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Take On Payments, a blog sponsored by the Retail Payments Risk Forum of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, is intended to foster dialogue on emerging risks in retail payment systems and enhance collaborative efforts to improve risk detection and mitigation. We encourage your active participation in Take on Payments and look forward to collaborating with you.
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December 14, 2015
Down and Out in Myanmar
Here in the United States, we have gotten used to cash being the default payment method when other payment methods are not accepted or fail for one reason or another. But a few years ago, I had the pleasure of traveling to a country where cash was pretty much the only acceptable payment method. My experience there really made me appreciate the existence of mobile money transfer (MMT) services like M-Pesa. These MMTs are rapidly spreading across the developing world. Unfortunately for me, however, I had no access to an MMT in the country I visited.
In 2010, my wife was sent on a three-year assignment to her employer's Asian offices in Singapore. During one of my periodic visits, my wife and I vacationed in Myanmar, also known as Burma. Myanmar has a predominately cash-based economy.
Let me provide a little geography and history. Myanmar is bounded by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand. Before independence in 1948, it was ruled by the British, except during World War II, when the country was occupied by Japanese troops. At the end of the war, the country reverted to British rule. In 1962, a military coup led to nearly 50 years of military rule. In the year we visited, fewer than 600 tourists arrived at the international airport in Yangon, the busiest airport in the country.
Before our visit to Myanmar, we wired funds to a tour operator's account in Thailand to pay for the services of a driver, a guide, and some of our lodging. We estimated that we would need about $3,000 for the rest of our travel expenses during our three-week visit. At the time of our visit, Myanmar was under stringent trade sanctions due to the repressive military regime, so no international payment networks operated in the country. Consequently, the coin-of-realm for international tourists was U.S. hundred-dollar bills that could be exchanged for kyats, the local currency.
What we didn't understand is that the money exchangers required U.S. bills of the 1996 series or later with no folds, tears, markings, or stains of any sort. Yikes, we are essentially talking about uncirculated, brand-new bills. Since no international ATMs operated in the country, our first visit was to a local bank. The teller agreed to exchange only $500 after scrutinizing in microscopic detail (like a paleontologist examining a fossil) for 15 minutes our thirty $100 bills. This would cover less than our first week of expenses. We had thousands of dollars burning a hole in our pocket and no place to spend it. We were hard up.
We were getting anxious after several failed attempts at other bank branches, so our guide suggested using an unofficial currency marketer to see if we could exchange more bills. We walked a serpentine route to an untouristed, possibly unsafe area of town. Our guide took us to a money exchanger who grudgingly exchanged an additional $500. Even with further economizing, we estimated we were still short in funds for the last week of our trip. Success arrived when we met fellow travelers with excess funds they were willing to exchange.
I have wondered to this day why the reluctance to accept less-than-pristine bills. Obviously, one concern is the possible counterfeiting of $100 U.S. notes by the government of North Korea, according to some press accounts.
But whatever the reason, it left us spending $1,000 less than we anticipated. If we had had access to an MMT, we presumably would have been able to more freely purchase goods and service without wondering whether our cash would be accepted—though it should be noted that we may still have had problems with the initial cash load at an MMT money transfer agent.
Stepping back, the lessons we learned include the various risks associated with a cash economy, such as counterfeiting and, on a personal level, the disappointment of a diminished vacation due to the time and anguish spent in exchanging money. As I said in the beginning, I can appreciate firsthand the real advantages of moving away from cash to a low-cost, widely accepted mobile money transfer service. In Kenya, for example, M-Pesa reported in 2015 a 22.8 percent growth in revenue and 13.86 million active customers out of a population of 45 million. Meanwhile, next time I go to Myanmar, I'll know what to bring.
By Steven Cordray, payments risk expert in the Retail Payments Risk Forum at the Atlanta Fed
December 14, 2015 in mobile money transfer, P2P | Permalink
April 11, 2011
Dispelling the myths about mobile banking and payments
There is a lot of confusion these days when it comes to mobile banking and payments. Consumer advocates warn that mobile payments will be unsafe and we need to develop consumer protections now to create a harbor from scams and rip-offs. While it's true that payment innovations often introduce new risks, they also create opportunities to create better safeguards that ensure a more secure payments system. So the path forward is best armed with accurate information about how the mobile wallet will work in the future. With so many new product trials and service rollouts for both mobile banking and payment services, it's difficult to separate fact from fiction. Today, we take an opportunity to do just that. We'll look at some of the myths we hear most often about mobile banking and payments in the United States.
Myth #1: Mobile banking and mobile payments are one and the same
We often hear people use the term mobile financial services to refer to banking and to payments, as if they were the same thing. The fact is, they are different services that appeal to consumers in different ways, and they are accompanied by very different types of risk. As a recent position paper published by the Atlanta and Boston Federal Reserve Banks defined it, mobile banking refers to a service that accesses bank information such as account balances and transaction history and that facilitates transfers between accounts and online bill payment. Mobile payments, on the other hand, refers to the use of the phone either to make a payment for purchasing goods or services at a merchant's point-of-sale—a transaction also known as a proximity payment—or to transfer money to another person or a business. The latter transactions, domestic and remittance payments, are referred to as mobile money transfer (MMT) payments and occur remotely either within a country or cross-border. Because mobile banking services are merely extending online functionality from the PC to the cell phone, the risk profile for the mobile phone is not markedly different.
Myth #2: Mobile payments represent digital money and lack regulation
While emerging markets are experiencing some remarkable advances in mobile commerce using text messaging to send a payment via prepaid airtime, the U.S. experience, as with other developed countries, is very different. Text-message-based mobile payment systems work for those emerging markets because they are clearly safer than cash. Here and in other developed countries, we have safe payments already, so the mobile device would merely be another channel to access existing payment instruments and their networks for clearing and settlement. All the rule sets, laws and regulations, and consumer protections that govern retail payments today will simply migrate to the mobile channel. While new networks, or rails, may emerge in the future, at present, the payment network systems remain the same.
Myth #3: Mobile payments are less secure that other payment methods
First of all, the security functionalities resident in the mobile handset provide authentication capabilities that don't exist in the current payments environment. The ability to add passwords and GPS location functionality to the handset represent additional security controls to accessing payment instruments in the future mobile wallet. Today, there are no locks on your leather wallet to preclude a bad actor from stealing your credit and debit cards and using them for illicit activity.
Moreover, the technologies that enable our current payments are becoming increasingly obsolete and vulnerable to fraud. Card payments grow riskier every day as the United States remains reliant upon mag-stripe technology, which is very easy for criminals to breach and then use to clone cards for illegal payments. Because mobile devices will use contactless technology in the form of an embedded computer chip, the mobile phone will be a much more secure payment device than the plastic cards we use today.
Conclusion So maybe the idea of mobile banking and payments isn't that scary—and maybe these things aren't even that trendy any more. When you get right down to it, the cell phone is just another form factor for a payment.
But that's not to say that a lot of new ideas aren't percolating out there. We know that telecoms are taking small steps with micropayments by allowing consumers to pay after-the-fact for digital goods—things like avatar accessories, ringtones, and even cows and corn in online games like Farmville—on their regular phone bills. Facebook credits are reportedly evolving into Facebook payments for physical venues outside of virtual online games and stores. And we all are waiting expectantly to see if Apple will make use of its extensive iTunes network as a more open payment system whenever the next iPhone is released.
At the Retail Payments Risk Forum we'll continue to keep an eye on emerging payment developments such as these, and work toward clearing up confusion. So don't wait for a blog post, feel free to send an e-mail to any one of us in the Risk Forum if you have a question. We'd love to hear from you.
By Cindy Merritt, assistant director of the Retail Payments Risk Forum
April 11, 2011 in mobile banking, mobile money transfer, mobile payments | Permalink
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Thank you Cindy. It is important with this kind of clarification to sift through the confusion between mBanking and mPayment. The various mPayment pilot projects and announcements of mPayment partnerships, while overall encouraging for the industry, unfortunately adds further to the perceived complexities.
You bring up many good points. It is clear that enabling mobile payments for goods and services represents a significant change in the risk and opportunities compared to traditional payments. I firmly believe and agree that appropriately architected mobile payment solutions can provide superior security compared with cards-in-wallet. You list some ways but there are more approaches. I hope you will continue with more clarifying blog posts and share your insight.
Posted by:
Knud - San Francisco |
April 13, 2011 at 12:44 AM
November 15, 2010
Retail Payments Risk Forum publishes white paper on mobile payments
Everyone has a cell phone these days, and that ubiquity is paving the way for wide acceptance of mobile money person-to-person transfer services, also known as MMT. Emerging countries, where the mobile channel provides a safe, efficient environment for conducting financial transactions and improving financial inclusion, have been especially quick to adopt MMT. In contrast, mobile payment adoption in the United States has been slow, but many experts believe that, with more people acquiring smart phones and having access to all the applications that go with them, MMT is on the brink of becoming widely accepted.
As roaming agreements between wireless carriers and the globalization of commerce in general work together to render our world's geographic borders irrelevant, how quickly can we expect these services to migrate to the United States? More importantly, as various forms of electronic payment crimes emerge, what should the industry do to prepare for new mobile services in a cross-border environment?
To answer these questions, the Retail Payments Risk Forum recently published a white paper titled "Mobile money transfer services: The next phase in the evolution in person-to-person payments," which describes the current landscape for these services and examines the risk environment for mobile money for both developed and emerging countries as new business partnerships between bank and telecom firms take shape.
MMT has the potential to catalyze the mobile financial services market
Infrastructure developments to support MMTs could support the evolution of other financial services. According to the GSM Association, this infrastructure provides the basis for the concept of the mobile wallet, which will allow mobile phones users to conduct banking, proximity payments using the phone at a merchant's point-of-sale terminal, and remote mobile payments, including domestic and cross-border mobile transfers.
The mobile money risk environment
The risks inherent in all retail payments are also present in the mobile space, including money laundering, privacy and security, consumer protection, fraud, and credit and liquidity. As mobile financial services evolve, there will be a number of issues to consider for managing the new risks mobile phone-based payments stand to introduce. The emergence of more nonbank participants in the distribution of mobile payments, including telecom firms and their agents along with technology vendors, may create additional risk considerations for payment regulators. Since mobile technology-enabled payments do not require the face-to-face interaction that takes place with traditional banking, the resulting opaque, anonymous experience can also create more opportunity for criminal activity. This will be increasingly important in a future where mobile retail payments will occur rapidly and across geographic borders, potentially outside the purview of traditional regulatory oversight. Payments regulators have limited expertise and experience in identifying electronic payments crime in communication systems—so the potential for abuse is a real and imminent threat that is still abstract and not well understood in this early stage of the game.
Policy considerations for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and regulators
The integrity and safety of the world's retail payment systems rely on cooperative information sharing about service developments and potential gaps in regulation. A number of considerations should remain at the forefront of industry discussions.
- The new mobile landscape will require dialogue between the regulatory authorities for financial services and telecom firms. Financial and telecom sector regulators will need a comprehensive understanding of the emerging risks in mobile payments with a collective eye toward the potential need to establish new regulatory concepts of electronic money regulation. This may demand a program for routine communication to ensure that regulators understand payment system risk issues and provide effective risk-based supervision for payment services providers.
- An oversight infrastructure for mobile payments, including the financial services of telecom firms, should be established. This oversight might be established through a routinely convening workgroup representing applicable regulators or the creation of a new organization with expertise in the unique and dynamic risk issues in mobile services.
- Cross-border mobile payments may require improved customer-data sharing on an international basis. The anticipated growth in mobile remittances may demand a new environment of international cooperation and sharing of customer data and analysis.
- U.S. mobile payments services providers should be required to establish programs to mitigate the risk of money laundering. Mobile services will require new methods for detecting and monitoring data flows. All service providers, including telecoms, will need to establish risk management programs commensurate with the risk in their service offerings.
- Converged regulatory authorities should examiner consumer protection risks for potential gaps in regulatory oversight. In the United States, it may be necessary to reexamine the applicability of Regulation E protections to stored-value payments as they become more prevalent in the mobile channel, in order to prevent consumer confusion in error resolution scenarios.
The experts are right in saying that mobile adoption still low. But the rapid pace of change means that industry stakeholders, and especially regulators, need to be forward-looking and anticipate where the winds of change will blow. A rearview mirror approach to addressing emerging risks in mobile payments can be modified with proactive thinking, dialogue, and global collaboration.
By Cindy Merritt, assistant director of the Retail Payments Risk Forum
November 15, 2010 in mobile money transfer, mobile payments, money laundering, P2P, risk management | Permalink
October 4, 2010
Has existing regulation of money services businesses kept pace with their enhanced financial services options?
Most businesses that meet the definition of money services business (MSB) offer financial services such as wire transfers, currency exchange, check cashing, traveler's checks, money orders, or stored-value cards. In the past, MSBs mostly served consumers without an established banking relationship—that is, the unbanked. Today, consumers with established banking relationships may also use these services on occasion because the MSBs sometimes offer cheaper services, such as wire transfers, than banks do.
Well-established MSBs such as Western Union and MoneyGram have provided the traditional services—wire transfers, currency exchange, check cashing, and so on—for years. Over the past few years, MSBs have rapidly grown and expanded their financial services offerings with options such as Internet-directed services for person-to-person (P2P) and person-to-business (P2B) payments, stored-value products, and, most recently, mobile money transfer service, which permits users to send funds cross-border and domestically using their mobile phone.
But are these expanded financial services within the coverage of the existing regulatory framework for MSBs? Are there new money laundering risks with the introduction of new financial services options not previously anticipated by the existing regulatory framework?
Conforming MSB regulation to mirror MSBs enhanced services
Although states have regulated check cashers and money transmitters for years, regulation of these nonbank financial institutions has not been uniform. The Uniform Money Services Act (UMSA) was adopted in an effort to provide a framework to deal with money laundering issues unique to nondepository providers of financial services. UMSA applies to businesses that provide money services and requires that MSBs be licensed, maintain extensive records of their transactions, and submit to audits. Although some MSBs may only offer one or more of the services listed above, all MSBs are subject to the provisions of UMSA because of the interrelated group of services they offer and because they are not regulated in the same manner as depositary institutions.
UMSA expanded existing MSB regulatory coverage to include what was considered at the time a new type of payment service: Internet-based service. It was believed that this new type of financial service posed the same concerns as did traditional financial services, such as wire transfers and check cashing, for example.
A patchwork of regulation
MSB compliance is a complex patchwork of regulations that involve federal restrictions on money laundering as well as state consumer protection mandates. MSBs are required to follow Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-money Laundering (BSA/AML) regulations that require them to file "Currency Transaction Reports," implement AML programs, and file "Suspicious Activity Reports." The Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has delegated authority to the IRS to examine MSBs for compliance with BSA requirements. State agencies may evaluate MSBs for compliance with BSA, though they may not directly enforce the BSA. Generally, State agencies are charged with enforcing their own MSB state statutes and regulations, which sometimes may impose requirements that overlap with the BSA.
Navigating through MSB regulations
In 2009, FinCEN conducted outreach meetings with some of the largest MSBs in an effort to better understand how MSBs navigate through these numerous regulations. The meetings resulted in the production of a report that stated that as MSBs navigate through these regulations, they place significant emphasis on agent oversight and compliance, value their reputation and consumer trust as the core objective of their business models, and feel that being in compliance with BSA regulations is consistent with their business model. The results of this report do not certify that the participating MSBs were in compliance with MSB regulations.
In the last year, legislation was proposed that would centralize MSB anti-money laundering compliance with the Treasury and authorize that office to recognize a self-regulatory organization similar to the private nonprofit Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) that regulates broker dealers. The goal of the bill is to bring about uniform registration and supervision of MSBs without preempting state laws.
MSBs play a vital role in domestic and foreign economies, particularly by providing the needed financial services that facilitate the transmission of money to foreign countries. Establishing uniform legislation may strengthen the continued work of combating money laundering and help prevent the use of MSBs as channels for money laundering or other illicit activities.
By Ana Cavazos-Wright, senior payments risk analyst in the Retail Payments Risk Forum at the Atlanta Fed
October 4, 2010 in financial services, mobile money transfer, money laundering, money services business (MSB) | Permalink
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June 1, 2010
Mobile P2P money: Contemplating new risks while analyzing adoption potential
Cell phone ubiquity and the growth of wireless networks are helping the world's poor to transcend from informal, cash-based societies to societies with more efficient and safer payments systems. The recent success of mobile operator-led payments services in emerging markets is galvanizing market experimentation in developed countries such as the United States.
Technology ripe for advance of mobile P2P
Mobile network operators and other nonbank firms are beginning to offer mobile-enabled payments transfer services in cross-border environments, using "agents" such as the corner store to accept cash deposits and accommodate withdrawals in lieu of traditional bank branches. These money transfer services, including both domestic and cross-border person-to-person (P2P) payments, are shifting to the mobile channel, providing consumers efficient, electronic alternatives to paper-based P2P payments. However, improved carrier roaming capacity and increased transaction activity may create opportunities for money laundering abuses and other unforeseen financial crimes. As new mobile financial services such as mobile P2P gain acceptance in markets throughout the world, how will industry participants plan for new and unanticipated risks?
The potential for market adoption
According to CGAP—or the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor—more than a billion people worldwide lack access to traditional financial services, but they do have mobile phones. This ubiquity has the potential to extend even more financial services to unbanked peoples throughout the world. In fact, a 2007 survey conducted by the GSM Association found that respondents expected the number of subscribers using mobile domestic money transfers to grow more rapidly for developed markets than for developing markets. These results imply that consumers in developed markets are interested in electronic P2P payment options and would be willing to conduct them via the mobile device.
The game changer when we think about payment adoption is the ability of the cell phone to execute domestic transfers in addition to international exchanges. This expanded functionality may fulfill the needs of mainstream consumers, as well as the unbanked, by giving them a convenient, cheap, and efficient alternative to writing checks or going to an ATM for a cash withdrawal for low-value exchanges.
The risk environment
In emerging markets, the risks of money laundering, identity theft, and other fraud are very real—they are merely eclipsed by the risks inherent in informal, cash-based systems, such as theft and extortion and possibly more violent crimes. So consumers in these countries where mobile payments are successful are arguably better off today despite the new risks introduced. However, this may not be the case in the United States, where we have a vast array of secure payment alternatives in place already. If convenience ultimately leads to adoption here, as it has abroad, what risks will P2P mobile money introduce, and how will we manage them?
The risks inherent in all retail payments systems are also present in the mobile space, including money laundering, privacy and security, consumer protection, fraud, and credit and liquidity risks. However, the mobile environment adds a dimension of complexity that makes quantifying risk more difficult. Participants in the payments value chain are increasingly disintermediated and outside the traditional legacy banking environment where the regulatory and legal governances are well established. In addition, there are other risks more unique to telecom firms that financial institutions and their regulators lack experience in detecting and monitoring. Finally, the regulatory domains governing banking and telecommunications are accustomed to operating independently and autonomously from one another and may be challenged to work collaboratively.
Implications for the United States
Domestic and international mobile money transfers are gaining adoption in world markets whose participants are likely to transact with U.S. consumers as wireless carriers provide services cross-border. Today, evidence in support of U.S. consumer demand is inconclusive because of the limited availability of P2P services and limited user experience. However, prevalence in offerings may not be the appropriate benchmark for determining whether discussions on risk management and payment system integrity are important going forward, as risk exposure may not be directly correlated to the rate of adoption. In order to protect the integrity and ensure continued security of retail payments systems in the United States, all participants in the emerging mobile payments industry should engage in proactive dialogue on emerging risk issues inherent in mobile money transfers.
By Cindy Merritt, assistant director of the Retail Payments Risk Forum
June 1, 2010 in mobile money transfer, mobile payments, remittances, risk, telecom | Permalink
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Are you looking for special gifts for the holidays or to find something exclusive for yourself? Come to the FASHIONCLASH Market where more than 40 young designers are selling their unique clothing, jewellery, accessories, furniture and design.
FASHIONCLASH puts young designers in the spotlight during Magic Maastricht, the magical month of December in Maastricht. So plenty of reason to visit Maastricht 3 & 4 December, discover and meet the upcoming designer and get yourself some unique designs. THE MASTERS will also have their stand.
You can also visit FASHIONCLASH STORE, in Rechtstraat 88.
It's all gonna be Magical!!
Designers: An.S, Barike, B-MADE, Charlotte Kan, CHEQUITA & CHRISTIAAN, Clara Scharping + PYG, Dido Yland, Einstern-Design, Els Boeren, Furansu, Ine Theuwissen, Inge Rens Jewellery Design, Studio Janina Loeve, IXX-Jolijn Fiddelaers, Kuppers & Wuytens, VA-TOUT, LORE LANGENDRIES, Manouk Hasebos, Marjolijn van de Ven, Marsha Kessels, Martine Kwakernaak, Mieke Dierckx, MIEK, MLY by Emily Hermans, Monique Poolmans, NIKKI GILING, Nina Führer, renskeversluijs, Pepina Peculiar, Romy van Geffen, TURINA.Jewellery, fantast, Sonja Schödel, Starfish-Jewels, SÜLZKOTLETT Fabian Seibert, StriKKs, Swantje Langeheine, TITI + THE GERMAN KID, Veronica Vartic, Studio Vincent, THE MASTERS, workshops for kids and more!!
See you 3 & 4 December! Centre Céramique Avenue Ceramique 50, Maastricht
picture by Kris Micallef

subset: commoncrawl


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List of tectonic plates
This is a list of tectonic plates on Earth. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium). The composition of the two types of crust differs markedly, with basaltic rocks ("mafic") dominating oceanic crust, while continental crust consists principally of lower density granitic rocks ("felsic"). See also Plate tectonics.
- 1 Current plates
- 2 Ancient continental formations
- 3 References
Current plates
Geologists generally agree that the following tectonic plates currently exist on the Earth's surface with roughly definable boundaries. Tectonic plates are sometimes subdivided into three fairly arbitrary categories: major (or primary) plates, minor (or secondary) plates, and microplates (or tertiary plates).
Major plates
These seven plates comprise the bulk of the continents and the Pacific Ocean. For purposes of this list, a major plate is any plate with an area greater than 20 million km2.
- Pacific Plate – 103,300,000 km2
- North American Plate – 75,900,000 km2
- Eurasian Plate – 67,800,000 km2
- African Plate – 61,300,000 km2
- Antarctic Plate – 60,900,000 km2
- Indo-Australian Plate – 58,000,000 km2 Often considered two plates:
- Australian Plate – 47,000,000 km2
- Indian Plate – 11,900,000 km2
- South American Plate – 43,600,000 km2
Minor plates
These smaller plates are often not shown on major plate maps, as the majority do not comprise significant land area. For purposes of this list, a minor plate is any plate with an area less than 20 million km2 but greater than 1 million km2.
- Somali Plate – 16,700,000 km2
- Nazca Plate – 5,500,000 km2
- Philippine Sea Plate – 5,500,000 km2
- Arabian Plate – 5,000,000 km2
- Caribbean Plate – 3,300,000 km2
- Cocos Plate – 2,900,000 km2
- Caroline Plate – 1,700,000 km2
- Scotia Plate – 1,600,000 km2
- Burma Plate – 1,100,000 km2
- New Hebrides Plate – 1,100,000 km2
These plates are often grouped with an adjacent major plate on a major plate map. For purposes of this list, a microplate is any plate with an area less than 1 million km2. Some models identify more minor plates within current orogens like the Apulian, Explorer, Gorda, and Philippine Mobile Belt plates. There may or may not be scientific consensus as to whether such plates should be considered distinct portions of the crust, thus new research could change this list.[1][2][3][4]
- African Plate
- Antarctic Plate
- Caribbean Plate
- Cocos Plate
- Eurasian Plate
- Adriatic Plate (or Apulian Plate)
- Aegean Sea Plate (or Hellenic Plate)
- Amurian Plate
- Anatolian Plate
- Banda Sea Plate
- Iberian Plate
- Iranian Plate
- Molucca Sea Plate
- Okinawa Plate
- Pelso Plate
- Sunda Plate
- Timor Plate
- Tisza Plate
- Yangtze Plate
- Australian Plate
- North American Plate
- Pacific Plate
- Philippine Sea Plate
- South American Plate
- Altiplano Plate
- Falklands Microplate
- North Andes Plate
Ancient continental formations
In the history of Earth many tectonic plates have come into existence and have over the intervening years either accreted onto other plates to form larger plates, rifted into smaller plates, or have been crushed by or subducted under other plates (or have done all three).
Ancient supercontinents
A supercontinent is a landmass consisting of multiple continental cores. The following list includes the supercontinents known or speculated to have existed in the Earth's past:
- Columbia
- Euramerica
- Gondwana
- Kenorland
- Laurasia
- Nena
- Pangaea
- Pannotia
- Proto-Gondwana
- Proto-Laurasia
- Rodinia
- Ur
- Vaalbara
Ancient plates and cratons
Not all plate boundaries are easily defined, this is especially true for ancient pieces of crust. The following list of ancient cratons, microplates, plates, shields, terranes, and zones no longer exist as separate plates. Cratons are the oldest and most stable parts of the continental lithosphere and shields are the exposed area of a craton(s). Microplates are tiny tectonic plates, terranes are fragments of crustal material formed on one tectonic plate and accreted to crust lying on another plate, and zones are bands of similar rocks on a plate formed by terrane accretion or native rock formation. Terranes may or may not have originated as independent microplates since a terrane may not contain the full thickness of the lithosphere.
African plate
- Atlantica
- Bangweulu Block (Zambia)
- Congo Craton (Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Sudan, and Zambia)
- Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa)
- Kalahari Craton (South Africa)
- Saharan Craton (Algeria)
- Sebakwe proto-Craton (Zimbabwe)
- Tanzanian Craton (Tanzania)
- West African Craton (Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo)
- Zaire Craton (Congo)
- Zimbabwe Craton (Zimbabwe)
Antarctica plate
Eurasian plate
- Armorica (France, Germany, Spain and Portugal)
- Avalonia (Canada, Great Britain, and United States)
- Baltic Plate (Russia)
- Belomorian Craton
- Central Iberian Plate (Spain)
- Cimmerian Plate (Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, Indochina and Malaya)
- East China Craton (China)
- East European Craton (Russia and Scandinavia)
- Fennoscandian Shield (Norway, Sweden, and Finland)
- Junggar Plate (China)
- Hunic plate
- Karelian Craton (Finland and Russia)
- Kazakhstania (Kazakhstan)
- Kola Craton (northwest Russia)
- Lhasa terrane
- Massif Central
- Moldanubian Plate (Austria)
- Moravo Silesian Plate (Czech Republic)
- Midland Craton (Great Britain)
- North Atlantic Craton
- North China Craton (China and Korea)
- Ossa-Morena Plate (Spain)
- Piemont-Liguria Plate
- Proto-Alps Terrane (Austria)
- Rhenohercynian Plate
- Sarmatian Craton (Ukraine)
- Sarmatian Craton
- Saxothuringian Plate
- Siberian Craton (Russia)
- South Portuguese Plate (Portugal)
- Tarim Craton (China)
- Teplá-Barrandian Terrane (Czech Republic)
- Ukrainian Shield (Ukraine)
- Valais Plate
- Volgo-Uralian Craton, (Russia)
- Yakutai Craton, eastern (Russia)
- Yangtze Craton (China)
Indo-Australian plate
- Altjawarra Craton (Australia)
- Bhandara Craton, (India)
- Bundelkhand Craton, (India)
- Dharwar Craton, (India)
- Central Craton (Australia)
- Curnamona Craton (Australia)
- Gawler Craton (Australia)
- Indian Craton (India)
- Narooma Terrane (Australia)
- Pilbara Craton (Australia)
- Singhbhum Craton (India)
- Yilgarn Craton (Australia)
- Western Australian Shield (Australia)
- Zealandia, see Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise (New Zealand)
North American plate
- Avalonia (Canada, Great Britain, and United States)
- Carolina Plate
- Churchill Craton (Canada)
- Farallon Plate (split into the Cocos, Explorer, Juan de Fuca, Gorda Plates, Nazca Plate, and Rivera Plates)
- Florida Plate (United States)
- Hearne Craton (Canada)
- Laurentian Craton (Canada and United States)
- Insular Plate
- Intermontane Plate
- Izanagi Plate
- Mexican Plate (Mexico)
- Nain province (Canada)
- Newfoundland Plate (Canada)
- Nova Scotia Plate
- Rae Craton (Canada)
- Sask Craton (Canada)
- Sclavia Craton (Canada)
- Slave Craton (Canada)
- Superior Craton (Canada)
- Wyoming Craton (United States)
South American plate
- Amazonian craton (Brazil)
- Guiana Shield (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela)
- Rio Apas craton
- Río de la Plata craton (Uruguay)
- São Francisco craton
- Arequipa–Antofalla craton
- Bird, Peter (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries also available as a large (13 [[MiB) PDF file]
- ↑ Tetsuzo Seno, Taro Sakurai, and Seth Stein. 1996. Can the Okhotsk plate be discriminated from the North American plate? J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11305-11315 (abstract)
- ↑ Bird, P. (2003). "An updated digital model of plate boundaries". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4 (3): 1027. doi:10.1029/2001GC000252. http://peterbird.name/publications/2003_PB2002/2003_PB2002.htm.
- ↑ Timothy M. Kusky, Erkan Toraman, and Tsilavo Raharimahefa (2006-11-20). "The Great Rift Valley of Madagascar: An extension of the Africa–Somali diffusive plate boundary?". International Association for Gondwana Research Published by Elsevier B.V. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Niels Henriksen, A.K. Higgins, Feiko Kalsbeek and T. Christopher R. Pulvertaft (2000). "Greenland from Archaean to Quaternary" (PDF) (185). Greenland Survey Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-10-04. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>


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No one is excited for their visit to the gynecologist, whether it's your first or your fiftieth. A trip to the gynecologist, while never anyone's idea of a fun afternoon, should also not be a traumatic or scary appointment. A big key to helping girls feel more comfortable with the idea of their first visit is knowing what to expect.
Things have changed a bit over the past few years and teens no longer need Pap smears. The new guidelines recommend Pap smears starting at age 21. That takes a lot of anxiety and pressure off adolescents as they may not necessarily need an invasive pelvic exam at their first visit. We can spend more time talking to them and discussing their concerns. To prepare your daughter for her gynecologist visit here are some things to discuss with her before she checks in. You may want to start the conversation days or weeks ahead of time to get her used to the idea.
1. Brief her on family history especially if you are not going to be in the room with her.
It's always good for young patients to know as much as possible about their family medical history since sooner or later, they'll definitely be on their own at the doctor's office.
Your daughter will be asked about any of her own medical problems, hospitalizations, surgeries, and medications. We will also ask about family history, so be sure to include any important medical information about siblings, parents, grandparents, aunts or uncles. If any close family members have passed away doctors will want to know what they died from and at what age to help us make sure your daughter is not at risk for any genetic diseases. One helpful way to make sure your teen remembers everything is to type up a family history for her to take into the room.
2. Encourage her to make a list of questions she would like to ask.
Sometimes when girls are stressed or nervous during an appointment, they can forget their questions. Have her think about questions before her visit and write them down. Common topics that we discuss include periods, hormones, birth control, sex and sexually transmitted infections and even other health concerns like asthma.
Consider having her make a list of topics that YOU would like us to discuss with her. Just as all kids are different, so are parents. Some families are more comfortable discussing sensitive information than others. As Ob-Gyn providers we are comfortable discussing or teaching your daughter about delicate topics such as weight, nutrition, periods, sex, acne, hygiene, reproductive anatomy etc.
3. Stress the importance of being clean for the examination.
I get asked about this A LOT. To shave or not to shave? The gynecologist isn't going to care about how she grooms. I get patients that are very concerned if they haven't shaved their legs. We don't notice or care about that either, I promise. We also don't mind if someone is on their period during a visit (unless it is for a Pap smear as it will affect the results). We deliver babies; a few drops of blood from a period won't bother us if delivering a baby doesn't faze us. Now hygiene is a different story. I had a teen patient come to her appointment immediately after spending a day at the beach. She was covered in sand and left it in my waiting room, on my exam table, the floor, and even worse, she had sand all over the parts I needed to see when I went to examine her. A quick rinse off, or even using the moist towelettes we provide in the bathroom is appreciated.
4. If you know your daughter is sexually active, find a way to tell her that she should abstain for 24 hours before her appointment.
If your daughter needs an exam or a pap, semen can make results difficult to interpret and normal redness that occurs after intercourse can mimic an infection.
5. Give her an overview of what to expect during her time at the office.
The following are common:
- Filling out paperwork.
- Doing a urine sample to check for pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and urinary tract infections. (Tell her not to pee right when she gets into the office and instead ask the nurse putting her in a room if they will need a urine sample.)
- Possible pelvic exam. The doctor will do a pelvic exam if the patient has any complaints of lumps, bumps, pelvic pain or strange discharge. Even if your daughter doesn't need a pap smear, she can ask the doctor to tell her how it's done and show her the speculum. That way, she'll know what to expect the next time. You can also describe it for her if you feel comfortable and promise not to scare her.
- Undergoing a breast exam. If your daughter doesn't do her own exams, the doctor will show her how to do it.
- Heart and lung exam with a stethoscope.
6. Encourage her to be honest.
Sometimes, young women can be scared to tell the truth. Your daughter will be asked a lot of personal questions. Remind your daughter not to be embarrassed, that doctors are professionals who see a lot of women each day and ask them the same questions. Doctors really do need to know about sensitive subjects like sexual activity, experimenting with drugs and alcohol, and any mental health issues. The only way doctors can safely help is if they have the full story of what is going on.
7. Prep her for after the appointment, too.
- If she has a pelvic exam, let her know that she will want to clean herself off with the tissues in the exam room before putting her clothes back on. It's a really uncomfortable sensation to put underwear on if there is residual lubricating gel still present.
- If the doctor runs tests, make sure she knows how she will get the results, whether it will be by phone or email or a letter.
- Let her know it's OK to call the doctor if questions come up that she forgets to ask.
- Tell her she doesn't have to stick with the same doc if she felt uncomfortable or like she "didn't connect." A gynecologist visit is very personal. She needs to be comfortable both honestly discussing her problems with her doctor and receiving a sensitive examination from this provider. A doc she likes and trusts will make all the difference in the world!


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Click the buttons below to access the full episode on ITunes(Apple users), or Soundcloud(Android users). Be sure to like, share, subscribe, and download the episodes. Thank you.
Episode 113: Back on the podcast co-hosting is Tim Kulczak, the creator of the Veterans Project. Our guest for today's episode is author and British Army combat veteran Gez Jones. We took a dive into the conflict in Afghanistan from various points as it is a complex situation. Hilarious stories were told as were serious ones. We talked about the failures of western leadership regarding tactics and rules of engagement. We discussed the culture of rape that exist in some areas of Afghanistan where women and children are systematically abused. You guys are going to enjoy this.
3:56-Inserting into Afghanistan
44:55-The perception of time
1:04:00-Combat story. Asymmetrical warfare.
1:53:26-Culture of rape: Abuse of women and children
can keep up with Tim Kolczak at:
Geraint Jones is on Instagram at:
Follow my co-host and my pages on social media. Links below.
Global Recon:
HP Lefler:
Chantel Taylor:
Music provided by Caspian:


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Sunday, April 29, 2007
The truth will set us free
Billie Jean's talk last night stirred up a lot of brain cells for me. How incredible to get to be in the company of such a leader. And what a doofus I am to have to be talked in to going last night, for a free event.
Anyhow, let me talk about my conversation with her. Because of this damn foot thing, I was in a wheel chair, provided by my friend Sharon. (You can read about her here.) Once again dealing with the very important issues of how does one get down to a floor with the elevator working. As usual, my snotty ass self made sure Sharon and I were front row.
I digress. After the speech, I rolled up to the stage to try to schmooze with the mother of women's sports. I finally rolled my way in front of her and had a lovely conversation. Introduced myself as the only Latina lesbian to ever address a presidential convention. She asked what I talked about. I told her it was about real family values, how my cousin's baby had died and they didn't care who my partner was but that I was part of the family and showed up for them. She agreed, talking about family was really important. I thanked her for opening the door for people like me. Her response, "We help each other."
BJK was so accessible, so friendly, so supportive, it was just unbelievable to hear the stories. The Bobby Riggs story, her galimony case, her start in tennis, what she did for women's sports, all were so important in the country's history, womens' history, LGBT history.
The critical piece I heard time and time again, tell your truth. Tell the truth about who you are, what you want, what your opinions are in every day of your life. And if you don't know the truth for yourself, find out. Find out who you are, no matter how painful because if you tell the truth about who you are, you can tell the truth to the world and make a difference.
No wonder I slept better last night, I am surrounded by women who tell the truth and make a difference, starting with me.
Posted by miss wild thing at 11:43 AM
Labels: Billie Jean King
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Friday, January 15, 2010
finally gettin' it 2010
hello 2010.
sorry it's taken me a few of your first weeks to get my act together.
the holidays were amazing and relaxing. it was fantastic to be with my family and just turn off my mind for a few weeks. all of the plans i made to do "things" over the holidays were thrown right out the window and i was just content to be. with family.
but now it's time to get a move on in 2010. we have a baby coming our way in just 20 more weeks! i'm halfway done with this remarkably enjoyable and EASY pregnancy and i'm feeling great and am super excited. we found out this week that we are having a girl and so i've been getting nursery decor plans together, and am finally letting myself oogle all of the crazy adorable things out there for little ones...
my project list is getting longer and longer but i'm not letting myself feel overwhelmed. everything i want to make myself for the baby seems pretty simple and if others can do it i can no problem.
2010. time to kill it.
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[DAG has a long and impressive track record in working in partnership with government to deliver affordable housing for the urban poor through its People's Housing Process (PHP). Our current and past projects have so far effectively demonstrated best practices for partnership with local citizens, contractors and the state to deliver housing and or participatory planning for intervention within informal settlements. With a large emphasis on community-led development, DAG's approach towards supporting communities grappling with human settlements problems and challenges has been instrumental in the delivery of over 7323 low-cost houses and improved tenure security for more than 27000 people across Cape Metropolitan Area]
During 2013 while Dag team was in the middle of unblocking 9 PHP projects that were dormant for more than 10 years, Dag was further approached by the Western Cape Department of Human Settlements to assist in the unblocking of another dormant project in the Phillipi area. Similar to the Khayelitsha project this project called Masimanyane was also dormant for more than 10 years. The difference with Masimanyane was that there was a vibrant project committee led by strong women who was pushing the Department so hard for the project to be unblocked.
Masimanyane has 117 project beneficiaries of which some received half built houses and some never got any houses due to corruption and lack of monitoring systems from the side of the government. Dag team started with auditing all the 117 houses to verify work to be done and to also inform finances needed. Once all the preparation work on the ground was completed still in 2013 all the report were submitted to the department in order to release funding for the project. This process took longer than anticipated by Dag and by the project committee as a result 2.5 years passed without and word on funding for the project from the government.
The project committee together with Dag never set back during these difficult times various meeting were held with various players i.e MEC Madikizela and Deputy Minister Zoe Kota to look at ways to fund the project. Finally around the middle of 2016 an MOU was signed between Dag and the Provincial Department of Human Settlement and construction commenced towards the end of 2016. The Dag team anticipates completing the project by the middle of 2017. This project is delivered in partnerships with local contractors, project steering committee, construction industry bodies like NHBRC and support from the province and City of Cape Town technicians.
[Khayelitsha and the People's Housing Process]
Since its inception, the People's Housing Process (PHP) has been fraught with challenges. Provincial and local government struggled to overcome these in the provision of decent, well-planned and sustainable shelter for families who had organized themselves to make use of this housing delivery program. Although many of these challenges have been explored and addressed by the Enhanced People's Housing Process (EPHP), we continue to learn from communities and organisations involved in PHP.
The case study "Unblocking the Khayelitsha People's Housing Process" reflects upon the challenges of correcting past mistakes. It offers suggestions and insights regarding how local and provincial government and communities can work together effectively with NGO community resource organisations and the private sector.
DAG has a long and impressive track record in working in partnership with government to deliver affordable housing for the urban poor through its People's Housing Process (PHP). Please refer to Khayelithsa Case Study below for more information.
[Woodstock and Salt River]
Today, increasing land and property values have in many instances meant that rent control measures are unable to protect the poor and working class tenant. Rent control was introduced in the 1950's and then adjusted in 1976 to minimise evictions, as tenants would be liable to pay only 8.5 percent of the value of land and improvements. However, when land and property values began increasing even rent control measures became unaffordable. The result has been a growing number of market-led evictions. There has been an increasing case of state evictions from Woodstock and Salt River, particularly from old buildings declared uninhabitable by the state, such as Gympie street. The options available to these households have unfortunately been limited to either a Temporary Relocation Area in Blikkiesdorp or Incremental Development Areas along the N7. There are now cases where these households have returned to the inner city, but left destitute as they now live on the streets.
By working directly with community members, businesses, government officials, academic institutions, and other partners in Woodstock and Salt River, DAG aims to explore a new approach towards inner-city affordable housing that can help expand opportunities for lower-income families and individuals in Woodstock. DAG's approach capitalises on several efforts already underway to strengthen their work through practical deliverables and outcomes. These include:
In April 2015, Architecture Sans Frontières-UK (AFS-UK), in partnership with DAG and University College of London's Bartlett Development Planning Unit, hosted a "Change by Design" workshop. Change by Design is a series of international workshops that explore participatory design as a tool for advocacy and socio-spatial transformation. The focus for Cape Town was to explore how inner-city regeneration could be re-imagined as a process that would bring about a more equitable and democratic city. The workshop provided a set of principles designed to allow for a more inclusive regeneration process.
The workshop held over ten days, brought together a diverse group of local and international participants with knowledge in the built environment, policy and planning. The facilitators were associates of ASF-UK, and experts in the field of participation and urban design. The core premise of the workshop was to strengthen and support DAG's ongoing initiatives. Key members of the inner city affordable housing working group, as well as a number of experts, actors and community members engaged in a series of facilitated roundtables on the final day of the workshop, when DAG hosted 120 people in four concurrent sessions. The event allowed for the participants to first present their findings, after which the invitees and participants framed the way forward as part of a collective strategy.
The key outcomes of the workshop for DAG were:
DAG is involved in a number of projects relating to informal settlement and backyarder upgrading
DAG's practice in this regard is directly related to participatory action planning, data collection, neighbourhood level planning, service delivery and tenure alternatives.
[Black River Corridor]
The notion of Mega development projects on urban infill or large precinct re-development projects on greenfield is beginning generate a lot more interest in contemporary debates concerning urban development. The proposed development of a (240 ha) site that is part of the Two River Urban Park is one of the mega project in Cape Town that DAG has been closely following. DAG has particularly made formal submissions to influence the outcome of ongoing process such as the development of the scoping report for the area, the environmental impact assessment and the amendment of the spatial development framework for the site.
DAG has recently acquired a property located in Village 2 North, Khayelitsha, adjacent to Phendula Crescent. Living up to it's Xhosa translation: 'Bring hope', Zanathemba, holds larger socio-spatial integrative potential than may be initially deduced, as shown on the conceptual diagram below. It's status quo, may lack in many ways, however, with adequate micro and macro-scale urban design, the site would shift from one that resembles exclusion towards that of inclusion. The proposed site consists of 30 units, currently zoned for mixed-use – it holds the ability to transform the lives of many. Though it would have a focus on housing; commercial, retail and public uses would also respond to current issues of the sorrounding areas, it would serve as a socio-economic linkage towards Khayeltisha's CBD. Although this is a DAG-owned property, the project is very much in its initial phases of development, prior to any building occurs a thorough analysis of the opportunities and constraints are being further investigated.


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Clear questions and runnable code
get the best and fastest answer
Re^2: A looping questionby Erez (Priest)
|on Sep 10, 2010 at 09:11 UTC ( #859610=note: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
First, remove that "no warning" clause, when you develop, warnings are a guide to things that may be wrong, or are wrong. As posted, the program don't compile for a strict violation, you should declare $basedir (and while at it, there's no need to declare Wanted both on the top and bottom of the program.
Second, you check twice on the return value of "find" which goes contrary to File::Find's purpose, which is to loop over, recursively, a file tree and perform a certain action on each file/folder. Your logic should go inside the Wanted sub, rather than on an outer loop.
"Principle of Least Astonishment: Any language that doesn't occasionally surprise the novice will pay for it by continually surprising the expert..
In Section Seekers of Perl Wisdom


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More People Turn to Faith-Based Groups for Health Coverage
Some insurance commissioners say health-care ministries could put consumers at risk
A growing number of people are turning to health-care ministries to cover their medical expenses instead of buying traditional insurance, a trend that could challenge the stability of the Affordable Care Act.
The ministries, which operate outside the insurance system and aren't regulated by states, provide a health-care cost-sharing arrangement among people with similarly held beliefs. Their membership growth has been spurred by an Affordable Care Act provision allowing participants in eligible ministries to avoid fines for...


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Microsoft Visual Studio LightSwitch is a simplified self-service development tool that enables you to build business applications quickly and easily for the desktop and web. How do you deploy a web-based LightSwitch application to Windows Azure? Read Mike Wade MSDN article here.
Get Windows Azure SDK, Windows Azure Free Trial Account, InfoKit, Windows Phone SDK, WebMatrix
Video: What is LightSwitch?


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Last Updated: March 2011
Privacy Policy
Smart Serve Ontario ("Smart Serve") has created this privacy statement ("Statement") in order to demonstrate our commitment to the privacy of the customers of Smart Serve's products and services ("Customers") and other persons visiting the Smart Serve Website ("Visitors"). Because we gather important information from our Customers and Visitors, we have established this Statement as a means to communicate our information gathering and dissemination practices.
By using the Website, you signify your consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information in accordance with this Statement. We reserve the right to change this Statement at any time without notice to you. Your continued use of the Website subsequent to any changes to this Statement will signify that you consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information in accordance with the changed Statement in effect at the time you use the Website. If you do not accept the change, stop using the Website. When you visit the Website, you should check the "Last Updated" date at the top of this Statement and review any changes made. We encourage you to periodically review this Statement to be aware of changes made.
Smart Serve collects information from our Visitors and Customers at several different points on our Website so that we can inform you about our products based on the preferences you have identified. This way, we can send you relevant information that meets your needs and ensure that your visit to our site is quick, easy and productive.
Smart Serve is the sole owner of the information collected on this Website. We will not sell, share, or rent this information to others in ways different from what is disclosed in this Statement.
Collected Information
To accurately setup new customer accounts, we require Customers to provide us with contact information for the Customer, such as their date of birth, name, address, phone number, and e-mail address.
Smart Serve uses the information that we collect to set up the Smart Serve application for Customers, to manage Customers' accounts, to communicate with Customers about training and other services. We may also use the information we collect to contact Customers to provide information about Smart Serve and new products or services we think may be of interest or use to the Customer or to discuss the Customer's interest in our company or support for our products. Customers can opt out of receiving these communications by replying to them at the time they are distributed or at any time by e-mailing email@example.com. Customers cannot, however, opt out of audit notifications and other communications required to administer the service provided by Smart Serve.
Customers of the Smart Serve application will be using the Smart Serve application to host their data and information ("Data"). Customer Data may at times be viewed or accessed by authorized Smart Serve employees, contractors and representatives only for the purposes of ensuring the proper operation and provision of the Smart Serve application, such as resolving a technical problem or support issue, or for investigating and addressing a suspected violation of the Terms of Use. Smart Serve will not review, share, distribute, print, or reference any such Data, except as provided in this Statement, the Smart Serve Terms of Use, or as may be required by law. Of course, Customers are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality and security of their user registration and password, and you can and should take steps to do so.
Smart Serve may provide Visitor and Customer personal information and Customer Data to third parties that provide services to Smart Serve for the Website under contract with Smart Serve ("Suppliers"), such as managing Visitor and Customer information collected by Smart Serve and activity across the Smart Serve Website, and to host information and Data, but these parties are not permitted to use the information or Data for their own purposes. We do not distribute to or share personal information, Data or our Customer or Visitor lists with third parties except as described in this Statement, or as may be required by law.
When you interact with the Smart Serve Website, we strive to make that experience easy and meaningful. When you come to our Website, our Web server sends a cookie to your computer. Cookies are files that Web browsers place on a computer's hard drive and are used to tell us whether Customers and Visitors have visited the Site previously. They do not identify you personally; they merely recognize your browser.
Smart Serve uses cookies to track or record information about our Website Visitors. Visitors who disable their Web browsers' ability to accept cookies will be able to browse the Smart Serve Website but may not be able to successfully register for training items and other features offered by Smart Serve.
For Customers, Smart Serve uses cookies containing encrypted information to allow the Smart Serve application to uniquely identify you while you are logged in. This information allows Smart Serve to process your online transactions and requests. Cookies help us make sure you are who you say you are after you've logged in and are required in order to use the Smart Serve application.
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To keep transactions and your personal information secure, the Smart Serve Website uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, which electronically encrypts any information you send to us. The encryption process protects information such as your credit card number, billing and shipping information by scrambling the data before it is sent to us from your computer.
It is important for you to be protected against unauthorized access to your password and to your computer. Be sure to sign off when finished using a shared computer.
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Smart Serve is obliged to maintain Customer information with respect to training records, including access history and test results, for law enforcement purposes. Where possible, Smart Serve will not retain information longer than is necessary.
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Financial information with respect to Customers is not retained longer than eighteen (18) months from the date of the purchase of Smart Serve services. On or before the date that is eighteen (18) months from the purchase of Smart Serve services, Smart Serve will cause such financial information to be deleted.
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Additional Information
Questions regarding this Statement or the practices of the Smart Serve Website and Smart Serve application should be directed to Smart Serve's privacy officer at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Bob Table
Manufacturer: poltrona frau
Designer: Jean-Marie Massaud
+49 7231 313061
bob low table the round table top and the upper part of the leg are related with leather. the lower part of the table leg and table base are made of steel, resulting in the nickel-bruni-lined steel version-the feeling of strict receives, and in the version warm with canaletto walnut-furnierdie charisma of Canaletto walnut. formal purity and discreet luxury.
poltrona frau
italian furniture with discerning style.
Do you have a question about "Bob"? How can we contact you?
Your message was sent.
or please call us:
+49 7231 313061
Monday - Friday: 9.00 am - 6.30 pm
By appointment also after 6.30 pm
Saturday: 10 am - 4 pm
dieter horn GmbH
Karlsruher Straße 91
75179 Pforzheim
› Your way to us


text:
"Brian Willson is one of a few modern men for all seasons. His memoir is an introduction to a way of living that could save a planet perilously drifting toward extinction. He takes the philosophy of nonviolence or Do no harm and applies it to the violence we are doing to the planet and one another. (Personal note: perhaps we are a species that should be extinguished. At least 99% of us.) Caution! Read at the risk of being inspired."
-Charles Liteky
(Viet Nam veteran, Congressional Medal of Honor recipient, peace activist)
"This Brian Willson is no throwaway American. This was a soldier in wartime, this was a protester after war taught him its lessons and finally, this was a sacrificer in carrying protest to the nth degree. I was busted with him but I never gave the ultimate as he gave. This book is about a patriot, the kind of patriot you dont find anymore, the kind of patriot who loves and believes in his country so much he surrendered his legs in telling his country its wrong. Read this book."-Edward Asner
(film & television actor)
"The 1960s to the 1980s
for progressive activists in the United States there perhaps was never a period quite like itViet Nam to Nicaragua to El Salvador, one long protest against the barbarity of American imperialism. S. Brian Willson was there, here and everywhere, devoting his life, sacrificing his legs to a munitions train. A marvelous journey he calls it, for the boy who was convinced that the United States could do no wrong, a loyal anti-communist, who served in Viet Nam, then traveled the length of Latin America to oppose US foreign policy and support the numerous victims of that policy. Sadly, that policy continues, but Willsons memoir can well serve as a guide and inspiration to a new generation of progressive activists. Weve learned a lot."
-William Blum
(author, Killing Hope)
"S. Brian Willson is an American hero who gives me inspiration and hope. In this book, he takes us on an amazing journey through his life as an All-American young man. He was an excellent student, an all-league athlete, a Conservative Baptist, a Republican and a strong believer in the American way of life. In 1969 he had an epiphany in Viet Nam that changed his life forever. He has had many incredible experiences along the way, including being run over by a U.S. Navy train, where he lost both of his legs while protesting U.S. foreign policy in Central America. Brian now stands for peace, justice and fairness for all people of the earth. I love his mantra: We are not worth more, they are not worth less. This book should be required reading for all high school and college students in America."
-Cynthia McKinney
(former US Representative from Georgia; Green Party presidential candidate)
"I write as a witness to S. Brian Willson.
It was the privilege of the Office of the Americas to be part of the Nuremberg Actions at the Concord naval Weapons Station in California. And this is the site where Brian and his fellow Veterans gathered on the tracks to stop a munitions shipment to Nicaragua. The munitions train did not stop, in fact it speeded up as it approached the protestors. It was here at Concord that Brian lost both of his legs and received a brutally fractured skull.
And after Brians rapid recovery, it was our privilege, during the peak of Reagans homicidal war on the Nicaraguan people, to travel over much of Nicaragua with this wounded hero. We flew at tree top level in a worn out helicopter to see the devastation.
Brian Willson represents millions of young women and men whose lives have been severely damaged by unnecessary, illegal and immoral imperial wars conducted by our nation. He urges us to a new way of life.
This book must be required reading for every high school and college student. Their lives depend on it."
-Blase Bonpane, Ph.D.
(Director, Office of the Americas; author)
"Brian Willson and I went to Nicaragua in 1988 to witness the Sopoa Peace Summit between the Contras and the Sandinistas. The love and respect shown him by the people there was heart felt and heart warming (he had knelt in front of a train in the well publicized protest of the shipment of weapons to be used against the citizens of Nicaragua by the Contras, who were trained and equipped by the US, who wanted to destabilize the Sandinista Government). In hospitals full of children and farmers who had lost limbs because of land mines planted by the Contras, we was obviously and immediately one of them. Hed done it for them and they loved him for it.
Brian Wilsons courage, compassion, and commitment to fighting for freedom, and justice, and human rights is an inspiration to the rest of us and a lesson in how to handle Adjustments in our Plans."
-Kris Kristofferson
(actor, singer-songwriter)
"Brian Willsons life story teaches us to walk the talk, guided by one of the finest prophets of our time. Brian teaches us that we cant control the U.S. government. It is every bit as reckless as the train that ran over him. Brian asks people to stop fuelling the train. If we cant control our own government, can we at least stop actively helping it? For many years, he traveled all over the world to campaign against weapons and war, but his conscientious objection to voracious resource consumption spurred him to design a new life style. With impeccable logic, Brian challenges us stay closer to home so that we can avoid consuming more than our fair share of energy. By living simply and working hard for justice, he aims to attain right livelihood. By studying his writing and following his lead, we bolster our chances to build a better world."
-Kathy Kelly
(nonviolent activist, Voices For Creative Nonviolence)
"Brian Willsons courage, integrity, and dedication to peace and justice and to a sustainable society have been an inspiration to all of those who seek to change the course on which we are lurching towards destruction. His memoir should be read and pondered, and its lessons should be taken to heart by those who hope to create a more decent world."
-Noam Chomsky
(linguist, historian, professor, author)
"Brian Willsons memoir boils with alchemy that has turned pain and caring into moral insistence and political resistance. After seeing what war really does, he lives every day with the wounds of military madness and the imperatives of struggling for social sanity. This book takes us away from the false comforts of clichés and cardboard images, replacing them with a genuine account of injustice writ large and insistence on humane values. With this superb narrative of his own life, Brian Willson invites us to think more clearly and feel more deeply."
-Norman Solomon
(media critic; author, War Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death)
"A remarkable and exceptional book! Brian Willson is an American hero, citizen of the world, and passionate man of peace. His extraordinary life is an inspiration to us all!"
-Ron Kovic
(Vietnam veteran; author, Born on the Fouth of July, anti-war activist
"In a world filled with violence, oppression, the madness of war, and the destruction of the environment, many are searching for hopeand those individuals who give us hope.
This is where Brian Willson comes in. Like many of us, he bought into the lies of war and violence. But something happened along his journey, and Viet Nam was only the beginning. He discovered the truth and he followed it, no matter the cost. I encourage you to read this book about a great peacemaker and a great lover of mother earth. You will be filled with hope."
-Father Roy Bourgeois
(Maryknoll Catholic priest, founder SOA Watch)
"Brian Willson is a hero in our midst. Descended from early settlers, like most small town boys, he was born and bred to serve his country, to do his patriotic duty, and to not ask questions about the worthiness of his government. His military service in Viet Nam shattered all illusions about the war itself and the government he was serving. Remaining duty bound, principled, and determined, he has spent the past four decades as a non-violent activist against United States military interventions, and since 1988, has walked on "third world legs." We are fortunate to have this book, this testament to the transformative power of consciousness."
-Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
(historian, activist, author)
"Brian Willson has lived one of the more interesting and inspiring lives of any peace activist in recent American history. His story deserves to be read and absorbed by people of all persuasions: militarists as well as anti-militarists."
-Peter Dale Scott
(historian, poet and author)
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Promoting Sustainable Thinking: Eco Museum in France
If you are a fan of green thinking, then you will surely appreciate this unique project. The 'Eco Museum' is located in Rennes, France and was designed by architects Guinee Potin from Nantes. The building's exterior is organic, as it is completed with a skin made from chestnut shingle. With an overall unconventional design, it is difficult from afar to decide upon the nature of this construction. The main entrance is hidden beneath an odd looking volume housing the administrative offices areas. The interior is a bit unpredictable also, featuring eco-friendly arrangements mixed with a modern touch. Large timbers are used as support beams and wood is present all around, contributing to the idea of a sustainable environment. Freshome readers, do you enjoy seeing this type of educational public facilities?


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Print ISSN:
0974 - 7648
Registration No:
No. of Issues Per Year:
Print Frequency:
Start Year of Journal:
Social Science and Humanity
Reeta Yadav
Chief Editor:
Indukant Dixit
Executive Editor:
Shashi Bhushan Poddar
JIGYASA, a monthly journal, will be published every year in the first week of every
month. The journal focuses to publish original and
exclusive research articles on all subjects pertaining to Arts and Humanities. The
objective of the journal is to provide a forum to the scholars, teacher-educators,
educational planners, administrators, and researchers etc. to contribute thought
provoking articles, book reviews, and research papers etc, both in Hindi or English.
Paper is invited for forthcoming issue
© 2019 Jigyasa. All rights reserved | Developed by Ravi Vishwakarma(8957205013)


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don't wait until the new year to upgrade your online style
You've got big plans for next year. 2017 is THE breakout year for your business and you will stretch yourself to grow in ways you never have before. You know who your dream client is and where to find them. NOW, it's time to go get them. But you have to look the part. Let's get you suited with the digital media package. It's complete with everything you need to strut your stuff all over the world wide web and lock in the clients that have been waiting on you but didn't know how to find you.
The Digital Media Package includes:
- A website done through Squarespace. Includes a cover/opt-in page, 5 pages and a blog, social media synchronization, mailchimp integration and custom graphics used throughout.
- Digital Brochure. Get up to four pages to list your pricing, detail your services or packages.
- Instagram Templates. Post quotes, sales, contact information and other wording with branded cohesiveness with 4 templates.
- Facebook Cover Design.
- Digital Flyer. Advertise with your contact information and services listed or event a new product.
AND...are you ready for this? For a very limited time, you can get the Digital Media Package for over half off! Yes honey you read that right.
Disclaimer: Pricing does not include website domain purchase or hosting. If stock photos are needed they will be purchased for your exclusive use at an additional cost. All photos and website content must be provided by the client.


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F&M 4, Lasell 3 | Brockport State 3, F&M 1
FT. MYERS, Fla. -- Franklin & Marshall's softball team split the opening day of their Florida swing, posting a 4-3 win over Lasell, while suffering a 3-1 setback to Brockport State.
The Diplomats (6-2) scored four runs in the fifth to overcome a 2-0 deficit and held on for the win in the first game of the day. Nicole Morano remains unbeaten in her first season of collegiate softball with her fourth win. First-year Sarah Damato earned her first save by pitching out of jam in the seventh. The Lasers (0-1) had two runners on board without an out, but Damato worked F&M out of the pinch. Alyssa Yackle and Morano each had an RBI in the game. Jessika Mancino recorded a pair of hits in the win.
Brockport scored two unearned runs negating solid work in the circle. Damato (1-2) started the game and was saddled with the loss, while Morgan finished out. The pair held Brockport to five hits, but the Golden Eagles (3-1) limited F&M to just one. Yackle picked up the lone hit and an RBI, scoring Gina Camuso from second base.
The Diplomats return to action tomorrow against St. Lawrence and Albright.


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Urban Permaculture Resources
What Is Permaculture?
"Permaculture is the conscious design of agriculturally productive ecosystems which have diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems." -Bill Mollison
Permaculture is a scientific and artistic method for designing human settlements to meet humanity's basic needs (healthy food, clean water, shelter, energy, and community) in a way that not only "sustains" but actively regenerates biodiversity and natural resources. Whether you are designing your own urban plot, a community garden, your whole city block, or a ten thousand acre parcel, Permaculture begins with the premise that by mimicking and working with Nature's principles, we can design for long-term abundance and healthy habitat for all life, from microscopic soil organisms to humans.
Permaculture begins with close observation, and builds upon thousands of years of practices from around the world that have long enabled communities of people to provide for their basic needs in ways that passively store energy, water, biodiversity, nutrients, ... Life...in the landscape. By working with Nature's patterns -- for example, the way water moves across the landscape, or the way healthy soil micro-organisms break down organic matter -- we can refill aquifers, build new topsoil, and help create biodiverse ecosystems in a surprisingly short amount of time. Indigenous peoples from California to India and across the world understood what we have only recently forgotten: that we are part of nature, that are lives are dependent upon the lives of all living beings, and that our collective actions determine whether our descendents experience scarcity or abundance.
We've designed most of our farms and cities to shed water and nutrients, rather than to soak them into the landscape. This has resulted in a food system that depends upon unsustainable amounts of groundwater, oil, and toxic inputs for its survival. In far too many places, we are watching humanity turn lush valleys, abundant coastlines, and diverse forests into deserts, or worse, poisoned and deeply scarred landscapes unsuitable for most living beings.
These are well-known and over-studied problems. We know what we are doing wrong. What we need are tangible solutions! So lets do it!
Life seeks to perpetuate itself. It does this by interweaving multiple connections between organisms, so that each organism's life creates the conditions for life for literally millions of other organisms. The most stable ecological systems are those with the most connections. The role of the permaculture designer then is not to invent anything new, only to arrange life forms in a way that maximizes the numbers of connections between elements, maximizes productivity, and minimizes work and pollution. If done right, a permaculture garden can water itself, build topsoil itself, and grow food itself, while the designer watches and eats! By following some basic design principles, we can design landscapes that will catch and harvest nearly every drop of water to produce food and beauty for decades to come.without much tilling, weeding, or work at all, besides harvesting!
Produce more energy than they consume
Create soils and forests, rather than simply conserving them
Produce most regional needs
Recycle or produce nutrients
Prevent energy from leaving before the basic needs of the whole system are satisfied
1) Care of Earth -- this includes all living and nonliving things that share this planet with us.
2) Care of People -- to promote self-reliance, holistic heath, and wellbeing for individuals and communities
3) Setting Limits to Consumption -- the goal is to leave our earth healthier than we found it.
4) Returning the Surplus -- to pass on anything surplus to our needs (labor, money, information, etc.)
Deeply embedded in permaculture is a respect for the "Life Ethic": all living beings are not only means but also ends. In addition to instrumental value to humans and other living organisms, they have an intrinsic worth.
Life ethic
1) Working With Nature Rather than Against Her
Observe, respect, and work with Nature's patterns (decay, gravity, contours, etc) to allow Nature to do the work and build fertility for us
2) The Problem is the Solution
Viewing every "problem" as an opportunity. For instance, slug overpopulation is a duck deficiency. A shaded backyard in Northern California is an ideal place for the cultivation of shiitake and oyster mushrooms, rabbits, indian lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata) and salal berries (Gaultheria shallon). Pollution and overpopulation in cities provides the excess "waste" nutrients and human energy we need to transform our cities into abundant and beautiful resources for food and energy.
3) Make the Least Change for the Greatest Possible Effect
Minimize unnecessary effort. Instead of digging up your lawn by hand (an enormous effort that will probably result in the lawn's regrowth due to the fact that it is very difficult to dig up all the roots), sheet mulch instead! Cover that lawn with biomass, and let the lawn decompose and turn into topsoil with the help of worms, bacteria, and fungi. Nature does the work, and you are left with rich, living topsoil (and a healthy back).
4) Every Element Supports Many Functions (Stacking Functions)
For example, a tree can produce food, provide shade, support bird habitat, filter air pollution, provide a wind break, prevent soil erosion, drop leaves for use as mulch, build soil, soak up water, create beauty, and much more.
5) Every Element is Supported by Other Elements (Planned Redundancy)
Once you have listed all the functions, needs (inputs), and products (outputs) for the elements in your design, you can place elements that support each other together. in the right place. When the needs required by each element are satisfied by the "wastes" of other elements, you've just eliminated a lot of work and pollution!
6) Use Native and Perennial Plants Wherever Possible.
Use native plants first, proven (and delicious) low-maintenance perennials next, and annuals third. Native plants are best adapted to your local ecology, and thus require the least maintenance and inputs. Perennial fruits, berries, nuts and vegetables that are adapted to your climate also can be extremely low-maintenance, and they can provide abundant harvests for generations. Annuals are often desired too for their culinary importance and cultural relevance, but these require more effort and care, and must be replanted each season.
7) Relative Location
Time is perhaps an individual's most precious resource. Use methods of permaculture design to place related and interdependent elements together, and the most used elements closest to your house and along commonly traveled routes.
8) Relationship Between Elements
Bill Mollison says it best:
"Design is a connection between things. It's not water, or a chicken, or the tree.
It's how the water, the chicken and the tree are connected. It's the opposite of what we are taught in school.
Education takes everything and pulls it apart and makes no connections at all.
Permaculture makes the connection because as soon as you have the connection,
you can feed the chicken from the tree."
- Bill Mollison, co-founder of Permaculture
9) Pollution as an Unused Resource
Pollution is nothing but an overabundance of a resource in the wrong place...an overabundance of nutrients that are not being used by other elements in the system.
By Design...
Interactive Diversity > Stability
Stability > Fertility
Fertility > Productivity
Productivity > Vibrant Local Economies
Local Economy > Community
Community > Culture
Permaculture design emphasizes patterning of landscape, function, and species assemblies.
It asks the question, "Where does this element go? How is best placed for maximum benefit in the system?"
Permaculture is made up of techniques and strategies:-
- Techniques are how we do things, (one-dimensional).
- Strategies are how and when, (two-dimensional).
- Design is patterning, (multi-dimensional).
Permaculture is all about the science and ethics of design patterning.
Approaches to design:-
Maps, "where is everything?"
Analysis of elements, "how do these things connect?"
Sector planning, "where do we put things?"
1. Maps: A main tool of a designer, but "the map is never the territory". Be careful not to design just from maps, no map tells the entire story that can be observed on the ground. A sequence of maps are valuable to see clearly where to place elements: – Water, Access, Structures, Topology etc.
2. The analysis of elements: List the needs, products, and the intrinsic characteristics of each element. Lists are made to try and link the supply needs of elements to the production needs of others.
3. Sector planning: Includes (a) zones (b) sector (c) slope, and (d) orientation
(a) Zones help us place elements in a beneficial relative location. Zone 1 may be your home, bedroom, and bathroom, so you would place things in zone 1 that you use many times per day. Zone 2 may be just out your front door, so place things in zone 2 that you need once a day or more, whereas things go in zone 5 that you only need a few times per year.
(b) Sectors help us understand the flows of energy into the system. Where is the wind coming from? Where is the path of the sun in the summer? In the winter?
(c) Slope analysis helps us to best utilize gravity and water. Can we store that rainwater tank on the highest point possible, to water our gardens using gravity?
(d) Know the path of the sun! Make sure that you have adequate sun exposure in the winter, and shade in the summer.
"The struggle of people against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting."
-Milan Kundera
Indigenous peoples have long sustained themselves through their intimate connection to their local ecology...the natural patterns, plants, water sources, sources of energy, soils, animal life, etc around them. Exploitation of the earth's natural resources on a massive global scale, and the introduction of unbalanced economic systems (so-called "Free Trade" agreements) interrupts the stability of local ecologies and economies, and diminishes the ability of local communities to provide for their basic needs. This leads to mass migration and the devastating loss of cultures and place-based knowledges.
Permaculture can help us re-remember the ingenious techniques and strategies that enable humans to provide for our needs in ways that contribute to the overall health and dynamic vibrancy of all living things around us, on which we depend for our own survival. What could be more important than that?
We badly need permaculture in urban environments, and fast! Cities are epicenters of poverty, hunger, unemployment, and pollution...but seen another way, they are also epicenters of resources, nutrients, diversity, and possibility! We have great access in the city to a variety of free, excess nutrients (on a purely scientific caloric level) and materials to build healthy soil and garden infrastructure. Just think about all the uneaten food from supermarkets and restaurants in your neighborhood...these nutrients can be collected and composted to build soil and garden fertility where there once was none. Dense population offers us a ready supply of collaborators, employees, and volunteers, and cuts the shipping mileage from soil to plate to nearly zero. We have paved surfaces such as roofs, sidewalks, and driveways, which we can use to direct water to grow food an fertility. We have a variety of microclimates in which we can grow diverse varieties of food. What we need is innovation, tangible solutions, and successful models that can be replicated in cities across the world. This is the mission of Planting Justice, so please, support this work!


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Scuba Classes and scuba lessons in Brandon and Tampa Florida. Fun Scuba training for beginners throu
946 W Brandon Blvd
Brandon FL 33511
Paradise Springs is one of the most beautiful spring dive sites in Florida
4040 SE 84th Lane Rd
Ocala FL 34480
NAUI is the largest non-profit dive training and certifying organization in the world, offering high-industry, recreational diver standards and education programs. NAUI Worldwide ...
9030 Camden Field Pkwy
Riverview FL 33578
Every year across the world, NAUI member-driven projects continue to grow in number and in significance. However, the potential that GDI comprises to support these programs ...
9030 Camden Field Pkwy
Riverview FL 33578
Dive the largest clear water cavern located in the heart of freshwater spring country in Williston, Florida. The Blue Grotto lets you dive down to a depth of 100 feet (30 ...
3852 NE 172nd Ct
Williston FL 32696
Visit one of North America's most prehistoric places, Devil's Den -- an underground spring inside a karst cavern. Located in Williston, Florida this cavern has been home ...
5390 NE 180th Ave
Williston FL 32696
The PADI Career Development Center (CDC) classification is awarded annually to PADI Five Star Instructor Development Centers and Five Star Instructor Development Dive Resorts ...
401 East Bearss Ave (Corner of I-275 & Bearss Ave)
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Rock Bottom Divers is a combat veteran owned and family operated Dive Center. We emphasize educating the consumer, training quality divers, and offering outstanding trips. ...
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Water Bearer Foundation is purpose driven brand dedicated to raise awareness for the protection of our beaches, oceans, and marine life! To shine light on the marine ecosystems ...
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Saint Petersburg FL 33702
Welcome to ActionQuest! We offer life-activating adventures that span the globe. Visit us online actionquest.com ActionQuest offers incredible educational summer experiences ...
1075 Central Ave
Sarasota FL 34236
Welcome to Hudson Grotto, your very own dive destination right here in Hudson, Florida. Hudson Grotto is a prehistoric limestone sink, most likely the oldest inland body of ...
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I am not directly affiliated with a dive shop, though Adventure Outfitters in South Tampa helped me to get my start and they are top-notch if you have equipment or maintenance ...
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Shark-Con is inside the Entertainment Hall at the Florida State Fairgrounds. Parking is $6 and Kids $4.99 Adults $14.95. An annual event to promote awareness of ocean/ shark ...
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World Dive / Caribbean Adventures has been serving the scuba dive travel industry for more than 15 years. We are scuba divers ourselves, who specialize in the unique needs ...
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Open Water Divers, Snorkelers, Advanced Open Water Divers, and Technical Divers looking for year-round activities in the Tampa Bay Area and beyond. From the springs in north ...
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We are a 5 star PADI training facility and we offer a variety of services to include: Instruction, Retail Sales, Repairs, Air fills, Nitrox blending, Trips, and much more!!Explore ...
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Tampa Bay fly fishing charters for Redfish, Snook, and Tarpon fishing in Tampa Bay Florida. Fly fishing Tampa number one Saltwater Fly Fishing Charter service. We are a fishing ...
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DiverCity Scuba is a NAUI Pro Gold Dive Center and a full service scuba shop. Offering beginning scuba lessons all the way up to professional certifications. Also offered ...
2020 Land O Lakes Blvd Suite 9
Lutz FL 33549


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Paris by Train is written by a 30 something constant traveler who has spent over 5 years living in Paris, France.
The goal of Paris by Train is to be a comprehensive, detailed guide on how to travel Paris and the surrounding Ile-de-France by train. This site started with a simple email to a friend living in Paris about how to get to Fontainebleau. While writing the email, I quickly realized that France's extremely well developed train network coverage comes at the price of complexity. The aim of this guide is to help travelers use the Paris train system through a collection of detailed articles on topics such as:
- getting from CDG Airport to central Paris
- traveling by train to Paris Disneyland
- using the Paris Metro (with photos)
- navigating Gare du Nord, the Eurostar train station
About was last modified: October 28th, 2019 by