Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is designed for undergraduate and graduate engineering students; academic/research engineers unfamiliar with ultrasound; and physicians and researchers in biomedical disciplines who need an introduction to the field. This book is meant to be “my first book on biomedical ultrasound” for anyone who is interested in the field.
HAIM AZHARI, DSc, conducts research in medical imaging, including the application of ultrasound and MRI in medical imaging, image tomographic reconstruction, image processing, and information extraction from medical images. Professor Azhari received his doctorate in biomedical engineering from the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology in 1987. From 1987 to 1990, he was on the staff of the Technion Department of Biomedical Engineering in a postdoctoral position. Azhari then received a double appointment as an International Research Fellow in both the Department of Radiology and the Division of Cardiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. Upon his return to Israel in 1992, he joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Technion-IIT as a staff member, where he is currently an associate professor. From 1999-2000, Azhari was at Harvard Medical School in the Beth-Israel Radiology Department.
The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine.
A General Statement on Safety.
Some Common Applications of Ultrasound.
What Is It that We Need to Know?
1.1 General Definitions of Waves—A Qualitative Description.
1.2 General Properties of Waves—A Qualitative Description.
1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description).
1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium.
2 Waves In A One-Dimensional Medium.
2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String.
2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String.
2.3 Wave Reflection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium.
2.5 Wave Energy in Strings.
2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String.
2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String.
3 Ultraspmoc Waves in Fluids.
3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids.
4 Propogation of Acoustic Waves in Solid Materials.
4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids.
4.4 Hooke’s Law and Elastic Coefficients.
4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material.
4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material.
5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model.
5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency.
5.4 The Complex Wave Number.
5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion.
5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A.
6.3 Reflection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves).
6.4 Reflection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion).
6.5 Reflection and Transmission from a Liquid– Solid Boundary.
7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS.
7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors).
8 Transducers and Acoustic Fields.
8.3 The Field of a Point Source.
8.4 The Field of a Disc Source.
8.5 The Field of Various Transducers.
9 Ultrasonic Imaging Using the Pulse-Echo Technique.
9.1 Basic Definitions in Imaging.
9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues.
9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan).
9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging.
11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping).
12 Safety and Therapuetic Applications.
12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety.
12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation.
Appenidx A: Typical Acoustic Properties of Tissues.
Appendix C: Answers to Exemplary Problems.