Of the 200,000 offenders supervised in the community by Probation Area Trusts (PATs) in England and Wales, around half are reconvicted of another offence within two years. University of Sheffield research into why people stop offending (`desistance'), funded by the ESRC and the Leverhulme Trust, has provided evidence to senior staff in PATs, government departments, and the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) enabling the development of initiatives aimed at supporting service users in their efforts to desist. The research has increased awareness and understanding on the part of professionals of the factors associated with desistance. Through the medium of a film about how people desist, the research has helped both to reinvigorate probation services' professional practice and to develop training programmes with an emphasis on helping people to stop offending in place of the hitherto dominant focus on enforcement.
2) `Tracking Progress on Probation' began in 1997 when Professor Stephen Farrall (PI) worked at Oxford University (1996-2000), continuing on his re-location to Keele (2000-2007) and to Sheffield in 2007. Others working on the project were Dr Gilly Sharpe (2010-) and Dr Ben Hunter (2010-12). The research has charted the impact of probation supervision on the lives and criminal careers of 199 men and women. The fourth and fifth sweeps of interviews (in 2003-04 and 2010-12 respectively, funded by the Leverhulme Trust) traced and re-interviewed 116 sample members [R2]. The bulk of the fieldwork was conducted after 2007 when Farrall moved to Sheffield. This study is unique globally in following so intensively, and for such a long period, a group of people who have been sentenced to probation. The main finding is that probation supervision can aid desistance, but that this result is only achieved after a period of several years.
Both studies found major areas where improvements in probation supervision could be made [R1] [R2]. This included, for example, focusing on probationers' strengths rather than their deficiencies. The main policy message was that probation supervision needed to become `desistance-focused', rather than `offending-related' [R3]. This message has been developed by those working in practice in several ways ([S1], [S2], [S4], [S6] and [S7] below), but particularly since an ESRC-funded Knowledge Exchange Grant in 2011-12.
The ESRC Knowledge Exchange Grant (awarded to Farrall, Professor Fergus McNeill (PI, University of Glasgow) and Professor Shadd Maruna (Queen's University Belfast: RES 189250258) led to the making of a film [R4] about why people stop offending, and what can be done to assist these efforts. The film is supported by a web page [R5] which allows interested parties from practice, the academy and the interface between the two (such as those training probation staff) to discuss relevant matters and access briefing documents, such as [R6].
Collectively, these projects have placed the interest in desistance from crime firmly on research and policy agendas, and started to provide new policy initiatives within criminal justice ([R1]-[R3] and [R5]-[R6] below).
R1. Bottoms, A. E. and Shapland, J., `Steps Towards Desistance Among Male Young Adult Recidivists', in S. Farrall, et al (eds) Escape Routes: Contemporary Perspectives on Life after Punishment (London: Routledge, 2011), pp. 43-80. Based on their ESRC-funded project, this gives the main findings from this study.
R2. Farrall, S., Sharpe, G., Hunter, B. and Calverley, C., `Theorising Structural and Individual-Level Processes in Desistance and Persistence: Outlining an Integrated Perspective' (2011) 44(2) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 218-34.
R3. Farrall, S., Rethinking What Works With Offenders, (Willan Publishing: Cullompton, 2002). With a Foreword by Christine Knott, [former] Chief Probation Officer, Greater Manchester Probation Area. This was one of the first monographs on why people stop offending following probation supervision. It is the first of three books on this cohort, the other two being published by Open University Press (2005) and Oxford University Press (forthcoming, 2014).
R4. Farrall, S. (co-scripted with F. McNeill, S. Maruna and C. Lightowler), The Road from Crime; 48min film produced by Lagan Media Productions, 2012. This film was made with a media company and was used in numerous screenings (both public and invitation-only) in the UK and further afield.
http://blogs.iriss.org.uk/discoveringdesistance The web site contains numerous links for practitioners and keeps those interested in the project abreast of developments.
The lead reviewer of the ESRC evaluation of the Young Adult Desistance Study provided an early indication of the influence of the research on professional practice, stating that: `The Sheffield study has made radical and far-reaching recommendations (e.g. that probation needed to embrace insights from research into desistance) for the probation service on the basis of its findings to date'. Dissemination of the study's findings led to invitations to discuss its implications with the Number 10 Policy Unit (July 2010, leading to its circulation within government), and with the (then) Commissioning and Commercial Director for the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) (March, August 2009). The research has influenced the development of NOMS' understanding of correctional practice and, in so doing, directly affected the content of the Offender Engagement Programme of NOMS, particularly within the Skills for Effective Engagement and Development (SEED) year-long training programme for current probation staff, which was rolled out nationally in 2012 [S1]. SEED is currently being evaluated by the University of Sheffield, with funding by NOMS, under the direction of Professor Shapland. The SEED programme is now a major workpackage in an EU grant (coordinated by NOMS) to explore implementation and evaluation in other European countries, in this instance, Romania (grant JUST/2011/JPEN/AG/2892, 2012-2014). In contributing to increased understanding of how and why people stop offending, the research has helped NOMS re-orientate its thinking about how its frontline practice needs to be commissioned and delivered [S1].
The research has played a key role in shaping the training of probation staff [S2, S6, S7]. During this period there were three providers of training for future probation staff (Portsmouth, De Montfort and Sheffield Hallam Universities). All were required by NOMS to teach trainee staff about the research on desistance from crime as part of their studies, and to encourage staff to remain aware of the main messages of this research during their time as probation workers. Key messages drawn from the desistance research undertaken at Sheffield University were taught to trainee probation staff by these consortia [S7]. For example, the Sheffield Hallam module "Positive Probation Practice" (part of the Probation Qualifying Framework: Level 6) drew heavily on the material produced by members of staff at Sheffield University [S7]. Both de Montfort and Sheffield Hallam universities have web links to the University of Sheffield's `Discovering Desistance' blog [S7].
The Road from Crime ([R4] above) uses interviews with current and former service users, probation staff and academic experts in the UK and the USA to highlight how the process of desistance unfolds and how the criminal justice system could be moulded to assist these processes [S3]. Film screenings and discussions among practitioners have led to increased understanding on the part of probation staff (at all levels) concerning the supervision and assessment of offenders, and resulted in revised training programmes emphasising the benefits of making assessments of offenders' needs which allow for the identification of the positive aspects of an individual's life [S2]. The Project Advisory Group for the film included representatives of the Ministry of Justice, the Scottish Government, the Probation Board for Northern Ireland, those training probation staff, and former service users. The film was shown at eight seminars throughout the UK (between April and June 2012) funded by the ESRC, and at numerous events since. These raised awareness and provoked discussions between policy makers, service providers (state, private and voluntary sector), service users, and their families about how current service provisions could be re-orientated to better facilitate desistance [S2 and S7]. The film has also been packaged as a DVD (translated into French, Spanish, German and Finnish) and made freely available via the web [R4], [R5]. A copy of the DVD was given free to every delegate at the Probation Chief's Association (PCA) conference in March 2013, with the PCA funding the 200 DVDs this required.
"This film is a rallying cry for a paradigm shift; I recently viewed the `Road From Crime' and have ordered a DVD for myself. I just wanted to pass along that it is outstanding" (anonymous workshop participant).
The research and resulting film have affected the way in which court officials see their role in relation to probation sentencing. For example, during a seminar held at the School of Law, Leeds University (12 November 2012), at which participants included representatives from the Magistrates Association, Wakefield Prison, West Yorkshire Probation Area Trust and former service users, the representative from the Magistrates Association stated that the organisation needed to increase the number of its members who were former service users. The film has been included in training programmes for probation officers [S1] and [S2], and some probation services have created posts to further promote the embedding of desistance approaches into frontline services [S6].
S1. The Programme and Research Manager of the Offender Engagement Programme at the Ministry of Justice can corroborate these claims.
S2. The Head of Probation, Derbyshire Probation (former Head of the Midland Training Consortium for probation staff) can provide corroboration.
S5. Letter to ESRC from the Scottish Justice Secretary, which also praised the film as `powerful and insightful', 5 February 2013.
S6. The Desistance Development Officer, Avon and Somerset Probation Area Trust, who has been appointed to help encourage and support staff to find new ways of working with those they supervise, can provide corroboration.
S7. The Director of Probation Studies at Sheffield Hallam University can confirm these claims.