(1856–1924). Considered the spiritual father of modern architecture in the United States, Louis Sullivan was the first U.S. architect to devise and perfect a personal style of architecture that was distinct from historic models. Also revolutionary in his use of ornament, he created a curious yet unrelated parallel to the art nouveau ornamentation in Europe. He was a major influence on Frank Lloyd Wright, his chief assistant from 1887 to 1893.
Louis Henry Sullivan was born in Boston, Mass., on Sept. 3, 1856. He studied architecture briefly at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France. He joined Dankmar Adler’s architecture office in 1879, and two years later became Adler’s partner. The firm of Adler and Sullivan produced more than 100 buildings during its 14-year existence.
The firm’s first masterpiece was the Auditorium Building in Chicago (built between 1887 and 1889), an unusual combination of a hotel and office block (now Roosevelt University) wrapped around a 3,982-seat auditorium. The exterior was strongly influenced by H.H. Richardson’s Marshall Field Wholesale Store, then recently completed in Chicago, but the interior was lavishly decorated with Sullivan’s ornamentation. The auditorium’s acoustics, designed by Adler, became legendary.
A turning point in Sullivan’s development was the Getty Tomb, designed in 1890 for Chicago’s Graceland Cemetery. Having reached “the limitations…of unadorned masses,” Sullivan applied “a virile and synthetic scheme of ornamentation.” The result was the integrated, original style that he had long sought. The next building of significance was the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Mo. (1890–91), the first 10-story steel-framed office building with its vertical elements emphasized and recessed horizontals minimized. Some critics think that the Guaranty (now Prudential) Building in Buffalo, N.Y. (1894–95), is even more successful.
In 1895 Adler, who had been the engineer and businessman of the partnership, withdrew temporarily from the practice of architecture, and the partnership was dissolved. Sullivan was arrogant and difficult, and by himself he received only 20 commissions in 30 years. The most notable is the commission in Chicago for the Schlesinger & Mayer (now Carson Pirie Scott & Company) department store (1899–1904). Here Sullivan turned to horizontal lines, employing the so-called Chicago window (a large fixed pane with narrower movable sash windows on either side) in a rather plain facade for the upper stories, but with rich cast-iron decoration forming picture frames for the display windows at street level.
Noteworthy also are a series of seven banks designed by Sullivan in his last years. The most distinguished are in Owatonna, Minn. (1908), and Grinnell, Iowa (1914). These are simple, rather austere cubic forms with intricate ornamentation.
Sullivan’s famous dictum, “form follows function,” is from a magazine article that he wrote in 1896 entitled “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered.” However, Sullivan did not believe that design should be just mechanistic and utilitarian—rather, he believed that architecture must evolve from and express the environment as well as expressing its function and structural basis. Just before his death in Chicago on April 14, 1924, Sullivan published The Autobiography of an Idea and completed 19 plates for A System of Architectural Ornament According with a Philosophy of Man’s Powers.