Understanding a bond's yield to maturity (YTM) is an essential task for fixed-income investors. But to fully grasp YTM, we must first discuss how to price bonds in general. The price of a traditional bond is determined by combining the present value of all future interest payments (cash flows), with the repayment of principal (the face value or par value) of the bond at maturity.

The rate used to discount these cash flows and principal is called the "required rate of return," which is the rate of return required by investors who are weighing the risks associated with the investment.

### Key Takeaways

• To calculate a bond's maturity (YTM), it's vital to understand how bonds are priced by combining the present value of all future interest payments (cash flows) with the repayment of the principal (the face value or par value) of the bond at maturity.
• The pricing of a bond largely depends on the difference between the coupon rate, which is a known figure, and the required rate, which is inferred.
• Coupon rates and required returns frequently do not match in the subsequent months and years following an issuance because market events impact the interest rate environment.

## How to Price a Bond

The formula to price a traditional bond is:

﻿ \begin{aligned} &\text{PV} = \frac { \text{P} }{ ( 1 + r ) ^ 1 } + \frac { \text{P} }{ ( 1 + r ) ^ 2 } + \cdots + \text{P} + \frac { \text{Principal} }{ ( 1 + r ) ^ n } \\ &\textbf{where:} \\ &\text{PV} = \text{present value of the bond} \\ &\text{P} = \text{payment, or coupon rate} \times \text{par value} \div \text{number of} \\ &\text{payments per year} \\ &r = \text{required rate of return} \div \text{number of payments} \\ &\text{per year} \\ &\text{Principal} = \text{par (face) value of the bond} \\ &n = \text{number of years until maturity} \\ \end{aligned}﻿

The pricing of a bond is therefore critically dependent on the difference between the coupon rate, which is a known figure, and the required rate, which is inferred.

## Calculating the Yield to Maturity in Excel

The above examples break out each cash flow stream by year. This is a sound method for most financial modeling because best practices dictate that the sources and assumptions of all calculations should be easily auditable. However, when it comes to pricing a bond, we can make an exception to this rule because of the following truths:

• Some bonds have many years (decades) to maturity, and a yearly analysis, like that shown above, may not be practical
• Most of the information is known and fixed: We know the par value, we know the coupon, and we know the years to maturity.

For these reasons, we'll set up the calculator as follows:

In the above example, the scenario is made slightly more realistic by using two coupon payments per year, which is why the YTM is 2.51—slightly above the 2.5% required rate of return in the first examples.

For the YTM to be accurate, it's a given that bondholders must commit to holding the bond until maturity!
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