Current consumer trends, and particularly the digital era of consumerism, indicate that there is a paradigm shift in the way businesses operate. Historically, large companies made massive quantities of homogenous products to sell to consumers, whose needs were simply grouped into segments. These products were sold through retail distribution in an effort to reach the relevant segments and the retailer generated profits by supporting physical store locations, offering some knowledge of the product and delivering a service experience to the consumer. However, the Digital Age, which started in the 1970s, began upending the traditional consumer process when it introduced the personal computer. Subsequent technology improved the free and efficient transfer of information.
With more than 290 million internet users, the United States is one of the largest online markets worldwide. The most popular internet activities of American internet users are social media, and the buying and selling of products or services through electronic channels. According to recently available data, 2016 e-commerce sales in the United States were estimated at USD 360 billion. An additional growing trend within the e-commerce market is the rise of mobile shopping. In 2016, Statista reported that an estimated 136 million consumers had made at least one purchase using a web browser or mobile app. In fact, major companies have sponsored the usage of apps and social media for online shopping and are thus responsible for the growing popularity of mobile shopping and, ultimately the predominance of M-commerce in the e-commerce industry.
Although customer satisfaction with online retail in the United States is high, online sales still represent a fraction of retail sales in the United States. However, legacy brick-and-mortar retail outlets appear to be on the decline. The commercial property firm Cushman & Wakefield has provided evidence that the United States’ precarious condition has resulted in 9,000 retail outlets closing in 2017, with 12,000 on the chopping block in the last quarter of 2018. American retail companies have found themselves in a quandary trying to decide whether e-commerce is "a friend or a foe."
In 2015, it was recorded that China was catching up with the United States in the battle for e-commerce supremacy. In the last quarter of 2015, China had generated circa USD 250 billion from online sales and economists and investment banks predicted that the Asian country would dethrone the United States as the largest online retail market in the world. Some of the factors that have contributed to China's e-commerce growth include increased internet penetration, the growing spending power of the population and the development of online market platforms. For instance, the Chinese multinational conglomerate, Alibaba, which specializes and operates China's largest e-commerce platform, has more than half a billion consumers shopping online. In the fiscal year ending March 2018, Alibaba's e-commerce platform was recorded to have generated a revenue of CNY 176.6 billion in Chinese online sales, which translates to USD 20.8 billion.
When considering the sectoral composition of the GDP, South Africa is a service-driven economy and classified as an "upper-middle income" country, with the last recorded real GDP per capita circa USD 7500. However, the uneven and sluggish growth in average income and the decline in foreign direct investments, amongst other things, has translated into only a moderate decline in poverty. According to the latest World Bank Report, South Africa lags behind its peers on the inclusiveness of consumption growth. In addition, the labour market is effectively split into two extreme job types. At one extreme is a small number of people with highly paid jobs in largely formal sectors and large enterprises, on the other, is most of the population who work in jobs that are often informal, require less skills and pay less well. The share of output that has contributed to the informal labour market has been the retail industry, which is more likely to employ new entrants and semi-skilled members of the population. Undoubtedly, the current global phenomenon of upending the legacy brick-and-mortar retail system would add to South Africa's high unemployment rate, resulting in abject poverty and an increase in the Gini ratio. Therefore, illiteracy, poverty and the high unemployment rate remain key challenges for South Africa's (and comparator countries) e-commerce industry.
In spite of these challenges, economists are confident that the African continent may be the next emerging market set to make significant strides in e-commerce. Statista reported that the e-commerce sector in Africa had generated USD 16.5 billion in revenue in 2017 and forecasted a revenue of 29 billion by 2022. For instance, the largest economy in Africa in terms of GDP, Nigeria, has the most e-commerce sites on the continent with 40 percent of Africa's e-commerce investment ventures headquartered in Nigeria.
This article was written by Itumeleng Mukhovha, an associate in the Johannesburg office.