I Improved Transdermal Delivery System for the Administration of Rotigotine FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to an improved transdermal delivery system for rotigotine. Moreover, the invention relates to a method of treatment using the transdermal delivery system.
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND To date, various transdermal delivery systems (TDS) for the administration of rotigotine have been described.
WO 94/07'468 discloses a TDS containing rotigotine hydrochloride as active substance in a two-phase matrix, which is essentially formed by a hydrophobic polymer material as the continuous phase and a disperse hydrophilic phase contained therein and mainly containing the drug and hydrated silica. The silica is said to enhance the maximum possible loading of the TDS with the hydrophilic salt. Moreover, the formulation of W094/07468 usually contains additional hydrophobic solvents, permeation promoting substances dispersing agents and, in particular, an emulsifier which is required to emulsify the aqueous solution of the active component in the lipophilic polymer phase. A TDS prepared by using such a system has been tested in healthy subjects and Parkinson's patients. However, no satisfactory drug plasma levels were achieved.
Various further TDS have been described in W099/49852. The TDS used in this patent application comprises a backing layer, inert with respect to the constituents of the matrix, a self-adhesive matrix layer containing an effective quantity of rotigotine hydrochloride or rotigotine, which contains a substantial amount of rotigotine hydrochloride w/w), and a protective film, which is to be removed before use.
2 00 0 C The matrix system is composed of a non-aqueous polymer adhesive system, based on acrylate or silicone, with a solubility of rotigotine of at least 5% w/w. Said matrix has l been described as being essentially free of inorganic silicate particles. However, even the TDS described in W099/49852 leave something to be desired as regards the obtainable flux rates of drug across human skin.
V~ In the TDS according to W094/07468 and many related 10 applications, passive diffusion membranes were used.
CR( However, as the skin is to be seen as a very efficient barrier for most drug candidates, such type of membrane controlled systems are more or less limited in practice to transdermal delivery of active substances that reveal a very high skin permeability. Additionally, special requirements on drug release kinetics have to be met like contact delivery over several days.
The present invention seeks to control to canalise/manoeuvre) the transport of rotigotine towards and across the skin from a drug reservoir, thereby enhancing the flux of rotigotine across the TDS/skin interface.
The present invention further seeks to provide a suitable composition and manufacturing methods of polymer matrices in TDS which lead to an enhanced delivery of rotigotine to and across the skin by preventing back diffusion of the drug portion which is ionized in the skin according to its pKa value from the skin tissue into the TDS, (ii) offering continuous delivery of the active compound across the stratum corneum not only via the common more lipophilic route intercellular) but also through hydrophilic pores eccrine sweat glands).
00 0 3 SSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a TDS comprising a backing layer inert to the r 5 components of the matrix, a self-adhesive matrix containing n rotigotine and a protective foil or sheet to be removed 00 prior to use, wherein the self-adhesive matrix consists of a solid or semi-solid semi-permeable polymer wherein rotigotine in its free base form has been incorporated, which is saturated with rotigotine and contains said rotgotine as a multitude of microreservoirs within the matrix, which is highly permeable for the free base of rotigotine, which is impermeable for the protonated form of rotigotine, wherein the maximum diameter of the microreservoirs is less than the thickness of the matrix.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 shows the effect of the protonation of rotigotine in the semi-permeable matrix on the drug absorption.
Fig. 2 shows the impact of the size distribution of the microreservoirs in the semi-permeable matrix on the drug absorption.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of reducing the amount of the protonated form of rotigotine in the semi-permeable matrix WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 4 and reducing the size of the microreservoirs on the drug absorption.
Fig. 4 shows a microscope image of a conventional TDS.
Fig. 5 shows a microscope image of the TDS according to the invention.
Fig. 6 shows the effect of reducing the amount of the protonated form of rotigotine in the semi-permeable matrix and reducing the size of the microreservoirs on the in vitro skin permeation of the drug.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a TDS providing a high steady state flux rate of rotigotine over the TDS/skin interface.
Surprisingly, it was found that drug release properties of a TDS having a silicone-type adhesive matrix containing rotigotine can be significantly enhanced by minimizing the amount of rotigotine which is present in the protonated form (salt form);incorporating rotigotine in a multitude of microreservoirs within the self-adhesive matrix consisting of a solid or semi-solid semi-permeable polymer.
The impact of above described measures on drug release characteristics of rotigotine in vivo is illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. The relative drug absorption in vivo was WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 highest for the sample according to the invention; increase of the size of the microreservoirs and/or the amount of drug salt residues in the TDS led to slower initial drug release.
Based on the above findings, the present invention was accomplished.
When using the TDS, according to the present invention, a high transfer of rotigotine from the silicone matrix into the outermost skin layer can be achieved. Consequently, plasma values of rotigotine are sufficient to allow for a reasonable expectation that an efficient treatment with fewer side effects can be provided.
The drug contained in the TDS according to the invention is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1naphthalenol (INN: rotigotine). Rotigotine is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, which is useful for example in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
It should be understood that the term "treatment" in the context of this application is meant to designate a treatment or an alleviation of the symptoms. The treatment may be of a therapeutic or prophylactic nature.
It will be understood by a person skilled in the art that rotigotine exists in various isomeric forms. It has to be understood that any single isomer or a-mixture of different isomers may be used in the TDS according to the invention.
Hence, the S- or R-enantiomer or the racemate or any other enantiomer mixture of rotigotine may be used.
At least a part of rotigotine is contained in a multitude of microreservoirs distributed within the self-adhesive matrix of the TDS according to the invention. This does not exclude and will normally even imply that a certain fraction of rotigotine is dissolved in the solid or semi-solid semi- WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 6 permeable polymer of the matrix at its saturation concentration.
Within this specification "microreservoirs" are meant to be understood as particulate, spatially and functionally separate compartments consisting of pure drug or a mixture of drug and crystallization inhibitor, which are dispersed in the self-adhesive (polymer) matrix. Preferably the selfadhesive matrix contains 103 to 109 microreservoirs per cm 2 of its surface, particularly preferred are 10 6 to 109 microreservoirs per cm 2 Rotigotine is incorporated in the self-adhesive matrix in its free base form. This does not totally exclude the presence of some residual salt form of rotigotine in the final TDS.
However, the salt form of rotigotine should be contained in the self-adhesive matrix of the final TDS in an amount of preferably less than 5 more preferably less than 2 particularly less than 1 If rotigotine is present in the self-adhesive matrix in its protonated (salt) form, it will not be released by the selfadhesive matrix. Thus, the amount of the salt form of rotigotine can be determined by performing a drug dissolution test according to the Paddle over Disk method as described in the United States Pharmacopeia (United States Pharmacopeia/New Formulary (USP25/NF20), Chapter 724 "Drug Release", United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA (2002)), using the following conditions: dissolution medium: 900 ml phosphate buffer pH 4.5; temperature adjusted to 32 0.5°C; paddle rotation speed: 50 rpm; sampling times: 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. The increase in the eluted rotigotine concentration can be used to calculate the amount of unprotonated rotigotine in the matrix.
WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 7 The amount of the salt form of rotigotine may be reduced e.g.
by reducing the water content of the mass containing the drug and organic solvent(s). In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the water content is reduced during manufacture to preferably less than 0.4 more preferably less than 0.1 of the mass.
A further step, which may be taken for reducing the amount of the salt form of rotigotine, is isolating the free base form of rotigotine in solid form prior to the preparation of the TDS. If the free base of rotigotine is produced in situ during the manufacture of the TDS by neutralizing an acid addition salt, a certain residue of the ionized drug form will remain in the polymer matrix (usually 5 and up to approximately 10 Therefore, such in situ preparation of the free base form will generally not be suitable for practising the present invention.
The maximum diameter of the microreservoirs is less than the thickness of the matrix, preferably up to 70 of the thickness of the matrix, particularly preferably 5 to 60 of the thickness of the matrix. For an exemplary thickness of the matrix of 50 Am this corresponds to a maximum diameter of the microreservoirs in the range of preferably up to 35 jm.
The term "maximum diameter" is meant to be understood as the diameter of the microreservoirs in one dimension or z-dimension), which is the largest. It is clear to the skilled person that in case of spherical diameters the maximum diameter corresponds to the microreservoir's diameter. However, in the case of microreservoirs, which are not shaped in the form of spheres i.e. of different geometric forms the y- and z-dimensions may vary greatly.
As the maximum diameter of the microreservoirs in the direction of the cross-section of the matrix, i.e. between the release surface and the backing layer, is less than the WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 8 thickness of the matrix, direct contact between the skin and the basic microreservoirs containing rotigotine is avoided, if not at all prevented. Owing to the slightly acidic pH of the skin, direct contact between the skin and the microreservoirs in the matrix leads to protonation of rotigotine, thereby deteriorating the semi-permeability of the matrix.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the mean diameter of the microreservoirs containing rotigotine distributed in the matrix is in the range of 1 to 40 even more preferably 1 to 20 of the thickness of the drugloaded self-adhesive matrix. For an exemplary thickness of the matrix of 50 Am this corresponds to a mean diameter of the microreservoirs in the range of preferably 0.5 to 20 pm.
The term "mean diameter" is defined as the mean value of the x,y,z-average diameters of all microreservoirs. The target particle size can be adjusted by the solids content and viscosity of the drug-containing coating mass.
The maximum and mean diameters of the microreservoirs as well as the number of microreservoirs per surface area of the self-adhesive matrix can be determined as follows: The Srelease liner is removed from the TDS, and the free adhesive surface is examined with a light microscope (Leica microscope type DM/RBE equipped with a camera type Basler A 113C). The measurement is performed by incidental polarized light analysis using a microscope at 200x magnification. A picture analysis is performed using the software Nikon Lucia Di, Version 4.21, resulting in mean and maximum diameters for each sample.
The TDS of the present invention is of the "matrix" type. In such matrix type TDS the drug is dispersed in a polymer layer. The TDS of the matrix type in their simplest version comprise a one-phase (monolayer) matrix. They consist of a backing layer, a self-adhesive matrix containing the active WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 9 agent and a protective foil or sheet, which is removed before use.
Versions that are more complicated comprise multi-layer matrixes, wherein the drug may be contained in one or more non-adhesive polymer layers. The TDS of the present invention is preferably a one-phase (mono layer) matrix system.
The solid or semi-solid semi-permeable polymer of the selfadhesive matrix has to satisfy the following requirements: 1. Sufficient solubility and permeability for the free base form of rotigotine.
2. Impermeability for the protonated form of rotigotine.
In a particular preferred embodiment of the invention the self-adhesive matrix is free of particles that can absorb salts of rotigotine on the TDS/skin interface. Examples of particles that can absorb salts of rotigotine on the TDS/Skin interface include silica. Such particles that can adsorb salts of rotigotine may represent diffusion barriers for the free base form of the drug and may result in the formation of channels inducing some permeability of the self-adhesive matrix for the protonated form of rotigotine. Such embodiments are therefore disadvantageous for practising the invention.
The self-adhesive matrix of the TDS of the present invention consists of a solid or semi-solid semi-permeable polymer.
Usually this polymer will be a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) or a mixture of such adhesives. The pressure sensitive adhesive(s) form a matrix in which the active ingredient and the other components of the TDS are incorporated.
WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 The adhesive used in the present invention should preferably be pharmaceutically acceptable in a sense that it is biocompatible, non-sensitising and non-irritating.to the skin. Particularly advantageous adhesives for use in the present invention should further meet the following requirements: 1. Retained adhesive and co-adhesive properties in the presence of moisture or perspiration, under normal temperature variations, 2. Good compatibility with rotigotine, as well as with the further excipients used in the formulation.
Although different types of pressure sensitive adhesive may be used in the present invention, it is preferred to use lipophilic adhesives having both a low drug and low water absorption capacity. Particular preferably, the adhesives have solubility parameters which are lower than those of rotigotine. Such preferred pressure sensitive adhesives for use in the TDS of the present invention are silicone type pressure sensitive adhesives. Especially preferred pressure sensitive adhesives for use in the TDS of the invention are of the type forming a soluble polycondensed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) resin network, wherein the hydroxy groups are capped with e.g. trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups. Preferred adhesives of this kind are the BIO-PSA silicone pressure sensitive adhesives manufactured by Dow Corning, particularly the Q7-4201 and Q7-4301 qualities.
However, other silicone adhesives may also be used.
In a further and especially preferred aspect, two or more silicone adhesives are used as the main adhesive components.
It can be advantageous if such a mixture of silicone adhesives comprises a blend of high tack silicone pressure sensitive adhesive comprising polysiloxane with a resin and a WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 11 medium tack silicone type pressure sensitive adhesive comprising polysiloxane with a resin.
Tack has been defined as the property that enables an adhesive to form a bond with the surface of another material upon brief contact under light pressure (see e.g. "Pressure Sensitive Tack of Adhesives Using an Inverted Probe Machine", ASTM D2979-71 (1982); H.F. Hammond in D. Satas "Handbook of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Technology" (1989), 2 nd ed., Chapter 4, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, page 38).
Medium tack of a silicon pressure sensitive adhesive indicates that the immediate bond to the surface of another material is weaker compared to high tack silicon adhesive.
The mean resin/polymer ratio is approx. 60/40 for medium tack adhesives, whereas it is approx. 55/45 for high tack adhesives. It is known to the skilled person that both tape and rheological properties are significantly influenced by the resin/polymer ratio Ulman and R.P. Sweet "The Correlation of Tape Properties and Rheology" (1998), Information Brochure, Dow Corning Corp., USA).
Such a blend comprising a high and a medium tack silicone type pressure sensitive adhesive comprising polysiloxane with a resin is advantageous in that it provides for the optimum balance between good adhesion and little cold flux.
Excessive cold flux may result in a too soft patch which easily adheres to the package or to patient's garments.
Moreover, such a mixture seems to be particularly useful for obtaining higher plasma levels. A mixture of the aforementioned Q7-4201 (medium tack) and Q7-4301 (high tack) proved to be especially useful as a matrix for the TDS according to the present invention.
In a further preferred embodiment, the TDS further includes a crystallization inhibitor. Several surfactants or amphiphilic substances may be used as crystallization WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 12 inhibitors. They should be pharmaceutically acceptable and approved for use in medicaments. A particularly preferred example of such a crystallization inhibitor is soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone, which is commercially available, e.g.
under the trademark Kollidon® (Bayer AG). Other suitable crystallization inhibitors include copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, polyethyleneglycol, polypropyleneglycol, glycerol and fatty acid esters of glycerol or copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
The device of the present invention further comprises a backing layer, which is inert to the components of.the matrix. This backing layer is a film being impermeable to the active compounds. Such a film may consist of polyester, polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride or a combination of the aforementioned materials. These films may or may not be coated with an aluminium film or with aluminium vapour. The thickness of the backing layer may be between 10 and 100 pm, preferably between 15 and 40 Am.
The TDS of the present invention further comprises a protective foil or sheet, which will be removed immediately prior to use, i.e. immediately before the TDS will be brought into contact with the skin. The protective foil or sheet may consist of polyester, polyethylene or polypropylene which may or may not be coated with aluminium film or aluminium vapour or fluoropolymers. Typically the thickness of such a protective foil or sheet ranges from between 50 and 150 m.
So as to facilitate removal of the protective foil or sheet when wishing to apply the TDS, the protective foil or sheet may comprise separate protective foils or sheets having overlapping edges, similar to the kind used with the majority of conventional plasters.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the TDS has a basal surface area of 5 to 50 cm 2 particularly of WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 13 to 30 cm 2 It goes without saying that a device having a surface area of, say, 20 cm 2 is pharmacologically equivalent to and may be exchanged by two 10 cm 2 devices or four 5 cm 2 devices having the same drug content per cm 2 Thus, the surface areas as indicated herein should be understood to refer to the total surface of all devices simultaneously administered to a patient.
Providing and applying one or several TDS according to the invention has the pharmacological advantage over oral therapy that the attending physician can titrate the optimum dose for the individual patient relatively quickly and accurately, e.g. by simply increasing the number or size of devices given to the patient. Thus, the optimum individual dosage can often be determined after a time period of only about 3 weeks with low side effects.
A preferred content of rotigotine in the TDS according to the invention is in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 mg/cm 2 Still more preferred are 0.20 to 1.0 mg/cm 2 If a 7 day patch is desired, higher drug contents will generally be required.
The device used in the present invention is preferably a patch having a continuous adhesive matrix in at least its center portion containing the drug. However, transdermal equivalents to such patches are likewise comprised by the present invention, e.g. an embodiment where the drug is in an inert but non-adhesive matrix in the center portion of the device and is surrounded by an adhesive portion along the edges.
The TDS according to the present invention is prepared by a manufacturing process, which comprises preparing a rotigotine loaded adhesive, coating, drying or cooling and lamination to get the bulk product, converting the laminate into patch units via cutting, and packaging.
WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 The invention and the best mode for carrying it out will be explained in more detail in the following non-limiting examples.
INVENTION EXAMPLE 1 (very low salt content, small microreservoirs) 252.6 g Rotigotine free base are dissolved in 587.8 g ethanol 100 w/w and mixed with 222.2 g ethanolic solution containing 25 w/w polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon F 0.11 w/w aqueous sodium bisulfite solution (10 0.25 ascorbyl palmitate and 0.62 DL-a-tocopherol. To the homogenous mixture 1692.8 g BIO-PSA Q7 4301 (73 w/w), 1691.6 g BIO-PSA Q7 4201 (73 w/w) and 416.3 g petrol ether are added and all components are stirred for at least 1 hour to get a homogenous dispersion.
For manufacture of the patch matrix, the dispersion is coated onto a suitable release liner (for example Scotchpak 1022) and the solvents are continuously removed in a drying oven at temperatures up to 80 0 C to get a drug-containing adhesive matrix of 50 g/m 2 coating weight. The dried matrix film is laminated with a polyester-type backing foil which is siliconized on the inner side and aluminium vapor coated on the opposite side.
The individual patches are punched out of the complete laminate and are sealed into pouches under a nitrogen flow.
The rotigotine contained in the matrix was quantitatively released after 3 hours in the drug dissolution test according to the Paddle over Disk method as described in the USP using the conditions as described above. This result indicates that the obtained TDS was completely free of rotigotine hydrochloride.
WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 The mean size of the microreservoirs in the TDS was approx.
4 x2H20 in 298.5 g water) was added. Insoluble or precipitated solids were separated from the mixture by filtration. The filter was rinsed with 964 g ethanol (96 to obtain a particle-free ethanolic solution of rotigotine essentially in the form of the free base.
The rotigotine solution (6150 g) in ethanol (30 w/w) was mixed with 407 g ethanol (96 The resulting solution was mixed with 1738.8 g of an ethanolic solution containing wt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon® 90F), 0.11 wt.% aqueous sodium bisulfite solution (10 0.25 wt. ascorbyl palmitate, and 0.62 wt.% DL-alpha-tocopherol until homogeneity. To the mixture 13240 g of an amine resistant high tack silicone adhesive (BIO-PSA® Q7-4301 mfd. by Dow Corning) (73 wt.% solution in heptane), 13420 g of an amine resistant medium tack silicone adhesive (BIO-PSA Q7-4201 mfd. by Dow Corning) (72 wt.% solution in heptane), and 3073 g petrol ether were added, and all components were stirred until a homogenous dispersion was obtained.
The dispersion was coated onto a suitable polyester release liner (SCOTCHPAK® 1022) with a suitable doctor knife and the solvents were continuously removed in a drying oven at temperatures up to 80 0 C for about 30 minutes to obtain a drug containing adhesive matrix of 50 g/m 2 coating weight. The dried matrix film was laminated with a polyester-type backing WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 16 foil (SCOTCHPAK® 1109). The individual patches were punched out of the complete laminate in the desired sizes (e.g.
cm 2 20 cm 2 30 cm 2 and sealed into pouches under the flow of nitrogen.
Only approx. 95 of the rotigotine contained in the matrix were released after 3 hours in the drug dissolution test according to the Paddle over Disk method as described in the USP using the conditions as described above. Thus, the obtained TDS contained approx. 5 of protonated rotigotine.
The mean size of the microreservoirs in the TDS was approx.
im with typical sizes in the range of 10 to 20 im.
4 x2H 2 0 in 90.3 g water) was added. Insoluble or precipitated solids were separated from the mixture by filtration. The filter was rinsed with 60.4 g ethanol (96 to obtain a particle-free ethanolic solution of rotigotine essentially in the form of the free base.
The rotigotine solution (346.4 g) in ethanol (35 w/w) was mixed with 36.2 g ethanol The resulting solution was mixed with 109 g of an ethanolic solution containing 25 wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone (KOLLIDON' 90F), 0.077 wt% aqueous sodium bisulfite solution (10 0.25 wt% ascorbyl palmitate, and 0.63 wt% DL-alpha-tocopherol until homogenous.
To the mixture, 817.2 g of an amine resistant high tack silicone adhesive (BIO-PSA" Q7-4301 mfd. by Dow Corning) (74 wt% solution in heptane), 851.8 g of an amine resistant WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 17 medium tack silicone adhesive (BIO-PSA Q7-4201 mfd. by Dow Corning) (71 wt% solution in heptane), and 205.8 g petrol ether (heptane) were added, and all components were stirred until a homogenous dispersion was obtained.
The dispersion was coated onto a suitable polyester release liner (SCOTCHPAK 1022) with a suitable doctor knife and the solvents were continuously removed in a drying oven at temperatures up to 80 0 C for about 30 min to obtain a drugcontaining adhesive matrix of 50 g/m 2 coating weight. The dried matrix film was laminated with a polyester-type backing foil (SCOTCHPAK" 1109). The individual patches were punched out of the complete laminate in the desired sizes (e.g.
Owing to the large microreservoirs in the TDS' matrix, it was possible to dissolve the rotigotine salts by direct contact with the dissolution medium. Thus, it was not possible to determine the amount of the protonated form of rotigotine.
This indicates that the maximum diameter of the microreservoirs was larger than the thickness of the matrix.
50 pm with typical sizes in the range of 20 to 90 pm. A microscope image of the obtained TDS is shown in Fig. 4.
As rotigotine was released from rotigotine hydrochloride in a manner similar to Comparative Example 1, one may conclude that the obtained TDS also contained 5 of rotigotine in its protonated form.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 (Acrylate-type formulation) A mixture of 50.0 g rotigotine hydrochloride and 28.6 g sodium trisilicate in 95 g methyl ethyl ketone was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. Subsequently, 17.9 g oleic WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 18 alcohol, 128.6 g of an acrylic-type adhesive solution (51.4 w/w in ethyl acetate; trade name: Durotak® 387-2287 from NATIONAL STARCH CHEMICAL), 33.0 g of EUDRAGIT® E100 (from ROEHM PHARMA) (50 w/w solution in ethyl acetate) and 45.0 g ethyl acetate were added, and the mass was homogenised mechanically.
The dispersion was coated onto a suitably siliconised process liner (Hostaphan RN 100), and the solvents were evaporated at 50 0 C over 30 minutes, thereby obtaining a matrix weight of g/m 2 The dry film was laminated with a suitable polyester foil (Hostaphan RN 15). Individual patches having a desired size of 20 cm 2 were punched out of the resulting laminate and sealed into pouches under the flow of nitrogen.
EXAMPLE 2 In vivo drug absorption test In order to monitor the absorption of rotigotine by the human skin the following experiment was carried out. The test was performed with the TDS obtained in Example 1 as well as in Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
The plasma concentration time profile at different test times was determined in pharmacokinetic studies involving 14 healthy male persons (TDS of Comparative Examples 2 and 3) or 30 healthy male persons (TDS of Example 1 and Comparative Example respectively. The studies were conducted following an open single-dose randomised two-way or (A) three-way cross-over design.
Individual concentrations of rotigotine were determined by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10 pg/ml.
The drug absorption was calculated from the plasma concentration data according to the Wagner-Nelson method WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 19 (Malcom Rowland, Thomas N. Tozer (Eds.) "Estimation of Adsorption Kinetics from Plasma Concentration Data" in Clinical Pharmacokinetics, pp 480-483, Williams Wilkins, 1995), 100 absorption rate after 48 hours; patch application time was 24 hours.
A comparison of the flux across human skin for the different TDS tested is shown in Fig. 1, 2 and 3.
In Fig. 1 the rotigotine absorption for the sample obtained in Example 1 containing no salt is compared to the sample obtained in Comparative Example 1 containing approx.
of rotigotine hydrochloride The comparison in Fig. 1 clearly shows that the drug absorption after patch application depends on the residual salt content in the semipermeable matrix and is significantly improved by reducing the amount of the protonated form of rotigotine present in the matrix.
Fig. 2 shows the impact of the size distribution of the microreservoirs distributed in the semi-permeable matrix by comparing the sample obtained in Comparative Example 1 having a mean microreservoir size of approx. 15 m and typical sizes between 10 and 20 1m with the sample obtained in Comparative Example 2 having a mean microreservoir size of approx. 50 pm and typical sizes between 20 and 90 ym (A) From this comparison it can be deduced that reducing the size of the matrix reservoirs significantly increases the flux across the human skin.
33 A comparison between the TDS of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 is shown in Fig. 3. This comparison clearly indicates that the flux across human skin is significantly enhanced by reducing the salt content and decreasing the size of the microreservoirs.
WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 EXAMPLE 3 In vitro Diffusion Experiment with transdermal drug delivery systems The test was performed with a sandwich of consecutively a supportive separator membrane, skin and the TDS. Active substance that has diffused from the TDS through the skin and/or membrane dissolves in an acceptor liquid that continuously passes directly underneath the membrane; the acceptor liquid was collected in tubes in a fraction collector; and the fractions were analysed for their content of rotigotine. The flux of active substance through skin was calculated by correcting for the influence of the separator membrane.
The diffusion cell described in Tanojo et al (Tanojo et al.
"New design of a flow through permeation cell for in vitro permeation studies across biological membranes" Journal of Controlled Release (1997), 45, 41-47) was used in order to conduct the experiment.
A flask containing the acceptor liquid and the assembled diffusion cells were placed in a temperature-controlled water-bath (32.0 ±0.5 0 The acceptor liquid was continuously pumped from the flask through PTFE tubing by a peristaltic pump, passed through the diffusion cells where the diffusion takes place and was then transported via PTFE tubing to test tubes that were placed in a fraction collector.
The required number of disks was punched out from the TDS by using a circular knife. Human epidermis, excised to a thickness of 200-300 gm from fresh donor skin (storage 36 hours at 4 0 C) with a dermatome (to be referred to as skin) was spread out on laboratory film in petridishes.
Using the circular knife the required number of disks was punched out. A disk of membrane was centred on each cell WO 2004/012730 PCT/EP2003/008320 21 surface. The skin disks were spread out on the membrane disks on the cell surfaces with the aid of forceps. A disk of the TDS is applied to each cell, and the cells were assembled. The experiment was then conducted in a manner similar to the one described in Tanojo et al above.
This experiment was carried out for the TDS of Example 1 as well as Comparative Examples 2 and 3.
Fig. 6 shows the in vitro skin permeation profile for the TDS of Example 1 compared to the TDS of Comparative Example 2 Fig. 7 shows the in vitro skin permeation profile for the TDS of Example 1 compared to the acrylate TDS of Comparative Example 3 It is clear from the data obtained that the flux across human skin may be significantly enhanced by controlling the size of the microreservoirs in the TDS while at the same time providing a semi-permeable matrix, which is highly permeable for the free base of rotigotine while being impermeable for its protonated form.
P \%'DC)CS\Iljw\Spcs 2\12512261 d-4108I208 00 -21A- Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, l unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or V) 5 step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of 00 ln any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
(or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.
1. A transdermal delivery system (TDS) comprising a backing layer inert to the components of the matrix, a self- Sadhesive matrix containing rotigotine and a protective 00 l foil or sheet to be removed prior to use, wherein the self-adhesive matrix consists of a solid or semi- solid semi-permeable polymer wherein rotigotine in its free base form has been incorporated, which is saturated with rotigotine and contains said rotigotine as a multitude of microreservoirs within the matrix, which is highly permeable for the free base of rot igot ine, which is impermeable for the protonated form of rotigotine, wherein the maximum diameter of the microreservoirs is less than the thickness of the matrix.
2. A TDS according to claim 1, wherein the mean diameter of the microreservoirs is in the range of 0.5 to 20 gm.
3. A TDS according to claim 1 or 2, wherein self-adhesive matrix being free of particles that can absorb salts of rotigotine at the TDS/skin interface.
6. A TDS according to claim 5, wherein the silicone type OO pressure sensitive adhesive is a blend of a high tack silicone type pressure sensitive adhesive comprising r polysiloxane with a resin and a medium tack silicone Stype pressure sensitive adhesive comprising polysiloxane with a resin.
7. Method for treatment of a patient suffering from a disease treatable by rotigotine by applying the TDS according to any one of claims 1 to 6 to the skin of the patient.