```{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor       #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module      :  Diagrams.TwoD.Path.Metafont.Internal
-- Copyright   :  (c) 2013 Daniel Bergey
-- Maintainer  :  bergey@alum.mit.edu
--
-- Solve equations due to John Hobby, as implemented in Donald Knuth's
-- /Metafont/, to create (usually) smooth paths from specified points
-- and directions.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

module Diagrams.TwoD.Path.Metafont.Internal
(
solve, computeControls, locatedTrail
-- combinator style
, mfPathToSegments
)
where

import           Control.Lens                      hiding (at, ( # ))
import           Data.Maybe

import           Diagrams.Prelude                  hiding (view)
import           Diagrams.Solve.Tridiagonal

import           Diagrams.TwoD.Path.Metafont.Types

-- | Reverse a MetaFont segment, including all directions & joins.
reverseSeg :: Num n => MFS n -> MFS n
reverseSeg s = MFS (s^.x2) (PJ (rDir \$ s^.pj.d2) (s^.pj.j.to rj) (rDir \$ s^.pj.d1)) (s^.x1) where
rj (Left t) = (Left (TJ (t^.t2) (t^.t1)))
rj (Right c) = (Right (CJ (c^.c2) (c^.c1)))
rDir (Just (PathDirDir d)) = (Just (PathDirDir (negated d)))
rDir d = d

-- | Calculate the length of a MetaFont segment.
mfSegmentLength :: Floating n  => MetafontSegment p j n -> n
mfSegmentLength = norm . mfSegmentOffset

-- | Calculate the vector between endpoints of the given segment.
mfSegmentOffset :: Num n => MetafontSegment p j n -> V2 n
mfSegmentOffset s = s^.x2 .-. s^.x1

-- | leftCurl s is True if the first direction of s is specified as a curl
leftCurl, rightCurl :: MFS n -> Bool
leftCurl (MFS _ (PJ (Just (PathDirCurl _)) _ _) _) = True
leftCurl _ = False

-- | rightCurl s is True if the second direction of s is specified as a curl
rightCurl (MFS _ (PJ _ _ (Just (PathDirCurl _))) _) = True
rightCurl _ = False

-- | Normalize a number representing number of turns to ±½
normalizeTurns :: RealFrac n => n -> n
normalizeTurns t | t >  1/2   = t - realToFrac (ceiling t :: Int)
normalizeTurns t | t < -1/2   = t - realToFrac (floor t   :: Int)
normalizeTurns t = t

-- | By analogy with fromJust, fromLeft returns the Left value or errors
fromLeft :: Either a b -> a
fromLeft (Left l) = l
fromLeft (Right _) = error "got Right in fromLeft"

-- | Fill in default values for as many blank directions as possible.
-- @fillDirs@ implements all of the following rules:
--
-- 1. Empty direction at beginning or end of path -> curl 1.
--    Note cyclic paths have no beginning/end; will use cyclic tridiagonal.
--
-- 2. Empty direction next to & -> curl 1.
--
-- 3. empty P nonempty -> replace empty with nonempty.
--
-- 4. nonempty P empty -> replace empty with nonempty.
--
-- 5.  .. z .. controls u and ...  -> {u - z} z ... controls if (u /=
--        z), or {curl 1} if u = z
--
--        Similarly  controls u and v ... z ... ->  z {z - v} (or curl 1)
fillDirs :: (Num n, Eq n) => MFP n -> MFP n
fillDirs p  = (copyDirsLoop . curlEnds) p & segs %~
(copyDirsR . copyDirsL . map controlPtDirs)

-- rules 1 & 2
curlEnds :: Num n => MFP n -> MFP n
curlEnds p | (p^.loop) = p
curlEnds p             = p & segs %~ leftEnd where
leftEnd  [s]         = [s & pj.d1 %~ curlIfEmpty & pj.d2 %~ curlIfEmpty]
leftEnd  (s:ss)      = (s & pj.d1 %~ curlIfEmpty) : rightEnd ss
leftEnd  []          = []
rightEnd []          = []
rightEnd [s]         = [s & pj.d2 %~ curlIfEmpty]
rightEnd (s:ss)      = s:rightEnd ss
curlIfEmpty Nothing  = Just \$ PathDirCurl 1
curlIfEmpty d        = d

-- rule 3
copyDirsL :: [MFS n] -> [MFS n]
copyDirsL (s1@(MFS _ (PJ _ _ Nothing) _) : ss@(MFS _ (PJ (Just d) _ _) _ : _))
= (s1 & pj.d2 .~ Just d) : copyDirsL ss
copyDirsL (s1 : ss') = s1 : copyDirsL ss'
copyDirsL [] = []

-- rule 4
copyDirsR :: [MFS n] -> [MFS n]
copyDirsR (s1@(MFS _ (PJ _ _ (Just d)) _) : s2@(MFS _ (PJ Nothing _ _) _) : ss)
= s1 : copyDirsR ((s2 & pj.d1 .~ Just d) : ss)
copyDirsR (s1 : ss') = s1 : copyDirsR ss'
copyDirsR [] = []

-- copy a direction from one end of a loop to the other
copyDirsLoop :: MFP n -> MFP n
copyDirsLoop p | not \$ _loop p = p
copyDirsLoop p@(MFP _ []) = p
copyDirsLoop p | (p^?!segs._head.pj.d1.to isJust) &&
(p^?!segs._last.pj.d2.to isNothing) =
p & over (segs._last.pj.d2) (const \$ p^?!segs._head.pj.d1)
copyDirsLoop p | p^?!segs._head.pj.d1.to isNothing &&
p^?!segs._last.pj.d2.to isJust =
p & over (segs._head.pj.d1) (const \$ p^?!segs._last.pj.d2)
copyDirsLoop p = p

-- rule 5
-- apply rule 5 before rules 3 & 4, then depend on those rules to copy the directions
controlPtDirs :: forall n. (Num n, Eq n) => MFS n -> MFS n
controlPtDirs s@(MFS z0 (PJ _ jj@(Right (CJ u v)) _) z1) = s & pj .~ dirs where
dirs = PJ (dir z0 u) jj (dir v z1)
dir :: P2 n -> P2 n -> Maybe (PathDir n)
dir p0 p1 | p0 == p1 = Just \$ PathDirCurl 1
dir p0 p1 | otherwise = Just . PathDirDir . direction \$ (p1 .-. p0)
controlPtDirs s = s

-- | Run all the rules required to fully specify all segment directions,
-- but do not replace the Joins with ControlJoin.
solve :: RealFloat n => MFP n -> MFPath (Dir n) (BasicJoin n) n
solve = solvePath . fillDirs

-- | each sublist of groupSegments ss satisfies:
-- isJust . d1 . pj . head
-- isJust . d2 . pj . last
-- all (isNothing . d1 . pj) . init . tail
-- all (isNothing . d2 . pj) . init . tail
-- That is, each sublist can be handled as a line,
-- (except the first and last, if the initial MFP was a loop).
groupSegments :: [MFS n] -> [[MFS n]]
groupSegments [] = []
groupSegments (s:ss) = (s:open):groupSegments rest where
(open,rest) = span (view \$ pj.d1.to isNothing) ss

-- | Calculate the tangent direction at all remaining points.
-- This function dispatches all of the hard work to other functions.
-- It distinguishes 3 cases:
-- * A loop with no internal directions given.
-- * A loop with one or more directions given.
--     Mathematically, this is handled like a line, but the Loopness is
--     preserved, so that the Diagrams Trail is a Loop.
-- * A line, consisting of one or more segments as described in groupSegments.
-- Note that the result type is different from the input, reflecting
-- fully specified directions.
solvePath :: RealFloat n => MFP n -> MFPath (Dir n) (BasicJoin n) n
solvePath (MFP False ss) = MFP False (concat . map solveLine . groupSegments \$ ss)
-- A simple loop.  All directions are unknown, curvature gives us enough equations.
solvePath (MFP True ss) | all (view \$ pj.d1.to isNothing) ss = MFP True \$ solveLoop ss
solvePath (MFP True ss) = MFP True ss'' where
ss' = groupSegments ss
(Just (PathDirDir _)) -> ss'
_ -> (maybe [] id \$ ss'^?_tail._init) ++ [last ss' ++ head ss']

-- | Calculate the tangent directions at all points.  The input list is assumed
-- to form a loop; this is not checked.
-- See 'setDirs' for an explanation of offset angles.
solveLoop :: forall n. (RealFloat n) => [MFS n] -> [MetafontSegment (Dir n) (BasicJoin n) n]
solveLoop ss = zipWith3 setDirs ss thetas phis where
segmentPairs = zip ss (tail . cycle \$ ss)
thetas, phis :: [n]
thetas = loopDirs ss
phis = map negate \$ zipWith (+) (map psi segmentPairs) (tail . cycle \$ thetas)

-- | Calculate the offset angles θ for the case of a loop.
--   This is a system of (length ss) equations.  The first element of
--   loopDirs ss is θ for the starting point of the first segment of ss.
loopDirs :: RealFloat n => [MFS n] -> [n]
loopDirs ss = solveCyclicTriDiagonal lower diag upper products ll ur where
(lower, diag, upper, products, ll, ur) = loopEqs ss

-- | Calculate the coefficients for the loop case, in the
-- format required by solveCyclicTriDiagonal.
-- See mf.web ¶ 273
loopEqs :: RealFloat n => [MFS n]
-> ([n], [n], [n], [n], n, n)
loopEqs ss = (lower, diag, upper, products, ll, ur) where
lower = map aCo (init ss)
sLast = last ss
diag = zipWith (+) (map bCo \$ [sLast] ++ ss) (map cCo ss)
upper = map dCo (init ss)
ur = aCo sLast
ll = dCo sLast
segmentPairs = zip ([last ss] ++ init ss) ss
products = zipWith (-)
[-1 * bCo l * psi s | s@(l,_) <- segmentPairs]
(zipWith (*)
(map dCo ss)
(map psi \$ tail segmentPairs)
++ [dCo sLast * psi (head segmentPairs)])

-- | solveLine takes a list of segments where only the first and last points
-- have known directions.  The type signature matches that of solveLoop, and the
-- precondition is not checked.
-- The equivalent MetaFont code (in make_choices) is written in terms of points,
-- rather than segments.  See metafont code paragraphs 271--274.
solveLine :: forall n. RealFloat n => [MFS n] -> [MetafontSegment (Dir n) (BasicJoin n) n]
solveLine [MFS z1 (PJ (Just (PathDirDir d1')) jj (Just (PathDirDir d2'))) z2] =
[MFS z1 (PJ d1' jj d2') z2]
solveLine ss = zipWith3 setDirs ss (init thetas) phis where
segmentPairs = zip (init ss) (tail ss)
thetas = lineDirs ss
phis :: [n]
phis = map negate \$ zipWith (+) (map psi segmentPairs ++ ) (tail thetas)

-- | setDirs takes a segment with underspecified directions, and two offset
-- angles, and sets the directions at both ends of the segment.
-- The offset angle is measured between the direction vector at either end and
-- the vector difference of the segment endpoints.
setDirs :: Floating n => MFS n -- ^ The segment to be modified
-> n -- ^ theta, the offset angle at the starting point
-> n -- ^ phi, the ofset angle at the endpoint
-> MetafontSegment (Dir n) (BasicJoin n) n
setDirs (MFS z0 (PJ w0' jj w1') z1) t p = MFS z0 (PJ w0 jj w1) z1 where
offs  = direction \$ z1 .-. z0
w0 = case w0' of
(Just (PathDirDir d)) -> d
_ -> offs # rotate (t @@ turn)
w1 = case w1' of
(Just (PathDirDir d)) -> d
_ -> offs # rotate (negate p @@ turn)

-- | psi (l,r) calculates the turning angle between segments l and r, if
-- each segment were a straight line connecting its endpoints.  The endpoint of l
-- is assumed to be the starting point of r; this is not checked.
psi :: RealFloat n => (MetafontSegment p j1 n, MetafontSegment p j1 n) -> n
psi (l,r) = normalizeTurns t where
t = view turn \$ signedAngleBetween (mfSegmentOffset r) (mfSegmentOffset l)

-- | lineDirs calculates the offset angles θ for a Line.  Most of the work
-- done by lineEqs and solveTriDiagonal, but lineDirs handles the separate cases
-- of an empty list, and lists of length one.  See mf.web ¶ 280.
lineDirs :: RealFloat n => [MFS n] -> [n]
lineDirs ss | length ss > 1 = solveTriDiagonal lower diag upper products where
(lower, diag, upper, products) = lineEqs ss
lineDirs [] = []
lineDirs [s] | leftCurl s && rightCurl s = [0, 0] where
lineDirs [s] | rightCurl s = solveTriDiagonal [a] [1,c]  [normalizeTurns t, r] where
(a,c,r) = solveOneSeg s
(PathDirDir d) = s^.pj.d1.to fromJust
t = view turn \$ angleBetweenDirs d (direction \$ s^.x2 .-. s^.x1)
lineDirs [s] | leftCurl s = reverse \$ lineDirs [reverseSeg s]
lineDirs _ = error \$ "lineDirs was called on something inappropriate.  \
\It should be called on a list of segments with directions specified at both ends.\
\It should only be called through solveLine."

-- | Each intermediate point produces one curvature equation, as in loopEqs.
-- The endpoint equations are the same as those for the single-segment line in
-- lineDirs.
-- lineEqs only works when segs has length > 1; this precondition is not checked.
lineEqs :: RealFloat n => [MFS n] -> ([n], [n], [n], [n])
lineEqs ss = (lower, diag, upper, products) where
segmentPairs = zip (init ss) (tail ss)
lower = map aCo (init ss) ++ [an]
diag  = c0 : zipWith (+) (map bCo (init ss)) (map cCo (tail ss)) ++ [cn]
upper = (d0 : map dCo (tail ss))
products = r0 : zipWith (-)
[-1 * bCo l * psi s | s@(l,_) <- segmentPairs]
(zipWith (*)
(map dCo (tail \$ ss))
(map psi (tail segmentPairs)
++ )) ++ [rn]
(d0,c0,_) = solveOneSeg . reverseSeg \$ s0
r0 = r0' (s0^.pj.d1.to fromJust) where
r0' (PathDirDir d) = normalizeTurns t where
t = view turn \$ angleBetweenDirs d  (direction \$ s0^.x2 .-. s0^.x1)
r0' (PathDirCurl _) = negate \$ d0 * psi (s0, ss!!1)
(an, cn, rn) = solveOneSeg (last ss)

-- These functions calculate the coefficients in lineEqs, loopEqs
-- They are derived in mf.web ¶ 272-273
alpha, beta, aCo, bCo, cCo, dCo :: Floating n => MFS n -> n
alpha s = 1 / s^.pj.j.to fromLeft.t1.to getTension
beta  s = 1 / s^.pj.j.to fromLeft.t2.to getTension
aCo s = (alpha s) / (beta s **2 * mfSegmentLength s)
bCo s = (3 - alpha s) / (beta s **2 * mfSegmentLength s)
cCo s = (3 - beta s) / (alpha s **2 * mfSegmentLength s)
dCo s = (beta s) / (alpha s **2 * mfSegmentLength s)

-- | solveOneSeg calculates the coefficients of the angle equation for
-- the final segment of a line, which may incidentally be the only
-- segment.
solveOneSeg :: RealFloat n => MFS n -> (n, n, n)
solveOneSeg s = (a, c, r) where
a = a' (s^.pj.d2.to fromJust) where
a' (PathDirDir _) = 0
a' (PathDirCurl g) = (3 - beta s) * (beta s) **2 * g / (alpha s **2) + alpha s
c = c' (s^.pj.d2.to fromJust) where
c' (PathDirDir _) = 1
c' (PathDirCurl g) = beta s **3 * g / (alpha s **2) + 3 - alpha s
r = r' (s^.pj.d2.to fromJust) where
r' (PathDirDir d) = normalizeTurns t where
t = view turn \$ angleBetween (fromDirection d)  (s^.x2 .-. s^.x1)
r' (PathDirCurl _) = 0

-- | Take a segment whose endpoint directions have been fully
--   determined, and compute the control points to realize it as a
--   cubic Bézier segment.  If the segment already has control points
--   specified, the directions are ignored (they are assumed to
--   match).  If the segment tensions are specified as TensionAtLeast,
--   check whether the minimum tension will lead to an inflection
--   point.  If so, pick the maximum velocity (equivalent to minimum
--   tension) that avoids the inflection point.  Otherwise, calculate
--   the velocity from the tension using 'hobbyF'.  Then calculate the
--   control point positions from the direction and the velocity.
--   Afterwards we can forget the direction information (since the
--   control points are what we really want, and the directions can be
--   recovered by subtracting the control points from the endpoints
--   anyway).
computeControls
:: RealFloat n => MetafontSegment (Dir n) (BasicJoin n) n
-> MetafontSegment () (ControlJoin n) n
computeControls (MFS z0 (PJ _ (Right cj) _) z1)
= MFS z0 (PJ () cj ()) z1
computeControls (MFS z0 (PJ w0 (Left (TJ a b)) w1) z1)
= MFS z0 (PJ () (CJ u v) ()) z1
where
w0' = fromDirection w0
w1' = fromDirection w1
(u,v) = ctrlPts z0 w0' va vb w1' z1
offs  = z1 .-. z0
theta = signedAngleBetween w0' offs
phi   = signedAngleBetween offs w1'
sinR  = sin . view rad
boundingTriangleExists = signum (sinR theta) == signum (sinR phi)
&& signum (sinR theta) == signum (sinR (theta^+^phi))
va = case a of
(TensionAmt ta) -> hobbyF theta phi / ta
(TensionAtLeast ta) -> case boundingTriangleExists of
True -> min (sinR phi / sinR (theta ^+^ phi))
(hobbyF theta phi / ta)
False -> hobbyF theta phi / ta
vb = case b of
(TensionAmt tb) -> hobbyF phi theta / tb
(TensionAtLeast tb) -> case boundingTriangleExists of
True -> min (sinR theta / sinR (theta ^+^ phi))
(hobbyF phi theta / tb)
False -> hobbyF phi theta / tb

-- | Compute the control points for a cubic bezier, given a segment
--   where we know the directions and tensions at both endpoints,
--   i.e. go from
--
--   @z0{w0} .. tension a and b .. {w1}z1@
--
--   to
--
--   @z0 .. controls u and v .. z1@.
--
--   This uses a mysterious, magical formula due to John Hobby.
ctrlPts :: RealFloat n => P2 n -> V2 n -> n -> n -> V2 n -> P2 n -> (P2 n, P2 n)
ctrlPts z0 w0 va vb w1 z1 = (u,v)
where
offs  = z1 .-. z0
theta = signedAngleBetween w0 offs
phi   = signedAngleBetween offs w1
u     = z0 .+^ (offs # rotate theta  # scale va)
v     = z1 .-^ (offs # rotate (negated phi) # scale vb)

-- | Some weird function that computes some sort of scaling factor
--   based on the turning angles between endpoints and direction
--   vectors (again due to Hobby).
hobbyF :: Floating n => Angle n -> Angle n -> n
hobbyF theta' phi' = let
in
(2 + sqrt 2 * (sin theta - sin phi / 16)*(sin phi - sin theta / 16)*(cos theta - cos phi))
/
(3 * (1 + (sqrt 5 - 1)/2 * cos theta + (3 - sqrt 5)/2 * cos phi))

-- | Convert a fully specified MetafontSegment to a Diagrams Segment
importSegment :: Num n => MetafontSegment () (ControlJoin n) n -> Segment Closed V2 n
importSegment (MFS z0 (PJ () (CJ u v) ()) z1) = bezier3 (u .-. z0) (v .-. z0) (z1 .-. z0)

-- | Convert a MetaFont path to a Diagrams Trail, using a Loop or Line as needed
locatedTrail :: (Floating n, Ord n) => MFPath () (ControlJoin n) n -> Located (Trail V2 n)
locatedTrail (MFP False ss)  = (wrapLine . fromSegments . map importSegment \$ ss)
locatedTrail (MFP True ss)   = (wrapLoop . fromSegments . map importSegment \$ ss)

-- | Convert a path in combinator syntax to the internal
-- representation used for solving.
mfPathToSegments :: forall n. Num n => MFPathData P n -> MFP n
mfPathToSegments = fixCycleSegment . snd . mfPathToSegments'
where
mfPathToSegments' :: MFPathData P n -> (P2 n, MFP n)
mfPathToSegments' (MFPathEnd p0) = (p0, MFP False [])
mfPathToSegments' MFPathCycle    = (origin, MFP True [])
mfPathToSegments' (MFPathPt p0 (MFPathJoin jj path)) = (p0, MFP c (MFS p0 jj' p1 : ss))
where
(p1, MFP c ss) = mfPathToSegments' path
jj' = case jj^.j of
Nothing -> jj & j .~ Left (TJ (TensionAmt 1) (TensionAmt 1))
Just bj -> jj & j .~ bj
fixCycleSegment (MFP True ss) = MFP True (ss & _last.x2 .~ ss^?!_head.x1)
fixCycleSegment p = p
```
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