Бичук О.І.Біомеханічний контроль постави учнів у процесі фізичного виховання. – Рукопис.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата наук з фізичного виховання та спорту за спеціальністю 24.00.02 – Фізична культура, фізичне виховання різних груп населення. – Львівський державний інститут фізичної культури, Львів, 2001.
У дисертації вивчені закономірності формування геометрії мас тіла школярів, досліджена динаміка зміни біодинамічних характеристик їх тіла та пружно-в’язких властивостей скелетних м’язів, які беруть участь у регуляції ортоградного положення тіла, вивчені біомеханічні особливості формування вертикальної пози. Запропоновані методи біомеханічного контролю постави школярів, розроблена дидактична програма профілактики порушень постави, перевірена їх ефективність у процесі профілактики порушень постави. Розроблені таблиці оцінок фізичного розвитку учнів. Основні результати роботи впроваджені в практику навчального процесу загальноосвітніх шкіл та вищих закладів освіти.
Ключові слова: біомеханічний контроль, методи, постава, фізичне виховання, учні, геометрія мас тіла, тонус скелетних м’язів, вертикальна стійкість тіла.
Бычук А.И. Биомеханический контроль осанки учеников в процесе физического воспитания. – Рукопись.
Диссертация на соискание учёной степени кандидата наук по физическому воспитанию и спорту по специальности 24.00.02 – Физическая культура, физическое воспитание разных групп населения. – Львовский государственный институт физической культуры, Львов, 2001.
В диссертации изучены закономерности формирования геометрии масс тела школьников, исследована динамика изменения биодинамических характеристик их тела и упруго-вязких свойств скелетных мышц, принимающих участие в регуляции ортоградного положения тела, изучены биомеханические особенности формирования вертикальной позы. Предложены методы биомеханического контроля осанки школьников, разработана дидактическая программа профилактики нарушений осанки, проверена их эффективность в процессе физического воспитания. Разработаны таблицы оценок физического развития учеников. Основные результаты работы внедрены в практику учебного процесса общеобразовательных школ и высших учебных заведений.
Ключевые слова: биомеханический контроль, методы, осанка, физическое воспитание, ученики, , геометрия масс тела, тонус скелетних мышц, вертикальная устойчивость тела.
Bychuk A.I. Biomechanical control of pupils’ bearing in the course of physical training. – Manuscript.
Thesis for the Candidate’s Degree in speciality physical training and sport. - 24.00.02. - Physical culture, training of various groups of people / - Lvivsky State Institute of the physical culture, Lviv, 2001.
The dissertation deals with the research of the regularities of forming the geometry of pupils’ body. The dynamics of changing the height YMC of a body and potential energy in the aspect of age, as well as the periods of maximum and minimum rate increase of these data are determined in the course of investigation. The results of the research prove that the potential energy of the age changes in a different way as to the girls and boys. Thus potential energy of the boys in the age from 7 till 16 increases accordingly from 19,4 joule to 70,7 joule. In the same period of age these indexes for the girls increase by 39,4 joule. It is necessary to mention that the periods of the maximum tempo of this potential energy increase for boys and girls do not coincide either. The analytical method of determining the height YMC of a body taking into account the geometry of a pupils’ body is applied in the research.
The study of biodynamic descriptions of the pupils’ bodies with the help of linear regression equations gave the grounds to suppose that orienting longitudinal axis of the units of man’s body in a proper way as to the weight line one can direct the process of the development and perfecting the motor function in the necessary direction.
In the course of learning the vertical firmness of pupils’ bodies amplitude and frequency vibration of YMC of bodies have been determined. Pertaining to the results of the investigation these data increase in accordance with age. Thus boys have higher indexes of amplitude and frequency than the girls do, the vibration amplitude of YMC of boy'’ bodies in sagittal plane changes (decreases) by 8,25 mm and that of the girls by 7,85 mm, in front plane this index decreases by 3,61 mm (boys) and 5,0 mm (girls). The vibration frequency of YMC of boy’s body increases by 1,71 Hz and that of the girls by 0,95 Hz in sagittal plane, in front plane – by 1,84 Hz (boys) and by 0,9 Hz (girls).
It was found out that the tone of the skeleton muscles which participate in the regulation of the vertical pose changes in accordance with the age. These tone changes are similar for boys and for girls but the quantative indexes are different. Thus the tone of the trapezius muscle of the boys’ bodies increases by 5,4 y.e., that index of the eractor spinal is 9,1 y.e., of the gluteus major – 9,0 y.e., of the biceps femoris – 12,6 y.e. and of the triceps of the shin – 18,4 y.e. As to the girls the tone of the trapezius muscle increases by 0,6 y.e., that of the eractor spinal by 8,6 y.e. of the gluteus major – by 10,3 y.e., of the biceps femoris – 16,9 y.e. and the tone of the triceps of the shin increases by 8,9 y.e. The results achieved in the course of the investigation helped to determine the dynamics of change of these indexes. Thus both the boys and the girls have the highest muscle tone of triceps of the shin, somewhat lower is the tone of the trapeze muscle then goes the tone index of the tetrahedral muscle of the back and that of the muscle unbending the back. The lowest is the tone of the buttock muscle.
The study of the tone increase of these muscles gives the possibility to determine the periods of the maximum and minimum tempo of their growth.
The thesis present the ways of solving the problem of the technology of biomechanical control of the pupils’ bearing in the course of physical training. Biomechanical control has to be based on the kinetic, dynamic and energy characteristics of the man’s body movement taking into account the regularities of forming the mass geometry of the body. The sets of tests and evaluating tables were made up for this aim. Having applied these methods of control one easily forsee the possible breaches of bearing of the pupils.
The effectiveness of the biomechanical control of pupils’ bearing was approved in the process of prophylaxis of bearing violations. Special didactical programmes were applied. These programmes comprised implementation of certain sets of exercises into the course of physical training of pupils at school: morning exercises before classes, physical culture “minutes” during big intervals between lessons, and of course, at the lessons of physical training. These sets (or complexes), included exercises which had positive effect on the improvement of the muscles tone. The pedagogical experiment has shown that the use of these didactic programmes at the lessons of substantially increases the tone indexes of the sceleton muscles of the pupils aged 12-13. According to the statistics these indexes of the pupils in the experimental groups are considerably higher than those of the control group. The results of the investigation may be useful in many ways. They are of special importance for the early prophylaxics of the violation of the pupils’ body bearing, because they make it possible to direct the choise of physical exercises accordingly to the peculiarity of the violation process. It is advisable that the biomechanical control should be integrated using the sets of tests and evaluating tables suggested in the thesis. It is useful to introduce at secondary schools the didactic programmes worked out in the dissertation for the purpose of prophylaxis of violation of pupils’ bearing.
The results of the investigation were put into practice at the lessons of physical training in school. No as well as into the process of instruction of the students in Volyn State University and National University for physical culture and sport of Ukraine, Kyiv.
Key words: biomechanical of control, methods, bearing, physical training, pupils, geometry of mass of body, sceleton muscles tone, vertical firmness of body.