Across the continent of Europe, there are many ethnic groups that inhabit its countries. Through this lesson, you will explore a few of those groups from different parts of Europe.
When you think about your identity, how much of it has been influenced by the language you speak, traditions you celebrate, or beliefs you practice? It's possible that you don't think much about this, but they are significant contributors to who you are as a person. In many cases, these elements originate from your ethnicity, or the national or cultural group to which you belong.
If you're an American, you know that at some point you had ancestors that came to the U.S. from another part of the world. Where those people came from is most likely going to dictate which ethnic group you fall into and influence the traditions and values that you learned from your family. A Jewish-American, for example, might celebrate Yom Kippur, practice Judaism, and may even speak Hebrew or Yiddish. These are cultural traditions that have been passed down from their ancestors and they define the ethnic group to which they belong.
In the United States, the vast majority of the population has ethnic roots in another country and a large percentage belongs to an ethnic group in Europe. As a continent, Europe is very big and contains many different ethnic groups and subgroups - far too many to fit into a single lesson. Instead, we will focus on a small number of groups from various parts of Europe.
Two of the major characteristics that tend to define a person's ethnicity are the country from which they come and the language they speak. For instance, Russians can be considered a single ethnic group because they speak Russian and come from Russia. This, however, doesn't mean that they still live or must live in Russia to be ethnically Russian. In fact, there are a significant number of ethnic Russians living in the neighboring country of Ukraine, which has led to conflicts like the recent military actions in Crimea.
A good example of an ethnic group that is not associated with a particular country is the Slavs, who are an ethnic group that is dispersed across Europe with large concentrations in eastern countries like Bulgaria and Russia. For centuries, Slavic people have migrated across Europe and eventually other parts of the world, so they are not easily identifiable by language. Nevertheless, they maintain a strong connection to their heritage through cultural traditions like folk music and dance.
Slavic people have maintained a connection to their culture through things like song and dance.
In some cases, ethnicity can divide a country and lead to violent conflict, as in the case of the Bosnian War of the early-to-mid 1990s. This conflict primarily involved two of the country's ethnic groups, the Serbs and the Croats, fighting against each other for control of the territory.
Of the many European ethnicities, those in the west and north are probably most familiar to you. These include, among others, the people of Belgium, France, Germany, and Switzerland. In Belgium, the two main ethnic groups are Fleming and Walloon, who make up about three quarters of the population. As with other ethnic groups, these two are most easily identifiable by their languages, which are indications of where they emigrated from. The Fleming, for example, speak a variation of Dutch, indicating that they originally came from the north, while the Walloon speak a variation of French, indicating that they came from the south.
In Belgium, the country is almost evenly split between the Fleming and the Walloon.
In Germany, the vast majority of the population is ethnically German, with the second largest ethnic group (a little over 2%) being ethnically Turkish. The presence of ethnic Turks in Germany is related to 20th century migration and despite their small number; they have managed to hold on to their cultural traditions in a different country.
Of the majority of Americans that are of European ethnicity, many can trace their ancestry to the northern region of the continent, which includes, among others, England, Ireland, Norway, and Iceland. As with many other countries, the ethnicities of this part of Europe tend to be defined by language or nationality. In Norway, for example, most of the population is Norwegian, which also references their language and ancestral origin. There is, however, a much smaller ethnic group known as the Sami.
The Sami are a group of Indigenous peoples from northern Europe who primarily inhabit parts of Norway and, in smaller groups, parts of Sweden and Finland. Over the course of several centuries, the Sami were dispersed by invading groups like the Finns, and in the present day only a small number remain in their ancestral homeland.
Of the northern region, the most prominent ethnic group is Celtic, which refers to the people of what are now Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Celtic is a very broad category that includes many smaller groups that inhabited the territory now known as the United Kingdom.
In the southern part of Europe, ethnicities commonly fall along national and linguistic lines. These countries include, among others, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. While these groups are generally broad ethnic categories like Spanish or Italian, they can be grouped into a larger ethnic group known as Mediterranean. This refers to those who inhabit the region along the Mediterranean Sea, primarily the aforementioned countries.
People of Mediterranean ethnicity originate from one of the countries along the Mediterranean Sea.
Ethnicity broadly refers to the heritage and place of origin of a person or their ancestors. These can be broad categories like Eastern European, or they can be broken down into more regional or linguistic groups. Russians, for example, are people of Russian ancestry and speak Russian, but there are other ethnic groups that inhabit the area like Slavs. In Western Europe, ethnic groups like the Walloon and Fleming are recognizable by their language.
In Northern Europe, Indigenous groups like the Sami once occupied large parts of the territory but now account for a very small percentage of the population. In the UK, on the other hand, people of Celtic ancestry account for large portions of the population. Finally, in the south, ethnic groups like the Spanish and Italian can be grouped into a larger ethnic category known as Mediterranean.
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