Fredericksburg is an independent city located in Virginia, 50 miles south of Washington, DC and 55 miles north of Richmond, Virginia. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 19,279. This city is a part of the Washington-Baltimore Metropolitan Area.
Located on the Rappahannock River near the head of navigation, Fredericksburg developed as the frontier of colonial Virginia shifted west out of the coastal plain. The land on which the city was founded was part of a tract patented in 1671. The Virginia Assembly established a fort on the Rappahannock in 1676, just below the present-day city. In 1714 Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood sponsored a German settlement called Germanna on the Rapidan River, a tributary of the Rappahannock upstream from the future site of the city, and led an expedition westward over the Blue Ridge Mountains in 1716.
As interest in the frontier grew, the colonial assembly responded by forming a new county named Spotsylvania (after the governor) in 1720 and establishing Fredericksburg in 1728 as a port for the county, of which it was then a part. Named for Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of George II and father of George III, the colonial town's streets bore the names of members of the royal family. The county court was moved to Fredericksburg in 1732 and the town served as county seat until 1780 when the courthouse was moved closer to the county�s center. Fredericksburg was incorporated as a town, with its own court, council, and mayor, in 1781, and received its charter as a city in 1879. The city adopted the city manager/council form of government in 1911.
The city has close associations with George Washington, whose family moved to the Ferry Farm on the Rappahannock opposite Fredericksburg in 1738. Other significant early residents include the Revolutionary War generals Hugh Mercer and George Weedon, naval war hero John Paul Jones, and future U.S. president James Monroe.
During the 19th century Fredericksburg sought to maintain its sphere of trade but with limited success, promoting the development of a canal on the Rappahannock and construction of a turnpike and plank road to bind the interior country to the market town. By 1837 a north-south railroad linked the town to Richmond, the state capital, but a much-needed railroad joining the town to the farming region to the west remained unfinished until after the Civil War.
During the American Civil War, Fredericksburg gained strategic importance due to its location midway between Washington and Richmond, the opposing capitals of the Union and the Confederacy. During the battle of Fredericksburg, December 11-15, 1862, the town sustained significant damage due to bombardment and looting at the hands of Union forces. A second battle was fought in and around the town on May 3, 1863, in connection with the Chancellorsville campaign (April 27-May 6, 1863). The battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House were fought nearby in May 1864.
After the war Fredericksburg recovered its former position as a center of local trade and slowly grew beyond its prewar boundaries. Mary Washington College was founded here in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women. Gaining its present name in 1938, the college was for many years associated with the University of Virginia as a women�s liberal arts college. The college became coeducational in 1970 and is now independent of the University. A graduate campus, named the James Monroe Center for Graduate and Professional Studies, is located in suburban Stafford County.
Today Fredericksburg is the commercial hub of a rapidly growing region in north central Virginia. Despite recent decades of suburban growth, reminders of the area�s past abound. A 40-block national historic district embraces the city�s downtown area and contains more than 350 buildings dating to the 18th and 19th centuries. Notable homes include Kenmore, home of Washington�s sister Betty, and the Mary Washington House, where his mother spent her final years. Other historic buildings and museums include the late 18th century Rising Sun Tavern, Hugh Mercer apothecary shop, and the James Monroe law office museum. Significant public buildings include the 1852 courthouse designed by James Renwick, whose works include the Smithsonian Institution�s castle building in Washington and St. Patrick�s Cathedral in New York City, and the 1816 town hall and market house. The latter building now houses a local history museum and cultural center.
Nearby points of interest include George Washington Birthplace National Memorial, located 38 miles to the east in Westmoreland County, and the Ferry Farm historic site, where Washington spent his boyhood across the river from Fredericksburg. The historic community of Falmouth lies across the Rappahannock to the north and includes the historic house Belmont, home of American artist Gari Melchers.
The area�s Civil War battles are commemorated in Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park, which is administered by the National Park Service. Formed by an act of Congress in 1927, the national military park preserves portions of the battlefields of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Spotsylvania Court House. The Fredericksburg National Cemetery, also part of the park, is located on Marye�s Heights on the Fredericksburg battlefield and contains more than 15,000 Union burials from the area�s battlefields.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 27.2 km² (10.5 mi²). None of the area is covered with water.
As of the census of 2000, there are 19,279 people, 8,102 households, and 3,921 families residing in the city. The population density is 707.6/km² (1,833.0/mi²). There are 8,888 housing units at an average density of 326.2/km² (845.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 73.18% White, 20.41% African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.51% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.56% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. 4.90% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 8,102 households out of which 21.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% are married couples living together, 13.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% are non-families. 39.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.09 and the average family size is 2.81.
In the city the population is spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 23.8% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 78.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $34,585, and the median income for a family is $47,148. Males have a median income of $33,641 versus $25,037 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,527. 15.5% of the population and 10.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 19.9% are under the age of 18 and 8.8% are 65 or older.