Custom femoral components have been developed for total hip arthroplasty to maximize cortical form-fit and thereby to reduce the problems of stress shielding and aseptic loosening. custom prostheses than conventional prostheses (custom, 47%; conventional, 32%), but markedly less than the total contact Kobe0065 IC50 predicted by the manufacturer (84% to 90%). The custom prosthesis had more lateral cortical contact on CAD planning drafts (cortical contact: medial, 60%; lateral, 53%) than on specimen microsections after implantation (medial, 64%; lateral, 24%). In summary, the viewpoint of anchorage of both prostheses types could be confirmed. However, areas of cortical contact of the custom made prosthesis were considerably smaller compared to the pre-operative planning. (Aldinger, 1983),1 but there is controversy about the relative benefits of custom prostheses. It had been suggested that a high percentage of cortical form-fit of custom implants may decrease the frequency of aseptic loosening and improve long-term stability; however, bone density studies (postoperative follow-up, 5 years) have shown that a custom femoral component (evolution hip endoprosthesis) may not prevent a reduction in Kobe0065 IC50 periprosthetic bone density and stress shielding, despite a high form-fit.2 Clinical long-term results remain to be seen. An early custom endoprosthetic design from the 1980s (Evolution) was circumferentially fitted to fill the entire medullary canal, and implantation of this voluminous stem necessitated Sele removal of almost the entire cancellous bone of the proximal femur. Therefore, to decrease the large loss of cancellous bone, another custom endoprosthesis was developed (Adaptiva hip endoprosthesis). The 3-dimensionally fitted, roundoval design of the earlier model (Evolution) was replaced with a 2-dimensionally fitted case form (Adaptiva). This longitudinally fitted, rectangular prosthesis stem (Adaptiva) was designed to have improved proximal press- and form-fit, homogeneous pressure transmission, improved rotational stability and decreased loss of cancellous bone. The stem was designed to contact the entire length of the medial and lateral cortex, and the anterior and posterior sides of the femoral stem were not fitted to the cortical bone, allowing preservation of the anterior and posterior cancellous bone (Figure 1). Figure 1 Custom femoral prosthesis (Adaptiva): femoral component and rasp. Problems with custom implants include the higher cost compared with conventional, standardized endoprostheses. Achieving optimal custom prosthetic fit requires strict adherence to implantation depth, implantation angle, and specific site for opening the marrow cavity. Planning errors may cause poor surgical results. Every custom prosthesis is unique and standardized quality control is difficult or impossible.3 Although the developer of the custom prosthesis had requested 50% minimum cortical contact, the manufacturer has claimed that it is possible to achieve 85% to 90% cortical contact on the medial and lateral sides of the femoral stems at the metaphysis (Adaptiva prosthesis). This high cortical contact in the proximal part of the femur would be expected to decrease the problem of stress-shielding and decrease Kobe0065 IC50 micromotion at the bone-prosthesis interface, allowing better bone ingrowth. However, a biomechanical study showed only comparable, not greater initial stability of this custom femoral stem (Adaptiva) than a conventional femoral stem (Alloclassic),4 and the clinical and radiographic outcomes also were not improved compared with a conventional cementless hip prosthesis.5 Furthermore, a study with computed tomography (CT) in femur specimens showed that endosteal bone contact of these custom implants was only 21%.6 The CT scans had been Kobe0065 IC50 analyzed with a special software program that described the periprosthetic inner cortical bone structure, stem surface and contact between the implant and endosteal bone.6 But despite high quality CT scans, new software programs and improved hardware, a comparative study of CT scans and microsections of the proximal femur showed that the analysis of the interface between the implant and bone was hindered by artefacts from scattered radiation.7 The purpose of the present in.
Background During the recent H1N1 influenza pandemic, excess morbidity and mortality was seen in young but not older adults suggesting that prior infection with influenza strains may have protected older subjects. antibodies that bound to multiple HA subtypes and neutralized both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. This broad reactivity was not detected in post-infection plasma suggesting this broadly reactive clonal lineage was not immunodominant in this subject. Conclusion The presence of broadly reactive subdominant antibody responses in some EI subjects suggests that improved vaccine designs that make broadly reactive antibody responses immunodominant could protect against novel influenza strains. Introduction Influenza is a persistent threat to public health with seasonal influenza causing >200,000 hospitalizations and >35,000 deaths in the US annually , . While the most recent pandemic strain did not appear to be significantly more pathogenic than the seasonal strain of influenza that it replaced , prior pandemics, such as the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic, have been associated with severe mortality . Immunization of susceptible populations VP-16 is one of the primary methods for preventing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality . In humans, boosting immunizations with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) are associated with the transient appearance of influenza-specific plasma cells/plasmablasts (hereafter termed plasma cells) in peripheral blood . The majority of these plasma cells produce antibodies that bind HA and are both strain-specific and neutralizing . Protective humoral responses to influenza are mediated by antibodies that prevent infection of target cells, and these antibodies are largely directed against variable regions of the HA globular head leading to subtype- and strain-specific antibody responses , . Broadly neutralizing antibodies reactive with multiple influenza subtypes have been isolated from phage-displayed libraries from uninfected subjects , those recovering from H5N1 influenza , and those vaccinated against seasonal influenza , but such antibodies are not immunodominant and generally are Sele not found in plasma . In order to perform a direct comparison between the antibody repertoires following influenza immunization and infection, we isolated plasma cells from human peripheral blood at seven days following TIV or experimental influenza infection (EI) with H3N2 A/Wisconsin/67/2005 by using single cell sorting. PCR-based amplification of V(D)J gene rearrangements of Ig heavy- and light-chains present in single plasma cells was used for analysis and gene recovery for VP-16 subsequent mAb expression. We found that plasma-cell-derived mAbs from EI were more polyclonal but anti-HA mAbs from EI were more cross-reactive compared to mAbs derived from TIV subjects. The anti-HA response in TIV showed more evidence of clonal expansion and was more strain-specific compared to the response in EI. The largest clonal lineage identified from an EI subject contained anti-HA mAbs that reacted with most HAs tested and neutralized both H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A strains. Results Similar Frequencies of Circulating Plasma Cells Following TIV and EI We studied a group of five subjects immunized with TIV and six subjects enrolled in a protocol of EI with influenza H3N2 A/Wisconsin/67/2005  (Table 1). At 21 days after immunization, all TIV subjects showed a >4-fold rise in antibody titer for HA binding for those components in the vaccine (Fig. S1 online) and a rise in influenza neutralization titer vs. H1N1 A/Solomon Islands/03/2006 or VP-16 H3N2 A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (Table 1). At 28 days after experimental infection, 5/6 EI subjects had a >4-fold rise in antibody titer against the infecting strain H3N2 A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (Fig. S1 online). For one subject, EI03, no convalescent sample was available; testing of the day 7 sample showed a 3.7-fold rise in titer against the infecting strain (Fig. S1 online). Neutralization titers rose for all EI subjects [2-fold to 16-fold rise; Table 1]. Symptom severity did not correlate with infecting dose (Table 1). Table 1 Subject Characteristics. As described  we analyzed PBMC for the presence of plasma cells (CD3/14/16/235a? CD19+ CD20?/lo CD27hi CD38hi) seven days after TIV or EI. There was no difference in plasma cell frequencies between five TIV subjects and six EI subjects as a percentage of the total B cell population (CD3/14/16/235a? CD19+) in PBMC [TIV mean 2.75%0.90%; EI mean 2.260.74%; two-tailed test, p?=?0.68] (Fig. 1A;.