This study is aimed to understand the urbanization pattern and its impacts on the groundwater of the city. Hydrographs from different parts of the city specify the increasing trend of drop of water level throughout the city and indicate higher vulnerability of groundwater in the central city area where both the vertical and lateral recharge is insignificant and the withdrawal rate is higher than the other parts of the city since the area is densely populated as well as commercial. Therefore, the study has intended to put forward some measures such as reduction of high dependency on groundwater, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, rainwater harvesting, preservation of wetlands in and around the city, artificial recharge, reduction of wastage; that may contribute effectively in the sustainable utilization of groundwater resource.
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demand of water for the city has raised from 150 mld in 1963 to 2100 mld in 2005.
vulnerable to drying of the wells, contamination of water and possible land subsidence.
the population of Dhaka will be more than 20 million by the year 2020 (BBS, 2002).
dependent on groundwater. It creates a huge pressure on the water table1 of Dhaka.
The major objectives of this research work are as follows.
• To identify the relation between urbanization and groundwater depletion of Dhaka city.
• To know the impacts of urbanization on groundwater of Dhaka city.
groundwater that may cope with rapid urbanization.
collected from relevant books, Journals and BBS.
from the annual and monthly report of DWASA.
(BWDB) and Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC).
impacts of urbanization on groundwater of Dhaka city.
mm rain annually, of which about 80% falls during the monsoon (Banglapedia, 2006).
Dhaka the land level is almost flat and low relief with many depressions here and there.
Alluvium and Highland Alluvium (Banglapedia, 2006).
seepage from standing water bodies within the city (Banglapedia, 2006).
provide guidelines for sustainable utilization of groundwater. They are mentioned below.
especially during peak water demand.
pumping costs and thereby turned the irrigated agriculture uneconomical (Alam, 2006).
combined use of rain water, surface water and groundwater.
Wetland Conservation Act, 2000 was introduced for this purpose.
Ground Water Management • Specify well spacing to maintain availability of water.
intrusion of contaminants into the subsurface etc.
and prestige of the capital of a sovereign country. This led to Dhaka's phenomenal growth.
out of 8618700 populations live in urban area (BBS, 2001).
water supply system of almost entirely depends on groundwater (Hoque, et al, 2004).
Dhaka and the percentage of increase in water level between the year 2001 and 2007.
Analysis of the hydrographs can be summarized as follows.
sharply from 45.5 m in September, 2001 to 68.5 m in August, 2007 at Mirpur.
December, 2001 to 67 m in December, 2007.
water abstraction rate is higher than the recharge.
December, 2001 and 20.5 m in June, 2007.
groundwater level in the city is below 50 m.
very limited in Dhaka city.
groundwater conditions in the year 2020 at different locations of the city.
Dhaka. The yearly rate of decrease in water level is about 1.5 m.
area is densely populated as well as commercial.
adjacent rivers. These impacts are described as follows.
associated with these changes in the geo-environment.
resulting in millions of dollars worth of damage.
big-hollow/Dhaka sits on big hollow).
overburden pressure they are sandwitched due to compression.
during the period between 1990 and 1999 (BUET, 2000).
plate Dhaka is situated on,” said Khandakar Fazal Hasan.
stretched to its limits (http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/groundwater/index.html).
illustrates the hydrostatic response of the first aquifer to intensive groundwater abstraction.
to 135-140 ft.; would hamper the natural/ecological balance of the city.
2013. The lower aquifer can only accommodate approximately 50 new tube wells.
decline sharply at Mirpur (Daily Prothom Alo, March, 2008).
Kafrul (Daily Prothom Alo, May, 2008).
are likely to face an acute water crisis in the coming years.
house and longer screen section (Morris, et al, 2003).
increased pumping cost (BWDB, 1991). Thus the water cost has been increasing every year.
over the years. Thus the water production cost of DWASA has also increased.
pollution, the pressure on groundwater has increased resulting in the decline of water table.
the groundwater of Dhaka city or most likely happen in the near future (DWASA, 2006).
urban strategy would direct or foster urban development in centres other than Dhaka.
metropolitan cities of Bangladesh. It will reduce the pressure of Dhaka city.
be started to ease the problems of big cities like Dhaka.
As soon as possible dependency on the groundwater for the urban use should be reduced.
losing population by net migration to non-metropolitan areas.
instrument to control water pollution from industries.
from the city and eventually end up 8 dumping the wastes directly into the river.
during the dry season was unaccounted for and is too much for the plant to handle.
budget for SWTP Phase Two and Phase Three (Rahman, 2005).
treatment plant has been built, it should be able to meet the city’s demand for water.
by 2020 if proper funding is allocated to it.
Wetlands are characterized as the reservoirs of the surface, rain and ground water.
have been identified. Such retention ponds should be conserved properly.
artificially infiltrating water through the topsoil layer of ground into the sub-soil reservoirs.
Conservation Act, 2000 might conserve these natural recharge areas.
sustainable technology for combined use of rain water, surface water and groundwater.
Proper implementation of these guidelines will ensure sustainable utilization of groundwater.
rate for household usage, commercial or industrial purpose and so on.
Dhaka city should call for detailed hydrogeological investigation and detailed exploration.
towns and small towns should be taken into strong consideration.
Bangladesh, Journal Geological Society of India, vol 52, p 229-238.
Irrigation in Bangladesh” BADC, Dhaka.
Studies in Applied Geography”, the mappa, Dhaka.
Asaduzzaman, M., 1985, “Handbook of Groundwater and Wells”, BRAC Prokashana, Dhaka.
Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2000, “Partnership for Better Municipal Management”.
Aziz, M.A., 1975, “A Text Book of Water Supply Engineering”, Hafiz Book Centre, Dhaka.
Dhaka: Statistical Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh.
Statistical Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh.
Banglapedia, CD Edition 2006, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
“Journal of Environmental Science (Dhaka)” Vol. 5, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p 9-20.
Bouwer, H., 1978, “Groundwater Hydrelogy”, Mcgraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
DWASA, 2006, “Annual Report 2004-2005”. Dhaka Water and Sewage Authority Dhaka.
DWASA, 2007, “Management Information Report for the Month April and November 2007”.
Dhaka Water and Sewage Authority Dhaka.
(eds.) “People’s Report 2004-2005 Bangladesh Environment”, p 151.
Provab” Voogol O Poribesh Journal, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p1-10.
Institute of Planners, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p 17.
Resource Development, vol. 22, p 291-311.
Misra, R.P., 1978, “Million Cities of India”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, p 16.
Dhaka”, Bangladesh, Hydrology Journal, vol. 11, p 496-503.
Water”, American International School, Dhaka.
Unpublished MSc Thesis, Department of Geology, Dhaka University, Dhaka.
3&4, Unnayan Shamannay, Dhaka, p 17.
Alo, 25th March, p 1, 23.
Walton, G. W., 1970, “Groundwater Resource Evaluation”, Mcgraw-Hill Kogakusha, Japan.
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