technology in the early steam-era.
Originally two collections: 111 drawings made by or for Robert Fulton (1765-1815) which were donated by Solomon Alofsen in 1855; and about 140 drawings by Robert Fulton, Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1806-1878), Charles Stoudinger, and others which were donated by Annie A. and George R. Stoudinger (grandchildren of Charles Stoudinger) in 1919.
The Soho Works established a good reputation and came to the attention of Colonel John Stevens of Hoboken, New Jersey. Stevens had witnessed John Fitch’s steamboat trials in the 1780s and had dedicated his life to steam technology. He persuaded his brother-in-law Robert R. Livingston to take up Fitch’s expiring rights to steamboat passage on New York waters and to fund the building of a steamboat. Around 1797, Stevens and Livingston partnered with Nicholas Roosevelt, whose Soho Works would build the engine. The steamboat Polacca sailed on October 21, 1798 at the slow pace of three miles an hour and was considered a failure. In the early 1800s, Roosevelt and Stevens came up with a design for a ?paddle-wheels-over-the side-steamboat? (the Polacca had a paddle wheel at the stern of the boat), which Livingston showed no interest in funding. When Livingston was appointed minister to France in 1801, the partnership ended and Roosevelt later closed the Soho Works.
Stevens and Roosevelt continued experimenting with steam engines and had success in a small boat called the Little Juliana. This success led to work on a larger boat, the Phoenix, which was intended to navigate the Hudson from New York to Albany. Meanwhile, around 1802 in France, Livingston became acquainted with Robert Fulton, at the time a civil engineer with expertise in canal systems and naval weaponry. The two decided to create a partnership with the intention of building a steamship to travel on the Hudson, of which Livingston still had the monopoly. In 1807, the steamboat North River (later called the Clermont after the location of the Livingston family estate) sailed from New York to Albany and soon regular transportation along that route was established (the Clermont used side-paddles). John Stevens? Phoenix was forced to run on the Delaware River, but gained recognition for completing the first steam journey on the ocean. Stevens, however, turned to other steam projects, particularly railroads.
Soon after the Clermont’s trip, Livingston and Fulton hired Nicholas Roosevelt to scout rivers in the west and gather backers for extending steamboat operations into that territory. Roosevelt and his wife participated in a long trial run on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers on the New Orleans, and a week after they landed, regular trips started between New Orleans and Natchez, Mississippi. Fulton received U.S. patents in 1809 and 1811 and by 1815, the Fulton-Livingston partnership and related companies controlled steamboats on the Hudson, Delaware, Potomac, James, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers and the Chesapeake Bay. In Pittsburgh, Benjamin Henry Latrobe of the Philadelphia Waterworks project owned 1/3 of Fulton’s Ohio Steamship Company and oversaw the construction of ships, while Charles Stoudinger, a former Soho Works machinist became Fulton’s right-hand man. The Livingston-Fulton monopoly on the Hudson was not broken until 1824 when New Jersey residents challenged the case in Gibbons vs. Ogden.
Josiah Hornblower (1729-1809) – Englishman whose father was an engineering associate of Thomas Newcomen. Hired by Colonel John Schuyler to assemble a steam engine in the Schuyler Copper mines. Afterwards, stayed in Second River and managed the Schuyler copper mines. Leased the mines with John Stearndall from 1761-1773 when the engine house burned down. Tried to revive the mines and rebuild the engine from 1793-1794 (funded by Philip J. Schuyler and other New Yorkers), and was involved with the Polocca experiment. Married Margaretta Kingsland (1755). NJ Assemblyman (1779-1781?), Speaker of the Assembly (1780-1781?), NJ Councilman (1781-1784), Confederation Congressman (1785-1793?), Judge of the Essex court of common pleas (1790-1809).
Nicholas J. Roosevelt (1767-1854) – New York/New Jersey. Bought land in Second River, NJ and established Soho Works. Hired English machinists and got a contract to build the Philadelphia Waterworks engine and a federal contract to establish a rolling mill for copper to be used in the building of warships (they were never built and he lost a lot of money). Went into partnership with Livingston and Stevens to build the Polacca’s engine. Was involved with Livingston and Fulton on steamboat operations in the west and took the first trial run on the Ohio River in the New Orleans. He was granted a patent for the vertical paddle wheel, but his patent was blocked in New Jersey by Livingston and Fulton. Married Lydia Latrobe.
Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813) – New Yorker. Acquired the monopoly on New York waters when John Fitch’s grant ran out in 1798. He then became the financial backer in a partnership with Nicholas Roosevelt and Colonel John Stevens to build the Polacca engine. Later backed Robert Fulton on the Clermont engine. Held a monopoly with Fulton on the Hudson and Mississippi Rivers. Married Mary Stevens. Brother-in-law of Colonel John Stevens. Lawyer, Recorder of the city of NY (1773-1775), NY Provincial Congressman (1775-1776), Continental Congressman (1775-1776, 1779-1781, 1784), New York Legislature (1779-1780, 1784), Chancellor of New York, member of New York’s Council of Safety, Secretary of Foreign Nations (17??-1783), Minister to France (1801-1804).
James Smallman – English engineer for Boulton & Watt. He was hired by Nicholas Roosevelt to be in charge of the smelting works at Soho. Put in charge of building the engine for the Polacca.
John Hewitt (1777-1857) – English machinist at Boulton & Watt. Immigrated to Second River. Worked at Soho from 1796-1802 and worked on the Polacca engine. Later left the machinist business and became a successful cabinetmaker in Belleville and New York City.
Charles Stoudinger – German. Worked at Soho Works. Later became Robert Fulton’s right-hand man. He worked in Fulton’s shop in Pittsburgh (probably with Latrobe).
Rhodes family – Frederick, George, and Lewis. Worked at the Soho Works. Lewis Rhodes later worked for Robert Fulton.
Robert Fulton (1765-1815) – Born in Pennsylvania. As a young man he worked as a miniature portrait painter in Philadelphia. Went to Europe where became involved in canal design and became known as a civil engineer. Received patents for his canal work and worked on naval weapons. Became involved with steamboats in 1802 and met Robert R. Livingston while he was in France as minister. Returned to U.S. in 1806 where went to work in earnest on steamboat engines. His boat, the Clermont sailed in 1807. Expanded his steam empire fast but entered into patent and monopoly lawsuits. Married Harriet Livingston.
Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1806-1878) – Born in England. Architect and engineer. Came to the U.S. in 1795-1796. After recurring outbreaks of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia, he was commissioned in 1798 as the engineer for the Philadelphia Waterworks. His plan used steam engines to pump water from the Schuylkill River through a mile long tunnel to the Centre Square Engine House and from there throughout the city. He hired Soho Works to build the engines. He later lived in Pittsburgh and owned 1/3 of Fulton’s Ohio Steamship Company where he oversaw construction of the ships. He was a successful architect and engineer and worked on the following projects: a canal to link the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays; the Washington Canal (linked the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers); the Virginia State Penitentiary (1797-1806); the Richmond Theater (1797-1798); Shockoe Church (ca. 1798-1799) in Richmond; Fort Nelson in Virginia (1802-1806); the Bank of Pennsylvania (1798-1801); the Chestnut Street Theatre (1801); the Bank of Philadelphia (1807); and the restoration of Nassau Hall at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He also received government commissions and was appointed architect of the Capitol. He married (1) Lydia Sellon (d. 1793) and (2) in 1800 Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst (1771-1841).
Part 1E #9. Other B/W-type material. “1/2 inch scale per 1 foot…” Pencil drawing.
Part 1E #11. Other B/W-type material. “Length of lines 8 ft 6 inches…” Pencil drawing.
Part 1E #76. Other B/W-type material. “Damper plate & frame…for the engine ABCS, 31st May 1791.” Ink drawing.
Part 1E #80-81. Other B/W-type material. #80: Pencil drawing. Verso #81: Water color drawing.
Part 1E #89-90. Other B/W-type material. Pencil drawings.
Part 1E #95. Other B/W-type material. “Man hole plate, for the part that is under the fire (?) place.” Pencil and ink drawing.
Part 1B #59. Single Patent Engine. “Description.” List of items, in ink.
Part 3 #12. Steam Sawmill. Ink drawing.
Part 4B #119. Philadelphia Water Works. Schuylkill Engine House. “Account of …, 1799.” Journal, ink.
Part 4B #118. Philadelphia Water Works. Schuylkill Engine House. Ink drawing.
Part 4B #1. Philadelphia Water Works. Schuylkill Engine House. “July 1st, 1800.” Water color & ink drawing.
Part 6 #64. “J. Wilde” Drawings. Ink drawing.
Part 6 #75. “J. Wilde” Drawings. Ink drawing.
Part 6 #77. “J. Wilde” Drawings. Ink drawing.
Part 6 #86. “J. Wilde” Drawings. Ink with pencil drawing.
Part 7 #3. Miscellaneous . “London philosophical magazine No. 1, June 1798.” Water color & ink drawing.
Part 7 #8-10. Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawings.
Part 7 #60. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawing.
Part 7 #61. Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
Part 7 #67. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawing.
Part 7 #68. Miscellaneous. Pencil & ink drawing.
Part 7 #71. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawing.
Part 7 #72-73. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawings.
Part 7 #78. Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
Part 7 #79. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawing.
Part 7 #82. Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
Part 7 #87. Miscellaneous. Ink with pencil drawing.
Part 7 #88. Miscellaneous. Pencil & ink drawing.
Part 7 #91. Miscellaneous. Ink with pencil drawing.
Part 7 #92-92. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawings.
Part 7 #94. Miscellaneous. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Ink drawing.
Part 7 #97. Miscellaneous. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Ink with pencil drawing.
Part 7 #130. Miscellaneous. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Ink drawing.
Part 7 #134-135. Miscellaneous. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Pencil drawings.
Part 7 #137. Miscellaneous. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Ink with water color drawing.
A #3. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Pencil drawing.
A #8. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Pencil with ink drawings.
A #9. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) Ink drawing.
A #16. (Stoudinger Coll.#10) “Reference to the Annexed – Machine.” List, in ink.
1855.1.1A. (Alofsen Coll. #7) Patent Copies for Fulton. Certificate; Drawings in “C” size. John Fitch Patent certificate signed by James Monroe, July 12, 1811.
1855.11 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Fulton Steamboats. Ink drawing.
1855.12 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Fulton Steamboats. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.13 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Fulton Steamboats. Ink drawing.
1855.45.3 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Miscellaneous. Ink drawing.
1855.47 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.48 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.49 (Alofsen Coll. #7) Miscellaneous. Ink drawing.
1855.52A-B (Alofsen Coll. #7) Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawings.
Fulton Canal Drawings (Alofsen Collection) 1855.2 – 1855.7 group.
1855.7.1. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.2. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.3. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.4. Landscape. Water color & ink drawing.
Fulton Canal Drawings (Alofsen Collection) 1855.7.6 – 1855.7.13 group.
1855.7.6. Cross section of landscape and pulley system. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.7. Landscape with water and pulley system, with man and dog. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.8. Landscape with bridge span. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.9. Landscape with pulley system. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.10. Landscape with pulley system. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.11. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.12. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.7.13. Landscape with pulley system, with man and horse. Water color & ink drawing.
Part 1. Boulton & Watt-Type Engines.
A. #56. Barrow Lees & Co., 1791. “Front View of the Air Pump.” Water color & ink drawing.
B. #57. Single Patent Engine. “Plan of the Cylinder & Boiler Tops…” Water color & ink drawing.
C. #49. 3-Horse Engine. “General Section of a Steam Engine of the Power of Three Horses,” 1708. Water color & ink drawing.
#69. 3-Horse Engine. Water color & ink drawing.
#70. 3-Horse Engine. “Grand Plan of a 3-Horse Engine…” Water color & ink drawing.
#73. 3-Horse Engine. “Working Gear…” Feb. 20, 1797. Water color & ink drawing.
#107. 3-Horse Engine. “General Section of 3-Horse Engine…” Feb. 20, 1797. Water color & ink drawing.
D. #58. Engine for Pain & Co. “End View of the Engine…” May 12, 1797. Water color & ink drawing.
#62. Engine for Pain & Co. “Ground Plan of the Engine…” May 12, 1797. Water color & ink drawing.
E. #63. Other B/W-Type material. Water color & ink drawing.
Part 3 #52. Steam Sawmill. Water color & ink.
Part 4. Philadelphia Water Works.
A. #53. Center Square Engine House. Pencil & ink drawing.
B. #13. Schuylkill Engine House. “Section of…from South to North.” Signed by Henry Latrobe. Water color and ink drawing.
#14. Schuylkill Engine House. “Section of…from West to East.” Signed by Henry Latrobe. Water color and ink drawing.
#15. Schuylkill Engine House. “Section of…through the well…” Water color & ink drawing.
#16. Schuylkill Engine House. “Ground Plan of…” Signed by Henry Latrobe. Water color & ink drawing.
#17. Schuylkill Engine House. Signed by Henry Latrobe. Ink drawing.
#18. Schuylkill Engine House. Signed by B. Henry Latrobe. Ink drawing.
#116/117. Schuylkill Engine House (“May be Part 3, Steam Sawmill.”) Pencil drawings.
Part 6 #123. “J. Wilde” Drawings. “Section of Water Wheels.” Ink drawing.
Part 7 #127. Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
Part 7 #128. Miscellaneous. Water color & ink drawing.
A. #11. Vague outline of pencil drawing.
1855.5 Fulton Canals. Signed R. Fulton. Water color & ink drawing.
1855.6 Fulton Canals. Landscape with mechanical system. Water color drawing.
1855.45.1 Fulton Miscellaneous. “Plate 8th.” Ink drawing.
1855.45.2 Fulton Miscellaneous. “Plate the 10th.” Ink drawing.
Stoudinger Collection. Part 1: Boulton & Watt-Type Engines.
Part 1A #48. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “Plan of the Cylinder and Boiler Tops…” Dec. 1, 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1A #50. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “General Section of the Engine…” Dec. 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1A #51. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “Ground Plan of the Engine…” Dec. 1, 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1A #101. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “General Section of the Engine for…” Dec. 4, 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1A #102. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “Plan of the Cylinder and Boiler Tops…” Dec. 1, 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1A #103. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “Ground Plan of the Engine…” Dec. 1, 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1A #104. Barrow, Lees & Co. Engine. “Elevation of the Back Wall & Cross Section of the Boilers…” Dec. 1, 1791. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1B #44. Single Patent Engine. “Working Gear for a Single Patent Engine.” Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1B #46. Single Patent Engine. “Working Gear for a Single Patent Engine.” Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1B #54. Single Patent Engine. “Ground Plan of Single Patent Engine.” Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1B #105. Single Patent Engine. “General Section of a Single Patent Engine.” Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1B #106. Single Patent Engine. “Working Gear for Meydrecht Engine.” June 30th, 1792. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 1E #45. Other B/W-Type Engines. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 4B #2. Schuylkill Engine House. “Plan.” Signed by B. Henry Latrobe, June [?], 1800. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 4B #6. Schuylkill Engine House. “Section Showing the Rollers.” Signed by B.Henry Latrobe, June 24th, 1800. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 4B #7. Schuylkill Engine House. “Plan of the Top of the Frame.” Signed by B. Henry Latrobe, June 25th, 1800. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 4B #66. Schuylkill Engine House. Ink drawing.
Part 6 #42. “J. Wilde” Drawings. Ink drawing.
Part 7 #4. Miscellaneous. Ink drawing.
Part 7 #5. Miscellaneous. On verso: “A Machine for drawing of water.” Ink drawing.
Part 7 #129. Miscellaneous. “Bellows for Furnace.” Water color and ink drawing.
Part 7 #132. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawing.
Part 7 #133. Miscellaneous. Pencil drawing.
Part 7 #136. Miscellaneous. Ink drawing.
Part 8 “A-Series” formerly with Alofsen Collection.
A. #5. “Cooking Apparatus for the Steamboats.” Jan. 16, 1813. Water color and ink drawing.
A. #6. Water color and ink drawing.
A. #13. (Boiler?) Pencil and ink drawing.
A. #14. Water color and ink drawing. Signed by R. Fulton, Nov. 12th, 1814.
Alofson Collection, Patent Copies made by Nicholas King for Fulton.
1855.1.1B. John Fitch. June 22, 1790.
1855.1.1C. John Fitch. June 22, 1790. Patent with drawing.
1855.1.1D. John Fitch. June 22, 1790. Patent with drawing.
1855.1.1E. John Fitch. June 22, 1790. Patent with drawing.
1855.1.2A. Daniel Keller. May 9, 1795.
1855.1.2B. Daniel Keller. May 9, 1795. Patent with drawing.
1855.1.3A. Jehosaphat Starr. April 27, 1797.
1855.1.3B. Jehosaphat Starr. April 27, 1797. “Plate 2nd.” Ink drawing.
1855.1.3C. Jehosaphat Starr. April 27, 1797. “Plan 1.” Ink drawing.
1855.1.4A. Charles Stoudinger. April 25, 1798.
1855.1.4B. Charles Stoudinger. April 25, 1798. Patent with drawing.
1855.1.4C. Charles Stoudinger. April 25, 1798. “C – Side View.” Ink drawing.
1855.1.5A. Richard Claiborne. Feb. 18, 1802.
1855.1.5B. Richard Claiborne. Feb. 18, 1802. “Drawing and Sections of a Machine for Propelling Boats and other Vessels in Water. Patent with drawing.
1855.1.6. W. Bell. Nov. 24, 1803. “Bells Boat for inland navigation.” Patent with drawing.
1855.1.8A. Moses Crafts. Feb. 11, 1809.
1855.1.9. Harris. 1710. “Engine for Rowing Ships.” Patent with drawing.
1855.1.10 Fulton (not King copy). July 22, 1811. “Combination of the Steam Engine and Machinery in the Albany Steamboats.” Patent with drawing.
1855.8.1. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. “Plate the First.” Signed by Robert Fulton. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.8.2. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. “Plate 4th.” Signed by Robert Fulton. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.9.1. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.9.2. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.10.2. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.13. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. “Details of a new mode of arranging the tide pipes…” Signed by B. Henry Latrobe, 1912. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.14. Fulton Steamboat Drawings. “A Sketch of improved hand gear.” Feb. 7, 1814. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.49. Fulton Miscellaneous. Hand cart with gears. Signed by R. Fulton, Aug. 1796. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.50. Fulton Miscellaneous. Pulley and gear system. Water color and ink drawing, with pencil notations.
1A #32. Barrow Lees & Co. “Front View of the Air Pmp” and “Elevation of the Back Wall…” Water color and ink drawing.
1B #34. Single Patent. “Front View of the Air Pump for a Single Patent Engine.” Water color and ink drawing.
1D #31. Pain & Co. “Ground Plan of the Steam Engine for Mr. Pain in Virginia.” 1797. Water color and ink drawing.
1D #41. Pain & Co. “Back End View of the Engine…” Water color and ink drawing.
1D #108. Pain & Co. “General Section of the Steam Engine…” Water color and ink drawing.
1D #109. Pain & Co. “Working Gear of Mr. Pain’s Engine.” Water color and ink drawing.
1D #110. Pain & Co. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 2 #36. Steam Rolling Mill. Ink drawing.
Part 2 #43. Steam Rolling Mill. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 2 #112. Steam Rolling Mill. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 3 #37. Steam Sawmill. Ink drawing.
Part 3 #114. Steam Sawmill. Ink drawing.
4A #19. Center Square Engine Works. Water color and ink drawing.
4A #20. Center Square Engine Works. Water color and ink drawing.
4A #35. Center Square Engine Works. Ink drawing.
4A #25. Center Square Engine Works. Water color and ink drawing.
4A #26. Center Square Engine Works. Water color and ink drawing.
4A #35. Center Square Engine Works. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 4B #33. Philadelphia Water Works. Schuylkill Engine House. Ink drawing.
Part 4B #115. Philadelphia Water Works. Schuylkill Engine House. Ink drawing.
Part 5A #21. Drawings by Stoudinger. Steamboat [“Polacca”] for Chancelor Livingston. Ink drawing.
Part 5A #30. Drawings by Stoudinger. Steamboat [“Polacca”] for Chancelor Livingston. Ink drawing.
Part 5A #122. Drawings by Stoudinger. Steamboat [“Polacca”] for Chancelor Livingston. Ink drawing.
Part 7 #38/39 and 83/85. Miscellaneous. Drawings (in one mat).
Part 7 #125. Miscellaneous. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 7 #131. Miscellaneous. Pencil and ink sketches.
Part 7 #138. Miscellaneous. Ink drawing.
A #2. “Drawing the 3rd.” Signed by Robert Fulton, Aug. 8, 1808. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.2. Canals. “Mechanique pour un plan Incline…pied de chute” Signed by Robert Fulton. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.10.1. Steamboats. Water color and ink drawing.
1855.44. Steamboats. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 2 #23. Steam Rolling Mill. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 2 #24. Steam Rolling Mill. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 2 #27. Steam Rolling Mill. Water color and ink drawing.
Part 2 #111. Steam Rolling Mill. Pencil and ink drawing.
Part 2 #113. Steam Rolling Mill. “Explanation of the drawings of a new improved double Steam Engine.” Manuscript booklet in ink (113a – 113k).
Part 4B #22. Skuylkill Engine House. Ink drawing.
Part 4B #29. Skuylkill Engine House. Ink drawing.
Three copy? drawings, some printed material and other miscellaneous.
“Drawing the First.” By Robert Fulton, August 8, 1808. Plan of a steamboat hull. Reverse inscribed “Car of Neptune.” Gift of Annie and George Stoudinger, 1919.
B #57. Single Patent Engine. “Plan of the Cylinder & Boiler Tops…” Water color & ink drawing.
A #5. “Cooking Apparatus for the Steamboats.” Jan. 16, 1813. Water color and ink drawing.
A #6. Water color and ink drawing.
A #13. (Boiler?) Pencil and ink drawing.
A #14. Water color and ink drawing. Signed by R. Fulton, Nov. 12th, 1814.