Hepatitis B is still the main cause of chronic liver disease in China, causing a huge burden on people’s health and economic development. During the past two decades, great efforts in the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B have been made, with a lot of achievements. However, antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and disease eradication remain a major challenge. This paper focuses on the prevalence of HBV infection and its prevention and treatment in China.