sampling protocols to meet overall EMAP goals and objectives.
or damage from anthropogenic stresses at the regional and national scale?
2. What is the current status of these ecological resources?
3. What is the most probable diagnosis for resources in subnominal condition?
4. Are there regional or national trends in the condition of ecological resources?
to determine their applicability to a national EMAP Design.
and sensitive for determining status and trends of end points of concern.
potential in providing essential information not covered by other indicators.
7. Waterbird abundance and species composition.
chosen deserve mentioning to explain, in light of their public viability, why they have been discarded.
The three most common are fish, herpetofauna, and mammals.
fluctuations in populations that may not be related to changes in wetland ecological status.
factors; a national or regional program would be unwieldy.
means of accounting for status and trends in regional biodiversity.
as they pass from surface waters through wetland soils to ground waters.
Water storage and flood abatement.
water and releasing slowly to minimize flood peaks and maintain base flow.
Wetlands are areas where ground waters either discharge or infiltrate.
offer habitat features not found in other community types.
recycle, wood and wood products, sustained yield agricultural production.
noticeable (rapid) changes in species composition.
order) as they relate to the spatial extent of inland wetlands is relatively high.
condition. The suite then, must contain indicators of stress origins, exposure, and response.
characterization group as part of the Geographic Information Base for each sample location.
stressors acting on a wetland system over time, but provide ambiguous diagnostic evidence.
subnominal fraction of the population into sources of exposure.
indicator that may offer significant advantages for indicating exposure.
is abnormal. For the purposes of EMAP, these two classes have been termed nominal and subnominal.
wetlands where outlier or certain categories of measured parameters are considered subnominal.
into a continuum of landscape development intensities from "relatively pristine" to highly developed.
resulting from changes in driving forces and b) and those associated with inputs of pollutants and toxins.
peat, and other wetland "products".
indigenous species, and declines in wildlife habitat suitability.
declines or loss of faunal components and negative impacts of bio-accumulation.
help to determine most probable cause of subnominal behavior in one of the response indicators.
species composition, nutrient pathways and rates of cycling, habitat quality, and gross production.
subnominal population of wetlands by stressor will be hindered.
then direct measurements of the appropriate exposure indicator can be made.
compartments (those with rapid turnover times for instance) will be quicker than in other compartments.
evidence of ecological status, but where change is not so rapid, conflicts should be minor.
cascading responses in higher order compartments.
then be done to confirm or deny the qualitative assessment using the systems diagram.
program that will test whether the suite of indicators can give unambiguous information will be conducted.
to help move them toward implementation within 1 to 3 years.
incorporating additional variables in the index.
of detection of subnominal populations.
Figure 1. Energy diagram of a forested wetland showing components and causal pathways of energy and matter exchange.