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Benefits of Accounts Payable workflow include the elimination of 45+ miles of courier runs.
Eaton County Case Study
The Challenge
Eaton County, Michigan has 25 different operating departments that are mostly geographically dispersed in different County facilities. The process of routing paper documents and records as part of the Accounts Payable process has, for many years, involved the physical movement of files by personnel walking or driving to and from different locations to pass documents for approvals. This process was time consuming and costly.
The County has been a very successful Laserfiche Document Management user for almost 20 years. In 2009, County CIO Dr. Robert Sobie authorized a test of an earlier version of Laserfiche's workflow module for streamlining the Accounts Payable process. But, further use of workflow was postponed until the product matured in ways to add greater flexibility.
In 2012, in the midst of an overall downsizing of County personnel, the County IT Department decided to re-examine the idea of using Laserfiche workflow to maintain—and even improve—business processes. The County Controller's Offi ce always operated with small numbers of employees. During the downsizing, the elimination of even a single position would have created a significant impact on the Office's ability to operate effectively. The potential benefits of time and cost savings were apparent. In May 2012, he decided to re-launch Laserfiche workflow within version 8.3.
Project Objectives
Dr. Sobie set out with modest objectives for the AP workflow implementation, including:
- Put the entire IT department through workflow training.
- Map and incrementally adopt the Accounts Payable process.
- Minimize costs by doing most of the work with inside staff, avoiding the cost of the reseller's team building and implementing workload.
- Limit the resource drain on the inside IT staff working on this project.
The Results
By the end of August 2012, three months after the project began, nearly two dozen departments were up and running on the AP workflow process and the IT team had all remaining departments engaged by the end of 2012.
The system is eliminating nearly 100% of the foot traffic and vehicle trips related to routing the documents and gaining approvals across the County. Previously, one vehicle had to travel 45 miles round trip at least twice per week to a large satellite office of the County Sheriff. This no longer occurs. Also, lost documents and time spent backtracking to look for files and documents have been virtually eliminated.
The time for workflow design and development, as well as implementation and training of users, was primarily done by the IT Department's Administrative Assistant Ashley Bancroft. She has been with the IT Department for nearly three years, has no formal technology training, but is what Dr. Sobie terms an idea scout. "We had expected her to evolve into a technical support role over time when we hired her a little less than three years ago. With this project she latched onto the Laserfiche workflow designer and has been the primary driver in moving this project to where it is today, just four months after the software upgrade was installed." Dr. Sobie added that, "This is a complex workflow with so many departments and variations in the way different items are reviewed and approved depending on the departments. We just expected this to take a lot longer than it has." Dr. Sobie notes that the entire IT staff went through the workflow training and has provided support through the process but Bancroft's initiative allowed the rest of the staff to remain focused on other important projects.
Unexpected Benefits
Dr. Sobie describes this new process as "transformational" because of how it has changed a county-wide business process to be more efficient and effective. "Transformational" also describes how the County's IT Department views other business processes operating in the County. Today, many other processes are viewed through a "workflow lens," allowing new ideas to be suggested about how the processes could work. To Dr. Sobie, this is particularly important because, as he notes, "We were generally perceived as a computer infrastructure and services department. This is not uncommon and is certainly part of the role that IT must play in the County. Implementation of Laserfiche Workflow changed the relationship between users and the IT Department by engaging IT as business process engineers or consultants. We have departments now asking us when paper-based processes in their areas can be automated using the Laserfiche software and we are assessing several intradepartmental processes for automation that can now begin sooner."
In terms of the success of the rollout, Dr. Sobie highlights three key elements to their success:
- Laserfiche's product (specifically the workflow designer tools) are easy to use, intuitive to learn and fun to work with. "They've done a tremendous job moving the product forward."
- General Code's training and knowledge of the product was extremely helpful. "We went through three days of well orchestrated training for me and my team. When needed, General Code has provided supplemental support and design services throughout the project."
- An internal Laserfiche workflow designer. "We had a new person in Ashley who really took ownership of this project and the work she has done to build workflow, train, and support the users. Ashley has shown tremendous initiative as well as patience while analyzing current processes and offering ideas to streamline and automate them using the Laserfiche tools."
Going Forward
The incorporation of Business Process Automation using Laserfiche is very consistent with the County's Strategic IT Plan. Key objectives of the plan for the next several years are to implement new processes to create greater efficiency, lower costs and improve productivity. Evaluation of current business structures and potential redesign and re-organization of those structures are a big part of the plan and workflow implementation is a key innovation that will allow Eaton County to reach those productivity objectives.


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I must now confess to everyone that I am addicted. Yes, people, my body craves for my daily fix. And when I take it, my body feels healthier. What is my burden? Vinegar!
This is definitely one of the stranger habits I've picked up in China, but somewhere along these three years I started to love the taste of good vinegar, especially apple vinegar. I don't know exactly why, but my body literally feels good after drinking it. I found a great article in the New York Times which discusses one possible reason; vinegar is very effective at lowering sugar levels as well as increasing your sensation of feeling full. The data was quite robust and is detailed in the article, but the main point was that a small amount of vinegar with a meal will lower your sugar absorption levels by 30%, and also make you feel more full and hopefully eat a smaller portion. That 30% is a huge amount for a diabetic struggling to control their sugars and wanting to avoid insulin shots.
This is a great and easy suggestion for anyone to improve their health a bit, and especially for diabetics or those with "early" or borderline diabetes. As for how to take it, the easiest way is as a vinaigrette on a small salad with your meal. I often have it just in warm water but some may find that too acidic for their stomach. People should experiment! Plus, there are a lot of choices for vinegar in all local markets. It's nice to know that there's a medical reason for my madness. Does anyone else like vinegar?
Follow me on:
Twitter @RichardStCyrMD
Facebook @BainbridgeBabaDoc
Photography: richardsaintcyr.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Before you can learn the different eye diagnoses and how to treat them, you need to have a basic understanding of the ophthalmologic exam. Only after having this foundation can you finalize your approach to the red eye, acute vision loss, or eye trauma (which will be covered in future episodes).
Podcast: Play in new window | Download


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Oh i hope i can win this! Oh what fun i would have!
Tuesday, May 17, 2011
Oh i hope i can win this! Oh what fun i would have!
Posted by Smith Family at 2:24 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Monday, May 16, 2011
Nap time, of course!!!
I have some blogging to catch up on...but for now, this is what i have been up to. Boy have i been tired! I think more so than with the last 3, but i don't remember. And the baby is actually due Dec 7th..i have no idea where i got November. So, I'm almost 11 weeks. I have a long ways to go. But I do hope the tiredness will pass soon. Plus, I'm getting a little rounder faster..but that is to be expected this is my 4th. So, i will catch up some more in the next few days. I can't wait for summer..time with my kids and not babysitting...YES!
Posted by Smith Family at 11:12 AM 1 comments Links to this post


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Hardcastle's RV Center stocks a large variety of styles and colors of custom campers shells on our premises. We are the distributor for many manufacturers of high quality camper shells and accessories for almost any make & model truck… and recreational or occupational purpose.
Custom ordered camper shells, painted to match and installed.


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[Skip to content]
ITS associations from three European countries shared ambitious plans for Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) during a presentation at Intertraffic. Martin Russ from ITS Austria outlined his country's deployment strategy targets for 2020. One is for C-ITS traffic information be available in real time on at least 10% of the network of the government-owned ASFINAG toll motorway operator. A second envisages an average 180-second window for nearby vehicles to be alerted to a detected traffic event; with roadworks warnings from mobile construction sites being transmitted within 30 seconds of setting up the site and activating the C-ITS unit. Russ also looked forward to there being "at least" five C-ITS providers in the country. ITS Norway's Trond Hovland highlighted roles for C-ITS in Nordic conditions, citing live tests with vehicles acting as early sensors of slippery road states and alerting following traffic at least 1km ahead of a danger spot – as well as alerting maintenance crews. Finally, Roman Srp, network chair and executive director of ITS Czech Republic and Slovakia, introduced the first Czech C-ITS project, BaSIC. The project is testing systems for giving alerts of stationary and slow-moving vehicles, approaching emergency responders, traffic jams and roadworks. The country's ambition, he said, was to become "one of the frontrunners in EU C-ITS activity".
ITS UK Countries boasting that legal autonomous vehicles will become a regular feature on their roads within the next few years are straying "far from the case", ITS UK has told the UK Parliament. In an informal briefing of the House of Commons (Lower House) Transport Select Committee, a high-profile delegation stressed the "numerous obstacles" standing in the path of achieving such claims. Before being able to deploy autonomous vehicles together with conventional ones on any national road network, crucial issues such as standards, legality, safety, assurance and reliability need to be addressed. Although the UK autonomous vehicle industry has many "good stories to tell", it also acknowledges the significant barriers that need to be overcome, the parliamentarians heard.
ITS Australia
Developments in connected and automated vehicle technology were among highlights at ITS Australia's business networking event in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Justin Passaportis, of GoGet CarShare updated members on the Australian Driverless Vehicle Initiative, which has its national centre of excellence based in the city. Driverless vehicles, he said, would reduce the role of human error in road crashes, which cost the Australian economy AUS$27bn (US$20.5bn) a year, and levels of congestion, which costs it AU$30bn (US$23bn) a year. Dr Paul Gray, chief executive of Adelaide-based Cohda Wireless, demonstrated its View V2X technology. This can detect, for example, the risk of rear-end collisions between buses coming off the city's O-bahn guided busway, onto mixed-traffic streets, and other buses already there - and warn drivers accordingly. The system also monitors following distances.
EU's eCall helped on its way ITS Belgium is playing a central role in helping prepare legislation, drawn up by the country's Federal Ministries of Public Health and of Interior Affairs, that will see the EU's automatic road incident emergency alert service, eCall, implemented into Belgian law. The EU requires all new cars bought in Member States from April 2018 to be equipped with the system which will automatically dial for emergency aid after a collision. In preparation for drafting the new Belgian regulations the association set up a dedicated working group, leading a public consultation process to develop early policy documentation and organising systematic feedback on the proposed legislative content. It has also contributed to the accreditation and compliance process for the provision of eCall equipment and services, which it believes will make the new law operational earlier than might otherwise have been the case. Trials have taken place at the Belgian eCall pilot site in the Greater Brussels area, using existing software and operational systems as far as possible. Royal assent for the enabling law is expected in summer 2016.


text: The Muncie Children's Museum Joins the Global #GivingTuesday Movement Our goal this year is to raise $3,000. Gifts of any amount are welcome. You can make your pledge now at: https://app.etapestry.com/onlineforms/MuncieChildrensMuseum/donate-1.html #GivingTuesday, is a global day of giving that harnesses the collective power of individuals, communities and organizations to encourage philanthropy and to celebrate generosity worldwide. Occurring this year on November 28, #GivingTuesday is held annually on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving (in the US) and the widely recognized shopping events Black Friday and Cyber Monday to kick off the holiday giving season and inspire people to collaborate in improving their local communities and to give back in impactful ways to the charities and causes they support. On Nov. 28, the MuncieRead more >


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This page introduces a number tutorials for V-Ray for 3ds Max.
Page Contents
Page Contents ×
This tutorial section presents step-by-step walk-throughs for some of the most common rendering tasks. Some of the tutorials also demonstrate specific usage of V-Ray's features.
Preparation for Rendering
These tutorials explain how to prepare a scene for rendering under different circumstances.
- Universal V-Ray Settings - V-Ray settings that work well for still images.
- Rendering Specific Objects with Render Mask - How to render only certain objects.
- Basic Texture Baking with V-Ray - Permanently "bake" the scene lighting into textures so no lighting is needed for the final rendering, making it render faster.
- Rendering PTex Textures from Mudbox - Import a texture from Mudbox for use in 3ds Max with V-Ray.
These tutorials directly address the rendering process for various scenarios.


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If your home has a terrace, or other types of outdoor space with flooring that has certainly seen better days, then its probably about time to replace it. You needs get ideas for outdoor flooring. Fortunately for you, there are a lot of outdoor flooring options that you can choose from. Before deciding on the type of design and style you want, it is important to differentiate between the two types of decking material, namely, wooden and composite.
Select one of the ideas for outdoor flooring is wooden outdoor flooring. The all-time favourite material used for outdoor flooring is wood. Wooden outdoor flooring creates a natural feel, smell and warmth to it. It comes in the form of softwood and hardwood. Softwood outdoor flooring is less expensive and much easier to work with. It is pre heated and chemically treated for preserving the wood for longer durability. Hardwood outdoor flooring on the other hand is harder to work with but it is more popular because of its rich and wide range of natural colours.
However, wooden outdoor flooring is high maintenance and gets expensive because overtime without proper maintenance it begins to crack and split. The natural colour of the wood begins to fade and change colour due to the different weather conditions.
Another select of the ideas for outdoor flooring is wood plastic outdoor flooring. Wood plastic outdoor flooring is a composite flooring. This type of outdoor flooring is becoming more and more popular as wood plastic outdoor flooring is eco-friendly in nature and serves as the ideal alternative to wood. There are two versions, namely, solid and hollow wood plastic outdoor flooring. The solid wood plastic outdoor flooring looks more like natural wood whereas hollow wood plastic outdoor flooring looks more engineered.
Wood plastic outdoor flooring is high quality ,waterproof, moistureproof, anti-UV light ,anti-slip and so on. And choose wood plastic outdoor flooring, you will not have to worry about maintenance problems late. It is ideal for outdoor flooring.


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Sue Swenson has several decades of operating experience in wireless telecom, video technologies and digital media, as well as telematics and small business software. Ms. Swenson currently serves on the board of Harmonic, Inc. and chairs the Governance and Nominating Committee. Harmonic, Inc. is the worldwide leader in video delivery technology and services enabling media companies and service providers to deliver ultra-high-quality broadcast and OTT video services to consumers globally.
From August 2012 to August 2018, Ms. Swenson served on the board of the First Responder Network Authority and chaired the board from 2014 to 2018. This independent authority within NTIA/Department of Commerce established a single nationwide public safety broadband network enabling first responders to have voice and data communications across all 56 states, territories and commonwealths.
From October 2015 to June 2017, Ms. Swenson served as Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Inseego Corp. (previously Novatel Wireless, Inc), a wireless internet solutions and telematics provider, and served as the board chair from April 2014 to June 2017 after joining the board in 2012. From March 2008 to April 2011, Ms. Swenson served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Sage Software-North America, a division of The Sage Group PLC, a global supplier of business management software and services.
From August 2007 to March 2008, she was Chief Operating Officer at Atrinsic, Inc. a digital content company. Prior to joining Atrinsic, Inc., she served as Chief Operating Officer of Amp'd Mobile, Inc, a mobile virtual network start-up, from 2006 to 2007. Ms. Swenson was the President and Chief Operating Officer of T-Mobile USA from 2004 to 2005 and of Leap Wireless International, Inc. from 1999 to 2004. She served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Cellular One from 1994 to 1999. From 1979 to 1994 she served in various management capacities at Pacific Bell, ultimately serving as President and Chief Operating Officer of PacTel Cellular and Vice President, Pacific Bell – Northern California Business Unit. Ms. Swenson holds a B.A. in French from San Diego State University.
Ms. Swenson's Vislink Technologies Board duties also include serving on the Audit, Governance and Nominating Committees.
Roger has been involved in all the stages of growth of Vislink Technologies, including the start-up phase, obtaining growth capital through initial public offerings and follow on acquisitions of complementary companies.
Roger works in a wide variety of roles, including management, finance, accounting, tax; international dealings, restructurings/turnarounds, business startups, mergers and acquisitions, securities, legal, investment banking, consulting, negotiating and structuring transactions, licensing; regulatory issues, and risk management. Roger has invaluable international experience and relationships, and has been involved in each of the various stages of business from start-up, to private placements, to commercialization, to IPO on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and NASDAQ, to exit.
Roger co-founded Mooers Branton & Company and MB Merchant Group, LLC with Rick Mooers in 1997. Mooers Branton & Company is an international merchant bank which provides early-stage financing to emerging businesses. Mooers Branton & Company manages its portfolio of investments through the privately held company, MB Merchant Group, LLC. Together with Rick Mooers and Joe Bobier, Roger co-founded Vislink in August 2002.
In 2010, Roger co-founded MB Technology Holdings, LLC (MBTH) with Rick Mooers and George Schmitt. Mr. Branton is a director of MBTH.
In 1989, Roger graduated from West Chester University in Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting. He trained as a certified public accountant and previously worked for an investment/merchant bank which specialized in the technology, agriculture, and environmental industries, where his duties included acting as interim chief financial officer for several companies within its investment portfolio.
George Schmitt has over 45 years of broad telecom experience in wireless and wireline companies. Mr. Schmitt is a Director of MB Technology Holdings, LLC (MBTH). He also serves on the boards of Calient, Secure Alert, Ready Jet Go Airlines, and Teleworx. Mr. Schmitt is an SBIC Director at TeleSoft Partners, a Silicon Valley-based venture capital firm specializing in early stage, mid stage, late stage, and growth capital.
Mr. Schmitt's experience includes e.spire Communications, Omnipoint Communications, LHS Group, Objective Systems Integrators, PCS PrimeCo, AirTouch Communications, Mannesmann Mobilfunk (Germany), Pacific Telesis, Pacific Telephone, and AT&T.
Most recently, Mr. Schmitt was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of e.spire Communications, a provider of voice, data and Internet services to markets throughout the U.S. Previously, Mr. Schmitt was President and Director of Omnipoint Communication Services (NASDAQ: OMPT) until VoiceStream's acquisition of Omnipoint Corporation in 2000. Subsequently, Deutsche Telekom acquired Voicestream to form T-Mobile U.S.
Mr. Schmitt also served as a Director of two telecom software companies: LHS Group (NASDAQ: LHSG), where he was a member of the Audit Committee prior to its acquisition by Sema in 2000, and Objective Systems Integrators (NASDAQ: OSII), where he was Chairman of the Audit Committee and member of the Compensation Committee. That company was acquired by Agilent Technologies in 2000.
Prior to joining Omnipoint, Mr. Schmitt was President and Chief Executive Officer of PCS PrimeCo (now part of Verizon Wireless), a national PCS partnership formed by AirTouch, Bell Atlantic, NYNEX and U.S. West. Mr. Schmitt came to PrimeCo from AirTouch where he was Executive Vice President of International Operations responsible for AirTouch's operations in its ventures in Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Japan, Korea and Thailand.
Prior to PCS PrimeCo, Mr. Schmitt was a member of the board of management of Mannesmann Mobilfunk in Germany, and also headed the company's technical department. Mr. Schmitt's department was responsible for the complete development and operation of the D2 network, the first commercial GSM network in the world. Mr. Schmitt also served as the Chairman of the GSM Association, an international organization responsible for overseeing the worldwide implementation of GSM wireless technology.
In 2013, Mr. Schmitt was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame by the Wireless History Foundation, an organization formed to preserve and promote the history of the wireless industry. The Wireless Hall of Fame Program provides public recognition of outstanding individuals across all segments of the wireless industry. Induction into the Wireless Hall of Fame is one of the industry's highest honors, acknowledging the leadership, innovation and achievement of each honoree.
Mr. Schmitt received an M.S. in Management from Stanford University, where he was a Sloan Fellow, and a B.A. in Political Science from Saint Mary's College
Rick's merchant banking activities have given him a wide range of international experience, including experience in restructurings, turnarounds, and mergers and acquisitions. Together with Roger Branton and Joe Bobier, Rick co-founded Vislink Technologies in August 2002.
Together with Roger Branton and George Schmitt, Rick Mooers co-founded MB Technology Holdings, LLC (MBTH) in July 2010. Mr. Mooers is a director of MBTH.
Rick is a generalist in a world of specialists. Rick possesses a working knowledge or better in areas such as management, finance, accounting, tax; international dealings, restructurings/turnarounds, business startups, mergers and acquisitions, securities, legal, investment banking, consulting, negotiating and structuring transactions, licensing; regulatory issues, and most importantly risk management. Rick has both international and US-based experience. Rare and uniquely beneficial to an early stage company, he brings this multinational experience, as well as his key international relationships, to Vislink. Rick has been involved in leading the various stages of business, from start-up to private placements, commercialization, IPO and exit.
In 1985, Rick graduated summa cum laude from the University of Maine with a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration. He trained as a certified public accountant. In late 1991, Rick joined Dominion Group Limited, an investment/merchant bank which specialized in the technology, agriculture, and environmental industries, initially as director of corporate finance. He became CEO where he gained a wide range of both international and US experience, including being involved with a number of businesses in various stages of development, including startups, commercializations and public offerings.
General James T. Conway retired from active duty in 2010 after serving our nation for 40 years. Since then, he has joined and consulted for numerous corporate and non-profit boards, including Textron Inc., Colt Defense and General Dynamics. He also co-chairs the Energy Security Leadership Council (Securing America's Future Energy), a non-partisan energy policy think tank.
Prior to his retirement, General Conway served as the 34th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps for four years. As Commandant, he served as the senior uniformed Marine responsible for the organization, training, and equipping of over 250,000 active duty, reserve, and civilian personnel throughout the United States and overseas, as well as the management of the $40 billion annual Marine Corps budget.
Prior to becoming Commandant, General Conway served for four years on the Joint Chiefs of Staff as Senior Operations Officer in the U.S. military, where he oversaw the war efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Conway functioned as a military advisor to the Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council, and the President.
During his tenure, the Marine Corps experienced growth of 27,000 additional personnel, undertook major military construction efforts at bases and stations throughout the U.S., and integrated multiple next-generation weapons systems into its inventory. General Conway initiated new programs for the care of wounded warriors and brought Marine Corps family programs onto a war-time footing.
Among his numerous leadership positions, General Conway served as Commanding General of 1st Marine Division, and he was the commander of I Marine Expeditionary Force during two combat tours in Iraq, with 60,000 troops under his command, including Marines, soldiers, sailors, and British forces. He took part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and First Battle of Fallujah.
General Conway graduated with honors from The Basic School, the U.S. Army Infantry Officers Advanced Course, the Marine Corps Command and Staff College and the Air War College. He was born in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas and graduated from Southeast Missouri State University in 1969. He was commissioned as an infantry officer in 1970.
General Conway serves as Chairman of our Compensation Committee.
Dr. Sidney has established several real estate investment ventures and been involved with a number of companies as an investor, board member, and/or advisor. Prior to this, Dr. Sidney was the second software engineer hired at Google, Inc. Before his work at Google, Dr. Sidney worked as a security expert and software engineer at RSA Labs and D.E. Shaw & Co., among other companies. He provided the implementation expertise for RC6, RSA's candidate cipher for NIS's AES competition to find a successor to the Data Encryption Standard.
Dr. Sidney attended Caltech and Harvard and received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1991. He then entered the graduate program in mathematics at MIT, where he specialized in cryptography and received a PhD in 1995. He received an MBA from UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business in 2014. He is on the board of directors of the Fannie & John Hertz Foundation and the Vision Circle of the XPRIZE Foundation.
Dr. Sidney is a member of the following Vislink Technologies board committees: Compensation, and Governance and Nominations.
Jude Panetta has enjoyed a 30-plus-year career leading technology companies in the telecommunications, satellite, wireless and power industries. He has previously served as: Vice President of Strategy and Technology at Comtech TCS; Vice President of Government Systems at TeleCommunication Systems Inc.; President and Chief Executive Officer of ASC Signal Corporation; Group President of Andrew Corp.; VP of Operations at Celiant (acquired by Andrew Corp.), VP of Operations at Adtran Corp.; and Director of Operations at Exide Electronics Corporation. During his career, Jude has held a leading role in over a dozen acquisitions and divestitures. He is a Graduate of GE's Manufacturing Management Program and holds a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Virginia. Jude also serves as a Lieutenant in the St James, NC Fire Department.
At the heart of the action
Call Vislink Technologies or contact us here
International + 44 (0) 1442 431300
Americas + 1 908 852 3700


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Koan Study
Koan Study
KOAN. A koan is a short story that is used as a focus for zazen, with each koan highlighting some form of problem. Originally, 'koan' meant a public case which established a legal precedent. In Zen, it is a paradoxical story assigned to a student to solve, in order to help their awakening or to test the depth of their realization. There are about 1,700 recorded koans (pronounced ko-an in Japanese). Notable collections may be found in the Mumonkan (Gateless Gate) and the Hekiganroku (Blue Cliff Record).
Koan study is a form of practice that requires the supervision of a recognised teacher who has himself or herself gone through this rigorous training. A koan is a brief anecdote recording an exchange between master and disciple or a master's enlightenment experience. Koans are used to bring a student to realization or to help clarify his enlightenment.


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Bigyn PTA is a very active group where both parents, staff and pupils work very hard to provide activities, equipment and events that promote community spirit and a positive atmosphere for the whole school community to enjoy.
Our PTA turned our school hall into a spooky spectacular.
Our PTA have helped us buy a new play house.
We are so happy to have a new place to work and play outdoors.
All website content copyright © Bigyn Primary School
Website design by PrimarySite


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About us
Learn about the Katie Moore Foundation, it's inspired mission, events, activities, and the dynamic and committed people behind it.
We are committed to fostering productive, efficient research on projects showing promise, yet not receiving the attention and funding they require.
Learn more →
Why donate?
Be at the forefront of pioneering efforts to support transformational research, advocacy, and community. Together, we can make an incredible impact.
Donate →


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Apple iPhone 7 Rumors: Leaked Features Sure To Be Mimicked By Competitors
The iPhone 7 rumor mill is buzzing. With the release of the SE only days away, talk of what to expect from Apple in the fall is high. Some of the rumors surrounding Apple's latest flagship phone are purely speculative. However, there have been leaks that could prove more reliable. Leaks of future phones usually come from companies who design third-party accessories for the new product. These companies often have access to details not available to the general public, or they are excellent at predicting certain features before the device's release.
These iPhone 7 rumors here were gathered from the most reliable sources available. However, Apple has not confirmed any rumors, so these alleged details should be taken with a grain of salt.
The first round of rumors originate from the company Feld & Volk. Feld & Volk is a company that designs high-end modifications for the iPhone that they call gadgets. Their "gadgets" are luxury-expensive, around the $5,000 range, and often have features like back-lit Apple logos and 14K gold accents. They have a good track record of predicting the external traits of the iPhone. The company possibly receives exterior specs from Apple in order to properly design modifications for the device.
Feld & Volk Expanding Luxury iPhone 6 Lineup With Carbon, Titanium, Sapphire, and More pic.twitter.com/zDqHkSFMAT
— Apple Gadgits (@AppleGadgits) June 24, 2015
The first iPhone 7 rumor is that it will feature a dual-lens, rear-facing camera. This report is partly based on leaked renders from Feld & Volk. Apple's acquisition of LinX Imaging in 2015 is also fueling the rumor since LinX has a dual-lens system that has been in development since before the acquisition. Forbes speculates that the new camera technology will only be available in a premium version of the device being called the iPhone 7 Pro. The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus models will likely have standard cameras. The Feld & Volk renders also depict that the lens will not be flush with the back of the phone, but will protrude slightly, like the 6S line, only beveled.
iPhone Pro z podwójnym aparatem na renderach Feld & Volk | https://t.co/ugEa1KOLTr pic.twitter.com/ZhEk89l5eW
— Tablety.pl (@Tablety_pl) March 16, 2016
Another iPhone 7 rumor that stems from the Feld & Volk renders is the possible addition of a Smart Connector to the phone. A Smart Connector is a magnetic connector that can transmit both electricity and data. The technology has already been applied in the latest version of the iPad Pro to connect the tablet to an Apple Smart Keyboard. It seems unclear what function a Smart connector would serve for an iPhone. Forbes speculates that the Smart Connector may be needed as an alternate charging method. Why would an alternate charging method be needed?
RT MacRumors: Potential First Photo of iPhone 7 Plus Shows Dual-Lens Camera and Smart Connector … pic.twitter.com/KhLeOoyVV8
— Bill Hart (@bhart62) March 15, 2016
According to another rumor, the iPhone 7 will be doing away with the 3.5 mm headphone jack (TRS connector) and replacing it with a second speaker to produce true stereo sound from the phone. This talk is based on several leaks following Apple's 2014 acquisition of Beats Electronic and a change in the Apple Developer Guide. Apple has been moving toward the idea of removing the TRS connector for a while. They plan to develop headphones that connect through the Lightning port instead. Therefore, a need for an alternative charging method becomes apparent if a user wants to use headphones while charging. Several factors support the truth to this rumor, including patent awards and memos from reliable research consultants.
The final big rumor about the iPhone 7 is that it will be waterproof. Waterproofing has been something that Apple has lagged behind on versus its competitors. The idea that the iPhone 7 will be waterproof is based on a couple of things.
First, is the alleged rumor that Apple secretly waterproofed the iPhone 6S series. A video posted to YouTube by Zach Straley shows him dunking both a 6S and 6S Plus in water for over an hour without any damaging effects.
[I highly advise against trying this experiment yourself]
The other basis for this iPhone 7 rumor is that, if they do away with the headphone jack and go with a second speaker, the phone will be easier to waterproof since the headphone connector is the deepest opening on the phone. Waterproofing the 6S line and not promoting it allows Apple to test their waterproofing method without having to stand behind it in case it fails on a consumer phone. If it works in the 6S, as it appears to in Straley's video, then waterproofing the iPhone 7 sans headphone jack should provide them enough confidence to tout waterproofing as a feature.
Other iPhone 7 rumors included wireless charging capability, 3GB of RAM, 256MB of storage, faster LTE modem, and a 7.04 Watt-hours Battery. However, the scope of this article was to cover credible rumors that apply to the full iPhone 7 line. Those rumors were either unreliable or only applied to one version of the iPhone 7, thus were not covered in-depth.
[Image via Martin Hajek | Imgur | CC BY-NC-SA 2.0]
Apple iPhone 7 Rumors: Leaked Features Sure To Be Mimicked By Competitors is an article from: The Inquisitr News


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Catholic Downloads in the Novel Category
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A true story of a woman haunted by the 7 infants she had aborted. It is also the story of her contrition and atonement and the mercy of God shown to her. She addresses her story "to all mothers," and every woman should read it. Get this Free pro-life book here
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Dennis DiMauro is a board member of the National Pro-Life Religious Council (NPRC), headed by Fr. Frank Pavone. The NPRC educates the public on the historic, Biblical Christian teaching on the sanctity of life. A Love for Life is the result of the NPRC's Get This Free Pro-Life Book Here
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Pierced by a Sword: Get ready for a journey of epic proportions–rather, cosmic proportions. This book is a little treasure, a marvel. This is an adventure, a comedy, a tragedy, a turbulent odyssey and a peaceful stroll.
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House of Gold: you won't read a more timeless novel than House of Gold — even if you are reading it one hundred years after it was first published. It offers suffering. I know that sounds strange, but you will love the suffering inside its pages.
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Free book about Mary.
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Conceived Without Sin: One strange and wonderful thing about Bud Macfarlane's storytelling is that his people are so loved by the author that they grab you and hold you. This novel is plainly a story of love and marriage and friendship and conversion. Supernatural forces weave in and out, as they must do in real stories of the faith.
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Randy Meulman shares from his heart and his experiences in following his Lord for a lifetime. He does not sugarcoat anything about his life and the lessons he has learned. He is always earnest, open and honest in sharing his insights. Two free audio and one book
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They have a wonderful array of Christian products, from Bibles,bible covers to novels, many things to choose from. Many items discounted prices
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Widely recognized as one of Christendom's foremost authorities on prayer, the South African theologian Andrew Murray wrote prolifically on the deeper spiritual life. 199 Treasures of Wisdom on Talking to God offers one or two sentence nuggets drawn from Murray's writings relating to communion with God, explaining the what, when, why, and how of prayer.
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Welcome to the Roads to Reading website. We have recently completed five years of the Bi-Annual Book Donation program for Small and Rural Communities. Since 2001, we have created five additional programs to serve organizations that are involved with Children's Literacy. You can find detailed information about each program on its own page on this web site or you can find information about our newer programs under the "Other Programs" page. In addition to creating more avenues to bring books to children that are underserved, we have also initiated …


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Newbie hikers, here's everything you need to find the right hiking boots that will leave you walking on cloud nine along the trails.
If you haven't worn hiking boots before, it can be an odd sensation. With the snug fit around your ankle and in some cases, the heavy weight, not to mention the mountains of choice out there, it's enough to send anyone back into the open arms of the sofa.
Which is exactly why I've created this list of tips to help prepare you for the main event. Buying new boots should be fun, and if you get the right pair they will last years.
Before Going to the Store
- Bring your insoles and orthotics gear with you. If you want to get the best fit possible, it is important to bring any orthotics kit you wear on a regular basis. An insole can affect the entire fit of the boot, and in some cases depending on size and width, the insole might not fit inside the boot
- Remember to bring hiking socks. These can dramatically affect the feel of a boot. Casual socks and even gym socks do not have the adequate amount of cushioning needed for hiking boots, and if used will cause blisters. It is also worth remembering that hiking boots will feel best when you try them on with a brand new pair of socks.
Guide to Fitting Hiking Boots:
- Get your feet sized by a professional. Generally, hiking boots are intended to be half a size to one size bigger than your regular shoe size for extra space in the toe box to avoid them hitting against the end of the shoe on downhill walks. In addition to this, each boot brand has their own standard of width, arch support, and size. Any decent outdoors shop will have someone who can measure your feet, and guide you towards the correct type of boot for your feet. It beats wasting hours trying on endless amounts of shoes, only to leave the store empty-handed.
- Inform your sales assistant of any conditions you have. If you have any foot or knee injuries, or long-standing conditions, it is best to inform the staff sizing your feet. They can take this into account when finding the correct boot for you, and ensure they help you choose one which won't aggravate old injuries.
- Try them out on ramps and different terrains. Any decent outdoors store will have ramps featuring different terrains, which will allow you to assess the boots for any heel lifting or toe crunching. Ideally, your heels should not lift much when standing on tip-toes or walking uphill, and when walking downhill, your toes should not hit the end of the toe box.
- Try on hiking boots in the afternoon. Feet swell after prolonged exercise, so to get the most accurate fit for hiking boots try them on after you have been walking around for several hours.
- Buy boots that fit your needs. It can be tempting to cut costs and buy an approach shoe when you need a hiking boot, but in hiking like many other sports, you get what you pay for. If you plan on walking up and down hills, then buy a boot with good ankle support. As we all know, English weather can change at any moment, so it is advisable to buy a boot with some form of waterproofing in it.
- Check the shoe fits. This sounds like an obvious one, but so many people nowadays wear wide, flat trainers or pointy-toed stilettos that they have completely forgotten what a proper shoe should feel like! Hiking boots should hug your foot comfortably without pinching it, provide enough room in the toe box to wiggle your toes, and provide a snug enough fit around your ankle so that you can move it whilst still offering support.
- Substance over style. This is a biggie! Do not buy boots simply because they coordinate with your outfit, or you like the colour. Unfortunately ladies, after a few walks no amount of cleaning will change your boots back to their original pastel hue, so you might as well embrace their muddy brown colour.
Once you're home….
Wear them around the house. Before wearing your boots outside, test them around the house for a few hours, including stairs, just to double check you are happy with them. No matter how accurate a fit you receive in store, any niggling feelings can turn into painful blisters when you're out on the trails. Due to health and safety legislation, some stores will not provide a refund for any boots worn outside, so be doubly sure you want to spend the next however many years stomping around the countryside in them!
Clean them regularly. In order to get the most durability and prevent premature damage to your boots, it is best to clean your boots regularly. Check out my cleaning guide here for some helpful tips and instructions.
Get outside! By now you've probably been going crazy with 'new kit' fever, and have spent every moment in the office anticipating a trip outdoors. Take your new fancy footwear out on a trip, and explore some exciting new scenery, like this place below….
Any questions? Post them below, or e-mail me at [email protected] 🙂


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Have you ever had the feeling that you were meant for something more? Wanna get involved?
We believe that God has a place for you to help heal the world. Take a look at how you can fulfill God's plan for your life!
The Serve Profile
Maybe you'd like to get involved, but you're not sure where; or you feel flexible to try things! Let us know what you're good at and interested in, and we will get you plugged in as soon as we can.


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After requesting a translation citation that the result could also be an general complete mindfield. Translation quotes may be exported every phrase, every hour every persona, per webpage, expenses differ from language to language and translation group to translation group, a couple of companies use translation recollections and in so we get differing metrics for becoming and repetitions, some speeds embody evaluation by an thirdparty, costs differ from material to material mater while some corporations invoice venture route charges. The checklist goes on and on and can normally render the shopper in a really complicated scenario. However on this informative article we aspire to explain among the problems with translation quotes notably within the discipline of translation metrics.
Requesting a quote
The usual dimension of translation expense relies upon upon by phrase or translation charge every time period. That has many advantages given that it'really easy to measure and matches all of the earth languages utilizing the exclusion of plenty of these languages which are Asian. An interpretation quote every net web page is kind of unreliable while the wordcount every web page differs relying on dimensions of font, web page measurement, photos and many others.. . A translation quote per hour moreover has been unreliable as a couple of translators are typically quicker in comparison with others and a metric predicated on phrases must be set to plan that the duty any means. Moreover, equally quotes per net web page and every hour do not slot in to the analytic tales of translation reminiscence applications. Most experiences are based mostly on raw evaluation and manipulation of phrase counts. When a translation citation relies punctually there may be actually an enormous and pointless quantity of belief set across the sub contractor. In a couple of circumstances a translation citation goes to be depending on the persona rely. This actually is definitely a reliable technique to citation translations nevertheless, results in larger issues because of excessive character counts and rather more tough calculations. In sure circumstances, notably within the occasion of of Asian languages it's extra logical to base the quote over the character counts because of nature of plenty of these Asian languages.
To date so excellent, we have achieved our preliminary actual determination, the dimension value of the interpretation citation will most likely be in phrases in case of Asian languages, characters. We now have to ask that an itemized citation by your translation suppliers corporations based mostly in regards to the phrase counts. After reaching so we discover that a couple of information are translated in a better charge in comparison with others. An general guideline is the truth that specialised fields akin to authorized, technical and medical are typically 20 p.c pricier than general and firm areas Perth Translation.
Simply how, you possibly can ask in addition to the reply is that you will discover fewer appropriately competent translators to your personal area of interest matter that tends to drive up translation costs. Different Sides which result in some Better translation pace per phrase are follows:
· Uncommon language mixes with couple of translators
· Language blends during which the swimming pool of translators have excessive dwelling prices
· Extremely specialised material
Good! In order that we are able to now consider the phrase rely and in addition the speed of translation company into translation service nevertheless we afterward start to note some translation bureaus are providing lesser charges for beforehand translated textual content or replicated textual content, whereas the pace for untranslated textual content might be marginally greater. These translation providers are presenting calculating reminiscence services which shops previously interpreted textual content. It could be a really first venture with all of the bureau due to this fact there's not any beforehand translated textual content nevertheless there will be what we predict on the business repeated textual content that solely needs to be interpreted after. Such a textual content could also be given to the shopper at say 30% of their regular pace. Translation Reminiscence techniques simplify the interpretation course of and demand funding determination on the area of the bureau nevertheless they ensure that consistency and decrease your bills at the long term. This may be the rationale why translation suppliers organizations providing these corporations continuously have larger charges on the prolonged time period the funding at greater charges is nicely value it.


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10-second review: What is a literacy leader? people who believe that reading is a joyful activity that enriches lives. They continue to grow in their own reading.
Title: "Teachers as Literacy Leaders." JD Turner, et al. Reading Teacher (November 2009), 254-256. A publication of the International Reading Association (IRA).
Quote: "Literacy leaders seek to challenge their students to think deeply about what they read, for the depth of their thinking is the pathway to intellectual growth."


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Words travel with people and reach different shores and often strangely enter into world lexicons, as a result of their common usage in daily activities by concerned class of people. Travelogues and trade communications spread their usage. A layman may fail to understand their meaning and importance. Sometimes, their meanings – once traceable in their origins – are mixed up to such an extent that they are far moved away from their source. Confusion leads to a lot of discussions for finding out what that expression really means.
Sayer(a) or Sayir(a)
We have discussed some antiquarian words, say Al, Amara, Bhandashale or Bankshal (in European corrupted parlance), Bankarakatte, Chakan, Gadang, Jambal, Jangar or Jangal, Kāle, etc.
Sayer(a) or Sayir(a) is one more addition to the array of such antiquarian words. It was a word, pestering Europeans in land and marine trade during pre-colonial and colonial era. Advent of this word in European languages created confusion to young European officers serving in India on their new postings. It has been found to be a common surname world over with highest incidence in Turkey.
Note the situation, described in Para one: it is aptly applicable to the word: 'Sayer' (ಸಾಯರ್), Sayira (ಸಾಯಿರ) or syre (ಸೈರ್). It is supposed to have originated from the Arabic word saa'ir : but it has the primary meaning of 'remainder' in Arabic. By and large, we have reason to believe that it is an Indian word since it was widely used in India during ancient marine trade as well as inland trade. We infer that the word has bearing on the origin of related words like savari, sarthavaha, sanchara, pravasa; saraku, saramjambu and sarabarayi.
This was a commercial term, known in the trade world of yore. It means a tax or customs imposed on imports and exports by competent authority at territorial borders.
Saysira & Sayira in Tulu:
The phrase 'Aruve Saysira' during the history used to mean marine department and sea customs. 'Aruve Sayira Katte' stands for 'Customs House' (Tulu Lexicon, p.162; Post-334: Secret of Ambagilu). In Tulu, it is also known as 'Sunkada Katte'. Katte is a place at regional borders or market area to collect passage tax or toll (sunka= seema shulka, akin to present day 'octroi duty') for goods and services. 'Sukka' means Customs in Pali/Prakrit. We presume, Place names 'Saukuru' near Basrur in Kundapura (Udupi District) and Sukkur in Sindh (now in Pakistan) suggest existence of custom houses there in ancient time.
We know, 'ira' means 'water or river'. Naturally, such tax collection centres are found at river estuaries or sea ports (pattanas), hinter-land cities (Nagire>Nagara and Puras). Mark the word element 'Naga', which means both boat and ornaments of precious metals and gems, besides 'high place like mountain'.
Mark the behavioral pattern (barring exceptions) of yester year-tax/duty collectors! There is a wise saying in Tulu about such Kattes. 'ಸುಂಕದಾಯ ಕೈತಲ್ ಸುಖ-ದುಃಖದಾನೆ? (Sunkadaaya kaital sukha dukkha daane?. It means: What is the use of discussing about our weal or woe before a tax collector?). He goes by the rules and may not bend it after hearing the plight of goods-carrier or passenger. Forget not, this saying was coined when people were generally truthful and faithful!
Sair (सैर) in Hindi:
It means: Outing, trip or pleasure trip, excursion, tour, jaunt, spin, run, ramble, sortie. So 'Sair Karna' (सैर करना) means visiting. (Source: Pustak.org or dict.hinkhoj).
Sairandhri (सैरंध्रि) = Visiting Maid servant.
It also means voyager or traveler. Sairgaha(सैरगहा) means a resort.
It has many shades of meaning, viz.: (1) A group of pilgrims on pilgrimages. (2) A group of merchants or traders moving together with their valuable produce or goods (Sarth) to deal in far-away markets. The journey is undertaken with protection of a leader or conductor, who is called as 'Sarthavaha', being himself a merchant in a particular trade or profession. He is assisted by well-coordinated team of specialists, as described elsewhere in this article.
Meanings in European Vocabulary
Quoting several sources, Hobson-Jobson Dictionary offers explanations. The word Sayer/Syre, is used for taxation and imposts except land revenue on several items of taxation. It is a Hindi word derived from Arabic word saa'ir. With the help of Sir H. Waterfield of India Office, the authors tried to find out 'transitions' of meaning in Arabic words. They say, "The obscurity attached to the word 'sayer' in this sense was especially great."
It quotes again Wislon s.v.: "In its original purport the word signifies moving, waking, or the whole, the remainder; from the latter it came to denote the remaining, or all other, sources of revenue accruing to the Government in addition to the land-tax".
Sir C. Trevelyan says in one passage of his book (not reproduced by us) that the Arabic word has "the same meaning as 'miscellaneous'. During rule of East India Company, this was an Accounting Head, signifying revenue collection by means of duties, license fees, services, etc. other than Excise, Land Revenue.
Both the explanations for 'remainder' and 'miscellaneous' were not considered correct by the compilers.
The term Sayer in the 18th Century was applied to a variety of inland imposts, but especially to local and arbitrary charges levied by zamindars and other individuals, with a show of authority, on all goods passing through their estates by land or water, or sold at markets (Bazar, haut, gunge) established by them, charges which formed in the aggregate an enormous burden upon the trade of the country.
The Dictionary brings home the fact that in "saa'ir two old semitic terms have coalesced in sound though coming from different roots, viz. (in Arabic) sair, producing sa'ir, walking, current', and saa'r, producing saa'ir, 'remainder', the latter being a form of the same word that we have in the Biblical Shear-jashub, 'the remnant shall remain' (Isaiah, vii.3). The authors conceived that the true sense of the Indian term was 'current or customary charges'; an idea that lies at the root of sundry terms of the same kind in various languages, including our own (British) customs, as well as the 'dustoory' which is so familiar in India".
The Indian Vocabulary (1788) describes: Sairjat as "All kinds of taxation besides the land-rent" and Sair as "any place or office appointed for the collection of duties or customs." Such Sayer or Sayir centres were functioning in Presidencies of Bengal, Madras and Bombay under the British before superseding the East India Company by Queen of England Victoria. After the 1857 rising of Indian natives, India came under the yoke of British Empire and present day custom houses came into being.
Trading History
Marine trade in India has a hoary past, say from Sindhu Civilization or earlier, in which Sarthavahas played an important part. There is some mention of it in Vedas. Later on, we find mention of it in Jain and Buddhist literature. Examples of contacts with Western and Eastern coasts are available in Indian Classics. Researched materials are documented in modern books on subjects like social, geographical, political, religious and trade and travel. Foreign travelers and geographers' books also throw light on contacts with continents. We have proof of earliest explorers and travelers as cited in Bible and Rigveda. King Soloman (c. 900 BC) got built boats with the help of his friend Hiran, King of Phoenix, who loaned his seamen to run the fleet of Soloman. There were marine trades between Red Sea Ports and Port at Mediterranean. He also traded with Tharsish (South Eastern Spain) and Ophr at western coast of Africa. Carthage was a sea power in the Western mediterrean upto its downfall after the disastrous war with Rome.
Pharoah Necho II of Egypt (around c. 700 BC) was the initiator of cutting a navigable canal from Nile to Red Sea, which was intended to facilitate trade between Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. He stopped work on the fear of attack from Babylonians and other nations around Mediterranean sea.
Navigable rivers helped international trade. Internal trade was by road and through rivers. Nau or yanapatra (boat/ship) patha (route) is known as nadi patha (river route), kulya patha (artificial waterway or canal route) and vari patha (sea route). Sea route, in turn, is known as coastal route (kula patha) and overseas route (samyana patha).
Nishkas (necklace of coins, not necessarily a numistic money), hiranya pindas (buttons of gold, i.e. bullion beaten, roundish) and manas were considered weight and value but not gold coins. Panis were boat people, hated by Vedic people for their miserliness. They used to steal cattle of Aryans. Cattle or cattle horn were considered as wealth (dhan). It was a means of exchange on a barter system of that age when symbol of money, i.e. currency coin (Roopa), was not in vogue.
The Rigveda mentions ninety navigable rivers. Important routes are: (1) Ganges-Mahodhadhi (Bay of Bengal), (2) Brahmaputra-Bay of Bengal), (3) Mahanadi-Bay of Bengal, (4) Godavari-Bay of Bengal, (5) Krishnā-Bay of Bengal, (6) Kaveri-Bay of Bengal, (7) Indus (Sindhu)-Ratnakara (Arabian Sea), (8) Narmada-Ratnakara (Arabian Sea), (9) Euphrates-Persian Gulf river route, (10) Nile-Mediterrean river route, and (11) Huang Ho-Pacific Ocean route. River and sea routes provided facilities to people of Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and other important commercial cities of the region in circa 3000 BC.
Traditional routes paved way to well-laid out roads, connecting Uttarapatha (Northern India) to Dakshinapatha (Southern India) and Poorvanta (Eastern end) to Aparanta (Western end) and came to be known as silk route. These roads have lanes catering to pedestrians, bullock carts, horse, camel or elephant riders and horse-driven cars (Raths).
System of Sarthavahas:
Caravan of merchants or the leader of caravan traders, is guided by a sthalaniyamaka (land guide/pilot). Head merchant or transit corporation head (Sarthavaha) has had to provide for food supplies required more than sufficient for the long journey. He engages 'Bharavahas', i.e. menial labourers for manual loading and unloading and traffic section staff. These labourers, mostly slaves as is vogue in those days, settled down at various places with their masters. Head traffic staff is called 'Odariya'. They work under the supervision of Sthalaniyamaka, who lies on mattress on the open wagon on the vanguard of the caravan and keeps watchful eye on the direction, without batting his eyelids. If he sleeps and if animals turn back, the journey would take longer time before correcting course, resulting in depletion of food supplies (Such eventualities were narrated in Jataka stories). Next, he is assisted by vehicle engineering staff, headed by a 'Bhandi (Nayak)', who is the supervisor-in-charge of carts and wagons, pack of animals, litters, horses, elephants, buffaloes, bullocks, etc. Security branch of Sartha had a roadways engineering department which ensured road safety by sending engineering staff in advance to checkup road conditions and to have knowledge of other dangers from men and beast while crossing the forest areas.
'Shreni' is the general term for guild of traders. It is customary to form guilds for each professionalized trades in those days. Epigraphic-evidence shows that guilds not only minted and issued coins and seals but also maintained their own militia, which was known as 'Shrenibala' according to Kalachurya inscription.
Indus valley civilization (of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa people) was ruled by cosmopolitan merchant class of Meluha – both Avaidik and Vaidik. They had trade with Mesopotamia, Egypt, Byzantine/Rome empire, Persia, Africa, China, etc.
Scripts in Indus seals and tablets have remained a challenge to Indologists to decipher. Though many have professed decoding them, it is not fully deciphered satisfactorily still. In Post-316 (: Jangal…Jangad) we have quoted Dr. S. Kalyanaraman of Saraswati Centre on Indus script corpora & business transactions. German Indologist Egbert Richter Ushanas claimed to have decoded 1000-odd seals ( Indian Express, 16th February, 2007). His path-breaking decoding is based on the Sumerian and Brahmi script. He quotes Sanskrit from Rigveda. Similar claims were made by a several other scholars.
Custom laws and procedure were crystallized during the Mauryan rule and hence the system prevailed then is considered as the basis for the present day customs. Arthashastra of Kautilya (c. 300 BC) imposed strict adherence of rules and regulations. It recommended harsh punishments for false declaration of goods, quantity, weight, etc. General rate was 20% for all goods except sea customs and land customs. Foreign traders were treated well. Gupta rule was considered as golden era with their encouragement for international marine trade. Besides land rent, they imposed duty on agricultural produce and other services. Vijayanagara Empire held sway over ports on western and eastern coasts, then followed by Ikkeri Nayaks and Mysore Sultans. Moguls followed the same rule.
Prior to colonization, sayer or sunkadakattes (collection chowkeys) collected transit duties. Incoming and outgoing goods used to bear seal of authorities for ensuring legitimacy and preventing threat from pilferage or substitution. Modern type of custom houses established at Fort Williams during the rule of Nawaz of Bengal. Military and Naval force from Madras was requisitioned by him against the threat of Burdwan landlord. After Battle of Plassey, Robbert Clive,Governor of Fort Williams, built a new Fort in 1781. British established themselves in Bengal, Madras, Delhi, Mumbai, Mysore and slowly whole of India, barring some pockets of Dutch, French and Portuguese trading posts.
Guilds were at liberty to act in whatever manner but at times kings could interfere, as we see during the era of Gupta Empire. A mention of this is made in Kautilya's Arthashastra too. There was no fixed price and measurement and hence varied from place to place, even during Gupta period when marine trade was in its peak.
We have come across persons with surname 'Shreni' in Mangalore-Kasaragod region of Tulu Nadu (For example, Gopala Krishna Shreni was a well-known Yakshagana artist). This indicates how erstwhile Tulu Nadu was well-entrenched in sea and inland trade.
It would be interesting to note that Shetties were addressed at Nemas (annual festivals) of Divine Spirits as 'Bāle or Bāler' by Bootha impersonators at some places of Tulu Nadu. From this, it could be concluded that those Shrenibalas, accompanying the Sarthavahas, settled down in Tulu Nadu.
Note the saying, "Bele daanti achari baleda pukuli or pinkanu kettiye" (Idling carpenter, without work, chiseled the buttock of a child). Artisans, like carpenters (Acharis), were part of the caravans. Here 'bāle' has more than one meaning: child, keel of a boat or a Shetty. As against the popular meaning as said above, the correct meaning of the saying, most probably, is "The jobless carpenter passed his time by chiseling the keel of a boat, thereby putting lives and properties of voyagers at risk of drowning".
Important Ports
Tamralipta was an important port at Bengal Delta. Karachapa (Karachi) in Sindh, Bharuch (during Mauryan era), and small and big river estuaries were important sea ports along the West coast. Basrur (near Kundapura), Bhatkal, Barkur and Kalyanpura (at the estuary of Seeta and Suvarna rivers) Pangara(>Hangara) Katte (port with boat building facilities), Udyavara, Mulki, Mangaluru, Manjeshwara, Bekal and Kasaragod were important sea ports of yester year Tulu Nadu.
Goods traded: Rice, coconuts, sugarcane, spices, tamarind, timber, betel leaves, silk, cotton, wool, sea products (pearls, cowries, conches (shank), sea shells, fish, etc.),precious gems, like lapis lazuli, gold and silver ornaments, base metals, camphor, pottery and so on.
Trade Terminology
Apanika: shop-keeper, retailer
Naigama: A trader belonging to a professional body of merchants.
Pānis were important merchant class when cattle were traded or they are treated as units of money in barter trade system. Mark the evolution of Panis: Panis>Panikas>Vanikas>Vaishyas. Later on Vaishyas were considered as third rung of society in class system.
Panya: General commodities
Shreshti/Setti/Chetti: Immensely rich merchant, often as financier and investor in business and usurer.
Vaidehakas: Petty traders, mostly peddlers.
Hatta: Market place (Mark the place name 'Hattiangadi' in Tulu Nadu).
Large market centres: Pura, Pattana and Nagara/Nakhara (Nakre) and Velakula (port). It should be understood that they are riverine places.
Amil : Land revenue. (Amaldar used to mean assistant revenue collector or Assistant Commissioner). Amil is also a popular surname in Gujarat and among Muslim.
Amaram: Territory allocated to the military chiefs .
Banjara: Banjara merchant, specializing in carrying (caravan) trade, particularly in grains, salt, cattle . (The surnames Banjan, Bunnu or Bunnan among Billavas might be a reflection of 'Banjara')
Place Names
Mark the evolution of Pan to Ban, Van, Banija>Vanija. Settlement of marine traders were known by place names in Tulu Nadu, such as Pangarakatte > Hangarakatte, Padu Panambur (Near Haleyangadi), Panambur (on the northern bank of River Phalguni, Pandeshwar in Mangalore and Kundapur.
Gods of Ocean
Presence of Lord Pashupati (Mahadeva) and Lord Krishna as Protectors is legendary in western coastline. We can also visualize overlord-ship of Bhrigu and his clan, known as Bhargavas. Legend of Bhargava Rama, i.e Lord Parashurama, is still remembered in Dwaraka-Konkan-Canara-Malabar Coast. He is worshipped in temples in Gujarat, Tulu Nadu and Kerala.
"Ocean, from whom the Gods are sprung". This is a quotation from the 'Iliad' by Homer, an 8th Century BC Greek Epic Poet. It is story of war between Spartan and Trojans in Mediterrean region. The Sparta was a powerful military city in ancient Greece. The king having a formidable marine power is considered as a God of the Sea. Such Titles were assumed by Indian Kings of yore, Eg. Skanda Gupta, Samudra Gupta, etc. of Gupta Dynasty. Darious-I [Daayav(h)us in old Persian], the Great, was the 3rd King of Persian Achaemenid Empire (c.550-486 BCE. During his rule, the empire included much of West Asia, the Caucasus, parts of Balkan. Dominance over sea, as we notice, played a great role in marine navigation and trade in ancient world.
Turkish Ottoman Empire (Post-348: Rumi), ruled the sea trade for 600 years, controlling South East Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa and Horn of Africa, and the major land and marine trade routes between Europe and Asia were controlled by the Turks till the middle of 20th Century.
We presume that our penchant for unraveling the original meanings of certain words (as opposed to the meanings understood in course of time) may be of certain interest to curious readers in search of obscure trails in our history.
Sayer, syre or sair is a duty or tax for goods in transit. It means a customary charge or duty imposed on imports and exports at destinations. Marine trade made people wealthy and brought riches to kings then and now to Governments – democratic or dictatorial.
In Tulunadu when a person sits gloomily with face downcast, relatives and friends used ask him rather comically: "Daane ninna kappal murkuduna? (=Why you are sitting disappointed? Whether your ship sunk?)
Old generation people, still living, may remember the jingling bells of bullocks moving in a line, traversing dusty roads from highlands to ports of Tulu Nadu. Those were the bullock caravan with produce from hinterland. They can even hear singing by and see jovial faces of cart drivers.
-Hosabettu Vishwanath, Pune
( along with suggested readings)
Post Nos. in this blog: 158: Pandyas & Cargo boats, 296/01.03.2012: Ancient Port of Basarur, 297: Weavers of civilization, 316: Jangal, Jangar or Jangad- A classic usage in Trade and Travel, 334: Secret of Ambagilu, 348/29.07.2015: Rumi, etc
Hobson-Jobson Dictionary, pp.798-801
Pages in the internet:
Ancient Navigators
Indian History, Krishna Reddy, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
Foreign Trade & Commerce in Ancient India, Prakash Charan Prasad
A Social History of Early India, Brajadulal Chattopadhya


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Photographer's Note
Managua - The metal forest of the Árboles de la Vida
See the note at my previous picture.
The Nicaraguan people have lost faith in their government and in a president who clings to power. The former revolutionary has become a dictator himself.
The Árboles de la Vida, metal sculptures that serve as a lighting post at night, were meant to beautify the cityscape. You find them along the main avenues and a plurality of them decorates the Malecon on the shore of Lake Xolotlán.
For the protesters, however, they were a symbol of mismanagement of president Ortega, a symbol of a revolutionary who lost touch with the people.
In recent weeks, a number of these lighting structures have been pulled down.
ikeharel, papagolf21, holmertz, jean113, jhm, macjake, worldcitizen, Fis2, PiotrF, ChrisJ, COSTANTINO, danos, CLODO, Cricri, Hansaphotos, fritzi007 ha contrassegnato questa nota come utile
Critiques | Translate
papagolf21 (144604) 2018-07-01 1:20
Bonjour, cher Paul,
Comme à l'accoutumée la note d'accompagnement est édifiante.
Les images sont très intéressantes.
L'image principale est une véritable réussite.
ikeharel (98396) 2018-07-01 1:22
It is great to see these street lights illuminated, Paul, but it is also a pity to learn what is happening to the people of Nicaragua, as red in the note.
Well captured the night scene, scaled by the lone figure on left.
Have a nice sunday,
Tue (71246) 2018-07-01 1:23
Hallo Paul,
Ik kan me er wel iets bij voorstellen hoe de bevolking over deze enorme kleurrijke bomen denkt, hoe bijzonder ze er ook uit mogen zien. De grootte wordt duidelijk gemaakt door de persoon op de voorgrond. De felle kleuren geven een mooi contrast met de donkerblauwe lucht. Uitstekend scherpte.
lousat (120521) 2018-07-01 1:34
Hi Paul,interesting to read what means these trees for the protester againt the bad governement,this artwork is been now a symbol of revolution,a perfect capture very bright and sharp as usual like the WS,well done! Have a nice Sunday and thanks,Luciano
holmertz (82832) 2018-07-01 3:12
Hello Paul,
These brightly shining sculptures would look great anywhere, if everyone knew that first of all the state's money had been spent on health care, education, housing, water etc. When these things are missing, or inadequate, it is understandable that monuments like these become symbols of waste and mismanagement. The many recent "antique" sculptures in Skopje, Macedonia, is probably a parallel. But these trees look good on well exposed photos, like here. I'm not sure if the Macedonian sculptures ever look good, probably just kitschy.
Kind regards,
jean113 (15829) 2018-07-01 5:02
Hello Paul, I can understand the feelings of the people, as although the trees are very attractive they are an extravagance.
A good shot where the bright colours are immediately eye catching.
The presence of the figure adds scale.
TFS, regards Jean.
jhm (190735) 2018-07-01 6:22
Dag Paul,
Het zijn special schilderijen met felle kleuren.
Deze foto en uw toegevoegde zijn zeker van een goede kwaliteit.
Ik heb iets bijgeleerd vandaag.
Bedankt voor het delen.
Groeten uit een heet Oost Vlaanderen 32.8°C
Nicou (187726) 2018-07-01 7:28
Avec le personange ce jeune en premier plan quelle iamge quels arbres tout en lumière et en couleurs superbe décoration et vue avec le ballon dans les airs.
Bravo et amitié
Silvio1953 (190423) 2018-07-01 7:36
Ciao Paul, fantastic metal forest, excellent exposure, wonderful colors fine details and splendid sharpness, very well done, my friend, ciao Silvio
rychem (67707) 2018-07-01 8:36
Interesting way to protest against the goverment, it is a kind of peaceful protest, the photo itself is very good, I like all photos in WS
regards Ryszard
macjake (92295) 2018-07-01 8:54
Hi Paul
now thats pretty cool! I've got a feeling this is going to be a popular photo for you here. and why not. great to have the boy playing football for you, but the star of the show are those tall illuminated trees.
Very interesting however, the info you provide in your note, how they're not in favour of the locals. Sounds like a lot of disfunction. great TE post
worldcitizen (12698) 2018-07-01 12:25
Hello Paul,
This photo is so colorful, and exposed perfectly. I also like the one, lone person playing ball in the foreground. It's a shame that Nicaragua is descending into chaos once again. I hope things will change for the better. Thanks for your insightful notes and lovely photos of this country.
Fis2 (141882) 2018-07-01 12:26
Witaj Paul!
Nice view.
Excellent colors and light.
Interesting decoration.
Well done.
Nice new week.
PiotrF (41884) 2018-07-01 14:31
Hello Paul,
Colorful picture from Managua. A series of photos in the workshop is also very interesting.
Interesting note about metal sculptures .
I like good sharpness and nice colors.
Fine presentation
emka (138716) 2018-07-01 17:09
Hello Paul, I find these artificial trees original and beautiful. And what a pity they became the wrong symbol and some of them were pulled down. Fabulous night shots. I like also the Workshop with the wide alley without the traffic. There are beautiful flowers on the left side. These trees seem really huge. Kind regards Malgo
carlo62 (80977) 2018-07-02 0:43
Ciao Paul
oltre il significato che possono avere, questi alberi offrono un ottimo colpo d'occhio sul panorama cittadino, soprattutto con le luci accese.
Bella serie di foto, una bella testimonianza.
Saluti Carlo
ChrisJ (151702) 2018-07-02 1:31
Hallo Paul,
The person at left is essential to grasp some idea of the large scale of these outdoor murals. Good colour and sharpness with nice repetition of patterns and shapes. Tfs!
Hello dear friend and have a nice time
and a happy new day
wow!!!original version
a different forest from the usuals
here we can see a colorful metal forest
of the Arboles de la Vida it is really
great to see those steets with hundreds
of lighst illuminated
danos (110395) 2018-07-02 13:36
Hello Paul,
the colourful trees of the metal forest are captured and presented perfect.The presentation of the playing boy adds scale in the scene.
jemaflor (125201) 2018-07-03 23:39
Salut Paul,
Originales oeuvres bien présentées avec une personne pour donner un aperçu de l'échelle et belle mise en valeur avec ces lumières colorées, bien capturée.
Bonjour Paul
Magnifique forêt colorée dont la dimension est donnée par cette personne solitaire
Cricri (176) 2018-07-09 9:57
Bonjour Paul
Toutes les images en WS et celle ci sont vraiment magnifique, quelle belle idée en plus de l'éclairage c'est beau avec la variétés des couleurs, j'aime beaucoup, il est bien dommage que certain soit détruit
Bonne soirée
sacimar (36673) 2018-07-11 11:27
Hello Paul,
beautiful image full of color, light management is excellent and we can enjoy of these metal sculptures, I like the detail of the boy also, well done,
Best regards,
jmdias (91326) 2018-08-13 10:35
yes, I saw this on TV. I don't agree with vandalism, even being against a symbol of oppression, in any case is public money spent here. my old grandfather once said me he had seen many things in his life and at the end the things ever turned to be the same they were in the past.
very nice this view of the row of sculptures.
take care
Hansaphotos (10797) 2018-08-14 12:08
Hello Paul
Another excellent capture (or actually five) from this fascinating and in many ways colourful country. A well exposed shot with splendid colours and nice light. Fine work:) Thanks.
Greetings, Erling
fritzi007 (14698) 2018-08-23 5:36
Hi Paul,
interesting photo and information, very good perspective and colors, congratulations!
Have a nice day
kasianowak (13837) 2019-02-12 3:12
Hi Paul
This image was featured on the main page today. It's a beautiful capture, very well exposed in difficult conditions with the colourful trees looking great on the dark background.
The atmosphere is magic.
Best wishes
Photo Information
- Copyright: Paul VDV (PaulVDV) (49014)
- Genre: Luoghi
- Medium: Colore
- Date Taken: 2018-04-15
- Categories: Vita quotidiana, Opera d'arte
- Esposizione: 30 secondi
- Versione Foto: Versione Originale, Workshop
- Date Submitted: 2018-06-30 23:55


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Related Articles
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