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Behav. Sci. 2015, 5(2), 176-189; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5020176
Resilience in Physically Abused Children: Protective Factors for Aggression
Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11235 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7164, USA
Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 2400 E. Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Steven Kirsh
Received: 13 February 2015 / Accepted: 20 April 2015 / Published: 27 April 2015
Aggression continues to be a serious problem among children, especially those children who have experienced adverse life events such as maltreatment. However, there are many maltreated children who show resilient functioning. This study investigated potential protective factors (i.e., child prosocial skills, child internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being) that promoted positive adaptation and increased the likelihood of a child engaging in the healthy, normative range of aggressive behavior, despite experiencing physical maltreatment. Logistic regression analyses were conducted using two waves of data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I). Children who were physically maltreated were more likely to exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1 than children who were not physically maltreated. Children's internalizing well-being, children's prosocial behavior, and caregivers' well-being were associated with lower likelihood of clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1. Children's internalizing well-being and children's prosocial behavior remained significantly associated with nonclinical aggression 18 months later. These findings highlight the role of protective factors in fostering positive and adaptive behaviors in maltreated children. Interventions focusing on preventing early aggression and reinforcing child prosocial skills, child internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being may be promising in promoting healthy positive behavioral adjustment.
Keywords:resilience; child physical abuse; aggression; well-being; prosocial behavior; longitudinal
1. Introduction
Aggression continues to be a serious problem among children, especially those children who have experienced adverse life events such as maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect) [1]. Although much of researchers' findings indicate that maltreated children are more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior [2,3,4], a growing number of researchers have examined factors that promote positive adaptation in adverse environments [5,6,7,8]. Such research focuses on resilience in children, investigating their capacity to overcome significant risks or adverse experiences and achieve positive developmental outcomes [9]. Despite strong theoretical support for the investigation of protective factors as well as risk factors put forth by the resilience theory [10], protective factors have yet to be examined as extensively or rigorously as risk factors in relation to maltreatment. Of the studies examining protective factors in maltreated children, most have focused on adolescence [11,12] and young adulthood [13,14,15]. While these developmental periods are important, investigating protective factors relevant for young children (i.e., 4–10 years) is critical to understanding the development of resilient functioning in children who are currently experiencing or have recently experienced physical maltreatment. Younger children may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment [2]. Furthermore, the early development of aggressive behavior in children can lead to persistent patterns of maladaptation through adolescence and adulthood [16,17], heightening the importance of understanding early adaptation patterns. Therefore, this study included a sample of children reported to Child Protective Services (CPS) for maltreatment and investigated potential protective factors that promoted positive adaptation and increased the likelihood of a child engaging in the healthy, normative range of aggressive behavior, despite experiencing physical maltreatment.
1.1. Physical Maltreatment and Aggression
Previous studies have documented a significant link between physical maltreatment and aggressive behavior in early to middle childhood [3,18,19]. Physically maltreated children are at a heightened risk for developing externalizing behavior problems, including aggression and disruptive behaviors, compared with nonmaltreated children [2,4]. Higher levels of verbal and physical aggression in physically maltreated children compared with nonmaltreated children have consistently been reported across multiple informants, including the child self-report [3], caregivers [20], and teachers/professional raters [2,4,21]. Some studies have indicated that the association between childhood physical maltreatment and aggression remains significant even after controlling for other types of maltreatment and exposure to violence [18,22]. In addition to developing aggressive externalizing behaviors, childhood maltreatment or neglect has been found to be associated with later delinquency in life [23]. Studies suggest that delinquent behavior occurs 47% more often among maltreated children than among their nonmaltreated peers [24].
1.2. Resilience to Physical Maltreatment
Although children who experience maltreatment have an increased risk for developing emotional, behavioral, and social adjustment problems [25], some maltreated children do not exhibit these negative outcomes. Results of longitudinal studies of resilience in maltreated children indicate that approximately 10%–20% of maltreated children exhibit resilient functioning [5,26,27]. Resilience is defined as the capacity for successful adaptation in the face of adversity [28]. Developing over the last several decades, resilience theory focuses on the protective processes that promote well-being and protect against risk [29]. Maintaining that resilience emerges from complex interactions among a myriad of systems in a person's life, resilience theory highlights the role of developmental timing on the manifestation of resilience in children [30]. As such, resilience is a dynamic developmental process.
Protective factors promote resilience in maltreated children; that is, protective factors can outweigh the risk factors within children's environments, allowing some children to achieve healthy and positive adaptations despite risk and adversity. Protective factors refer to characteristics that are associated with a lower likelihood of problems or negative outcomes [31]. Various protective factors at the individual and family level that may buffer the risk of maladaptive behaviors and promote successful behavioral adjustment for maltreated children have been identified in empirical studies (for a comprehensive review on protective factors associated with resilience in maltreated children, see Afifi and MacMillan, 2011) [32]. Furthermore, findings from several longitudinal studies indicate that protective factors may have enduring effects in promoting resilience in children [8,33,34,35].
Some potential protective factors that may promote resilience in maltreated children include prosocial skills, child internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being. At the individual level, possessing prosocial skills (e.g., self-control, cooperation, assertion, responsibility) has been identified as a protective factor associated with resilience to externalizing behavior problems [7,33,36]. In a longitudinal study spanning from infancy to preadolescence, prosocial skills emerged as a significant protective factor against aggression [30]. Specifically, most children with better-developed prosocial skills had low or moderate physical aggression trajectories as opposed to high physical aggression trajectories [30].
Child internalizing well-being is another individual-level protective factor that has been associated with resilience in children who have experienced maltreatment. Internalizing well-being can be defined as the absence of internalizing behavior problems, which include a child being withdrawn or experiencing somatic problems, anxiety, or depression. Researchers have identified internalizing behavior problems as a risk factor for aggressive behavior in physically abused children and other high-risk and clinical samples [37,38,39]. Moreover, longitudinal designs have found internalizing well-being to have protective effects on aggressive behavior among maltreated children [35]. Other longitudinal research, however, has found concurrent but not predictive effects of internalizing symptoms on dating aggression perpetration/victimization in sexually abused adolescents [40] and that depression predicted trajectories of consistent aggression in African American but not Hispanic youths [41]. Furthermore, in the context of an intervention study, higher levels of co-occurring internalizing problems predicted larger decreases in externalizing behaviors, suggesting protective effects of high internalizing well-being, or the absence of internalizing problems, in some circumstances [42].
In addition to individual protective factors, a number of familial and relational protective factors can contribute to resilience among maltreated children. Caregiver well-being (i.e., the absence of parental substance-use problems, depression, and other mental health problems) has been identified as a protective factor that buffers the negative effects of child maltreatment on later behavior problems [43] and prevents the development of aggression in high risk children [34]. For instance, the absence of maternal drug dependence [44], few symptoms of mental health problems [6], and less maternal depressive symptoms [34,45] have been linked to lower levels of externalizing problems in maltreated and other high-risk children [45]. Yet, little research has focused on protective factors within maltreated populations. Most research has examined protective factors in maltreated versus nonmaltreated children [7,35,36,38,43,44] or in other high-risk populations [33,34,37,39,41,42]. Scarce studies have examined resilient versus non-resilient maltreated children [6] or protective factors within exclusively maltreated groups [40,45].
The current study seeks to address gaps in the literature regarding the effects of individual and familial-level protective factors on aggression in relation to physical abuse (i.e., as opposed to other forms of maltreatment) among school-aged children who have been investigated by the child welfare system. Drawing from resilience theory that highlights the interaction of multiple systems in a child's life and the role of developmental timing on the manifestation of resilience, this study examined the likelihood that a child would exhibit clinical levels of aggression in relation to his or her internalizing well-being, prosocial skills, caregiver's well-being, and experience of physical maltreatment. This study first contributes to the literature by examining these potential protective factors effects on concurrent aggression and longitudinally on changes in aggression across an 18 month time period. Second, this study contributes to the literature by examining protective factors that promote resiliency to aggression in a maltreated sample. It was hypothesized that children who experienced physical maltreatment would be more likely to exhibit current clinical levels of aggressive behavior. Children who had higher levels of internalizing well-being and prosocial skills and whose caregivers had higher well-being would be less likely to exhibit current clinical levels of aggressive behavior. It was also hypothesized that the protective variables (the child's internalizing well-being, the child's prosocial skills, and the caregiver's well-being) would remain a significant predictor of children being less likely to exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior 18 months later.
2. Method
2.1. Sample and Data
A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I) [46]. The full NSCAW-I sample included 5501 children who had been investigated for maltreatment by CPS. Data were gathered from children, caregivers, teachers, and CPS caseworkers through in-person and telephone interviews. Families were interviewed at four time points, including after the close of the CPS investigation (baseline/Wave 1), and 18 months (Wave 3), 36 months (Wave 4), and 59–72 months (Wave 5) post-baseline. The current study included data from Wave 1 and Wave 3, which will be referred to as Time 1 and Time 2, respectively.
The study sample includes 1207 children who were between the ages of 4 and 10 years old at Wave 1. Approximately half of the children were male and White/Non-Hispanic. The average age of children at Time 1 was 6.94 years (SD = 1.99) and 8.24 years (SD = 2.06) at Time 2. Over 65% of the caregivers were younger than 35 years old and nearly 70% had graduated high school or received some schooling beyond high school. At Time 1, 26% of the children exhibited clinical levels of aggressive behavior, whereas 22% of the children exhibited such behavior at Time 2. Table 1 displays the sample demographics.
|Caregiver's age
|Less than 35 years
|35 years or more
|Caregiver's education
|Less than high school
|High school graduate
|High school plus
|Child's gender (male)
|Child's race/ethnicity
|Physical maltreatment reported
|T1 Child's age
|6.94 (1.99)
|T2 Child's age
|8.24 (2.06)
|Child's well-being score
|5.38 (1.29)
|Child's prosocial score
|89.96 (16.10)
|Caregiver well-being score
|5.38 (1.45)
|T1 Clinical level of aggression
|T2 Clinical level of aggression
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Aggressive Behavior
Aggressive behavior was reported by the child's mother using the Aggressive Behavior Problem Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) [47] at Time 1 and 18 months later at Time 2. The scale included 20 questions for children aged 4 years and older. Scores were summed and converted to t scores. Scores between 65 and 69 signify clinical concern and scores of 70 or above signify clinical impairment [47]. Internal consistency for the aggressive behavior problem scale was 0.89 at Time 1 and 0.92 at Time 2. The t scores were recoded into a dichotomous variable for each time point, clinical aggression, with scores in the normal range = 0 indicating resilience and scores in the clinical concern or clinical impairment range = 1 indicating nonresilience.
2.2.2. Maltreatment: Physical Abuse
Caseworkers responded yes (1) or no (0) to whether physical maltreatment was reported to CPS for investigation.
2.2.3. Child's Internalizing Well-being
Child's well-being was based on the internalizing problem behavior of the CBCL [47], which includes the Withdrawn, Somatic Problems, and Anxious Depressed Problem Scales. For children aged 4 and older, the Withdrawn Scale included 9 questions, the Somatic Problems Scale included 9 questions, and the Anxious Depressed Scale included 14 questions. Scores for each problem scale were summed and converted to t scores. The three problem scale t scores were then summed to create the internalizing problem behavior score. Child's internalizing well-being was recoded to equal 1 if scores were in the normal range (below 63) and 0 if scores signified clinical concern (63 or above). Internal consistency for the internalizing behavior problem scale was 0.96.
2.2.5. Caregiver Well-being
Caregiver well-being was a composite score created from three scales of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF) [49]. The three scales measured caregiver's depression, alcohol use, and drug use. For depression, caregivers were asked three qualifying questions followed by five symptom questions based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria for major depressive episode [50]. Mothers were coded as either having a major depressive episode in the past year (0), feeling depressed but having no major depressive episode in the past year (1), or not feeling depressed (2). Internal consistency was low for the major depressive episode scale (α = 0.43). However, concordance with clinical diagnoses has been reported to range from 0.76 to 0.84 [51]. For alcohol use, caregivers were asked one qualifying question followed by seven symptom questions based on the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence [50]. Caregivers were coded as alcohol dependent (0); heavy drinker if they reported drinking four or more drinks in one day but did not meet the criteria for alcohol dependence (1); light drinker if they reported three or fewer drinks in one day but did not meet the criteria for alcohol dependence (2); or abstainer if they reported no drinks in the past year (3). Internal consistency for heavy alcohol use yielded an alpha of 0.78. For drug use, caregivers were asked one qualifying question followed by seven symptom questions based on the DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence [50]. Caregivers were coded as substance dependent (0); used at least 1 drug in the past year but not substance dependent (1); or abstainer if they reported no drug use in the past year (2). Internal consistency for drug use yielded an alpha of 0.84. The three scales were then summed to represent caregiver well-being, where lower scores meant poorer well-being.
2.2.6. Control Variables
Mother's and child's ages and child's gender and race were controlled for in this study. Child's race/ethnicity was coded into four groups: White/Non-Hispanic, Black/Non-Hispanic, Hispanic, and Other. The Other category included American Indian, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander, and Multiracial.
2.3. Analyses
Two logistic regression models were fit to the data to test the research hypotheses. Logistic regression analysis is used to assess the effect of multiple explanatory variables, which can be categorical or continuous, on a discrete outcome. This analysis estimates the odds, or likelihood, of an outcomes occurring. Of interest is estimating the effect of risk and protective factors on clinical levels of aggression. Model 1 tested the likelihood that a child would exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1. Model 2 tested the likelihood that a child would exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 2 while controlling for Time 1 aggressive behavior. All models estimated the factors that influence aggressive behavior.
3. Results
Table 2 displays the results of the logistic regression analyses. The logistic regression model for Model 1 was statistically significant, χ2(9) = 382.68, p < 0.001. The goodness-of-fit Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test yielded a χ2(8) of 9.00 and was not significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that the model fit the data well. According to Model 1, the lower the child's age, the more likely the child would exhibit clinical aggression at Time 1. Compared with White/Non-Hispanic children, Hispanic children were less likely to exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1. Children who were physically abused were 1.45 times more likely to exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1 than children who were not physically abused. Child's internalizing well-being, child's prosocial behavior, and caregiver's mental well-being were associated with less likelihood of exhibiting clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1. Child's gender was not significantly associated with clinical level of aggression.
The logistic regression model for Model 2 was also statistically significant, χ2(10) = 272.34, p < 0.001. The H–L test yielded a χ2(8) of 15.05 and was not significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that the model fit the data well. According to Model 2, if a child was in the clinical range for aggressive behavior at Time 1, that child was 4.6 times more likely to remain in the clinical range of aggressive behavior at Time 2. Child's internalizing well-being and child's prosocial behavior were associated with a less likelihood of exhibiting clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 2. All other variables (i.e., child's gender, age, race, physical maltreatment, and caregiver well-being) were not significantly associated with children's clinical level of aggression.
Table 2. Summary of logistic regression analysis for variables predicting children's clinical level of aggression (n = 1207).
|Model 1
Aggression at Time 1
|Model 2
Aggression at Time 2
|Clinical aggression at Time 1
|1.53 **
|Child's gender (male)
|Child's age in years
|−0.13 ***
|Child's race
|0.59 *
|Physical maltreatment reported
|0.37 *
|Child's internalizing well-being
|−2.05 ***
|−0.71 ***
|Child's prosocial behavior
|−0.06 ***
|−0.03 ***
|Caregiver well-being
|−0.18 **
|382.68 ***
|272.34 ***
Notes: eB = exponentiated B. Clinical aggression; child's gender as male; physical maltreatment; and child's internalizing well-being coded as 1 for yes and 0 for no. Child's race as White/Non-Hispanic is the reference category. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
4. Discussion
This study examined early risk and protective factors that predict the likelihood of clinical levels of aggressive behaviors over time in children who have been referred to CPS as victims of alleged abuse or neglect. Physical abuse significantly predicted aggressive behavior at Time 1. Children who were physically abused were nearly 1.5 times more likely to exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1 than children who were not physically abused. The association between physical abuse and aggressive behavior in this study is consistent with previous studies that have found elevated levels of aggression among victims of maltreatment, including physical abuse [2,3,4,18,19,20,21]. An unexpected result of this study is that physical abuse was a significant predictor of aggression at Time 1 but not at Time 2. Potentially, the effects of physical maltreatment on aggressive behavior may be pertinent to the onset of aggression, while individual factors are germane to its persistence.
In concordance with resilience theory, the association between protective factors and a lower likelihood of children's clinical levels of aggressive behavior highlights the fundamental role of protective factors in fostering positive and adaptive behaviors in maltreated children. Thus, as was expected, child's internalizing well-being, child's prosocial behavior, and caregiver's well-being decreased the likelihood of exhibiting clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1. In addition, child well-being and prosocial skills decreased the likelihood of exhibiting clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 2. These findings underline the importance of child prosocial skills, child internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being as protective factors in clinical levels of aggressive behavior. Because few studies have examined the range of resilient functioning in a sample focusing exclusively on maltreated children, these findings are particularly relevant for professionals working within the child welfare system. That is, they emphasize the importance of child prosocial skills and internalizing well-being as protective factors in the progression of aggressive behavior in maltreated children.
The insignificance of family-level protective factors (i.e., caregiver well-being) at Time 2 seems to be in line with an ecological model of behavioral adaptation, with the most proximal individual protective factors having more stable and enduring effects on aggressive behavior and its progression than family-level environmental influences. For example, prosocial skills may extend beyond development of healthy interactions with peers and include social problem-solving skills. By definition, prosocial skills include cooperation, assertion, responsibility, and self-control. These domains may allow the child to conceptualize a myriad of solutions to social problems, such as becoming adept at reading social norms, facial expressions, intentions, empathy, and having realistic expectations of social situations. This adaptation may result in the child using healthy problem-solving skills rather than resorting to aggression. Additionally, these results may reflect an important transition in development and the relative influence of protective factors. That is, family-level factors may be more relevant for children when they are in early childhood (i.e., at Time 1), due to a higher level of dependence on caregivers, compared to middle childhood (i.e., Time 2); these results contribute early adaptation patterns to the broader literature of resilience in maltreated children.
Although individual protective factors may have more stable influences on aggressive behavior over time, caregiver-level protective factors, as more distal protective factors that are relatively sensitive to changing environmental conditions, may not have enduring buffering effects over time. Results from a recent meta-analysis [52] support this notion and indicate that a child's individual characteristics are more strongly related to resilience and positive functioning in the face of maltreatment, compared with his or her interpersonal relationships and environment. According to resilience theory, these results may indicate that caregiver-level protective factors may have more leverage with certain developmental timing in a child's life, suggesting windows of opportunity for protective factors interacting across system-levels [53].
Independent of child physical abuse and protective factors, being in the clinical range of aggression at Time 1 was also significantly associated with the increased likelihood of a child remaining in the clinical aggression group at Time 2, underscoring the importance of early behavioral patterns in shaping later behavioral adjustment. Specifically, the child was 4.6 times more likely to remain in the clinical range of aggressive behavior at Time 2 if he or she exhibited clinical levels of aggression at Time 1. Our finding is in line with the developmental psychopathology perspective, which posits that successful early adaptation increases the probability of continued successful adjustment in later life and that failure in early adaptation may lead to subsequent failures and maladaptation over time [54]. Empirical studies have also yielded similar evidence, showing that high levels of persistent aggression in early childhood often remain stable over time throughout middle childhood [55,56]. The findings suggest that early behavioral adaptation and patterns can set the course for either enhanced or disrupted behavioral functioning during later life, thus making it a potential point of intervention.
Several limitations qualify the findings of the current study. First, physical maltreatment was measured as a dichotomous variable (i.e., presence vs. absence) and did not examine other maltreatment characteristics such as frequency, severity, and chronicity of maltreatment. Additionally, child's physical maltreatment was measured only at Time 1 and not at Time 2, limited by how the data were collected. The reliance on caseworker report for the maltreatment measure could also lead to an incomplete picture, focusing only on the instance of maltreatment leading to investigation. In interpreting the effects of physical maltreatment, it is important to keep in mind the highly victimized nature of the study sample of children being investigated by the child welfare system. The effects found for physical abuse could be the result of other types of victimization co-occurring with physical abuse (i.e., polyvictimization) [53]. Second, main study variables, including all three protective factors and children's aggression at both time points, were reported by the caregiver, which may have produced biased results. Future studies may benefit by utilizing multiple informants such as child (self), peers, and teachers. Finally, the sample composition limits the generalizability of our study findings. The study sample consisted of children referred to the child welfare system for alleged child abuse or neglect, and thus the study results may not be generalizable to nonclinical populations. On a similar note, it is unclear whether the findings of this study would persist in subpopulations, such as children in out-of-home care.
Despite the strength of the longitudinal design in this study, it is important to note that the causal direction implied by this analysis cannot be unequivocally established. Past research has suggested the possibility of reciprocal relationships among many of the study variables of focus in this analysis (e.g., physical abuse and aggression, child internal well-being and aggression) [1,57]. Future research should continue to explore the directionality of these relationships.
The findings from the present study add to the existing knowledge of resilience in maltreated children by highlighting the important roles played by protective factors. Specifically, this study contributes to our current understanding of resilience by demonstrating the unique effects of protective factors at different levels in buffering aggressive behavior in middle childhood. In addition, this study contributes to literature by examining resilience within a maltreated sample in relation to physical abuse and by examining the effects of protective factors on aggression and its development across an 18 month time period. Interventions focusing on preventing early aggression and reinforcing child prosocial skills, internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being may be promising in promoting healthy and positive behavioral adjustment among physically maltreated children.
This document includes data from the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being, which was developed under contract with the Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (ACYF/DHHS). The data were provided by the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect.
Author Contributions
Megan Holmes conceived of the study, which was then further developed and finalized by all authors. Analyses were conducted by Megan Holmes. Susan Yoon and Stacey Steigerwald conducted the literature review. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


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Mercedes-AMG has unleashed a new 'Green Hell' GT R.
Making its public debut at Goodwood, the German brand says that never before has it packed 'so much motorsport technology into a production vehicle'. Powered by a 4.0-litre, twin-turbo V8 engine with 585 hp, 0-62mph takes 3.6 seconds, while top speed is 198mph. As well as running on extensively modified suspension, the GT R also has new aerodynamics and an 'intelligent lightweight construction'.
Finished in exclusive "AMG green hell magno" paintwork, it leaves no doubt as to the sports GT's origin, having spent most of its development time in the "Green Hell" of the Nurburgring. Wider front and rear wings allow an increased track width for optimum grip and even higher cornering speeds. The new front fascia with active elements, the large rear aerofoil and the new rear fascia with double diffuser enhance aerodynamic efficiency and 'help ensure optimum grip'. The lightweight forged wheels shod with cup tyres as standard are likewise designed for maximum driving dynamics says Mercedes. The same applies to other new features such as the active rear-wheel steering, the nine-way adjustable traction control system and the adjustable coil-over suspension with additional electronic control.
Professor Thomas Weber, Member of the Board of Management of Daimler AG said: "Our sports-car and performance brand AMG has its roots in motorsport and, ever since its formation, has repeatedly faced up to the competition on the racetrack. These genes are particularly prevalent in the new AMG GT R. Boasting a wealth of technological innovations, the new top-of-the-range model is proof of the close collaboration between our constructors of racing cars and road-going vehicles."
"With the new AMG GT R, we have reached the next level of driving performance. This road-going sports car with motor-racing genes and innovative technical solutions offers an ultimate driving experience that allows people to feel our motorsport origins in every fibre. It combines the driving dynamics of our AMG GT3 racing car with the everyday practicality of the AMG GT. Those with petrol in their veins will be thrilled by the radical longitudinal and lateral acceleration, the precise turn-in, and the sensational grip. We have modified all performance-relevant components and linked them together intelligently for maximum driving dynamics," says Tobias Moers, CEO of Mercedes‑AMG GmbH.
The third member of the AMG GT family is the new spearhead of the AMG model range. Featuring pioneering technologies, the AMG GT R was designed with racetrack use firmly in mind.

subset: commoncrawl


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Designing for the Future
Shaping a common vision is one of the things we do best. As smart growth and sustainable design principles continually evolve and costs continue to rise, we emphasize continuity, responsible design, and standardization in our planning exercises. Implementation of the plan is the ultimate goal and we work with clients, architects, engineers, and developers alike to achieve a common vision that is creative yet realistic. We also like to point out that a large majority of our projects are implemented, something that we are very proud of.


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GameSpy writes: "In a surprising announcement today, Chris Taylor's Gas Powered Games (creators of Dungeon Siege) and Brad Wardell's Stardock (publishers of the Galactic Civilizations series and Sins of a Solar Empire) revealed that they would be partnering for both retail and digital distribution of GPG's newest title Demigod. The value for Stardock is obvious as the company prepares to morph "Stardock Central," its fledgling digital distribution system, into "Impulse," a full-service digital game seller. According to Wardell, Stardock plans to have rough content parity with competitors like Steam and Direct2Drive by the end of 2008 and will also include non-gaming content such as anti-virus packages, disk utilities and other PC applications.
The value proposition for Gas Powered Games in this latest move is a little harder to see, but according to the press release issued on the matter, Stardock's most recent game release, Sins of a Solar Empire, was the top-selling PC strategy game at retail despite selling a large number of copies digitally and having no copy protection. Demigod will apparently be following this pattern -- releasing without copy protection, an extensive beta program (which occasioned a new February 2009 release date) and many months of post-release support and free updates. We were able to sit down with Stardock's Brad Wardell to discuss the two companies' initiative."


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Sunday Links
Here at PMA, we love our weekends. We like to catch a show or two, go to a movie, catch up with "RL" stuff, or just veg. With the exception of a podcast every now and then, you probably won't see a post on Sunday 'round here. I will let my blogfriends provide the goodies on Sunday.
MFR has an mp3 for the Hood Internet's latest — "Two Weeks of Hip Hop" mashing Grizzly Bear and Dead Prez together. Groovy.
While we're on MFR, check out their fantastic series, The Radiohead Model. It's a great read.
The always amazing Burial and Four Tet are releasing a split 12" called Moth/Wolf Cub. Catch some mp3 samples at GvsB
Patrick Wolf covers Lady GaGa's "Poker Face," all at The Music Slut.
Eminem's shit-tastic music video for the shittier-tastic "3AM" can be found at Mossip.
A great "Sleepyhead" remix over at OHH! Crapp..
Estelle & Kanye work together once again on this new DJ Class joint. Find the mp3 over at Pigeons & Planes.
NPR is streaming the new Conor Oberst album. Listen to it here.


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Arrest Records
Find out about someone's:
Pennsylvania is one of that states that provides public access to some court information such as criminal and some civil data. Pennsylvania criminal records can be obtained by using fingerprints or names and are useful for businesses who go for the security of their organization or by the ordinary citizens who want to know if a person in his or her life is telling the truth about the past. The central repository of Pennsylvania arrest records is the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) and you can request a copy of a record by mail by obtaining a request form, filling it out and sending it to:
Pennsylvania State Police Central Repository – 164
1800 Elmerton Ave.
Harrisburg, PA 17110
Phone: (717) 425-5546
You'll need to include a search fee of $10 for each name you want searched. If you are a third party who wants and needs to know if a person in your life is telling the truth, a background criminal search is one of the best ways to set your mind at ease. You can retrieve information about past trials and convictions of sex offenders and other perpetrators that might have committed fraud – or worse. You'll need to know the name and birth date of the offender and if possible, other information such as gender, maiden name and other states where they may have lived.
You might also search for Pennsylvania arrest records by using a private, Internet search site by paying a reasonable fee and submitting a small amount of information. The moment you submit the data, a search for the name will begin by using the powerful databases and search engines used by most of these sites. You'll likely have the information you need in a matter of moments and can make the educated decision about a person in your life. Today, many lives are being destroyed by repeat criminals who squirm into a family's or person's life and create havoc by committing fraud or some type of personal crime such as child molestation. People are now using these Internet sites on an almost constant basis to possibly reveal information about neighbors, love interests, caregivers, employees, coaches, teachers and others who might wreak havoc in your life. By using Internet search sites, you can be assured that your payment and any other personal information will be encrypted and kept private so that no one will ever know that you conducted the search. Using one of these professional sites is easy, reasonably priced and can help you keep people out of your life who might do you harm. To see what an Internet search site can do for you to search through Pennsylvania criminal records, click on the link.
Search State Criminal Records


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27 October 2011
I just moved my studio from Grand Avenue, where I have painted for the last five years. I now have air conditioning, which is a first! I moved the studio into my guest house & it is wonderful having my workspace so close. I am currently working on 7 panels that are photo-encaustic 10'' x 10'' that will be a part of a mural that is permanently installed in the lobby of Good Samaritan Hospital on Mc Dowell Rd. I have also just completed a commission for a client in Prescott, that was similar to the original "Northern Migration" piece. I currently have work in the Chaos Theory 12 Group Show until the end of November. I also have 3 pieces in "EYE CANDY, an Eye Lounge Benefit Show", this will be up until November 13th. One piece "Love Boat" is being auctioned, which runs until November first friday. I will be taking a short break from working until January, our daughter is expected to arrive any day now...
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Expedition Zero - 4.85m Single Sit-In Touring Kayak
Regular price
Sale price
or make 4 interest-free payments of $224.75 AUD fortnightly with More info
Key Features
- The Expedition Zero sea kayak is the best value of the Bay Sports 'Expedition' range of touring kayaks.
- A premium HDPE material produces a high quality finish that rivals the $2000 equivalent kayaks.
- At 4.85m long, it is a fast, stable and comfortable kayak, designed and built for speed and day trips.
- It's quality 3-layer foam core construction reduces weight whilst providing more buoyancy than regular polyethylene plastic kayaks.
- Stainless steel hardware outfitting ensure that this is a kayak that you will enjoy paddling for years to come.
- Suitable for paddlers up to max recommended 6'2 height
Design & Construction
- Designed by renowned Swedish kayak designer Björn Thomasson, the V-shaped hull with hard chine, and little rocker, easily cuts through water effortlessly whilst allowing the Expedition Zero to have excellent tracking properties (paddle in a straight line).
- It's made with our signature 3-Layer foam core, sandwiched between high-grade UV stabilised HDPE, make this kayak lighter and stronger than regular polyethylene construction alone.
- The aqua-dynamic shape of this kayak is the basis for its speed and stability, and paired with our premium foot-controlled rudder system, it makes for easy manoeuvrability even with cross winds or stronger ocean currents.
- With enough storage capacity for a day or two worth of gear, this kayak is great for weekend getaways and exploring.
- The build quality is the best in class, with no traces of air bubbles inside the UV stabilised plastic walls, meaning your kayak is superior in durability and won't crack like brittle plastic kayaks prone to air bubbles, due to poor quality control.
- Every single Expedition kayak is tested to ensure 3.5mm thickness, drop tested to ensure perfect plastic bond, balance tested for optimal stability, and water tested to ensure perfect seals.
What's Included
- 1 x 2-piece Plastic Touring Paddle
- Premium SmartTrack Rudder System with Footrest Steering Controls
- Bow & stern storage hatches with sealed bulkheads and EPDM rubber hatch covers
- 2 x Watertight storage compartment with twist lock cover & nylon liner bag
- Built-in soft touring seat with comfort padding & backrest
- Bow & Stern Carrying Handles
- Bungee deck rigging & reflective perimeter lines
- 316 Stainless Steel hardware throughout
Recommended Accessories
- Spray deck
- Mini Kayak Trolley
- Adult PFD Life Jacket
- Kayak Car Cradles Kit
- 2-Piece Adjustable Full Fibreglass Paddle
5 Year Warranty
Bay Sports are a trusted kayak brand with years of research and development, so assurance of quality is of absolute importance. We are so confident in the build quality that all our kayaks come with a full 5 year warranty & 5 year UV resistance rating.
30 Day Money Back Policy
There are few kayaks on the market that can match the quality of our kayaks. Therefore at Bay Sports we paddle what we preach; We offer a 30 day money back guarantee on all our kayaks so long as its returned in 'as new' condition.
Length: 4.85m
Width: 0.56m
Height: 0.30m
Weight: 25kgs
Maximum weight capacity: 150kg
Cockpit size: 81cm (L) x 43cm (W)
Colours available: See above.
Delivery Pricing & Information
- Sydney Metro (1-2 business days) - $69
- NSW, ACT, QLD, VIC* (2-3 business days) - $175
- SA & CENTRAL QLD* Hervey Bay & Above (3-5 business days) - $199
- TAS & NT* (4-7 business days) - $299
- WA Perth Metro* (2-3 business days) - $175
- WA* inc Mandurah, Bunbury, Esperance, Kalgoorlie, Newman, Carnarvon Areas (4-6 business days) - $269
Rest of WA* Excluding Exmouth (6-10 business days) - $299
*Commercial Address / Local Depot Pick Up
For a faster delivery, due to the size of this item it must be delivered to a business/commercial address, or your local transport depot for collection. Simply put the business/commercial address in the Shipping Address field at checkout. Otherwise you can find your local depot location here. (All transit times are an estimates only and not guaranteed).
Residential Address
We can deliver to a residential address with our private kayak couriers. The delivery time depends on their run schedule, but usually within 1-2 weeks of placing your order. If you don't need your order delivered urgently and need to have it delivered to your residential premise, simply put your address in the Shipping Address field at checkout.
Peace of Mind
Your new kayak comes professionally packaged, well protected for transport to your doorstep. We only use reputable couriers, who are reliable and usually fast to deliver. We will email you tracking details to trace your delivery, which is fully insured for damage/loss during transit.


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Thinning Hair Salon Atlanta GA
One of our specialties at Panache Hair Studio is solutions for thinning hair. Among our menu of services, we offer thinning hair salon services for our clients who are suffering from hair loss.
Thinning hair can be cause by many factors. Some of them can be temporary, such as thinning hair due to stress, medication, thyroid issues, menopause, pregnancy, etc. These issues are reversible, and your hair will grow back in time. Many of the clients at our Atlanta hair salon have permanent thinning hair, hair that will not grow back. No matter what your situation is, our thinning hair specialists can suggest best options available to enhance your image---from haircuts designed specifically for thinning hair that will allow you to get the style you want to haircare products that will give you optimum results. We have Bosley certified stylists who can share appropriate products for maintaining the health of your existing hair, preventing future hair loss, and supporting healthy hair regrowth.
Schedule an appointment for a consultation. We will listen to your history, examine your hair condition, density, and structure and then work together with you to create a beautiful solution.
(404) 873-1849


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Breaking News Alerts
D'Iberville shelter opens
A cold-weather shelter will be open tonight in D'Iberville for anyone who needs a warm place to spend the night.
Windy Swetman, a member of the Harrison County Board of Supervisors, said this afternoon he decided to keep the shelter open.
Temperatures are expected to be in the 30s tonight but gradually will warm up Friday and over the weekend.
The shelter will be at the D'Iberville Civic Center at 10395 Automall Parkway and will remain open until 8 a.m. Friday.
Swetman said the shelter may reopen next week depending on weather conditions.
Anyone who needs transportation or has any questions should call 435-8269 between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. or 326-4718.


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Good news for Sri lankans, Tata motors launched Tata Bolt smart hatchback in Sri Lanka. Tata Bolt price in Sri lanka Rs : 2590000.00. DimoLanka is the official dealer for the Tata Bolt car in Sri lanka. Tata Bolt is comes with Revotron engine, Dual front air bags, smoked projector head lamps, Comfortable rugby shoulder seats, Dynamic premium style alloy wheels, Smart rear viper with dual front air bags. Comparing with other Tata Car models this hatchback is designed to sporty design and thrilling performance. To get more information's about Tata Bolt, Call Dimo lanka customer care hotline 011-2449797.
Tata Bolt Sri lanka price : Rs : 2590000.00


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Send your friend a link to this site.
Your Friend's Name
Your Friend's Email
Your Name
Your E-mail
Message to Friend
The PDS Test Guide is divided into two separate lists, one for Food Animals and one for Companion / Other Animals. Where a diagnostic test is not species specific, the test will appear on both lists. Please note, however, that the Supported Price for Saskatchewan animals may be different on each list.
In addition, please note the following details of the PDS Test Guide structure:
1. Test Name: This is the key sort field in the new Test Guide and all diagnostic tests are indexed by test name. The naming convention within the new Test Guide is: Species (if species specific) - disease or causative agent – test type or method.
Examples of species specific tests are:
- Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
- Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS virus), ELISA
Examples of tests for a disease or causative agent that are not species specific are:
- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE), BioRad Elisa
- Salmonella, serotyping per culture
If a diagnostic test is sometimes referred to by another name, an acronym or initials, ie. BVD versus Bovine Viral Diarrhea, then both are listed, for example:
- For Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome, the acronym PRRS is also listed with the comment "see Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome tests".
Test methods that are neither species nor disease specific are listed under the test name itself, for example:
- Cytology, fluid, single site
- Cytology, smear or imprint, single site
- Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)
2. Code: This lists the PDS "Test Code" applied to that test. Generally, it is the Test Code that indicates which PDS laboratory is normally responsible for the test and is a quick reference when ordering or inquiring about specific tests.
If the Test Code begins with:
The PDS Laboratory is:
- Administration, e.g. handling charges
- Bacteriology
- Clinical Pathology
- Endocrinology
- Immunology
- Necropsy/Pathology
- Parasitology
- PCR Laboratory
- Toxicology
- Virology
3. Sample/Special Info/Comments: The Sample required is always listed first and bolded. Other special information and comments can include: sample size and preparation requirements, storage, i.e. frozen, cooled, etc., shipping requirements, volume discounts, etc. Please note that Sample Volumes listed here are the minimum volumes required to run the test.
4. TAT and Testing Schedule: This column holds the "Turnaround Time" and also any test scheduling information, i.e. T or Th (for testing that is only done Tuesday or Thursday), Wed only (for tests only done on Wednesdays), etc. If not noted, the test is normally available
daily, Monday through Friday.


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My name is Chris Willis and yes, I love art….all kinds of art. I began working with traditional mediums such as acrylic, oil, watercolor, charcoal, air brush, but I ultimately landed on the digital canvas.
In 1992, I got my first job in the games industry working for veteran adventure game developer/publisher Sierra Online and I have been working in games ever since. I do everything from concept art to character and environment modeling, textures, lighting and world building to cinematic and storyboards, I even dabble in animation. Chances are if you love games as much as I do, you've seen my work.
I have worked on titles like Fallout: New Vegas, Dungeon Siege 3, Alpha Protocol to classic point and click adventure games like Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers , Space Quest 6, and some of the King's Quest series.


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Raj Thompson
Downey, California, United States
|My name is Raj Thompson and I'm a former football athlete that's looking to get back into the sports world. I really would like the opportunity to play football again because I know I can still play. I've kept myself in shape so I know I can jump back into it. However if I don't get the opportunity to showcase my talent I want to become a football scout in the NFL. Playing football all my life I have gained knowledge of the sport and I know what coaches are looking for in potential professional players. Being around many coaches I've been able to pick up on certain qualities that they want such as first step quickness for a receiver, running ability of a running back, breaking out of a back pedal without a false step for a defensive back. I believe being a scout is a great way to break into the business and it is exciting to evalutate players and help them reach their goals


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Getting ready for summer in style with Crocs!
You can tell a lot about a person by the type of shoes they wear. If they're trendy or sporty or cutting edge, if they're in it for the comfort or just for the look; if they're all business or up for some fun. With summer fast approaching, I've been giving some thought to what my shoes say about me. Not so much because of what other people might think, but mostly for myself! Because I'm interested in a shoe that can remind me of the type of person I want to be, and the type of summer I want to have!
Now, you might be wondering why on earth I need help remembering. After all, wanting to have a fun summer can't be that hard to remember…. right? And yet, it is! Especially when I'm in the thick of it, surrounded by kids and their wants and needs and schedules. Remembering that I had planned to be fun this summer can actually feel like the furthest thing from my memory! And from the realm of possibility!
Which is why I love the idea of a great pair of shoes that are everything I want to be: cute, comfortable, stylish. Relaxed, yet put together. Laid back and fun. Up for anything.
These Crocs? They're just that! They're the A-leigh Shimmer Leather Wedge from the Spring/Summer 2015 collection, which is available now, and they're exactly the reminder I need. Comfortable enough for a day in the life of a mom, playful enough to remind me that summer is for enjoying, casual enough to encourage me to kick them off and just relax, stylish enough for me to wear for a night out on the town. Who knew one pair of shoes could convey so much??
They say the shoes make the outfit, and I tend to agree. But great shoes can do so much more. Because great shoes make you feel a certain way, and when you wear them, it's impossible for that NOT to show! So if you're in the market for some new summer shoes, or you want a jump start on some summer fun, you MUST check out all the latest that Crocs.com has to offer. Cute, comfortable, stylish, relaxed, fun summer… here we come!!! It's gonna be a good one, and I can't wait!
How would YOU find your fun in your Crocs?


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PCJ 6th Anniversary Special via WRMI: March 14, 2015/
SRAA contributor, Richard Langley, writes:
Live two-hour recording of the PCJ Radio International special 6th anniversary broadcast in English via WRMI on 14 March 2015 beginning at 23:00 UTC on a frequency of 7570 kHz.
The broadcast was received on a Tecsun PL-880 receiver with its built-in whip antenna in Hanwell (just outside Fredericton), New Brunswick, Canada. Signal quality was generally good. There is very slight co-channel interference from the Voice of Korea. Its interval signal can be heard near the beginning of the recording.
Reception improves a bit during the recording.


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To make an appointment with a profession counselor, name the workplace at the number above or cease within the Profession Heart. Students will analyze the affect of household, peers, culture, media, know-how, and different components on health behaviors. When planning and conducting research or analysis, health educators accomplish that in accordance with federal and state legal guidelines and regulations, organizational and institutional policies, and professional standards. In line with the World Health Organization ( WHO ), Health Training is any combination of learning experiences designed to help people and communities enhance their health, by growing their information or influencing their attitudes. This chapter offers suggestions and guidelines for maintaining a top quality health education program. Core Concepts- Comprehend ideas related to health promotion and illness prevention to boost health.
Outcomes showed constructive modifications in participants' meals-related information, attitudes, and behavior." (Jackson, Mullis, & Hughes, 2010, pg.ninety) With applying different methods of reaching targeted groups, utilized anthropologists can affect the nutritional decisions of the overweight youngsters and their mother and father in spite of their socioeconomic standings.
A research by Katz et al. discovered that both overweight African American girls and their female caregivers had been unaware of the potential health consequences related to their present body measurement." (Caprio, et al 2008) This larger measurement woman may very well be a traditional inheritance from their African roots, where a woman who had more body fat was preferable to girls who have been smaller, and appeared healthier and richer resulting from their dimension.
Schooling made people to motive beyond and start manufacturing machines for farming as a substitute of making use of crude materials or human labor. Loma Linda University has the only religion-primarily based College of Public Health with 50 years of experience in education, research and apply.
Subsequently, understanding the patient's view of health and disease can result in a significant instructional time spent with the nurse-one that's helpful, and can be applied to the affected person's each day life. Along with the Standards, the Complete Health Schooling Act of 1988 requires that each faculty board appoint a CHE advisory committee to assist within the choice of curriculum parts and materials. With the success of the convention and the consensus that the standardization of the career was very important, those that organized the convention created the National Job Drive in the Preparation and Observe of Health Educators. The 2-yr on-line associate diploma in health education can result in glorious work options with public health organizations, hospitals, or health advocacy groups. Christian Barnard acquired his BA diploma in Economics and his Masters degree in Special Training. A number of pure components which might be useful to keep up health and treat once we are sick.


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Learn the art of craft beer and how certain chocolate pairs perfectly with it!
Classes are held monthly in Metuchen (19 New Street) starting in January 2018!
Available: 19 New St, Metuchen NJ 08840
Upcoming Class Date: December 11th January 15 and February 19
Notice: Reservations required a minimum of 24 hours in advance. Please allow 24 hours for a response during the week and 72 hours from Saturday evening until Tuesday morning.
Reserve Now
CANCELLATION POLICY: Due to overwhelming popularity of Cocoa 101, we recommend you book your class as soon as possible and try to love that date. Availability is not guaranteed. If you absolutely must cancel or reschedule, please do so no less than 72 hours before class date and we will try our very best to grant your request. Cancellations less than 72 hours will incur a $25 fee.
- Reviews
Hand-crafted local NJ artisan bonbons. No artificial flavors, no fillers & no preservatives.


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Have you recovered from a perinatal mood disorder including poartpartum depression, postpartum OCD or postpartum anxiety? Share your story with us so that others going through similar experiences may find some hope and understanding.
Share your experience with us including information such as:
- When, or who, helped you realize that you might need help?
- What, or who, helped you reach out for help?
- What did you find most helpful in your journey?
- What gave you hope?
- How did you know you were getting better?
- Thank you for your help in creating awareness of this important women's health issue and providing support to others.


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Travelling gnome answers weighty question
Physicists looking at anomalies in Earth's gravity have taken a garden gnome around the world and weighed it at locations as remote as the South Pole.
The experiment is a twist on the 'travelling gnome' prank in which a garden ornament is mysteriously stolen, photographed at various locations (with the pictures posted on the internet), and then returned to its home.
The project promotes the wares of a German maker of hi-tech scales, but also has a serious application, by measuring differences in Earth's gravity that also affect weight.
"Most people don't realise Earth's gravity actually varies slightly," says experiment coordinator Tommy Fimpel.
"One of the main causes is variations in the shape of the planet. Believe it or not, the Earth is actually potato-shaped, so you'll weigh up to 0.5 per cent more or less, depending on where you go.
"We thought our gnome experiment would be a fun way to measure the phenomenon."
Scientists who take part in the project receive a flight case that comprises of a gnome named Kern, of which only one has been made, plus a set of precision scales.
So far he has weighed most - 309.82 grams - at the Amundsen-Scott Research Station in Antarctica, where the inertial pull produced by Earth's rotation is strong.
His weight in Sydney came in at 307.8 grams.
Andre Wyzenbeek, general manager of John Morris Scientific in Sydney, says great care was taken in measuring the gnome.
"You would generally weigh him on multiple occasions to make sure the reading was stable. I believe between three and five readings were taken," he said.
He says Kern spent about a week in Sydney.
"He spent a fair amount of time with our team, but unfortunately he didn't have the opportunity to have a beer," he said.
"He's a very precious little gnome and we didn't want him to get him scratched or have him interact with the local wildlife."
Kern's next stops include Snolab, a Canadian particle physics facility two kilometres below the surface of the Earth that is its deepest laboratory, and the underground Large Hadron Collider, the famous particle smasher at CERN in Switzerland.
Topics: science-and-technology, offbeat, sydney-2000


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Initiated in December 1985 for the purpose of ensuring that securities are traded in a secure and stable environment, capital market in its modern form has a history of twenty-seven years in Turkey.
Borsa İstanbul markets are organized under four main categories: Equity Market, Debt Securities Market, Precious Metals and Diamond Market and Derivatives Market.
Borsa İstanbul designs different types of indices so as to enable investors to track Borsa İstanbul markets.
Market data, IPO data, monthly consolidated data, market records and information on data dissemination.
Investor Relations refers to the activities aimed at sustaining investor interest in a company through establishing effective communication channels. Investor Relations builds a bridge between the company and the current and potential shareholders; and such bridge has its pillars on providing information on a regular basis and confidence.
Borsa İstanbul Members consist of the intermediary institutions authorized to operate in the capital market.
There are two markets for trading equities on Borsa İstanbul Equity Market and Emerging Companies Market.
January: Borsa İstanbul VIOP initiates market making based on revenue sharing.
January: Finans Teknopark Anonim Şirketi is established jointly by Borsa İstanbul and Boğaziçi University.
January: Borsa İstanbul signs agreements on "derivatives products" and "BIST Indices" with the London Stock Exchange.
January: Borsa İstanbul's stake in the Sarajevo Stock Exchange increases to 9.89 percent.
February: The new listing fee schedule goes in force. Initial listing fee, previously applied on companies that go public, is cancelled.
February: The first partnership agreement on Borsa İstanbul Private Market platform is enacted between Modanisa.com, a rising company, and STC Ventures, a venture capital company of Saudi Telecom Group.
March: Sustainability Platform Announcement is signed by the founding members.
March: Borsa İstanbul and London Metal Exchange (LME) sign two agreements. Within this framework, Borsa İstanbul acquires London Metal Exchange's share of 2.04 percent in the London Metal Exchange's settlement institution LCH.Clearnet. Borsa İstanbul also agrees with LME and LME's parent company Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing for authorizing Borsa İstanbul for market data dissemination.
March: Equity Market Trading Floor, renewed with an approach emphasizing Borsa İstanbul's technological transformation, is launched.
March: Borsa İstanbul's Ordinary General Assembly meeting is held. At the meeting, Borsa İstanbul's new Board is elected. At the award ceremony held following Borsa İstanbul's General Assembly meeting, the three investment institutions that realized the highest traded value on the Debt Securities Market, Precious Metals and Diamond Market, Derivatives Market, and Equity Market in 2014 are awarded.
April: Borsa İstanbul starts to license and disseminate Merkezi Kayıt Kuruluşu (Central Registration Agency- MKK) and Takasbank data.
April: Scrap Steel Futures Contracts are introduced for trading.
April: Borsa İstanbul starts to calculate İş Bankası Affiliates Index created for İş Portföy Yönetimi A.Ş. as price and return indices in order to measure price and return performances of Türkiye İş Bankası A.Ş. and its affiliates' equities traded on Borsa İstanbul.
April: A data dissemination agreement is signed between Borsa İstanbul and the Karachi Stock Exchange of Pakistan.
April: Borsa İstanbul, Antwerp World Diamond Centre (AWDC), and JTR Jewelry Exporters' Association sign a Memorandum of Understanding, aimed at strengthening the diamond trade between Belgium and Turkey.
May: The first ETF Future Contract (FBIST BYF) starts being traded on Borsa İstanbul VIOP.
June: Borsa İstanbul İTÜ Teknoloji Anonim Şirketi is established jointly by Borsa İstanbul and Istanbul Technical University.
July: Montenegro Stock Exchange (MNSE) data start to be disseminated through Borsa İstanbul.
July: The KYD Indices, used as a benchmark for the performance of funds, start to be calculated by Borsa İstanbul under the name BIST-KYD Indices, within the framework of the agreement signed between Turkish Institutional Investment Managers' Association (KYD) and Borsa İstanbul.
July: Bell-ringing ceremonies, which have so far been open for companies going public only, are converted into commercial products and start being offered for all companies.
August: Datastore website (https://datastore.borsaistanbul.com/), which sells Borsa İstanbul's historical data and end-of-day files online is launched.
August: A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between Borsa İstanbul and Pakistan Commodity Exchange (PMEX).
August: A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between Borsa İstanbul and Qatar Exchange.
September: 30 cabinets reserved for Borsa İstanbul Co-location area are sold.
September: Futures and Options Contracts on BIST30 Index start being traded on the London Stock Exchange Derivatives Market (LSEDM).
September: A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between Borsa İstanbul and Bosna Bank International.
October: An agreement is signed with the Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE) for disseminating MSE data through Borsa İstanbul.
October: Borsa İstanbul signs a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE).
October: Borsa İstanbul signs a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).
November: BIST Sustainability Index, consisting of the equities of companies traded on Borsa İstanbul and have a high corporate sustainability performance, starts being calculated with a new list of 29 companies selected fromBIST 50 Index constituents.
November: A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between Borsa İstanbul and Development Bank of the Republic of Belarus.
November: In the first phase of Borsa İstanbul's "Transformation through Technology Program", Equity Market Trading System, Data Dissemination System, Surveillance System, Index Calculation System, Settlement and Custody System, Operational Databases and Reporting Infrastructure are renewed and introduced on BISTECH Platform. Equity Market and sub-markets are re-structured and the new listing regulation goes in force.
December: Borsa İstanbul Extraordinary General Assembly meeting is held.
December: As an indication of the international confidence in Borsa İstanbul, Turkish capital markets and the potential of the Turkish economy, Borsa İstanbul signs a strategic partnership agreement with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). EBRD acquires a share of 10 percent in Borsa İstanbul.
January: A Memorandum of Understanding was signed with Japan Exchange Group.
February: BIST Bokerage Houses, BIST Construction and BIST Mining Indices started to be calculated.
April: Upon the registration of the Articles of Association of Borsa İstanbul by the Trade Registry, the legal entities of İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası and İstanbul Gold Exchange were terminated and the two institutions merged under a single roof.
April: The official opening of Borsa İstanbul was realized with a bell ceremony organized at Borsa İstanbul premises.
April: The abbreviation "İMKB" used in the titles of the indices were changed to "BIST".
April: The beginning of the first trading session of Equity Market were rescheduled as 9:15.
April: The launch and signing ceremony for Listingİstanbul program, which refers to the entire promotion, informing, communication and marketing activities and processes aimed at attracting more foreign companies to Borsa İstanbul,were held at Borsa İstanbul.
May: BIST-100 Index hit the all-time high level of 93,178.87.
May: A Memorandum of Understanding was signed with Tirana Stock Exchange.
July: A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Borsa İstanbul and NASDAQ OMX.
July: Borsa İstanbul was authorized to disseminate Sarajevo Stock Exchange data, from 1st of January 2014, both locally and abroad under the terms of the data distribution agreement signed.
August: The design of the Public Disclosure Platform (PDP) website (www.kap.gov.tr) was renewed.
August: The trading platforms of Turkish Derivatives Exchange (TURKDEX) and Borsa İstanbul Derivatives Market (VIOP) merged. All futures and options contracts started to be traded under the same platform at VIOP.
September: A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed with International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM).
September: The Equity Market hit a record high with the daily trading value of TL 7,410,103,150.
September: Borsa İstanbul Finance and Economy Conference (BIFEC) was held at Borsa İstanbul.
October: Order transmission to Equity Market trading system through FIX application in addition to the ExAPI terminals started.
October: Borsa İstanbul signed a cooperation agreement with Ethical Investment Research Services Limited (EIRIS) to create the BIST Sustainability Index.
October: In consequence of the cooperation between the World Bank and Undersecretariat of Treasury, World Bank Global Islamic Finance Development Center was launched at Borsa İstanbul premises.
December: BIST SME Industrial Index started to be calculated.
December: Borsa İstanbul became a shareholder of Montenegro Stock Exchange (MNSE) by acquiring 24.39 percent of its capital.
December: A Memorandum of Understanding was signed with Karachi Stock Exchange.
December: A reception was held at Borsa İstanbul premises on the occasion of 140. Anniversary of the official inauguration of securities trading.
December: Borsa İstanbul Derivatives Market (VIOP) hit a record high with TL 3,239,319,521 of daily trading value following its merger with Turkish Derivatives Exchange (TURKDEX) trading platform.
December: Borsa İstanbul signed a strategic partnership agreement with NASDAQ OMX.
December: Borsa İstanbul's Extraordinary General Assembly Meeting was held.
January: İbrahim M. TURHAN, Ph.D. was appointed as the Chairman and CEO of the Istanbul Stock Exchange on January 1, 2012 for a term of four years.
March: İMKB launched the Financial Education Platform "Conscious Investor".
May: Initial Public Offering (IPO) Index started to be calculated.
May: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası (İMKB) Free Trade Platform was launched.
September: Discount and Turbo Certificates were launched.
October: İMKB became a member of the Intermarket Surveillance Group (ISG).
October: İMKB was re-elected as the board member of WFE.
December: Equity Repo Market was launched.
December: İMKB Derivatives Market (VIOP) was launched.
January: İMKB launched the Automatic Circuit Breaker System.
January: Establishment of The Interbank Repo-Reverse Repo Market.
April: New regulation on the sale methods in the Primary Market to be initially listed on the Exchange.
•Book Building and Sale with a Fixed Price Method (Fixed Price Method)
•Book Building and Sale with Variable Price Method (Variable Price Method)
July:İMKB launched the Dividend Indices
May-December: IPO Summit Turkey
July: Inauguration of Continuous Auction via Market Making Trading Mechanism
October-November: Stocks started to be traded as classified into A, B, C groups, Implementation of Unconditional Order Cancellation, Initiation of Phase I of Reducement in Price Ticks
Bonds & Bills Market: Offering Market for Qualified Investors, The Interbank Repo-Reverse Repo Market, Repo Market for Specified Securities were established
December: 25. Anniversary of the İMKB
February: City Indices launched for 9 cities
March: The Emerging Companies Market was established.
May: Public Disclosure Platform launched
2009 August: İMKB Emerging Companies Market Regulation was published with an aim to provide an organized and transparent market for trading of companies with growth and development potential.
October: Mr. Hüseyin Erkan was elected as the Working Committee Chairman and member of the Board of Directors of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE).
April: International Bonds Market has started its operations within the İMKB Foreign Securities Market on April 16, 2007. In the Market, listed Turkish Sovereign Eurobonds have been traded.
August: İMKB started to calculate the Corporate Governance Index.
October: The "Memorandum of Understanding" was signed between the İMKBand the Shanghai Stock Exchange on October 16, 2007.
November: Appointment of Mr. Huseyin ERKAN as Chairman and CEO of the İMKB.
December: As of December 27, 2006, the İMKB International Market and its submarkets (Depositary Receipts Market and International Market Bonds and Bills Market) was closed.
February: İMKB Executive Council has decided to launch a new index namely "İMKB Corporate Governance Index".
March: Between March 28-29, 2005, the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) Member States' stock exchanges representatives and OIC institutions met in Istanbul, Turkey for the first round-table meeting among the stock exchanges of the OIC Member States.
November: The "ETFs Market" was established with an aim to provide an organized and transparent market for trading of participation certificates of the ETFs.
March: All orders submitted to the Stock Market for all stocks and during all sessions have been required to include customer account numbers.
March: Regional Markets and New Companies Market were renamed as Second National Market and New Economy Market, respectively.
August: Stocks of companies, trading of which were suspended by the İMKB for the reason that the disclosure requirements have not been fulfilled resulting with uncertaines preventing the formation of a health market, started to be traded off-exchange in line with the regulations entitled "Principles concerning off-exchange trading of stocks exchange trading of which have been suspended by the İMKB" published on July 19, 2004.
November: Osman Birsen was re-appointed as İMKB Chairman & CEO.
October: The "Memorandum of Understanding" signed between the Korea Stock Exchange and the İMKB in 1996, has been renewed indefinitely on October 18, 2001.
December: Transition to Ex-API system within the framework of the Wide Area Network has started gradually.
May: İMKB participated in the capital of the Kyrgyz Stock Exchange by 27.4 percent upon its demutualization.
May: Primary dealership system was launched for Government Debt Securities.
June: İMKB participated in the capital of the Baku Stock Exchange by 5. 26 percent as the 19th shareholder.
July: The number of members operating from their main offices at the Bonds and Bills Market, as a part of the Wide Area Network (WAN) project, reached 50.
July: Within the context of Wide Area Network Project, trading at the İMKB's Stock Market via workstations located at the headquarters of İMKB members started on July 31, 2000. The number of members operating at the Stock Market from their offices reached 98 at the end of 2000
January: İMKB started to calculate İMKB 100 Index on Euro basis.
May: İMKB Settlement and Custody Bank (Takasbank) introduced the client name-based custody system.
June: A "Memorandum of Cooperation" between the İMKB and London Stock Exchange was signed on June 2, 1999.
June: Memorandums of Cooperation were signed between the İMKB and the stock exchanges of Republics of Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
July: The new computerized trading software for the Bonds and Bills Market, which had been developed within the framework of Wide Area Network (WAN) project since 1996, had been successfully completed and put into operation.
August: Starting from August 24, 1999, short-selling transactions and margin trading became available in all stocks traded on the İMKB's markets. Previously, authorized İMKB members had the opportunity to engage in short-selling transactions only in stocks constituting the İMKB-National 100 Index.
September: İMKB's Executive Council changed the trading hours for the Bonds and Bill Market. Accordingly, trading started to take place between 9:30-12:00 and 13:00-17:00.
January: Introduction of new Stock Market indices as integers with the drop of two digits from base values.
February: İMKB International Bonds and Bills Market has started its operations upon the listing of 40 international bonds issued by the Undersecretariat of Treasury for trading abroad.
August: Decease of İMKB Chairman & CEO Mr. Tuncay ARTUN
August: Launch of the Repo and Reverse Repo Market on İMKB International Market
October: Appointment of Mr. Osman BIRSEN as Chairman and CEO of the İMKB.
January: Initiation of banking services of the İMKB Settlement and Custody Bank
July: Accepting of the applications for listing and trading on the İMKB International Market.
September: Foreign Currency Denominated Government Debt Securities started to traded at the Outright Purchases and Sales Market of the Bonds and Bills Market.
December: Launch of the International Bonds and Bills Market within the İMKB International Market
January:Launch of the Regional Markets and the Wholesale Market
March:Designation of İMKB Settlement and Custody Company as an "Eligible Foreign Custodian" by U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
March: Initiation of Custody Services on customer basis by the İMKB Settlement and Custody Company
April: Disclosure of detailed balance sheet and income statements of companies including footnotes
April: Initiation of short selling transactions April: Launch of the New Companies Market
May: Moving to the new building in Istinye
May: Establishment of the " Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges " (FEAS) with 12 members
May: Establishment of Investor Counselling Center designed to provide information on the İMKB's operations and traded companies
May: Recognition of the İMKB as an "appropriate foreign investment market for the private and institutional Japanese investors" by the Japan Securities Dealers Association (JSDA)
July: Transformation of the İMKB Settlement and Custody Company into the İMKB Settlement and Custody Bank (Takasbank)
April: Appointment of Mr. Tuncay ARTUN as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the İMKB
September: Initiation of Small Orders Market in the Bonds and Bills Market
November: Full automation of stock trading
January: Launch of the Rights Coupon Market and New Shares Market
February: Initiation of the Repo/Reverse Repo Market
October: Recognition of the İMKB by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as a "Designated Offshore Securities Market"
December: Initiation of computerized stock trading with 50 stocks
January: Transformation of the Settlement and Custody Center into an independent company
February: Commencement of trading of Corporate Bonds and Revenue-sharing Certificates in the Bonds and Bills Market
October: Acceptance of the İMKB as a full member to The World Federation of Exchanges (WFE, previously FIBV)
January: Commencement of the calculation of Financials and Industrials Indices in addition to the İMKB Composite Index
June: Initiation of the Bonds and Bills Market and commencement of Outright Purchases and Sales Transactions
March: Appointment of Mr. Yaman TORUNER as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the İMKB
July: Establishment of the Settlement and Custody Center
August: Issuance of Decree 32 which allows foreign investors to purchase and sell all types of securities in Turkey and repatriate the proceeds
October: Commencement of daily calculation of İMKB Indices which had so far been calculated on a weekly basis
November: Moving to the new building in Karakoy and initiation of the Manual Board System
December: External auditing of listed companies required
January: Commencement of stock trading at the Cagaloglu building on January 3, 1986
March: Appointment of Mr. Muharrem KARSLI as Chairman and CEO of the İMKB. December: Inauguration of the İMKB under the Chairmanship of Mr. Muharrem KARSLI


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I've been wrapping my Christmas presents in only brown paper for about four years now, I love how simple it is, and how you have endless possibilities to dress it up or down – it's like the perfect little black dress. And it's not only about having stylish looking gifts, brown paper is recyclable, unlike so many available wrapping papers, so it's much better for the environment too.
So, here I am in my best jumper modelling my brown-paper-styled gifts:
One. Strings Attached
Super simple – take a brown paper wrapped gift, and wind some red and white string around it, however you want. I got mine from Labour & Wait.
Two. Glam It Up
Cut an old piece of sponge in any shape you like, dip it in gold paint and use it to stamp the shapes all over the paper. I wrap the present first, then stamp it, I find it so much easier than trying to stamp sheets of brown paper cut from the roll - it curls up and moves around and is incredibly annoying! Then finish off with a wide piece of black velvet. Lush!
Three. Keeping It Green
Using natural string, wrap it around the gift few times, then place a twig of eucalyptus or pine on top (you could just chop bits off of your tree!) and wrap the string around a few more times, knot and cut.


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You are organizing a congress and are looking for an online solution for your participants to register. Preferably with payment options and helpful reports that you can download and use before or during your event. And it should also be safe, of course. OANEvents offers customers an easy and user-friendly online participant registration system.
Our Participants Registration system
Our solution consists of:
- construction of a mini-site or complete events website including custom registration,
- link with payment through an officially recognized payment service provider, for example Foundation Mollie Payments,
- Managing registrations and payments vanf the strat of registration until the end of your event,
- comprehensive Excel charts that you can monitor the registrations closely.


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6 May (Part 2) - Shades of Robin Hood in reverse
As you can see, I stole this graphic from Bromley Council. It was an insert in their Council Tax bills.
Bexley decided it couldn't be bothered to explain its tax bills but maybe they should have done. There could hardly be a
clearer illustration of how Bexley Council gets a bad deal from central government. Governments of all flavours that is.
Bexley's Council Leader is on the record as saying that if this borough was as well funded as Greenwich, she would be paying out to residents, not taxing them. It was of course a lie but a look at the figures goes a long way towards explaining why she is tempted to make the point.
It doesn't quite explain how it is that Bromley levies a lower rate of Council Tax than Bexley despite being even more severely underfunded.


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Cork: 021 427 0393
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Art Select Parquet
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- With rich chocolate tones throughout, Spanish Cherry is the darkest of the Art Select Oak Royale wood planks, and perfect for adding a touch of luxury in any room settings.
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- Lifetime* guarantee
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this is what my kitchen table looks like when I am prepping 2 days of meals. I stick everything on a single shelf that is claimed as only mine of whatever my "legal" foods are. Currently I am on a 21 day SUGAR detox but you can do this with any meal prep for any diet, WW, SBD, CLEAN and so on.
I only do 2 days at a time because I like to make use of my leftovers from the rest of the family and the produce stays fresh.
MY personal plan this time:
Upon waking I juice a lemon, turmeric, and ginger and pour this elixir into hot water with a squirt of clear stevia. This is a great anti inflammatory drink! I have at least 2 cups of tea during the day and actually adding in the tea bags from the cabinet help remind me when I open that fridge door that I might be thirsty instead of hungry.
Breakfast and all day I make the most of proteins. Here you see 2 eggs to scramble with some fresh spinach leaves. .I like a little salsa not pictured to go on them. I drink a v-8 with this meal.
Each meal I have a probiotic to help build up and repair the damage my gut needs from rich prepared foods and other junk.
Mid morning I have cut up carrot sticks with 2 TBSP hummus
Lunch I have 3 ounces whatever protein is in the house with 2 cups vegetables and a tsp of coconut oil to sauté it all up with . I do the same at dinner but add 1/2 cup quinoa here and a side green salad with olive oil and vinegar dressing.
In the afternoon I have an apple ( one a day is allowed on level 1 sugar detox) with about 7 almonds.
Dessert is 1/2 cup each of sugar free jello and greek yogurt.
Non sweetened Seltzer keeps me happy all day.
I hope this helps you see how when we have to lay it all out in front of us what good choices are so apparent and all the food that can't sneak into our day unplanned to sabotage what we really want!