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A recruit's conundrum: Who's right?
When an FTO's lessons and academy instruction are at odds on matters like pat/frisk searchs, the officers involved and the agency iteslf could be culpable
Recruit officer Michaels has just graduated from the police academy. He leaves the police station his first night on patrol with field training officer Jones eager and excited to begin his new journey.
Along the route to their beat, FTO Jones tells Recruit Michaels that he is expected, as standard procedure, to pat/frisk search everyone he stops or he will not receive a satisfactory rating in officer safety. When Recruit Michaels questions this direction, FTO Jones reiterates the order and tells him, "There are no exceptions to this. When you stop someone you will conduct a pat/frisk search for weapons."
In this scenario, the recruit is faced with a conundrum. He just went through the academy where the laws of arrest/search and seizure instructor clearly taught the legal requirements for a pat/frisk search and this new information is not consistent with his academy instruction. Confused, Recruit Michaels tells FTO Jones about what he learned in the academy. FTO Jones quickly discounts the academy lesson proclaiming, "This is the way we do it on the street."
The FTO might also offer such wisdom as, "I would rather be tried by twelve than carried by six," or instruct the recruit that it is permissible to search every person an officer stops under the umbrella of officer safety purposes.
As a current academy instructor and prior FTO, I become more frustrated every time a recruit comes to me with this scenario because the FTO's instruction is both legally and tactically unsound.
Legal Concerns
A pat/frisk search is a search conducted of the outer clothing of a subject for weapons only. Absent consent, it must be supported by specific objective facts that would make a reasonable officer feel in danger because the subject is armed or may be armed. It cannot be based on a subjective fear or an overreaching statement of "officer safety," nor can it be based on the idea of the search being standard procedure.
As a review, there are three types of law enforcement contacts:
- Consensual;
- Detention;
- Arrest.
Each level of contact has different legal standards and authorizes (or directs) law enforcement officials to conduct business in specific manners.
After an arrest supported by probable cause, a search incident to arrest is proper and the scope of the search is much wider so the discussion about pat/frisk searching is not relevant. An officer is allowed to conduct a search, including a search of any containers, incident to any kind of lawful custodial arrest, from murder to outstanding traffic warrants. [1] As a matter of practice, it is always a good idea to also gain consent to search even though there is probable cause to arrest and search the person just in case the probable cause is found to be insufficient at a later time.
Although an officer does not need any specific reason to consensually contact a subject, the subject being contacted must feel that they are: (1) free to leave at any time, and (2) free not to cooperate with the officer. [2] In other words, the contact is completely voluntary on the part of the subject being contacted. In a consensual contact an officer may ask for consent to search the subject for weapons. The manner in which the consent is sought – giving orders, demanding answers, displaying a weapon, using a harsh tone, telling him to stop doing X or to move to some other location – might indeed turn the encounter into a de facto detention or arrest. [3] Absent consent, even a limited search for weapons is not legal unless the officer has specific facts or information making it reasonable for him/her to suspect that the person may be armed and dangerous. [4]
Dr. Ron Martinelli, police practices expert, gives officers the following advice regarding consensual encounters:
Once an officer relays to the citizen by word or actions (voice inflection, phrases, hand on weapon, menacing demeanor, etc.) and gives the citizen a feeling that (1) the citizen is not free to go about their business and (2) they must comply with the officer's directions, commands, or orders; then there is no longer a consensual encounter - you now have a detention subject to 4th Amendment guidelines. [5]
An officer may ask to pat/frisk a person during a consensual encounter, but may not conduct the search without the subject's consent. The officer must be prepared to hear the word "no" when asking for consent to conduct a pat/frisk search for weapons. If the subject says "no," the officer must also be prepared to accept that answer and move on with the investigation. The mere fact that a person asserts their Constitutional rights does not now equate to reasonable suspicion. In other words, the officer cannot use the subject's answer to now apply the faulty logic of "the guy must be hiding a gun because otherwise he would have allowed me to search him."
In part two, I will continue to examine this situation by defining a detention and when an officer is allowed to conduct a pat/frisk search regardless of consent. We will then come to a conclusion as to the lawfulness and tactical soundness of the direction given to the recruit.
1. California Peace Officer's Legal Sourcebook, Electronic Edition, Revision 151 (Robinson (1973) 414 U.S. 218; Gustafson (1973) 414 U.S. 260.)
2. California Peace Officer's Legal Sourcebook, Electronic Edition, Revision 151 (Mendenhall (1980) 446 U.S. 544, 554; Bennett (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 396, 402; Rodriguez (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 232, 238)
3. California Peace Officer's Legal Sourcebook, Electronic Edition, Revision 151 (Manuel G. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 805, 821; Terrell (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1246, 1254; Miles (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 612, 616-617.)
4. California Peace Officer's Legal Sourcebook, Electronic Edition, Revision 151 (Terry (1968) 392 U.S. 1)
5. Dr. Ron Martinelli, Ph.D., Martinelli and Associates, personal communication, May 15, 2010.


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Right-wing activists claim nude performance at MAM São Paulo is 'paedophilia'. City mayor backs them
Protests and counter protests have erupted outside the Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo (MAM) following a nude performance. Activists from the right-wing political group Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL) accuse the museum of promoting paedophilia, while many from São Paulo's arts community have condemned MBL for spreading misinformation and a politically-motivated strain of puritanism.
Among the more lurid claims, the facts of the Wagner Schwartz's artwork are a little more prosaic: as part of his contribution to the annual survey exhibition of emerging art, 35º Panorama da Arte Brasileira, Schwartz lay naked in the museum while visitors were invited to interact with him (moving limbs and the like). In a video posted on social media a child is seen briefly touching the artist's hand and leg.
Marco Feliciano, a pastor, called the work 'revolting' and those involved 'destroyers of the family.'
While bubbling away on social media, the controversy gained traction after São Paolo's mayor appeared on video siding with those condemning the museum. João Doria, tipped for presidency in the future, accused the museum of abusing their creative freedom and promoting 'artificial relationships'. Dozens of MBL activists assembled outside the museum on Friday. A lively gathering of those offering solidarity to the artist and museum were present at the institution throughout the weekend. Fernanda Brenner, artistic director of the São Paulo non-profit institution Pivô, accused Doria of supporting 'hate and repression'.
Over the weekend rumours spread that Schwartz had been killed: these have been confirmed as unfounded, though the artist has not been seen since the staging of the work.
In a statement MAM note that signage had been posted warning visitors to the nature of the performance and that the girl was accompanied at all times. The work was a performative response to Lygia Clark's iconic 'Bicho' sculptures.
MBL was behind protests that caused the closing of a survey of queer contemporary art at Santander Cultural in Porto Alegre. The group emerged in 2014 as grassroots opposition to then president Dilma Rousseff and the Workers' Party. Brenner added 'Stop this madness before Brazil falls completely under an authoritarian and theocratic regime.'
2 October 2017

subset: commoncrawl


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The Hanged Man is probably one of the most out-right perplexing cards in the deck. As this is a Tarot deck we're talking about, that's saying something. At first glance, the Hanged Man appears to be one of the simpler cards; ultimately, of course, this only adds to his intrigue. If you've recently been dealt a Hanged Man or want to learn more about him, this guide explains all of his meanings, interpretations and what cards he goes best with – and worst.
Learn about all the cards in the Tarot deck with this comprehensive course on how to become a professional Tarot reader from scratch.
Who Is The Hanged Man?
As I hinted at in my introduction, the Hanged Man is a deceptively simple card. It portrays a tree (the Living World Tree) in the slender shape of a "T", with some foliage in the upper corners, an empty grayish background, and a thin man. A man is suspended by his right ankle from the top of the "T'. He hangs upside down, with his hands tucked behind his waist and his left leg bent casually at the knee and tucked behind his right knee.
He has a conspicuous and large, bright-yellow halo around his head and the expression on his face is calm and peaceful; he is, in a word, relaxed. And yet, he is hanging. The belief, of course, is that he hung himself on purpose, or allowed himself to be hung, or is quite content at being hung. The gray background hints at invisibility, which contrasts with the yellow halo of spirituality (a warning to let your spirituality speak for itself).
The Hanged Man is brightly clad. He wears a blue tunic, to represent knowledge; red pants, symbolizing physical passion; and yellow shoes, which are supposed to indicate a sense of principle or morality.
Take the quick route to learning more about Tarot with this quick and easy Tarot lesson.
What Does The Hanged Man Mean?
Let us consider three other brief things before we get to the bottom of the Hanged Man:
- The Living World Tree is a tree with its roots in the underworld and its upper branches acting as supports for the heavens.
- The Hanged Man's number is 12. This is significant as it represents attention to detail, premeditation and controlled growth.
- The Hanged Man's ruling planet is Neptune. Neptune is the planet of self-sacrifice.
If we put all these things together, we come to the conclusion that the Hanged Man deliberately hung himself from the Living World Tree (between death and afterlife) in a carefully calculated act of self-sacrifice. Many people believe that this card is a very strong message that perhaps the best course of action is sacrifice, or self-sacrifice, or even surrender. The trick is that this might be the last thing you would have considered, and yet it might be the only way for you to achieve what you desire.
The Hanged Man can also suggest a need to wait or to let events unfold without interference. Or, if time is of the essence, it may be wise to clear your mind and devote a portion of this valuable time to reconsidering the events at hand.
Or, you could delay yourself with this awesome blog post on mind reading tricks that will seriously amaze you.
The most interesting part of the Hanged Man is deciding whether or not the card is directed at you or at someone you know. This is where things can get awfully confusing. You must look truthfully at yourself and decide if the Hanged Man is your card. If so, then this is a direct command from the Tarot deck to sacrifice or surrender.
If you believe the Hanged Man is directed at another person, then this may still benefit you as it is believed that the other person is using the Hanged Man's tactics against you or someone else. When the Hanged Man is directed at another, its nature becomes more malevolent. For example, the person in question may be giving you the illusion that they are hurt or stuck accidentally, but in reality they are tricking you and are quite content where they are.
Past, Present And Future
When the Hanged Man is dealt in the past position, then you have possibly already sacrificed yourself and find yourself at your present place in the world because of this decision.
In the present position, this is a frank warning to surrender. Perhaps what is causing you distress is being forced into action; maybe this is what a rival desires, and the only way to win is by sacrifice.
In the future position, you can expect that something will occur that will tempt you into action. The message is that you should avoid assuming the role as enemy or active participant. In this way you will not need to be dealt a Hanged Man in the present when the time arrives.
Learn how to get more explicit responses out of Tarot with this core meanings of Tarot class that fosters understanding through storytelling.
With Other Cards
There are not many cards that are dreaded matches to the Hanged Man. This is because the Hanged Man is part of the Major Arcana sub-deck, which basically means he is a trump card and overrules all others. When paired with the Devil card, this is thought to mean that a nasty habit or addiction needs to be let alone before it causes serious harm (so most people would not like to see the Devil card).
But in general, when the Hanged Man appears with Sword cards, a tense situation is primed to explode and needs defusing; with Pentacles, you are being warned that your greed is becoming a dominating factor in life and not making you any wealthier; with the Suit of Wands, your creative endeavors are falling short due to a lack of focus or, ironically, lack taking serious action toward perfecting your art.
Cashing In
As long as you weren't dealt a Pentacles with your Hanged Man, you can take this Tarot card mastery for profit course with a clear conscience.


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Chase Freedom $225 (22,500 Point) Offer
This morning I talked about the Chase Sapphire Preferred referral and now it seems that there is a Chase Freedom referral as well with an increased offer.
The Offer
According to Doctor of Credit, through June 25, 2015 you can refer your friend to the Freedom and you will receive $50 (5,000) points. They will receive:
- $200 (20,000 points) after spending $500 in the first 3 months.
- $25 (2,500 points) after adding an authorized user who makes their first purchase within 3 months.
For all of the pertinent information about the Chase Freedom card, please see my full review.
Update: The offer is now live and I rechecked my account and was eligible for a referral. I suggest checking your account again to see if you are able to refer people.
It seems that only select Freedom cardholders are eligible to refer their friends. (Neither my 2 nor my wife's 1 Freedom accounts were eligible.) To see if you can refer someone, simply go to Chase Referral website and follow the prompts. You can find step by step instructions here.
Based on what has happened in the past, I believe this offer will become widely available next week on the Chase website as well. I put that out there without any concrete knowledge, just in case people aren't comfortable using the referral links of others. With that said, feel free to post your referral links in the comments!
Analysis & Freedom Sapphire Strategy
This is as good as the Freedom bonus has been over the past few years and I wouldn't expect it to get any higher. I think it is a good idea to get both the Freedom and Sapphire Preferred bonuses at some point and then eventually downgrade the Sapphire Preferred to a 2nd Freedom. This way you get double the 5x rotating category action! (This strategy has worked well for me.)
For many, this will be a great time to get the Freedom. If you were holding out for a higher bonus then now may be the time to apply. If you want to support other readers, feel free to use their referral links, however if you are more comfortable waiting for a public offer, I wouldn't be surprised if that happens at some point soon.


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The L word
Season 6
Episode 4 – Leaving Los Angeles
Shane and Jenny's relationship continues to go on strong, despite some minor problems with Jenny's selfish and amoral attidude over starting fresh. Meanwhile, Bette and Tina travel to Nevada to meet with the young woman, Marci, who will act as a surrogate mother for another child they want to conceive. Back in Los Angeles, Max continues to cope with being pregnant while Tom tries to make sense of it all after they attend a Lamaze class. Dylan tells Tina that she wants to get back together with Helena. Tasha and Alice attempt to play matchmaker for Helena by setting her up with their newfound gal pal Jamie Chung Helena is not interested in Jamie, but both Alice and Tasha hit it off with Jamie right away. Bette's fidelity is compromised by Kelly Wentworth who offers Bette a job at her new art gallery.
Written by Ilene Chaiken
Directed by Rose Troche
Produced by Front Street Pictures
Katharine Isabelle as Marci Salatore
Jennifer Beals as Bette Porter
Leisha Hailey as Alice Pieszecki
Laurel Holloman as TIna Kennard
Mia Kirshner as Jenny Shecter


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Adam Swanson
My work addresses the future, fragility of the human presence, perseverance of nature and underlying threads of danger woven through societies. There is a deep relationship between art and science. The more we learn about our surroundings, where we came from and who we are, the more likely we will thrive in a universe of endless possibilities.


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- More information
- Tasting notes
The festive Peonia Nobile fragrance layering collection includes a 100ml eau de parfum, a 75ml hydrating shower gel and a 75ml body cream, infused with lively and feminine floral amber notes. The collection is presented in a festive gift box featuring a decor by Italian artist Gio Pastori
Top Notes: Black Pepper, Raspberry Accord Heart Notes: Peony Accord, Egyptian Geranium, Freesia Accord, Turkish Rose Base Notes: Ambery Accord, Patchouli Indonesia, Musk
An Iconic Emblem
The yellow box is an essential part of the Acqua di Parma experience. Inspired by the bright and sunny yellow buildings of Parma city, the boxes define our philosophy of sunny sophistication.
The Italian Artisanal Touch
Handmade by artisans, the labels are applied individually on every box of all sizes. Our products lovingly packaged in these iconic boxes make an unmistakably Italian gifting experience.


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Our dissertation service provider is made up of easy common dissertation writing, editing, drafting and rewriting and proofreading. However, it is one that describes a single area of study, which starts from abstract writing and end up on conclusion chapter and between them detailed research is conducted and illustrated. We keep up with arrangement that incorporates using factors. Our very best dissertation crafting suppliers has provided alternatives for college kids to sit down backwards and place the have confidence in on professional person freelance writers who can provide dissertation servicing English to each and every scholar. The provider delivers to shop for dissertation on much of the subjects and topics. Determining job is managed by first-rate professionals who designate the work into your thesis and right qualified various of this specific topic and field. MHR Publisher gives you this particular.
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If you feel you require a Home Visit please telephone the surgery before 10.30am. The Receptionist will ask for details of your illness to help the Doctor plan their rounds.
Your call may be passed by the reception team to a clinician to decide if a visit is possible/necessary. If it is not possible to offer a home visit then the Doctor or Nurse may ring you back to offer you an appointment at the Health Centre, or deal with your condition over the phone.
We are afraid we can only offer home visits to housebound patients who are physically unable to leave their home long-term. It is in general safer and quicker for patients to be seen at Woolpit Health Centre when possible as we have more equipment and support available.
Out of Hours
Before 8am and after 6.30pm, and at weekends your telephone calls will be answered by 111.
Please note we cannot visit patients out of hours including on a Saturday or Sunday – please call 111


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Possible issues with your license if you are charged with a DWI in Missouri.
Written by: Christopher Yotz
If you are charged with a DWI in Missouri for the first time you may not realize how complicated the issues may be with your license. There are two ways you can potentially lose your license. It may be administratively suspended or it could be suspended for points or for both.
Your license may be at risk for a reason separate from the criminal charge for Driving While Intoxicated even if the criminal charge is never filed or it is dismissed. After you are arrested the officer will request that you submit to a chemical test of either your breath or blood. You can either agree or refuse. (I will discuss what I think about testing or refusing in another post). Either situation could lead to an administrative suspension. The length of the administrative suspension will vary depending upon whether you choose to submit to the test.
If you agree to the test and test over .08% BAC then the officer will send a form to the Missouri Department of Revenue and ask that your license be suspended for testing over the limit. Such a suspension for a first offense will be for 90 days. Prior to the new law taking effect you would be eligible for a limited driving privilege after 30 days and after filing SR-22 insurance. Under the new law such a wait will be shorter if you agree to install an Ignition Interlock Device on your vehicle.
If you refuse to take the test (simply not taking the test for whatever reason can be claimed a refusal) the officer will still send a form to the State of Missouri asking that your license be suspended. This suspension will be for 1 year. You may be eligible for a limited driving privilege after 90 days. Under the new laws this could be shorter.
You can contest either of the above suspensions. If you submitted to the test then you have 15 days to file for an administrative hearing to contest this suspension. If the officer claims you refused to submit to the test then you have 30 days to file a civil action in the county court to contest the suspension.
In either case, the officer should give you a form stating that you have a 15 day permit to drive (assuming you are otherwise eligible to drive). If the administrative hearing is requested or civil action filed then this temporary driving privilege may be extended.
After all of the above, you could also have your privilege to drive suspended if you are convicted for Driving While Intoxicated in Missouri. If you are convicted the Missouri Department of Revenue will assess 8 points to your driving privilege for a first offense and 12 points if you have been previously convicted.
There are short time periods involved with a license suspension due to DWI. To be safe you should plan on hiring an attorney less than 15 days after a DWI arrest. If you wait too long you could lose the ability to fight the administrative suspension.
I've talked to many people over the years who thought that there was no point in hiring an attorney after being arrested for DWI. They thought it would be too expensive and there was no chance of winning. You should know that there is always a chance. Working with a knowledgeable DWI lawyer will give you a much better chance and more options for resolving the case. The best thing to do is consult a DWI attorney and do it early. Like I've said before, you don't have to hire me but hire the best attorney you can afford.


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Wow That Was A Lot To DrinkSat Mar 4, 2006 12:09:57 pm by Dustin
Filed under General
Well here is the list for my birthday drink (tell me if I missed any):
And just about no hangover.
Sun Oct 1, 2006 10:36:25 am
Wow, you drank a grilled stuffed burrito on your birthday?
Sun Oct 1, 2006 10:36:25 am
Who was the arse that bought you a Prairy Fire. I owe them a punch in the stomache.
Sun Oct 1, 2006 10:36:25 am
Hey, you can blame Kell's for that. I wanted to get you a cement mixer, but the waitress said they dont do them — so we had to move to the next best thing.


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If I stay at Andermatt and plan to take Bernina Express, only the part from Chur to St. Moritz, specifically to see the Landwausser Viaduct, is it possible to do it within a day?
Hi kargee,
It's not an ideal day trip as it takes 4.5 to 5 hours one way (to St. Moritz). But it can be done. You'll find schedules in the timetable. There's actually a direct train from Andermatt to St. Moritz via the Landwasser viaduct (the Glacier Express), but it only departs later in the morning.
If you can make this a two day trip it would be more enjoyable I think. The ride across the viaduct only takes 20 seconds or so. So it's quite a long day for only 2 x 20 seconds of viaduct. Although the rest of the trip is very nice as well. Still, with an extra day you could walk from Filisur to the viaduct to take pictures, for example.
Another option is to go as far as Bergün or Preda only, and perhaps visit the Albula railway museum in Bergün: www.bahnmuseum-albula.ch.
Take advantage of the Black Friday 2019 deals! There are some very good discounts for travelers to Switzerland.
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Let Swiss travel consultants create a customized itinerary. They will book your entire trip.


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Kevin Pietersen has said an "underlying current of unhappiness" within the England side that developed during the Ashes thrashing in Australia played a part in the team's first home Test series defeat by Sri Lanka.
England went down to a 100-run defeat by Sri Lanka in the second Test at Headingley on Tuesday to lose the series 1-0 after the tourists clung on for a draw at Lord's.
The Sri Lanka series was the first since Pietersen, England's all-time leading run-scorer across all formats, had his central contract cancelled by the England and Wales Cricket Board.
That decision, which the ECB didn't explain by any reference to loss of form or fitness, but rather a need to "support" Test captain Alastair Cook, effectively ended the international career of South Africa-born batsman Pietersen.
But hopes results would improve quickly in his absence after the 5-0 Ashes reverse were dashed by Sri Lanka.
And Pietersen, in his latest Daily Telegraph column published Saturday, suggested there was more to England's woes than on-field performance, citing the way in which last man James Anderson broke down in tears after being dismissed off the penultimate ball at Headingley as an example.
"England were in winning positions in both matches but blew it, and I believe that is a symptom of the senior players being very unsettled. They are not turning up for the captain or coach."
Pietersen said there seemed to be an "underlying current of unhappiness".
"The Australia tour was hard. We were beaten up due to a lot of reasons I cannot go into right now, and some of the senior players are still suffering, with the result that they are struggling to offer leadership in the dressing room," added Pietersen, who signed a settlement agreement that allowed the ECB to terminate his central contract before it was due to expire.
Former skipper Pietersen also said the form of current England captain Alastair Cook – the left-handed opener has gone 24 innings without a Test century – was having an impact upon his leadership of the team.
Shane Warne, a friend and former Hampshire colleague of Pietersen, has said Cook ought to relinquish the captaincy.
But Warne's fellow Australia bowling great Glenn McGrath said Cook ought to remain in post for England's upcoming five-Test series at home to India as there is no obvious candidate to replace him.
"If there's no one that's going to do a better job, and he's happy to do it, then the captaincy should stay with him," McGrath told cricket佛山桑拿网,佛山桑拿网,.


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Invest only in companies with good governance records
More and more global institutional investors are embracing the environment, social and governance (ESG) perspective when deciding where to allocate their assets. Governments, too, are increasingly studying how their prospective projects will affect ESG issues.
In all this, there are two areas of focus – ensuring greater transparency and improving accountability for one's actions. The importance of both becomes clear when you consider that the biggest challenges governments face when they try to improve governance are corruption and self-interest.
If you are new to the idea of governance, you may wonder why ESG should matter so much these days. Well, a few recent cases of poor governance from around the region will have you sitting up and taking notice of how important good governance is.
Let us first examine Japan, which adheres to a very strong corporate culture, but still has a lot of work to do in improving corporate governance. One most recent striking example is the nuclear plant fiasco after its devastating earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Its long-time energy provider bungled badly the post-disaster clean-up of Fukushima and the areas around it, putting a great many lives at risk. Around this time, there was also massive fraud in their now infamous camera maker.
Its neighbour, China, has fared no better. There has been a spate of suicides among employees of its high-tech factories, after they were made to work very long hours for a pittance, and intimidated whenever they dared ask for a raise, more food at lunch or protest against poor pay.
Some workers in India and Bangladesh are not only paid very little, but also risk their lives every day working in factories which are badly built and crammed. The investing community has seen some of these factories in the garment industry collapse, killing thousands of people in them. On the flipside, we have also seen companies that ignore the welfare of their workers being exposed to lawsuits. These suits have wiped out their entire asset bases after the courts make them pay compensation to the families of their employees who had died at their workplaces due to the companies' neglect.
You may be surprised to learn that many investors still question the need to study ESG seriously. But any prudent and far-seeing investor well knows that any investment should go only to deserving companies, that is, one that is able to sustain its operations without destroying the environment, burdening society or robbing people of their rights and benefits.
The same goes for countries; foreign investors will want to know that they are banking on governments that understand the real issue of sustainability and the impact on all stakeholders.
Good governance is the backbone of any successful company. Without such structure, a company is more likely to trip up when there are unforeseen threats such as natural disasters, global financial crises or social upheavals. It is as hard to build a company with strong, ethical foundations as it is only too easy for one scandal to bring a lesser company, and everything and everyone related to it, down.
For those committed to shaping companies that prize good governance above all, there are four principles to start them off: First, do not bribe anyone or any entity. Second, be transparent in all dealings. Third, avoid all conflicts of interest. Fourth, work on increasing everyone's accountability for a company's actions.
These principles were agreed on by some of the world's largest multinationals in 2008, in the wake of massive corporate frauds such as Enron. Since then, more governments and businesses are keener than before to hone and polish business standards.
Still, many companies who are doing business in a foreign country keep repeating the excuse that "greasing palms is the only way to get business done". And, the interesting point is that these are the same foreign corporates or individuals who do not plan to stay on in the foreign country for long.
So, they have no real compunction to uphold the highest ethical standards and improve their own employer's governance record. This is lamentable but only too real. For such corporations or individuals, their only priority is to get business done so that they can go home to their preferred "honest" homeground sooner.
Worse yet, these are the very same corporations or people who participate in and respond to the various corruption perception indices; and, happily (without any conscience) rank countries as being corrupt or otherwise. So, these foreigners or expatriates are just prolonging a vicious circle of their own making.
Against this sorry state of affairs, countries are stepping up their efforts to combat corruption, impress upon others the importance of taking responsibility for mistakes, and being open and honest in how one operates.
Investors, both as foreign direct investors or portfolio investors, are particularly crucial to the success of such efforts because businesses have to listen to them. All investors can put a stop to supporting companies with poor governance records. To find out which companies should and should not be supported, an investor should first clearly examine a company's supply chain. Besides just looking at the basic fundamentals, it is wise to start asking the questions on the sustainability of operations. This can include working out the details of how realistic it would take to complete particular projects, or how long it would take to obtain all the licences needed to run operations.
If we have convinced you to police companies better before putting money in them, you might well ask: Well, where should I start? Answer: Be very aware of ESG issues whenever you conduct due diligence on a company. You also need to resolve not to invest in any company that disregards ethics in any way or form.
In the meantime, many market regulators are tightening their requirements on companies, and trustees of public pensions are also raising requirements on supply chain management. So there are already some serious steps to good governance, but it is just the beginning, and everyone needs to participate in this governance movement for it to be a success.


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Friday, May 17, 2013
Yiayia's Secret Door
When in her hometown of Koroni recently, I retraced her steps as best I could -- and wanted to verify that the stairs near the Eleistria Church leading up to the kastro were how she got in to visit her beloved St. Prothromos convent. No, I was told, after blithely posing a question that I thought I knew the answer to. There was another way up, via a door close by her brother's family home leading to inside stairs -- also how the nuns came down into the town for provisions. If I had known that another door existed, I had forgotten. On the other hand, I may have never asked the right question. In any case, let's call it Yiayia's secret door.
*The founding monk is buried next to the convent's St. Sophia Church. He is memorialized by a room left exactly as it was when he passed in 1966. His perfectly preserved yellow bones were exhumed 30 years later and and are now kept in a box inside the church. Some say he is a saint...
Posted by Paula at 11:21 AM
1 comment:
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text: There are some good dogblogs over there on the right, you know. Recently I've added Training of a Search Dog, where you can read about Mr. Musket's journey to his new career as a SAR dog! For those of you with short memories, Musket has been here twice before for short stays, and has finally found His Person who adores him for his high drive. I encourage you to keep up with him, cause it looks like it will be a fascinating read, especially if you're interested in what goes into a Wilderness SAR dog!


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We have launched "Gochi-Show!" on Steam.
Please take a look and download it above!
This application is having a special sale 15% off and ends 9 September !!
The Steam version is available all contents when you buy it for $5 only!
It doesn't include in-app purchase and isn't different from smartphone version.
You can cook Japanese dishes if only you have it!!
Enjoying Japanese cooking and gal game at any time and anywhere.
If you don't mind, please play and enjoy the new "Real" cooking game and our first Steam title is called "Gochi-Show!"!!
And, we are still developing a Girls version and will launch in September!
Please wait until when we finished this work!
Thanks everyone vote this title on the Steam Green Light campaign!
* I'm sorry. It is undesided to implement a localization of Traditional Chinese and Japanese into this app.


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Agreed that the Baron de Graffenried and Mr Lewis Michel shall have a lease of all royal mines and minerals in the Province of Carolina that they shall discover and work for the term of 30 years, they being at the entire charge The produce of it to be divided into eight parts whereof four eights are to be paid to the Lords Proprietors the other four eights to the said Baron de Graffenried and Mr Lewis Michel for the term of 5 years after any such Mines shall be found and opened. But after the aforesd term of five years then the Lords to have five eights, the said Baron de Graffenried and Mr Lewis Michel three eights the Lords being to pay the Crown the fourth part according to the Words of the Charter.
Ordered that the Secretary do give a copy of these Minutes to the Baron de Graffenried which was done accordingly.


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A 7" just wasn't enough. Dark Blue will be releasing Pure Reality on October 7th through Jade Tree. Led by that charismatic crooner of an international sports enthusiast John Sharkey III (Clockcleaner, Puerto Rico Flowers) and backed by Andrew Mackie Nelson (Ceremony, Paint it Black, Puerto Rico Flowers) and Mike Sneeringer (formerly from Purling Hiss, Puerto Rico Flowers), the Philadelphian super group's debut full-length is exactly what we think you'll be listening to this fall.
"Here On My Street" from the full-length is streaming now on StereoGum, with vinyl and CD pre-orders available as well through the Jade Tree store.
Artwork and track listing for Pure Reality can be found below.
Track List:
1. Never Afraid / Never Alone
2. Here On My Street
3. Dear Iris
4. Sounds Like Hell On Earth
5. I Can't Take Another Year
6. Hanging From The Chandelier
7. City Eyes
8. Always Ready To Leave
Dark Blue Online:


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Specialist recruitment giant Peoplebank is seeing significant time savings after implementing a digital signature system that has significantly improved its everyday work processes.
The implementation of Secured Signing's public key infrastructure-based, cloud-hosted digital signature platform grew out of a back-office review designed to make the contracts process easier for contractors.
As part of that review, Peoplebank developed two processes, known as eStarter and eContracts, that automate the processes involved in contract preparation including the preloading of contact information and the management of the signing process.
Because they are built around a hosted digital signature infrastructure, those processes allow contractors and employees to complete and digitally sign key documents related to the contracting process.
Availability of non-repudiable digital signatures has also allowed Peoplebank staff to quickly prepare and give contractors bundles of digital documents spelling out workflow steps and information such as job-related policies. Contractors can complete necessary paperwork from both computers and mobile devices without having to travel to a Peoplebank office, or scanning and completing paper forms on their end.
Introduction of the hosted digital-signature capabilities has not only boosted accuracy significantly but is estimated to be saving staff an hour and a half per prepared contract – a huge benefit that Peoplebank CEO Peter Acheson believes will improve efficiencies and bolster the company's competitive position.
"The value that Peoplebank brings to clients is to shine better light on the likely fit between a candidate's skillset and the organisation's technical and cultural needs," Acheson said in a statement. "We're excited by opportunities to spend less time on the back-end and more time on high-value aspects of our work."
Those high-value aspects now get more time and attention from skilled recruiters who have been freed from the need to manage massive piles of paper and can instead focus on jobs like data analysis and supporting contractors in their new roles.
The use of digital and electronic signatures to secure key business documents has been a sticking point for Australian businesses, with adoption of even simple digital images of signatures lagging other countries. Companies like DocuSign have been working to integrate the technology with Microsoft's Office 365 in an effort to make it more accessible for customers.
This article is brought to you by Enex TestLab, content directors for CSO Australia.
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Sefer Devarim was authored by Moshe as his farewell address to Bnai Yisrael. It began thirty-seven days prior to his death and in Parshat Vayeilech we reach the very last day of his life. Moshe states "בן מאה ועשרים שנה אנכי היום לא אוכל עוד לצאת ולבוא," "I am one hundred-twenty years old today and I can not go on any further." Moshe calls Yehoshua and offers him one final charge. At this point one would have imagined that the presentation of all six hundred-thirteen Mitzvot would have been recorded. Moshe's mission would thus have been completed. But yet as we continue, we find the instruction that on the festival of Sukkot following the Shemittah year every Jew is to assemble in the Beit HaMikdash and hear the king read sections of Sefer Devarim. The second Mitzvah is that of writing a Sefer Torah requiring that every Jewish adult male personally write their own Sefer Torah. The question is an obvious one. Why weren't these Mitzvot presented earlier in the Chumash in line with the previous six hundred-eleven Mitzvot which are scattered throughout the Torah? Why wait to record these last Mitzvot until after Moshe reaches his one hundred-twentieth birthday and the day he dies?
I suggest the following idea. The Yerushalmi in Massechet Shekalim states that "אין עושין נפשות לצדיקים, דבריהן הן הן זכרונן," "it is not necessary to place any tribute on the tombstone of a Tzaddik." It is not necessary to engage in lengthy memorials to assure that the memory of a Tzaddik remain forever. Their very words of Torah, their acts of Tzidkut and Chessed serve as the greatest memorial to their memory. Moshe, the greatest teacher of our people, was buried in midst of the desert. The Torah states "ולא ידע איש את קבורתו עד היום הזה," "that no one to this date has had the ability to identify his burial place. What can Bnai Yisrael do to remember its leader, its defender, its savior, and redeemer? The two Mitzvot of our Parsha provide the answer. As each Jew writes his own Sefer Torah recording תורת משה in his own unique handwriting, he offers the greatest tribute to his Rebbe, Moshe. As Am Yisrael gather in the Beit HaMikdash for the Mitzva of Hakheil and read selections of Sefer Devarim, Moshe's farewell address, they memorialize the memory of Moshe who regularly interceded on their behalf and was instrumental in delivering Am Yisrael from the cruel hands of the Egyptians.
The fact that this Parsha is usually read on Shabbat Shuvah is no coincidence. Hashem often bases his decision concerning the forthcoming year upon our behavior. If we are concerned with one another, He is concerned about us. If we avoid engaging in Lashon HaRa about one another, heavenly angels will avoid Lashon HaRa directed against us. We ask Hashem to do a lot of writing like "כתבנו בספר החיים," "וכתב לחיים טובים כל בני בריתך," and "נזכר ונכתב לפניך אנחנו וכל עמך בית ישראל לחיים טובים ולשלום." Prior to recording his entry, Hashem will watch what we are writing. If we write the words of the Torah then Hashem will be inclined to write that which we desire. If, however, we engage in writing that which is not reprehensible of Torah ideals, He too will be inclined to write the unpleasantries that we hope to avoid. Through our efforts to write Moshe's words on our hearts, כתבינו על לוח לבם, may we all be זוכה to a שנה טובה תכתב ותחתם.


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Working in a refinery is a dangerous job. With frequent accidents, some that can even be fatal, jobs in this field come with great risk. Whether the work is dangerous on its own, or there were failed safety checks, it is not uncommon for a worker in a refinery to result in serious injury. When you throw in a natural disaster into the mix, these plants become even more dangerous.
Hurricane Harvey is still causing damages in the Houston area. So far, due to the effects of the storm, there have been two reported explosions on chemical plants in Crosby, Texas. This city, located just 30 miles northeast from the center of Houston, has experienced the sheer brutality of this storm. One sheriff's deputy was even sent to the hospital because he inhaled the toxic chemicals that resulted from these explosions.
The Arkema SA plant was surrounded by flooding. This plant could only be accessed by boat and had lost all power. Because of this loss of power, the organic peroxides heated up to dangerous levels which caused the explosion and the release of toxic gas and smoke. According to CNBC, a 1.5-mile radius around the plant had to be evacuated. Furthermore, beyond those who evacuated, people were told to steer clear of the plants in the area, due to the risk of more explosions.
Certain chemicals found commonly in refineries must remain at cold temperatures to avoid catching fire. With the loss of power from the storm, it is crucial for these organic peroxides to remain cool, otherwise more fires will be produced throughout the affected areas of the storm.
Regardless of the effects of a storm, the fragile nature of the chemicals in plants and refineries is a recipe for disaster. As Williams Kherkher points out, "the big oil companies typically have a team of insurance employees on the side," so it is going to be a tough battle if a lawsuit ensues. However, work-related accidents typically have given more power to you than you think. With strict safety rules, updates, and regulations, it is very common for the plant to be at fault.
Experience is a good quality to look for when deciding which law firm you should choose to represent you in a court of law. Serious injury is a huge deal, your injuries can prevent you from working, caring for your family, and much more, so it is important to get the compensation you deserve. While lawsuits might feel tedious, complex, and tiresome, they are sometimes the final step you need to take if you have been injured on the job.
It is important to remember that you should act quickly, while your injuries are still present so you can present a case. Even you believe that your accident was caused by your own wrongdoing, there is no harm in looking into a lawsuit, because you may be surprised at the results.
According to the US Department of Labor, prior to the passing into law of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) in 1970, 10 per 100 employees were injured at work daily, while the number of work-related death averaged to 38 every day.
Making sure that every working environment is healthy and safe for all types of employees – the main thrust of OSH Act that is strictly enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or OSHA (founded in 1971 as an offshoot of OSH Act) – caused a major change in the yearly rate of workplace injuries and fatalities, especially on the side of the private sector. Thus, because of OSH Act, the number of daily fatalities has been significantly lowered to 12, while the number of injuries has gone down to three per 100 employees.
Considering the fact, however, that majority of workplace accidents are actually consequences of employer or employee negligence, lack of care, or failure to perform one's duty in keeping the working environment safe from any risk of accident, 12 deaths and 3 injuries per 100 employees every day is not only still high, but this would also translate to millions of dollars in compensation.
Compensating workers who sustain injuries that are work related or who develop illnesses due to their work (a very common occurrence among those who are regularly exposed to hazardous chemicals) began during the early part of the 1900s. The cash benefit awarded to workers is approved and paid by the Workers' Compensation insurance program, which is mandated and administered by the state.
The cash benefit is intended to cover cost of medical treatment, hospitalization, lost wages (due to days away from work), rehabilitation and required expenses in case of employee death. Workers' Comp benefit is awarded to employees who get injured or ill, regardless or whose fault their injury or illness is; however, if their injury was self-inflicted, a result of working while drunk or due to a violation of the standards of safety imposed by the company or state, then they will lose the chance of qualifying for this benefit.
Workplace injury is a persistent problem in many working environments all across the nation. While employee and employer negligence are major factors in the occurrence of accidents that result to injuries, other significant reasons include lack of employee training on company and state rules on workplace safety, employers failing to strictly impose company policies on how to keep the workplace free from risks of accident, and putting employees in job positions where they do not really possess the required interest, skills and patience. This last factor is one of the most common roots of hazards in the workplace, as well as the frequent reason for fast employee turnover and higher Workers' Comp premiums due to high compensation claims, among others.
While many employers still linger in trying to find the best means in finding the right people for the available job, others have obviously made great strides towards increased production which convert to high profits for the company. This means answers which translate to decreased rate in employee hiring and firing, safer working environment, reduced lost time and incidences of fraud and abuse; decreased incidences of absenteeism, reduced costs of group health insurance package, and smaller workers' compensation premiums. The strategy is simple: determining the qualifications and suitability of applicants and through pre-employment screening.
This means hiring people who possess the knowledge, skills, stamina, interest and personality demanded by the job.
The website of the LaMarca Law Group, P.C. says injured workers have a basic right to receive the financial benefits provided by the Workers' Comp program. The firm also mentions, though, the financial difficulties that workers may suffer due to lost wages, especially if their injury is too severe that it would require "several days to several weeks off of work."
Other than just earnings potential, an employee should first think of safety and, rather than just filling job vacancies, employers should make sure that they have the right people for the job.


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Selfies are now playing a crucial role in keeping our adventurous memories young throughout the lifetime. While performing extreme sporting activities like trekking, mountaineering, and skydiving, people have made it a habit of taking selfies, and to achieve this, it is very much necessary to have a selfie stick specially designed to capture sports action. One of the best GoPro selfie stick which can be used for capturing sports activities is 'Alaska Life Selfie Stick'. This product is gaining more and more popularity in recent years, and most of the reviews about it are highly positive in nature.
Alaska Life® Selfie Stick: More than Go Pro
Many people are using Alaska Life Selfie Stick mostly with sports action cameras. But it should be noted that this impeccable device is not just limited to Go Pro; you can also use it in multifarious devices like Smartphone, DSLR cameras etc. This device has a top-rated monopod, and it can be extended up to 36 inches. This GoPro selfie stick does not have a battery or any other electronic hardware, and this makes it the best companion to take selfies during rough conditions.
The selfie stick's ability to connect different devices makes it the favorite pick among selfie lovers, and in all probabilities, there will not be any chances of disappointment.
Unending features and specifications
One of the major highlights of this selfie stick is its high durability. The selfie stick is being made with a very strong material, and it makes it the perfect one to use in rugged conditions. There are absolutely no chances of breakage, and you can trust it blindly while performing various adventurous sporting activities. It is made up of soft pad, and it makes it more comfortable and less slippery. The phone holder is very much strong, and this helps you to place your phone steady even during vigorous actions.
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This Alaska Life Selfie Stick is waterproof, and you can use it for underwater activities without any hesitations. It is very much resistant to corrosion, and as a result, you can use it for various outdoor and vigorous sports.
The presence of safety string connected to the handle will hang over your wrist, and it adds up the overall security.
One of the most noted drawbacks of this selfie stick is the absence of the Bluetooth system. As a result, you will be compelled to set a timer or should rely on sophisticated camera apps during photo sessions. But there is a hidden advantage of this drawback. If there was a Bluetooth system in this selfie stick, then it will be quite difficult to use it in rough conditions including underwater. With that being said a selfie stick which is tailor-made for rugged conditions, the absence of a bluetooth system is nothing but an added advantage!!!
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"Buy Alaska Life® Selfie Stick and turn your adventurous journey a memorable one".


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Ed Escudero, CPA
President/CEO – High Desert Capital
Edward Escuerdo is president and CEO of High Desert Capital, LLC, a finance company that specializes in providing various types of capital alternatives to small and mid-size companies.
Before High Desert Capital, Mr. Escudero was the Executive Vice-President and CFO of C&R Distributing, a major distributor of fuel and lubricants and owner of various convenience stores in West Texas and Southern New Mexico. He also served as the Secretary and CFO of Petro Stopping Centers, L.P. During his tenure at Petro, the company grew to have locations in over 34 states and sales of over $2 billion.
Mr. Escudero believes in playing a key role in community affairs. He currently serves on several boards, including El Paso Electric Company, Medical Center of the Americas Foundation, WestStar Bank, Sierra Providence East Medical Center, El Paso Community Foundation Investment Committee, El Paso Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, and Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation. Mr. Escudero has received several awards that recognize his achievements and philanthropic efforts, including the El Paso Community Spirit Award in 2015, El Paso Business Hall of Fame in 2014, Hispanos Triunfadores Award in 2013 and the UTEP Gold Nugget Award in 2012. Mr. Escudero received his B.B.A in Accounting from the University of Texas at El Paso. He and his wife, Margie, live with their two children in El Paso, Texas.


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Minutes of the 3rd FIPAT Meeting, Göttingen 24.09.2016
John Fraher [Chair] (JF); Robert Baud (RB), Hans ten Donkelaar (HtD), Sergey Dydykin [replacing Lev Kolesnikov] (SD), Paul Gobée (PG), Marina Kapitonova (MK), Beverley Kramer (BK), Geoffrey Meyer (GM), Bernard Moxham (BM), Alessandro Riva (AR), Pierre Sprumont [secretary] (PS), Christoph Viebahn (CV).
Previous member:
Jacques Gilloteaux
Florian Horn, Regina Irschick (Innsbruck, on request from Prof Erich Brenner)
Jonathan Bard, Jonas Broman, Stephen Carmichael, Thomas Gest (TG), David Kachlik, Abraham Kierszenbaum, Lev Kolesnikov, Marios Loukas, Paul Neumann (PN) (Deputy Secretary), Diogo Pais, Shane Tubbs (ST), Günther Wennemuth , Ian Whitmore (IW).
JF opened the meeting at 13.30 on Saturday 24th September 2016 in Room 0126 of the Anatomy Building of the University of Göttingen. He thanked Prof Viebahn for the organisation of the meeting of FIPAT in Göttingen. The Minutes of the Istanbul meeting were approved without remark. JF asked for approval of the Agenda, which was accepted without change. A list of those present was circulated.
A. Matters arising from the Minutes
There was an informal discussion about the 6-column formatting of the lists and it was proposed to leave it to the user to make a choice between US and UK English on the screen from a "6-column" database. RB signalled that it would be possible to have it accessible as a 5-column format in either UK or US English. For each Terminology, documents will appear on the website in series as chapters, rather than all at once.
B. Report and proposals from the Chair
JF presented his report and his proposals from a Powerpoint as follows:
(1) FIPAT standing and profile
- Profile still needs improvement but was enhanced during the past year.
It is suggested that annual letters could be sent to such journals as the Lancet, BMJ, NEJM,etc (BM) to summarise developments in and relevance of FIPAT terminologies across the health disciplines.
(2) New important problem
- The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO) does not take FIPAT into consideration, its respondent for anatomy being the FMA. This means that the current status of FIPAT as responsible for the official anatomical terminologies could be threatened.
Response: A task force led by Paul Neumann and including Ian Whitmore and Shane Tubbs was set up, emphasising the flexibility of FIPAT and its increasing content of clinical anatomy terms with the mission to consolidate the position of FIPAT as solely responsible for the anatomical terminologies worldwide. JF expressed his confidence in the ability of PN, IW and ST to put and defend FIPAT case to the coming meeting. The document "Terminologies for tomorrow" was produced and was positively received.
The coming FMA-FIPAT meeting will take place in Seattle on 2nd October 2016 with full participation of the Task Force.
(3) Structural problems
- Contributors to FIPAT are volunteers working part-time during their free time. Their workload has rapidly and considerably increased in recent times.
- FIPAT depends on a very small number of individuals.
Proposals (Deputy Secretary already co-opted and Assistant to the Chair being actively sought).
It is necessary to increase the number of officers and to expand the Secretariat. Therefore, it is proposed to create two new offices as follows (provisional denominations).
Secretariat for Communication (SeCo), responsible for
- co-ordination of the Terminologies
- multilingualism
- international participation in FIPAT
- financing by seeking external financial supports
- provision for the succession of key individuals
On this occasion, JF informed the meeting that PS wished since several months to resign from the job of FIPAT secretary but would like to remain Member of the InfSC. He emphasised the inestimable value of PS's wide and deep experience and thanked him for his excellent and thoughtful contributions to all areas of FIPAT, and previously FICAT, over many years.
Secretariat for Anatomical digitisation and Informatics (SADI)
- informatics activities (Databases and Knowledge Base)
- web mastering
- controlling the adherence to the regulations of FIPAT (RAT, terms, taxonomies, etc) by the new proposed terms
Installation of a Committee of Management
- membership: comprising the Chair, the Secretaries, the Co-ordinators of working groups and the Secretaries of the LSC and the InfoSC
- holding regular telephone conferences
- regularly meeting face-to-face
Action:The meeting entrusted JF with reviewing and making proposals to the IFAA Executive Committee of the names of two Secretaries to eventually replace PS and those of new Advisor members of the Working Groups.
(4) Format of Terminologies
Each Terminology is to be accessible in two formats:
- Simple, graphically formatted lists that can be downloaded and printed in black-and-white
- Hierarchical trees visible on the screen and downloadable.
Noted: Lists and screens can be selected in chapters for downloading.(Lists and screens are extracted from databases that also include special pages with hierarchies and definitions, on the model of the printable Entity Pages that already exist on the Fribourg website.)
(5) Clinical Anatomical terms
More clinical anatomical terms should be included in the terminologies, especially TA.
Proposal for the GACA working group:
- creation of specialised clinical subgroups (radiology, surgery etc)
- each including at least 2 practising clinicians
- aiming at providing anatomists with terms commonly used by medical practitioners
- Modalities to be discussed and approved by FIPAT Committee of Management
- The possibility and value of using the Delphi system [BM] is to be considered
(6) Final procedures of validation by IFAA Executive Committee
Finalised amended versions of TA, TNA and TE were made available to the IFAA member societies by means of a specialised DropBox put on the Internet. The responses and suggestions were incorporated in the terminologies and submitted to the IFAA Exec Com which met in Göttingen on Wednesday 21st September 2016, with the recommendation that they should be endorsed and placed on the Open Part of the FIPAT websites.
BK indicated that the IFAA Exec Com had examined the documents and that it agreed in principle on their publication. However, some inaccuracies were still present in TA, which should be corrected before publication. PS noted that, since some time is anyhow needed to post the updated terminologies on the website, the corrections could be made while TE and TNA were processed and digitised. He also suggested that TA, as for TE and TNA, be posted chapter after chapter, as soon as a chapter is corrected. This suggestions was approved.
C. Reports by the Working Groups
a) Gross Anatomy – Clinical Anatomy (GACA) working group
No member of the group could come to Göttingen but an important step forwards could anyhow be registered, since the updated version of TA was about to be posted, chapter by chapter, on the Internet.
On this occasion, a discussion was started about the licensing of terminologies. PS indicated that it was foreseen to license the publication of terminologies under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 International Licence. PG strongly supported the value of this type of Licence, which he also used for his ATI website in the Netherlands (see below).
b) Histology working group
GM explained that his group has resumed work and was intensively dealing with the revision. The first two chapters of TH (Cytology and General Histology) were considered and formatted as a database, mainly thanks to PN. He expected that the remaining part of TH (Special Histology) could be supplied before the end of 2016.
Some parts of TH are included in TNA. He will keep in touch with HtD on the subject as some of the incorporated terms needed to be corrected and updated. A log book of the document will enable to analyse the alterations made to TH1 2008. Some of the contents need to be circulated to experts for further comment in due course.
c) Embryology working group
JF indicated that the new version of TE was put in the last DropBox consultation; a few remarks were received and taken into consideration. Then TE was checked first by the Latin SubCommittee and second by all the members of FIPAT. It is now available as a 6-column Word document. It is considered as ripe at least for list publication because it was endorsed as such by the IFAA Exec Com (see above). However, TE taxonomy allowing for publishing hierarchical trees remains to be conceived and included in a database.
TE must thus be posted as TE2 2016 on the open part of the website as a downloadable text, where it will replace the previous edition TE1 2013.
d) Neuroanatomy working group
HtD stated that TNA was issued in three 6-column Word files: CNS, PNS and Sense Organs. A new chapter was added to the CNS part, namely Vasa sanguinea Encephali et Medullae spinalis. All the documents were tentatively included in the TA database. However, it appeared that some discrepancies appeared between TNA and TA working groups on the subject of vascularisation. HtD and TG are currently working at settling the differences.
HtD is going to publish an introductory paper about TNA in Clinical Anatomy. He is also finalising an Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Neuroanatomy that will use the amended terminology. The book will be published at Springer.
TNA must be posted on the open part of the website and available as a downloadable text as soon as possible.
e) Anthropology and Odontology
BK reported that the list of terms previously compiled by Prof Phillip Tobias and mentioned in Istanbul is now being commented on by Profs Wood, Laitman and Schwartz. The comments will be submitted for validation to another expert before being presented to FIPAT.
The Terminologia Odontologica list was composed by Profs Frederick Grine and Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi. It is composed of a first Latin list of commonly used terms, and of a second list, only in English, containing more specialised terms. This last list was provisionally translated into Latin by the Latin SubCommittee, which requested more information on several English terms (see below).
f) Oroanatomy working group
BM briefly reported that the working group established a preliminary exhaustive list of corresponding English terms based on a Delphi-analysis. This list was submitted to the group. It is now being completed.
D. Reports by the SubCommittees
a) Latin Subcommittee (LSC)
JF indicated the LSC had revised the Latin Terms of the first part of Terminologia Odontologica and produced a Latin translation of the second part. It had also made some Latin corrections in the TE and TA files. PN produced a number of discussion documents dealing with TH and accessorily with TNA.
b) Informatics Subcommittee (InfSC)
- PS informed about the opening of a new website at <fipat.library.dal.ca>. This website, due to the initiative of PN, will be initially devoted to the dialogue with the Member societies of IFAA. It will not duplicate the existing Fribourg website but a strategy needs to be developed about the specificities of each site and the interrelationships between them.
- He reminded that the consultation about TA took place through a devoted DropBox accessible from the Internet by password. However, the responses were scarce.
- He informed that the durability of the Fribourg website was guaranteed, as the Anatomy Unit of the Department of Medicine (Prof Luis Filgueira) had agreed to succeed himself as the local University basis for the FIPAT website. Small subsidies for software could be hoped for.
- He reported about the document "Principles of collaboration on data exchange between AACA-CAT/ATI and FIPAT about their Joint Initiative for creating definitions for anatomical terms" sent before the meeting. The document dealt with a collaboration with the website ATI <anatomicalterms.info> established by PG at the University of Leiden and sponsored by the Committee of Anatomical Terminology (CAT) of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA) and by NAV, the Dutch Anatomical Society. Both Societies are (now) members of IFAA, and the document aims at defining formal bases, on which data exchanges would occur, and importantly also with other Member-societies of IFAA.
E. Validation and conclusions
- Having been fully endorsed by the Executive Committee of IFAA, the TNA and TE documents are validated and will be posted as soon as possible on the FIPAT websites. The previous "reference numbers" of TA and TE are replaced by database-internal digital sequences attributed by computer. Having no obvious symbolic value, they will not be published.
- The importance of young members for the future of FIPAT was agreed. The Secretary is to write to the terminology committees of the member societies, asking them to include young members.
- The TA documents, having been validated under condition by the IFAA executive Committee, will be posted after the inaccuracies that they still contain are resolved. The Secretary will write to the CGA working group in order to resolve the problem before the end of the year. It was accepted that the publishing of TA be made chapter by chapter.
- Latin was reasserted as the official language of the official terminologies, following an exchange of correspondence reaching a definitive consensus.
Publicity initiatives: Article [JF: Communicating Anatomy – enhancing the value of an official terminology], directed at the member societies in Plexus January2016.
Presentation [JF: The changing face of FIPAT] made to Anatomische Gesellschaft meeting.
Further article and a publication [HtD] prepared for publication after the meeting [see TNA update and TNA report].
Actions: Once chapters are being uploaded on the website, regular letter to Lancet, BMJ, NEJM, etc, regarding progress on the continual updating of FIPAT.
Emphasis on
- need for a common terminology throughout medical training and subsequent medical practice
- value of a common terminology relevant across the Health sciences, for communication
- Awareness of the dynamic, flexible and responsive nature of FIPAT
Aims and Objectives:
- Target Societies, Journals (encourage use of FIPAT terminologies)
- Produce publications [anatomical, educational and clinical journals]
- Develop links to professional Colleges and Boards in specific disciplines:
Seattle Meeting: The first issue was favourable. PN will report on the conclusions and the actions to undertake.
F. Next things to do
1. A review of the pending translations in languages other than English gave the following results:
- Spanish: BK and PS will make an attempt to contact the Panamerican Society and other societies in South America.
- French: Secretary will contact the Association des Morphologistes
- Italian: AR will contact and report on the Italian Anatomical Society that has already undertaken some translation works
- Arabic: Secretary will report about new contacts with an Omani colleague
- Chinese: Secretary will contact Prof Ma about updating his translation in accordance with the standard FIPAT format
2. The Secretary will write to all members of FIPAT to remind them of the access to the website of Fribourg and to check that they have a valid password.
G. Any other business
The meeting noted with pleasure that Professor Ian Whitmore [Past President] was to re-join FIPAT as Advisor to the Chair
The value of maximal attendance at meetings was agreed.
BM reminded of his proposal to delete the moralistic and sexist word pudendus from the terminologies. Another denomination must be found. PS proposed pelvicus. The question will be referred to the GACA working group.
Rules of Practice
Rules of Practice document was presented(BK), examined and approved by the meeting. BK indicated that the IFAA Executive Committee is to consider these rules of good practice which will apply to all the Federative International Committees of the IFAA. The rules will be annexed to the present Minutes.
H. Next Meeting
No meeting is planned for in 2017.
End of the meeting at 17.45.
Abbreviated Minutes of the 2nd FIPAT Meeting, Istanbul 31.08 / 01.09 2015
Present: John Fraher [Chair] (JF); Robert Baud (RB), Stephen Carmichael (SC), Hans ten Donkelaar (HtD), Sergey Dydykin [replacing Lev Kolesnikov] (SD), Thomas Gest (TG), P Gobée (PG), David Kachlik (DK), Beverley Kramer (BK), Marios Loukas (ML), Pierre Sprumont [secretary] (PS), Christoph Viebahn (CV).
Observers: Maia Dgebuadze (Georgia), Mehmet Üzel (Turkey), Jorge Eduardo Duque Parra (Columbia).
A. FIPAT CHAIR REPORT, presented by JF:
The objectives defined at the2014 Beijing Meeting had been largely achieved: to have Terminologia Anatomica (TA), Terminologia Histologica (TH), Terminologia Embryologica (TE), Terminologia Anthropologica (TAnth) and Terminologia Odontologica (TO) revised, and Terminologia Neuroanatomica (TNA) fully drawn up, with drafts prepared, ready for review at the Istanbul meeting.
FIPAT Protocol and Policy, as formulated in the Report from the Chair, were unanimously approved. Some modifications of the later stages of the protocol were made, in order to ensure that the revised documents could reach the widest possible audience. FIPAT must play a key role in providing a comprehensive biomedical anatomical terminology across the health sciences, based on its database of official Latin terms. It can achieve this by responding to: the continual generation of new anatomical terms in clinical and scientific areas; the different naming of a given entity in e.g., TA and in a particular clinical area; the naming in clinical areas of anatomical entities which are not included in TA. Corresponding challenges arise for TE in relation to areas such as stem cell biology and congenital anomalies. It was agreed that clinical anatomical terms which are to be introduced into TA must be judiciously evaluated and selected. A clinical anatomical term is defined as a term relating to an anatomical entity which is used in clinical practice but which is not in the official anatomical terminology.
FIPAT awareness and publicity: The importance of enhancing the profile, value and impact of FIPAT was agreed. The proposed mechanisms included extensive publicity, as set out in theReport from the Chair. Inter alia, this would include involvement of young anatomists, collaboration between FIPAT and other terminology systems, such as AnatomicalTerms.Info (ATI), and dialoguing with clinicians.
FIPAT contains the official International standard set of human anatomical terminologies, and so naturally takes the lead in terminology development. Following finalisation of revised versions of TA, TE and TNA there will be a high profile launch with wide publicity to inform the Health sciences community worldwide about the new, flexible, iterative nature of the FIPAT terminologies, emphasising their value and authoritativeness. This is to be aimed at clinicians, scientists and educators. Furthermore, the value of repeated publicity for FIPAT was agreed.
Appropriate mechanisms would include articles in anatomical, educational and clinical journals; establishing dialogues with Professional Colleges and Boards and the WHO; informing Anatomical and other relevant Societies; establishing dialogue with Educators to underline the resource value of the Terminologies in learning, training and communication.
FIPAT terminologies are not fully comprehensive – the incompleteness problem. However, no system of ontologies is ever complete, and the more extensive it is, the less likely is this.
Membership of and participation in FIPAT reflect its worldwide nature relatively satisfactorily. The presence of an observer from Columbia was welcomed.
While most FIPAT work takes place via email and the internet, the value of face-to-face meetings every 1½ to 2 years, especially in relation to strategic matters, was confirmed.
Gross and Clinical Anatomy Working Group
The GCA WG had made broad revisions of TA. Emphasis had been placed on the introduction of clinical anatomical terms, for example, in relation to the heart. It had not considered the Nervous System because a specific WG was dealing with that Chapter [TNA CNS and PNS; see below] and would be inserted verbatim at the appropriate location in TA. The Latin Subcommittee had been consulted extensively on new and revised terms. The proposal of the GA-CA WG to designate a Secretary was confirmed.
Noted: In the FIPAT database of TA terms, each entity forms a row and should be entered in a format composed of a minimal number of identical columns.
Histology Working Group
The Histology WG is scheduled to produce a revised, corrected and updated TH document by the end of November 2015. This is to be compatible with TA, possibly in anticipation of a merger of the two. TH could also continue as a "stand alone" database, as for TNA.
Embryology Working Group
All sections of TE were extensively updated and expanded. The order of the sections was revised. Also, previously omitted terms were added. The hierarchy of terms was retained from the 2013 publication. Syndromes are not, by and large, anatomical terms, but their component anomalies commonly are, and so these were included, as were references to eponyms. Classes of new terms introduced included many applying to congenital anomalies [one of the clinical components of TE], the developing CNS (this section was extensively revised), entities from the stem cell field, and terms omitted from the published version of TE.
Neuroanatomy Working Group: TNA
HtD made a detailed presentation on "Terminological Issues in Neuroanatomy: Towards a Terminologia Neuroanatomica" specifying the bases from whichthe Neuroanatomy WG performed their revision. The approach to, and details of, the revised terminology of the CNS and PNS sections were reviewed and commented on in depth. A revised hierarchical classification was produced. The histology of the CNS and PNS had been merged into the relevant sections. Changes were made in collaboration with the Informatics WG and the Latin Subcommittee. The launch of TNA is to be linked to a related published article. TNA CNS is to be incorporated verbatim in TA but will also stand as an autonomous FIPAT section. TNA PNS, excluding the histological terms, is to be merged with TA in a more diffuse manner.
Terminologia Anthropologica and Terminologia Odontologica
Both documents were compiled during the course of 2013 and the beginning of 2014 and were placed on the FIPAT Website for advice from specialists.
Informatics Working Group [WG Info]
The differences and complementarities between the FMA (Foundational Model of Anatomy, Seattle) and FIPAT hierarchies were considered; both of which made explicit for nearly all terms currently present in the Fribourg database.
The Informatics area, as for TA, TE and TNA, is currently undergoing particularly active development. A draft of a new TA hierarchical tree has been posted, and is currently being developed on the Restricted Zone of FIPAT (Fribourg) website. It is valuable to complement the FIPAT website and those of others, such as that of AnatomicalTerms.Info [ATI], which was developed by PS with PG. Periodic teleconferences have also been organised by the AACA-CAT to assess the value of collaborative (FIPAT and ATI/AACA-CAT) development of databases.
It was agreed that the revised and reformatted TA, TE and the new TNA be transferred to the Private Zone of the Fribourg web site to serve as a platform for interaction with the IFAA member societies. To facilitate this, each is to be divided into chapters.
Terminologia Orobiologica Working Group
TOrobiolgica was established at Beijing as a new Terminology, concerned with the oral cavity and aimed at oral biologists and the dental profession. It is currently under active development, in the first instance considering terms relating to the anatomy, histology and development of the oral cavity (i.e. a Terminologia Oroanatomica).
Latin Subcommittee (LSC)
The Latin subcommittee, set up in 2015, extends across all FIPAT sections. In accordance with its specific brief, it reviewed in full the versions of TA, TNA and TE which were under revision, in order to aid the individual sections and working groups in relation to all aspects of Latin translation. It also considered specific issues, so as to provide accurate usage. This ensured a common and consistent approach across all sections and terminologies.
- The place of the FIPAT database in the hierarchy of terminologies was considered. While it has value at several levels of discourse, it is in essence is a high-level terminology. Its interlinked databases, or knowledge bases, are directed at the health and biomedical sciences, including clinicians and writers (scientific and journalistic) and are designed to facilitate translation into vernacular languages that use anatomy as the basis of their medical training and practice. The databases have value for medical students, though these are not their primary targets.
- All new printings/postings of revised or new FIPAT documents should be submitted under an open licence allowing for free publishing under condition of quoting the source.
- Consistent with the new, flexible nature of FIPAT, and in order to facilitate continual updating, a set of formal Term Categories was agreed: Official term, consisting of 2 unique parts, an automatically attributed identification number and a Latin name; Synonyms in Latin and equivalents in other languages; Related terms; Candidate term – a unique Latin name for an entity, either as a replacement for a previously named entity or for an entity being proposed for recognition. This formalises the pre-existing FIPAT practice.
- A significant difficulty has always stemmed from the existence of multiple terms for some given entities. In going some way to circumvent this, FIPAT documents are to be reconstituted in 6 columns, replacing the three which have existed to date. This arrangement will enable unequivocal identification of the official Latin and English terms, and of synonyms in both English and Latin, as well as identification of Eponyms.
The following is the revised format:
1 Official term | 2 Latin synonyms | 3 UK English equivalent | 4 American English equivalent I 5 English Synonyms | 6 Others | →
1 Official Term is unique and consists of two components, a unique identifier – an automatically attributed digital identification plus a Latin word or expression.
2 Latin synonyms
3 & 4 unique UK and American English equivalents.
5 English Synonyms 6 Others: Several types of item may be stored in this column, e.g., Eponyms, older names from Nomina Anatomica, footnotes, references, etc.
→ Supplementary columns may be added ad libitum to deal with other languages. They will form linguistic triplets: unique Language equivalent | Language Synonyms | Language "Others"
This format goes a considerable way towards resolving the problem of synonyms and eponyms, and also covers (foot)notes, etc.
The meeting authorised the Chair to present a proposal to the IFAA Executive to enable recruitment of an Assistant Chair.
The TA working group is scheduled to interact with specific sets of clinicians seriatim in order to identify and propose the addition of judiciously selected clinical anatomical terms to the appropriate section of the document. These would constitute candidate terms in the proposed classification. This is a long term initiative. It was agreed that it should start in April 2016, once the current draft of TA had been finalised and ratified.
Proposed publication
HtD made a proposal to publish an illustrated Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Realisation of this objective is outside the remit of FIPAT. It would of course incorporate the FIPAT terminology which is currently being updated, once that has been formally validated by the IFAA Executive.
A central aim is to have all of the FIPAT documents available on the FIPAT website so as to enable interaction with all interested groups. The first phase is to have Terminologia Anatomica [TA], Terminologia Embryologica [TE] and Terminologia Neuroanatomica [TNA] uploaded in Spring 2016. After that, they will be available for continual iteration by the working groups, in response to interaction with external sources and to developments in terminology. To achieve this, the FIPAT Secretary has opened a Dropbox on the FIPAT website and has contacted the Member Societies (MSs) of IFAA to announce the initiation of a Terminology Reviewing Procedure. Responses are requested by 31st January 2016. To ensure consistency across the terminologies, the Secretary is unifying the new documents into similarly formatted PDF files where necessary. A discussion day is to be set aside shortly after this, when FIPAT members will be available for focussed communication by email. Validation of feedback changes by FIPAT is scheduled to be completed before 31st March 2016. The final documents will then be forwarded to the IFAA Executive Committee for ratification and placement on the open part of the FIPAT website.
Summary of Minutes of the 1st FIPAT Meeting, Beijing 07.08.14
Present: P Sprumont [chairman of meeting] [PS]; T Gest [TG], S Carmichael [SC], J Fraher [secretary to meeting] [JF], A Riva [AR], Chao Ma [CM], B Kramer [BK], M Loukas [ML], B Moxham [BM], G Mayer [GM], M Kapitonova [MK], H ten Donkelaar [HtD], P Gobēe [PG], S Tubbs [ST], R Cruz-Guttierez [RC-G].
Apologies: L Vollrath; P Neumann [PN], B Carlsen, D Evans
The FIPAT Chairman, Professor Lutz Vollrath was unable to be present because of illness. Earlier, he had informed FIPAT of his decision to step down from the FIPAT Chair for age reasons. He thanked his colleagues and especially PS for their help and support throughout his tenure of the chair. He was thanked for his excellent work and for the time which he had invested in FIPAT, both as chairman and for many years previous to that.
PRESENTATIONS were made on progress by the various FIPAT Working Groups [WGs]:
1.Terminologia Anatomica [TA] and Informatics
PS reported on behalf of the Informatics WG for TA. FIPAT documents will henceforth be published on the IFAA website, since further printed versions are unlikely to be produced, at least by FIPAT. Web publication will enable regular updating. User-friendly FIPAT discussion fora on the website will facilitate input into this.
PG described the format of the AnatomicalTerms.info terminology system. The opportunities for interlinks between it and FIPAT were evident and are to be further explored by PS and PG.
2. Terminologia Anatomica: ML made the TA WG presentation, emphasising the value of incorporating clinically relevant terms.
3. Terminologia Neuroanatomica [TNA]: HtD detailed a proposed reorganisation of the format of TNA, taking into account aspects of CNS developmental anatomy.
4. Terminologia Embryologica [TE]: JF summarised ongoing major revisions for the next version of FIPAT TE.
5. Terminologia Anthropologica: BK reported that the first draft of this section of FIPAT is now complete.
6. Terminologia Histologica [TH]: GM reported on the establishment of a Histology Learning and Teaching Resources Platform with extensive educational content.
7. RC-G reported on the tenth Simposio Ibero-latinamericano de Terminologīa Anatōmica, Histolōgica y Embriolōgica [SILAT], which deals with terminology issues in Latin America. The need for communication between SILAT and FIPAT was emphasised.
General points agreed
- The mission of FIPAT is to continually adapt anatomical terminologies to developments in the morphological sciences to the needs of medical, biomedical science, and other health professions.
- FIPAT terminology systems are primarily for human morphologists, but also extend to a wide range of other health science professionals. It is through the latter that the status, relevance and value of Anatomy will thrive and expand. FIPAT TE deals with human embryology; terms from studies of other species can be included if they are unequivocally proven and are relevant for human nomenclature.
- The publication of FIPAT TE was greatly welcomed as was that of its Russian translation.
- The possibility of a merger of TA with TH is to be explored by the coordinators of these WGs.
- A separate working group [Terminologia Odontologica] is to be set up.
FIPAT operation
1. A good deal of progress had been made by the various WGs. Advances are being incorporated into the various FIPAT documents.
2. FIPAT will continue to work mainly via the Internet. In addition, face-to-face meetings will take place at each IFAA Congress and also at 1½ – 2 year intervals between Congresses, to review progress, assess developments and consider significant issues.
3. For publication, all documents must be approved by FIPAT. Publication will be accompanied by requests for feedback from the anatomical community worldwide, to be considered and acted upon by FIPAT through the appropriate WG, with the FIPAT Chair acting as curator throughout.
4. Individual WGs will comprise a co-ordinator and up to 5 advisors, with wide flexibility in selecting experts to contribute on specific topics.
5. Societies to be invited to propose sets of names for appointment to FIPAT WGs, on the basis of proven commitment to the FIPAT process, and setting out individual competencies.
6. Latin remains at the very centre of FIPAT terminology. The Latin term is the formal, official version. It enables translation into any vernacular and provides an exact point of intersection for communication across disciplines, languages, countries, regions and associations.
Next meeting: to be held in Istanbul, linked to the ISMS meeting in late August/early September 2015.