In Captain Marvel, we learn that while Goose appears to be a normal house cat, she's really a Flerken, an incredibly dangerous alien. Talos correctly identifies her almost immediately, which suggests that there are no "normal" cat-like creatures elsewhere in the known universe. But what about even on Earth? Are all cats actually Flerkens that just haven't shown off their abilities?
Goose's Wiki page claims that there are only 118 Flerken left in existence, but no evidence whatsoever is presented to support that statement, and if I recall correctly, it wasn't mentioned in the movie either.
It is far more likely that Talos merely possessed a sense that allowed him to distinguish between members of a species and things that just look like members of a species. As shapeshifters it would be handy for identifying each other in their disguises.
I haven't seen the film yet so I'll answer from the perspective of the comics. The number 118 certainly comes from the comics, and given how it is arrived at, probably doesn't apply to the MCU.
The two main issues covering Flerken are Captain Marvel (2014) #7 and #8.
The gist is that Captain Marvel's cat Chewie is identified as a Flerken by Rocket, and this later confirmed when Chewie lays eggs. It is later revealed by an antagonist that Chewie is believed to to be the last known living Flerken. The eggs hatch and produce 117 offspring, hence the number of remaining Flerken.
Given Flerken lay eggs to reproduce, and earth cats don't, and the indication that Chewie was likely one of the last of her kind, It seems most likely that not all cats are Flerken.
We may have to wait and see whether there are any differences with MCU Flerken or not.
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