Garissa, Lamu, and Tana River counties: upper and lower Tana river between Tulu and Masabubu.
Malalulu, Zubaki, Ndura, Kinakomba, Gwano, Ndera, Mwina, Buu I, Buu II, Buu III, Kulesa, Ngatana, Dzunza, Kalindi. Lexical similarity: 63% with Mvita [swh], 61% with Amu [swh], 60% with Mrima [swh], 59% with Kigiryama [nyf], 58% with Chidigo [dig], 57% with Bajun [swh].
Home, social gatherings, church. Used by all. Positive attitudes. Also use English [eng], Kigiryama [nyf]. Also use Swahili [swh], about 75% somewhat bilingually. Used as L2 by Kigiryama [nyf], Kiwilwana [mlk], Waata [ssn].
Literacy rate in L2: 15%–25%. Advocacy to introduce L1 for lower primary school. Taught in primary schools for nursery classes. Literature. Videos. NT: 2003–2004.