Sound Localization: -- how do we determine which direction a sound is coming from?
Smell and Taste receptors both respond to the presence of chemical substances.
receptors are linked directly to brain (don't go through spinal cord and brain stem) linked to olfactory cortex & limbic system (amygdala).
Stimulus: any substance/chemical that dissolves in saliva.
tongue is a muscle covered with mucous membrane containing little bumps (papillae).
most taste buds respond to multiple substances such as both acids and salts, but respond maximally well to only one type.
Taste Thresholds and Tongue Regions: all areas on tongue respond to all flavors (except middle which is like the "blind spot")--but certain flavors are more noticeable on certain areas.
Two-point thresholds: the smallest distance of two separate points of stimulation on skin that just produces the perception of 2 distinct points.
Touch linked with kinesthesis and proprioception.