text:
Paediatric Dentistry, Fifth Edition
This new edition of Paediatric Dentistry is a trustworthy guide to the essentials of paediatric dentistry for both students and practitioners alike.
Written in a user-friendly style, this textbook contains over 18 fully up-to-date and comprehensive chapters. All content has been carefully structured to ensure the reader is provided with both key theoretical and practical information on paediatric dental care. Chapter content ranges from dental trauma and child safeguarding through to prevention and restorative treatments, in addition to further content on oral surgery and paediatric oral medicine. Each chapter is complemented by the use of key point boxes, full colour illustrations, and photographs to enhance the understanding clinical technique. With recommended further reading and extensive key references, this core text also encourages students to critically analyse and evaluate evidence.
Edited by a team of experts in the field, this is an excellent introduction to the field of paediatric dentistry for both undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as a key source of reference for practising clinicians.
About the Author
Richard Welbury, Professor of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston,Monty S. Duggal, Hon. Consultant in Paediatric Dentistry, Division of Child Dental Health, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK,Marie Therese Hosey, Head of Paediatric Dentistry, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, UK
Professor Richard Welbury graduated BDS (Hons) (1978), MB BS (1984), and PhD (1989) from University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Appointments: 1991-2001 Consultant/Senior Clinical Lecturer, Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne; 2001-2015 Professor of Paediatric Dentistry and Director of Dental PG Education Glasgow University; 2015 – Professor of Paediatric Dentistry and Research Lead, Dental School, University of Central Lancashire
Published over 200 scientific articles, 12 book chapters and is co-author of five textbooks.
President of the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry (2001-2002), President of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (2006-2008) and Dean of the Dental Faculty of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (2013-2016).
Monty S. Duggal is an Honorary Consultant in Paediatric Dentistry at the Division of Child Dental Health, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK
Marie Thérèse Hosey completed her speciality training in Birmingham and was a Reader in Paediatric Dentistry in the University of Glasgow before joining King's College London in 2008. She has contributed to six dental and medical textbooks and is an Editor of four. She has examined at all levels both at home and abroad.
She is one of the few UK dentists to have trained in anaesthesia. Her research interests are the pharmacological and behavioural management of anxious children, especially this who need general anaesthesia, and
children with clefts. She has had research funding, mainly for phase II and III randomised controlled clinical trials, from the NIHR and the Scottish Chief Scientist office. She has an international reputation as both a researcher and as a speaker.
Product details
- File Size: 8975 KB
- Print Length: 408 pages
- Publisher: OUP Oxford; 5 edition (March 29, 2018)
- Publication Date: March 29, 2018
- Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
- Language: English


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Just Jeremy and Christy this week! We learn all about Chrity's most recent employment woes, Jeremy makes a phone call to Christy's ex girlfriend, another podcast is concerned about Jeremy's butt, Jeremy almost puts his co-host to sleep and so, so, much more.
As always, rate and review us on iTunes/Stitcher, tell a friend, and find us online!
Direct Download: http://traffic.libsyn.com/nerdoutloudpod/NOL_ep_32.mp3


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CINCINNATI, OH - The Mount St. Joseph University Lions return to conference play by hosting the Beavers of Bluffton University. Both teams entered the game with a 2-2 record in conference play and were looking to get the leg up on one another before serious conference play begins.
The first quarter undeniably belonged to The Mount with the quarter finishing with a 13 point lead and the score of 21-8. During the second quarter the Beavers were able to raise their intensity and hold the Lions to only 7 points while scoring 8 themselves. The Lions were able to go into halftime with a comfortable lead of 12 but needed to find a way to keep their intensity up in the second half.
The first half of the third quarter was when the Beavers found themselves and found a way to bring the game back to all tied up at 31-31. The Lions were able to regain the lead for the a majority of the quarter but were not able to hold onto it when the third quarter buzzer sounded. The Lions and the Beavers went into the last quarter of the game neck and neck with The Mount only trailing Bluffton 41-40.
The fourth quarter was back and forth battle with the teams trading the lead with almost every possession. The game came down to the last minutes of the game with the Lions only leading by 4 points with two minutes left in regulation time. With one minute left to play The Mount led the Beavers by three and a swift steal by the Lions and a last second three secured the victory for The Mount!
The Lions leading the way were senior Lainee Studer (Pleasant Plain, OH / Little Miami) and sophomore Maddie Haberthy (Cincinnati, OH / Mercy) who both nailed down 12 points throughout the game. Studer managed 9 rebounds, 2 assists, 6 steals and 3 blocks! Alehia Tucker (Covington, KY / Holy Cross) and Mackenzie Marcum (Mason, OH / Kings) contributed 10 and 9 points respectively. The Mount now has a conference record of 3-2 and a full record of 8-4.
The Lions next game will be Saturday, January 5th at 7:00 PM at Franklin University in Franklin, IN. Continue to check MSJSports.com for more updates on the Lions 18-19 season!


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ICD Statement on the progress of the Thomas Kwoyelo Trial
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This statement made by the International War Crimes Division (ICD) Registry is to notify the public and concerned stakeholders of the activities of the ICD surrounding the trial of Uganda versus Thomas Kwoyelo.
1. The Supreme Court of Uganda ruled on the 08/05/2015 that the trial of Thomas Kwoyelo was constitutional and should continue. The Supreme Court concluded that the Amnesty Act does not grant blanket amnesty to all crimes committed during the rebellion, but only grants amnesty to crimes of a war-like nature (attached is the supreme court judgment).
2. The ICD expects the pre-trial of Uganda versus Thomas Kwoyelo to take place on the 15/08/2016 in Gulu and the trial to take place during October of 2016.
3. Since the decision to continue the trial, the ICD Registry has been conducting outreach programs throughout the Gulu region. The ICD Registry in partnership with the Ugandan Law society and Refugee Law Project is focusing their efforts on engaging with the victims and witnesses (V/W) in order to explain why the trial should take place and what the V/Ws should expect from the process.
4. The ICD rules of procedure and evidence provide for the Ugandan government to offer reparation or compensation to qualifying V/Ws should the trial produce a conviction.
5. The ICD has therefore appointed Counsel for Victims who have been calling for V/Ws to come forward and participate in the trial so as to be included on the victim index which index will be referred to during the reparation exercise.
6. The ICD is currently moving to implement a V/W desk at the court in Gulu in order to centralize information for those concerned and to provide a point of contact for V/Ws.
7. The ICD is investigating the possible use of local radio stations to broadcast important information surrounding the trial to the communities. It is the hope of the ICD that this measure will reduce confusion and demonstrate to the community that the trial is proceeding.
8. The ICD has heard from a number of V/Ws that they have evidence of UPDF soldiers committing atrocities during the conflict. As a result, the ICD has made it clear that if credible evidence was brought against UPDF soldiers or commanders the case would be referred to the UPDF who have proven that they will court martial those who have committed crimes.
9. The ICD is working alongside invested NGOs in the Gulu region to provide the best service to those who have been affected. The ICD invites interested NGOs to submit requests for further information.
10. The ICD invites invested NGOs to explore the possibility of establishing themselves or returning to the Gulu region.
11. The ICD wishes to work alongside NGOs in order to provide the highest level of care and support to those who have been affected by these alleged crimes and to assist with the reconciliation process that this trial is likely to bring about.
Registrar, International Crimes Division
July 26, 2016
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At 16:23 12/6/97 +1000, Rick Jelliffe wrote: >No. The intent is to attach a notation to the document entity, not to the doctype element. >For example, when I have a new empty document, to say "all document instances >must use XML and CALS table conventions." Under your scheme, how can I do that? > >Would you put in #FIXED notation attributes on the attlist declarations for all >element types? For the stylesheet you could used the new #ALL identifier, but for all your other notations you definitely would not want to. You can only attach link notation processors to valid link elements. You can only attach CALS tables notation processors to elements that conform to the CALS table model (presumably ones whose names are qualified using CALS::) The XML-lang notation applies to the SGML declaration as well! Is it enough to reference it as part of the DOCTYPE? > How do architectural forms >let me say "actual columns must agree with the column number attribute in the table >element" That must be a text based-semantic that is indirectly associated with the table element as that is the container for the columns. (This type of use of SEEALSO as referenced in TC2 is invalid and needs challenging! Its not SGML declaration dependent or generally applicable to all associated doctypes.) > or "you cannot use RCDATA declared content types in your element type >declarations" or "you cannot use TEMP marked sections" These constraints must be specified before the DOCTYPE is processed (if it is). The safest place to specify this is in the SGML Declaration, which in XML's case is fixed, and is automatically presumed, otherwise the xml-lang stuff has to go in every Doctype statement. > or "you can only be using the >XML SGML declaration"? This one is interesting. Can you by pointing to the XML spec from an SGML declaration force that declaration to conform to the rules about SGML declarations specified in that spec? I'm not sure whether this is valid. >The additional requirement must be NOTATION I see this is enshrined in the draft text for TC2, but want to know why - what's wrong with pointing to a meta-DTD? > How would you specify the things in Annex L or >the proposed WebSGML TC as architectural forms? OK, I admit NOTATION must be used here:-) (The non-Java coffee I made last night obviously wasn't strong enough to keep me awake!) ---- Martin Bryan, 29 Oldbury Orchard, Churchdown, Glos. GL3 2PU, UK Phone/Fax: +44 1452 714029 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For details about The SGML Centre contact http://www.sgml.u-net.com/ For details about the Open Information Interchange initiative contact http://www.echo.lu/oii/en/oiistand.htmlReceived on Thursday, 12 June 1997 06:57:19 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 21:25:27 UTC


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System and method for achieving zero-configuration wireless and wired computing and computing device incorporating same
A system and method for enabling a zero configuration nomadic wireless and wired computing environment presenting a just works experience is presented. The system examines predefined user preference or profile settings to determine to which of a competing number of wireless networks available it should connect, and what type of authentication should be used for such connection. Nomadic wireless computing between infrastructure wireless networks and ad hoc wireless networks may be accomplished without further user intervention required in an auto mode. Also, both infrastructure only and ad hoc only modes are available through the system of the invention. Further, the user may set a preference for infrastructure or ad hoc modes in the auto mode. With an infrastructure mode preference set, the system will automatically detect and transfer connectivity to a newly available infrastructure wireless network if the user was previously operating off-line or in ad hoc mode.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/805,500, filed Mar. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,129.TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to wireless computing configuration and connectivity, and more specifically to system configuration and connectivity provided for wireless computing for IEEE 802.11 networks.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Most businesses have recognized the substantial benefits gained by operating in a networked computing environment. By establishing local area networks (LAN), businesses allow their employees to share network resources, such as printers, file servers, modem banks, e-mail servers, etc., while maintaining the distributed computing power of having a plurality of individual work station computers. Indeed, the benefits of networked computing are now available for home computing environments as more and more households begin having more than one computer. Now, as with at the office, network resources (e.g., a printer) may be shared among the members of the household.
Unfortunately, despite all the benefits that the networks provide, their hardwired architecture presents several problems that tend to limit the users ability to compute in a flexible manner. For example, many networked computer users are now provided the flexibility to take their computers with them wherever they go by utilizing laptop and notebook sized computers. Unfortunately, however, the physical wired architecture often does not accommodate multiple users in a particular location (e.g., in a meeting room) due to the limit of network connection port outlets that are physically installed at that particular location. Therefore, while a user has the theoretical ability to connect to the network from any location wherein a network port outlet is provided, the physical realities of the wiring installation often limit this. Additionally, even if a sufficient number of outlet ports were provided, the requirement for each user to carry around network cabling of lengths sufficient to couple to a network outlet is undesirable from a user standpoint. Likewise, the cost and difficulty of installing network cabling within a household to provide connectivity for each room of the house often limits the actual cable installed to only those fixed locations where computers and network resources are currently located. Therefore, such hardwired systems essentially preclude the mobile computing that has been enabled by the portable computing devices currently on the market.
In recognition of the significant limitations that a wired LAN architecture places on the mobility and flexibility of modern computing, many industry leaders have developed and are now implementing wireless networks. These wireless networks allow for substantially increased flexibility by enabling truly nomadic computing from any location within the business enterprise covered by the wireless LAN. No longer do users need to carry network connection cables and restrict themselves to computing only in physical locations where network connection outlets are provided. This wireless networking technology also has significant advantages for the home computer user who may now have full home network accessibility from any location within the house that is convenient.
Recognizing the tremendous benefits provided by wireless networking, their deployment in airports, hotels, schools, etc., is becoming much more widespread. Further, with the increasing popularity of handheld computing devices, the deployment of such wireless networks in shopping malls, grocery stores, is envisioned. Further, wireless wide area network computing having coverage areas similar to that currently in widespread use for wireless telephone systems enable true nomadic computing regardless of a user's physical location. In this way, nomadic computer users are able to access their network resources and remain productive while waiting on a plane, commuting on a train, etc.
Recognizing that compatibility among the various network service providers who may deploy these wireless networks is of paramount importance to ensure the continued growth and acceptance of such technology, various industry standards have been developed. One such standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is designated by IEEE 802.11. Under this wireless standard, nomadic computer users may form their own network in an ad hoc mode, or may connect to an established network in an infrastructure mode. In the ad hoc mode, there is no structure to the network, and each member is typically able to communicate with every other member. These ad hoc networks may be formed whenever a group of users wish to communicate among themselves to share information such as during a meeting. An example of such an ad hoc formed network under IEEE 802.11 is illustrated in
The second type of network structure of IEEE 802.11 is known as an infrastructure network and is illustrated in simplified form in
Unfortunately, despite the significant advantages and flexibility that wireless networking brings to the computing environment, once a user has actually become coupled to the wireless network, the current user experience in configuring and connecting to such a wireless network is still quite complex and input intensive. Specifically, once a nomadic computer user enters a wireless network coverage area, the user is required to open a user interface (UI) and select the connection method under 802.11. At work, the nomadic computer user will typically select the infrastructure mode to connect to the corporate LAN. In addition to selecting the type of mode in which to operate, the user must also input the name of the network to which it is to connect. While such an entry is a simple matter when the corporate network name is known, when traveling and in an airport, hotel, etc., the user may not know the network name established therein. Further, it is foreseeable that public places such as airports may well have multiple network service providers available for connection, which further complicates the name selection to allow a user to connect to that particular wireless network. Further, there may be a myriad of other parameters which the user must manually configure to allow full connectivity to the wireless network based upon that user's application and data rate requirements.
Further detracting from the user experience is the requirement of current wireless networks and mobile computing devices that force a user to manually reconfigure the network settings when transferring between networks. For example, a user who accesses a wireless network at work and at home must upon each transition from work to home and back manually reconfigure his wireless network configuration settings before being able to transition from one wireless network to the other. Further, if the user has the wireless network set to infrastructure mode in his home and a problem occurs with one of the machines on the network that includes the functionality of an access point, the user will be forced to manually reconfigure all of the other machines in his house to enable networking in an ad hoc mode. This constant requirement that the user manually reconfigure the wireless network settings and configuration severely limits the promise of true nomadic computing enabled by the underlying wireless network technology.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The system and method of the present invention involve a zero configuration approach for network connectivity that practically eliminates the need for user interaction. This approach, unlike current systems that require multiple configuration and reconfiguration steps to be undertaken to associate with a network in either the wired or wireless infrastructure or ad hoc modes, provides the user with a "just works" experience. The approach of the present invention performs automatic network connectivity with the "appropriate" network based on various parameters, as may be set by the user and/or programmatically determined by an application. Usage and deduction of location information from the wireless network signals also allows the system of the present invention to properly select output devices based on current location (e.g. will automatically print to a physically proximate printer).
The system operates by periodically scanning across all wireless channels to determine currently available infrastructure networks and machines currently using the ad hoc mode. Based on the scan the system may attempt to associate with a particular infrastructure network based on either an a priori criteria or based on programmatically generated criteria. In the event it does not succeed, the system may attempt to associate with other detected infrastructure networks. Based on the configuration setup, the setup may then choose to join a pre-configured Ad Hoc mode cell if available or create one if one does not exist using a vacant channel if ad hoc networking is to be used. In order to ensure consistent behavior in the Ad Hoc mode when using DSSS, the STA forming an IBSS cell should default to a particular channel. For example, in the ISM 2.4 GHz band, the default may be set to channel 6 (2.437 GHz). Alternatively, the STA forming an IBSS cell may determine the channel that has the least potential for RF interference and default to that particular channel. This preferred channel selection, in one embodiment, is based on appropriate frequency reuse principles and the channels used and received signal strength from beaconing sources.
In one embodiment, Infrastructure mode is preferred over Ad Hoc, although the user may change this. With respect to authentication, the preference for zero configuration IEEE 802.11 usage mode without IEEE 802.1X is a) infrastructure mode, then b) Ad Hoc mode. The preference for zero configuration IEEE 802.11 usage mode using 802.1X authentication is a) Infrastructure mode with login as a valid user with credentials, b) Infrastructure mode with login as an unauthenticated user without credentials, and c) Ad Hoc mode. The service set identifier (SSID) for the Ad Hoc mode may be set to a default value, e.g. MSADHOC, to ensure seamless operation in Ad Hoc mode in the zero configuration approach. In the presence of other ad hoc nodes using a different SSID than the default value, the machine may use the other SSID to communicate with the other ad hoc machine(s).
While currently IEEE 802.11 network interface vendors provide utilities to set configuration parameters, one embodiment of the present invention is to cache key preferred IEEE 802.11 configuration parameters such as SSID for Infrastructure and Ad Hoc modes. The ability to set such generic configuration information enhances user experience by enabling a common approach to the instantiation of IEEE 802.11 configuration parameters across network interface vendors.
In addition to the wireless computing environments just discussed, application of the teachings of the invention in a wired computing environment is also contemplated. The notion of zero configuration may also be extended to higher networking layers. For example, in cases where multiple network interfaces are active within a device, the application of the zero configuration of the present invention to this layer involves the selection of an appropriate network interface based on selection criteria, such as interface speed, interface type, and other cost metrics. This selection process takes place at a generic layer of the zero configuration approach. However, within each interface type an interface specific zero configuration layer may be used to select a preferred interface, if more than one physical interface is available for that particular network connectivity topology.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be made apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.
While the appended claims set forth the features of the present invention with particularity, the invention, together with its objects and advantages, may be best understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
Turning to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, the invention is illustrated as being implemented in a suitable computing environment. Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, optical and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. This network interface or adapter 170 may be connected by hard wire, or may be in wireless communication with a wireless LAN 171 by radio frequency, infrared, etc. communications. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
In the description that follows, the invention will be described with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are performed by one or more computer, unless indicated otherwise. As such, it will be understood that such acts and operations, which are at times referred to as being computer-executed, include the manipulation by the processing unit of the computer of electrical signals representing data in a structured form. This manipulation transforms the data or maintains it at locations in the memory system of the computer, which reconfigures or otherwise alters the operation of the computer in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. The data structures where data is maintained are physical locations of the memory that have particular properties defined by the format of the data. However, while the invention is being described in the foregoing context, it is not meant to be limiting as those of skill in the art will appreciate that various of the acts and operation described hereinafter may also be implemented in hardware.
The system and method of the present invention allows the computer system just discussed to operate in a wireless network, without requiring that the user to reconfigure the wireless network settings each time a connection to a different wireless network is desired, or when multiple networks are available. This provides a "just works" user experience, which greatly enhances the ability to realize the benefits of true nomadic computing. In this way, a wireless computer user may work on an established network at home, at work, in transit, at the airport, in a hotel, etc., and may form ad hoc wireless networks with other wireless users all without having to manually reconfigure or adjust network variable settings to enable association with the different network types.
As discussed briefly above, various wireless networking standards have been and are being proposed. While the system and method of the invention will be described in conjunction with the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking specification, one skilled in the art will realize from the following description that the inventive concepts disclosed herein are not limited only to this one standard. Indeed, the zero configuration methodology of the present invention providing a "just works" experience to wireless computer users is applicable to all wireless and wired computing environments.
In the IEEE 802.11 networking environment, there are two modes of operation available as introduced above, the Ad Hoc mode and the Infrastructure mode. As previously discussed,
IEEE 802.11 also provides for an Infrastructure networking mode as illustrated in simplified form in
While it may be argued that operating in either of the modes illustrated in
The zero configuration system and method of the invention, therefore, provide the controlling logic to determine when, how, and to whom a wireless user connects from the competing wireless networks available at any given time and place, all without requiring user intervention or reconfiguration. As illustrated in
To set individual preferences, the wireless user may choose various settings for a particular interface through a user interface (UI). While this UI may take many forms, a preferred embodiment utilizes a configuration window. If multiple tabs are provided in the UI, the configuration parameters for the system of the present invention may be placed under the tab reference entitled, e.g., "Advanced". Under this "Advanced" tab the user is provided with various setting options that allow the user to tailor the operation of the system of the invention to his or her personal preferences. One option that is provided in one embodiment is an "Authentication" option setting that one can set (e.g., through a check-box) to enable IEEE 802.1X authentication. If this option is selected, the user thereafter may select the authentication method, e.g., EAP-TLS, EAP-MD5, or EAP-MSCHAP (via, e.g., a pull-down menu) to be used. When this authentication option setting is set, the STA will preferably use the IEEE 802.11 open authentication mode.
The UI of the present invention also preferably provides a zero configuration option setting that one shall set (e.g., a check-box) to enable zero configuration for the particular wireless IEEE 802.11 network interface. The zero configuration option setting is preferably selected by default, i.e., zero configuration check-box should be checked. Note that it is possible for a user to enable zero configuration while not enabling IEEE 802.1X authentication on the STA. If the zero configuration option is selected, the STA will preferably use IEEE 802.11 open authentication mode. For non-IEEE 802.11 network interfaces, the zero configuration option setting may be ghosted out.
The UI of the present invention also provides the ability to select the Ad Hoc mode of operation. The Ad Hoc mode setting for the service set identifier (SSID) preferably includes a hard-coded default option in the Windows platform to "MSADHOC". Default settings for other operating platforms may also, of course, be provided. In this way, when the code queries for the existence of a particular registry variable that contains the SSID value for the Ad Hoc mode, if the variable does not exist in the registry, the code may use the default value of "MSADHOC". If there is a variable in the registry, the system may use the value in the particular registry variable. The user intending to change the default SSID for Ad Hoc mode may create a registry variable and instantiate it to the desired Ad Hoc mode SSID value. This ensures seamless operation for the normal Windows platform user under the zero configuration approach, while more advanced user are able to modify Ad Hoc mode SSID setting to the desired value via a registry setting update. Again, if the STA sees an ad hoc SSID existing in the network, it could use that to communicate with the STAs in that ad hoc network. Whether it goes with the registry value or MSADHOC or a visible ad hoc SSID as the SSID can be determined by policy (downloaded policy or specified through a UI setting).
In a preferred embodiment, right clicking the network-interface icon for IEEE 802.11 network interfaces on the "sys tray" in the Windows environment will provide the user with network configuration details and also enable the user to make a selection. The Infrastructure mode category title will display a list of compatible (FH or DS) SSIDs visible in infrastructure mode. The user may then select a particular SSID from the displayed list. This is an extension to the Auto mode (discussed below) where the user specifies an SSID preference in the Infrastructure or Auto modes (in a preferred embodiment of the present invention the SSID list includes both infrastructure SSIDs and ad hoc SSIDs).
If the user had earlier selected the Ad Hoc mode category, selecting a particular SSID from the displayed list would enable the STA to force a transition out of Ad Hoc mode and restart the association mechanism per IEEE 802.11 usage mode specified by the authentication option discussed above. Likewise if the user had selected the Infrastructure mode, selecting a particular SSID would enable the STA to disassociate from the current SSID and restart the association mechanism per IEEE 802.11 usage mode specified by the authentication option discussed above. In a preferred embodiment, such a transition from Ad Hoc to Infrastructure mode or between SSIDs in the same mode preferably forces the STA to perform a scan by setting the SSID to a null value to update the SSID list before setting the SSID to the selected value. The STA may also force a scan followed by retrieval of the SSID list (NDIS OID—802—11_BSSID_LIST_SCAN and NDIS OID—802—11_BSSID_LIST in Windows platform embodiment), following which, the STA may set the selected SSID value. If the user selects a particular SSID displayed, the IEEE 802.11 network interface will be set to the mode pertinent for the SSID, i.e. infrastructure or ad hoc, open authentication mode, and then set the SSID to the user selection
The system of the present invention will cache the value of the particular SSID selected for present and future use in the Auto mode (discussed below). Further, an alternate embodiment of the system of the present invention also caches multiple SSIDs selected, e.g. caching the last 4 distinct SSIDs selected by the user. This is particularly useful in the Auto and Infrastructure modes where the user would like the STA to initially attempt to associate with the preferred SSID(s) (selected or in the cache) among the retrieved SSID list (NDIS OID—802—11_BSSID_LIST in the Windows platform embodiment) if one is visible before attempting to associate with other visible SSIDs in the retrieved list.
In the UI of one embodiment, the Ad Hoc mode category title is displayed below the Infrastructure mode category title and the list of visible SSIDs. Once the user selects the Ad Hoc mode, the STA will remain in the Ad Hoc mode until the user selects an SSID in the list under Infrastructure mode or the Auto mode. If the user selects the Ad Hoc mode, the IEEE 802.11 network interface will be set to Ad Hoc mode. The Ad Hoc mode SSID value will also be set to a pre-configured SSID value in a particular registry variable if present (as discussed above) and if the registry variable is not present it should be set to "MSADHOC". Again, if there are visible ad hoc SSIDs and none of them is the preferred MSADHOC, the STA may associate with the first one.
In a further embodiment, the STA also presents a list of visible SSIDs in the Ad Hoc mode under this title. This list is generated by the initial scan process (NDIS OID—802—11_BSSID_LIST_SCAN in the Windows platform) followed by the retrieval of the SSID list (NDIS OID—802—11_BSSID_LIST in the Windows platform). This retrieved list includes information regarding the STAs beaconing in Ad Hoc mode. The user may select an Ad Hoc SSID from the list so that the STA associates with the particular IBSS cell. By default in a preferred embodiment, the list should include the SSID "MSADHOC" even if the particular IBSS cell is not visible. This enables the user to reset the Ad Hoc mode SSID value to the preferred Windows platform default setting of "MSADHOC" when desired. The system may also cache (instantiate/update the registry variable) the last selected Ad Hoc mode SSID value for future associations.
The Auto mode category title introduced above is displayed below the Ad Hoc Mode category title in the UI of one embodiment of the present invention. The Auto mode is preferably the default setting when the zero configuration option is set in the UI under the Advanced tab for a particular network interface, as discussed above. Also, the user is allowed to select the Auto mode if currently operating in any other mode. If the user had earlier selected the Ad Hoc mode category, selecting the Auto mode enables the STA to force a transition out of Ad Hoc mode and restart the association mechanism to an Infrastructure mode wireless network if one is available. This association mechanism will be accomplished per the IEEE 802.11 usage mode specified as discussed above depending on whether the authentication option was selected or not. In a preferred embodiment, following a transition from Ad Hoc to Auto mode the STA will first perform a scan (by setting the SSID to null value or a call to the NDIS OID—802—11_BSSID_LIST_SCAN in the Windows platform) to update the SSID list. Following this the STA will initially attempt to associate with the preferred SSID(s) if one is visible (in the cache discussed above) from among the retrieved SSID list before attempting to associate with other visible SSID in the retrieved list. When the user selects the Auto mode, the IEEE 802.11 network interface will be set to the zero configuration approach utilizing the IEEE 802.11 usage mode specified.
If the zero configuration option is selected and the IEEE 802.11 network interface is in the Ad Hoc mode (for a reason other than user selection of the Ad Hoc mode, e.g., the system is in the Auto mode and no Infrastructure wireless network was originally available), when the IEEE 802.11 network interface detects the availability of an infrastructure SSID that it has not failed an IEEE 802.11 association or IEEE 802.1X authentication attempt, the system of the present invention will revert from the Ad Hoc to Infrastructure mode. Once in the Infrastructure mode, the system will attempt to associate and authenticate with the particular SSID that has just become available. This may be accomplished, for example, through a polling mechanism by which the basic service set identification (BSSID) List is retrieved periodically by the system to determine whether to revert to Infrastructure mode.
In one embodiment of the present invention operating in the Windows environment, the zero configuration system utilizes various new object identifiers (OIDs) through the network driver interface specification (NDIS) miniport driver to enable the new functionality of the present invention. These OIDs include the following:
In operating systems other than Windows, e.g., Linux, Unix, etc., the media sense is from the network card, and may be passed up to the zero configuration application.
Operation of the zero configuration system of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the simplified flow diagram of
Once the wireless networks are detected and the user preferences checked, the system checks the default mode setting 270 for the wireless network card to determine if the user has enabled the Auto Infrastructure Preferred or Infrastructure modes, or the Auto Ad Hoc Preferred or Ad Hoc mode. If it is the Infrastructure or Auto Infrastructure preferred mode the system determines the authentication setting selected by the user 272. Based on this setting, the system of the invention begins to attempt to connect and authenticate with the available networks 274. If the IEEE 802.1X option is selected, the system will first to perform an IEEE 802.11 association with one of the networks (as determined by step 268). If the system cannot perform the IEEE 802.11 association with the selected network, the system moves to the next preferred network. Once the IEEE 802.11 association has succeeded with one of the networks, the system then attempts to perform IEEE 802.1X authentication as a valid user with credentials. If this authentication is successful 276, the system stays with that network 278. If, in step 274, no networks succeed the IEEE 802.1X authentication as a valid user with credentials, the system attempts to perform IEEE 802.1X authentication as an unauthenticated user without credentials. As with the above, this process progresses sequentially through the list of networks, from the preferred to the remainder, until one is found that succeeds (step 276).
If the authentication setting determined by step 272 does not require that the system utilize IEEE 802.1X authentication, the system attempts to perform an IEEE 802.11 association with one of the networks (as determined by step 270). If the system cannot perform the IEEE 802.11 association with the selected network, the system moves to the next preferred network, and if all of the preferred networks fail, to the remainder of the BSSID list. Once the IEEE 802.11 association has succeeded with one of the networks 276, the system stays with that network 278.
If, however, no successful association can be made and the system has been set to the Infrastructure mode 280, the system ends the association attempts 282 and remains off-line (i.e., not connected to a wireless network). If, on the other hand, the user had set the system to the Auto mode 280, the system transitions to the Ad Hoc mode. Once in the Ad Hoc mode (either through the Auto mechanism 280 or through the setting of Ad Hoc mode determined at block 270), the system selects 284 an SSID with which to associate. As discussed above, this SSID may be a value in a particular registry variable, if present, or may be the default value of MSADHOC if the registry variable is not present or may be one of the ad hoc SSIDs visible on the wireless network. In the current IEEE 802.11 b wireless space in the US there are 11 RF channels. In one embodiment, the system of the invention, if using the registry specified value or the MSADHOC value, parks in a default channel (e.g., channel 6) to form an Ad Hoc network association. In another embodiment, the system scans the channels and determines which channels are free (not in use) at this location before deciding in which channel to establish the wireless Ad Hoc network in order to minimize RF interference. If associating with a visible MSADHOC or some other ad hoc SSID, it parks itself in the channel on which this SSID is active.
Once this selection and the selection of the SSID has taken place, the system of the present invention attempts to perform an IEEE 802.11 association with the selected SSID 286. If the system of the invention determines that the other STA to which it will associate is physically proximate (as determined by the signal strength), the system may buck the transmit power. If the association is successful, the user is now operating in an Ad Hoc mode. If not, the user continues to operate off-line.
If the system is in the Ad Hoc mode 288, the association process ends at this point 290, until additional STAs become visible (through the channel scan, beaconing of the STAs, user selection of a network discover, user addition of another preferred SSID, etc.). If, however, the system of the invention is in Auto mode 288 with the default "Infrastructure mode preferred" set (the user may set a preference for Ad Hoc mode if so desired), the system continues to look for the appearance of Infrastructure networks 292. If a new Infrastructure wireless network becomes available 294, the system will once again cycle through the functional blocks 266 et seq. in an attempt to associate with the Infrastructure wireless network. If no new Infrastructure wireless network becomes available 294, the system waits for a few minutes 296 before again looking for the appearance of Infrastructure networks 292.
In at least embodiments operating in the Windows environment, the system of the present invention is able to triangulate the position of the STA by knowing the position of the APs and the relative signal strengths of each through the network location API in Windows. This allows the zero configuration system to properly select network resources based on physical proximity. For example, by knowing the location of the wireless STA, a file selected to print may be sent to the closest printer, as opposed to the typical default printer at the users typical workstation. This information may also be used to pull up relevant information for that particular location, such as floor plans and location of network resources, etc.
While the above discussion has focused mainly on the operation of the zero configuration system and method of the present invention in the context of wireless computing environments,
Each interface-specific portion 304, 306, 308, 310 of the zero configuration layer 302 is applicable to a specific interface, such as the Wireless PAN 312, Wireless LAN 314, Wired LAN 316, and Wireless WAN 318, respectively. Additionally, the algorithms used for the enumeration and selection of the active interface-specific zero configuration layer 304, 306, 308, 310 are equally applicable within each of the interface-specific portions 304, 306, 308, 310 of the zero configuration layer 302. That is, within each of the interface-specific interfaces 312, 314, 316, 318 there may exist a number of instances of the actual physical interfaces. For example, a computing device may have more than one wired Ethernet interface connected to the same or different networks. Therefore, part of the interface-specific zero configuration functionality in layer 308 may also include simultaneous use of multiple physical interfaces for higher bandwidth and load balancing across multiple active physical interfaces. Similarly, the generic portion of the zero configuration layer 302 may also engage in load balancing across multiple active interface-specific zero configuration layers 304, 306, 308, 310. As discussed above, the IEEE 802.11 zero configuration layer 306 enables a computing device to first determine the available IEEE 802.11 networks 314 in its vicinity and establish connectivity with the preferred IEEE 802.11 network from the list of visible IEEE 802.11 networks. Similarly, the wired Ethernet zero configuration layer 308 with multiple active physical interfaces 316 may determine which interface should be used to connect to the network.
An example of a user scenario enabled by the generic zero configuration layer 302 is given below. In this example, the computing device includes a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network interface 318 (a 2.5 G cellular wireless WAN solution), an IEEE 802.11 network interface 314 (a wireless LAN solution), and an Ethernet card 316 (a wired LAN solution). Initially, the user is outside the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN coverage but is within the GPRS wireless WAN coverage. In this situation, the zero configuration layer 302 establishes network connectivity via the GPRS wireless WAN interface 318, and the user has access to the required computing resources.
As the user enters a building that has IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN coverage, the generic portion of the zero configuration layer 302 determines that it can now avail itself of both the GPRS wireless WAN and IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN. The available bandwidth of a IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN is typically much greater than the GPRS wireless WAN and the user may incur additional costs to use the GPRS wireless WAN. Therefore, the zero configuration layer 302 may establish the network connectivity via the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN and re-direct all ongoing and future network connections via this interface 314. Once this has been accomplished, the GRPS wireless WAN connectivity may be disabled.
The IEEE 802.11 connectivity is maintained as the user moves throughout the building. As the user enters his/her office, the user may connect the portable computing device to an Ethernet connection by, e.g., plugging in a cable or placing the computing device in a docking station that has a hardwired LAN connection. At this point, the zero configuration layer 302 again operates based on user preferences and system parameters to establish network connectivity via the wired LAN interface 316. If the computing device were a laptop computer having both a PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) network card and docking station connectivity to the wired LAN, the interface specific zero configuration layer 308 would choose the appropriate of the two interfaces 316 through which to establish the network wired connection.
By this mechanism the generic zero configuration layer 302 determines the available active interface specific zero configuration layers (306, 308, and 310 in this example) and preferentially selects the appropriate interface 318, 314, 316 at any given instant. It should be noted that while it is normally feasible to re-direct ongoing data connections without impacting user experience, it may not be possible to do the same for ongoing real-time applications such as voice communication. In such cases the zero configuration layer 302 may selectively re-direct only the acceptable ongoing connections. The re-direction of connections based on the availability of a more suitable interface specific zero configuration layer (304, 306, 308, 310) is accomplished without user intervention. From an upper layer protocol stack 300 and applications perspectives the zero generic configuration layer 302 constantly works towards providing the most appropriate network connectivity from the list of available active interface specific zero configuration layers 304, 306, 308, 310. Similarly, each of the interface specific zero configuration layers 304, 306, 308, 310 constantly works towards providing the most appropriate physical network connectivity from the available list of active physical network interfaces 312, 314, 316, 318.
In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of this invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the embodiment described herein with respect to the drawing figures is meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of invention. For example, those of skill in the art will recognize that the elements of the illustrated embodiment shown in software may be implemented in hardware and vice versa or that the illustrated embodiment can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof.
1. A method for connecting a computing device of a computer user to at least one network of a type selected from a group comprising a wireless telephone network, a wired infrastructure computer network, a wireless infrastructure computer network, and a wireless ad hoc computer network, the method comprising:
- checking user preferences for network connectivity, wherein checking user preferences comprises the step of checking for an authentication mode setting and a default mode setting, the default mode setting including an infrastructure mode allowing connectivity only with wireless infrastructure computer networks, an ad hoc mode allowing connectivity only with wireless ad hoc computer networks, an auto infrastructure preferred mode allowing connectivity with wireless infrastructure computer networks and wireless ad hoc computer networks with a preference for the wireless infrastructure computer networks, and an auto ad hoc preferred mode allowing connectivity with wireless infrastructure computer networks and wireless ad hoc computer networks with a preference for wireless ad hoc computer networks;
- scanning for network presence of the at least one network;
- connecting the computing device to the at least one network based on the user preferences, wherein connecting to the at least one network comprises the steps of associating with a wireless infrastructure computer network, and connecting as a valid user with credentials;
- if connecting the computing device to the at least one network fails, selecting an ad hoc mode of operation when the default mode setting is set to auto mode; and
- operating the computing device in an off-line mode when network connectivity is not available.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of checking user preferences further comprises the steps of checking for a default mode setting, and checking for a preferred list of network providers.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of constructing a all networks discovered, and deriving preferred and compatible network names from the list, wherein the step of connecting to a network comprises connecting the computing device to the preferred and compatible networks.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of connecting the computing device to the preferred and compatible networks comprises the steps of selecting one of the preferred and compatible networks, attempting to associate with the selected one of the preferred and compatible networks based on the authentication mode setting, and when unable to associate with the selected one of the preferred and compatible networks selecting another of the preferred and compatible networks to which to attempt association until an association is formed.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of connecting to the at least one network comprises the steps of performing IEEE 802.11 association with a wireless infrastructure computer network.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of connecting to the at least one network further comprises the step of connecting as an unauthorized user without credentials when the step of connecting as a valid user with credentials fails.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of connecting to the at least one network comprises the step of performing IEEE 802.11 association with an IEEE 802.1X capable network when the authentication mode setting is not set to IEEE 802.1X authentication.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of checking user preferences for networking connectivity comprises the step of checking a connection policy file.
9. A method for connecting a computing device of a computer user to at least one network of a type selected from a group comprising a wireless telephone network, a wired infrastructure computer network, a wireless infrastructure computer network, and a wireless ad hoc computer network, the method comprising:
- checking user preferences for network connectivity, wherein checking user preferences comprises the step of checking for an authentication mode setting and for a default mode setting;
- scanning for network presence of the at least one network;
- connecting the computing device to the at least one network based on the user preferences, wherein connecting to the at least one network comprises the steps of associating with a wireless infrastructure computer network, and connecting as a valid user with credentials;
- if connecting the computing device to the at least one network fails, selecting an ad hoc mode of operation when the default mode setting is set to auto mode; and
- operating the computing device in an off-line mode when network connectivity is not available.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of selecting the ad hoc mode of operation comprises the steps of selecting an ad hoc network, and attempting an IEEE 802.11 association with the selected network.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of selecting an ad hoc network comprises the step of selecting a default ad hoc network.
12. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of monitoring for the appearance of the wireless infrastructure computer network when the default mode setting is set to auto, infrastructure preferred mode, and connecting to the wireless infrastructure computer network upon its appearance.
13. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of monitoring for the appearance of the wireless ad hoc computer network when the default mode setting is set to auto, ad hoc preferred mode, and connecting to the wireless ad hoc computer network upon its appearance.
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- Daniel L. Lough et al., A Short Tutorial on Wireless LANs and IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11 Short Tutorial at http://www.computer.org/students/looking/summer97/ieee802.htm (last visited Dec. 12, 2000).
- Mubashir Alam, Descriptive Analysis of IEEE 802.11 Standard for Wireless Networks, at http://triton.cc.gatech.edu/ubicomp.257 (last visited Dec. 12, 2000).
- Zero Configuration Networking (zeroconf), at http://www.zeroconf.org/ (last visited Dec. 12, 2000).
- Stuart Cheshire, Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 link-local addresses, Apple Computer, at http://www.zeroconf.org/draft-ietf-zeroconf-ipv4-linklocal-00.txt (last visited Dec. 12, 2002).
- H. Hattig, editor, Zeroconf Requirements draft-ietf-zeroconf-reqts-06.txt, Intel Corp. at http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/drafts-ietf-zeroconf-reqts.06.txt (last visited Dec. 12, 2002).
- Enabling IEEE 802.11 Networks With Windows "Whistler", at http://www.micorsoft.com/hwdev/wireless/IEEE802Net.htm (last visited Dec. 8, 2000).
Type: Grant
Filed: Sep 27, 2005
Date of Patent: Mar 31, 2009
Patent Publication Number: 20060239209
Assignee: Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, WA)
Inventors: Arun Ayyagari (Seattle, WA), Sachin C. Sheth (Redmond, WA), Krishna Ganugapati (Redmond, WA), Timothy M. Moore (Bellevue, WA), Pradeep Bahl (Redmond, WA), Mihai S. Peicu (Bellevue, WA), Florin Teodorescu (Redmond, WA)
Primary Examiner: Hong Cho
Application Number: 11/236,777
International Classification: H04L 12/28 (20060101); H04Q 7/24 (20060101);


text:
Time Fades Away is a 1973 live album by Neil Young, consisting of previously unreleased material. It was Young's first live album, and was recorded with The Stray Gators on the tour following 1972's highly successful Harvest and has not been reissued on CD due to Young's dissatisfaction with that particular series of concerts.[1] Although Time Fades Away received much critical praise,[2] has been widely pirated, and is highly sought after by fans,[3] there are no current plans to reissue the album except as part of the Official Release Series Discs 5-8 Vinyl Box Set for Record Store Day2014 and the proposed second volume of the Archives box set.
- 2 Recording
- 3 Release
- 4 Response
- 5 Aborted compact disc reissue and Time Fades Away II
- 6 Track listing
- 7 Personnel
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Though "Love In Mind" dates from a 1971 solo tour (on the January 30 date of the tour, from which "The Needle and the Damage Done" on Harvestwas sourced), all other songs on the album were from recordings made during a 62-date tour in early 1973 that featured an acoustic set with Young followed by an electric set with backing band the Stray Gators. Longtime collaborator and former Crazy Horse guitarist Danny Whitten had been set to join the Gators as a second guitarist but was sent home after it became evident that he was in no condition to embark on a rigorous tour. He died shortly after from a heroin overdose. This motif of death and gloom recurred throughout the period, culminating in Tonight's the Night.
The tour came on the heels of the success of the primarily acoustic, country-tinged Harvest. Audiences did not always react positively to the new songs premiered; neither were they fond of the Gators' raucous and heavily electrified live sound. Having been introduced to tequila (which he would retrospectively characterize as a potentiator of "interesting" experiences beyond the purview of other alcoholic beverages) by bassist Tim Drummond, Young grew increasingly aloof and mentally unstable as the tour progressed, lambasting band members' performances following concerts, scheduling soundchecks that were often cancelled on short notice, and once proclaiming to longtime fan Ken Viola in Boston that "They're gonna win the war!" (a likely allusion to the imminent ratification of the Paris Peace Accords) before storming off in drunken insensateness. Such behavior frustrated drummer Kenneth Buttrey (who had initially refused to tour unless he received $100,000 in compensation, a salary extended to the rest of the band following protests from pianist Jack Nitzsche) to the point where he left the group two-thirds of the way through; he was immediately replaced by former Turtles/CSNY/Jefferson Airplane percussionist Johnny Barbata, who plays on all of the recordings on the album.[4]
Other band members performed erratically: according to producer Elliot Mazer, Nitzsche would often spew obscenities into his switched-off vocal microphone, while pedal steel/dobro player Ben Keith was so inebriated at one soundcheck that he could not recall the key of "Don't Be Denied", a key song in the tour's core setlist. Following the loss of a pickup on his signature Old Black (a heavily modified Gibson Les Paul), Young switched to a Gibson Flying V in homage to Lonnie Mack, one of the model's first promulgators; according to Young, the guitar "wouldn't stay in tune" and lacked the timbral mutability of the former instrument. Accordingly, McDonough has castigated Young's instrumental performances as "the worst guitar playing of his career".[5]
Alcohol abuse and strained singing would lead Young to develop a throat infection in the final days of the tour. Called in to supplement the harmonies and add some extra guitar were David Crosbyand Graham Nash. Clashes continued, with Nitzsche complaining that he couldn't hear himself playing because Crosby's 12-string electric guitar overpowered the sound mix. After ninety days, the tour ended in Salt Lake City.
Time Fades Away was recorded directly from the soundboard to 16-track using the Quad-8 CompuMix, the unreliable first digital mixing soundboard—against the wishes of producer David Briggs, who referred to it as the "Compufuck" but was forced to yield to the desires of Young. This resulted in a murky-sounding release.
There were no 2 track masters ever made of this record. The master discs were cut directly from the 16 track masters through the Compumix system. A mix was recorded to a second 16 track machine--we had 2 that would run perfectly together--to feed the variable pitch system of the lathe--but was discarded when we were through. I was the mastering engineer who cut the masters.—Phil Brown[citation needed]
Because no two-track stereo master tape was ever made as would commonly be done, the album cannot be remastered in a traditional manner. If any new release was to be attempted, a new mix would need to be made from the original multitrack tapes.
Time Fades Away was released on October 15, 1973. The album reached #22 on the Billboard Charts, and quickly achieved gold status, selling over 1 million copies in both the US and UK.[6] It was issued on vinyl, cassette and 8 track.
The album's title track was briefly released as a single, with the B-side of "Last Trip To Tulsa", a live version of the song also taken from the Time Fades Away tour and unavailable anywhere else.
Young's response[edit]Edit
Neil Young commented on Time Fades Away in the original, unreleased liner notes for his 1977 triple-album compilation Decade:
Time Fades Away. No songs from this album are included here. It was recorded on my biggest tour ever, 65 shows in 90 days. Money hassles among everyone concerned ruined this tour and record for me but I released it anyway so you folks could see what could happen if you lose it for a while. I was becoming more interested in an audio verite approach than satisfying the public demands for a repetition of Harvest.[1]
In 1987, Young told an interviewer that Time Fades Away was "the worst record I ever made - but as a documentary of what was happening to me, it was a great record. I was onstage and I was playing all these songs that nobody had heard before, recording them, and I didn't have the right band. It was just an uncomfortable tour. I felt like a product, and I had this band of all-star musicians that couldn't even look at each other."[2][7]
Young has rarely played songs from Time Fades Away live, but in July 2008 performed the record's title track at a concert in Oberhausen, Germany.[8]
Critical and fan response[edit]Edit
|Professional ratings
|Review scores
|Rolling Stone
|Robert Christgau
Upon its release, Time Fades Away received positive reviews from Rolling Stone,[12] The New York Times,[2] and Robert Christgau of The Village Voice.[13] In more recent years, it has been rated highly by AllMusic,[14] sputnikmusic,[3] and Blurt Online.[6]
R.E.M. has cited Time Fades Away as a source of inspiration for New Adventures in Hi-Fi.[15]
On December 31, 2013, Widespread Panic played the following three songs from Time Fades Away: "Journey Through The Past", "Don't Be Denied", and "Time Fades Away" at a concert in Atlanta, GA.[16]
Aborted compact disc reissue and Time Fades Away II[edit]Edit
Along with the soundtrack to Journey Through the Past, Time Fades Away remains the only officially released Neil Young album unavailable on compact disc. Young has often cited his unfavorable memories of the tour as the main reason that the record has not been reissued. There is a movement among Young's fans to release the album.[citation needed]
In the mid-1990s, plans were made to release the album on CD using the HDCD encoding; several test pressings were made, and a street date of November 7, 1995 was announced.[17] However, the CD release was shelved for unknown reasons.[17] In early 2007, Young's management reiterated that there were no plans to release the album on CD. Pristine vinyl copies are still available in used stores and on eBay, often with the fold-out liner notes still intact; some CDs from the 1995 test pressings exist, and copies of these CDs are circulated as bootlegs. Additionally, some fans have made CDs from the more readily available vinyl copies.
In October 2009, Young told Guitar World that a disc titled Time Fades Away II will be included in the second volume of the Archives box set series, noting: "It's interesting because [Time Fades Away II] has a different drummer than what was on that album. Kenny Buttrey was in there for the first half, and Johnny Barbata came in for the second. It's a completely different thing, with completely different songs."[18]
Track listing[edit]Edit
Side one[edit]Edit
|"Time Fades Away" (recorded at The Myriad in Oklahoma City, March 1, 1973)
|Neil Young
|"Journey thru the Past" (recorded at the Public Hall in Cleveland, February 11, 1973)
|Neil Young
|"Yonder Stands the Sinner" (recorded at the Seattle Center Coliseum in Seattle, March 17, 1973)
|Neil Young
|"L.A." (recorded at The Myriad in Oklahoma City, March 1, 1973)
|Neil Young
|"Love in Mind" (recorded in Royce Hall at the University of California, Los Angeles, January 30, 1971)
|Neil Young
Side two[edit]Edit
|"Don't Be Denied" (recorded at The Coliseum in Phoenix, March 28, 1973)
|Neil Young
|"The Bridge" (recorded at the Memorial Auditorium in Sacramento, April 1, 1973)
|Neil Young
|"Last Dance" (recorded at the Sports Arena in San Diego, March 29, 1973)
|Neil Young
- Neil Young — vocals; guitar on "Time Fades Away," "Yonder Stands the Sinner," "L.A.," "Don't Be Denied," and "Last Dance"; piano on "Journey thru the Past," "Love in Mind," and "The Bridge"; harmonica on "Time Fades Away" and "The Bridge"; bass† on "L.A."
- Ben Keith — pedal steel, vocal on "L.A.," "Don't Be Denied," and "Last Dance"; slide guitar on "Time Fades Away and "Yonder Stands the Sinner"; vocal on "Time Fades Away"
- Jack Nitzsche — piano on "Time Fades Away," "Yonder Stands the Sinner," "L.A.," "Don't Be Denied," and "Last Dance"; vocal on "Don't Be Denied"
- David Crosby — guitar on "Yonder Stands the Sinner"; vocal on "Yonder Stands the Sinner" and "Last Dance"
- Graham Nash — guitar, vocal on "Last Dance"
- Tim Drummond — bass on "Time Fades Away," "Yonder Stands the Sinner," "Don't Be Denied," and "Last Dance"
- Johnny Barbata — drums on "Time Fades Away," "Yonder Stands the Sinner," "L.A.," "Don't Be Denied," and "Last Dance"
† Neil Young credited as Joe Yankee


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Whether ordering a burger the size of your head, Alderwood smoked ribs that fall off the bone, or a local organic salad, the food at the 49th will not disappoint. Our award winning craft beer is brewed on premises and can be enjoyed in the beer garden while playing disc golf, bocce ball, horseshoes, or bags. And don't forget the music .....
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Healy, AK


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What Happens During an Alexander Technique Lesson or Class
Category: Alexander Technique Views: 4907
(Much of the following has been taken from Chapter 4, "The Alexander Lesson" in Fitness Without Stress by Robert Rickover.)
When I speak to new pupils on the telephone before their first lesson, I find they often have questions about what will go on during the lesson and about the teaching process itself.
What Not to Expect
For a start, you don't remove your clothes. Nor is any kind of special clothing required - though as table work often forms part of the lesson, women pupils usually feel more comfortable wearing slacks, or jeans, rather than a skirt.
Alexander lessons are not painful. There is nothing physically aggressive about the work. On the contrary, it is a process of allowing the pupil to release tension and the harmful habits that were responsible for it - at the pace that suits him or her, individually.
What Does the Teacher Do?
During the lesson your teacher will be observing your posture and movement patterns. She will also supplement the visual information in a very important way by using her hands, gently placing them on your neck, shoulders, back and so on. The teacher is using her hands in order to get more refined information about your patterns of breathing and moving.
To help her with this, she will probably ask you to perform some simple movements - perhaps walking, or standing up or sitting down in a chair - while her hands are kept in easy contact with your body.
At the same time that the teacher's hands are gathering information, they will also be conveying information to you. The teacher's hands will gently guide your body to encourage a release of restrictive muscular tension.
Naturally, teachers vary somewhat in their approaches to teaching. Just like any other group of professionals, there are variations due to differences in personality and style of training. Some teachers may talk and explain more at first; others prefer to spend most of the time during the first lessons simply helping you to get a new experience of ease and flexibility. Similarly, some teachers emphasize a few, fairly basic movements, allowing the effect to carry over into all your activities, while others prefer to work with you in a wide variety of applications.
How Long Are Lessons - And How Many Will I Need?
A lesson usually lasts between thirty and forty-five minutes. It will probably take a few lessons for you and your teacher to get an idea of how quickly you will make progress. As with learning other new skills, a lot depends on how far you want to take it. The majority of students come for a few months, taking between twenty and forty lessons during that period and then, perhaps, come back for refresher lessons, or groups of lessons, from time to time.
At the start, pupils are usually urged to come for lessons fairly frequently, perhaps two or three times a week if that's at all possible. This is because the new approach to movement, and to thinking about movement, which they are learning, is a bit unfamiliar at first and may need a little extra help to become established. Later on in the process, pupils often find they can continue to progress quite well with lessons spaced a week or more apart.
What About Group Work?
Some Alexander teachers have found that by working with individuals in a group setting, they can help far more people than would ever have been possible with individual lessons. Group work is as old as the Alexander Technique itself and experience has shown that under the right circumstances, it can be a very effective way of teaching.
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That thought ran through my head a number of times since I received the revision notes from my agent, Rachelle Gardner. The first week, I had no idea how to answer the question. I needed time to absorb the feedback and allow myself to come to grips with the huge task ahead of me.
Another week has passed, and I'm eager to dig into my story. Before I begin, though, I have to rip my story apart chapter by chapter, scene by scene, remove what doesn't work, add new material, and put everything back together again. Here are the steps I'm taking.
However, the story fell apart at the first major turning point. Without realizing it, I sabotaged my great beginning by moving things along too quickly and turning down the tension. Not good!
Some of the scenes in the final three-quarters of the book are great and may work with minor tweaking, but many of them have to go.
In order to discover how many chapters and scenes can stay and which will go by the wayside, I literally took my story apart. I cut my hard copy into scenes and slapped stickies on them. A check mark on a scene means it stays, an X means it's history, and a question mark means I'm not sure yet.
Once I determine how much of the story I can use, I expect to end up with about half of it needing to be written anew. Since I love the characters, enjoy writing a rough draft, and am eager to take the rest of my story from ho-hum to happening, I'm excited.
My task now is to figure out where the holes are. To do that, I took the advice my awesome critique partner, Anne Barton, has given me on several occasions and made a set of plotting boards. Because I'm a visual person, having the story laid out before me will show me many things, including where I need to add chapters and scenes to fill in the gaps.
When I wrote my first stories, I did very little plotting. I had an idea where my story was going, but I didn't take time to draft an overall plan. Since I tend to be OC, this surprises me. In retrospect, I think writing the stories from my heart served a purpose. I learned to go with the flow, which, for a perfectionist like me, was a valuable lesson.
Now, however, I see the value in having a plan. In fact, I won't write another story without one. Frankly, it's too much work. This is my third revision of Violets & Violins, and it's going to be more challenging in many ways than the other two. I'm up for it, but in the future I intend to spare myself the trouble.
To make my plotting boards, I bought 22 x 28 inch white poster board with a faint grid pattern. I got packages of three sheets at Office Max. Using a yardstick and a fine point black Sharpie, I broke the board into 5-1/2 x 8 inch boxes with one-inch headers. (Vertical lines at 5-1/2, 11, and 16-1/2 inches. Horizontal lines at 1, 9, 10, 18, and 19 inches.) Because I like things even, I cut off the bottom inch so the boxes would be the same size.
I then added a header for each box. The first row begins with "Chapter 1 ~ Scene 1" and ends with "Chapter 1 ~ Scene 4." It's rare that I have more than four scenes per chapter, so this format should work well for me. I created 13 plotting boards, which will cover up to 39 chapters, the maximum number I've had.
Each scene of my book will fill one box on the plotting board. In the picture above, you'll see the first three chapters of my book laid out in mock-up form. Chapter one has three scenes, the others just two.
Next, I have fun with sticky notes. I use a couple of two-inch squares and one four-inch lined square per scene. Stickies work well because I can move them around easily as I shift scenes within the story.
The small sticky on the left is where I list the characters. The color identifies the POV character. Since I write romances, there are usually just two: the hero and heroine. A blue sticky is for the hero, and pink identifies scenes where the POV is the heroine's. If I have other POV characters, each would receive a different color. On the POV character's sticky I list other characters who appear in the scene.
The small sticky on the right tells me when and where the scene takes place.
The large sticky is for the what, why, and how of the scene. I use two colors. In my example, orange indicates scenes where I am pulling the hero and heroine apart. Purple is when I give the characters and the reader a respite--and some hope that things are going to work out. If I see too much purple, I know I need to ramp up the tension and increase the conflict.
What is happening? I give a brief overview of what takes place in the scene.
Why is this scene included? I list the reasons why this scene is important to the story. This step helps me justify every scene. I like to have at least two reasons for each scene.
What devices are used? I list the techniques I use in a scene, e.g. dialogue, internal monologue, action, narration.
Here's the first scene from my story as an example.
I'm busy filling my plotting boards at this point, using information from existing scenes as well as new ones Gwynly, my hubby and plotting partner extraordinaire, and I have brainstormed.
As I move through the plotting process, I'll be sharing what I'm learning.
If you're a writer, do you tend to be a pantser or a plotter?
What steps do you take before you begin writing a story?
Do you think a plotting board would help you?
If you're not a writer, how do you go about preparing for a major project?