Buddha has been considered to be mostly a philosopher and an ethical teacher and not preoccupied with political or state-related issues. But in contrast to that, many recent scholars have analysed (from the historical context of Buddha’s life) that he was both a ‘social reformer’ and political philosopher.
Ancient Indian society had begun to change when Buddha attained Enlightenment. Historically, that period was known as Vedanta (end of Vedas). During that time as the commerce with other states began, there came a new merchant class in the territory who expressed interest in Buddha’s teachings. Buddha challenged the divine origin concept from a very simple and acceptable viewpoint: i.e., that the Brahmins like the other varnas had a common human birth. This would make the Brahmins essentially equal to the others. It should be mentioned here that even in the Buddhist literature, there was scant mention of political attitudes.
b) Vinaya- rules ideals and standards of behavior.
c) Nirvana- freedom from exploitative relationships. Free from personal ill motives and desires harmful for himself + others.
Middle path approach continues to inspire us towards new paradigm of sustainable development and peaceful societies.
Uplift the spirit of humanity.
In Buddhist philosophy it is emphasized that evil and the good of a people depends on the behavior of their rulers.
The king can be overthrown from kingship if he is later known to be immoral or incapable.
Never regarded as incarnation of one and supreme creator.
God only in public opinion.
To be selected on account of their righteousness and ability.
People have full freedom to choose the most virtuous and able man.
Parriccaga: – (Altruism) Being generous and avoiding selfishness.
Ajjavan: – (Honesty) Absolutely straight forward.
socio-political attitude based on non- violence and compassion.
Avirodhna: – Uprightness. Respecting others opinions also.
Rule of law –Sila (Morality) refers to the law or constitution as well as other rules and regulation.
Responsiveness – must see the suffering of poor peoples.
Equity and Inclusiveness – fair and impartial decision for every person (gender, caste, religion).
Effectiveness and efficiency – corresponds to self-sacrifice.