Baseline Metal 180 180 Std.
Baseline Ceramic 180 180 Std.
Hot Ceramic 250 Air Std.
1. Cooling the cylinder liner resulted in improved engine durability by maintaining an oil film on the cylinder to maintain the baseline air-fuel ratios. The full-load air-fuel ratio was 25:1. The exhaust gas back pressure was adjusted to maintain an intake air manifold pressure to exhaust manifold pressure ratio of 1.0. The intake air temperature was held constant at 180°F for all tests. Valvoline TurboGard 5 oil was used for all engine tests at a temperature of 250°F.