ABSTRACT. Nowadays the ability to innovate is the key factor in creating the innovative firm (in the micro-scale) or innovative economy (in a wider prospect). Post-academic and industrial science shortens the gap between scientific discovery and its commercial application. University-industry relations aimed at creating innovations take place in both developed and developing countries. In developed countries basing on the market mechanism, one can notice the emergence of bridging institutions which help to organise the knowledge and technology transfer. Developing countries try to adopt Western standards of knowledge production, but their economic and historical past make the various elements of university-industry cooperation dominate.
KEYWORDS: knowledge-based economies, post-academic science, industrial science, university-industry relations, academic innovation.
JEL classification: I23, I25, O31, O32, O33, O34.