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|By Jeremy Geelan
Article Rating:
|November 7, 2011 02:00 AM EST
With Cloud Expo Silicon Valley (9th Cloud Expo) starting today Monday November 7 at the Santa Clara Convention Center, CA, let's introduce you in greater detail to the distinguished individuals in our incredible Speaker Faculty for the technical program at the conference...
We have technical and strategy sessions for you dealing with every nook and cranny of Cloud Computing, but what of those who are presenting? Who are they, where do they work, what else have they written and/or said about the Cloud that is transforming the world of Enterprise IT?
CLOUD EXPO SPEAKER NAME: Sheng Liang
TWITTER: @shengliang
COMPANY: Citrix Systems
9TH CLOUD EXPO SESSION TITLE: Build Your Own Highly Scalable Cloud with CloudStack
SESSION DESCRIPTION: http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/node/2018194
BRIEF BIOGRAPHY: Sheng Liang is CTO Cloud Platforms Group, Citrix Systems. Formerly CEO of Cloud.com, he's a technology visionary who developed the Java Virtual Machine at Sun Microsystems, and a serial entrepreneur.
Before Cloud.com he co-founded web application firewall vendor Teros Networks (also acquired by Citrix), and was a member of the senior management team at SEVEN Networks and Openwave Systems, which developed software products for over 100 wireless and wire-line service providers around the world.
BLOG: www.openstack.org/blog/
"The Cloud.com product line is not a traditional enterprise server virtualization platform with cloud management layered on top. It is a powerful, hypervisor-agnostic solution designed from the ground up to help providers build clouds the way the world's largest and most successful public clouds are built – simple, automated, elastic, scalable and efficient.
This proven approach has helped Cloud.com customers around the world roll out new cloud services up to 50 times faster, at one fifth the cost of alternative solutions.
With the addition of Cloud.com, Citrix now offers a complete portfolio of virtualization, orchestration and networking solutions purpose built for the Cloud Era – solutions that are not only among the market leaders individually, but also designed to help customers avoid vendor lock-in by letting them use the hardware, software, management products and service providers of their choice."
[From Citrix company web site]
- The Top 150 Players in Cloud Computing
- The Top 250 Players in the Cloud Computing Ecosystem
- Cloud People: A Who's Who of Cloud Computing
- Ulitzer Names the World's 30 Most Influential Cloud Computing Bloggers
- Cloud Expo 2011 East To Attract 10,000 Delegates and 200 Exhibitors
- Cloud Expo New York to Attract More Than 8,000 Delegates
- The Cloud Computing Kettle Heats Right Up
- Industry Experts Discuss the State of Cloud Computing
- Cloud Computing and Big Data in 2013: What's Coming Next?
- Cloud Expo, Inc. Announces Cloud Expo 2011 New York Venue


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Danbury Mission Church
DATA PROTECTION - Privacy Notice
How Danbury Mission Church ("we") use your information
Your privacy is important to us. We are committed to safeguarding the privacy of your information.
Why do we collect and use your information?
We collect and use your information to contact you to send you any communications regarding our activities, to provide appropriate pastoral care, to monitor and assess the quality of our services, to fulfil our purposes as a church and to comply with the law regarding data sharing. We do not share your information with others except as described in this notice.
We would like to send you information about our events and activities by post, by hand, telephone, email and SMS (text). If you do not wish to be contacted by one of these means, please let the Operations Pastor know.
The categories of information that we may collect, hold and share include:
- Personal information such as name, telephone number, address and email address and names of immediate family members and other information you volunteer on Church builder.
- Personal Data held confidentially by the Treasurer to complete Gift Aid rebates, complete Church accounts and responses to Gift Day appeals.
Storing your data
We hold your data for varying lengths of time depending on the type of information in question but in doing so we always comply with Data Protection legislation. We will contact you annually to check that the information we are holding is accurate and that you agree to us holding it.
Who do we share your information with?
We will not share your information with third parties without your consent unless the law requires us to do so.
Requesting access to your personal data
Under Data Protection legislation, you have the right to request access to information about you that we hold. To make a request for your personal information contact the Operations Pastor.
You also have the right to:
- object to processing of personal data that is likely to cause, or is causing, damage or distress
- prevent processing for the purpose of direct marketing
- object to decisions being taken by automated means
- in certain circumstances, have inaccurate personal data rectified, blocked, erased or destroyed; and
- claim compensation for damages caused by a breach of the Data Protection regulations.
For further information on how your information is used, how we maintain the security of your information and your rights to access information we hold on you please contact the Operations Pastor.
If you have a concern about the way we are collecting or using your personal data, you should raise your concern with us in the first instance or directly to the Information Commissioner's Office at https://ico.org.uk/concerns/
This Privacy Notice will be conveyed to Church Partners on the Church Notice Board and on the Church's Web Site. Reminders will be placed from time to time in the Church Diary Sheet. A complaints procedure will also be placed on the Church Notice Board.
If you would like to discuss anything in this privacy notice, please contact the Operations Pastor.

subset: commoncrawl


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How GIA Evaluates Its Impact on Clarity Grading.
One of the most confusing and controversial aspects of diamond grading over the years has been the effect of internal whitish or reflective graining on clarity grades. It is confusing because graining is different from – and less quantifiable than – solid inclusions. It is controversial because of the impact such graining can have on the clarity grades of large, high-color, high-clarity diamonds, where the difference in a single grade – especially Flawless or Internally Flawless to VVS1 – can mean a difference of tens of thousands of dollars in the price of a stone.
In the Winter 2006 issue of Gems & Gemology, leading GIA Laboratory researchers – John M. King, technical director; Thomas M. Moses, senior vice president; and Wuyi Wang, manager of research projects – offer the most comprehensive look to date at internal whitish and reflective graining and how it affects clarity in the GIA Lab diamond grading process.
Briefly, there are three main categories of such graining:
Over the past 50 years, the GIA Laboratory's approach to graining and its impact on clarity grading has evolved as researchers and laboratory staff examined more and more stones. Through the 1960s, when demand for grading reports was low, lab staff did not report the presence of graining on GIA diamond grading reports. It was not until about 1970 that the first mention appeared as a comment on a report. The stone in question was a 13+ carat D color that was "Near transparent due to unusual internal texture."
Because lab staff saw so few diamonds with these characteristics, reporting remained very general through most of the 1970s – diamonds that showed graining but had no inclusions were graded Fl or IF, with a note about reduced transparency. Toward the end of the decade, as lab staff and researchers saw more diamonds with whitish graining, GIA began considering it a clarity characteristic. For a time in the 1980s, they actually assessed the extent to which it was present, on a scale from nil to significant. Today, when such graining is severe enough to affect the clarity grade, a report comment notes that "The clarity grade is based on internal graining that is not shown [on the report diagram]." And significant graining, even when it doesn't affect the clarity grade, is recorded in a report comment. All other graining observed is noted on internal GIA records for identification purposes.
So, how does GIA decide when graining affects a diamond's clarity grade? These procedures and standards were devised and refined as the result of examining many thousands of diamonds.
First, unlike most clarity characteristics, visibility at 10× magnification is not the sole determining factor. Briefly, if a diamond does show whitish or reflective graining, then other factors, such as whether the graining can be seen from the crown or pavilion and its ease of visibility, come into play.
Obviously, lighting plays a key role in the examination, even to the point that GIA graders work in a room with subdued fluorescent ceiling lights that bring out natural dark/light contrasts within the diamond while keeping surface glare to a minimum and eliminating other extraneous light.
Graders locate the graining with a darkfield gemological microscope and then examine the diamond with a 10× loupe and the microscope's overhead light.
The tricky part here is what's called "viewing geometry." Both whitish and reflective graining can be very subtle and elusive – like a hologram: Tilted one way the graining is quite visible; go to another angle and it disappears. To create a repeatable standard, graders hold the diamond a set distance from the lights and then angle it through a slight range of motion. If the graining is obvious in a single position but disappears with only a little movement, it probably will not affect the grade. Also, graining visible at an extreme angle is much less likely to affect a clarity grade than one visible straight through the crown or table.
As with any clarity characteristic, the effect such graining has on the overall grade rests with five standard factors: size, nature, number, relief, and location.
If graining is visible within a small area inside a single facet, it is less likely to affect the clarity grade; a diamond could still receive a grade of Fl or IF. However, if it is readily seen through the pavilion, an otherwise Fl or IF stone could receive a VVS1 grade.
The nature of the graining – how it affects transparency or how distinctly reflective it is – will also affect the grade. Whitish graining that is not well-defined and does not alter transparency probably would not cause an otherwise Fl or IF diamond to be downgraded. Nor would isolated bright internal grain lines. In rare cases where a whitish haze is visible through the crown, an otherwise Fl or IF diamond could ultimately receive a VVS, VS, or even – if the graining is extreme – an SI clarity grade.
The location of grain lines is also key. A diamond can have numerous reflective lines and still receive a VVS1 grade if they are only visible through the pavilion. However, the greater the number of lines visible through the crown, the more likely it is that the clarity grade will be lowered.
Relief refers to how readily the grain lines or haze stand out from the surrounding diamond. Here, the impact is based not just on the graining's visibility at 10× but also on the form and texture it takes. For example, a small "sheen" area that does not appear as bands may not affect the grade. However, if it takes the form of contrasting dark bands, the clarity grade may decline. And, again, if such characteristics are visible through the crown, the grade may be lowered further.
As with other GIA grading processes, years of research with a vast pool of stones has allowed the Laboratory staff to develop a consistent, repeatable standard for a characteristic that previously was not well-understood. Only after examining many hundreds of thousands of diamonds was the Lab able to assess the impact of whitish or reflective graining on the clarity grade of a colorless to near-colorless diamond.


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The Silicon Valley veteran heading up JLL's new proptech arm believes that commercial real estate is at a tech "tipping point."
Mihir Shah, formerly vice president of mobile at Groupon – and an early investor in Uber – took on the role as co-chief executive of JLL Spark earlier this week with fellow Bay Area veteran Yishai Lerner.
He said now was the time for the major technology players to get involved in the property sector.
"We realise that commercial real estate is really at a tipping point in terms of tech making an impact on and improving experience for clients. It is really exciting for us to take tech to a more traditional industry. It is similar to how the transportation sector was disrupted by companies like Uber.
He added: "The joke is that traditional companies will often hire some innovation officers but won't have a real initiative where they are actually planning to build things. With JLL we felt they were very serious."
To send feedback, e-mail email@example.com or tweet @EmilyW_9 or @estatesgazette


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FREE RANGER SHIRT when you book online
When booking online with us at www.elephanthills.com, all adults of the traveling party will receive a cool Elephant Hills Ranger Safari Shirt
free of charge
upon check-in, to ensure you are perfectly dressed for this unforgettable experience.
Elephant Hills Safari Tours Thailand
Elephant Hills Tour Recommendations
As every individual walking this Earth is entirely unique, we cannot generally suggest one specific tour for families, couples, seniors or solo explorers. Nonetheless we would like to recommend you a tour which we believe might suit your needs and expectations the most. Of course all our tours do include our unique Elephant Experience, so everyone visiting Elephant Hills will also get to feed, wash and interact with these gentle giants.
As still there are some significant differences between the various tour packages, we would like to help you decide which tour is the most suitable for you. Please find below our guests' favorites, based on past experiences.


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Doctoral Dissertation Research: Holocene Fluctuations of Jakobshavn Ice Stream, West Greenland: Testing Climate Versus Topographic Controls on Ice Flow
Briner, Jason Principal Investigator
MetadataShow full item record
Improved understanding of the cryosphere's response to climate variability is essential for accurate sea-level rise estimates in light of projected 21st century warming. Recently, the overall mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet has decreased, driven in part by acceleration of ice streams and outlet glaciers located on the ice sheet periphery. However, acceleration and short-term fluctuations of these ice masses has made predicting the rate and regional variability of future ice sheet retreat extremely difficult. Furthermore, modern observations of ice sheet change lack a historical context against which these changes can be evaluated. Doctoral student Nicolás Young at the State University of New York Buffalo, under the supervision of Dr. Jason Briner will reconstruct past fluctuations of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland's largest and most active ice stream, and determine the driving mechanisms behind these changes. Specifically, this research will explore if ice margin advance and retreat between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago was climate-driven, or if ice margin position was mainly controlled by non-climatic factors. Of particular interest is gauging whether regional, centennial-scale cold perturbations occurring between 9,200 and 8,200 years ago triggered an advance of the ice sheet margin. To achieve these objectives, this research will determine the timing of past extents of Jakobshavn Isbræ using beryllium-isotope exposure dating of ice-sculpted bedrock surfaces and boulders preserved on the landscape. This study will also utilize 3D mapping techniques to reconstruct ice sheet geometry that will assist in determining the influence of the underlying topography on ice sheet fluctuations. The broader impacts of this research include pioneering the detailed reconstruction of short-term paleo-fluctuations of a major ice stream in Greenland, assessing the sensitivity of Jakobshavn Isbræ to past abrupt climate events, and assessing the balance between climate and ice dynamic controls of Jakobshavn Isbræ behavior during past abrupt and short-lived climate perturbations. The methods used here will have practical applications for reconstructing paleo-ice margin changes of other large Greenland ice streams. This knowledge will result in the development of models that will improve the ability to predict changes in ice sheets and any resulting changes in sea-level.


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Welcome. I can help you with short or long term issues.
Get in touch to find out more on 07867527688
Life can be difficult. Sometimes it helps to talk to a trained listener.
I understand that life can become overwhelming and full of stress and uncertainty. Certain situations can bring confusion, sadness, anxiety and sometimes despair. As a counsellor I am here to listen and to help you on the path to better mental health.
Through listening, questioning and discussion, we can work together to examine your problems and work to resolve them. The road to better mental health takes dedication and a desire to change. I can help you succeed in dealing with anxiety, depression, bereavement, indecision and much more. Therapy is a two way street and we can work together to sort things out.
I work with private clients from Hambrook, Stoke Bishop, Frenchay, Down End, Bradley Stoke, Winterbourne, Patchway, Almondsbury, Fishponds, Filton and all areas in Bristol and north east Bristol.
I hope you find here the information you are looking for. If you would like further information please do contact me by phone or by email or complete the form on the 'contact me' page! I offer short term therapy and also longer term therapy; the choice is yours and will depend on your needs and your situation. Sometimes one session can be all that is needed. Try a session and see if you think I can help you.
Contact me if you are looking for an experienced and accredited member of
British Association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists
to offer you safe and confidential counselling or psychotherapy.
Counselling with me
About me
How counselling can help
Person Centered Therapy
Thoughts on counselling
Contact me for counselling
How to find me


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Paintbrush Assisted Living and Memory Care
This 71,381 sf 100 unit community features 75 assisted living units as well as a memory support neighborhood consisting of 25 beds. Community amenities include: therapy spa, library with a gas burning fireplace, private dining for family functions and intimate celebrations, bistro/coffee bar, entertainment/ theatre Room, multiple fenced courtyards and resident gardens.
Project Architect:
Douglas Pancake Architects
Paintbrush LLC


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Thank you sooo much for watching my pup this weekend. I know you've never watched a dog before, but it will be so much fun—I promise! I'll dive right into the important stuff so you feel comfortable with my canine.
1. Take @UmamiThePom out for a walk first thing in the a.m. This will get her panting so her little tongue adorably sticks out, and it looks like she's smiling in photos. (No tongue = No likes.)
2. Next, get dressed! The extra bedroom (aka Dave's old home office) has been converted into Umami's walk-in closet. Please avoid piggy, Tin Man, biker chick and Frida Kahlo outfits as they've all been featured on her recently. If she's feeling casual, you can put her in a hoodie or even just a bandanna (#basic), but please, please, please avoid posting pics of her naked to the internet…it just makes me feel uncomfortable…and no one likes them.
3. Hate to be "that" mom, but I don't want her watching TV on the couch all day. Please do something noteworthy or, even better, anthropomorphic, together. Have her pretend to drink your coffee wearing her "I take my coffee with more coffee" tee, hipster glasses and beanie. Or prop her up on my signed copy of Lean In wearing her "Pussy Power" shirt and holding a Women's March sign. Or just put her in a pair of crampons and take her hiking. You get the idea!
4. If she's being stubborn and won't look at the camera, just yell "Mani pedi!" It's hilarious how well it works. Dave always says it's demeaning, but he's such a party pooper.
5. The voice of the caption should be from Umami. Please don't ruin her reputation by trying too hard with lame dog puns—pawty, pawtner, hooman. Seriously, just be cool.
6. Under ZERO circumstances should you drop character.
7. If someone DMs you, however, drop the third-person dog voice immediately. It's dumb. (Sorry if I'm telling you something obvious, just covering my bases.)
8. Please use all 30 hashtags Instagram allows. Make them all dog- or Pomeranian-related. Obviously do not hashtag #dog or #Pomeranian; this isn't #RegularDogsofInstagram.
9. If you even think so much of posting outside the hours of 11 p.m. and 9 a.m. Eastern Standard Time, you can pack your bags and get out of my house.
10. Do. Not. Use. A. Filter. Please don't embarrass Umami and me by acting like it's 2012.
11. Speaking of: No collages. We do swipe albums now. But also, don't do a swipe album. This isn't your vacation.
12. All the passwords for @UmamiThePom are on the fridge. (Please burn after you memorize them.)
13. Food on the counter. If she eats even one tiny morsel of onion, she'll die.
Thank you!


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Intermittent only (minimum of 2 shifts per week required)
Newly licensed CNAs will be considered.
An active CNA certification posted on the DORA website and an American Heart Association Basic Life Support for Health Care Providers certification are required to be considered for this position.
Under general supervision, floats to all in-patient areas and Emergency Department according to scope of practice according to the DH floating guidelines. First to float to a different unit as the staffing needs of the hospital change. Assists professional nursing and care providers in providing care to all patients with respect for their uniqueness. Collaborates with the RN and healthcare team. Assists with basic patient care and activities of daily living. Maintains unit specific documentation as required. Orders, maintains and utilizes supplies for the assigned unit.
*Required to fulfill weekend/holiday and "hard to staff days" commitment per departmental policy. Schedules will be posted in advance but unit assignments will be given on a day-to-day basis.
Minimum Qualifications
- Education: High school diploma or GED.
- Experience: Typically, one year experience in health care.
- Knowledge, Skills & Abilities: Knowledge of and the ability to use medical equipment and instruments to administer patient care. Knowledge of common safety hazards and precautions to establish a safe work environment. Skill in maintaining records and recording test results. Skill in establishing and maintaining effective working relationships with patients, employees, physicians and the public. Ability to maintain quality control standards. Ability to react calmly and effectively in emergency situations. Ability to interpret, adapt and apply guidelines and procedures. Ability to communicate clearly.
- Certificate/License/Registration: Current Basic Life Support for Health Care Provider Certification/CPR. Certified Nursing Assistant.
Denver Health is committed to diversity and equal opportunity.


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Busy, busy, busy weekend, so I'm doing my questions on Monday - again. Here they are!
1. What was your favorite TV show as a kid?
Probably aging myself here, but I loved Punky Brewster! A headstrong, outspoken, fashion-forward kind of girl. Love Soleil Moonfrye! And look - she's a blogger!
2. What is your current favorite TV show(s)?
Grimm, Once Upon A Time, White Collar and Covert Affairs.
I don't really like to watch reality shows. Too much drama. I feel like I watch TV to escape from reality, not watch someone else's reality. Although, I've recently discovered Duck Dynasty; good old family fun. Uncle Si and Jase crack me up!
4. Which reality show would you LOVE to do?
I guess game shows could fall under reality TV and who doesn't like some good competition? But I'm not really sure which one I would do. American Ninja Warrior, maybe? Nah.
5. What is the TV personality/character that you feel is most like you?
5. What is the TV personality/character that you feel is most like you?
I've been told that I'm like Monica from Friends. Maybe not as much of a clean freak as she is, but probably a little neurotic.
6. Which TV character would you want to date?
Chuck from Chuck or Neil Caffrey from White Collar. I tell my husband all the time that Neil is my boyfriend, but he just doesn't know it yet. And Chuck is pretty cute, too! ;-)


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Abdelkader 'pulls the piano' for Wingsby Bill Roose / Detroit Red Wings
"He goes through and gets the puck to me or goes back in front of the net and fights for every puck," Datsyuk said, Friday afternoon. "Some people only measure him if he scores. But if you see him … he does a lot of hard jobs."
Abdelkader was finally rewarded for his hard work when he scored his first goal of the season Thursday at Joe Louis Arena, which snapped a 41-game scoring drought.
Using an analogy to sum up Abdelkader's contribution to the top six forwards this season, Datsyuk said, "It's like somebody needs to pull the piano and somebody needs to play the piano. This is a guy who pulls the piano."
Forget that Abdelkader's first goal in nearly a year was an empty-netter. After the game, the former Michigan State standout – who scored perhaps the most important goal in Spartans' hockey history with his last-second gem that clinched the 2007 national championship – said it felt like he hadn't scored in four years.
"It's one of those things where I felt that I had a lot of chances, but for whatever reason haven't gotten the breaks," Abdelkader said. "Hopefully this will break the bad spell and hopefully I keep doing the things that I've been doing, getting the pucks to the net and hope for some breaks. But it's always nice to get that first one."
Abdelkader went 41 games, including last season's playoffs, without a goal. But what he has lacked in the scoring column, Abdelkader has more than made up for in other areas with energy and physicality. He leads the Red Wings with 52 hits this year, a category that he has led all Detroit forwards in over the last two seasons.
Abdelkader also got a break when coach Mike Babcock elevated him to the Datsyuk line opposite Daniel Cleary on Feb. 21.
Though he believes the dubious streak was his longest at any level, sticking to the basics will help lift him out of his doldrums, Abdelkader said.
"I'm just trying to get pucks to the net," said Abdelkader, who is sixth on the team with 42 shots. "There have been a lot of chances that I've had. They've been real close, but not quite. I feel that it was coming, and I guess it's always nice to break it on a goal like that last night.
"I just want to keep doing a lot of the same things. Points are one thing, goals are one thing, but at the same time you want to feel good about your game all over the rink, offensively and defensively."
MID-TERM GRADES: Now that the Red Wings have reached the halfway point to this compressed 48-game season, Babcock said they missed the goal by two points.
Heading into this weekend's home-and-home series with Columbus, the Red Wings are fourth in the Western Conference standings with 28 points.
"We thought that if we had 30 points we'd be in a good position," Babcock said. "We actually had hoped to get 34, but we still think we've done a lot of good stuff and we're getting better."
The Wings have a far more positive outlook heading into the second half of the campaign, compared to the beginning of the year when it seemed that someone went down with an injury on a daily basis.
Depth from the club's minor-league affiliate in Grand Rapids has helped with putting a rosier perspective on the last seven weeks of the season, Babcock said.
"All those guys (from Grand Rapids) got one game, period," he said. "Then they earned another game, and then they earned another game, and I look down and they've played 14 games, some of them. Those came on an earned basis."


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It's nearly the winter solstice -- longer (and colder, apparently) days are their way.
As well as my boy's birthday (21st), and mine (29th).
There are some good weeks ahead.
So also, I'm thinking about what would be the all-time best killer graphic to put on a shirt?
I'm thinking about this mostly because, shit, if some babe in Argentina can be printing my work on shirts -- for which I am most definitely not being compensated, and about which I am at least mildly pissed -- then maybe I should be printing my work on shirts.
So do you guys have any favourites you'd like to wear emblazoned across your collective chests?
I'm no good at decisions and I have questionable taste. But If you want me to produce a whole line of Guns 'N' Roses graphic rip-off tees, go right ahead and hold your peace. Otherwise... let me know what your bright minds are thinking.


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China's internet search giant Baidu has promised to overhaul its operations after state media accused it of allowing unlicensed medical services to buy high search rankings.
The search engine dominates the market in the world's largest internet population with about 60% of users - well ahead of Google, which leads the field internationally. But the case has caused Baidu's stock to plummet and highlighted users' complaints about the way the Nasdaq-listed firm allows companies to buy their way up the list of search results.
Robin Li, Baidu's chief executive officer, told the state news agency Xinhua yesterday that the firm had sacked staff over the case and could fire more. "We have already fired people who helped fabricate documents for unlicensed suppliers," he said.
"We have removed the keywords of all four clients mentioned in the report and have begun to double-check the licences of all other hospitals and pharmacies on our client list," he added.
Baidu said in a statement that it had removed paid search listings for companies that had not filed details of their licences pending checks. Those customers together accounted for around 10-15% of its total revenues, it added.
State-run China Central Television reported this month that the search rankings had steered people to unlicensed and expensive hospitals or medicines that failed to cure them.
One patient told the programme that he had wasted more than 10,000 yuan (£950) at a clinic that he chose because it topped the Baidu results. The unlicensed clinic paid Baidu nearly 17 yuan per click (£1.60) for a prominent ranking, according to the report.
The programme also alleged that some companies that did not pay were omitted from results. But in a statement, the firm insisted: "Baidu has never excluded websites of any customers because they did not pay for keywords, and Baidu does not tolerate such practices."


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Fashionable African Style Shopping Bag.
This attractive handmade bag for everyday use is double-worked and lined with cotton on the inside and therefore very robust and durable. It also has a small inner purse.
Attention: Due to the display on the screen, the actual colors of the fabrics may differ slightly from the illustration.
Dimensions: 40 x 28 x 20cm (HxWxB)


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2151 3RD Ave E, Vancouver East, British Columbia, V5N 1H9, Ca
Side by side ? duplex on one of The Drive's prettiest streets. Located half a block from Garden Park and 2.5 blocks to McSpadden Park and Queen Vic Elementary. Designed back in the day by Stuart Howard this home allows for lots of natural light with Western exposure. Features a slate entrance, Oak floors, gas fireplace and stove, hot water heat and skylights. The open plan on the main leads to 2 bedrooms on the second floor and the top floor is finished and could be used as a 3rd bedroom/office/play room. There is a private patio/deck off the rear, great for entertaining or bbqing. Great opportunity for someone to get into one of the best pockets of Commercial Drive. Roof is just 2 years old!
In Suite Laundry
RE/MAX Select Realty
The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLSR logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver. Copyright 2019 by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver, Fraser Valley Real Estate Board, Chilliwack and District Real Estate Board, BC Northern Real Estate Board, and Kootenay Real Estate Board. All Rights Reserved.


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Adventure Parties
Adventure Parties
Do you fancy a childrens' birthday party with a difference?
Adventure Birthday Parties are suitable for anyone aged 6 and above.
Adventure Parties are 2 hours long and run between 11am-1pm & 2pm-4pm every Sunday (although it is sometimes possible to book at other times too).£150 for up to 12 guests & goody bag. Optional Extras: Hire a room for your party and provide your own food (plus £20) HIre a room and we provide the food (plus £50) Please note:
- If you bring your own food you will need to bring it in a cool box or something similar as we do not have refrigeration in the rooms.
- Food will be set out once the activities have finished, if you are bringing your own a you will be responsible for setting the food out.
- If you want us to provide the food this will consist of: Ham & Cheese Sandwiches, Crisps, Fruit, Juice, Tea, Coffee and a Birthday cake.
You choose the activities you want from:
Harnessed Activities:
1. High Ropes, choose one element from;
- Gladiator Challenge
- Leap of Faith
- High All Aboard
- Jacobs Ladder
- Zip Wire
2. Climbing – on the indoor climbing wall
3. Abseiling – on our purpose built abseil platform
Non-harnessed Activities:
- Low Ropes
- Archery
- Labyrinth
- Bouldering
- Sumo
- Problem Solving Games
In a 2 hour party there is enough time to do either of the following options:
Option 1
1 harnessed activity & 1 non-harnessed activity, for example: High Ropes element Gladiator & Labyrinth
Option 2
3 non-harnessed activities, for example: Low Ropes, Archery & Spiders Web
To enquire or make a booking please contact our office on 01535 630044
or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Once you have made your booking.
You will receive an email confirming your Adventure Party Booking and you will be directed back to this webpage to download your 'party invitations'.
Click here to download Adventure Party Invitations
Click here for a map to the centre.
[we are next door to Cowling Football & Cricket Club]


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Catholic Schools in Northern Colorado
NATIONAL CATHOLIC SCHOOLS WEEK IS January 27-February 2nd 2019
Loveland, CO
We pride ourselves in being able to maintain a reasonable class size of around 25 students in all our Elementary and Middle School grades. On standardized tests our students score one to two years above grade level. Most of our graduates remain on the honor rolls of their respective high schools. Many of our alumni succeed in honors classes as well as Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate studies
Jan. 31st @ 9am-3pm
Greeley, CO
St. Mary Catholic School is a Catholic learning community located in Greeley, Colorado. Our purpose is to educate the whole child, academically, physically, emotionally and most especially, spiritually. We enroll students in Preschool through eighth grade.
Jan 27th @ 9am-2pm
Fort Collins, CO
We affirm the purpose of Saint Joseph Catholic School is the Christian, intellectual, social and physical growth of each child. Our aim is the development of the total person with Catholic, Christian attitudes and values, and skills fitting him/her for life in our society and in God's Kingdom.
Jan 30th @ 10am-2pm
Eaton, CO
Our faith philosophy at In His Sacred Heart School is to reinforce and confirm the daily goal of each Catholic parent, to introduce our children to a relationship with our Lord Jesus by modeling this relationship, assisting in helping a child form this relationship, and helping our children grow in the virtues necessary to live in peace and freedom with God
Jan 28th @ 630pm


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The following document must be completed and signed in order to establish Yellowstone Trust Administration as your trust administrator. Click on "Print This Page" to open the document in PDF format and print or click "Download Contract" to download the document in Word format.
THIS AGREEMENT is entered into between
_______________________________________________ ("Trustee(s)") and Yellowstone Trust Administration, Inc. ("Administrator").
The Trustee(s) of The ____________________________________________________________________________________________ TRUST (the "Trust") dated ______________, 20_____, engages the Administrator as its agent to provide administrative services as described herein.
(A) Rights Retained
1. The Trustee retains the right to terminate the administration of the Trust and this Agreement in the event the income beneficiary relinquishes his or her income interest in such Trust.
2. The Trustee retains the right to authorize and amend trust provisions as necessary to qualify the Trust in compliance with the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and Regulations thereunder.
3. The Trustee retains the powers to settle, abandon, pursue, compromise, or contest any claims, demands, or lawsuits brought by or against the Trust.
4. The Trustee retains the right to enter into any other contract for services with the Administrator and to determine and authorize fair and adequate compensation of the Administrator for such other services provided.
(B) Duties Retained
1. The Trustee has the duty to determine the investment objective(s) of the Trust.
2. The Trustee has the duty to select the Trust custodian.
3. The Trustee has the duty to select and review the investment manager of the Trust.
4. The Trustee has the duty to work with the Administrator in preparation for any audit.
5. The Trustee has a duty to provide timely financial reports to aid the Administrator in performing administrative functions properly.
6. The Trustee has a duty to hire qualified agents as well as a responsibility to review and terminate agents when warranted.
7. The Trustee has a duty to provide accurate information to the Administrator for purposes of trust valuation on an annual and/or periodic basis as required to determine the Unitrust amount payable each year.
8. The Trustee has a duty to cooperate with the Administrator, in the event it is determined an overpayment or underpayment of the Unitrust or Annuity Trust amount was made, and to correct the same in a timely manner.
9. The Trustee has a duty to select appropriately qualified appraisers for assets held by the Trust that are deemed hard to value … for example, real estate or closely-held stock.
(A) Items for which the Administrator is responsible
1. The Administrator shall maintain accurate records, recording the receipt of all Trust income and shall account thereof to the Trustee on an annual basis.
2. The Administrator shall use the cash and asset statements provided by the custodian of the Trust to prepare accounting records.
3. The Administrator shall be responsible for the allocation of Trust receipts and expenses to principal and income for the Trust and shall provide timely accountings therefore.
4. The Trustee delegates to the Administrator the duty to maintain accurate records and calculations of the four-tier trust accounting system in accordance with Internal Revenue Code Regulation Section 1.664-1(d). The Administrator shall also be responsible for maintaining the deficiency account, as necessary to administer a net income unitrust in accordance with Regulation Section 1.664-3(b)(2).
5. All allocations shall be made in accordance with the Governing Instrument and Applicable Law.
6. The Administrator shall furnish copies of all relevant information and records to the donor and/or beneficiary(ies), the Trustee, and the Remaindermen (if vested in interest and if other than the Trustee) upon request.
7. The Administrator shall report the need for and recommend to the Trustee the employment of competent agents or counsel where advisable or necessary to assist and advise the Administrator in the performance of services under this Agreement to accomplish proper administration of the Trust.
8. Except for hard-to-value assets such as real estate or closely-held stock, the Administrator shall assist with forms and review of Regulations regarding valuations necessary and incident to the administration of the Trust, according to the terms of the Trust, according to the Trustee's duty to determine such market value on the basis of any quotation, evidence, data, or information as it may deem pertinent and reliable. If an appraisal is required, the Trustee shall choose and engage a qualified appraiser.
9. The Administrator shall prepare the appropriate federal tax forms (other than the SS-4 Tax I.D. application) such as: K-1, 5227, 1041a, state forms required, and other forms as required for the tax return for the Trust. Such forms will be forwarded to the Trustee for filing. The Administrator is also authorized to cooperate with and furnish any information necessary to the Internal Revenue Service with respect to an audit of the Trust. In such event, the Trust may be charged additional and separate administrative fees at the then-prevailing hourly rate.
10. Upon termination of the Agreement, the Administrator shall convey to the Trustee an accounting of all Trust transactions covering the period since the immediate prior accounting.
11. In the event that a lien is imposed against Trust property, the Administrator shall be entitled to receive payment for services rendered under this Agreement as prior lien against the Trust.
B) Items for which Administrator is NOT responsible
1. The Administrator is not responsible for review of the Trust for qualification under specific Internal Revenue Code sections, including but not limited to, Sections 2056(b)(7), 664, 2601, 2055, and 170.
2. The Administrator is not responsible for problems arising from the transfer of assets, from the nature of the assets themselves, or for the occurrence of unrelated business taxable income, self-dealing, and other acts or transactions between the donor and Trust causing any excise or penalty taxes.
3. The Administrator is not responsible for the choice of or performance by the investment manager or for setting investment strategy or for the selection of specific investments.
4. The Administrator is not responsible for the choice of or performance by the trust custodian.
5. The Administrator is not responsible for the correct filing by the beneficiary(ies) of form K-1 or similar statements once transmitted to the beneficiary(ies).
6. The Administrator is not responsible for the correctness or accuracy of tax computations it may provide as a courtesy to the Trustee, including but not limited to such things as calculating deductions or computerized financial projections.
7. The Administrator does not provide any tax or legal advice.
Compensation of the Administrator for the services specified herein shall be determined as follows:
Set-up Fee $200
$0 to $100,000 of Trust Corpus $800 per year
$100,000 and over of Trust Corpus $800 per year plus
$1.50 per thousand in excess of the first $100,000
(A) The minimum annual fee shall be $800. The annual fee shall be payable at the beginning of each trust tax year. However, the one-time set-up fee plus first annual fee shall be payable upon the execution of this Agreement.
(B) In addition to the administrative fee, separate other fees may be charged for expenses with respect to audit attendance and other work with the Internal Revenue Service, state taxing authorities, or other services the Trustee has engaged of the Administrator.
The Trustee and the Administrator may amend this Agreement by written document signed by both parties. The document shall designate the amendment effective date and shall include the terms of the amendment.
The Trustee or the Administrator may terminate this Agreement without cause by giving written notice at least sixty (60) days in advance of such termination. Upon such termination, the rights and obligations of each party shall automatically cease and terminate, provided that such action shall not relieve either party of obligations imposed upon it for services rendered or to be rendered prior to such termination. The administrator shall charge the trustee a termination fee of $300 in addition to any usual fees earned through the termination date.
Any claim or dispute arising from or related to this agreement shall be settled by mediation and, if necessary, legally binding arbitration in accordance with the Rules of Procedure from the American Arbitration Association. Judgment upon an arbitration award may be entered in any court otherwise having jurisdiction.
THIS AGREEMENT is effective on this _______ day of ______________________, 20______.
Yellowstone Trust Administration, Inc. (Administrator)


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The information on this website is for general information purposes only. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship.


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Chocolate Fudgetastic Swirl
Skinny Cow Chocolate Fudgetastic Swirl Greek Frozen Yogurt bars are made with indulgent chocolate Greek yogurt and full of rich swirls of fudgey goodness. With enough cocoa to make you blush and all the fudge swirls we could fit! Each box comes with 4 delicious 2.65 fl oz. yogurt bars. Each of our Greek frozen yogurt bars have 5 grams of protein and 110 calories! Go ahead and enjoy the heck out of this bar: this delicious treat is individually wrapped for freshness and perfectly portioned so you can savor every last morsel. Dive into irresistibly creamy frozen treats with indulgent flavors. Life is meant to be lived, fun is meant to be had, and dessert is meant to be eaten. At the Skinny Cow brand, we provide dessert in all of its flavorful glory. We make real, indulgent, full-flavored frozen desserts in perfectly reasonable portions. Because we think you should have your cake, candy, and ice cream too.


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2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010. The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010, when snow on the glacier did not melt. From 14–20 April, ash from the volcanic eruption covered large areas of Northern Europe. About 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic and it affected approximately 10 million travellers.[1]
|2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
Volcano plume on 18 April 2010
|20 March – 23 June 2010
|Strombolian and Vulcanian eruption phases
63°37′59″N 19°36′00″W / 63.633°N 19.6°WCoordinates: 63°37′59″N 19°36′00″W / 63.633°N 19.6°W
|large-scale disruption to air travel, smaller effects on farming in Iceland
Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 14–25 April 2010
Seismic activity started at the end of 2009 and gradually increased in intensity until on 20 March 2010, a small eruption started rated as a 1 on the volcanic explosivity index.[2]
Beginning on 14 April 2010, the eruption entered a second phase and created an ash cloud that led to the closure of most of the European IFR airspace from 15 until 20 April 2010. Consequently, a very high proportion of flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled, creating the highest level of air travel disruption since the Second World War. The second phase resulted in an estimated 250 million cubic metres (330,000,000 cu yd) (0.25 km3) of ejected tephra and an ash plume that rose to a height around 9 km (5.6 mi), which rates the explosive power of the eruption as a 4 on the volcanic explosivity index.[3] By 21 May 2010, the second eruption phase had subsided to the point that no further lava or ash was being produced.
By the evening of 6 June 2010, a small, new crater had opened up on the west side of the main crater. Explosive activity from this new crater was observed with emission of small quantities of ash.[4] Seismic data showed that the frequency and intensity of earth tremors still exceeded the levels observed before the eruption, therefore scientists at the Icelandic Meteorological Office[5] (IMO) and the Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland[6] (IES) continued to monitor the volcano.
In October 2010, Ármann Höskuldsson, a scientist at the University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences, stated that the eruption was officially over, although the area was still geothermally active and might erupt again.[7]
- 1 Background
- 2 Public observations
- 3 Scientific observations
- 4 Phase 1: Effusive eruption
- 5 Phase 2: Explosive eruption
- 6 Phase 3: Return to dormancy
- 7 Volume of erupted material and magma discharge
- 8 Health effects
- 9 Effects of the ash plume on air travel
- 10 Short- and long-term weather and environmental effects
- 11 Comparison to other recent eruptions
- 12 See also
- 13 References
- 14 External links
Eyjafjallajökull (pronounced [ˈɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœːkʏtl] ( listen)) is one of Iceland's smaller ice caps located in the far south of the island. Situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of the larger ice cap Mýrdalsjökull, Eyjafjallajökull covers the caldera of a volcano 1,666 m (5,466 ft) high, which has erupted relatively frequently since the last ice age. The most recent major eruptions occurred in 920, 1612, and from 1821 to 1823.[8] Previous eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruptions at its larger neighbour, Katla.[9] On 20 April 2010 Icelandic President Ólafur Grímsson said, "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close ... we [Iceland] have prepared ... it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption".[10]
The volcanic events starting in March 2010 were considered to be a single eruption divided into phases. The first eruption phase ejected olivine basaltic andesite lava[11] several hundred metres into the air in what is known as an effusive eruption. Ash ejection from this phase of the eruption was small, rising to no more than 4 km (2.5 mi) into the atmosphere.
On 14 April 2010, however, the eruption entered an explosive phase and ejected fine glass-rich ash to over 8 km (5.0 mi) into the atmosphere. The second phase was estimated to be a VEI 4 eruption, which was large, but not nearly the most powerful eruption possible by volcanic standards. By way of comparison, the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 was rated as 5 on the VEI, and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was rated as a 6. This second phase erupted trachyandesite.[12]
This volcanic activity so disruptive to air travel because of a combination of factors:[citation needed]
- The volcano was directly under the jet stream.
- The direction of the jet stream was unusually stable at the time of the eruption's second phase, continuously southeast.
- The second eruptive phase happened under 200 m (660 ft) of glacial ice. The resulting meltwater flowed back into the erupting volcano, which created two specific phenomena:
- The rapidly vaporising water significantly increased the eruption's explosive power.
- The erupting lava cooled very fast, which created a cloud of highly abrasive, glass-rich ash.
- The volcano's explosive power was enough to inject ash directly into the jet stream.
Public observationsEdit
"Volcano tourism" quickly sprang up in the wake of the eruption, with local tour companies offering day trips to see the volcano.[13] The Civil Protection Department[14] of the Icelandic Police produced regular reports about access to the area, including a map of the restricted area around Eyjafjallajokull, from which the public was forbidden. Teams from the Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue were stationed at the eruption site as part of standard safety measures and to assist in enforcing access restrictions.
Vodafone and the Icelandic telecommunications company Míla installed webcams, giving views of the eruption from Valahnúkur, Hvolsvöllur, and Þórólfsfell. The view of the eruption from Þórólfsfel also includes a thermal imaging camera.
Scientific observationsEdit
This eruption was assigned the volcano number 1702-02[15] by the Global Volcanism Program.
The London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC),[16] part of the UK Met Office, was responsible for forecasting the presence of volcanic ash in the north-east Atlantic. All ash dispersion models for this geographic region were produced by the VAAC in London.
A study by the Icelandic Meteorological Office published on December 2009 indicated an increase in seismic activity around the Eyjafjallajökull area during the years 2006–2009. The study reported increased activity that occurred between June and August 2009 (200 events), compared to a total of about 250 earthquakes recorded between September 2006 and August 2009. It further indicated that the locations of most of the earthquakes in 2009 occurred between 8 to 12 km (5.0 to 7.5 mi) depth east of the volcano's top crater.[17] At the end of December 2009, seismic activity began around the Eyjafjallajökull volcano area, with thousands of small earthquakes (mostly of magnitude 1–2 Mw), 7 to 10 km (4.3 to 6.2 mi) beneath the volcano.[18]
The radar stations of the Meteorological Institute of Iceland did not detect any appreciable amount of volcanic ashfall during the first 24 hours of the eruption.[19] However, during the night of 22 March, they reported some volcanic ash fall reaching the Fljótshlíð area (20 to 25 km (12 to 16 mi) north-west of the eruption's location)[20] and Hvolsvöllur town (40 kilometres (25 mi) north-west of the eruption location)[20] leaving vehicles with a fine, grey layer of volcanic ash. At around 07:00 on 22 March, an explosion launched eruption columns as far as 4 km (2.5 mi) straight up into the air. This was the highest plume since the eruption started.[21] On 23 March, a small vapour explosion took place, when hot magma came into contact with nearby snowdrifts, emitting a huge vapour plume which reached an altitude of 7 km (4.3 mi), and was detected on radar from the Meteorological Institute of Iceland. Since then, many vapour explosions have taken place.[22]
By 26 February 2010, the global positioning system (GPS) equipment used by the Iceland Meteorological Office[23] at Þorvaldseyri farm in the Eyjafjöll area (around 15 km (9.3 mi) south-east of the location of the recent eruption)[20] had shown 3 cm of displacement of the local crust in a southward direction, of which a 1-cm displacement had taken place within four days. (See the GPS Time Series[24] page of the Nordic Volcanological Center's[25] website for detailed information on the degree of movement detected in the Earth's crust in the Eyjafjallajökull locality.)
This unusual seismic activity, along with the rapid movement of the Earth's crust in the area, gave geophysicists evidence that magma was flowing from underneath the crust into Eyjafjallajökull's magma chamber and that pressure stemming from the process caused (in geophysical terms) the huge crustal displacement at Þorvaldseyri farm.[26] The seismic activity continued to increase, and from 3 to 5 March, close to 3,000 earthquakes were measured having their epicentre at the volcano. Most of these were too small (magnitude 2) to be interpreted as precursors to an eruption, but some could be detected in nearby towns.[27]
The grounding of European flights avoided about 3.44×108 kg of CO2 emissions per day, while the volcano emitted about 1.5×108 kg of CO2 per day.[28]
Phase 1: Effusive eruptionEdit
The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain.
About 500 farmers and their families from the areas of Fljótshlíð, Eyjafjöll, and Landeyjar were evacuated overnight (including a group of 30 schoolchildren and their three teachers[29][30] from Caistor Grammar School in England), and flights to and from Reykjavík and Keflavík International Airport were postponed, but on the evening of 21 March, domestic and international air traffic was allowed again.[31][32][33] Inhabitants of the risk zone of Fljótshlíð, Eyjafjöll, and Landeyjar area were allowed to return to their farms and homes after an evening meeting with the Civil Protection Department on 22 March and the evacuation plan was temporarily dismissed. Instead, the police closed the road to Þórsmörk and the four-wheel-drive trail from Skógar village to the Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass, but these roads and trails were reopened on 29 March, though only for suitable four-wheel drives. When the second fissure appeared, the road was closed again because of the danger of flash floods, which could have developed if the fissure had opened near big ice caps or other snow reservoirs, but the road was again opened at around noon on 1 April.[34][35][36]
Effects on the riverEdit
On 22 March, a flow meter device in the Krossá glacial river (which drains Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull glaciers) in the Þórsmörk area (a few kilometres north-west of the erupting location) started to record a sudden rise in water level and in water temperature – the total water temperature rose by 6 °C (11 °F) over a two-hour period, which had never happened so quickly in the Krossá river since measurements began. Shortly afterward, the water level returned to normal and water temperature decreased.[37] This rise in water temperature was thought to be related to the eruption nearby and was affecting part of the Krossá drainage basin. The temperature of Hruná river, which flows through the narrow Hrunárgil canyon, into which part of the lava stream was flowing, was recently recorded by geologists to be between 50 and 60 °C (122 and 140 °F), indicating that the river was cooling the lava in that canyon.[38]
The first phase of the 2010 eruption began late on the evening of 20 March at the Eyjafjallajökull.
The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was seen at the north slopes of Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass,[39][40] lighting up the sky above the eruptive site. The eruption was preceded by intense seismicity and high rates of deformation in the weeks before the eruption, in association with magma recharging of the volcano. Immediately before the eruption, the depth of the seismicity had become shallow, but was not significantly enhanced from what it had been in the previous weeks. Deformation was occurring at rates up to a centimetre a day since 4 March at various GPS sites installed within 12 km (7.5 mi) from the eruptive site.[citation needed]
A fissure opened up about 150 metres (490 ft) in length running in a north-east to south-west direction, with 10 to 12 erupting lava craters ejecting lava at a temperature around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) up to 150 m (490 ft) into the air. The lava was alkali olivine basalt[41] and was relatively viscous, causing the motion of the lava stream to the west and east of the fissure to be slow. The molten lava flowed more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft) to the north-east of the fissure and into Hrunagil canyon, forming a lava fall more than 200 m (660 ft) long and slowly approaching Þórsmörk, but had not yet[update] reached the flood plains of Krossá.[42][43][44]
On 25 March 2010, while studying the eruption, scientists witnessed, for the first time in history, the formation of a pseudocrater during a steam explosion.[45] Crustal expansion continued at Þorvaldseyri for two days after the eruption began, but was slowly decreasing whilst the volcanic activity was increasing. This indicates that the rate at which magma was flowing into the magma chamber roughly equaled the rate at which it was being lost due to the eruption, giving evidence that this phase of volcanic activity reached equilibrium.[46]
A new fissure opened on 31 March, around 200 m (660 ft) north-west of the original fissure.[47] Many witnesses were present while the new fissure opened. It was a bit smaller, around 300 m (980 ft) long according to witnesses, and lava coming from it started to flow into Hvannárgil canyon. These two erupting fissures shared the same magma chamber, according to geophysicists. No unusual seismic activity was detected at the time the new fissure appeared, nor any crustal expansion according to many seismometers and GPS recorders situated in nearby areas.[48][49]
Geophysicist Magnús Tumi Einarsson said (at a press meeting in Hvolsvöllur on 21 March) that this eruption was small compared to, for example, the eruption of Hekla in 2000. The eruption, rather than taking place under the ice cap of the glacier, occurred in the mountain pass between the Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull glaciers. As long as the fissure was not near the glacier, the risk of flooding was minimal; however, the fissure could extend into the ice cap, thereby greatly increasing the risk of flooding.[50]
Phase 2: Explosive eruptionEdit
After a short hiatus in eruptive activity, and a large increase in seismic activity 23:00 on 13 April and 1:00 on 14 April, a new set of craters opened early in the morning of 14 April 2010 under the volcano's ice-covered central summit caldera. The earthquake swarm was followed by the onset of a seismic eruption tremor. Meltwater started to emanate from the ice cap around 07:00 on 14 April and an eruption plume was observed in the early morning. Visual observations were greatly restricted due to cloud cover over the volcano, but an aeroplane of the Icelandic Coast Guard imaged eruptive craters with radar instruments. A series of vents along a 2-km-long north-south-oriented fissure was active, with meltwater flowing mostly down the northern slopes of the volcano, but also to the south. An ash-loaded eruption plume rose to more than 8 km (5.0 mi), deflected to the east by westerly winds.[citation needed]
Ash analysisEdit
Samples of volcanic ash collected near the eruption showed a silica concentration of 58%—much higher than in the lava flows.[51] The concentration of water-soluble fluoride was one-third of the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. Agriculture is important in this region of Iceland,[52] and farmers near the volcano have been warned not to let their livestock drink from contaminated streams and water sources,[53] as high concentrations of fluoride can have deadly renal and hepatic effects, particularly in sheep.[54]
Impact on farmingEdit
The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority released an announcement on 18 April 2010, asking that all horse owners who keep their herds outside be on the alert for ash fall. Where ash fall was significant, all horses had to be sheltered indoors.[55] The thick layer of ash that had fallen on some Icelandic pastures and farms at Raufarfell had become wet and compact, making it very difficult to continue farming, harvesting, or grazing livestock.[56]
Timeline of the second eruption phaseEdit
Unlike the earlier eruption phase, the second phase occurred beneath glacial ice. Cold water from melted ice quickly chilled the lava, causing it to fragment into highly abrasive glass particles that were then carried into the eruption plume. This, together with the magnitude of the eruption (estimated to be VEI 4)[3] and being 10 to 20 times larger than the eruption of Fimmvörðuháls on 20 March, injected a glass-rich ash plume into the jet stream.
In addition to volcanic ash being very hazardous to aircraft,[57] the location of this eruption directly under the jet stream ensured that the ash was carried into the heavily used airspace over northern and central Europe.
Phase 3: Return to dormancyEdit
By the morning of 24 May 2010, the view from the web camera installed on Þórólfsfell[58] showed only a plume of water vapour surrounded by a bluish haze caused by emission of sulphurous gases. Due to the large quantities of dry volcanic ash lying on the ground, surface winds frequently lifted up an "ash mist" that significantly reduced visibility and made web camera observation of the volcano impossible.[59]
On 21 June 2010, data from seismic recorders in the area indicated that the frequency and strength of earth tremors had diminished, but were continuing.[60]
In October 2010, Ármann Höskuldsson, a scientist at the University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences, stated that the eruption was officially over, although the area was still geothermally active and might erupt again.[7]
During the eruption, the BBC television news announcers did not try to pronounce the name "Eyjafjallajökull", but called it "the Iceland volcano".
Volume of erupted material and magma dischargeEdit
The Institute of Earth Sciences[61] made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull. The erupted products were fragmented material, the majority fine-grained airborne tephra. Eruptive products can be split into three categories along with preliminary estimated erupted volumes:
- Material (tephra) in the ice cauldrons around the volcanic vents: 30 million cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd)
- Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón, carried by floods down the outlet glacier Gígjökull: 10 million cubic metres (13,000,000 cu yd)
- Airborne tephra that was carried to the east and south of the volcano, uncompacted tephra fallout from eruption plume: 100 million cubic metres (130,000,000 cu yd)
Total: 140 million cubic metres (180,000,000 cu yd) which corresponds to some 70–80 million cubic metres (92,000,000–105,000,000 cu yd) of magma. The magma discharge rate was about 300 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) or 750 t/s. This was 10–20 times the average discharge rate in the preceding flank eruption at Fimmvörðuháls. (First eruption on 20 March 2010).[62]
The IES updated the eruption flow rate on 21 April 2010 to an estimation less than 30 cubic metres per second (1,100 cu ft/s) of magma, or 75 tonnes/s, with a large uncertainty. IES also noted that the eruption continue with less explosive activity.[63]
Health effectsEdit
No human fatalities were reported from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. The people who lived near the volcano had high levels of irritation symptoms, though their lung function was not lower than expected.[64] Six months later, the population living in the area had more respiratory symptoms than a control group from North Iceland, with no ashfall.[65] In Scotland, the number of phone calls to health services for respiratory and eye irritation did not rise significantly.[66]
Effects of the ash plume on air travelEdit
Volcanic ash is a major hazard to aircraft.[67] Smoke and ash from eruptions reduce visibility for visual navigation, and microscopic debris in the ash can sandblast windscreens and melt in the heat of aircraft turbine engines, damaging engines and making them shut down.[57][67] Many flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled following 14 April 2010 eruption, and although no commercial aircraft were damaged, the engines of some military aircraft were harmed.[68][69] The presence and location of the plume depends upon the state of the eruption and the winds. While some ash fell on uninhabited areas in Iceland, most had been carried by westerly winds resulting in the shutdown of a large air space over Europe. The shutdown had a knock on impact on the economy and cultural events across Europe. The Icelandic flag carrier airline, Icelandair, seemed at first especially vulnerable, but managed to deal effectively with the eruption and subsequently published a detailed report about its actions and conclusions.[70]
Short- and long-term weather and environmental effectsEdit
This section needs attention from an expert in Meteorology. The specific problem is: Expert needed to carefully review the wording and claims made here to ensure they both meet Wikipedia's principles of Verifiability and No Original Research, and to ensure they are as clear as possible. The paragraph starting with "While it is suspected" may not fully match what the given cites actually states. Also, several citations need improving with addition of quotes and page numbers to aid WP:Verifiability.. (April 2010)
At the mouth of the crater, the gases, ejecta, and volcanic plume have created a rare weather phenomenon known as volcanic lightning (or a "dirty thunderstorm").[71] When rocks and other ejecta collide with one another, they create static electricity. This, with the abundant water-ice at the summit, aids in making lightning.[72]
High-fluoride Hekla eruptions pose a threat to foraging livestock, especially sheep. Fluoride poisoning can start in sheep at a diet with fluorine content of 25 ppm. At 250 ppm, death can occur within a few days.[54] In 1783, 79% of the Icelandic sheep stock were killed, probably as a result of fluorosis caused by the eruption of Laki.[73] The effect also spread beyond Iceland.[74] Ash from the current Eyjafjallajökull eruption contains one-third the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. Large-scale release of sulphur dioxide into the troposphere also poses a potential health risk, especially to people with pre-existing breathing disorders.
While it is suspected that major volcanic eruptions that coincide with cyclic solar minimum activity[75][76] could produce temporary global cooling or reduction in global temperature,[77][78] it is noted[79] that coincidentally the earth-facing side of the Sun was mostly blank with no sun spots since the start of the second eruption phase on 14 until 29 April 2010.[80] Although the current unusually long solar minimum came to a close earlier this year, the current cycle may witness unusual weak solar maximum. Other research links volcanic eruptions including recent Icelandic activity to the solar cycle. Most consider the climate anomaly of the Year Without A Summer 1816 to have been caused by a combination of a historic low in solar activity with a volcanic winter event; the latter caused by a succession of major volcanic eruptions capped off by the Mount Tambora eruption of 1815, the largest known eruption in over 1,600 years.[81][82][83][84][85][86] One proposed volcanic winter happened c. 70,000 years ago following the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra island in Indonesia.[87]
As of 15 April, the eruption was not large enough to have an effect on global temperatures like that of Mount Pinatubo and other major past volcanic eruptions.[88][89] One previous related sequence of eruptions of this volcano, beginning in 1821 is recorded as having lasted for over two years, but no single set of major eruptions is known to have lasted more than 'several days'. Should the eruption continue for a sufficient length of time at its current intensity, the potential remains for a temporary global cooling effect. By analogy, the Laki eruption has been linked with extreme weather events from severe hailstorms in Great Britain to the Mississippi River freezing at New Orleans.[90][91]Sulfate aerosols that reach the stratosphere catalyse the production of chlorine monoxide (ClO), which destroys ozone (O3). In the upper troposphere, the same aerosols become nuclei for cirrus clouds, which increase the Earth's albedo, thus altering its radiation balance.[92] Several eruptions during the past century have caused a decline in the average temperature at the Earth's surface of up to half a degree Celsius for periods of one to three years.[92][93]
Comparison to other recent eruptionsEdit
The recent eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and the largest ash plume associated with the second eruption phase were not unparalleled in either volume or abundance; however, the location was the critical factor because it affected air travel across Europe. Neither phase of the eruption was unusually powerful.[94][95] Other notable volcanic eruptions in recent years include the eruption of Mount Pinatubo of 1991 of VEI 6.[3] This eruption lasted eight days, from 7 – 15 June of that year, with an ash cloud that would have required additional days to dissipate,[96] and resulted in worldwide abnormal weather and decrease in global temperature over the next few years. However, the second phase of Eyjafjallajökull's eruption lasted longer than that of Mount Pinatubo.
See alsoEdit
- 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi
- 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga
- Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
- British Airways Flight 9
- Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
- KLM Flight 867
- Laki
- List of volcanoes in Iceland
- North Atlantic oscillation
- Timeline of volcanism on Earth
- Tuya
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- ^ a b c Erica R. Hendry "What We Know From the Icelandic Volcano", Smithsonian, 22 April 2010. Retrieved April 2010.
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- ^ "Ash from Iceland Volcano Endangers Horses". Iceland Review. 20 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
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External linksEdit
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 eruption series in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system.
- Frequently Asked Questions on the Eruption in Iceland – from the Icelandic Met Office
- BBC webpage with film of the volcano, taken from 500m from the crater's edge, by Chris Weber on 13 May 2010
- Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety – SKYbrary guidance to pilots and controllers concerning the effects of volcanic ash.
- Collection of Scientific Earth Observations and Models
- NASA Observes the Icelandic Volcano
- NASA Earth Observatory satellite imagery
- Satellite evidence of hot lava flows from an Icelandic volcano (CIMSS Satellite Blog) (March 2010)
- Description of beginning of current eruption, (March 2010), Icelandic Met Office
- Volcanoes in European history – Podcast placing the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in a historical perspective.
- Photos from Icelanders and by visitors (Flickr Group)
- A short time-lapse from 17 April 2010. About 30 minutes played in 18 seconds.
- Photos of the 2010 eruptions by Fred Kamphues
- Icelandic Coast Guard, radar images of the volcano


text:
Girls & STEM - 32 views
shared by Nigel Coutts on 27 Sep 15 - No Cached
Nigel Coutts on 27 Sep 15Watching video from the Apollo space programme one can't help but notice how things have changed since those days in the early 1970s. Banks of small round rectangular screens, dot matrix printers, a myriad of switches and dials each with a specific task to perform and a design aesthetic that says functionality in mild mannered green. What is missing beside the sort of computing power we carry in our pockets today are women. In the 70s science and engineering was what men did and from a quick look at the statistics there continues to be much room for change.


text:
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text:
This project will support a civic engagement cohort that will be offered in southwest Minnesota to foster partnering and build capacity of local government, organizations, and residents for effective civic engagement in water protection and restoration. This project will also build networks and the skill set of local resource professionals to do effective civic engagement work for water restoration and protection. The cohort will be administered through the Minnesota River Board (MRB), established in 1995 with a goal of focusing water management efforts on the local level.
This project will complete spatial and temporal revisions , recalibration and validation of 7 watershed HSPF models. These fully functioning calibrated validated executable models will simulate hydrology, sediment (sand, silt, and clay), temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and algae at the 12-digit HUC subbasin scale (or finer).
This project will complete spatial and temporal revisions of 6 Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) models, the recalibration and validation of 7 watershed HSPF models, and the revision of the drainage network and point source representation of the Pomme de Terre HSPF model.
This project addresses twelve lakes that have aquatic recreation impairments as identified by eutrophication indicators and 53 impairments on 45 stream reaches in the Minnesota River Mankato and Watonwan River watersheds. The project will develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) addressing impaired lakes and streams in the Minnesota River–Mankato and Watonwan River watersheds. A TMDL establishes the maximum amount of a pollutant allowed in a waterbody and serves as the starting point or planning tool for restoring water quality.
Refinement of the Sediment Recution Strategy through incorporation of feedback gather during 30-day comment period.
This project supports monitoring and assessment activities by MPCA EAO staff and includes lab analysis, equipment, and fieldwork expenses associated with monitoring and assessment activities within the described priority watersheds.
Lake Monitoring: Lakes are monitored for nutrients, clarity and other information to provide the data needed to assess the aquatic recreation use support.
The Greater Blue Earth River Basin Alliance (GBERBA) along with Soil and Water Conservation Districts, Counties, landowners, and drainage authorities in the ten member counties will install conservation drainage practices to improve water quality. 103E drainage systems with documented sediment or water quality issues are the focus with the goal of installing 52 practices such as improved side inlets (grade stabilization structures), alternative tile inlets, denitrifying bioreactors, saturated buffers, storage wetlands and others.
The Statewide Sediment Network was established to measure the levels of suspended sediment concentrations and particle size distributions at eight sites across Minnesota to evaluate the amount of sediment carried by rivers. USGS sample collection and laboratory analysis techniques provide a more rigorous, robust, and technically accurate measure of sediment in water than the current use of total suspended solids as the measure of sediment in water.


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I just finished the book. My Super Librarian friend (that's my new name for her because she's like a superhero, or a ninja, only better because her job deals with books) told me that there was some hullabaloo over this third and last installment of the series. I wanted to read for myself before finding out what said hullabaloo was about. (Tangent: Hullabaloo is a fun word. We don't say it nearly enough. That, and shenanigans.)
Apparently, many people are not happy with certain things that happen in the book, or the handling of some technical and literal aspects. I'm not here to sound off. Instead, I want to share this funny compilation of gifs that a blogger posted on Bookish.com after reading the book. They're amusing and I associated with some of them. If you want to read, just click on the link above.
OH! And beware – there are SPOILERS aplenty at this site, so if you haven't read the book yet and plan to – wait to read this.