident from this brief list that language planning reaches far and wide into the public life of a society. In short, language planning is, as many writers have noted, social planning. It is therefore important to keep in mind this larger social context as we try to understand the role of languages in it. In this regard, Spolsky's (2004) advice is useful; he warns against a "linguicentrism," an approach to the study of language and language policy that ignores the larger social forces at play: "...language policy exists within a complex set of social, political, economic, religious, demographic, educational and cultural factors that make up the full ecology of human life....language and language policy need to be looked at in the widest context and not treated as a closed universe. Language is a central factor, but linguicentrism...imposes limited vision." (Spolsky, 2004, pp. ix-x). The development of language planning as a discipline corresponds roughly to that of the broader field of sociolinguistics, and specifically the sub-field of the politics of language. Even after a half-century of elaboration, there are still a number of important, even basic questions to be pursued. In this article my purpose is to discuss a few of these with the hope of clarifying how the field of language planning can help us understand some of our most important issues. The focus of this brief article is language planning in the US, but this cannot be easily divorced from developments elsewhere. A number of publications have contained much more complete discussions of these topics than I can possibly include in this small space; among the most recent of these are Gándara & Hopkins (2010) and Menken & García (2010). Both of these books concern how language planning and policy affects schools; the former deals exclusively with developments in the US, especially in a few key states, and the latter examines the issue internationally. The controversies inherent in the intersection of language and society have been exacerbated recently with demographic changes and political developments in the United States. My specific interest is to try to explain why these conflicts have surfaced now; I will concentrate on questions of political identity and integration by looking at English officialization movements in the US.  LANGUAGE PLANNING AND TRANSETHNIFICATION Movements toward the officialization of English in the United States are consistent with the tendency in large multinational states to promote a transethnified public culture that requires political allegiance to the administrative nation-state; further, it expects that allegiance to be demonstrated in at least a few of the major This paper is the original manuscript and has not been revised or edited. For the final version, see the French translation. English Language Planning and Transethnification in the USA 3 dimensions of public life (language behavior being one such dimension). Fishman's early distinction between "nationalism" and "nationism" is still useful, especially as we try to understand the role that language plays in these dynamics. His purpose was to illuminate the complex situations in which ethnic-language groups ("nationalities") find themselves within larger nation-states ("nations") In Fishman's (1968) terms, the self interest of states impel them to act to ensure their preservation by promoting "nationism" over "nationalism" and instrumental over sentimental attachments to the political system (Kelman, 1969). . His analysis makes clear that characterizing all cases of nation-building with one term ("nationalism") is not only simplistic but misleading. The process by which ethnic groups become a nationality is very different from that undergone by various nationalities gaining an identity-attachment to the nation-state, yet we refer to these processes by the same term. One possible avenue for such a move is for the state to hold out to its citizens a quid pro quo—allegiance and commitment to its values and practices in exchange for a piece of the pie, whether that is economic reward in the form of access to education and jobs, social status in the form of official recognition, or some combination of sanctions. Such an arrangement promotes the view that the goods that the state can provide are at least as satisfying as those that can be gained by the sentimental relationships of the local clan. Eventually, after a few generations of cultivating such an instrumental arrangement, the state may begin to attract some of the sentimentality traditionally reserved for the clan, and therefore start a migration into the larger social circle that erodes ethnic group solidarity. This adaptation of Kelman's view of the relation of ethnicities to the state is similar to the idea of "civic nationalism" proposed by Smith (2007) and contested by Edwards (2009). See, also, Conversi's (2007) discussion of instrumentalism and its relation to ethnic attachments. Below I suggest ways in which states proceed to create ethnic allegiance; my discussion is not incompatible substantively with the ideas of Smith and Kelman as I understand them, rather my purpose is to understand the processes involved in their realization. "Nationalism" ultimately emphasizes local, ethnic attachments; it can stand quite apart and opposed to the ethos of the state, it can be in substantial if not complete alignment with it (Edwards' "nation-state"), or, as we shall explore presently, it can be seen somewhere in between. It is important, however, not to minimize the importance that such local ethnic attachments play in identity. So, in the US, one might see oneself as Navajo or African American or Chicano first; when language becomes a factor in these attachments, then it is seen as another mechanism for the development and elaboration of identity. The challenge of nationalism for the state, then, is to devise strategies whereby these groups start to move their allegiance toward it. 2 This tendency most often works to the detriment of "small" languages in relation to more powerful ones. See the opening remarks of the Director of the UNESCO Centre of Catalonia at an international conference on language


Reduction of El-Dekhaila iron oxide waste in the form pellets was done in the temperature range 700 to950 oC. In reduction kinetics study the most satisfactory model was done to take the slope of the initial linear region of fractional reduction vs. time curve as a measure of rate constant (k). In k vs. 1/T plots were straight line from which Activation Energy was calculated.


Polish-German cultural relations can be seen in five perspectives: European, Middle European, bilateral Polish-German, regional, and micro-regional (i.e., coexistence of Polish and German local communities in Poland). One does not have to argue that what happened in 1989 and is still happening in East Central Europe (and in the whole of Europe), deep transformations ? the emergence of a new Germany and the fall of the Soviet Union, first of all ? must have affected Europe dans son ensemble and has important consequences for European cross-cultural communication. Before Europe had become politically and ideologically divided, the role of the cultural factor was not, with few exceptions, strategically and politically planned. It was a matter of a spontaneous diffusion of culture. Its laws determined the international role and position ? stronger or weaker ? of particular nation-states. The cultural divisions of Europe were essentially based on civilizational grounds. This was a natural outcome of the free flow of culture across national boundaries. In post-World War II divided Europe, those features were severely curbed by the Soviet Bloc countries. It came out of the very nature of state socialism, which was centralized and based on control. The situation varied in particular countries. Some of these were relatively open, others were more closed. Since the beginning of new political divisions in Europe, the West has fought for the free flow of culture. Culture became one of the important instruments of political pressure exerted on the former socialist countries. Since 1989, this Europe has started to change dramatically. Ideological and political splits have tended to disappear and civilizational differentiations have come to the fore, as is the case in all other areas of the world. The European contradictions (East-West) are assuming the shape of those characteristic of the conflicts between the rich North and the poor South. Europe revolved. The cycle has been closed. And now a question arises: What is the role of the cultural factor in the new Europe with a new Germany and a new Poland? Is not this Europe, to some extent, an old one, from before the era of ideological disputes? Trying to respond to this question, one


Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic composites have been fabricated by powder injection moulding. The ZTA composites, having alumina with zirconia in range of 0-15 wt %, were mixed with polymeric binder to form feedstocks. The binder composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and stearic acid (SA). The plunger-typed injection moulding machine was employed in this work. The moulded specimens were subjected to PEG removal using water immersion method. The remaining PVB was eliminated during ramping up to the sintering temperatures. Pressureless sintering was done at temperature of 1600, 1650, 1700 and 1750 °C with a holding time of 2 hour. Physical and mechanical properties, i.e. density, hardness and flexural strength were evaluated. Microstructures of sintered components were characterized using scanning electron microscope. The results showed that sintering temperature strongly affected the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. The amount of zirconia also played an important role in the hardness and strength values of the specimens. Microstructures revealed that zirconia inhibited grain growth of alumina, consequently, enhanced properties of ZTA. The densities of ZTA ceramic composites obtained in this work were 97-98% of the theoretical value when sintered at 1650-1700 °C.


The present invention relates to a touch sensor system, and more particularly, to receiving a vibration wave or an acoustic wave generated when the touch, to a touch sensor system using a vibration of the spot that can quickly and accurately determine the position of the spot.


Our society believes that children are best raised by those who gave them life - their biological parents - and that every effort ought to be expended in sustaining and strengthening parental relationships. While continuing to uphold the important and complementary roles of mothers and fathers, our society also acknowledges that it might not always be possible for children to be nurtured by both parents. One parent might die or the relationship between them might collapse. But public policies making it possible for one parent to care for a child do not deny or detract from society's overarching commitment to the ideal of children being raised by both their biological parents. We do not convert an exception into a rule nor do we abandon a principle in responding to diverse contingencies. Nor is the material assistance offered to single-parent families encouragement for their deliberate formation. Compassion should not be confused with conviction.


This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Village Integrity Zone Development Approach (ZiDes) in improving village financial governance in Cialam Jaya Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency. The ZiDes approach is an effort to strengthen transparency, accountability and public participation in financial management. The research method uses surveys, interviews and document analysis to measure the impact of ZiDes implementation on village financial governance. The results of the study show that the ZiDes Approach has succeeded in increasing transparency in presenting village financial information. The village community and village officials are actively involved in the decision-making process related to the village budget


By on-line addition of a central atom (for example, AgI , BIII , PdII , LiI ) positively or negatively charged complexes of analytes can be formed for CIS-MS. This technique is applicable to both polar and nonpolar compounds-for example, for alcohols, ethers, and a large number of olefins, polyolefins, and arenes as well as steroids, vitamins of the D and E families, carotinoids, polystyrols, terpenes, and unsaturated fatty acids-and can be readily coupled with separation techniques.


Private labels in food products is enjoying a phenomenal growth all over the world, especially in countries like India which is one of the favourite spots in the world for all the big retailers like Walmart, Tesco, etc. Retailers also try to introduce new private labels and push them to consumers as these private labels increase their profit margin and it also reduces their dependence on the manufacturers. Due to this reason most of the retailers all over the world from big giants like Walmart (who's shelves contain more than 40% of their own brand) to Indian players like big bazaar, reliance mart, Spencer's, Nilgiri's, kannan departmental store etc to produce their own labels in the market. The main objective of this study is to categorize the customers into innovators, adapters, majority and laggards as categorized in the law of diffusion of innovation and to study the effect of price, quality and the risk perception of the customers in the purchase of private labels in food products. The major findings of this study are the quality of the food product is very important than the other factors like price, the customers are ready to buy private labels in generic food products like rice, wheat etc. customers don't buy any private labels as it is less priced than the national brands. The customer perception is that the Purchase of any private label does not improve the status in any way. Majority of the total respondents mentioned that they will try new private labels in the future. These are major findings of this study on diffusion of innovation in food products in private labels.


In this numerical analysis of models for valuing employee stock options, the focus is on the impact of a model on the resulting option prices and the sensitivity of pricing differences between models with respect to changes in the parameters. For most models, the price reduction relative to standard options is uniquely determined by the expected life of the option. In fact, with the exception of the Financial Accounting Standards Board 123 model, pricing differences are negligible if the models are calibrated to the same expected life of the option. Consequently, the application of models with several hard-to-estimate parameters, such as the utility-maximizing model, can be greatly simplified by calibration, because expected life is easier to estimate than utility parameters. Employee stock options differ from standard options in significant ways, and several researchers have noted the shortcomings of using traditional option formulas to value employee stock options. Although several pricing models for employee stock options have been proposed, no standard model has yet been accepted. As a contribution to the ongoing model discussion, we present a comparative analysis of current models for valuing employee stock options and propose a new model that accounts for suboptimal exercise because of nontradability by a simple adjustment of the exercise price. We analyze the impact of each model on the resulting option prices and investigate the sensitivity of pricing differences between models with respect to changes in the parameters. In particular, we investigate a utility-maximizing model, a recent Hull-White model, the model proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (called "FASB 123"), and our model, which we call the "Enhanced American" model because of its similarity to modeling the price of a standard American option. In addition, we compare all the models with a standard Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the model for valuing American-style options. We show that, with the exception of the FASB 123 model and the standard Black-Scholes and American models, the models produce virtually identical option prices (differences in the range of −0.4 percent to +0.4 percent) if they are calibrated to the same expected life of the option. (The expected life of a set of employee stock options is defined as the length of time that options remain unexercised, on average, given that they vest.) In fact, for most models, after premature exercise of the option is accounted for, the expected life is a sufficient parameter to determine the price of an employee stock option relative to a standard option. In other words, even though the models tested derive their exercise policies in completely different approaches, the pricing effect of the exercise schemes is negligible as long as the expected life of the option is the same. As a consequence, dependence on unobservable and hard-to-estimate parameters, such as risk aversion, expected return, and nonoption wealth in the utility-maximizing model, can be overcome by using expected life, which is much easier to estimate, to calibrate the model. Expected life can replace the utility parameters because any combination of utility parameters implying the same expected life for the option produces the same option price. Furthermore, we show that modeling a time-varying employee exit rate can increase the value of the option if one assumes that the exit rate decreases during the vesting period for an option that is in the money. Hence, valuation models that use constant exit rates tend to underestimate the value of employee stock options.


In this paper we wish to report on the first observation of the beta decay of the very neutron-rich nucleus 117Rh. It was produced via 23 MeV proton-induced fission of U-238 using the ion guide setup of the LISOL separator. A beta half-life to 0.44 +/- 0.04 s was measured for this nucleus from the decay of the beta-coincident K x rays of Pd. The half-lives of neutron-rich Rh isotopes are compared with the newest model calculations. Three gamma rays of 34.6, 131.7, and 481.6 keV were found to be associated with the decay of 117Rh. Its proposed beta-decay scheme and the decay of the recently discovered 19 ms isomer in 117Pd imply spin and parity of 11-/2 for the isomer fed directly in fission.


The results of partial melting experiments of olivine, enstatite, and basalt PG-16A at 1350°C and pressures from 1.0 to 2.5 GPa indicate that the melt wets enstatite with a dihedral angle of 20°–40° in the presence of small amounts of H2O. This angle is significantly less than the critical dihedral angle of 60°, and thus the melt can distribute itself in an interconnected network of prismatic channels along the grain edges, where enstatite is the dominant solid phase. The dihedral angles from olivine-enstatite-melt triple junctions are such that an interconnected network of melt channels is also possible where enstatite and olivine occur in similar proportions. Together with the results of previous partial melting experiments in the olivine-basalt systems, the results of this study suggest that in the Earth's upper mantle the melt will occur largely in networks of interconnected channels along the intergranular edges, where morphologies are controlled by thermodynamic equilibrium. We conclude that the presence of enstatite will have no significant effect on the permeability of partially molten zones in the mantle, if small amounts of H2O are present.


This examination means to assess a definitive quality of composite materials and foresee their damage movement by utilizing acoustic emission (AE) parameters through ne ural system investigation. A progression of fourteen ASTM tension samples made of Al7071/SiC was stacked up to inabilit y to explore their AE amplitude conveyances. A feed forward neural system was set up to correspond the amplitude values with extreme failure quality of the specimen created during 60% of loading with the ultimate f ailure of the samples. AE parameters like counts, energy, and duration are the significant parameter impacting th e forecast of yield strength of composite equipment, but emission obtained from shear waves may give exact expec tation of the failure strength of the composites. Threshold is a client setting voltage to keep away from foundatio n commotion while happening the AE information at which the composite is focused on additional over the conduct o f rise angle (ratio of rise time to amplitude of the waveforms) which assesses the state of the AE sign als and has been used for the characterization of the break mode. This paper goes for arranging the state of the AE si gnals, in particular by distinguishing the tensile and shears split waveforms. The two individual artificial neural netw orks generated with the parameters like felicity ratio and rise angle were trained properly towards the ultimate strength as the an ticipated output. The network was able to predict the worst case error of 3.89 % and 1.16 %. The failure pr ediction accuracy by using shear wave data as input found to be better, however the two trained artificial neural network has also proven its significance towards the prediction exercise.


Omnibus law is a concept that is considered to be able to reduce state problems in the legal obesity aspect so that the government administration process becomes easier and has the ability to attract many foreign investors to improve people's welfare. For this reason, researchers want to find out more about omnibus law from a legal and political perspective. This research uses a descriptive qualitative type with data collection techniques using a normative juridical literature study. The results of the study show that omnibus law meets legal standards regarding the substance, structure and legal culture assessed from the legal aspect. Meanwhile, in the political field, it is known that the omnibus law has substance that is in accordance with the purpose of its formation as well as a long drafting process so that legal politics is carried out to facilitate the process of drafting up to the issuance of the Job Creation Act.


This study aimed to describe and compare the students' fluency, flexibility, and originality in solving non-routine problems in the Palembang context. They were depicted from the student's fluency, flexibility, and originality of solving the horizontal and vertical mathematization forms. This qualitative study employed. The subjects of this study were 30 students of grade nine of junior high schools in Palembang. The instruments used were tests and interviews. The tests were employed to investigate the written horizontal and vertical mathematizations forms. Meanwhile, the interviews were to explore the students' ideas with inadequately detailed answers. Then, the test and interview data were reduced and grouped based on the indicators of creativity. The reduced data were presented in a descriptive form for conclusions. The results of the data analysis showed that the high-ability students were the most fluent and flexible in solving the problems. Still, the provided solutions were less original and tended to use formal mathematics in the forms of formulas, symbols, and operations. Meanwhile, the moderate-ability students tended to start to solve problems by simplifying them, then presenting them in visual images. The answer sheets of the moderate-ability students revealed their fluency in understanding the problems and solutions, flexibility, and originality of thinking. This study obtained different results from the low-ability students who tended to have difficulties understanding the problems and made many errors in solving them. Such a condition showed their inability to write the known data and relate the data to other facts they had already learned. As a result, their answers did not represent fluency, flexibility, and originality.


Abstract:  During aviation accident investigations, vitreous fluid and urine samples from pilot fatalities are analyzed for glucose and blood for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to monitor diabetic pilots and to discover other pilots with undiagnosed/unreported diabetes. The prevalence of elevated glucose concentrations in fatally injured pilots was evaluated by searching the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute's Toxicology Database for the period 1998–2005. Out of 1335 pilots involving 363 vitreous fluid, 365 urine, and 607 vitreous fluid and urine analyses, 43 pilots had elevated glucose in vitreous fluid (>125 mg/dL) and/or in urine (>100 mg/dL). Of the 20 pilots whose blood samples were analyzed, nine had >6% HbA1c—four were known diabetics, and five were unknown diabetics. Urinary glucose levels were elevated in all 13 known hyperglycemic pilots. A considerable number of pilots (30 of 43) had elevated glucose and HbA1c (5 of 20), suggesting undiagnosed/unreported diabetic conditions.


Recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have reignited debates on how to prevent and manage psychological injury among returning troops. These debates point to the psychological cost of war as a grand ...


Raman scattering by electrons and phonons has been studied in single crystals of the 5d transition-metal osmium under pressures up to 60 GPa in the temperature range of 10–300 K. An anomalous increase in the electronic light-scattering cross section was found in the pressure range of 20–30 GPa with the use of green and blue excitation wavelengths. At these conditions, we observe an appearance of well-defined electronic peaks at 580 cm−1 for the wave-vector direction q 0001 and at 350 cm−1 for q 1010 . The comparison of q dependencies measured and calculated from the first-principles spectra suggests a strong volumeand temperature-dependent renormalization of the energies and damping of the electronic states near the Fermi level.


A physics-based equivalent model of the high-speed differential via pair with high accuracy and high bandwidth is proposed for the first time. The proposed physics-based equivalent circuit model of the differential via pair includes the effect of adjacent ground (GND) vias. The proposed model is verified using 3D full-wave numerical simulation results. In addition, the change in electrical performance due to change in anti-pad radius, the via pitch and the GND-via–to-differential-via distance is analyzed. Based on the analysis, electrical performance of differential via pair can be accurately and rapidly optimized with respect to design parameters, such as the via pitch, the anti-pad radius and the GND-via-to-differential-via distance using the proposed model, to provide pre-layout design guide for high-speed channel designers. By using the proposed high-accuracy and high-bandwidth physics-based via model, the via optimization time can be drastically reduced with high accuracy.


Court mediation system plays an important role in China as a way of ending a case,and extensive disputes on its pros and cons are common among scholars.Reflections on the problems and reforms of court mediation system are suggested to be based on the existing reasons of court mediation system,combining with China's relevant laws and regulations.Countermeasures are proposed in this paper.


Purpose: Standardized patients (SPs) are widely used in medical education but their use to assess professionalism is limited. This study investigated the utility of SPs assessing unprofessional behavior during an annual end of third year Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE).


Dissolved gas analysis, together with furfuraldehyde results, can be used for transformer condition monitoring. The practical usefulness of DGA as an aid to decision making when faults are developing or occurring is generally recognised. The increase of furfural content of the oil can be related to transformer ageing and may give valuable information in cases where the replacement of an asset is being considered. Monitoring the condition of the oil in oil-filled electrical equipment, followed where necessary by remedial can extend the life of the equipment.


Harmer. Footnotes included in the translation include more cross-references to Scripture than did those in previous editions but less information about points of textual variation. Readers who wish to pursue the latter are referred to the author's Greek-English edition. There are also changes in format and in Holmes's editorial content. Running heads and subheadings make it easier for readers to navigate their way through the translations, and judiciously constructed bibliographies (restricted to secondary literature in English although occasionally works in other languages are mentioned in the footnotes) have been updated to include at least some work published in 2006. Two clear maps and an index of ancient sources are also included. Holmes's bibliographies, his incisive and authoritative introductory essays, and his fluent, accurate translation make this an extremely useful way into the study of the Apostolic Fathers. Students, who are the most likely readers of this book, may wish to note two other books that appeared too late for Holmes to include them. The series of articles that appeared in the Expository Times, each of which Holmes notes individually, have been collected together in Paul Foster (ed.) The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers (Continuum, 2007) and Clayton Jefford has published The Apostolic Fathers and The New Testament (Hendrickson, 2006). Andrew Gregory, Oxford


1.HIF-1α is stabilized against degradation under hypoxic conditions. Inflammatory cytokines can affect protein accumulation of HIF-1α under normoxia conditions as well. Therefore, the authors should provide the evidences to prove that mechanical force can upregulate hypoxia and hypoxia regulate the expression of SNHG8 in PDLCs. 2.The authors showed that SNHG8 can directly binds to HIF-1α, however, the authors didn't prove that the binding between SNHG8 and HIF-1α can affect the interaction of HIF-1α with HIF-1β or other function of HIF-1α. Although the authors showed that overexpression of SNHG8 or inhibition of HIF-1α suppressed NFκB pathway, these data aren't sufficient to prove that SNHG8 regulate activation of NF-κB via releasing functional HIF-1α. The authors should supplement some data that binding of SNHG8 to HIF-1α can affect the function of HIF-1α. Qeios, CC-BY 4.0 · Review, September 6, 2021


Group portrait of eleven nurses from the St. John Ambulance Nursing Division. Pictured back row left to right: P. Goile; M. Mason; W. Miller; L. (Louisa) Pipe; I. Haynes; Ada Margaret Russ. Left to right front row: G. McEwan; W. Derby; Supt. J. L. Wright; D. Foster; E. Williamson. Absent: M. Bleakley. 'Swainson/Woods Collection, Puke Ariki...


Connect with us. In this month's Leukemia Insights newsletter, written by Naval Daver, M.D., and Musa Yilmaz, M.D., and sponsored in part by the Charif Souki Cancer Research Fund, we cover our clinical trials available for patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Learn more about our Leukemia program. myMDAnderson is a secure, personalized web site helping community physicians expedite patient referrals, as well as improve continuity of care through information access and streamlined communications.


JastAddJ is an extensible Java 7 compiler built using the meta-compilation system JastAdd. One of the main features of JastAddJ is that it supports modular extensions, making it well suited to use as a base compiler when implementing various types of language extensions or new languages built on top of Java. This thesis examines the possibility of extending JastAddJ with a module supporting the latest Java release, Java 8. The features introduced in Java 8 include anonymous methods, or lambdas, and a way to refer to already existing methods. To facilitate the use of these features, other updates to the language include new interface methods, intersection type casts and an update to the Java overload resolution algorithm. An implementation of most of these features is presented and evaluated with respect to completeness, modularity, code size, compilation time and memory usage. An extensive unit testing suite was also constructed and evaluated.


Disclosed is a method, apparatus and computer program for controlling access to a publish/subscribe message broker. Publish/subscribe functions provided by the message broker are divided into function sets. Each function set is associated with a communication path. A request is received at the message broker. This arrives via one of a plurality of communication paths at the message broker and requests access to a publish or subscribe function provided by the message broker. It is determined which communication path is used and it is identified which function set the requested function is a part of. It is then determined whether the identified function set is associated with the communication path used and if the result is positive then access to the requested publish or subscribe function is provided.


Through analysis of the soft soil foundation characteristics and failure mechanism of inductive,understand the characteristics of the soft soil foundation and how to solve the problems in soft soil foundation treatment. At the same time introduced the common methods to soft soil foundation treatment,the applicability of various methods and treatment effect. On the basis of comprehensive analysis,use municipal road engineering in coastal areas of Wenzhou as an example,combined with the geological characteristics,used powder-jetted pile as a suitable method of soft soil foundation treatment.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a wage incentive plan for branch managers of multi‐branch firms. The incentive payment is calculated according to each branch's performance and its relative rank, taking into consideration common variables, regional variables and managerial skill variables.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes Andersen and Petersen's super‐efficiency model, which is based on the model of Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes, the most widely used and best known data envelopment analysis model. The regional variables and the managerial skill variables are considered as inputs (resources). The periodic measured efficiencies are then translated into a special wage incentive plan with promotive and contrient interdependence between the branch managers.Findings – The regional variables and the managerial skill variables have a significant impact on the efficiency of each branch and on the ranking of the branches. These variables may increase or decrease the relative efficiency ...


The characteristics of motorized spindle in turning center were introduced.The research and development of motorized spindle in CKH7250 turning center was discussed in respect of the choosing of bearing and lubrication,motor and the design of cooling equipment.


Characteristics of sheet composite materials based on glass fibers with bindings aluminum sulfate, polyvinyl alcohol fibers and plant fibers are provided.


Abstract Field egg collections coupled with physical habitat measurements were used to develop, apply, and validate a spatially explicit model to predict the spawning sites of walleyes Sander vitreus in an eastern Lake Ontario tributary. We collected 22,246 walleye eggs using passive traps and measured the attendant habitat variables, including substrate composition and heterogeneity, water depth and velocity, and cumulative spring water temperature. The squared term that we used for water depth in our regressions and selected over linear and polynomial fits better represented the relationship between spawning probability and depth. To predict walleye spawning likelihood, we developed 10 candidate models based on the available spawning data; following an information-theoretic approach, we compared the models by means of Akaike's information criterion. The best model had an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.89 and a weight of evidence of 0.32, where the probability of spawning (egg presence) was...


This overview concerns fish virology in North America in 1971-75, with emphasis on the virulent viruses: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, channel catfish virus, and a newly isolated herpesvirus that is lethal for young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Methods of detection and identification, new research findings, and specific problems that require research are reviewed briefly for the well-known viruses. Biophysical characteristics of a newly found herpesvirus and its known effects on young trout and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after experimental infection are described. Recent research of the Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory is described with particular reference to bacterial diseases and Myxosoma cerebralis (whirling disease of trout). The recently established section of Biological Standards of the Laboratory is an international center for the preparation, standardization, and distribution of biological reagents needed for identification and detection of infectious agents of fishes. Available reagents are listed. Similarly, the purpose, distribution, and plans for growth of Fish Health News, the quarterly bulletin, are described.


Financial data is often represented with rows of values, contained in a dataset. This data needs to be transformed into a common format in order for comparison and matching to be made, which can ta ...


Wireless sensor networks have emerged as a significant source for the study and analysis of data from the environment. These networks are deployed in harsh and inaccessible environments with the purpose of monitoring their respective surroundings, and generating observed readings, for delivery to a centralised entity, for further data analysis. Sensor nodes are tiny devices with limited available resources for performing all their sensory operations, and be sustained for their entire lifetime. Applications of wireless sensor networks such as battlefield monitoring, bushfire monitoring and surveillance, are mission-critical in nature. The timeliness and accuracy in the delivery of the sensory data affects several mitigation efforts that may be launched upon successful detection of a particular event in the environment. Therefore, it is essential to protect such networks from malicious attacks, that may be launched by the adversary-class, with the intent of causing loss to the network operations. Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS) attacks are defined as attacks launched from multiple ends of a wireless sensor network towards a set of legitimate sensor nodes, with the intent of exhausting their limited energy resources. These attacks can significantly affect the performance of the network, and eventually lead to complete compromise of all sensor nodes of the network. The consequences of such an attack, if left undetected, can be catastrophic to the operations of the entire network.


Networked information systems have become indispensable infrastructure in various fields of society. Although advances in IT have provided great convenience, IT can cause failures that have significant negative impacts. Under these circumstances, it is important to accumulate, analyze, and use many past failure cases to prevent recurrence of failures and prevent new failures. In order to achieve this goal, the authors are conducting research to apply machine learning to a failure database accumulated in the past. In previous research, we applied bag-of-words (BoW) and topic models as machine learning models. At present, we are applying a multilayer perceptron (MLP) to extract past failure cases similar to a query. In the present paper, we show experimental results for the method applying a MLP and compare the results with these obtained by the conventional bag-of-words and topic models.


This paper examines the case of telecommunications sector regulation in New Zealand, and does so by providing a constructive illustration of the mutually informing use of systems methodologies and alternative systems representational tools as a means of building understanding of the dilemmas faced by regulators. In doing so, the paper not only seeks to provide a means of providing an appropriate decision-making platform for regulatory and industry decision makers, but also complements other work that seeks to harness the use of systems methodologies in addressing problematic situations. The paper highlights the importance of regulators distinguishing between the short-term 'local' outcomes that arise from their actions, and the systems behaviour that may be described as the unpredictable or unanticipated 'emergent' properties of the system that evolve over time.


A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

2016


The protracted decline in output volatility – the Great Moderation – began to reach its limits by the mid-1990s, and volatility even showed a mild rise in some countries. Domestic shocks did not typically rise but we find that they did spread more rapidly across borders. One reason for the faster transmission of domestic shocks was the increased fragmentation of production across multiple global locations that increasingly included the more volatile emerging markets. Although this development was generally benign, it had latent implications for triggering spikes in volatility since domestic stresses could rapidly spillover across borders. The cascading effects of such spillovers were vividly demonstrated by the trade collapse during the Great Recession of 2008–09.


The present study was conducted to determine the earliest gestation stage at which pregnancy could be detected through per-rectal and trans-abdominal ultrasonography in goats. Ten does were tested for pregnancy using ultrasound with 2D per-rectal, curvilinear trans-cutaneous and 3D volumetric probe. Ultrasound was found effective to detect pregnancy on 20th day in does.


Objective To compare the behavioral effects of parecoxib pretreatment on the rats with Neuropathic pain by different administration pathways,including intrathecal and intraperitoneal injection and perineural infiltration.Methods Thirty adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups: SC controlled group( Group SC),L5spinal nerve ligation group( Group SNL),parecoxib intrathecal injection group( Group IT),parecoxib intraperitoneal injection group( Group IP),perineural parecoxib infiltration group( Group PI). Rats in treatment groups were given with parecoxib pretreatment. Fifty percent paw mechanical withdrawal threshold( 50% PMWT) and paw thermal withdrawal latency( PTWL) were measured on the 1stpre-operative and 3rd,7th,10th,14th,21stpost-operative day. Results The post-operative left 50% PMWT in Group SNL and the three treatment groups were significantly lower than those in Group SC( P 0. 05); meanwhile,the post-operative left 50% PMWT in the three treatment groups were significantly higher than those in Group SNL( P 0. 05). The post-operative left 50% PMWT in Group IT were significantly higher than those in Group IP and Group PI( P 0. 05),and there were no difference between left 50% PMWT in Group IP and Group PI( P 0. 05). Compared with Group SC,noticed reduced right 50% PMWT in the other four group were also observed,which was partially inhibited by intrathecal pretreatment of parecoxib. Conclusion All of the parecoxib pretreatment by three different administration pathways can alleviate the mechanical and thermal pain after spinal nerve ligation in rats. Intrathecal administration provides the best efficacy,while the other two administration pathways provides similar results.


In order to improve the teaching quality and teaching effect effectively,the teaching idea,teaching method and teaching means of assembly language programming were explored and summarized in purpose of contributing to other teachers,based on the analysis of teaching situation,combining with the training target,actual situation of students,and the teaching experience.


IN 1965 the Welsh colony of Patagonia celebrated one hundred years of uninterrupted occupation of Patagonian territory. Various authors have paid token tribute to the importance of the colony in Latin American history (Bowen, 1966; Williams, G., n.d.; Williams, R. B., 1962). It was the first permanent settlement to be established south of the Rio Negro, and laid the foundation for subsequent colonization projects in Patagonia. However, of all the attempts to explore what Lucas Bridges labelled, 'The uttermost part of the world', (Bridges, 1948) it is doubt? ful that any have received as little credit as those undertaken by members of this pioneering Welsh colony. Invariably their explorations were either entirely unpublicized, or the credit for the exploits was given to non-Welsh members of the various expeditions. It is hoped that this paper will alter some of these misconceptions while, at the same time, placing the role of Welsh exploration of Patagonia in its true perspective. Motives of the explorations.?It is apparent that many different motivations were involved in the Welsh exploration of their adopted home. During the years when such journeys were undertaken, the emphasis on different motivations varied considerably, being controlled by such factors as the Welsh image of the potential form of the Colony, the degree of external contact, and the political aspirations of the Argentine Government. The fact that some of the journeys were promoted by the community interests and others by individual incentive makes the problem of generalization about motivation extremely difficult. It must be remembered that the Welsh had emigrated to Chubut in the hope of pursuing nationalistic ideals that were denied them in their homeland. This was the central theme of those who organized the proposed mass relocation of Welsh culture. On the other hand, the majority of the Welsh peasants and industrial workers who joined the movement did so to further the economic interests of themselves and their families. Their main interest was in the acquisition of agricultural land. It is fairly obvious that the motivations for exploration were quite different for each of these two groups. Yet, it is also clear that a certain interaction was inevitable. Only through cooperation could the aspirations of all community members be realized. From the outset, the intention of the Welsh Emigration Society in Liverpool was to populate as much as possible of Patagonian territory with Welsh colonists (Hughes, 1862, p. 8, 18-19). They were thinking in terms of the mass migration to North America during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and saw no reason why similar numbers of Welsh immigrants could not be enticed into joining the Pata? gonian colony. To them it seemed perfectly logical that such a mass relocation of population would acquire possession of the populated area and thereby gain independence. Even when it became apparent that the Argentine Government would strongly resist any such intrusion of her territory, the Society rationalized the situa? tion by adopting a compromising attitude which maintained that the immigration of 20,000 settlers would insure the achievement of provincial status which would in turn guarantee political autonomy (Jones, 1885, Pl6)The settlement of the


Given the limited evidence about the benefits of orthodontic treatment, many health care systems have rationed access to orthodontic care, with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) being one tool used to attempt to allocate resources based on need. However, it is not clear whether patient and public valuations of different levels of need (as described by the IOTN) reflect the resource allocation decisions. The aim of this project was therefore to determine the values parents placed on correction of malocclusions at different IOTN levels using the willingness-to-pay (WTP) technique. In total, 401 parents of children attending hospital-based orthodontic clinics in the North of England were recruited to complete a questionnaire eliciting WTP for the correction of seven malocclusions with different IOTN scores. In addition, demographic and orthodontic history characteristics were collected. Results were analyzed with appropriate pairwise significance tests and regression. A significant difference in WTP was noted between all the possible pairs of malocclusions with the exception of overjets with moderate versus great need of treatments. At moderate levels, correction of crowding was valued less than overjet, but this was reversed at great need levels. Very little of the variance in WTP was explained by the variables collected. When looking at factors affecting percentage difference between values for different pairs of malocclusions, in general, no factors predicted the magnitude of difference. Median valuations for correction of malocclusions varied significantly for different levels of need (as judged by IOTN), with increasing levels of need generating higher values. However, there was a limited effect of demographic or orthodontic characteristics on the magnitude of percentage difference in values for correcting malocclusions at different levels of need. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by dental policy makers to determine how much resource should be allocated to orthodontic services for different malocclusions. They can also inform clinicians about the relative demand for treating different malocclusions, which may aid shared decision making.


A method UV nail glue applied UV adhesive dressing and a method for obtaining a nail extension. First, the dry nail applique nail polish applied onto nails made. UV adhesive is then brush applied to the top of the nail applique, and then using a UV lamp to cure. The result is this UV Dressing faster than conventional UV finishing, and more conducive to healthy nails. UV nail extension so obtained is suspended on a nail applique during coating, and the UV adhesive is applied to the top of the decal and to cure.


Resonant Energy Transfer (RET) from an optically excited molecule to a non-excited molecule residing nearby has been used to detect molecular interactions in living cells. Information such as the number of proteins forming a molecular complex has been obtained so far for a handful of proteins, but only after exposing the samples sequentially to at least two different excitation wavelengths. Changes in the molecular makeup of a cellular region occurring during this lengthy process of measurement has limited the applicability of RET to determination of cellular averages. We developed a method for imaging protein complex distribution in living cells with sub-cellular spatial resolution, which relies on a spectrally-resolved two-photon microscope. The use of diffractive optics in a non-descanned configuration allows acquisition of a full set of spectrally-resolved images after only one complete scan of the excitation beam. This presentation will briefly describe our basic experimental setup and a simple theory of RET in oligomeric complexes, and it will review our recent results on determination of the geometry and size of oligomeric complexes of several proteins in yeast as well as in mammalian cells. This method basically transforms RET into a method for performing veritable structural determinations of protein complexes in vivo.


This study is prepared to find out the process of drafting a comprehensive budget on sello shoe small medium enterprises which is able to provide alternatives for proper planning in financial decision making. This research type is descriptive research because research is conducted to explain the object unde study by means of a case study approach. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used were interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that sales increased 14.45% from the preious period. This shows that there is a change but has not met the target. Sello shoe small medium enterprises does not pay much attention to marketing systems in developing business.


Each year, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN)'s A.B. Baker Section on Neurologic Education conducts an Education Colloquium at the AAN annual meeting. The goals of the Colloquium are to heighten awareness, stimulate creative approaches, and foster dialogue among members regarding current trends, challenges, and opportunities in neurologic education. The theme of the 2004 Education Colloquium was the role of the pharmaceutical industry in neurologic education.

Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly involved in neurologic education, partly because of recent dramatic advances in the pharmacotherapy of neurologic diseases, and partly because of economic trends affecting medicine and academic medical centers. The growing role of the pharmaceutical industry in education has both positive and negative consequences.

Neurologists need to be informed about currently available medications and the clinical trials that provide evidence for their effectiveness. A major source of information is the material prepared by the pharmaceutical companies and approved by the Food and Drug Administration for drug labeling. For their part, pharmaceutical companies need to keep abreast of current trends and perceived needs in clinical and academic neurology. Furthermore, researchers in industry and researchers in academic neurology departments both benefit from openly communicating with each other. Thus, there are many ways in which industry involvement in neurologic education is desirable.

At the same time, this interaction is fraught with risks, because the priorities of the pharmaceutical industry differ from those of clinical and academic medicine. Pharmaceutical companies will predictably emphasize information that puts their products in the best possible light, introducing biases that can be difficult for trainees and even teachers to recognize (for example, focusing on distinctions that are not clinically meaningful, downplaying adverse results, and minimizing the role of non-pharmacologic management and the use of generic and off-patent drugs). Financial support and personal relationships can improperly influence how neurologists and …


Sun Yat-sen's idea of nationalism has exercised heavy influence on the Chinese Communist Party's guidelines for the founding of P. R. China, as the Party needed previous social and political theories and cultural heritage as the point of departure for her own theoretical frame. In this sense, nationalism maintained by Sun Yat-sen who sympathized socialism and who had established a series ideas of democratic republic, served as a direct reference. The author holds that this influence, which consisted of ownership of the state and form of the state, cannot be simply interpreted in terms of political strategies.


The Ukrainian crisis has reverberated throughout the troubled region of the Balkans in Southern Europe, exposing deep-seated cracks and fractures that have long characterized this geopolitical area. The crisis has not only highlighted divisions between local states but also between communities and ethno-religious groups. In many cases, these intraregional contradictions are exacerbated by external actors and their demands. This article examines the foreign policy priorities and orientations of Western Balkan capitals within the "five plus one" format states (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and the partially recognized "Republic of Kosovo") in light of the crisis in Ukraine, illustrating the interplay between regional dynamics and international crises.Drawing on a wide range of sources, including official documents and opinion polls on foreign policy, this paper identifies regional discrepancies in the perception and assessment of the ongoing Ukrainian conflict. The study employs a historical-systemic approach and neorealism principles to discern potential directions for political institutions in the external context. The analysis reveals that a fragile "balance of threats" persists in the region, heavily influenced by the goals and interests of external actors such as the EU, NATO, the United States, Russia, and to a lesser extent, China and Turkey.The military and political disengagement observed in 2022 mirrors the alignment of local players witnessed in 2014, but with a significant difference: the West now expects all participants in the "five plus one" format to fully adhere to their joint foreign policy, including implementing restrictive measures against the Russian Federation. This presents a challenging dilemma for Belgrade and Banja Luka, as they cannot overlook the widespread support for Russia's actions among the Serbian population. Any anti-Russian steps taken by local authorities may lead to serious internal political conflicts in both Serbia and Republika Srpska, with far-reaching implications for regional stability.


Atole de Maíz Azul: Building Climate-Change Resilience with Local Knowledge/Food Sovereignty in Northern New Mexico KATHERINE CHYNA ROSE DIXON The impacts of climate change in Northern New Mexico will cause a variation in seasonal precipitation and increased drought conditions. Northern New Mexico is home to numerous indigenous and rural-agricultural communities who rely on these water resources for subsistence and cultural practices. They are among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This paper investigates the impacts of climate change to Northern New Mexico. It examines the role of participatory methods and local knowledge in building community resilience. This paper is informed primarily through secondary research, and also draws upon a series of personalized interviews from Northern New Mexico community members. The paper finds that the incorporation of local knowledge into resilience planning, through participatory methods, will result in enhanced and holistic community resilience. Timothy Downs, D.Env. Chief Instructor


Increasing performance effectiveness within companies today is a critical business issue, however, getting the most from employees and the business as a whole requires a new way of looking at talent. A new perspective on talent mapping is emerging which creates a new line of sight to developing corporate culture, value systems, group thinking and skills levels.


Trade is one of the important aspects of economic policy in the contexts of the third wave of regionalism. It is proven by growing number of trading agreement between regions and what goes after, expansion of positive aspects of economic cooperation. The aim of this article is to describe liberalization of trade and its changes through the ages and also deep analysis of influence of APEC at world economy. In this document the secondary data analysis and review of available literature was used. Analysis let claim that regional integration groups, with APEC in between, have crucial influence at trade and foreign direct investment creation.


In this paper, a model-free reinforcement learning(RL) method of training a nonlinear attitude controller of a quadrotor is proposed. For the problem that the attitude controller is uncontrolled when trained by RL directly, the proposed method utilizes an expert to provide the prior information, i.e. the action's judgement and suggestion, to guide the updating process. For the problem that the policy falls in local optima by the limitation of the expert, the proposed method maximize the entropy of the strategy to increase the exploratory behavior of the nonlinear attitude controller approximator. Furthermore, We employ the Proximal policy optimization algorithm (PPO) as the RL model and PID algorithm as the expert model to approach an exact attitude controller of a quadrotor based on the proposed method. Finally, the simulations experiments has been conducted to verify that our proposed method can train a true nonlinear attitude controller which has a better performance than the expert.


The value of classes held through distance learning portals is not only determined by the quality of the learning resources that are produced, but also by the efficiency of the specific forms of communication, user interactions, and the diversity of students' and teachers' activities. Without carefully planned and properly used forms of communication, difficulties may emerge in the distance learning process. Participants of e-learning courses, particularly teachers, should become acquainted with the tools available in the given learning portal so as to be able to implement them successfully in the exchange of information, integration and motivation of the learners' community. The purpose of this article is to characterize certain selected, most commonly used synchronous and asynchronous communication tools available on e-learning portals and to identify the methods of employing them in a distance learning course. The authors, who have practical experience in distance learning in an academic context, aimed at directing the readers' attention to the frequently underestimated aspect of selecting the communication tools and methods for e-learning courses.


A survey on the plant resources in the East Lake Garden of Huizhou,Guangdong shows that there are 102 plant species of 55 families,including 3 pteridophyta species which are grouped under 3 families,5 gymnosperm species falling within 5 families and 47 angiosperm species of 94 families.Present distribution of the plants was analyzed and some suggestions on plant arrangement and plant introduction in the community were offered for planning of the garden in the future.


Abstract : Experimental investigations have been made of boundary-layer suction through slots as a means of increasing the extent of laminar flow on airfoil sections. The tests were directed, first, toward the determination of suitable types of suction slots and, second, toward the determination of the effectiveness of boundary-layer control as a means of increasing the extent of laminar flow in regions of favorable and unfavorable pressure gradient. The Reynolds number range of the tests extended up to 10.0 x 10(6). The investigations were made in 1939 and 1940.


There is a complex problem regarding security of data in cloud, it becomes more critical when the data in question is highly sensitive. One of the main approaches to overcome this problem is the encryption data at rest, which comes with its own difficulties such as efficient key management, access permissions and similar. In this paper, we propose a new approach to security that is controlled by the IT Security Specialist (ITSS) of the company/organization. The approach is based on multiple strategies of file encryption, partitioning and distribution among multiple storage providers, resulting in increased confidentiality since a supposed attacker will need to first obtain parts of a file from different storage providers, know how to combine them, before any decryption attempt. All details of the strategy used for a particular file are stored on a separate file, which can be considered as a master key for the file contents. Also, we will present each strategy with the results and comments related to the realized measurements.


THE pioneer worker in the study of the ophthalmic artery, particularly its branches and their variations, was Meyer (1887), whose observations on twenty cases have been accepted more or less as classical for the last threequarters of a century. No detailed investigation has since been carried out in this field and the descriptions of the branches of this artery which appear in the various text-books of anatomy and ophthalmology merely reflect his conclusions. Moreover, little information regarding the branches and their anomalies is available in the literature. It was therefore thought desirable to study this problem afresh in detail.


Citation for published item: De Clerck, Olivier and Kao, Shu-Min and Bogaert, Kenny A. and Blomme, Jonas and Fo onker, Fatima and Kwantes, Michiel and Vancaester, Emmelien and Vanderstraeten, Lisa and Aydogdu, Eylem and Boesger, Jens and Califano, Gianmaria and Charrier, Benedicte and Clewes, Rachel and Del Cortona, Andrea and D'Hondt, So e and Fernandez-Pozo, Noe and Gachon, Claire M. and Hanikenne, Marc and Lattermann, Linda and Leliaert, Frederik and Liu, Xiaojie and Maggs, Christine A. and Popper, Zo e A. and Raven, John A. and Van Bel, Michiel and Wilhelmsson, Per K.I. and Bhattacharya, Debashish and Coates, Juliet C. and Rensing, Stefan A. and Van Der Straeten, Dominique and Vardi, Assaf and Sterck, Lieven and Vandepoele, Klaas and Van de Peer, Yves and Wichard, Thomas and Bothwell, John H. (2018) 'Insights into the evolution of multicellularity from the sea lettuce genome.', Current biology., 28 (18). 2921-2933.e5.


The question of how unions affect  innovation has been receiving more attention  in recent years.  In most cases, a negative  influence  is assumed. However,  the various levels of wage setting have yet been neglected.  Is  there also a consistently negative impact and  is  it  true  that  in  fact  the  largest wage  flexibility guarantees  the  largest innovation incentives? In this paper, we try to answer these questions. Using  a  theoretical  framework, we  distinguish  between  centralized,  decentralized and coordinated wage setting. Centralized negotiations take place at  industry  level, whereas decentralized collective bargaining  implies no  tariff wages.  In coordinated wage settings at company level, the wage is set according to the productivity of the company. Due to a hold‐up problem, the union is not able to credibly communicate the reason for not raising wages after a successful innovation. Under this policy, the company has minimal innovation incentives. In contrast, companies with centralized wage setting have the strongest incentives to innovate. Using an empirical approach, we  can  confirm  the  negative  effects  of  coordinated  wage  setting  for  German industries.  Impacts  of  contracts  designed  for  a  specific  industry  are  not  clear  and appear to have a negative influence on innovation as well. This can be attributed to possible exceptions in German wage agreements.


Kermack-McKendrick model and its version with vaccination are presented. First, we introduce a model with vaccination and then a numerical study that includes comparison of different vaccination strategies and searching for optimal vaccination strategy is presented. We proceed to introduce a stochastic model with migration and consequently we suggest its generalization and prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the stochastic differential equation (henceforth SDE) describing this model. Three stochastic versions of Kermack-McKendrick model with vaccination are suggested and compared. A procedure of finding the optimal vaccination strategy is presented. We also prove the theorem on the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the SDE that drives a model with multiple pathogens. Finally, the stochastic differential equation describing the general model is presented. We study properties of a solution to this SDE and present sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution that is absorbed by the natural barrier of the model.


A new generation of state and local middle school reformers is attempting to reconceptualize their mission to avoid past failures. Against the background of earlier thinking and failed reforms, we explore in this article the content of the new reforms, paying particular attention to how they diverge from conventional school practices, school norms, and school politics. We argue that to achieve fundamental change it will not be enough to reform existing technical practices; rather, norms of community and integration will need to replace many of the competitive, individualistic, and bureaucratic norms embedded in current practice, and existing political relations will need to be restructured to ensure that the reform process reflects a fair and democratic distribution of authority. These normative and political considerations fill out the usual technical reform picture-portraying the new middle school reforms as inherently complex, value laden, and politically loaded. We conclude with the implications of our analysis for the implementation of this ambitious and complex set of reforms.


Contamination of Type 321 stainless steel heater tubes with zinc-rich paint can lead to failures by zinc embrittlement. Following a review of the mechanism of zinc embrittlement, the failure mode is discussed in some detail. Results of laboratory tests are presented, which confirm field observations. Finally a proper cleaning procedure is recommended to alleviate the problem.


Solvothermal reactions of CuI with 4-cyanopyridine (4-cypy) or 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bipy) and alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol) in the presence of I2 and a trace amount of water in acetonitrile gave rise to a family of multi-dimensional iodocuprate complexes of 4-cyanopyridinium and N,N′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridinium including {[MC]2[Cu4(μ3-I)4(μ-I)2]}n (MC+ = N-methyl-4-cyanopyridium) (1), {[PC][(Cu2I4)1/4(Cu2I4)1/4]}n (PC+ = N-propyl-4-cyanopyridinium) (2), {[iPC][(Cu2I4)1/4((Cu1/2)4I4)1/4]}n (iPC+ = N-isopropyl-4-cyanopyridium) (3), {[EV]1/4[((Cu1/2)4I4)1/4]}n (EV2+ = N,N′-diethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium) (4) and {[PV]1/2[(Cu2I4)1/4((Cu1/2)4I4)1/4]}n (PV2+ = N,N′-dipropyl-4,4′-bipyridinium) (5). The resulting 4-cyanopyridinium and viologen cations were generated in situ via the cleavage of the C–O bond of alcohols followed by alkylation of 4-cypy or 4,4′-bipy. X-ray analysis revealed that compound 1 consists of a unique three-dimensional anionic [Cu4I6]n2n− framework while compounds 2–5 contain one-dimensional anionic [Cu2I4]n2n− chains that are enclosed into different cationic channels formed by either 4-cyanopyridinium or N,N′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridinium. The dielectric properties of 1–5 were investigated.


A different class of operational-amplifier-based biquadratic filters, the infinite-gain multiple-feedback filters, is transformed into its current version. This class has so far eluded any such transformation because the operational-amplifier is configured without resistive feedback loop. The current-mode multiple-feedback filters contain also a single operational-amplifier as the active element, and therefore an absolute comparison between voltage and current versions is feasible. The authors demonstrate, both theoretically and practically, that the current-mode multiple-feedback filters can extend the useful bandwidth with respect to their classical voltage-mode counterparts up to nearly the GB product of the operational-amplifier. This result is particularly interesting because voltage- and current-mode multiple-feedback filters contain exactly the same active and passive components. >


This work analyzed the labels of medicinal teas from formal trade, according to the specific legislation. Thirty samples of herbal drugs included in the Form of Phytotherapeutics of the Brazilian Pharmacopeia were photographed in commercial establishments in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, and analyzed according to the Resolution of Anvisa RDC 26/2014 and the Form. Information related to the botanical nomenclature, plant part, guidelines for preparation, warnings, claims, and orientations for use was inconsistent with the official standards in most samples, and 77% were marketed as food products, although the studied species are not regulated for the commercialization in the food area. The consumption of herbal products in disagreement with the official recommendations may cause toxic effects or lack of the expected benefits. The irregularities identified suggest the absence or failure in quality control and a lack of concern for the scientific botanical nomenclature, exposing the public health to risks.


Off-line PD measurement is important for GIS. Interference signal generated by frequency-tuned resonant test set has a huge impact on PD measurement. Damped alternating current (DAC) voltage has been widely used in field testing of power cable and has no power interference. Whether the DAC can be used for PD testing of GIS still needs to be studied. The particle on insulator can greatly reduce the dielectric strength compared to clean condition, which is a very destructive defect. In this paper, the PDIV of AC and DAC were measured, the number of discharges per cycle was counted, and the PRPD pattern was obtained. For the defect model we set up, test results show that PDIV is independent of waveform and frequency; PD distribution area and the number of PDs per cycle increase with frequency. This is because SF6 gap needs to recover its dielectric strength after discharge. When the recovery time and discharge interval are on the same order, it's possible to excite PD at a lower voltage, thereby increasing the number of PDs in each cycle. DAC is effective for detecting the defect of particle on insulator in GIS, and the PD activity of DAC is more obvious.


Foreword (Terrence Wiley, Arizona State University) Introduction SECTION 1: POLICY 1. Language Minority Education in the United States: Power and Policy (John E. Petrovic, The University of Alabama) 2. Language Minority Rights and Educational Policy in Canada (Thomas Ricento and Andreea Cervatiuc, University of Calgary) 3. Education Policy and Language Shift in Guatemala (Ivonne Heinze Balcazar, California State University - Dominguez Hills) SECTION 2: PRACTICE 4. Transitions to Biliteracy: Creating Positive Academic Trajectories for Emerging Bilinguals in the United States (Kathy Escamilla and Susan Hopewell, University of Colorado) 5. Bilingualism and Biliteracy in India: Implications for Education (Prema K. S. Rao, Jayashree C. Shanbal, Sarika Khurana, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing) 6. Making Choices for Sustainable Social Plurilingualism: Some Reflections from the Catalan Language Area (F. Xavier Vila i Moreno, Universitat de Barcelona/Institut d'Estudis Catalans) SECTION 3: CONTROVERSY 7. Reorienting Language-as-Resource (Richard Ruiz, University of Arizona) 8. The Role of Language in Theories of Academic Failure for Linguistic Minorities (Jeff MacSwan and Kellie Rolstad, Arizona State University) 9. A Postliberal Critique of Language Rights: Toward a Politics of Language for a Linguistics of Contact (Christopher Stroud, University of the Western Cape).


This study involves the analysis of elastic-plastic-damage dynamics of one-dimensional structures comprising of periodic materials. These structures are composed by multilayer unit cells with different materials. The dynamical characteristics of the composite material present distinct frequency ranges where wave propagation is blocked. The steady-state forced analyses are conducted on a structure constructed from a periodic inelasticity material. The material models have a linear dependence for elasticity problems and non-linear for elastoplasticity-damage problems. This paper discusses the pass and stop-band dispersive behavior of material models on temporal and spatial domains. For this purpose, some structural problems are composed of periodic and damping materials for analysis of vibration suppression have been simulated. This work brings a formulation of Galerkin method for one-dimensional elastic-plastic-damage problems. A time-stepping algorithm for non-linear dynamics is also presented. Numerical treatment of the constitutive models is developed by the use of return-mapping algorithm. For spatial discretization the standard finite element method is used. The procedure proposed in this work can be extended to multidimensional problems, analysis of strain localization, and for others material models.© 2011 ASME


In this paper, a sensor fusion based robot navigation method for the autonomous control of a miniature human interaction robot is presented. The method of navigation blends the optimality of the Fuzzy Neural Network(FNN) based control algorithm with the capabilities in expressing knowledge and learning of the networked Intelligent Robotic Space(IRS). States of robot and IR space, for examples, the distance between the mobile robot and obstacles and the velocity of mobile robot, are used as the inputs of fuzzy logic controller. The navigation strategy is based on the combination of fuzzy rules tuned for both goal-approach and obstacle-avoidance. To identify the environments, a sensor fusion technique is introduced, where the sensory data of ultrasonic sensors and a vision sensor are fused into the identification process. Preliminary experiment and results are shown to demonstrate the merit of the introduced navigation control algorithm.


The present paper analyses the socialist harmonious social system by means of philosophy system theory. The essence of the system shows the wholeness,relativity,structure grades,opening and the unify self-contradiction .In the course of developing a harmonious society,we must achieve harmonious development of economy, politics, culture and the social coordination. Thus social contradictions and benefits clash can be solved by way of forming relative balanced benefits allotment structure, the reasonable social member constitution and setting up the benefits expression mechanism that meet the social harmonious demand.


We develop a new mean field-theory for systems with on-site correlations, like the Hubbard and Anderson models. It consists in a generalization of the saddle-point approximation to the functional integral representation proposed by Kotliar and Ruckenstein to more than one saddle point. It contains also the alloy analog approximation proposed by Hubbard as a particular case. For a half-filled Hubbard model and a model density of states appropriate for three dimensions, we obtain a metal to insulator transition as U increases. The effective Hamiltonian for the insulating phase contains two split bands (rather than only one with an extremely heavy mass) which reproduce correctly the Green's functions of the atomic limit.


This paper describes modeling, data base and geographic information systems (GIS) analysis issues regarding the implementation of the first phase of a long range decision-support system for the India Railways. The system utilizes ArcView as an interface to a set of evaluation tools for investment and marketing decisions, as means of storing and retrieving system inventory and facility management data, as a user interface, and as a link to transportation models. The system has the potential to identify major costs savings in attaining rail line capacity expansion and add to the procedure of altering IR priorities to achieve more cost-effective marketing strategies and investments.


This study aims to describe the activities of fifth-grade students of SDN Telangkah-1 in learning the Indonesian language by using role-playing models assisted by comic media as well as improving Indonesian language learning outcomes of fifth-grade students of SDN-1 Telangkah by using role-playing models supported by humorous media participants fifth-grade students of SDN-1 Telangkah. The method used by the researcher was Classroom Action Research (CAR) with research subjects 31 students consisting of 12 men and 19 female class V SDN-1 Telangkah. Data collection techniques in this study used observation and tests. Data analysis uses qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The results of this study indicate that the activities of fifth-grade students of SDN-1 Telangkah at the time of learning took place by using a role-playing model assisted by comic media on Indonesian language subjects about material Playing the Drama in the first cycle was in an outstanding category. Also, there was an increase in the results of learning the Indonesian Language by applying the role-playing model assisted by comic media to the fifth-grade students of SDN-1 Telangkah. This can be seen from the learning outcomes data of students, in the pre-test, the average score of 61 with classical completeness was 45.16%, while the post-test results in the first cycle the average rating of 78 and integrity in the traditional, i.e. 100%.


CASE 1 A 69-year-old male general maintenance labourer attended eye casualty with a history of blurred vision in his left eye. He had been using an electrically driven wire brush at work when a fragment of wire broke off the brush hitting his eye. On examination, the patient had a visual acuity of 6/9 in his right eye and 6/36 in his left. He had a full thickness corneal perforation at the 6 o'clock position, a traumatic cataract, and damage to the iris sphincter. After 48 hours' observation in hospital he was discharged. Three months later he had an uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implant and achieved a visual acuity of 6/6. Figure 1 shows the track of the foreign body in the lens at presentation.


The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction system that is highly configurable and suitable for a broad range of weather applications. Given the numerous options available, it is important to rigorously test configurations to assess the performance of select configurations for specific applications. The Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) is interested in improvements in the characterization of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and surface layer. The Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination (QNSE) PBL and surface layer schemes developed by Sukoriansky, Galperin and Perov, (Sukoriansky et al. 2005) are new features available since WRF version 3.1 with the goal of addressing these issues. To assess the performance of these new schemes, the Developmental Testbed Center (DTC) performed testing and evaluation with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core (Skamarock et al. 2008) for two physics suite configurations at the request of the sponsor, AFWA. One configuration was based on AFWA's Operational Configuration, which now provides a baseline for testing and evaluating new options available in the WRF system. The second configuration substituted AFWA's current operational PBL and surface layer schemes with the QNSE schemes. Forecast verification statistics were computed for the two configurations and the analysis was based on the objective statistics of the model output.


The invention discloses a water cup holder for a vehicle.The water cup holder comprises a storage box, a front plate, sliding groove rods, sliding rods, a spring pressing plate, rebound self-locking devices, short sliding rods, pulling plate sliding rods, sliding groove end covers, sliding blocks and torsional springs.The storage box is of a cavity structure.Two coaxial hole frames arranged on the inner bottom face of the storage box form rotating pairs with holes in one ends of the pulling plate sliding rods, the bottom end of the storage box is provided with two coaxial holes, four sliding grooves are formed inside the front plate, the four sliding blocks are installed inside the four sliding grooves respectively, the positions, close to the four corners, of the front plate are each provided with a circular hole support, and the two circular hole supports at the front end of the front plate are rotationally connected with two circular holes in the lower end of the spring pressing plate respectively.The two sides of the bottom end of the front plate are each provided with a rotating shaft, and the rotating shafts and the circular holes in the two sides of the bottom end inside the storage box form rotating pairs respectively.The water cup holder is embedded into the back face of the backrest of the front row or the inner side of a vehicle door on the rear row, passengers on the rear row can still place water cups when the rear row is in full load, the water cup holder is convenient to use, and only small space inside the vehicle needs to be occupied by adopting the foldable structure of the connecting rod sliding blocks.


Objective—To study the concentration contents,resources and the pollution status of heavy metal elements from the atmospheric dustfall in Baoji,Shaanxi Province,China to provide reference for the treatment of the atmospheric environment in Baoji.Methods—Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used to measure the concentration of heavy metal elements in the samples from the atmospheric dustfall in Baoji,and Geo-accumulation method and the enrichment factor method were adopted to analyze experimental data.Results—The determination results showed that the average of such seven heavy metals in Baoji atmosphere dustfall as Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd,Cr,Ni,Fe was respectively27.2,8.2,3.9,40.4,1.0,2.2,1.2times as high as the soil element backgrounds in Shaanxi Province,and 22.5,7.6,3.7,39.1,1.1,2.4,1.4times was as high as the number in China mainland.Conclusion—The heavy metal elements from the atmospheric dustfall in Baoji caused pollution of deferent level,and Pb and Cd have caused heavy pollution so the level of heavy metal pollution shall be reduced with feasible prevention and control means.


We investigate the difference between those relativistic models based on interpreting a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction as a perturbation of the square of a relativistic mass operator and those models that use the method of Kamada and Glo''ckle to construct an equivalent interaction to add to the relativistic mass operator. Although both models reproduce the phase shifts and binding energy of the corresponding nonrelativistic model, they are not scattering equivalent. The example of elastic electron-deuteron scattering in the one-photon-exchange approximation is used to study the sensitivity of three-body observables to these choices. Our conclusion is that the differences in the predictions of the two models can be understood in terms of the different ways in which the relativistic and nonrelativistic S matrices are related. We argue that the mass squared method is consistent with conventional procedures used to fit the Lorentz-invariant cross section as a function of the laboratory energy.


Biomass burning is the important source of gaseous pollutants,which has a strong impact on global atmospheric chemistry and climate change.Based on data of crop yield from 1999 to 2008 in China,the major grain crop residues output were calculated according to the ratio of residue/grain.The proportion and the amount of openly burned crop residues were quantitatively analyzed.The total amount of CO and CO2 emission were estimated according to the emission factors.We found that annually production of grain crop residues in China was about 4.9×108 t·a-1.The amount of openly burned residues in the field was about 0.94×108 t·a-1,which accounted 19% of the total production of grain crop residues.The annually emission of gaseous CO and CO2 were 9.19×106 t·a-1 and 1.07×108 t·a-1,respectively.The total carbon emission was 3.32×107 t·a-1,which could be shared by rice residue(9.88×106 t·a-1),wheat residue(9.93×106 t·a-1),corn residue(11.14×106 t·a-1),and legume residue(2.22×106 t·a-1),respectively.


ABSTRACT Bill Maurer, Dean of the School of Social Sciences, Professor of Anthropology and Law, and Director of the Institute for Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion, all at the University of California, Irvine, has recently joined the Journal of Cultural Economy editorial team. Here, we reproduce an interview with him by Lauren Tooker from September 2014.


As climate change progresses rapidly, unprecedented weather and natural changes are occurring. After carbon dioxide was identified as the main culprit of global warming and climate change, at the UN General Assembly in 2015, 195 countries signed the Paris Agreement to set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. However, some countries are either withdrawing from the Paris Agreement or failing to implement it due to their own economic reasons. Reducing the use of fossil fuels increases energy costs. In this context, carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) is emerging as an alternative. In this review, the outline of CCS technology is explained, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, the status of CCS technology, and commercialization cases are investigated and analyzed. In addition, for an in-depth analysis of the CCS technology itself, the following issues were analyzed in depth during the research and analysis process: 1) Efficiency of CCS technology, 2) Comparison of carbon capture and storage capacity between CCS technology and vegetation, 3) Stability of carbon storage through CCS technology. Finally, the policy for carbon capture and storage technology and the development direction of this technology were presented.


Case study in Institution X is purposed to see connection between new employee selection result as psychological test and employee interview in KPI, a competencies and total score after working at least 1 year. This case study related to how important the connection between the two variables, especially related to validity from existing selection test. This research uses quantitative method (statistical calculation) with gathering main data in Institution X, with descriptive and correlation method. Subjects are 160 employees selected on 2008 and have been through performance evaluation on 2009, in different positions and levels. The general result shows that there is no significant connection between test result and employees' performance result in KPI, competencies and total score. Suggestion for this study is by giving test tools renovation for selecting new employees.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of minimal mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) using oral bisacodyl before laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. Preoperative MBP using conventiona...


Purpose – Describes the basic premises of three metatheories that represent important or emerging perspectives on information seeking, retrieval and knowledge formation in information science: constructivism, collectivism, and constructionism.Design/methodology/approach – Presents a literature‐based conceptual analysis. Pinpoints the differences between the positions in their conceptions of language and the nature and origin of knowledge.Findings – Each of the three metatheories addresses and solves specific types of research questions and design problems. The metatheories thus complement one another. Each of the three metatheories encourages and constitutes a distinctive type of research and learning.Originality/value – Outlines each metatheory's specific fields of application.


Investigation of coupling an externally driven dynamic system—a master dynamic system—to a passive one—an adjunct dynamic system—reveals that the response of the adjunct dynamic system affects the precoupled response of the master dynamic system. The responses, in the two dynamic systems when coupled, are estimated by the stored energies (Es) and (E0), respectively. Since the adjunct dynamic system, prior to coupling, was with zero (0) stored energy, E0s=0, the precoupled stored energy (E00) in the master dynamic system is expected to be reduced to (E0) when coupling is instituted; i.e., one expects E0<E00. In this case a beneficial noise control of the master dynamic system would result from the coupling. It is argued that the change in the disposition of the stored energies as just described may not be the only change. The coupling may influence the external input power into the master dynamic system which may interfere with the expected noise control. Indeed, the coupling may influence the external inp...


Objective To study the imaging findings and diagnostic value of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone(PBMFH).Methods The X-ray and CT data and MR imaging findings and clinical data of 9 cases with primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone confirmed by operation and pathology were reviewed retrospectively.Results Most of the PBMFH arose in the metaphysic or the ends of long bone.The distal femur or prosimal humerus are the most frequently involved.All the imaging findings of malignant bone tumors were revealed.The imaging appeared as osteolytic bone destruction change and soft tissue mass.It is rare for periosteal reaction. The lesions involved single bone in 8 cases and multiple bones in 1 case.The distal femur was seen in 3 cases,prosimal humerus in 3 cases,rib in 1 case,mandible in 1 case and multiple bone was showed in 1 case.Conclusion The CT of PBMFH usually did not show characteristic findings.The diagnosis of PBMFH should be take into consideration if the osteolytic bone destruction arise in long bone with large soft tissue mass and no for periosteal reavtion.The confirmed diagnosis of PBMFH must be depended on the operation and pathology.


One of the serious economic problems of modern production is losses caused by work-related injuries and occupational diseases, which amount to 4% of GDP. One of the ways to reduce significant economic losses is to change the paradigm from responding to an accident and occupational diseases to preventing negative factors of production processes. Russia is undergoing a large-scale reform of control and supervisory activities and transition to the risk-based approach is under way. According to the risk-based approach, attention of the regulatory authorities should be focused on potentially dangerous objects related to risks 1, 2. The purpose of this article is to analyze innovations in labor protection within the ʺregulatory guillotineʺ in assessing working conditions and managing occupational risks using the example of economic facilities in Irkutsk region and determining economic costs depending on the working conditions. The methods of statistical research, assessment of professional risks and economic costs were used. It was found that every second employee has performed his labor duties under harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. The most difficult working conditions are typical of extraction, processing and agricultural enterprises, the intensity of labor is maximum during storage and transportation. When predicting professional risks for the main factors of the production process by economic activities, it was found that the maximum risk is observed in the construction, transportation and mining industries. The main reasons for high risks were identified. In Irkutsk region, the actual expenses for compensation and personal protective equipment amounted to 11,235 rubles per one person. Mining enterprises have the highest expenses (95,156.5 thousand rubles); the amount of expenses in the construction industry is 47440.6 thousand rubles; in transportation and storage organizations, it is 359,602.5 thousand rubles. The minimum costs are in companies engaged in agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming. Economic costs are significant and require measures to improve working conditions and ensure the effective modernization of the OSH management system. Currently, transition to the risk-based approach and creation of a system for managing industrial risks are the main tasks of managers at different levels.