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Alaungpaya (Burmese: အလောင်းဘုရား, pronounced [ʔəláʊɴ pʰəjá]; also spelled Alaunghpaya or Alaung Phra; 24 August [O.S. 13 August] 1714 – 11 May 1760) was the founder of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). By the time of his death from illness during his campaign in Siam, this former chief of a small village in Upper Burma had unified Burma, subdued Manipur, conquered Lan Na and driven out the French and the British who had given help to the Mon Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. He also founded Yangon in 1755.
|King of Burma
|29 February 1752 – 11 May 1760[1][2]
|17 April 1752
|Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
|24 August [O.S. 13 August] 1714
Friday, 1st waning of Tawthalin 1076 ME[3]
|11 May 1760 (aged 45)
Sunday, 12th waning of Kason 1122 ME[3]
Kinywa, Martaban
|May 1760
|Yun San
among others...
|Min Nyo San
|Saw Nyein Oo
|Theravada Buddhism
He is considered as one of the three greatest monarchs of Burma alongside Anawrahta and Bayinnaung for unifying Burma for the third time in Burmese history.
- 1 Background
- 2 Chief of Moksobo and deputy chief of Mu valley
- 3 Founding of Konbaung Dynasty
- 4 Reunification of Burma (1752–1759)
- 5 External wars
- 6 Death
- 7 Administration
- 8 Legacy
- 9 Family
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 External links
The future king was born Aung Zeya (အောင်ဇေယျ "Victorious Victory") at Moksobo, a village of a few hundred households in the Mu River Valley about 60 miles northwest of Ava on 24 August 1714 to Min Nyo San (မင်းညိုစံ) and his wife Saw Nyein Oo (စောငြိမ်းဦး). He was the second son of a lineage of gentry families that had administered the Mu Valley for generations. His father was a hereditary chief of Moksobo and his uncle, Kyawswa Htin (ကျော်စွာထင်), better known as Sitha Mingyi (စည်သာမင်းကြီး), was the lord of the Mu Valley District.[4] Alaungpaya claimed descent from kings Narapati I and Thihathura and ultimately the Pagan royal line. He came from a large family, and was related by blood and by marriage to many other gentry families throughout the valley.[5] In 1730, Alaungpaya married his first cousin Yun San (ယွန်းစံ), daughter of chief of a neighboring village, Siboktara (စည်ပုတ္တရာ). They went on to have six sons and three surviving daughters. (The fourth daughter died young.)[2][6]
|Family tree of King Alaungpaya[note 1]
Chief of Moksobo and deputy chief of Mu valleyEdit
Aung Zeya grew up during a period in which the authority of Taungoo Dynasty was in rapid decline. The "palace kings" at Ava had been unable to defend against the Manipuri raids that had been ransacking increasingly deeper parts of Upper Burma since 1724. Ava had failed to recover southern Lanna (Chiang Mai), which had revolted in 1727, and did nothing to prevent the annexation of northern Shan States by the Manchu Qing dynasty in the 1730s.
The Mu Valley was directly on the path of Manipuri raids year after year. Although Burma was far larger than Manipur, Ava had been unable to defeat the raids or organize a punitive expedition to Manipur itself. The people watched helplessly as the raiders torched villages, ransacked pagodas, and took away captives.[7]
It was during these troubled times in the absence of royal authority that men like Aung Zeya came forward. He assumed his father's responsibilities as chief of his village in his early twenties. A tall man for the times, (5-foot-11-inch in height (1.80 m) as described by an English envoy),[8] the solidly built, sunburnt Aung Zeya displayed his natural ability to lead men and was viewed as a leader by his gentry peers throughout the valley. They began to take matters into their own hands to defend against the raids.[7]
The sickly regime at Ava was wary of any potential rivals. In 1736, Taungoo Yaza, commander-in-chief of the army of Ava, summoned Aung Zeya to Ava to check if the village headman was a potential threat to the regime. Satisfied that the 22-year-old had no designs on the throne, Taungoo Yaza on behalf of the king bestowed the title Bala Nanda Kyaw (ဗလနန္ဒကျော်) to Aung Zeya.[2] Aung Zeya became deputy to his uncle the lord of Mu Valley, and the administrative officer kyegaing (ကြေးကိုင်, [tɕéɡàɪɴ]), responsible for tax collection and for the preservation of order.[9]
Founding of Konbaung DynastyEdit
The authority of Ava continued to decline in the following years. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Burma broke away and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom with the capital at Bago. Ava's feeble attempts to recover the south failed to make a dent. Low-grade warfare between Ava and Bago went on until late in 1751, when Bago launched its final assault, invading Upper Burma in full force. By early 1752, Hanthawaddy forces, aided by the French East India Company-supplied firearms and Dutch and Portuguese mercenaries, had reached the gates of Ava. The heir-apparent of Hanthawaddy, Upayaza, summoned all administrative officers in Upper Burma to submit.[9] Some chose to cooperate, but others, like Aung Zeya, chose to resist.
Aung Zeya persuaded 46 villages in the Mu Valley to join him in resistance.[10]:291–292 He found a ready audience in "an exceptionally proud group of men and women" of Upper Burma who longed to redress the numerous humiliations that their once proud kingdom had suffered.[7] On 29 February 1752 (Full moon of Tabaung 1113 ME), as the Hanthawaddy forces were about to breach the outer walls of Ava, Aung Zeya proclaimed himself king with the royal style of Alaungpaya ("One Who Is the Future Buddha", Maitreya), and founded the Konbaung Dynasty.[1] His full royal style was Thiri Pawara Wizaya Nanda Zahta Maha Dhamma Yazadiyaza Alaung Mintayagyi (သီရိပဝရ ဝိဇယနန္ဒဇာထ မဟာဓမ္မ ရာဇာဓိရာဇာ အလောင်းမင်းတရားကြီး).[2]
Not everyone was convinced, however. After Ava fell on 23 March 1752, Alaungpaya's own father, Nyo San, urged him to submit. He pointed out that although Alaungpaya had scores of enthusiastic men, they only had a few muskets, and that their little stockade did not stand a chance against a well-equipped Hanthawaddy army that had just sacked a heavily fortified Ava. Alaungpaya was undeterred, saying: "When fighting for your country, it matters little whether there are few or many. What does matter is that your comrades have true hearts and strong arms." He prepared the defenses by stockading his village, now renamed Shwebo, and building a moat around it. He had the jungle outside the stockade cleared, the ponds destroyed and the wells filled.[11]
Reunification of Burma (1752–1759)Edit
Upper Burma (1752–1754)Edit
Konbaung was only one among many other resistance forces that had independently sprung up across a panicked Upper Burma. Fortunately for the resistance forces, the Hanthawaddy command mistakenly equated their capture of Ava with the victory over Upper Burma, and withdrew two-thirds of the invasion force back to Bago, leaving just a third (less than 10,000 men)[12] for what they considered a mop-up operation.
At first, the strategy seemed to work. Hanthawaddy forces established outposts as far north as present day northern Sagaing Region and found allies in the Gwe Shan people of Madaya in present-day northern Mandalay Region.
Nonetheless, Alaungpaya's forces wiped out the first two Hanthawaddy detachments sent to secure his allegiance. Next, they survived the month-long siege by the Hanthawaddy army of several thousand led by General Talaban himself and drove out the invaders in a rout.[12] The news spread. Soon, Alaungpaya was mustering a proper army from across the Mu Valley and beyond, using his family connections and appointing his fellow gentry leaders as his key lieutenants. Success drew fresh recruits everyday from many regions across Upper Burma. Most other resistance forces as well as officers from the disbanded Palace Guards had joined him with such arms as they retained. By October 1752, he had emerged the primary challenger to Hanthawaddy and driven out all Hanthawaddy outposts north of Ava as well as their allies, the Gwe Shan. A dozen legends gathered around his name. Men felt that when he led them they could not fail.[11]
Despite repeated setbacks, Bago still did not send in reinforcements even as Alaungpaya consolidated his gains throughout Upper Burma. On 3 January 1754, Konbaung forces retook Ava. Alaungpaya now received homage from the nearer Shan States as far north as Momeik.
In March 1754, Hanthawaddy finally sent its entire army, laying siege to Ava and advancing up to Kyaukmyaung a few miles from Shwebo. Alaungpaya personally led the Konbaung counterattack and drove out the southern armies by May.[13]
Lower Burma (1755–1757)Edit
The conflict increasingly turned into an ethnic conflict between the Bamar north and the Mon south. The Hanthawaddy leadership escalated "self-defeating" policies of persecuting southern Bamars. They also executed the captive king of Taungoo in October 1754. Alaungpaya was only happy to exploit the situation, encouraging remaining Bamar troops to come over to him. Many did.[14]
Swelled by levies from throughout Upper Burma, including Shan, Kachin and Kuki contingents, he launched a massive invasion of Lower Burma in a blitzkrieg in January 1755. By May, his armies had conquered the entire Irrawaddy Delta and captured Dagon, which he renamed Yangon.[15] However, his advance came to a sudden halt at the French-defended main port city of Thanlyin, which repelled several Konbaung charges.
Alaungpaya sought an alliance with the East India Company and also sought out more arms, but no alliance or arms materialized. Konbaung forces finally took the city after a 14-month siege in July 1756, ending the French intervention in the war.[16] The Konbaung forces then overcame determined but vastly outnumbered Hanthawaddy defenses, and sacked Bago in May 1757. The 17-year-old kingdom was finished.
Afterwards, Chiang Mai and other states in present-day northwest Thailand, which had been in revolt since 1727, promptly sent in tribute. In the south too, the governors of Mottama and Dawei also sent tribute.[17]
Farther Shan States (1758–1759)Edit
In 1758, Alaungpaya dispatched an expedition to the northern Shan and Tai states (present-day northern and eastern Kachin State, northern Shan State and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture) which had been annexed by the Qing since the mid-1730s. By early 1759, the Burmese had successfully reestablished their authority.[18] A later Qing attempt to reconquer the region would lead to the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69).)
Cape Negrais (1759)Edit
Alaungpaya then turned his attention to the English colony at Cape Negrais at the southwestern tip of the Irrawaddy Delta. The English, concerned with the success of French-backed Hanthawaddy, had seized the island back in 1753. During the war with Hanthawaddy, Alaungpaya offered to cede the island to England in return for military help. He even ignored the fact that the English Company's ship, the Arcot, had opportunistically sold arms to the Hanthawaddy forces, and fired on his troops in 1755 during the battle of Syriam. But no military help materialized. The English claimed they could not spare any arms because they too were engaged in their own bitter Seven Years' War against the French.[19] In 1758, Alaungpaya got the news that the East India Company's agents had sold ammunition and arms (500 muskets) to Mon rebels. (British historian GE Harvey claims that the news was a fabrication of Alaungpaya's advisers and that the arms provided were five muskets, not 500.)[20] On 6 October 1759, a 2000-strong Konbaung battalion overran the English fort, ending the first English colonial establishment in Burma.[20][21]
External warsEdit
Manipur (1756, 1758)Edit
Alaungpaya, who grew up watching Manipuri raids ransacking his home region year after year, was determined to return the favor as soon as he was able. While most of his forces were laying siege to Syriam, he sent an expedition to Manipur to "instill respect". In early 1756, the Burmese army defeated the Manipuri army, and ransacked the entire country, which the Manipuris call the First Devastation.[22][23] After Lower Burma was defeated, Alaungpaya himself led another expedition in November 1758, this time to place the Burmese nominee to the Manipuri throne. His armies invaded by the Khumbat route in the Mainpur valley, and overcame fierce Manipuri resistance at Pallel, on their march to Imphal, the Manipuri capital. After Pallel, the Burmese entered Imphal without firing a shot. The Konbaung armies, according to the Manipuris, committed "unspeakably cruel" crimes against the populace, inflicting "one of the worst disasters in its history".[24] But historian GE Harvey writes: Alaungpaya "was only doing unto them as they had done unto his people".[25] Alaungpaya raised his nominee to the Manipuri throne, and returned with his army. He also brought back many Manipuri cavalry, who became elite cavalry corps (known as Cassay Horse) in the Burmese army. (This was the start of Konbaung dynasty's long, draining involvement in Manipur. The small kingdom would prove a troublesome tributary, regularly putting up rebellions in 1764, 1768–1770, and 1775–1782. The Burmese involvement ceased after 1782 until they came back in 1814.)
Siam (1759–1760)Edit
After the rainy season of 1759, Alaungpaya and his armies returned to the south to deal with the still-unstable Lower Burma. One year back, a major Mon rebellion broke out, temporarily driving out the Konbaung governor of Pegu (Bago). Although the rebellion was put down, Mon resistance was still operating in the upper Tenasserim coast (present-day Mon State), where Konbaung control was still largely nominal.[26] Siam provided shelter to the rebel leaders and their resistance troops. Alaungpaya sought assurances from the Siamese king that they would not intervene in the Burmese affairs and to surrender rebel leadership. But the Siamese king refused Burmese demands, and prepared for war.[27]
In December 1759, Alaungpaya's 40,000-strong Burmese army left Martaban to invade Siam via Tenasserim. His second son, Hsinbyushin was his deputy. The Burmese occupied the town of Tenasserim, moved eastward over the Tenasserim Hills to the shore of the Gulf of Siam, turned north and captured the coastal towns, Kuwi, Pran Buri and Phetchaburi. Siamese resistance stiffened as the Burmese approached the capital of Ayutthaya, but nonetheless they were driven back with heavy losses in men, guns and ammunition.[17][26]
The Burmese armies reached Ayutthaya in April 1760. Only five days into the siege, however, Alaungpaya suddenly fell ill.[26] Thai sources say he was wounded by a cannon shell explosion while he was inspecting the cannon corps at the front,[28] but Burmese sources state clearly that he fell ill, and given the inglorious nature of death by illness it is unlikely they were trying to hide the truth.[27] His ailment has been stated as "dysentery" or "scrofula"[29]
The Burmese began their retreat on 17 April 1760 (3rd waxing of Kason 1122 ME).[30] Only Minkhaung Nawrahta's 6000 men and 500 Cassay cavalrymen remained as the rearguard, successfully fending off Siamese attacks along the route of retreat.[17]
Although the Burmese did not achieve the ultimate objective of toppling Ayutthaya, they formally annexed the upper Tenasserim coast and shifted the border down the coast at least to the Dawei-Myeik corridor.[31]
Alaungpaya died on Sunday, 11 May 1760 (12th waning of Kason 1122 ME) at the dawn, at Kinywa, near Martaban, after being rushed back from the Siamese front by the advance guard. He had longed for the sights and sounds of home, Shwebo for one last time but it was not to be. His death was made public at Yangon, and his body was taken up stream on a state barge. At Kyaukmyaung landing stage near Shwebo, the whole court came out to meet it, and bore it solemnly through the Hlaingtha Gate of Shwebo. He was buried with the ritual of the kings in the palace city, which once had been his lowly village, amid the mourning of an entire people. He had reigned only eight years, and was not yet 46 when he died. Historian Harvey writes that "men are remembered by the years they use, not by the years they last".[17]
Alaungpaya was succeeded by his eldest son, Naungdawgyi, despite his second son Hsinbyushin's attempt to take over the throne.
Alaungpaya spent most of his reign in the military campaigns. For the administration of his newly acquired territories, he largely continued the policies of the Restored Taungoo kings—the most important aspect of which was to reduce the number of hereditary viceroyships. Aware that hereditary viceroyships were a constant cause of instability, the king appointed governors in most of his newly conquered territories throughout the Irrawaddy valley. By and large, he reappointed existing governors if they submitted to him without a fight. In fact, most ethnic Mon governors of the south retained their position. He appointed only three viceroys: one at the Seven Hill Districts (present-day Magway Region centered around Mindon), another at Taungoo and the other at Bago, and none of them was hereditary. He made the viceroyships only because of his special personal relationships with those men. (The viceroy of Taungoo was his younger brother, for example. After the death of the incumbents, the offices automatically became governorships.)[32] In accordance with the Taungoo policy, he allowed hereditary viceroyships only in the peripheral regions like the Shan States and Lan Na. (Later Konbaung kings would gradually reduce the number of hereditary viceroyships even in the Shan States.)[33]
One key policy change that Alaungpaya initiated, and followed by latter Konbaung kings, was the establishment of military colonies and civilian settlement in Lower Burma. This policy would prove instrumental in eclipsing the Mon civilization by the early 19th century.[34]
Most of the non-military work he commissioned came during a few brief hiatuses between campaigns. In 1752, he designated Shwebo as the capital of his kingdom, and enlarged what once was a mid-size village into a sizable city. He built a palace on the model of those erected by the ancient kings. In 1758, he built the Mahananda Lake to supply Shwebo with water. He also built canals by damming the Mu river for agriculture but the work decayed after his death.[25]
His most significant and enduring work was the founding of Yangon. After he conquered a pagoda village of Dagon in 1755, he added settlements with people from his home region. (The Mu-valley place names like Ahlon and Kyaukmyaung still endure to this date in Yangon.) By the eve of the First Anglo-Burmese War, Yangon had replaced Syriam (Thanlyin) as the chief port city of the kingdom.
For the land of the law, in 1755 he commissioned the Manu Kye dhammathat (lit. Manu Kye Law Book), a compilation of existing laws and customs, and of the rulings preserved in previous law books. Although the law book was poorly arranged and offered little explanations on contradictory passages, it attained enormous popularity, owing to its encyclopedic nature and to its being written in simple Burmese with little Pali.[25]
Leadership styleEdit
Alaungpaya was a charismatic military "leader of the first quality" who deeply inspired his people to do greater things. He was lavish in his praise and rewards but also merciless in failure. According to GE Harvey, "men felt that when he led them they could not fail", and "to be named at one of his investitures was the ambition of men's lives."[35]
Rise of Konbaung DynastyEdit
The most important legacy of Alaungpaya was the restoration of central rule in Burma for the first time in four decades, and the rise of the Konbaung Dynasty. Alaungpaya, according to the Burmese historian Htin Aung, led a people "divided and broken, humiliated and ashamed" and "left to his successors a people united and confident, holding up their heads again in pride and in glory". But Htin Aung also cautions that Alaungpaya "had led his people in waging war but his leadership was still sorely needed to wage a peace. He had roused his people to the fever heat of nationalism but he was denied the time and the opportunity to calm them down to tolerance and restraint". Indeed, overconfident Konbaung kings that followed him would go to war with all the neighbors in the next seven decades on their way to founding the second largest Burmese empire, until they ran into the British in present-day northeastern India.
Charges of Bamar nationalismEdit
Alaungpaya has also been named as the first king of Burma to consciously manipulate ethnic identity as a means to military and political domination. To date, Mon nationalists hold him accountable for the utter destruction of the Mon country, and the end of centuries-long Mon dominance of Lower Burma. According to the Mon nationalist historian Tun Thein, "the racial oppression practiced by Alaungpaya was worse than that of previous kings. He ended the cultural autonomy adopted by the Burmese rulers of the Pagan era, and by kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung, and colonized the Mon state".[36]
The charges need to be balanced with the fact that Alaungpaya was merely reacting to what historian Victor Lieberman calls "dismally self-defeating" policy of ethnic polarization of the Restored Hanthawaddy. It was the self-professed Mon kingdom that first attacked his homeland in 1752 and had begun persecutions and pogroms against Bamars in the south since 1740. The upstart southern kingdom had portrayed itself "as a quintessentially Mon kingdom, ordained by prophecy, wherein Mon language and cultural symbols would enjoy pride of place, and the Burman north would become a tributary". About 8,000 Bamars were massacred in 1740 alone. After executing scores of Avan captives in 1754, the Hanthawaddy leadership obliged all Bamars to wear an earring with the stamp of the Bago heir-apparent and to cut their hair in Mon fashion as a sign of loyalty to the southern kingdom.[37] Moreover, while Alaungpaya was merciless in his sacks of Thanlyin and Bago where the moats "ran red with gore",[36] elsewhere he reappointed Mon governors who submitted.
In all, Alaungpaya's rule of Lower Burma lasted less than two years, most of which he spent elsewhere fighting. Indeed, it was the latter kings of Konbaung that increasingly suppressed Mon culture with each rebellion in 1762, 1774, 1783, 1792, and 1824–1826.[14]
Alaungpaya, as the founder of the Third Burmese Empire,[38] is considered one of the three greatest Burmese kings, alongside Anawrahta and Bayinnaung, the founders of the First and Second Burmese Empires, respectively.
- Team Alaungpaya, one of the five student teams in Burmese schools
- Statue of Alaungpaya is one of three statues of kings that towers over the Naypyidaw square. The other two are the statues of Anawrahta and Bayinnaung.
- Statue of Alaungpaya is one of three statues of kings in front of the Defence Services Academy. The other two are the statues of Anawrahta and Bayinnaung.
- UMS Aung Zeya, Myanmar Navy Frigate
- Aung Zeya Bridge, a suspension bridge in Yangon
- Aung Zeya Road, a road in Yangon
- Me Yun San, Chief Queen
- Shin Pyei
- Shin Min Du
- Thida Mahay
- Shin Kla
- Shin Shwe Kho Gyi
- Shin Shwe Kho Gale
- Naungdawgyi, 1734–1763
- Hsinbyushin, 1736–1776
- Amyint Mintha, 1743–1777
- Bodawpaya, 1745–1819
- Pakhan Mintha, 1749–1802
- Sitha Mintha, 1753–1782
- Pindale Mintha, 1754–1785
- Myingun Mintha, d. 1804
- Kodaw-gyi, died young
- Myawaddy Mintha, d. 1792
- Khin Myat Hla, died young
- Me Tha, Sri Maha Mangala Devi, Princess of Kanni, b. 1738
- Me Myat Hla, 1745–1788
- Me Sin, Princess of Bago, 1747–1767
- Me Minkhaung, Princess of Pandaung
- Min Shwe Hmya, Princess of Zindaw, b. 1754
- Me Nyo Mya, Princess of Pin
- ^ See the king's family tree in Alaungpaya Ayedawbon (Letwe Nawrahta 1961: 12–13). Nawrahta of Wa-Pa was a younger brother of King Mohnyin Thado, and commander of the Northern Horse (မြောက်ဖက်ကိုးသင်း), a nine-battalion hereditary cavalry from the northern Mu valley. Furthermore, the name of "Sagaing Minthami" (lit. "Princess of Sagaing) in Ayedawbon is given here as Min Hla Htut per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 83). Still per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 83), Min Hla Htut and her husband Mingyi Phyu of Sagaing were first cousins, once removed.
- ^ a b Maung Maung Tin Vol. 1 1905: 52
- ^ a b c d Buyers, Alaungpaya
- ^ a b Maung Maung Tin Vol. 1 1905: 246
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 1829: 391
- ^ Myint-U 2006: 90
- ^ Letwe Nawrahta 1961: 12
- ^ a b c Myint-U 2006: 88–91
- ^ Harvey, p. 243
- ^ a b Phayre 1883: 149–150
- ^ Rajanubhab, D., 2001, Our Wars With the Burmese, Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd., ISBN 9747534584
- ^ a b Harvey 1925: 220–221
- ^ a b Phayre 1883: 150–152
- ^ Harvey 1925: 222–224
- ^ a b Lieberman 2003: 202–206
- ^ Phayre 1883: 156
- ^ Myint-U 2006: 94–95
- ^ a b c d Harvey 1925: 241
- ^ Myint-U 2006: 100–101
- ^ Myint-U 2006: 92–93
- ^ a b Harvey 1925: 240
- ^ Phayre 1883: 168
- ^ Harvey 1925: 228
- ^ Hall 1960: X-20
- ^ Hall 1960: X-24
- ^ a b c Harvey 1925: 238–239
- ^ a b c Phayre 1883: 168–170
- ^ a b Htin Aung 1967: 168–170
- ^ Kyaw Thet 1962: 290
- ^ James 2004: 302
- ^ Letwe Nawrahta and Twinthin Taikwun 1770: 231
- ^ James 2004: 1318–1319
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 172–173
- ^ Lieberman 2003: 184–187
- ^ Lieberman 2003: 205
- ^ Harvey 1925: 236–237
- ^ a b South 2003: 80
- ^ Lieberman 2003: 204–205
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 157–172 (Chapter: Alaungpaya and the Third Burmese Empire)
- Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Koenig, William J. (1990). "The Burmese Polity, 1752–1819: Politics, Administration, and Social Organization in the early Kon-baung Period", Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, Number 34. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Lieberman, Victor B. " Political Consolidation in Burma Under the Early Konbaung Dynasty, 1752-c. 1820." Journal of Asia History 30.2 (1996): 152–168.
- Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1.
- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
- Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
- James, Helen (2004). "Burma–Siam Wars". In Keat Gin Ooi (ed.). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
- Kyaw Thet (1962). History of Union of Burma (in Burmese). Yangon: Yangon University Press.
- Letwe Nawrahta and Twinthin Taikwun (c. 1770). Hla Thamein (ed.). Alaungpaya Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (1961 ed.). Ministry of Culture, Union of Burma.
- Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.
- Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
- Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
- Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). 3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
- South, Ashley (2003). Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: the Golden Sheldrake. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-7007-1609-2.
External linksEdit
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alaungpaya.
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Alompra, Aloung P'houra.
- Capt. George Baker, Observations at Persaim and in the Journey to Ava and Back in 1755 SOAS
- Treaty between Alaung-hpaya and the British East India Company in 1757 SOAS
- "Robert Lester, Proceedings of an Embassy to the King of Ava, Pegu, &C. in 1757" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2018. SOAS
- "Capt. Walter Alves, Diary of the Proceedings of an Embassy to Burma in 1760" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2018. SOAS
- Michael Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava, sent by the Governor-General of India, in the year 1795, detailed descriptions of Alaungpaya's military campaigns in the south during the 1750s.
- The Golden Letter of King Alaungphaya to King Georg II., 7 May 1756, description by the Lower Saxony State Library, owner of the letter (German)
AlaungpayaBorn: 24 August 1714 Died: 11 May 1760
|Regnal titles
|Preceded by
Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
| King of Burma
29 February 1752 – 11 May 1760
|Succeeded by


text:
Another Uber executive out
Uber VP of global vehicle programs Sherif Marakby has left the besieged ride-hailing company, according to Automotive News. Why Marakby stepped down is unclear, according to media reports. His departure came on the heels of top communicator Rachel Whetstone departing last week. Marakby, who joined Uber from Ford last April, was one of the leaders of its driverless car program. Meanwhile, New York City officials are moving to force Uber to add a tipping option.
Omnicom PR up nearly 2% in Q1
The public relations segment at Omnicom Group saw an organic revenue increase of 1.8% in the first quarter to $325.3 million. Overall, the holding company, which is the parent of FleishmanHillard, Ketchum, Porter Novelli, and others, reported 4.4% revenue growth in the quarter to $3.6 billion. Net income and operating profit both improved from Q1 2016 to $241.8 million and $409.9 million, respectively.
Munoz apologizes again
Despite a sharp drop in first-quarter profit, United Airlines' Q1 earnings largely beat or matched analysts' expectations, with revenue up 2.7% to $8.4 billion. Although the period did not include Dr. David Dao's violent removal from a Chicago-to-Louisville flight last Sunday, United CEO Oscar Munoz apologized again for the incident on the earnings call. "It is obvious from recent experiences that we need to do a much better job serving our customers," Munoz said, according to Fortune.
What Sean Spicer thinks of Melissa McCarthy's impressions
Zzzzzzzzzzz in a word (or a sound). The press secretary told CNN's Jim Acosta at Monday's White House Easter Egg Roll—he was not dressed as the Easter Bunny—that he's usually asleep by the time Saturday Night Live gets in full swing. McCarthy, who has done three acerbic Spicer impressions on SNL this season, is scheduled to host the show next month.
What to watch today
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg is set to speak at the F8 conference early this afternoon (on East Coast time) as his company faces the aftermath of a murder being broadcast on its social media platform this weekend. Facebook is under pressure to improve its procedures for reviewing and removing violent content after taking hours to pull down the murder of 74-year-old Robert Godwin on Sunday.
New from PRWeek today
Brunswick is set to open its fifth U.S. office in Chicago next month. Kreab has been accused of spreading fake news about Estee Lauder heir Ronald Lauder.
News to know
U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May calls for June 8 snap election. Voters go to the polls in widely watched Georgia special election. Air Canada apologizes for bumping 10-year-old passenger off overbooked flight. Theranos agrees to stay out of blood testing for two years. Bill O'Reilly's viewers still see him favorably amid advertiser boycott. Trump executive order to extend "Buy American, Hire American" rules.
Breakfast Briefing, 4.18.2017: Another top exec steps out of Uber
One of the executives behind Uber's self-driving car program has departed, the company said Monday.
Another Uber executive out

subset: commoncrawl


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The Peace Project
Peace will explore the conditions and consequences of peace processes in Lebanon, Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Rwanda, Indochina, and Colombia. Leading photographers and writers of war will return to those countries where they first reported during conflict. Analysts, lawyers, negotiators and writers who lived through war and peace will add their voices to the project. We will examine what lessons can be learned from the peace that was brokered in these nations, how peace has endured over time, and in the hope that one hundred years after the failed peace accord of Versailles, future generations will understand how the failures and successes of the past can be used to build a peace that will endure in the future.
The project will be in production through 2017, 2018 and 2019. A book will be published in spring 2020 to coincide with the first exhibition at the ICRC Museum in Geneva in the spring of 2020.
For further information please contact email@example.com.
Funded by the Gross Family Foundation
VII Foundation is grateful for generous funding from the Gross Family Foundation, which supports the production of this project.


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Recipe Costing Restaurant Management Software
Trusted by users in 137 countries!
We loved using Recipe Costing Software it did all the heavy lifting figuring out our margins.
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Overall a great product to plan and review your food cost. Best customer service I've encountered.
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Very good application for Costing recipes and Scaling Recipe Production.
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Took my recipe scaling from a 2-3 hour process to 10-15 minutes.
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Nonna's Family Kitchen
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- Transfer of Inventory between locations
- Cash and Sales Integration
- Commissary Management
- Reporting and drill-down
- Dashboards and alerts
- Multi-currency and Multi-language support
- Enterprise and white labeling version available


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By Nicola-Jane le Breton
"Vibrate the cosmos, the cosmos shall clear the path."
-Yogi Bhajan, a sutra for the Aquarian Age
New beginnings often arrive with bad endings, and in June 2016, I was in the midst of what I felt to be a very bad ending. External circumstances were forcing us to give up our home in Denmark, Western Australia. Other facts made it clear we needed to relocate to the state's capital of Perth where we both had work and our boys were studying. After many years of saying we would never move back to the city, of relishing the cooler climate, the tall karri forests, the bracing Southern Ocean and the spectacular granite-scaped beaches, we were leaving.
I spent two months crying nearly every day over our impending loss, saying goodbye to dear friends, and dreading the move to Perth's hot dry environment and suburban traffic jams; the anonymity of city life and the crazy pace of it all. But there was a sense of inevitability, and I knew from experience that plans and dreams are dispensable and often the wisest path to peace is surrender. So we packed our belongings and headed north.
There's something about having the rug ripped out from under you that instils greater courage and a willingness to open yourself to new experiences. I was moving to a suburb I'd never heard of in the southern suburbs of Perth, so why not learn a yoga I'd never heard of? Through Facebook, a colleague of my husband's recommended her favourite yoga teacher, Simone, who was about to start a six-week course in Kundalini Yoga, "Awaken Your Life Flow." One of the goals of the course was to encourage participants to develop a daily yoga practice and to commit for forty days to meditate on the mantra "Ra Ma Da Sa Sa Say So Hung." Simone's flyer offered to "pop the myth that you don't have time for yourself," a feeling I often had.
I knew I needed a daily sacred practice, a still place from which to navigate the tumultuous river of my current life. I was being stretched to my limits and neither mind nor body was holding up to the stretch. I was breaking. I was sick. I was miserable.
So I rang Simone and was in part convinced to go ahead by her neutrality about whether I did or didn't. She didn't promote Kundalini Yoga as the best thing since Mark Zuckerberg invented Facebook. She may have even said, "It's not for everyone." Over the phone, her presence radiated calm and an inner knowing that the right people would come. The only question she had for me was whether I felt pulled to join this course, and if I did, could I trust that calling, and could I commit for the duration? Being prone to indecision in my low patches, this was what I needed to hear. What did I have to lose? I would do it.
What I remember about the first few classes was the weirdness of it all counterbalanced by the progressive calm that washed over and through me like a series of white-crested turquoise waves. Half the class were dressed in white, some were wearing white turbans, including Simone, and I wondered if I'd wandered into a cult. Would I be expected to dress the same way? And what on earth were these strange and dynamic poses that Simone was teaching us, with all the chanting and the panting? My back ached, and I was not as flexible as I had once been—I needed cushions to prop my hips so I could sit on the floor. And yet, as Simone gently guided us through warmups, kriyas and meditations, I could feel subtle currents shifting in my body's energy field. Like a dried-out flower blessed with rain, I could feel myself softening, opening and sitting taller.
At home, I kept my daily practice simple and short, beginning with the Adi Shakti mantra, a few minutes of pranayama, some free dance and the 11-minute healing mantra that Simone said would "open our hearts to the flow of healing light." I also began practicing spinal flex in rock pose regularly. Simone had explained this would energize the third chakra associated with willpower, thus empowering us to get things done. During our preparations to move to the city, I'd felt paralyzed by indecision and resistance, so I was painfully aware of the need to strengthen my willpower.
My health, when I arrived in Perth, was at an all-time low. I rolled from one bout of illness to another, cold after cold, interspersed with the flu and nagging coughs that went on for weeks. But miraculously, after I began Simone's classes and my daily practice of 15-20 minutes, my physical and emotional condition began to improve. As strange as Kundalini Yoga was, I knew it was working for me. It was changing me in visible and invisible ways. My back was getting stronger, my immune system more resilient, my lung capacity increasing, and even my willpower was toughening up. Best of all, I was growing calmer and more able to trust my intuition and 'go with the flow.'
A few weeks into the course with Simone, I asked about teacher training and she pointed me in the direction of a local teacher who was bringing teachers from Europe in 2017 for a Level 1 Kundalini Yoga Teacher Training course. I knew, at that moment, that I wanted to do this. That I needed to do it. I needed the self-discipline, the commitment to a consistent exercise program and, above all, dedication to a daily spiritual practice that would deepen my connection to Source, and that would guide and inspire my journey on.
A little over two years later, I can say all aspects of my life have been transformed by the gift of Kundalini Yoga. I meditate, chant and practice pranayama and yoga daily—I've even incorporated mantras and yogic breathing techniques into my regular lap-swimming regime. I've experienced the most sustained emotional equilibrium of my life. I am happier, healthier and more creative. It's easier to get things done and my days seem to flow more easily.
Perhaps the most profound change is that I have a deeper sense of being held by a greater power, of being part of a dance in which I play an infinitesimal yet vital role. From what felt like disaster and a dead end, I now stand on a path that opens invitingly into the great unknown.
Nicola-Jane le Breton is a community facilitator who plays in the genres of creative writing, environmental arts, dance, theatre, and yoga. Her strength as a teacher is creating a safe space for participants to discover and trust the creativity that flows from surrender. She offers writing circles and journeys that support deep inquiry through journaling, poetry and memoir. By sharing our innermost stories, we build empathy and dissolve differences in our communities. Nicola-Jane works as a publishing consultant and editor in Perth, Western Australia and is currently designing an oral storyteller-development program with theatre director and performance coach, Silvia Lehmann.


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Precedential Orders
In accordance with Idaho Code § 67-5250 an "Indexing of Precedential Agency Orders" is to be made available for inspection by the public. The following document contains all orders determined to be precedential to IDWR in its enforcement of the laws and statutes of the State of Idaho.
- Listing of Precedential Agency Orders - October 2019


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I just returned from my Missionary journey which took me to the Philippine Islands. I was privileged to preach on four different Islands: Bohol, Cebu City, Dumanguete, and Luzon. I also had the privilege of preaching at the Hyles/Anderson College in Dumanguete.
Highlights on this Expedition
· We were able to win 756 people to Jesus in the Philippines.
· I lost count of the number of baptisms in the Churches and in the Bohol Sea. MANY!
· We saw 163 men and women, under the age of 30 respond to full-time Ministry.
· On November 17th, two Churches were established and held their first service. Calvary Baptist Church had 307 in its FIRST Church service, ALL from those saved in Inabanga. This Church was named after my sending Church, Calvary Baptist Church of Crawfordsville, Indiana, where Randy Glenn is the pastor.
· Also on November 17th, Hope Baptist Church was started in a Village of 100 people, Catigbian. We had preached there and saw 24 adults respond to the invitation and got saved. We had 27 present during the first service. We started a Church here because the need was there.
· On December 8th, the 20th anniversary of my Sending Church, will also be celebrating the birth of a third Church, named after a very dear Church to me, the Lighthouse Baptist Church in Lebanon, Indiana, which is pastored by Merv McNair. So we honor Pastor McNair's Mission's-minded Church by naming this third Church after their own Church, Lighthouse Baptist Church! The Church we start in Nigeria in January will be named after another Church which prays DAILY for this ministry.
· A highlight for me was to be able to establish a team of Filipino Preachers to help JKM win souls and start Churches through-out Asia. We will have weekly Skype calls every Monday night at 7pm.
· Another highlight for me was to be able to preach in a most amazing Church, the famous Bible Baptist Church of Cebu City. The pastor, Dr. Army Jasalva, has pastored there for 37 years and his ministry has won more souls that anyone in history, at 3.8 million. He is now 81 years old and reminds me of the tender spirit of Dr. John R. Rice.
· Our ministry was able to raise enough money to build a parsonage, which should be completed by November 30, 2013.
· We were able to raise enough money to replace the roof of a godly pastor's Church which was blown off during the Typhoon.
· I went through two typhoons, one being the typhoon Yolanda, and one earthquake.
· I wish to thank a FEW, of the many Preachers that I preached for or went soul-winning with.
Our ministry, JKM will be going back for 8 weeks in October and November of 2014. Our Objectives will be to:
· Win 1,500 souls
· Start 5 Churches from those saved
· Conduct the "First Annual Soul-winning and Church-Planting Conference" at Dr. Jasalva's Church in Cebu City during the Last week of October.
· Revisit the 3 Churches established from this missionary journey.
· Strategically plan with the JKM Team Asia Partners for further expansion into other Asian Countries.
Copyright 2013, Jim Kilgore Ministries | Powered by Divine Design


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Our featured speaker for the March meeting is Don Cook, the Garmin GPS guy. Don knows so much about GPS systems that there's always something new to learn when he's here. He will gladly answer your questions, so come prepared with any questions you have about using GPS.
Don retired from 32 years of teaching Agricultural Education in Wisconsin in July of 2005. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Wisconsin, River Falls in 1970. He spent three years in Anchorage Alaska working for Pizza Hut for two years and one year in a partnership building cabins at a ski resort south of Anchorage.
He has attended workshops on GPS and GIS since 1995. He has used the GPS and GIS system in his classroom instruction. He has taught adults how to use Global Positioning Systems for personal use through Western Wisconsin Technical College and has worked with a company called GPS to GIS, teaching teachers how to use GPS and GIS in the classroom. Don has been presenting GPS workshops to computer clubs in the valley for the past six years. Don and his wife, Candace, spend their summers in Wisconsin and winters in Mesa.
Arrive before the 7 PM start time, and receive a ticket to the free door prize drawing at the end of the meeting.
See you on Tuesday, March first!


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Enjoy these great online resources for life and legacy planning.
Back Up Your Life™ does not receive any financial compensation for sharing this information. We just want you to get the best service and support possible in your journey.
Do you have an online resource that you think should make the list? Contact us and share their information!
The Conversation Project
www.theconversationproject.org | The Conversation Project is dedicated to helping people talk about their wishes for end-of-life care.
National Healthcare Decisions Day
www.nhdd.org | National Healthcare Decisions Day (NHDD) exists to inspire, educate and empower the public and providers about the importance of advance care planning. NHDD is an initiative to encourage patients to express their wishes regarding healthcare and for providers and facilities to respect those wishes, whatever they may be.
www.caringinfo.org | CaringInfo is a national consumer education and engagement program of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO).
National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO)
www.nhpco.org | NHPCO is the largest nonprofit membership organization representing hospice and palliative care programs and professionals in the United States. The organization is committed to improving end-of-life care and expanding access to hospice care with the goal of profoundly enhancing quality of life for people dying in America and their loved ones.
Napkin Finance
www.napkinfinance.com | Napkin Finance is a multimedia company that grew out of their needs for a better way to learn and understand finance. They developed their platform as a quick and easy resource on everything you need to know about money in 30 seconds or less. Their mission is to empower our readers to manage their money and understand basic financial concepts in a simple, fun and engaging way.


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Scout24's IPO gets off to hesitant start
Germany's Scout24 Group, which includes ImmobilienScout24, the largest property website in Germany, debuted on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange this week. The company placed 38.64m shares, including 7.6m new shares in the form of new capital raising... Read more
Leading German property portal IPO imminent - reports
Rumours in Frankfurt financial circles are intensifying that an IPO flotation of German market-leading web portal Scout24 is imminent. The group, which includes the property website ImmobilienScout24, is thought to be preparing an autumn listing... Read more


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Tonight, 12 students from around the world will fill Krankies Coffee in Winston-Salem with "smoke."
"Smoke: An Evening of Music" .. that is.
All have come to the UNC School of the Arts to pursue a degree in saxophone performance.
They visited FOX8 to give viewers a taste of what's in store for tonight.
The group will perform tonight at 7:30 p.m. Cost is $8 for the public and $5 for adults.


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Event detail
Adaptation and Transformation: A Conversation with Mary Zimmerman and Stan Lai
Lecture | January 31 | 12-1:30 p.m. | Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, Osher Theater
Mary Zimmerman; Stan Lai
Mary Zimmerman is a playwright and director of theatre and opera based in Chicago. She is the 1998 recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, the 2002 Tony Award and Obie for Best Director (for her play Metamorphoses), and many Chicago Joseph Jefferson Awards, including Best Production and Best Director. She specializes in the adaptation of classical texts for the stage. Her plays particularly Metamorphoses, The Secret in the Wings (based on fairy tales) and The Odyssey are produced over 100 times each year around the world in universities, high schools and other amature and professional venues. This talk will discuss adaptation as a theatrical method, and the current staging of Metamorphoses at the Berkeley Rep.
What does it mean to provide campus-wide arts access and engagement to 40,000 students at one of the top public research universities in the Nation? In 2017 UC Berkeley's Arts + Design Initiative and the Campus CTO set out to provide arts access by developing the first ever digital Arts Passport App using Modo Labs. The Arts Passport and accompanying pilot program removes economic and accessibility barriers so students can claim free and subsidized tickets to on- and off-campus events and programs and future incentivizes participation. Since its launch and promotion in 2018, the passport has served nearly 1/4 of the student population and continues to thrive.
Course Description: Co-taught by Peter Glazer and Stan Lai, this series will explore the specific and metaphoric connections amongst Creative actionadapting Stan Lais concepts and trainingand the possibility of personal, cultural, and social transformation. How do we understand movement, migration, and change both metaphorically and literally? How do artists working in literature, visual art, film, performance, and design explore and enact transformation? Aside from featuring insight into the works and creative methods of Asias Stan Lai, the series will also delve into current trends in Latino-American/Latino arts, as well as European and African art and performance.
Arts + Design Thursdays is made possible thanks to support from the Big Ideas Courses Program in the College of Letters & Science at UC Berkeley and from generous supporters of Berkeley Arts + Design. For more information, visit artsdesign.berkeley.edu/thursdays.
All Audiences
All Audiences


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Speaker: Highway Patrol Lt. Jimmy Jackson, Texas Department of Public Safety
Topic: Handgun Basics: Choosing the best handgun and ammo for concealed carry and home defense
About the speaker: Lt. Jimmy Jackson is a veteran law enforcement officer with over 24 years experience. He oversees Highway Patrol operations in 6 north east Texas counties. He is Vice-President of the Texas Department of Public Safety Officers Association and has served several tours of duty in Operation Strong Safety — the ongoing DPS Border Security Program.
For more info, click HERE


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May 10, 2019Democracy
AYRES: Good morning. Good morning. It's great to see so many people here today. I understand we have a full house. That's terrific. We have what I am certain is going to be an excellent discussion fo…
June 19, 2017Global
CFR.org editor Bob McMahon and I recorded our annual summer reading episode of CFR's "The World Next Week" podcast last week. Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, senior fellow for Women and Foreign Policy and best…
June 21, 2017Intelligence
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has been reoriented toward counterterrorism in recent years, but continues to face charges of overreach.
February 20, 2017Elections and Voting
Today is Presidents' Day. It is a TWE tradition to recognize the forty-four men—and they have all been men—who have been president on Presidents' Day with the following essay. If you are lucky enough…
May 12, 2014Corporate Governance
The Renewing America Initiative is releasing today our new Policy Innovation Memo "Curtailing the Subsidy War Within the United States," which I co-authored with Associate Director Rebecca Strauss. T…
December 14, 2012Corporate Governance
A new study released this week by the Pew Center for the States is further proof of the folly of state tax incentives as a way to attract job-creating business – though in its usual even-handed fashi…
October 2, 2017Philippines
Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano discusses the Philippines' foreign policy strategy under President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, the country's regional role in southeast Asia, and the relationship between the U…
February 24, 2016Latvia
Edgars Rinkēvičs discusses problems of European security in 2016 and beyond, his country's evolving relationship with Russia, and the upcoming NATO summit in Warsaw.
About CFR
CFR has two central locations: the landmarked Harold Pratt House in the heart of Manhattan and on F Street in our nation's capital.
October 11, 2016Monetary Policy
In this biography of Alan Greenspan, Sebastian Mallaby brilliantly explores Greenspan's life and legacy and tells the story of the making of modern finance.


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Baby Jessica Part Two – Possible Identifications
Baby Jessica
It had been almost three weeks before Detective Kevin Berkley got a lead on a possible identification on the parents of Baby Jessica. A lady who had rooms for rent in a large house across the street from the orphanage called the phone number in the classified ad, which was transferred to Kevin's desk. What she told Kevin was very pertinent to the case. He drove over to interview her.
Mrs. Collins was a lovely lady. Kevin liked her right away, but had a heck of a time getting her to stay focused on his questions. She loved to converse to whoever would listen. She had ten rooms she rented out and the house was always full of residents. Kevin quickly learned her daily routine and how she loved to take care of her "roomers" as if they were her own children. She never had any children of her own, so doted on her roomers. Within an hour Kevin knew her life story.
"Mrs. Collins, I would love to come back and visit with you if I may and I love your home here. You are a lovely person with a kind heart." This made Mrs. Collins blush and get all flustered. "But, right now I am on a tight schedule and need to find out about the couple you believe might be the people I am looking for. It is very important. Can you tell me about them?"
"Oh, yes, yes, of course, Detective Berkley. Well, you see, they moved in here to the back room on this first floor about a year ago. The room is quite large and was perfect for them the young woman said, because it had its own private bathroom and large windows facing the garden out back. She really loved it. It even has french doors that open out onto a lovely patio. You see, she loved the garden and spent a lot of time out there sitting in the sunshine and crocheting." Kevin started to get squirmy and impatient, but perked up when he heard the word crocheting.
"She liked to crochet?" he asked. "Oh, yes, very much so. And loved pink or pale green yarns. When they had been here about four months she showed me a pink baby blanket she crocheted, that is when I knew she was expecting a baby. She was so proud of that little blanket. I was just heart-broken when I found out Kyra had died. She was such a sweet girl and so happy to become a mother."
"Yes, it is apparent she would have been a good mother because she left the baby at the orphanage with a note pleading care for her baby," Kevin cleared his throat. He had become very attached to little Jessica and felt sorrow for the mother who died giving birth. You say her name was Kyra?"
"Yes, I have their file here to show you. It has their names and other information with pictures of them the day they moved in. I make it a habit to put pictures of each roomer in their file." She handed the file to Kevin. The photo was just like the descriptions the lady in the jewelry store gave to Kevin. Their names were Todd Gunther and Kyra Devereaux. Kevin was very glad to see their names, hoping they were real. If the names were real, Jessica's mother would have a name remembrance added to her case and to her grave. He almost felt like crying. "Mrs. Collins, I must commend you. You run an excellent and well organized business and have helped a great deal. This couple is the one we are looking for. Is there anything you can tell me about Todd Gunther?"
"Oh! It is so sad. All so sad, Detective," she took out a hanky and dried her eyes. "You see, Todd left Kyra not knowing she was expecting a baby. I did not know that till after he left. Kyra never told me why Todd left, then she left not long after. I begged her to stay, that she could live here rent free. I had become so attached to her and wanted to help her with the baby. I told her Todd had taken me down to the bank the day before he left and deposited $20,000 in a trust fund account for her He put me on the account as Trustee. Kyra told me she had no desire to ever touch his money. She was very sick, had bronchitis or something and was so depressed. I never heard from her again. Then I read that news about her. I was heartbroken!" She started crying and Kevin patiently waited for her to calm down. "Todd … Todd did not tell me where he was going. He just paid for that month's rent and three extra months for Kyra and left."
Kevin was shocked about the bank deposit. It would hopefully be yet another way to trace Todd Gunther. "Detective Berkley, I would like to use part of that money to give Kyra a decent burial and headstone. Then I will turn the balance over to the orphanage for care of the baby, for anything she needs. Do you think that would be the right thing to do?"
Kevin was very touched by Mrs. Collins' offer. "I think that is very admirable of you and would definitely be the right thing to do." Kevin then searched through the file and saw that Kyra had listed her previous residence with an address in Wyoming. He asked if he could take the file with him or at least get copies of all the paperwork in it. "I am one step ahead of you, Sir. That file is yours. I made copies of everything right after you called me and set up this interview. I am happy to do whatever I can to help." Kevin was astonished at the wisdom and sincerity of Mrs. Collins.
When Kevin got back to his office he called Andy. "Andy, we have some good leads and a file I want you to come over and take a look at. Then we need to head out to Wyoming for a few days." Kevin had researched the bank deposit records, but the deposit was made with a cashier's check and no detailed information available.
See Baby Jessica Part Three, Conclusion
© 2016 Phyllis Doyle Burns
Phyllis Doyle Burns
I began writing content online in 2007, starting with BellaOnline - A Voice For Women, where I was the Native American Editor, Folklore & Mythology Editor, and the Appalachian Editor. I also wrote articles forThe Examiner, Daily Two Cents, and Yahoo. I am a freelance writer for Fiverr. I am currently an author on HubPages, a member/author of the Maven Coalition, and Senior Editor and an author for The Creative Exiles.
Most of what I write takes a lot of research and I love it. Even if it is a fictional story, I will research for accuracy in whatever it takes to make my characters, their era, their location, etc. become realistic to the reader.
I hope you enjoy my works. Thank you for visiting.
Latest posts by Phyllis Doyle Burns (see all)
- Perfect Halloween Weather and Best Jack-O-Lanterns Ever - October 3, 2019
- Murder Halloween Night Near the Swamp - September 25, 2019
- World Peace Day September 21, 2019 – Peace Shall Reign - September 21, 2019


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I am going to be painting a mural on Monday near the National's Stadium, which I find tremendously exciting. I'm used to working small--most of my art can easily fitin my purse, which comes in handy if you commute on the train 10 hours a week--so the scale will be a challenge. But even so! One of the things I always liked about drawing is that you're never quite sure how it's going to turn out until it's done, which is doubly the case if the medium is new to you.
Pictures to follow. And if you want to swing by on Monday, April 13, I will be painting on near the National Stadium / Navy Yard Metro (Green Line) on Half Street SE, between M and N.


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The internet is booming with online learning opportunities for young people. Below are 7 websites that I have had a positive experience with.
PBS Kids Play advertises itself as a "School Readiness" program that offers online learning games for children in Preschool through First Grade. Multiple subjects are explored, from math, to early science, reading, music, social studies, emotional development and even foreign language! What I like most is that all of the learning activities contain engaging characters and almost all of them are from one of the television shows on PBS such as Super Why!, Dinosaur Train, and Thomas the Tank Engine. The website is meant for children ages 3 and up to work independently while parents are able to track their child's progress throughout the program. There are free trials available, but full access requires a membership. Both home and classroom plans are available for purchase.
IXL is a website that offers lots of practice questions for Math (from Preschool up through Algebra 2) and Language Arts, grades 2-6. This is a good website if you are looking to assess your child's knowledge and skill in a particular area. All questions are aligned to state and common core standards. The website allows you to answer 20 questions for free, but requires a membership for unlimited access to practice questions. The questions are timed and your progress is scored. Both home and classroom memberships are offered. I think this is a good website simply for checking to see what your child should be learning at each grade level. I don't always have my daughter answer the questions via the website, however I do look at the questions and the standards at each grade level to get a sense of what she should be learning. The few times that I have let my 3 year old answer questions via the website, the 20 question limit was enough to gauge her performance. For members, there are charts for student progress to let parents know how well their children are doing and what areas need improvement.
Samson's Classroom has 3 sections: Sight Words, Spelling and Reading Comprehension. The sight word section has over 224 sight words that are commonly used in the English language. The spelling section has over 5, 000 spelling words and also allows the parent or teacher to customize the list and insert additional words. In the reading comprehension section students read a passage and if they answer all the questions correctly they earn "hammer time, " which is the ability to play a short game. I love that there are several levels of reading comprehension, however I wish there was a way to only allow students to read the higher level passages once they have mastered the prior level. One thing that bothers me is that my daughter always wants to click on the passages that are too difficult for her. She gets frustrated if she answers one question incorrectly, because if she does not answer them all correctly she will not earn "hammer time." There are home and classroom subscriptions available. The home subscription price was only $30 for a year.
4. Readworks
I am in love with this site. Readworks is a website that offers reading passages and questions that help students improve their reading comprehension skills. The passages can be downloaded and printed out and are organized by Lexile level, grade level, theme, and skill. There are lessons plans for grades K-6 and reading passages for grades K-8. Anyone, parent or teacher, can register for free access to all of the sites content. I highly recommend parents whether homeschooling full time or supplemental, check out this site.
5. Khan Academy
Initially a series of online tutorials, the Khan Academy has totally revolutionized free online learning. I remember when the Khan Academy was in its beginning stages and only had videos. I would use some of the videos in my classroom and refer students to watch them at home. Now the website has evolved to allow users to take placement exams, engage in dialogue with other users and even "coach" others through lessons. The "coach" is essentially a teacher or parent that sets up a classroom account that dictates what content they are able to access. The Khan Academy covers topics from basic math to Biology and Art History. There is even SAT, MCAT, GMAT test prep and more. To top it all off, all of the content is FREE!
A great way to supplement your child's education is to introduce them to computer programming. If classes are offered in your school district check them out and see if they are a good fit for your child. But you can also have them learn these concepts at home. Below are two websites I learned about through the "Hour of Code" — a day when teachers across the country were encouraged to allow students to spend one hour learning about computer programming. I participated by having my daughter "play" with these two websites. Check out http://learn.code.org/ for more free computer programming courses.
6. Tynker
Tynker is an online course that teaches young people the basics of computer programming. There are two levels, beginning and intermediate, and both have a lifetime fee of $50. So far we have only explored the free activities listed under "Hour of Code". Puppy Play time activity was a favorite with my daughter.
7. Lightbot
Lightbot can be accessed from an iPad, Android device or any computer with a web browser. The goal is to light up all the blue squares using computer programming. According to Lightbot documentation:
"Lightbot is a programming puzzle game. This means that at its core, it is a puzzle game, but its game mechanics lend themselves to actually having a one-to-one relationship with programming concepts."
Although this activity is aimed at young children, it can be fun and addicting for adults as well.
Mommies, do you subscribe to any online learning tools for your children? Do you have any website to add to the list? Please share ?
Angele is a wife to a wonderful creative husband, mother to two beautiful intelligent daughters and a lover of art, education and laughter. She is the creator and author of ABC remix.


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We believe that this fuchsia is named after Walter Hume Long, who was born in Bath in 1854, and married Lady Dorothy (Doreen) Blanche, daughter of Richard Boyle, 9th Earl of Cork, in 1878. Walter died in 1924 at Rood Ashton House in Wiltshire.
During his political career which spanned over 40 years, Walter held office as President of the Board of Agriculture, President of the Local Government Board, Chief Secretary for Ireland, Secretary of State for the Colonies and First Lord of the Admiralty. He is also remembered for his links with Irish Unionism, and served as Leader of the Irish Unionist Party in the House of Commons from 1906 to 1910.
He was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Wiltshire in February 1920, and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Long of Wraxall in the County of Wiltshire in May 1921.
The Royal Commission on Agriculture, meet at Trowbridge on 18 January 1893.
Some Clues:
The Fuchsia Cultivar 'Walter Long' appeared in the following nursery catalogues, John Forbes (1888), B S Williams (1888), W J Bull (1889-93), H. Cannell (1892). We would love to see images of these catalogue entries, with references in the Gardeners Chronicle and Gardeners Oracle.
We hope that our fuchsia #detectives will help us find more information about this #fuchsia cultivar including information relating to its first listing, when it was last seen or listed in a #nursery catalogue. Is it possible there was another Walter Long in Wiltshire who this cultivar could be named after? Any information you can share will help others in the search.
#lostfuchsias #wiltshire #nationalplantcollection #harperdebbage #fuchsias #horticulture #flowershow #cannell #williams #bull #forbes #wraxall #viscount #bath #earl #cork #agriculture


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This kettle tipper is a real help to those with a weak or painful grip. The tilting platform means you can pour a nice cuppa safely and with minimal effort. Made from a coated wire cradle the kettle is secured by an elasticated strap. The frame has a built in stop for positioning the mug and a back stop to prevent spillage if the kettle is accidentally released during pouring. The frame has non-slip feet.
|VAT Exempt
Technical Spec
- Only to be used with cordless jug kettles
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If you are not entirely satisfied with the products you have ordered, you may return them to us for exchange or a refund.
- You must notify us within 14 days of receipt of your order for a refund
- Products outside of the 14 day period can only be returned for an exchange or credit note up to 28 days after the date of purchase
- All goods must be retuned unused and with their original packaging
- This cancellation policy does not affect your legal rights
For more information on our returns policy as well as exemptions from this policy please click here.


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Crews working hard to finish State Fair road construction
Posted: Jul 8, 2014 12:54 AM CDT | Updated: Nov 5, 2014 3:01 PM CDT
(MILWAUKEE)-- With three weeks until the Wisconsin State Fair begins, time is running short to finish the construction projects around the fairgrounds, but the DOT says it will be finished on time. Zoo Interchange Project Manager Mike Burns says his crews were delayed by rain during a soggy month of June, but they are prepared to work around-the-clock to finish on time.
CBS58's Bill Walsh has more.
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Bell Plans and Features
Basic Phone Plans
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|Unlimited nationwide text, picture & video messaging
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|Call Display, Message Centre Lite, Call Waiting & Conference Calling
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|AB - 44¢/month | SK - 94¢/month | Québec - 46¢/month
NS - 43¢/month | NB - 53¢/month | PEI - 70¢/month | NL - 75¢/month
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Region: Alberta


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The Wolf. I've been in the mood to do more masculine pieces lately – and might be going through a blue period. This one was tricky and took me much longer than usual — I wanted him to look slightly threatening and intense, but not scary!
I'm loving this slightly desaturated grey blue palette and I used white acrylic for that smoky feeling around the edges.
This was one of my four pieces for the Soul Gallery exhibition in February, 2016.


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Warning: Drinking hot cocoa in moderation may cause extreme amounts of happiness!
Chocolat L'Africain
In 1903, the Austrian confectioner Antoine Rumpelmayer established Angelina in France, named after his daughter-in-law. For over a century, this tearoom has been the reference for Parisian gourmet delicacies. Angelina became the meeting-place for the Parisian aristocracy. Proust, Coco Chanel and the major French fashion designers all crossed each others' paths there. It is the place to enjoy the famous Chocolat L'Africain (named after it's Ivory Coast cacao beans) or aka, hot chocolate and the classical Mont Blanc gateau. With locations throughout France and three within Paris—the tea room close to the Louvre art museum, is a favorite venue of local Parisians and all chocolate lovers. Cafe Angelina's hot chocolate recipe is a highly kept national secret. I've offered you my recipe, which does come with a warning as it's no Swiss Miss.
Good To Know:
Better tasting chocolate will contain at least 30-40% cacao. The percentage can be found on the label of all good quality chocolate.
George's Hot Chocolat Royale
Makes 4 small cups, or 2 large
chefgeorgehirsch.com | George Hirsch Lifestyle
1/2 cup whole milk
1/2 cup half and half
2 teaspoon confectioners' sugar
6 ounces bittersweet or semisweet chocolate- 40% cocoa, finely chopped
2 ounces milk chocolate, - 40% cocoa, finely chopped
1/2 cup fresh whipped cream
Optional: serve with a touch of cognac or brandy
Heat half of the milk, half and half, and sugar over medium high heat with chocolates stirring until chocolates are melted. Whisk the remaining milk and half and half until warmed and chocolate is completely smooth. Remove the pot from heat.
Pour into pre heated cups/bowls. Serve with a side of fresh whipped cream and optional cognac.
PARIS Locations:
Angelina Rivoli
Opening hours: every day from 9:00a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Address: 226 rue de Rivoli, 75 001 Paris
Tel: +33 (0)1 42 60 82 00
Angelina Porte Maillot
Opening hours: every day from 9:00a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Address: Palais des Congrès, 2 place de la Porte Maillot, 75 017 Paris
Tel: +33 (0)1 40 68 22 50
Angelina Louvre
Opening hours: every day from 9:00a.m. to 6:00 p.m. except on Tuesday
Adress: Musée du Louvre, Aile Richelieu, 75 001 Paris
Tel : +33 (0)1 49 27 93 31


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KIEV, Ukraine — The street fighters in Independence Square, kitted out with motorcycle helmets, plywood shields and baseball bats, are an intimidating lot by any measure, and this week they turned whole battalions of riot police officers on their heels in epic, bloody clashes that stunned the world.
On Friday, several dozen of these men lounged near a barricade on Hrushevsky Street in a scene that seemed gloomy and dangerous until one noticed the other figures who have become nearly as ubiquitous as them as the huge protests against the government of President Viktor F. Yanukovych escalated into deadly combat: women bearing trays of tea and bags of cookies.
The exploits and fearsome appearance of the fighters, known as the defenders of Maidan, as the square is known, have been elevated to lore, at least among supporters of the opposition. Old men pat them on the back, children revere them, and women want to be their girlfriends.
"They are the best Ukrainians," said Olena Iaschuk, 26, a website editor with a ready smile, who was making the rounds of the barricades to offer warm tea from a thermos, stepping gingerly among heaps of paving bricks. "They are the bravest men, they are fighting for our freedom, they defend us and they are our heroes."
If Independence Square has become a crucible to test physical courage, many of the men who passed that test say they could not have done so without the undying enthusiasm of people like her.
Of course, not everyone considers them heroes. Within their ranks are fighters who tried to immolate the police with petroleum bombs, and some groups of protesters have been sustained and driven by dark, nationalistic ideologies from Ukraine's past. But many, if not most, people in Kiev wholeheartedly support the men.
The adulation is palpable and only grew this week. "We want to cheer them up, and we want to support them," Ms. Iaschuk explained. "They smile, and they say thank you for the tea, and sometimes ask for our telephone numbers. And we say, 'No, boys, only after you bring us victory.' "
Her friend Galyna Kolodkevych, 26, a professor of Ukrainian literature at a college in Kiev, said she wanted to marry one of the men as soon as possible. Her future husband, she said, should belong "only to the Right Sector," a coalition of hard-line street groups that have played a prominent role in the fighting.
Oleksandra Braginskaya, 25, an art historian, wore white shoes trimmed with tufts of fur as she carried bananas and a bag of cookies for the men.
"They feel scared all the time because they don't know what will happen in the next minute," she said. She tries to get them to smile, she added. "I think it's nice that they can still smile, after all that has happened here."
The objects of this outpouring of admiration are men like Dmitry Iliuk, 29, a classical violinist who teaches music in a high school in the town of Verkhovyna, in western Ukraine.
Thursday morning found Mr. Iliuk crouching behind a plywood shield, preparing for a dramatic and risky offensive to reverse an effort by the police to press into the square two days earlier. Protesters opened a breach in their barricades shortly after dawn, then ran a hundred yards or so across a scorched buffer zone to confront — and quickly push back — the riot police, who were firing shotguns at them. It was an action that turned the tide, but also cost the lives of at least 70 people.
"I was not afraid, not one drop," Mr. Iliuk said. "There was just one idea in my head: 'Run forward.' "
He was wearing a red ski helmet and ski goggles, and carrying a baseball bat attached to a cord looped around his wrist, lest it be knocked out of his hands, which are more accustomed to delicate musical instruments. "All around me, people were wounded because the police had nothing left to do but shoot, and they shot."
Roman Tokar, 31, a lawyer from Zolochiv in western Ukraine who wore an ill-fitting vest of bulbous plastic plates originally intended for dirt-bike riding, said he was continually scared but overcame his fear because of the support he felt from residents of the capital.
"I can't drink any more tea, but they keep bringing me tea," he said. "We are even joking now, telling the women, 'Stop, you are making the defenders of Maidan fat.' It's really pleasant, and we really love these brave girls and even grandmothers who offer us tea."
He brushed away talk of heroism that is echoed in the rallying cries of the movement, "Glory to Ukraine!" and "Glory to its heroes!" But he said: "All this talk of heroism is just pathos. I'm an ordinary citizen, not a hero."
Still, on Friday afternoon, even dozens of uniformed police officers from western Ukraine were standing on the protesters' side of the barricades and praising their heroism. "These men are brave," Vasili Tkachuk, a police captain from Radekhiv, a town in the west, said of the fighters standing nearby. "I understand them; they are fighting for their freedom."
Roman Kvasuk, a strapping 30-year-old lawyer who also took part in the charge of the police on Thursday, carried no club as he was an amateur boxer and preferred to use his fists, which he held up, clenched and greasy with soot. He said he had captured two riot officers, a feat made possible, he said, by the moral support he felt day and night.
"I'm just a participant in the protest," he said. "The heroes are the people who support us."


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Inexpensive. Easy to set up and use. Remote sessions responded quickly. Service works flawlessly.
Offers rudimentary reporting.
Bottom Line
GoToAssist Express gives small businesses an affordable, robust, and simple way to support remote users.
Citrix Online's GoToAssist Express is a remote-support service tailored to small businesses and IT consultants that want to provide technical support to remote workers. The service is easy to set up, and fast and comfortable to use; anyone with some troubleshooting skills can provide assistance in minutes. It's an excellent solution for companies looking for inexpensive remote IT support. At only $69 per month or $660 per year for an unlimited number of users, it's also quite affordableand well deserving of our Editors' Choice designation.
Similar Products
After you've registered and supplied payment information online, you set up a client just by downloading a self-installing management client. Each time you start a session, the GoToAssist Express application generates a link for it; just give that link to your users (such as via e-mail or IM) and you're ready to help them. And because the Citrix Online service is hosted, there's no additional set-up time. Competing vendor Bomgar offers a Remote Support Appliance for $2,000 (and an additional $3,000 for concurrent users), not counting fees and upgrades. Bomgar's box is well suited for VARs with extensive networking experience but won't be easy for anyone else to configure.
Assisting Via GoToAssist
GoToAssist Express sessions are secured and users have control over the entire process. The only caveat is that the application running on the technician's computer can only run eight simultaneous sessions. The support client includes a chat app so that end users can help guide the technician during a session. Users can stop the session at any time by simply pressing a Stop Screen Sharing button. The can also trade files with the techniciana useful offline feature that allows technicians to analyze files without wasting the user's time. The technician can also add notes, which are used for reporting purposes and generating detailed lists of work on billing statements. (On the GoToAssist Express site, Citrix Online includes a page that generates reportsincluding notesof each session.) The technicians' GoToAssist Express application includes a computer diagnostic feature that collects general software and hardware information from remote systems. Technicians can use it to get a quick view into applications, devices and services that are running, but most of the data collected is not terribly useful for troubleshooting; I found it better to jump into the computer and search for a problem by chatting with the user.
Unattended support on remote computers is offered at no additional cost in GoToAssist Express. The user doesn't have to be present or even aware that the session is running. Technicians don't have completely unfetted access, however. The user must give permission to the technician before the session can begin and enter his logon password in case the technician needs to reboot the machine. The password is encrypted and stored on the end user's computerthe technician never sees or uses itand the unattended support client logs on the computer automatically. Other solutions for unattended access exist, but they're more expensive. LogMeIn Rescue, for example, costs $129 per month, and Remote Support System starts price at $349 for a company with 4 employees.
The current business climate is ripe for inexpensive, reliable remote IT support, and GoToAssist Express certainly offers both. Its cost and ease of use truly set it apart in its field; I can't think of any other technical support solution as effective as this one.
More Networking Software Reviews:
NordVPN (for Linux)
TorGuard VPN (for Linux)
Private Internet Access VPN (for Linux)
Golden Frog VyprVPN (for Linux)


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22 September 2019Back to top
Swim: 1,5 Km in oper water at Adriatic Sea
Bike: 40 Km
Run: 10 KmBack to top
SWIM: 55 min.
SWIM + BIKE: 3 h after the start.
SWIM + BIKE + RUN: 4 h after the start.Back to top
Entries are taken online with payment by debit or credit card. No other payment option is available.
Capacity is limited, made up of standard entries and guaranteed places allocated to our event partners.
Once the entry process is completed and payment processed, you will receive a confirmation email which details your race entry. If you do not receive this please check your junk mail. If you need your confirmation resent please email us at [email protected]Back to top
AGE GROUP Category
Tier 1: 75,00 EUR + 8%
Tier 2: 85,00 EUR + 8%
Tier 3: 95,00 EUR + 8%
Active supports all major modern browsers for PCs and Macs; we recommend to use the latest version of your browser, otherwise some features might not work or display properly. Please note: it's not possible to defer your entry to another year or another athlete.Back to top
The entry fee includes:
All the Race Organisation required for IRONMAN including transition area, swim course, swim safety cover, medical cover, traffic management for road closures, stewards and volunteers
- Entry to Award Ceremony
- Race Booklet
- Race day nutrition at the aid stations
- Athlete Backpack
- Finisher T-Shirt
- Finisher-Medal
- Athlete Village post-race food
No, we do not haver a waiting list.Back to top
- Log into https://myevents.active.com
- Scroll through list of registered events
- Choose "Edit Registration Information"
- Make changes to custom questions etc.
- Save changes
If you need to change your email, email us at [email protected] and we can make the changes for you.Back to top
Yes, athletes must be 18 on race day.Back to top
You will compete as the age you are on 31st December in the year of the race. For example, if you turned 25 in October, you would be in the 25-29 age-group for all races in the year even though you may only be 24 on race day.
All athletes must register in person to collect their race packs. Nothing gets sent out in the post!
In order to register you will NEED:
o Your BIB number (which will be uploaded around 3 weeks prior to race day)
o Photo Identification (passport or driving license)
o Triathlon Race License. If you do not have a one a day license can bought onsite for € 25,00 WITH CASH ONLY.
You MUST attend registration yourself in order to race.
Under NO circumstance will we give your information to another person even with authorisation.
No, 5150 Cervia Triathlon Emilia-Romagna will not have a relay race.
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No, the athlete racing MUST register and rack their own bike/bags. Photo ID will be requested in registration. Racking must be done the day of the race as per the race week schedule timings.Back to top
No, the athlete racing MUST collect these personally. Wristbands will be checked upon entry and items will be checked against your wristband and race numbers when leaving.
5150 Cervia Triathlon Emilia Romagna operates a clean transition. NO equipment can be placed on the floor, in a box or otherwise around your bike. Helmets must be placed on your bike or in your blue bag. Anything left will be removed. You will be given coloured bags when you register for your bike and run gear.
Blue Bag: Bike Gear, put all the kit you need for your cycle in this bag, including your helmet (DON'T forget your race number). You will enter the blue bag marquee upon exiting the swim, here you will change and then head to collect your bike.
Red Bag: Run Gear, put all the kit you need for your run in this bag. Once you have left your bike you will enter the red bag marquee, here you will change and head to the run course
White Bag: this bag is for your dry clothing that you require after the race. The white bags will be in the athletes garden area and available to collect as soon as you finish the race
All bikes and transition bags must be racked on the race day. Please see the Race Week Schedule for times
- When you come to rack, your bike, helmet and bags must have your race numbers securely applied to them. You must have your helmet on with the strap fastened and be wearing your race number.
- You will have access to your blue and red bags on race morning and you can access your bike to place your drinks bottles and nutrition.
- You must have your helmet fastened before removing your bike from the rack and keep it fastened until you have placed your bike back on the rack having finished the course.
Originally from: http://eu.ironman.com/triathlon/events/emea/ironman/emilia-romagna/athletes/faqs.aspx#ixzz4aAXlWW3h
- Wetsuits are not compulsory
- All athletes must wear the official swim cap provided
- Calf guards can be worn underneath your wetsuit, compression socks however are not permitted
- The swim is a waved rolling start which will start on land. Athletes will line up according to their own expected swim time. BE REALISTIC!
- It is one loop course with a short run on the beach
- The cut off time to complete the swim is 55 minutes after you cross the swim start timing mat
Athletes are set off in one continuous line for the swim start. It will take approximately 15 minutes to get the entire field across the swim start line.
Each athlete's race will start when the cross the swim start timing mat, under the swim start arch.
How does this work?
The on-shore pre swim start area will be divided into starting zones based on an athletes predicted swim time for the 2.4 mile course. There are a number of swim zones :
* Under 26 minutes
* 26-29 minutes
* 32-36 minutes
* More 36 minutes
- The swim cut off time of 55 minutes starts when the last person enters the water.
- Athletes will seed themselves into these zones based on their own predicted swim times (please be realistic and remember your chip timing will only activate once you cross the swim start chip mat)
- Groups will commence a rolling start based on these groups with fastest athletes on course first eg. in the 26 minute zone.
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There will be practice swim sessions during race week. Please see the race week schedule for details on timings. You must have registered and have your athlete wristband to take part.
Due to the nature of the swim start it will not be possible to warm up in the water prior to the swim start. An on land warm up is recommended.Back to top
Neoprene hats can be used underneath the official swim hat if desired. Neoprene booties and gloves are ONLY allowed when the water temperature is 18.8 degrees Celsius/65 degrees Fahrenheit or colder. An announcement will be made at Race Briefing about the use of these.Back to top
If you feel the need, please turn on your back and raise an arm in the air to attract attention from the swim safety crew.
Note that a triathlon wetsuit provides buoyancy and you would be able to float with minimal effort should you need to take a few seconds to regain your composure.
No, your bike must be a road bike or a time trial bike, if you have further questions about this please email us with your bike make and a photo and we will be able to help you - [email protected]
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Disc brakes are currently legal to use during 5150 Cervia Triathlon Emilia-Romagna however we are subject to UCI rules and we are subject to any change they make.Back to top
- 5150 Cervia Triathlon Emilia Romagna is a 2,5 lap run course
- Your race number must be worn on your front- iPods, MP3 players, phones, video cameras etc. are not permitted on the course
Back to top
Bike feed stations will supply:
* Enervit Sport Isotonic Drink - Orange Flavour
* Water
* Enervit Sport Competion Bars - Rice and Oat Flakes, orange flavour, gluten-free & apricot flavour
* Bananas (cut in half)
The Run feed stations will supply:
* Enervit Sport Isotonic Drink - Orange Flavour
* Water
* Cola
* Bananas (cut in half)
* Savoury Biscuits
* Enervit Sport Gels - Carbohydrate-based product with vitamins, orange flavour & Raspberry flavour with caffeine
No. Any athlete who crosses the finish line with a spectator will be disqualified.
It is a safety risk to the athlete, the spectator(s), other athletes and staff to have non-competitors running down the finish line. It may also hinder other athletes achieving their personal goals or have their treasured finish line photo obstructed by spectators on the finish line.
For inquiries about merchandise, please e-mail [email protected]Back to top


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Magnus Petersen"V-Mag" "Thor" "Von Magnuson" PDGA#: 30076 Division: Open
Began Playing Disc Golf: The art of throwing the Frisbee was passed down to me by my father at a young age, but it was not until the early 2000's that I established my passion for disc golf.
First Disc: Discraft XL
Favorite Hole at Morley : 10 when it all the way down by 13's tee pad, because it's ecstatically beautiful and challenging hole at the same time.
Morley Field Aces: ☹
Favorite Disc: Roc N Roll all day baby! It's a multipurpose disc that can be utilized in any situation, therefore manifesting itself as the greatest disc ever made.
Favorite Driver : Tee-Birds for accuracy and Destroyers for big D.
Favorite Midrange: KC ROC (See favorite disc.)
Favorite Putter: KC AVIAR. It bangs chain hard, has a predictable flight and feels great in my hand.
In My Bag: Destroyer, Tee-Bird, Firebird, Roc and Aviar.
Tourney Top 5 finishes (not necessarily from Morley): Top10 @ European Disc Golf Championships 4 Place @ The British Open and back to back Oslo Disc Golf Marathon Champ!
Favorite Disc Golf Website: Shout-out to my Norwegian Frisbee homies @ Frisbeegolf.no!
Favorite Pro Player: The Champ… (Climo) the one and only!
Tips for newer players and players looking to improve: There is an old Frisbee saying that has been passed down from generation to generation and it goes as follows; "The Most Fun Wins"!!


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Population Health
Price: $599+ Wishlist View
HealthLeaders Media Webinar PassRegister for the Webinar Pass and benefit from this great content at reduced rates! Choose the programs that cover the most important topics and challenges for you and your team throughout the year. Both live and on-demand versions of our programs are available to subscribers, offering flexibility to engage when it's most convenient.
Price: $299+ Wishlist View
Making the Smart Leap to Artificial Intelligence - On-DemandPresented on: October 31, 2017
Presented by: Todd Stewart, MD
Join Todd Stewart, MD as he explains the value of AI, demonstrates the ROI, and provides a roadmap for embarking on the AI journey.
Price: $299+ Wishlist View
Maximizing Patient and Family Advisory Councils to Improve HCAHPS - On-DemandPresented on: Tuesday, February 14, 2017
Presented by: Joanne Muzzey, RN, MHA, Director Patient Advocacy and Planetree, Elmhurst Hospital
Elmhurst Hospital addresses how it created a Patient and Family Advisory Council that has improved policies, procedures, and processes.
FirstLook at Bellin Health: Build Your Direct-to-Employer BusinessDrive healthcare costs down and market share up with large employers in your area.Hosted by: Bellin Health
Bellin Health in Green Bay, WI, provides direct-to-employer, on-site and near-site health services for large employers fed up with rising health insurance premiums.
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text:
The Exile Bibliophile, who writes an interesting and entertaining biblio-blog, "tagged" me with the following:
I am sorry, but I had to do this - it's one of the rules
You have been tagged.
Here are the rules:
1. Link to the person or persons who tagged you.
2. Post the rules on your blog.
3. Write six random things about yourself.
4. Tag six people at the end of your post and link to them.
5. Let each person know they've been tagged and leave a comment on their blog.
6. Let the tagger know when your entry is up.
First, thanks for the nice words about my blogs Archaeolibris and Bibliophemera. I somehow let four months go by on the former and the latter has fared only slightly better. Hurricanes (Gustav and Ike), sickness, vacation, and a backlog of work comprise my sling of excuses for not blogging more. But I have been sort of. I have a lot of incomplete entries in the pipeline and hope to finish tying them up and posting soon.
Six random things about me:
1. Growing up, I wanted to be a writer and live in an old house in the mountains in New Hampshire. Or be a Major League Baseball player. I'll settle for a writer of blogs or whatever in Texas. Last year, though, I did get to walk in the footsteps of a famous New Hampshire writer.
2. I'm an IndyCar Racing fan and got to go to my first Indy 500 last May.
3. I like to start my day off with a long walk. I said I like to, but my exercise habits of late have gone the way of my blogging. Ditto for gardening--no winter veggies from the Back 40 this year.
4. Favorite dinner I like to cook: Maine lobster with corn and chips and a favorite beverage or three--New England style. Expensive in Texas, so it doesn't happen very often.
5. Puedo hablar español un poco.
6. I like old books--scouting, selling, and discovering bits of history in them. If the bookselling biz doesn't pick up (no encouragement from the present economy), I might have to get used to saying "Welcome to WalMart" or some such phrase.
As for the rest of this exercise, I'm not gonna bother anyone with it. The few folks I link to have probably already seen it anyway.