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Variables and Constants
By The Microsoft Scripting Guys
You know that old saying, "ask and ye shall receive"—you know, the one that rarely seems to work? (It certainly didn't work when the Scripting Guys asked for a six week vacation in Hawaii.) Well, this time it actually worked. You asked for more introductory articles on scripting, so we're presenting you with a new series of monthly articles aimed at beginning scripters. Welcome to Sesame Script!
On This Page
What Are We Doing Here?
Is There an Echo in Here?
What Do We Need Variables For?
Hungarian Variables
A Constant Reminder
Advanced Constants
VBScript Constants
More Advanced Constants
What Are We Doing Here?
We Scripting Guys ask ourselves this every day. What's worse is when our managers ask us "What are you doing here?" and we don't have an answer. But as to why this article is here, well, we already explained that…you voted, and we gave in to the overwhelming majority. Now, within those votes for more beginner material there was a lot of variation as to why people wanted more and what more they wanted. We heard from absolute beginners who know nothing about scripting, and from computer programmers who don't know the particulars of writing scripts, and everything in between. So how do we make everyone happy?
Well, we probably don't, but we're going to do our best. So keep sending us email and letting us know what you'd like to see here. Also, keep in mind the Script Center has a lot of other great featured articles to help you learn more about scripting. Scroll down to the Regular Features section on the Script Center Home page to find out more.
Today we're going to start with a brief explanation of the Wscript.Echo command that you saw in our introductory article Scripting: Your First Steps. From there we're going to start introducing you to some basic scripting concepts that will help you in writing and modifying scripts. We'll also throw in a couple of examples that are a little more complicated and tell you where you can read more about them. And don't miss our new bonus feature! (You have to read all the way to the end to find out about it. Okay, you don't actually have to read to the end, you could just scroll down, but you wouldn't learn much in the process. What fun would that be?)
Is There an Echo in Here?
Let's start with a short explanation of a very important scripting command: Wscript.Echo. We saw this in our first article, but we didn't actually explain it at the time. It's pretty simple. Suppose you've written a script that gets the current date and time:
Yes, that's it. That one little word will run as a VBScript and get the date and time. The only problem is that the computer has retrieved the system date and time, but hasn't bothered to tell you what it is. Kind of like when you tell your children they can't watch TV, then have to tell them to actually turn the TV off. You need to be very explicit with computers in the same way. Saying "get the date for me" doesn't also say "tell me what it is." That's what Wscript.Echo is for:
Wscript.Echo Now
Now you can actually see the current date and time. Wscript.Echo can display a lot of different types of information, anything from a simple error message to the results of an Active Directory query. Play around with it a little; try this script and see what you get back:
Wscript.Echo "Line One"
Wscript.Echo 100
Wscript.Echo 100 + 100
Wscript.Echo "100 + 100"
Wscript.Echo Now
Wscript.Echo "Now"
Note: Remember from our first article that Wscript.Echo will display its output to a message box if you run your script without using cscript. Running from the command line using cscript will send your output to the command window. There is a method named MsgBox that will always send output to a message box no matter how you run your script. We'll use this method a little later in this article.
More Information
Handling Input and Output - Microsoft Windows 2000 Scripting Guide
Echo Method -Windows Script Host Reference
Now that we have that important step out of the way, we're going to take you back to a time you've long forgotten, or probably wish you could forget. For some of you we'll be going back a couple of hours, for others a couple of decades. We're going back to high school, to the dreaded algebra class. (Stay with us here, deep breath, everything's okay.)
Two trains are coming towards each other, one going 30 MPH,…no, no, we're not talking about anything like that (thank goodness!). We're starting with the very basics: 1 + 1 = 2.
Still with us? Good. Now, if we don't know what 1 + 1 equals and we want you to tell us, we'd say
1 + 1 = x
and ask you to tell us what x is. Scripting is pretty much the same way, only we turn things around a bit:
x = 1 + 1
Here we're just asking the computer to put the value of 1 + 1 into x. So if we ask the computer what x is, it will tell us 2. Try it in a script:
x = 1 + 1
Wscript.Echo x
In this script, x is called a variable. Which makes sense, because the value contained in x can vary:
x = 1 + 1
Wscript.Echo x
x = 2 + 2
Wscript.Echo x
Run this script and your output will be
As you can see, x is just a placeholder for whatever value we're asking the computer for.
Now you might be wondering, what's so special about x? Why not a or z? Well, why not?
a = 1 + 1
Wscript.Echo a
Run this script and you'll see it works the same with a as it did with x. Or how about this one:
TheValueOfOnePlusOne = 1 + 1
Wscript.Echo TheValueOfOnePlusOne
It doesn't really matter what you use for your variable. It helps to give the variable a name that will remind you what value it's holding, but other than that you can make up pretty much whatever name you want. (Okay, there are just a few restrictions: must begin with an alphabetic character, no periods, less than 256 characters, and can't be the same as a predefined VBScript keyword. If you want a variable name that's longer than 255 characters, well, you have more problems than we can help you with here.)
What Do We Need Variables For?
You might be wondering why we even needed the variable. Why not just write a script like this:
Wscript.Echo 1 + 1
Yes, you could do that, and it would work just fine, giving you a value of 2. But a script that actually performs useful tasks will typically be a little more complicated than this example, in which case variables come in pretty handy. One common use of variables is to put a value into the variable and then use that variable throughout the script. For example, you'll see many scripts on the Script Center with this line in them:
strComputer = "."
The dot represents the local computer. We've put this dot into the variable called strComputer. Here's a script that tells you what operating system is running on the local computer:
strComputer = "."
Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:" _
& "{impersonationLevel=impersonate}!\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
Set colOSes = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_OperatingSystem")
For Each objOS in colOSes
Wscript.Echo "Computer Name: " & objOS.CSName
Wscript.Echo "Caption: " & objOS.Caption 'Name
Wscript.Echo "Version: " & objOS.Version 'Version & build
Wscript.Echo "Build Number: " & objOS.BuildNumber 'Build
Wscript.Echo "Build Type: " & objOS.BuildType
Wscript.Echo "OS Type: " & objOS.OSType
Wscript.Echo "Other Type Description: " & objOS.OtherTypeDescription
(Don't worry too much about the details here. As you can see it's mostly a bunch of Wscript.Echo statements anyway, which you already know all about.) We could just as easily have gone without the variable and just put a dot in wherever you see strComputer:
Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:" _
& "{impersonationLevel=impersonate}!\\" & "." & "\root\cimv2")
Set colOSes = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_OperatingSystem")
For Each objOS in colOSes
Wscript.Echo "Computer Name: " & objOS.CSName
Wscript.Echo "Caption: " & objOS.Caption 'Name
Wscript.Echo "Version: " & objOS.Version 'Version & build
Wscript.Echo "Build Number: " & objOS.BuildNumber 'Build
Wscript.Echo "Build Type: " & objOS.BuildType
Wscript.Echo "OS Type: " & objOS.OSType
Wscript.Echo "Other Type Description: " & objOS.OtherTypeDescription
But what if you want the script to run against a remote computer? You need to find the dot in the script, and replace it with the name of the remote computer. And you need to make sure you find every instance of that dot. In this script there's only one, but that won't always be the case. You can probably see the potential for errors in all this. By putting the computer name into a variable, all you have to do is switch out the computer names, and you don't have to worry about where it's used. So you could have a script that runs against the current computer, but by simply changing out the dot for a computer name (in this case server1), you can run the same script against a remote computer:
strComputer = "server1"
Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:" _
& "{impersonationLevel=impersonate}!\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
Set colOSes = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_OperatingSystem")
For Each objOS in colOSes
Wscript.Echo "Computer Name: " & objOS.CSName
Wscript.Echo "Caption: " & objOS.Caption 'Name
Wscript.Echo "Version: " & objOS.Version 'Version & build
Wscript.Echo "Build Number: " & objOS.BuildNumber 'Build
Wscript.Echo "Build Type: " & objOS.BuildType
Wscript.Echo "OS Type: " & objOS.OSType
Wscript.Echo "Other Type Description: " & objOS.OtherTypeDescription
The only thing that changed is the very first line.
And that's what variables are for.
More Information
Variables - Windows 2000 Scripting Guide
VBScript Variables - VBScript User's Guide
Hungarian Variables
You might have heard about something called "Hungarian notation." Or maybe you've never heard of it, but you've probably seen it. It's when you have variables that look something like this:
intComputers = 20
dtToday = #07/01/05#
strComputerName = "server1"
Naming variables like this is a common programming practice. All you're doing is coming up with a variable name, such as intComputers, then prefixing it with the type of information you'll be storing in that variable. So if you're using the intComputers variable to hold the number of computers, you'll be using an integer to designate the number. Thus the prefix int. That's really all there is to it. It helps to keep you from thinking that maybe intComputers holds the names of the computers, which would be a string rather than an integer.
Why Hungarian? Because the first person to propose this type of variable naming was former Microsoft Distinguished Engineer Charles Simonyi, who happened to be Hungarian.
More Information
Using Hungarian Notation - Windows 2000 Scripting Guide
A Constant Reminder
Another common saying (at least where we're from) is "if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's probably a duck." There is another type of element you'll see in scripts that looks like a variable and acts a little like a variable, but it's definitely not a variable. These are called constants.
There are a few differences between a constant and a variable. The first is that you have to actually say it's a constant. You do that by prefacing the constant with the word Const, like this:
Const x = "I'm a constant"
Another difference is that you can only put a literal value into a constant. That means you can't do something like this:
Const x = 1 + 1
You actually have to give it the value you want it to have:
Const x = 2
The biggest difference between a constant and a variable—now pay attention, this one messes people up all the time—is that you can't change the constant later in the script. Remember how we said the value in a variable can vary (making "variable" a good name for it)? Well, the value in a constant can't vary—it's constant (isn't that convenient?). Earlier we showed you a script where we set a variable and changed it later in the same script:
x = 1 + 1
Wscript.Echo x
x = 2 + 2
Wscript.Echo x
Now try it like this:
Const x = 2
Wscript.Echo x
x = 4
Wscript.Echo x
You'll get an error message on the third line (x = 4) because we said x was a constant and gave it a value (2), so we can't give it a different value later. You would typically use constants for values that you would never want to change.
Advanced Constants
Here's an example that has some practical use. (Check this Hey, Scripting Guy article for a full explanation of how it works.) In this example, the script reads each line from a text file and displays the line. (Note that in order for this script to run, you must have a text file named Test.txt in your C:\Scripts folder.)
Const ForReading = 1
Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set objTextFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile _
("C:\Scripts\Test.txt", ForReading)
Do Until objTextFile.AtEndOfStream
strTextLine = objTextFile.Readline
Wscript.Echo strTextLine
Notice the very first line of the script. We've given the constant ForReading a value of 1. We won't get into methods and parameters and those types of things right now, we'll just say that in order to open a text file and read from it, you need to give the OpenTextFile method a value of 1. We put the 1 in the ForReading constant for two reason: so we know when we look at this script what the 1 is doing, and because we don't want this value to change. If we used a regular variable and changed this value to 2, suddenly our ForReading variable would open the text file for writing, which would cause us some headaches.
More Information
Constants - Windows 2000 Scripting Guide
VBScript Constants - VBScript User's Guide
VBScript Constants
Now, before the email starts pouring in, we want to explain that there are other types of constants. For example, you might see a script that uses something that looks like a variable because it was never put in a Const statement, but you still can't change the value. Try this script:
MsgBox "This is a message box", vbOKCancel
This will display a message box with OK and Cancel buttons. Try changing the value of vbOKCancel:
vbOKCancel = 5
MsgBox "This is a message box", vbOKCancel
You'll get an error message. Why? Because vbOKCancel is a constant, it just happens to be a constant we didn't have to define ourselves—VBScript took care of it for us. There is a standard set of constants that's been made available to us just because we're using VBScript. (Other scripting languages also have these types of constants.) These constants define things such as colors, days of the week, and (obviously) message box buttons. Because these are frequently-used constants, VBScript went ahead and defined them for us so we don't have to worry about it. (These constants are easy to recognize because they all begin with "vb", so it's best not to name any of your own variables or constants to start that way.)
More Advanced Constants
Let's take a look at a script from a recent Office Space article:
Const wdLineStyleSingle = 1
Const wdLineStyleNone = 0
Set objWord = CreateObject("Word.Application")
objWord.Visible = True
Set objDoc = objWord.Documents.Add()
Set objSelection = objWord.Selection
i = 1
objSelection.ParagraphFormat.Borders.OutsideLineStyle = wdLineStyleSingle
objSelection.ParagraphFormat.Borders.Shadow = TRUE
objSelection.TypeText "This is the first paragraph."
i = i + 1
objSelection.ParagraphFormat.Borders.OutsideLineStyle = wdLineStyleNone
objSelection.TypeText "This is the second paragraph."
i = i + 1
objSelection.TypeText "This is the third paragraph."
i = i + 1
This script creates a Microsoft Word 2003 document and puts a border around the first paragraph. The part we're looking at today is the first two lines:
Const wdLineStyleSingle = 1
Const wdLineStyleNone = 0
As you can see from the script, each of these constants is assigned a value then used once in the script. A question that people ask frequently is "Why not just use a variable?" There are a couple of reason for that.
The first, which we've already mentioned, is that we don't want these values to accidentally get changed anywhere in the script. wdLineStyleSingle must have a value of 1 and wdLineStyleNone must have a value of 0 in order for the script to work correctly.
The second reason, believe it or not, has to do with non-scripting languages. One of the things you learned in our first article was that scripting isn't as powerful as using a full-blown programming language such as Visual Basic .NET. One difference (of many) is that Visual Basic .NET can pull in predefined constants, whereas VBScript can't pull in much of anything. This has to do with linking to libraries and compiling and things like that, all of which you don't have to worry about because scripts aren't able to do these things.
So if you look at this section of the MSDN documentation and click on WdLineStyle at the top, you'll see a list of constants that can be used to define line styles in Word. You'll also notice that there are no values shown. If we were programming in Visual Basic .NET or even Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) we wouldn't care what the value is. It's predefined for us, we can use the constant wherever we need it. In VBScript, we need the actual values that these constants represent. You can find the list of values in the same Office Space article we got the script from. (Where that list came from is a topic for another day. For now just trust that it's accurate. That article did, after all, come from the Scripting Guys, so how could it be wrong?)
So, we used the constants in that table to define our line styles. Could we have just used the values and not defined constants at all? Yes. Could we have used variables rather than constants? Yes. Could we have named the variable or constant something different, such as LSSingle rather than wdLineStyleSingle? Yes. Why did we decide to create a constant, name it just like the documentation, and assign it a value? Well, for one thing your constants will be consistent across scripts. For another, once you've defined these constants in a script, you can search for them later on MSDN and find out what other constants are available, or you can find out what these are doing. So you don't have to follow this standard, but it really can make your life easier. We do it on the Script Center to make your lives easier. After all that's why we're here.
More Information
VBScript Constants - VBScript Language Reference


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We have sent our children to Catholic schools since our oldest started kindergarten 10 years ago. Giving our children a faith-based education was a priority not only for the religious foundation it provided, but also for the consistency attending Catholic schools offers a military family. As a military family, we have become accustomed to transitions. After all, home is where the army sends us. A good deal of the feeling of home is being a part of a Catholic school community wherever we moved. We relied on the availability of a faith-based education for our kids as we traveled to 4 different states in the last 10 years. Our move to Maryland in 2013 was no different.
In the summer of 2013, Kyle was relocated to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. During our research about where to live, we found St. Louis Catholic School in Clarksville, MD. Clarksville happened to be in the distance radius we had considered for Kyle's daily commute. All the school had to offer as well as the proximity to our newly purchased home impressed us. It was a great relief that the school also had a preschool to meet the needs of our 4 school age children. Tobin was only 17 months old and we were pretty new to the concept of early intervention and future transition into school. We primarily focused on the kids that needed to be enrolled for the current school year. So Keegan, Bergen, Carsten and Zoe were registered at St. Louis, and Tobin was signed up for Howard County Infants and Toddlers program.
We had not yet considered any options for Tobin. It didn't become a blip on our radar until one of Tobin's adoring siblings was wondering aloud one day about how fun it would be to have Tobin ride the bus with them. It seemed like a radical idea to send him to Catholic school. It was a thought that I had not yet considered. As the idea grew, I began wondering why not?
So, with some trepidation, armed with the latest research and information, I approached our principal at St. Louis School and asked her if she would consider admitting Tobin when he was ready for kindergarten. I prayed that a 2-3 year preparation time would add to the reasonableness of my request. It was perfect timing actually. Unbeknownst to me, there was another mom requesting that her 7-year-old (with Down syndrome) be allowed to attend. Like us, the rest of her children had attended and had since graduated from SLS. She wanted her youngest to have the same experience. Another dear friend then began considering moving her young daughter to St. Louis to join her siblings.
We joined forces, invited the Catholic Coalition for Special Education to assist us, and tried to be patient while the principal led her staff on a year of research and information gathering. Much to our great surprise, last spring, St. Louis announced a brand new program named Louis IX, named after our patron, King St. Louis the IX of France. The new initiative was to welcome students with Down syndrome whose siblings had graduated or were currently attending the school.
Tobin will attend St. Louis in a year or two depending on his readiness for kindergarten. Meanwhile, Tobin continues to grow and learn at Dayton Oaks Elementary RECC program where he is valued and cherished by all of his teachers.
I believe that living our values is important. As Catholics, it isn't enough to say we are pro-life and then deny the inherent dignity of each child regardless of ability. We have to be able to walk the walk and put our faith into action.
Also, I believe inclusive education is important. This is the epitome of inclusion. Not only is Tobin going to be included into a typical classroom, but also he will be included with his siblings into the same school community. In the same way his brothers and sister are welcomed, taught and recognized so, too, will Tobin be as a student at St. Louis. I want him to know the same sense of friendship and being home that our family feels at our school and church.
The side effects of St. Louis opening its mind and doors to these siblings with Down syndrome will impact all of our community. People will be exposed to these amazing individuals with Down syndrome. Exposure to differences helps people become more accepting of diversity. Perhaps his life will inspire others to pursue careers in special education, speech therapy, or medicine. Maybe Down syndrome won't seem like such a unique condition. Most importantly, I hope knowing Tobin may be pivotal for his schoolmates to understand that having a child with Down syndrome is something to be celebrated.
About the Author: Kyle and Troy Remick make their home in Clarksville MD with their five children, Keegan (14), Bergen (11), Carsten (9), Zoë (7), and Tobin (4) and Troy's mom, Kelly Altman. Kyle is currently stationed at Ft. Detrick, MD as an active duty army Trauma Surgeon.

subset: commoncrawl


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Islam, M.; Murshed, M. and Dooley, L. S.
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This paper presents an enhanced cell visiting probability (CVP) estimation technique by integrating both mobility parameters such as position, direction, and speed together with exponential call duration probability of mobile units. These improved CVP estimates can be used in both adaptive and nonadaptive mobile networks to enhance QoS parameters. This paper also presents a new shadow-clustering scheme based on these enhanced CVPs, which is then applied to the call admission control scheme similar to the one, called predictive mobility support QoS provisioning scheme, proposed by Aljadhai and Znati (2001). Simulation results confirm that this new shadow-clustering scheme outperforms predictive mobility support QoS provisioning scheme in terms of different QoS parameters under various different traffic conditions.
|Item Type:
|Conference or Workshop Item
|Academic Unit/School:
|Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) > Computing and Communications
Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
|Research Group:
|Centre for Research in Computing (CRC)
|Item ID:
|Depositing User:
|Laurence Dooley
|Date Deposited:
|05 Dec 2008 10:26
|Last Modified:
|11 Dec 2018 17:29
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1054 Alberni Street
Vancouver, BC V6E 1A3
Be the first Weblocal.ca user to add photos or videos of Coast Restaurant
COAST showcases the best quality seafood served with classic style. Fresh oysters along with signature dishes like Dungeness crab cakes, seafood platters, chowders and sushi. Landlubbers may select juicy cuts of Triple A Canadian Prime beef. Wine list features 100 wines under $100, stocked full of gems. Adjacent O Lounge features an intimate split-level room seating 70, with plush, tangerine... more
From OpenTable:
COAST showcases the best quality seafood served with classic style. Fresh oysters along with signature dishes like Dungeness crab cakes, seafood platters, chowders and sushi. Landlubbers may select juicy cuts of Triple A Canadian Prime beef. Wine list features 100 wines under $100, stocked full of gems. Adjacent O Lounge features an intimate split-level room seating 70, with... more
This $4.8-million spot from the Glowbal Group, across from sister Italian Kitchen, has soaring aquamarine walls with ivory and wood accents flanking a magnificent central feature: a towering circular raw bar teeming with fresh seafood and booze galore. Chic fireplaces bookend the seats on the streetside patio, and balcony tables look down on the action below. The sizable menu (both in selection... more
Glowbal group's newest nightspot is a not-so-hidden treasure adjacent to Coast restaurant, whose cool aqua tones are replaced here with warm wood and smouldering ochre. Sexy hotpanted ladies tend bar while financiers and fashionistas gather 'round whimsical gold "tree stump" tables. Wide-ranging wine list long on locals and boutique BC offerings. Signature cocktails get the West coast touch... more
Relocated from Yaletown to a new split-level 7,000 sq. ft showplace in the financial district, Coast's unbeatably fresh seafood has long been a siren song for Pacific palates. Dramatic entrance puts cocktails and sushi front and center, where there's even a chowder bar. Black and white tile and boys' club leather contrast with chic teal server uniforms, and service delivers old-school... more
Came here on New Year's Eve with my family without a reservation and was pleasantly survived by the fast service and attentive hosts. (However I think we got lucky so definitely make a reservation for busier nights.) We came for good seafood and walked out full and happy. Top dishes included the albacore salad, sashimi platter and calamari. Highly recommend those three and my mouth is watery... more
The food was ok but the waiter we had was horrible! The worst service I have had in a very long time. We even spoke to management about it and they apologized and did absolutely nothing but send the same idiot waiter who (now had a lot of attitude) over to pay our bill. I must say the other waiter in our section was awesome we just had the misfortune of having a incredibly bad waiter! The fact... more
We went to coast to celebrate our dad's birthday. Everything was wonderful, food was great, the hostess and everyone was nice except for our waitress. She was loud, rude, forgot about our drink order, and rolled her eyes at us at one point. I was surprised that she was able to work there since everyone else was so professional and friendly. Minus one star for her, otherwise coast was great.
Silver Service Award, Where to Dine Awards 2014. West Coast, Where to Dine Awards 2013. Contemporary, ocean-inspired decor, large booths and a massive C-shaped bar. Fresh seafood such as oysters, lobster, king crab and scallops are prepared seasonally. Enjoy innovative cocktails at adjacent O Lounge. $$-$$$. L (M-F), D (daily).
COAST Restaurant is where seafood lovers go to indulge and get spoiled by the ocean's bounty. Freshly shucked oysters, an array of tempting appetizers and beautifully crafted dishes are what COAST prides themselves on. They also take their service and atmosphere just as seriously have put as much thought into the design of the restaurant, as they have into the menu. Everything is supremely... more


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Right now the Wealthy Affiliate University is giving away a FREE copy of Inside The List, the definitive list building guide that sells for $69.95. This is no wimpy eBook. We're talking over 100 pages of the best list building techniques on the market. If you've been following me or have been taking part in my free course for a while now you know I don't send out much as far as promotional offers go, but this one is well worth telling you guys about so I hope you'll read it through carefully. You've probably heard me go on about the Wealthy Affiliate University and how it's without doubt the place to learn affiliate marketing and in fact it's where I learned most of what I know about affiliate marketing. Well, Kyle and Carson, the two guys who started the Wealthy Affiliate University, sent me an email this morning telling me that for everyone who joins now receives a FREE copy of Inside The List which is recognized as one of the top list building books out there. In fact it currently sells for $69.95! But you get it for FREE as a new member of Wealthy Affiliates. (unfortunately this is only available to those who joined after April 1st, Noon EST.) In some ways this bonus offer of Inside The List couldn't be timed better for my course. With the coming lesson on List Building (opt-in lists), Inside the List is a prefect compliment that will go far beyond what my free course lesson will be able to teach. Not only will the content of Inside The List compliment my lesson on list building, but the price compliments my lesson very well too! They're both FREE! 🙂
You probably already know you need a list if you're going to make really big money and I'm confident that once you get my lesson on list building you'll understand how important this is and will be glad you jumped on this offer while it's available. Inside The List will show you how to build a relationship with your list that will be profitable for years to come. It's the start of a truly long term business in online marketing. Whey else do all the top marketers have one? I know I've talked about how great the forums are at the Wealthy Affiliates and I recall mentioning there were a few thousand members … well I was wrong.
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Do you know why people don't leave the Wealthy Affiliate University?
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Unlike many people who come to Wealthy Affiliates with stories about how they floundered around before finding their way here, I was lucky enough to stumble onto the Wealthy Affiliates early in my affiliate career. I'm certain this was one of the biggest reasons for my quick success. I didn't need to reinvent the wheel. And when I got stuck, there was always help available.
So secure you copy of Inside the List by giving the Wealthy Affiliate University a try ASAP.
Hope to see you on the Inside.


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Blurb: During high school, Warren was just Wendy's youth pastor. All grown up and shepherding over her own flock of church kids, Wendy Miller turns to her old friend for help. Not that Warren is that old. In fact, the two have a lot more in common than Wendy would have ever thought.
After the death of his wife, Warren was sure he was finished with relationships. Wendy changes that forgone conclusion with her bright spirit and zest for life. Lining up their desires when they're at very different points in their lives proves a challenge that might take a little divine intervention, or at least help from friends.
An excerpt:
Wendy ran her hand over the soft fabric and groaned out loud. There was someone she'd been trying hard not to think about. It was completely inappropriate. And yet…Warren. And he was Warren. She didn't think about him as Pastor Carmichael anymore, and while that felt weird, it also seemed right. She hoped. A perfectly nice sweatshirt she'd had since high school hung in front of her, but Wendy grabbed the sweater. If things were going to happen, it wasn't going to be because of a sweater.
Or because of the little bit of makeup she put on nor the extra five minutes she spent on her hair. Walking to the church, she kicked herself a little. Maybe she was being obvious. Maybe Warren still thought of her as a nice kid instead of an adult. Maybe he wasn't over his wife. Maybe—
"Hey, Wendy, can I give you a ride the last few blocks?"
She turned to see Warren's car pulled up beside the sidewalk. Coincidence had never been so fortuitous. Wendy walked to Warren's car, a decent, older model in good shape. She laughed on the inside because she could say the same things about its owner.
Wendy leaned on the window frame. "Well, are you sure it wouldn't be any trouble?"
When he grinned, she believed she couldn't be alone in these new feelings. Whatever sparked between them was unlike anything she'd ever experienced. It also made her want to grin just like Warren.
"No trouble at all, lady. Come on in. We can plot on how to present a united front."
She got into the car and buckled her belt. "Oh, an ally. I like that. As the new girl on staff I sometimes get the pat on the head treatment."
"Shoot, I've been on staff for nearly two decades and still get treated like the new kid on occasion. Most of the time it's prudent to just take the head pat and be patient. When things really matter, they always work out."
He pulled into the church parking lot and looked at her for a moment. The combination of his gaze and the soft expression directed toward her gave her a thrill.
"Yeah, I'd say always."
About the author: Stephanie J Grace is the sweeter and more faith-based side of romance writer Stephanie Beck. With a genuine love for romance and building relationships, Stephanie found the sweeter side of her writing needed its own world to grow and that happens through Stephanie J Grace. With a growing family and growing writing career, Steph stays busy running around in real life and in her imagination, but between the sprints, she enjoys reading, knitting and crafting.
Find Stephanie online at www.stephaniebeck.net and feel free to contact her at email@example.com
Author links: Website / Facebook / Twitter


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The Vue 6 Infinite / xStream Tips n´ Tricks series is a combination of project based scenes and learning techniques for Vue 6.
Each chapter in this training series is available for individual purchase, or as part of a main volume.
3 hours of training instructed by Nicholas Pellegrino.
Tips n´ Tricks Volume One contains the following three lessons of the Tips n´ Tricks Series.
In this lesson you will learn to use the many features available in Vue 6 for the purpose of pre-visualization renders.
Pre-visualizations, also known as animatics, are used to quickly preview and plan out your scene.
This lesson will teach you to create stunning icicle covered trees for all of your Vue winter scenes.
Learn to customize spectral cloud layers to create any shape cloud you can think of. Use the new features in Vue 6.5 and blend cloud layers together and integrate any cloud shape into your existing sky.
Then learn how you can use spectral clouds to create animated logos and special effects layers.


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Piya Rangrezz 4th May 2015 Written Episode Update
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Piya Rangrezz 4th May 2015 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com
Shraddha and Sher Singh's marriage finishes. Politician Dabang Pandey enters. People chant his name. He meets Bhavri Devi and asks her to smile as her son got married. She says she cannot smile in front of unwanted guests. He says he brought gift and blessings for couple and says leaves in his car. Bhavri asks Sumer to throw gift as it may have bomb.
Sumer asks masterji to do his daughter's farewell/bidayi and leave. Bhavri taunts him that he is the first father who is getting bidayi instead of his daughter. Mama also jokes. Daadi tells Bhavri that she is sure Sher will keep Shradda happy, but wants to requests her to take care of Shradda. Shradda hugs her mom and cries. Bhavri gets irked, asks them to stop their drama and get out from there. She asks servant to take Shraddha up. Shradda leaves looking back at her parents repeatedly with teary eyes. Mama takes parents to drop out of house.
Mama tells Sher singh that he married in a filmy style. He loved a girl one day and third day he is married. He continues that he thought him as fighter, but he became a lover boy. He gives him alcohol glass, but Sher singh says he wants to be sober today with Shraddha and walks towards his room.
Bhavri in Shraddha's room tells her that she is lucky to marry her rich son and says if she does not want their relationship break on basis of lie, she should tell Sher truth and save her marriage. Shraddha continues weeping. Bhavri asks again to tell truth that she forced her to marry Sher and leaves saying Sher wil be here anytime. Shradda seeing her leaving.
Mama asks Bhavri what is she doing in Shraddha's room when all guests and even Sher are outside. She says she does not want to lose her only son, so she asked Shraddha to tell the truth that she forced her to marry Sher. When sher will hear that, he will get irked and will kick Shraddha out. Mama gets happy. She asks him to kick all the guests out. He says they are close relatives and cannot be shooed away. She says she wants the space empty by morning and leaves.
Sher reaches his room and get nervous seeing Shraddha on bed. He says he came late as his friends stopped him. He says sorry and sits on bed. He says he made her very happy by accepting to marry him. He kisses her hand. She shivers. He says he know realized why girls are reason for poetery and war. He recites poem and tries to get intimate with her. She backs off. He thinks she got shy. She says this marriage happened without her wish and her mom forced by kidnapping her family. She herself asked to inform him the truth. Sher frightenly turns towards Sher and sees him already left. She till morning reminisces Sher trying to get intimate and telling she made him very happy by agreeing to marry him.
In the morning, Bhavri's servant gives her beetle leave. Bhavri asks why did she come late. Servant says she went to see Sher's bike, but it is missing and even all bosy and guests are missing. Bhavri gives her leave and asks her to go. Servant says who will help bride if she goes. Bhavri asks why is she woried abotu bride. Servant says she thought of helping bride and get reward. Bhavri gives her 1000 rs and sends her out.
Shraddha comes down and sees whole house empty. Bhavri asks what is she inspecting and asks if she thought people will greet her in the morning. She says marriage did not happen with either wish, so there is no need for drama. She says now she lives in her havel and not in hut, so she has to follow the rules. She should first bent her head always, never oppose her decision, take care of everything. She then asks if she knows to prepare tea. Shraddha nods yes. Bhavri asks to bring tea for her soon and prepare one for herself. Shraddha gets afraid.
Precap: Shraddha searches Bhavri in whole house and gets afraid seeing guns in a room. She sees main door locked.
Update Credit to: MA
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Babies R Us Great Trade in Event!/
Don't miss the GREAT TRADE-IN EVENT at Babies R Us through 2/17. Take your old baby gear to Babies R Us or Toys R Us today through February 17 and enjoy25% savings on the purchase of a new item from one of participating brands.
Items accepted include used cribs, car seats, bassinets, strollers, travel systems, play yards and much more, plus those who donate will also receive a coupon booklet with over $100 in extra savings.
You will need to purchase your new items the same day as you trade in your old to get 25% off, and you will get (1) coupon per trade in. This event only happens twice a year, so go ahead and donate. Not only is this a great way to save on baby, but to clean out the house too!


text: It is stipulated by Article 6 of the Regulations for Non-urban Land Utilization Control thatafter the designation of use zone and the assignment of use category, any non-urban land shall be used according to its permitted use types and sub-types.A land owner or a potential land user may want to know what use types and sub-typesa particular parcel of non-urban land is permitted, such as use for building houses, for setting recreation facilities or for constructing leisure agriculture facilities. In the past, the land owner or the potential land user had to go to the Land Office to apply for a land transcript and then look into the transcript to find out the use zone and use category of each parcel of non-urban land. It was an application that consumed both time and money. To make it convenient for the public to enquire into the use zone and use category of each parcel of non-urban land, the Land Administration Bureau has set up on its website a special page for free online query. After logging in the website of Land Administration Bureau, you need to only key such data as the name of the administrative district where the land is located, its land section, and its land number, you will get such information as the use zone, the use category, and the area of a particular non-urban land. The online query system help you save time and transcript fees.


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Number of foreign students: 53
Date of foundation: 1851
Funding: Public
Kharkiv State Veterinary Academy (abbreviated KSZVA) - one of the oldest educational institutions of Ukraine, the main task - educational and research activities. Academy history is primarily the story of two institutions - Kharkov Kharkiv Veterinary and zootechnical who until 1960 worked independently and each has its own rich history. Academy - State education institution IV level of accreditation under the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, performs training, retraining, advanced training of specialists on public order and contract within the scope provided by the legislation of Ukraine and the Statute of the Academy.
|Distance learning
|Preparatory department
Foreign students department e-mail:email@example.com


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The truth about Muslims and sex slavery - according to the Quran, rather than Isis or Islamophobes
The main reference cited is Chapter 23:1-6 in the Quran. It reads:
"And successful are the believers who guard their chastity … except from their wives or those that their right hands possess."
The reference is about sexual relations, which are forbidden with any woman unless she is a spouse or 'those their right hands possess'. To be clear, this means a concubine, bondmaid or a slave, but intercourse has to be consensual. Rape is forbidden as it is violent, and Islamic texts legislated for the proper and honourable treatment of slaves.
Even consensual sexual relations with a slave were not permissible if it caused harm and abuse elsewhere (e.g. to a wife) as all parties involved would be affected.
From http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-truth-about-muslims-and-sex-slavery-according-to-the-quran-rather-than-isis-or-islamophobes-a6875446.html


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The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) is organizing an open competition – EPSO/AD/294/14, based on qualifications and tests, to draw up a reserve list from which to recruit officials as 'administrators' for the European Data Protection Supervisor. The number of successful candidates sought is 20.
Admission tests:
The computer-based admission tests will be organized by EPSO only if the number of candidates exceeds a certain threshold which will be set by the Director of EPSO, as the appointing authority, after the deadline for applications.
You will be invited to sit the tests if you have validated your application on time and ofcourse, you must reserve a date to sit the tests. You will sit three types of assessment tests, the content of which is validated by the selection board:
If admision tests are not held, these reasoning tests will form part of the Assessment Centre. Also, various aspects of your professional experience will be take in consideration for the next step, the assesment centre.
At the Assesment Centre, you will sit three types of assessment tests, the content of which is validated by the selection board:
The reasoning ability will be assessed by means of: a verbal, numerical reasoning tests and an abstract reasoning tests.
Your specific competencies will be assessed by means of:
Deadline for the EPSO/AD/294/14 competition (including validation): 9 December 2014 at 12.00 (midday), Brussels time
For more details, including the admission criteria and other specific requirements, you can take a look at the next link:
Search Now
Recent Posts
The time has finally arrived for this year's round of competition for EPSO's Administrators in the Field of Audit (EPSO/ANo comments
Want to enter the next EPSO competitions? Then we've got some exciting news for you! The European Personnel Selection OfficNo comments
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UCLPartners is a unique academic health science partnership that brings together people and organisations to transform the health and wellbeing of the population.
With more than 40 partners from the NHS, social care and academia, we support improvements in discovery science, innovation into practice and population health and focus where the need and benefit is greatest. Our local focus is to support health and care improvements for a population of six million people in north east and north central London, south and west Hertfordshire, south Bedfordshire and south west and mid Essex. Beyond serving the local population, healthcare solutions developed by members are also applied across the UK and globally.
UCLPartners' commitment
- To give patients access to the most effective medical discoveries and innovation. We work with partners to speed up the pathway from scientific discovery and medical innovation to clinical application in health and care.
- To transform the health of the local population. We support and facilitate measurable improvements in the health and care systems and apply academic rigour to improve the patient journey from diagnosis to treatment and after care.
- To support a sustainable health and care system in England. We work with partners and support system transformation that aims to close gaps in health and wellbeing; care and quality; and finance and efficiency.
UCLPartners is unique because it facilitates the improvement of healthcare through a range of clinical and academic designated roles. It is an Academic Health Science Centre (AHSC) and an Academic Health Science Network (AHSN). It is also aligned with the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) North Thames, the NIHR Clinical Research Network (CRN) North Thames and the North Thames NHS Genomic Medicine Centre. It is the only organisation in the country to align these NHS and Department of Health designated roles under one umbrella. By aligning these functions, UCLPartners is able to maximise opportunities to translate innovation into health and wealth benefits for patients.
When UCLPartners was first created in 2009 the founding partners recognised the need and challenge to learn and apply partnership skills for the overall benefit of the populations served. This continues to be the sustaining foundation on which our work is built and today, partnership approaches to health and care challenges and the need for every partner to develop and utilise these skills are at the forefront of the national and global agenda in discovery science, innovation into practice and population health.
Our purpose
Our purpose is to translate cutting-edge research and innovation into measurable health and wealth gain for patients and populations – in London, across the UK and globally.
Our vision
Our vision is to create a world leading centre for research, healthcare and education to deliver solutions to address the most pressing healthcare challenges for the health of our population.
Our values
Patient led
Programmes of work are responsive to the needs and experiences of patients receiving care in our local population of six million people. In all of our programmes, we begin by actively seeking to understand the patient perspective and we measure patient experience to inform improvement.
Population focused
The specific healthcare needs of our local population of six million people drives the focus of our programmes of work. Where our members have global centres of academic excellence, we reach beyond serving our local population to deliver health and wealth gains for populations across the UK and globally.
Developed in partnership
We work with our members to co-create, test and implement solutions, which consequently embeds improvements in the everyday working of our member organisations from the outset. Our members further collaborate with patient groups, commissioners, primary care, community care, the third sector, government and industry.
Delivered at pace
It takes an average of 17 years to implement a proven healthcare innovation into standard medical care. We speed up the delivery of innovation into practice across the translational pathway and use proven techniques which speed up the adoption of innovation.


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"Integrative Health Coaching" is a pretty broad term, but that's what I do. Your journey to better health is unique…which means that your lifestyle, circumstances, and personality need to be integrated into a custom plan so that you can achieve lasting, sustainable results.
Hi, I'm Lisa
I help busy, frustrated individuals ditch yo-yo dieting, lose body fat, make peace with food, and own confidence and energy by providing education, encouragement, and accountability. I translate the science into custom meal plans, healthy lifestyle guidelines, and simple strategies to create long-term changes and sustainable results.
What My clients are saying
"Food, health, exercise, stress, emotional eating, work, sleep, alcohol, and the amount of water you're drinking; they all meet face to face when you are trying to lose weight. I had a really hard time balancing my life in the way I could maintain for the longterm. What Lisa has helped me do, is get into a routine that embraces self control/discipline, freedom, and a healthy lifestyle. On my first appointment I told Lisa, I just really wanted to find freedom from the control food had on me. She met me where I was at, and created a plan that would be a guideline of a balanced healthy life. And now I am here to say-macros were a game changer for me! I have truly learned to enjoy the food placed on this earth to fuel my body, and workouts that keep my body strong! And I have learned to limit unhealthy foods, but not restrict completely. I have no guilt in having something high in fat or carbs that fit in my macros. I always heard 'everything in moderation' but now I know how to apply that to my life. I would recommend anyone and everyone to Lisa!"
-Hannah S
"Absolutely love my nutritionist and friend Lisa DeBoer with Focus Fuel and Nutrition. She has been a game changer for my eating habits, but has also helped me to grow exponentially in my faith and overall wellness. She's helped me lose 41 lb and keep it off. I feel better, stronger, healthier and happier than I've ever been. If you feel lost and don't know where to begin, message her! You gave nothing to lose except excess weight and you have so much to gain: happiness, lots of muscle 💪🏼, tools for making this a sustainable lifestyle, and an amazing coach and friend in Lisa among many other benefits. She's been an incredible blessing in my life! ❤"
-Lindsay Y
"Lisa has been helping me out in my fitness journey for a little over 6 months now. She started by tailoring a plan to my needs and goals. Unlike other systems you find online or in books Lisa helped me adjust along the way. Tailoring the plan to what I was seeing/feeling and helping me find the best sustainable program to help me reach my goals. I'm sure as I reach more goals the plan will continue to meet my needs by making adjustments…"
- Hannah M
"Focus Fuel and Nutrition has been a gamechanger in my desire to get healthy. Lisa has a wealth of knowledge, tips, recipes, and inspiration. With her knowledge I was able to make healthy changes and with her encouragement I was able to turn those changes into healthy habits. I feel great and have lots of energy. I am so glad I had Lisa's help to get me here. "
- Leigh K
"If you are looking for someone to motivate and teach you about nutrition, Lisa is the way to go. I have been working with Lisa for about six months, focusing on weight loss. She has put me on a slow and steady plan, which has shown results. Everything she does is totally custom and for your own body. I have lost about 20 pounds so far and gained muscle. Measuring and taking pictures each month proves the plans she creates work! …"
- Whitney F
"Focus Fuel and Nutrition was the best decision I made for my nutrition and weight loss goals. Lisa is a wonderful person to work with, she provides excellent information, motivation, and accountability! She has provided me with guidance that is specific to my lifestyle and this is information I will be able to use forever. I highly recommend working with Focus Fuel and Nutrition!"
- Kandace G
"Lisa is one of the kindest people you will ever meet! She has taught me so much, not just on nutrition but how to use nutrition and still enjoy life! She is so encouraging and has become a dear friend! She truly helped me to change my life! "
- Carleigh C
"Focus Fuel and Nutrition inspires and motivates me all week long! Lisa is real and gives real life plans for maintained weight loss and strength. Highly recommend!"
- Michelle H


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Remember a while back I took the Toyota Venza for a test drive? That was a super cool car and I immediately fell in love. Now I'm similarly gaga over the Camry XSE that I was able to test drive last week. But then I'm a Toyota girl. I've been driving my daughter's Prius for a while now and I think we've officially traded cars for good.
My first car was an orange Toyota station wagon. It was like driving a dreamsicle. Who wouldn't want to drive that when they're 16?
So my first thoughts on the 2015 Camry XSE are "holy loaded mobile." Backup camera, side mirror blindspot indicators, XM radio, seat warmers, sun roof… just to name a few. And tons of room for me and B:
All the new features that come with cars today give me the itch for something new.
We took the opportunity to take the Camry on the roadtrip for Thanksgiving.
It easily carted all the food to Caro's house for Thanksgiving dinner in the back seat – turkey and all. Granted it's a short ride, but we're carrying a baby and all that goes with him too.
Thank you Toyota! We were given a gift card and car to drive for the week to share our experiences with you.


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We are one of the famous firms that existing a mixed series of Teak Wood. These products are presented in varied sizes and designs at small prices. Leveraging on the relationship with the business, we are involved in providinganextensivevariety of outstandingclass Teak…Read More
Tuesday - Sunday : 10.00 - 21.00
Monday : Closed
Delhi Timber Sales Corporation
707,Jangpura Road Bhogal
New Delhi-110014
Contact LINE (In Above Time Only)
Our Mission
We are determined to achieve our client's satisfaction, and client's satisfaction is our only aim. We feel proud when our product and services brings smile on our client face.
Our aim resolves around the following five major points
- Determination: we are determined to serve you with the best products
- Care: we care for the environment, and our aim is to provide only sustainable products
- Time: we are obliged to time and we pledge on time delivery
- Respect: we respect our client, we know that we exist because of our client's, and their respect matters the most
- Smile: we toil to bring smile on our client's face, and we are enslaved to serve them
Our Vision
Delhi Timber Sales was born with a very clear vision of making each building a home. We believe in the principle of sharing happiness; with each and every product of ours, we wish to change the ambience of a house, and transform it into a castle of happiness.
Nothing is much satisfying than begetting smiles on someone's face, and each and every step we take is exhibited to bring smiles on your face.
We know it's hard to owe a home and it's even much more difficult to transform a home into a place; we strive to make your home a place Suitable to live in.
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From Our Blogs
Timber in Delhi are a well alleged name involved in providing our customers an wide range of Timber Logs and Planks which provides its extensive functionality in Construction Business. Owed to its acceptable quality and best strength, these planks and…Read More
Honestlabours put by knowledgeableworkers to design the best score Timber Wooden. All our Timber Dealers in Delhiare extremely in demand amongst the customers on account of their premium finishing &extended service life. Accessible with us is Meranti wood can be used…Read More
Legal Disclaimer
Delhi Timber Sales Corporation retains copyright on all the text, graphics and trademarks displayed on this site. All the text, graphics and trademarks displayed on this site are owned by Delhi Timber Sales Corporation.
The information on this site has been included in good faith and is for general purposes only. It should not be relied upon for any specific purpose and no representation or warranty is given as regards its accuracy or completeness.
Neither Delhi Timber Sales Corporation nor its employees or agents shall be liable for any loss, damage or expense arising out of any access to or use of this site or any site linked to it, including, without limitation, any loss of profit, indirect, incidental or consequential loss.
Timber in Delhi, Timber Delhi, Delhi Timber, Timber Dealers in Delhi, delhi, timber store, timber prices in delhi, Timber Logs Delhi, Jangpura Road Bhogal, New Delhi


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"We use the Elemental Nature Sacred Space Spray in our sanctuary and on our altars. The seen and unseen realms and medicines wake up and take the essence in fully, expanding the energy of the space, dissolving veils and brightening spirits. They are truly lovely."
Cindy Miro-Quesada, South Florida
"Deborah is a natural born guide. Everything and everyone she touches is infused with her sacred way of being in the world. I've used her beautiful essential oils for a while now. They are unique, powerful, and an indispensable part of my daily routine. I also know deeply of her passion for yoga nidra and her deep insights into the teachings and how they apply to the real lives of women today. You will be lucky to have her as your guide!"
Karen Brody
Founder of the Daring to Rest program for women
"Deborah Sullivan, the creator of Sacred Ways and elemental nature, is a true alchemist and perfumer. Her blends are uniquely divine and potent. I have first-hand experience witnessing how careful she is in her choice of pure and genuine therapeutic grade essential oils. She researches the source of her oils and only chooses the most organic, nonGMO, sustainably grown or wild crafted oils and is very picky about the oils she uses. They don't just have to smell right, they have to "feel" right. She has put not only countless hours of research and trial into each blend but also infuses every bottle with blessings and intention. Her pure and beautiful spirit comes across in the magic of these blends and increases their powerful effectiveness. I use her oils every single day in my oriental medical practice and for myself. Their effectiveness has much to do with her lifetime of experience with essential oils, her expertise with the individual essential oils, and her alchemical talent with the synergy of oils. I highly recommend her essential oil products as their potency and synergy are unique, rare, and unparalleled."
Amy Hazard, L.Ac
Santa Barbara Health & Healing Center
"Deborah is a truly unique and much needed, seeker of healing. She continually is in learning mode herself and imparts this knowledge into her oil blends, sprays, and services. I personally have taken part in her spirit circles, and they give me what I need to stay centered, happy, and knowing that what we do in circle helps the rest of the planet. I highly recommend any of her essential oil blends, sprays, and services. I use them regularly and especially when travelling. Deborah is a true gift to humanity, and I can't wait to take part in her next circle or treatment."
Chris Engel, Camarillo California
"Deborah weaves together more than four decades of experience in the spiritual and healing arts into a masterful blend. Through her one-to-one sessions, women's circles, and aromatic blends, Deborah's work creates a fertile haven for the sacred to flourish in everyday life. She is an artful and potent wise woman who generously shares her hard-earned wisdom with all she comes in contact with. All of Deborah's work is deeply grounded in her love and trust in the Divine and flowers forth profusely from her tremendously loving heart." -Heather
As someone who has used essential oils for almost 15 years, I consider the healing blends from Sacred Ways to be top notch on multiple levels. In my experience, the blends are very special due to Deborah's skill as a master creator of oil blends where she leverages her love for and knowledge of plants and nature and her considerable gifts as a healer interspersed with a lot of love and attention to details. This results in a consistently high-quality product selection that I find myself using on a daily basis for a wide range of purposes ranging from emotional to physical well-being. I also really appreciate that the oils are fresh, created in small batches, organic and made, packaged, and shipped with care. They are a very important tool in my healing tool belt for myself and my children.
Carolyn Gretta


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Under the Dome
FreedomWorks PAC backs Holding
FreedomWorks PAC has endorsed Republican U.S. Rep. George Holding over incumbent U.S. Rep. Renee Ellmers in the 2nd Congressional District GOP primary.
FreedomWorks is a conservative political advocacy group that helped promote the tea party.
Ellmers, who is seeking a fourth term, won her seat in 2010 as a tea party favorite. She has fallen out of favor with some conservative groups who claim she follows House Republican leaders too often.
"Far too many Republicans go to Washington pledging to shake up the status quo, only to become part of it," FreedomWorks PAC Chairman Adam Brandon said in a statement. "There is no greater example of that than Renee Ellmers, who has been a constant disappointment to conservatives. We hope that conservatives in the district will rally around George Holding's campaign and send a message to the Washington political establishment."
Holding, who now represents the 13th District, ended up in the 4th District when the legislature redrew boundaries in response to a federal court order. He decided to seek a third term by running in the 2nd District.


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What You Can Do with iPhoto on Your MacBook
iPhoto is a photography tool for the home user that can help you organize, edit, and even publish your photographs. After you shoot your photos with a digital camera (or even scan images from original film prints or negatives), you can import them into iPhoto, edit them, and publish them.
Here, you can see most of the major controls offered in iPhoto '11. (Other controls automatically appear when you enter different modes.)
Here's a quick rundown of what you're looking at when you first launch iPhoto:
Source list: This list of image locations determines which photos iPhoto displays.
You can choose to display either your entire image library or just the last set of digital images that you downloaded from your camera.
You can create new albums of your own that appear in the source list; albums make it much easier to organize your photos.
Photos can be grouped by Event (when they were taken), Faces (who appears in the photos), and Places (where photos were taken).
You can view the photos you've shared online using Facebook and Flickr (and MobileMe, if you're already a subscriber).
You can create books, calendars, cards, and slideshows.
Viewer: This pane displays the images from the currently selected photo source.
You can drag or click to select photos in the Viewer for further tricks, such as assigning keywords and image editing.
Full Screen button: Click this button in the upper-right corner of the window to switch to a full-screen display of your photos. In full-screen mode, the Source list disappears, and both images and events appear as thumbnails.
You can double-click a thumbnail to view the image (or the contents, if it's an event) using your Mac's entire screen real estate.
Search button: Click the button next to the Search text box to locate photos by specific criteria, or just click in the box and start typing to search by description and title.
Zoom slider: Drag this slider to the left to reduce the size of the thumbnails in the Viewer. This allows you to see more thumbnails at one time, which is a great boon for quick, visual searches. Drag the slider to the right to expand the size of the thumbnails, thereby making it easier to differentiate details between similar photos in the Viewer.
Play Slideshow: Select an event, album, book, or slideshow in the Source list (or multiple images you've selected in the Viewer) and click this button to start a full-screen slideshow using those images.
Info button: Click this button to display information on the currently selected photos (or the item selected in the Source list).
Edit button: Click this button to edit the currently selected photos.
Create button: Click this button to add a new blank album, book, calendar, card, or slideshow to your Source list.
Add To button: Click this button to add the currently selected photos to an existing album, slideshow, book, card, or calendar.
Share button: Click this button to share the currently selected photos on Flickr, Facebook, iCloud, and MobileMe. You can also order prints or e-mail the photos.
The toolbar buttons you see depend on which operation you're performing; for example, you see different toolbar buttons when you're editing a photo.


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SANTA BARBARA, Calif. – UC Santa Barbara opened its Big West schedule on a positive note Friday afternoon, edging Long Beach State for a 3-2 win at Caesar Uyesaka Stadium behind 7 1/3 strong innings from starter Noah Davis.
Davis, who allowed two earned runs on six hits over his outing, shook off a pair of solo home runs from the Dirtbags (14-11, 0-1 Big West) to pick up his fifth win of the season in seven decisions.
UCSB (11-12, 1-0), which jockeyed for the lead with LBSU, went ahead for good when junior shortstop JJ Muno slapped a double into the left field corner to plate Tommy Jew to make it 3-2 in the bottom of the seventh.
With the help of relievers Kevin Chandler and Steven Ledesma, Davis made that one-run lead hold up.
Though Ledesma went 1-2-3 in the ninth for his first Division I save, the Gauchos needed to escape a jam in the eighth to remain in the lead, as LBSU was able to get runners on the corners with just one out, leading UCSB pitching coach Matt Harvey to bring in Chandler.
That move paid off right away for UCSB, as Chandler got Ramsey Romano to roll over on the first pitch he saw, chopping a grounder to third baseman Tevin Mitchell. On contact, the Dirtbag runner on third broke for home, but Mitchell was able to quickly gather the ball and throw home for the big second out. Chandler then induced a flyout from three-hitter Luke Rasmussen to end the frame.
The Gauchos had to fight back from single-run deficits on two occassions earlier in the game, not an easy task on a normal day but especially so on Friday as LBSU was starting the reigning Big West Pitcher of the Year in right-hander Darren McCaughan.
The Dirtbags ace went 10-up, 10-down to open the game against UCSB, but the Gaucho hitters eventually made adjustments and were able to get some good swings off their second and third time through the order.
UCSB struck first in the fourth, with DH Josh Adams rolling a grounder through the middle to drive in Billy Fredrick, who scored from second after reaching on a one-out bloop single, the Gauchos' first hit of the game.
Fredrick moved into scoring position thanks to an opportunistic bunt on a 3-0 count from right fielder Armani Smith, who laid one down the third base line and got to first before Romano, LBSU's third baseman who was positioned way behind the bag on the play, could make the throw.
Smith came up big again for UCSB his next time up, teeing off on a 0-1 fastball from McCaughan and sending it over the center field fence for his first career roundtripper.
Long Beach briefly tied the game in the next half inning with a solo shot from Brooks Stotler.
"McCaughan got elevated a little later in the game, and Armani did a good job of making him pay for being elevated," said UCSB head coach Andrew Checketts. "That was a big-time swing by JJ, and a good response after Noah gave up the home run."
The Gauchos and Dirtbags continue their series tomorrow afternoon with a 2:00 p.m. contest that will be streamed live on UCSBGauchos.com. Junior left-hander Kyle Nelson (3-2, 3.48 ERA) is scheduled to start for UCSB opposite Long Beach righty John Sheaks (2-1, 4.25 ERA).


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Aha, yes maybe one of the most obvious candidates for one of these pieces, but yes, he truly left an indelible mark on this club for being vilified. His name came up on a pub quiz machine the other day, I couldn't bring myself to answer the question and had someone else select his name.
David Platt was installed as manger of Nottingham Forest following our relegation from the Premier League in 1999. At the time it seemed brave move. Platt after retiring had toured Europe trying to learn from many others the art of good managing and coaching, his playing career had been illustrious, England captain, successful in Italy and with Arsenal. He must succeed!
He had been in charge at Sampdoria for a brief period but technically couldn't manage as he didn't have the requisite badges. This tenure was rather short lived due to this problem, but he DID have experience at a top level club of managing.
And he was backed. Backed like no other manager probably has been at Forest. We had quite a bit of money to burn following the sales of a few of the las Premier League team. Stone had left for a big fee before the end of the season and very notably Pierre van Hooijdonk.
He went about making signings. Riccardo Scimeca being the first high profile one, bringing the former England Under21 defender from Aston Villa for a princely £2.5million. He followed this u with Gianluca Petrachi, Salvatore Matrecano and Moreno Mannini from the Italian Leagues he knew so well. These 3 names live long in Forest fans memories as being unmitigated disasters. Each one barely lasting out 3 months before being consigned to the scrap heap. They had cost us around £5million for this hapless trio. None of these players would ever amount to much else in their career, which illustrates how crap they were.
Given a remit to get us promotion we managed to finished 14th in his first season. I at the time missed much of this season as I was at university, I did make it to quite a few games, especially away games, one such one was a horrendous 3-0 defeat away at Tranmere in what is possibly the worst performance I have ever seen a Forest side putout. It also felt like every time I came home from Uni we had more players I never recognised such was the passion of Platt for chopping and changing. A roll call of the average and the never could be's.
I had particular dislike of our signing of Mikkel Beck, coming a week after I had derided him to friends whilst watching Derby in some match on Sky. Telling everyone that he was without doubt the worst player I had ever seen (anyone else remember him being subbed back off 10 mins after coming for Boro at Forest for being THAT bad?)I couldn't believe it when informed we had signed him, thinking it to be a joke, but no we did,albeit a brief period, he even scored.
We had also spent big on a number of other names, Stern John and Jim Brennan in particular chasing promotion, with spiralling wages. This in turn led to the fact we were in trouble financially, culminating in us pulling out of spending a paltry £300k on Robbie Blake as we couldn't afford it.
Money was drying up, and we didn't seem closer to the Premier League. Platt increasingly seemed clueless but received board backing. My refection on it is that I don't think there was the same clamour to see him ousted as there was with the likes of Megson and a largely successful Calderwood.
However he started the rot by spending extremely badly. Our second season was one of improvement, we did finish higher, but there was not much hope of continuing this as due to the parlous condition of the finances, made worse by the collapse of ITV digital, and the money to have come from that deal disappearing, we were consigned to shipping out people.
We had to let John go on the cheap later as it turned out a deal was in place to pay a £250k fee if he scored more than 15 goals in a season. What kind of deal was that??!!A star striker signed but with add ons for what is an average number of goals for a striker? Ridiculous. More so was the signing of Gary Jones. I still think he might be one of the most pointless signings we ever made. He was useless.
We then despite all this signed David Johnson, which although he turned out to be a good acquisition in later years, was at the time a risk, and at first he took time to settle.
One highpoint was the brief loan of Ben Olsen before his injury,which was a real shame.
But by and large his reign was truly a dark day for the club,leading it to the stage where we were on our knees. Fans had started to turn and when Sven Goran Eriksson, Platts mentor at Sampdoria came calling anting him as the U-21 boss I think every Forest fan was relieved that we had gotten rid of the walking disaster zone. His subsequent results with England confirmed he was clueless. And it speaks volumes that has never managed another club.
OK, shortly after we bounced back and made the playoffs but the legacy of his spending meant that young players had to be sold off. Jenas in particular being sold to basically let the club survive. Dawson and Reid was money we couldn't turn down,and unable to spent to replace we dropped down to League One.
OK,he never made the wonderful faux pas like Kinnear had by calling fans idiots and moaning about the clubs history, or like Megson talking about sinister forces at work (what the hell was that all about?) But his consistently bad record puts him ahead of managers who over saw relegation to the clubs lowest ebb in in terms of hatred from Forest fans.
Platt is still vilified Trentside. His record for Forest suggests why. The final nail in this coffin I will offer is this. The stats don't lie
Platt's managerial record
Played: 103,
Won: 34,
Drawn: 25,
Lost: 44


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EDITORIAL Turnbull redefines terms of marriage vote
CANBERRA OBSERVED Turnbull is running on empty as margin shrinks
GENDER POLITICS Northern Territory proposes recognising fluid genders
ENVIRONMENT Sea levels are not on the rise: research
NATIONAL AFFAIRS Our clinging to the fringe is stultifying development
FREEDOM Where to now after the marriage redefinition vote?
EDUCATION Unions and the ALP have gutted the curriculum
ECONOMICS The West faces tests of its own resilience
CULTURE The mysterious birth of technology
DRUGS AND SOCIETY Addiction and the cultural repression of spiritual values
OPINION Don't stand by as the fight for freedom begins
LITERATURE Britain's Kazuo Ishiguro a worthy Nobel laureate
HUMOUR Whispers from court side
MUSIC Funny tones: Playing it for a laugh
CINEMA Murder on the Orient Express: First-class mayhem
BOOK REVIEW Disentangling the free-market fraud
BOOK REVIEW Not inscrutible, just ambitious
Senator Georg Baddass and the Honourable Member for Spurt, Kristian Pinekone, are sitting back in the deep chairs in the Prime Minister's special deep bunker at Billibilli Boy House.
The bunker below Billibilli Boy House.
The Prime Minister, a strong, intelligent man in his prime … ministership, is sitting opposite at his desk.
He has just said something profound and the other men are feigning intense interest. Those years of a double-act as circus clowns stand them in good stead now.
Melrick Brightbull clasps his hands under his chin, his elbows on the desk. His years as a contortionist with Mudrick Bank stand him in good stead now. He has just been commenting with passion on the latest opinion polls, which put him behind the late Mark "Chopper" Reid as preferred prime minister and his Coagulation Government in third spot on a two-party preferred basis.
"What's wrong with these people?" the PM asked. "This country's going to the dogs!"
"Not your fault, Mel," said Baddass. "It was Pew Mouth Bales that bungled that."
"Polls are just polls, PM," ventured Pinekone.
"Not what you said when you got me this job," snapped back Brightbull.
The two men lapsed into silence; one had been a Unitarian till then and the other a Malthusian Chapel Roisterer.
Brightbull rose and paced up and down on his feet, a left one and a right one: bilateralism is one of his great political strengths. Yet now he was being lambasted in the media as a reactionary imposing a binary view of the lower ambulant portion of the human person and as a bilatero-normative oppressor of the one-legged, the two-left-footed and the two-right-footed communities.
The MLRLs (the Monopedals, the Left-Lefts, the Right-Rights and the Legless) had him cornered. He knew he was bilateral to the core: he could even do the tango. But the MLRLs had engineered a huge amount of sympathy in the general community by falling over in public places, under the legs of the police horses, down the steps at Parliament House, out of their chairs on Q&A; and consequently held far more power than their numbers warranted. He had to find a way to garner their support or he was ketchup at the next election.
"I have to find a way to make my one leg not know what the other is doing," Brightbull continued.
"There must be something useful among the papers on the great campaign you led against lobotomy," said Baddass.
"No, no way!" replied Brightbull. "It was a definite mistake to lead by showing the effects of lobotomy on a living person. I'd rather have a bottle of poison in front of me!"
The two underlings looked at each other with the beginnings of panic in their eyes at the emphatic tone of the Prime Minister. Neither could even feign emphaticism. So, Baddass grinned like the fool he truly was, his real self struggling to the fore at such times, and PineKone went red and puked into his shirt pocket, his years as a circus clown standing him in good stead again.
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COVER STORY Murray-Darling Basin Plan based on debunked science
NATIONAL AFFAIRS Cardinal Pell's appeal to go to High Court
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ABC survey finds majority agree there is unfair discrimination against religious Australians
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RURAL AFFAIRS Queensland Labor punishes farmers to placate UNESCO


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Mr. Guss received his Master's Degree in Social Services from Bryn Mawr College's Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research in 2003.
A Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Mr. Guss specializes in working with individuals, couples and families to resolve conflicts related to love and anger. He consults on a wide range of life challenges and transitions that can be addressed on the continuum of self-discovery and improvement.
Practice fields include interpersonal relationships, mental and emotional dysfunction, issues pertaining to sexuality and grief and family (couple) counseling.
His current professional interests are the use of Value-Based Psychotherapy and Bowen Family Systems Theory.
Mr. Guss also facilitates court ordered and probation assignments for Co-Parenting, Reconciliation, Brief Strategic Substance Therapy and Anger Management.
Please contact Mr. Guss – ext 232, for availability.


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Graduating from college into the unknown is daunting, especially if you're a first-generation student without a personal network or financial safety net.
Switchboard makes it easier for students to find their way. New graduates use Switchboard to connect with their school's alumni network and find jobs, career advice, and places to stay.
Eric '14, the first of his family to graduate college, felt overwhelmed after graduating from Reed College. He turned to Switchboard for help.
Why did you start using Switchboard?
I'm a first-generation college graduate (class of 2014) from a low-income family. I grew up in a rural area in economic decline, and beyond my high school English teacher, I had no network to speak of, knew few people who had been in any line of work in which I might be interested.
That's how it seemed for a long time, at least. Networking through Switchboard has helped me learn how to reach out to a community when I need help or guidance. I've turned to Switchboard for everything from jobs leads to advice to hosts.
I've greatly appreciated the informality of Switchboard, as well as the fact that it operates as an online community forum allowing Reedies like me to efficiently see who's out there offering help and who out there needs it. I have been touched by the kindness, generosity, and hospitality of Reedies. Those values have been integral to my success in finding and pursuing professional and personal opportunities.
You posted an ask for career advice. Could you tell your story?
I've been considering going to graduate school one day to become a therapist. I was pretty indecisive about choosing a major at Reed, and only managed to settle on one when I hit my junior year and was required to do so!
I went to Switchboard seeking advice from Reedies who had gone on to become therapists in order to get as realistic a picture as possible of the "helping" professions: working conditions, the interface between theory and practice, the merits of different degrees that lead to certification, financial considerations, and using volunteer work or entry-level jobs to build therapeutic skills and quell (or confirm) any reservations about pursuing a career in mental healthcare.
I exchanged emails and Skyped with two Reed alumnae (thanks to you both!), and will be able to make wiser, more informed decisions about my career because of the insights they shared.
Taking the initiative to talk to them left me feeling empowered in my decision to slow down, to avoid rushing to fill that hole that graduating from college can leave in one's life, and to take as much time as I want to understand the different paths I can follow towards professional security and fulfillment.
Would you recommend Switchboard to your friends?
I would recommend Switchboard to anyone who hasn't tried it. I did not apply to Reed with a career in mind, by which I mean the idea of one day leaving Reed to start a career was never part of the fantasy that drew me to the college.
It was tough when I started feeling those structural pressures to prepare for graduate school or the labor market, since I felt compelled to plan, plan, plan before I really understood what I needed and wanted from my work. And as someone who knew I wouldn't be able to turn to family for my economic security, there were moments when I felt overwhelmed, disempowered, and shut out of whatever channels people followed to find fulfillment in their careers.
A lot of that fell away as I grew and learned more about my needs and priorities. Yet along the way, Switchboard gave me the chance to step into a network of big-hearted, community-minded Reedies that was there all along.
Switchboard has not only been key to finding concrete help at times when I needed it, but also empowering and confidence-boosting, a way of taking initiative without losing sight of my ties to a community.


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First and foremost, I want to emphasize that most of the fantasy novels out there are not, strictly speaking, taking place in the middle ages. Lord of the Rings, for instance, incorporated elements of "Merry England" into the shire, Anglo-Saxon culture into the Rohirrim, Norse mythology into his dwarves, and classical society into Gondor. Joe Abercrombie's First Law Trilogy, for all that it lacks firearms, takes place in a world that bears more resemblance to the Renaissance, with its emerging class struggles and its brutal inquisition. And his Empire's military rank structure and the description of its officer's uniforms definitely conjure up images of the 18th century.
Part of the fun of fantasy is the ability to mix and match elements from different settings and cultures. And of course, the presence of the fantasy elements themselves (magic, active gods and so on) will cause even an alternative history to differ from the real one.
But inevitably, readers of fantasy will assume that the setting is medieval European, and sometimes writers will get comments about what is and isn't realistic about their world building based on misconceptions people have about the middle ages. I've got a long list of these notions, and it would take far too much space to cover them all this week, but I'll cover a few of them today.
1. Forty was a ripe old age.
I think this notion stems from the fact that average life expectancies were much lower in the middle ages than in modern times. Of course, life expectancies in general were much lower before the middle part of the 20th century, and in the middle ages, actual life expectancies varied somewhat by period (they certainly plummeted during the Black Death), location, social class, gender and so on. But the average life expectancy for a baby born in Medieval Europe was probably somewhere around thirty. This makes sense when you consider the high rates of infant mortality. Between 30%-50% ofchildren did not survive to their fifth birthdays.
But if you calculate the life expectancies of people who survived their childhood, the odds of making it to middle age and beyond improved considerably, even in ancient times. Of course, infectious disease, war, childbirth complications, accidents, and famine, claimed far more lives than they do in modern times. But this is not the same thing as saying someone in their forties was the equivalent of someone in their seventies or eighties today.
Or to put it another way, a high percentage of the people who perished before they were in their sixties or seventies did not die of the kinds of diseases we associate with old age today (heart disease, strokes, cancer, diabetes and so on).
There are many difficulties with obtaining accurate morbidity and mortality statistics for pre-industrial societies, but it's unlikely that people older than fifty were rarities throughout most of the middle ages.
2. No one ever bathed, washed their clothes, or cleaned their teeth.
When I was in school, my history teacher told me that medieval Europeans had only three baths in their entire lifetimes: when they were born, when they were baptized, and when they died. It's also stated sometimes that people only bathed once a year. This is simply untrue.
Obviously, medieval Europeans (along with pretty much everyone else prior to the 19th century) lacked access to hot running water and a microbial theory of disease. But they did understand the basics of hygiene. They knew it was important to wash their hands and faces before eating, and health manuals extolled people to get rid of dirt and grime on their persons.
There were public baths and bathing sites in many European towns. Interestingly, bath houses were often mixed gender, and the Medieval Church condemned their use for social purposes but didn't condemn their use for cleanliness. People in the middle ages may have bathed more than any of their descendents did until the 19th century at least.
As for clothes washing, people tended to brush their woolen outer garments instead of washing them, but they did wash their linen shifts, shirts, smocks and aprons. This site has a wealth of information about clothes washing in the middle ages.
People in the middle ages also spent time caring for their teeth and trying to combat bad breath. People often used tooth cleaning sticks or rubbed their teeth with cloths and mild abrasives, and used a variety of herbs and rinses to try and freshen their breath.
3. Girls were nearly always married and having babies by their early teens.
This is an assertion that has puzzled me for a long time, since it makes little sense to marry before one is likely to conceive or survive childbirth.
I read in Sarah Blaffer Hrdy's book Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants and Natural Selection that women reach menarche (first menses) much later, on average, in pre-industrial societies, and that there is a three year sub fertile period following menarche. If medieval girls didn't tend to start menstruating until their mid teens, and they weren't fully fertile until their later teens, or even early twenties, what would be the point of marrying 12-14 year old girls?
However, the legal age of marriage was as young as 12 in many places (and girls are sometimes married this young in modern times too), and there are certainly records of girls (and more rarely boys) becoming parents at very young ages, at least in noble families. This suggests that 12 has been at the lower end, at least, of menarche for girls throughout history.
Obviously, age of menarche has always varied around a mean, and factors like available energy, body fat composition, and socioeconomic status influence, and maybe even childhood experiences, will influence it. So there were certainly some girls who reached puberty earlier than average for their era, and earlier puberty may have been more common in the upper classes (where most of the recorded examples of early marriage come from). It's also important to note that legal marriages weren't always consummated right away. But there were many nobles and royals who did not marry for the first time until they were in their later teens or twenties. And the average age of first marriage was likely later for commoners (who were not marrying for political reasons).
This blog by Silvia Moreno-Garcia "The Trouble with Juliet," examines some of the available data about marriage ages at different times and places in the middle ages and provides evidence that refutes the notion that it was commonplace for pre and young teen girls to be married and bedded in the middle ages.
4. There were no people of color in medieval Europe.
This is often given as an excuse for omitting characters, or even any mention, of people with ancestry outside of Europe in either historic fiction or fantasy set in medieval-Europe like settings. In fact, Europe was far less isolated from the rest of the world than we like to think. Moreover, modern notions about race and racial segregation (including intermarriage) are much more modern than most people suppose.
|One of the black gondoliers
|who worked in Venice during the 1300s-1600s
Malisha Dewalt's tumblr blog is dedicated to artwork that features people of color in medieval Europe. In addition to the influence of the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula, and the presence of people from the Middle East in Southern Europe, there is evidence that there were at least a few people of African descent in medieval Britain.
What does this mean? For one thing, writers of historical fiction should take this into account when they depict medieval societies as being 100% white. And fantasy writers shouldn't assume that a society at a similar level of technology as the European middle ages would be lacking in racial or cultural diversity either.
5. Armor and weapons were so cumbersome and heavy that only the brawniest of men could wear/use them.
Actually, a full suit of plate armor only weighed around 45-55 pounds, which is in the same neighborhood as a soldier's kit today. This is hardly light, but since the armor was distributed evenly across the knight's body, it was actually easier to carry than a backpack. A treadmill study that placed volunteers in plate armor did discover
|Full Plate Armor 1548-1569, Wikipedia
Plate armor was also elaborately jointed to allow full mobility.
They actually had plate armor for children (probably ceremonial, rather than utilitarian), and Joan of Arc reportedly had a suit of armor commissioned for her.
There are also many misconceptions surrounding medieval swords. One is that they were crude weapons that only allowed their wielders to hack at their opponents. Another was that they were extremely heavy (some people say in excess of 15 pounds) so that only the strongest warriors could lift them. Actually, medieval sword fighting was complex and involved cutting, thrusting and parrying. And medieval arming swords typically weighed between 2-4 pounds, not that much more than a modern fencing epee. Even William Wallace's claymore (a large, two-handed weapon) only weighs around 6 pounds
These are only a few of the less than factual notions that people have about the European middle ages. There are plenty of others floating around. What are some others you'd like to see addressed?