# Can We Form Gravitinos by Something Other Than a Higgs Boson in the Electro Weak Era?

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## Higgs Boson in the Electro-Weak Era?

Andrew Beckwith

Physics Department, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Email: abeckwith@uh.edu

Received June 15, 2012; revised July 21, 2012; accepted July 31, 2012

### ABSTRACT

What is the physical nature of gravitinos? As asked before, this question was the template of how to introduce Machian Physics as a way to link gravitinos in the electro weak era and gravitons as of the present. What we wish to do now is to ask how a flaw in the Higgs equation as brought up by Comay shows a branch off from orthodox quantum physics, leading to, with the Machs principle application done earlier a way to embed the beginning of the universe as a semi classical superstructure of which Quantum Mechanics is a subset of. We argue that this will necessitate a review of the Higgs equation of state for reasons stated in the manuscript. We also finally review a proprosal for another form of mass formation mechanism as a replacement for the Higgs mass as introduced by Glinka and Beckwith, 2012, with commen-tary as to how suitable it may be to get a gravitino mass in fidelity to the Machian proposal introduced by Beckwith previously, to get linkage between electroweak era gravitinos and present day gravitons.

Keywords: Machian Physics; Gravitinos; Higgs Mass Formation; Quantum Mechanics; Dirac Equation; Electro-Weak (EW) Era

### 1. Introduction

We will ask the question here. In an earlier document, the author presented an equivilence between Gravitinos in the electro weak era, and Gravitons today. The moti-vation of using two types of Machs principle, one for the Gravitinos in the electro weak era, and then the 2nd

mod-ern day Mach’s principle, as organized by the author are as seen in 

2

today electro weak Super partner

electro weak

G M GM

R c

 

2

0

Not Super Partner R c

  

iggs

(1)

are really a statement of information conservation. What we now ask is if the Gravitino can be re stated in terms in fidelity to quantum mechanics, or if some other theoreti-cal constuction must be used. The motivation for asking this question will be seen in examining if the Gravitino, as in the mass in the left hand side of Equation (1), as it materializes due to Comay’s  presentation as to de-fects in the Higgs equation of state, is in fidelity with QM principles. If not, then what would replace it?

Higgs changed H

H H       (2)

And

d d

Higgs Gravitino

Higgs changed

i H

t

In fidelity with the physics evolution of

Higgs Gravitino

  (3)

d d

Dirac

Dirac Dirac

i H

t

 (4)

Whereas what is observed is, instead 

d d

Higgs Gravitino

Higgs Higgs Gravitino

i H

t

 (5)

To further elucidate this question, we will also ask if there is a way to encapsulate Higgs in Equation (2) above in the methodology of constucting QM within a larger, semi classical theory. As given in the 5th Dice

2010 work shop, as given by Elze, Gambarotta and Val-lone  there is a speculated ensemble theory involving a “Liouville superator”

H

ˆ

 of

ˆ " " " " t

istate  state (6)

, ,

, ,

t jk jk lm lm

l m

The end result is, after a Fourier transform re casting the Equation (6) in terms of a matrix equation looking like

jk lm jl mk jl mk lm

l m

i

H H

  

   

 

(7)

 

### 

 

(2)

quan-tum mechanics type interactions require a most special-ized potential, as either a constant, or a Harmonic poten-tial, with others not sutiable, if we wish to extract quan-tum mechanics from the results of Equation (7), and from there to comment upon candidate equations which may be a way to contain Higgs as far as a generalized the-ory which may contain QM (Dirac) type behavior. If not, then Equation (2) does not qualify as far as having

H

Higgs reduced to a quantum mechanica subset and we must then go to the Comay description of the Higgs equation used to define the creation of/evolution of the Gravitino as faulty physics, needing an abrupt fix to re-duce it to the form of Equation (2) to salvage quantum mechanics.

H

Appendix B brings up the relevance of the Dirac eqjatkl to the critique which Comay  brings to the discussion of a proper equation for a well behaved ex-perimentally verified equation. We add an example of how early universe Lorentz violation is equivilent to the break up of the fidelity of the Higgs term, and in fact, the Equation (B12) presented in Appendix B is in its behav-ior (if it were 10 orders of magnitude larger, i.e. as a

Torsion term added in) very similar to the problem out-lined in equation( B6) in the Higgs potential, i.e. note in

Equation (B3) with the unwanted    term which blocks the Higgs equation of state from having the good behavior postulated by Comay  in his Claims 1, 2 and 3 as given in Appendix B below. Note also that the prob-lem as outlined in   term shows up in an even more

glaring fashion in the incredibly complicated Lagrangian specified for the formation of Gravitinos in the early universe. We will get to that next. It is useful to compare these ideas with what J. Lee published recently .

### the Early Universe

In  the density is given by, if g is for early universe

degrees of freedom

2 4

π 30

gT

 

 

 

###  

 (8)

With a resulting Hubble rate for the radiation era as written as for H T , radiation era, as

###  

π2 2

90

g

H T   T (9)

The early Gravitino relic density is then given by an expression

2

R

g T

 

 

2 3

2

2 1

1 3

R TP

G

G

M T

h

m

  

 

 

  

  

 

### 

(10)

times ln 10

100 10

G R

R

m

k T

g T GeV GeV

 

   

   

 

 

This is, in terms of re heating temperature very close to linear in growth due to scaling with a re heating tem-perature TR . One obtains an approximately linear growth rate in terms of gravitino density with a most complicated Lagrangian density function which is in the top of Section 2.2. of  is so complicated that one can-not, even in linear approximations of it get either a clas-sical or a quantum analogy in terms easily identifiable terms of page 5 of this Ph.D. dissertation. We will review in Appendix A the DICE 2010  article treatment of quantum mechanics in a larger non linear theory , and in Appendix B the Comay  treatment in terms of la-grangian density both for the Dirac Eq, and also for the Higgs, and then from there make the case necessary as to if the Gravititino is quantum mechanical in its construc-tion or not.

### of Gravitino Mass in the EW Regime?

The Machian hypothesis and actually Equation (10) are a way to address a serious issue, i.e. how to keep the

con-sistency of physical law intact, in cosmological evolution . Another significant issue is the following. How to reconcile the Comay hypothesis  and postulates, as given in Appendix B, and also the DICE 2010 delination of QM as in Appendix A either requiring a zero valued potential, a constant potential, or a potential with quad-ratic flavor to delineate clear quantum mechanical be-havior . If these potential field requirements are not met, as given by Appendix A , then one has to ask if a Higgs mechanism in fidelity with Appendix B  can be constructed for an allegedly optimal experimental mod-eling of mass formation.

Equation (10), which has neither a zero valued poten-tial, a linear or a quadratic potential is clearly NOT in sync with the DICE 2010 Appendix A treatments leading to quantum mechanics, alone .

Equation (10) does NOT have fidelity with the sort of Comay criteria  as given in Appendix B as to a poten-tial energy which is most likely to have optimal match up with experimental data as cited by the Dirac equation results as given in the Comay article.

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B, that what we are seeing in the Gravitino in the Electro weak era is quantum mechanics contained in a larger non linear theory, as Elze seem to be inferring  as brought up in Appendix A.

### Era Mass without the Higgs?

What we can look at is the Glinka-Beckwith  proposal as to a new mass formation process,which may show a different way to examine potential systems, as opposed to the either-or criteria as given by Appendix A  and Appendix B  below. To do so, note that the article as given in.

2 2

2

k c

  

  

 

   

 

2 m

c

 (11)

We can treat the k as a wave “vector”, and look at the

term as an energy term. Dependent upon how we interpret 

 

, i.e. as a per unit interpretation of energy,

we could reconcile a treatment of a physically averaged out quantity of the potential energy as given in  is contained via the correct effective Lagrangian for light gravitinos ,int

 , which is Equation (2.82), page 22 of

Pradler’s dissertation  for obtaining gravitino interac-tions with ordinary matter fields.

We can, to first order model the at in the Gravit-ino-matter field interaction as 

     

,int , 8

a a

Pl

F M

  

V  i     (12)

This Equation (12) is the potential energy term of Equation (2.82), page 22 of Josef Pradler’s  disserta-tion, and we argue that the physics of the gravitino, as interacting with matter in the electro weak regime, can be to first order, averaged out to be an energy which can be then made equivilent to of Equation (11). We argue then that effectively, in early universe conditions that we are looking at, then ,

  2

2

,int 2

2 2

~ EW

V m

c c

small terms

M im

 

  

 

 

 

 

vanishingly

(13)

Then, if we do Equation (13) in this spirit, we can then go to what Glinka-Beckwith wrote  and look at

 

,int 2

~

EW

EW

E V

 

 

M

c

   

(14)

Terms such as

ˆ ˆ px ˆ py pz

i j k

c c c

 

     

  (15)

vanish from Equation(14).

Ultimately, the analysis of terms as specified in a gravitino-EW “matter” regime would specify the exact particulars as to Equation (12). We will also venture a first order approximate description as to why the mass of the Graviton in the later regime of space time, near the present would be so much smaller than the Gravitino.

### 5. Conclusion

Via use of the Glinka-Beckwith approximation for the formation of Mass, we have come up with a criteria where the Gravitino interaction with space-time physics in the electro weak, as outlined above, can be construed as either embedded within a larger theory than QM, as suggested by Elze et al. , or a corrected Higgs mass

formation , or something else, which has to be con-structed. As outlined by Beckwith  there is room to delineate if such a gravitino, using some of the field theoretic construction as given by  will be either clas-sically embedded, or something else. The formalism as to massive graviton distortion of early universe space time, as given in , and  needs to be developed more fully, and we hope we can experimentally test if t’Hoofts sup-position about QM  is falisifiable experimentally, and analytically, in this early universe setting, as brought up by the author .

### 6. Acknowledgements

This work is supported in part by National Nature Sci-ence Foundation of China grant No.110752.

### REFERENCES

 A. W. Beckwith, “Gravitons, Gravitinos, and Using Machs Principle to Make a Statement of Equivalent Information in a Gravitino-Graviton Correspondence of Critical In-formation Exchange from Electro-Weak to Present Era,” http://vixra.org/abs/1204.0089

 E. Comay, “Physical Consequences of Mathematical Prin- ciples,” Progress in Physics, Vol. 4, 2009, pp. 91-98.

 H.-T. Elze, G. Gambarotta and F. Vallone, “General Lin-ear Dynamics-Quantum, Classical or Hybrid,” IOP

Con-ference Proceedings of the DICE 2010 Meeting, 2010.

http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/306/1/012010  J.-W. Lee, “On the Origin of Entropic Gravity and

Iner-tia,” Foundations of Physics, Vol. 42, 2012.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.4464

 J. Pradler, http://arxiv.org/pdf/0708.2786.pdf\$\$yThesis  A. Beckwith and L. Glinka, “The Quaternionic Particle

Mass,” Prespacetime Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012, pp.

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ˆ " " " " t

i state state

 K. Hinterbichler, “Theoretical Aspects of Massive Grav-ity,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3735.pdf

 J. Bjorken and S. Drell, “Relativisitic Quantum Mechan-ics,” McGraw Hill, 1964.

 http://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/Xgravitati.html  J. Bjorken, “Emergent Photons and Gravitons: The Prob-lem of Vacuum Structure,” arXIV 1008.0033 v1[hep-th], 2010.

 G. t’Hooft, “Quantum Mechanics as a Dissipative Deter-ministic System.”

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/9903/9903084v3.pdf

ˆ ˆ

### 

t Q q

i  HH  (A8)

ˆ ˆ, t

i H

Elze et al. DICE 2010 Summary as to Quantum Mechanics Embedded in a Larger Non Linear Classical Theory

I.e. then we have that for the potentials represented by

Equation (7), there is an overlap between classical and quantum versions of the Liouville equation as given by the Von Neuman equation as presented by

This discussion serves to bring up a Quantum like ver-sion of the Liouville equation and to from there to also

make sense of the given equation, as of the main text :  

 

### 

(6) To begin with, look at a generic Hamiltonian as given by

###  

2

1 ,

2

H x ppV x (A1)

This Hamiltonian is incorporated in the Lioville equa-tion of moequa-tion

t x p

x p

H H dV

p

dx

 

p x

      

         

 

   (A2)

The upshot if a Fourier transform is taken of Equation (A2) above, and the space like co-ordinates of

: 2

Q  x y

ˆ ˆ ,

### 

t Q q

i H H Q q

: 2

q  x y (A3)

Equation (A1) then becomes

  

    (A4)

The term put in, namely 

Q q,

### 

which retrieves if

we have classical or quantum information, and also, note

2

1 ˆ

2

H    V

(A5)

And

V Q

2 ,

d Q q

q V

dt

V q q Q

      

 

   

Q q,

### 

: 0 V const V, ~linear,

   

, : Q qQ

(A6)

Then,

~

V harmonic

(A7)

If so, then one can write

 

  (A9) In so many words, we have a QM type situation guar-anteed if Equation (A7) holds, whereas we can solve a more general theoretical construction in which there may be what is known as a super action given by

0

2 2

:

d ,

2 2

t t S

m m

Q V Q q V q Q q

 

   

    

 

 

### 

(A10)

We then will be stuck with working with Equation (A4).

When the super action is reduced to, with Equation (A7)

To

###  

0

2 2

: d

2 2

t t

m m

S   QV Q qV q

 

 

### 

(A11)

We recover Equation (A9).

In short, the restrictions on the potential energy, as given by Equation (A7) are essential for the formation of quantum mechanics for exact quantum mechanical Hil-bert space operators, whereas more general cases with

Q q,

### 

: 0

  .

Embedd quatum mechanics into the semi classical equation regime, as was specified by Elze and others.

### Appendix B

Problems with the Higgs Equation, Lectured Upon in Chongqing University, November 2011 We summarize the main point of Comay’s article  in terms of their relationship to the Dirac equation and the question of what is the optimal form of a physics equa-tion most in fidelity to experimental measurements.

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will be discussing the action integral intepretation which Comay made, which was his primary way to differentiate between the faulty mathematics as he saw in the Higgs equation and the Dirac equation. We will reproduce his arguments as to that intepretation in this appendix.

4

1, 2 d

S     x

,

### 

(B1) Here,   1 2

1, 2

### 

is a Lagrangian density function which is a Lorentz scalar, so then Equation (B1) is a Lorentz scalar.

The consequences that equation (B1) is a Lorentz sca-lar lead to several claims by Comay to follow upon and to use.

CLAIM 1:

1) A relativistically consistent quantum theory may be derived from Lagrangian density   

4 L

 

which is a Lorentz scalar.

2) An acceptable dimension for a Lagrangian density is of the form

3) A wave functional 

###  

x for both   

1, 2

### 

S

and cannot define a composite particle if x is for a single four dimensional point in space time

Sub claim to 3 above, and an effective re statement of 3 is: If

x

###  

were for a single ( not composite ) parti-cle, then

3*. A:  x needs space time co-ordinates of its

center of energy

3*. B: One needs additional co-ordinates for describ-ing internal structure.

We shall then go to the next specific Comay Claim, namely

CLAIM 2

Use the following procedure to get consistency of a quantum (massive particle) theory with a classical (mas-sive particle) particle theory, namely by using the fol-lowing field equation, as given by

0

xx

x

 

  

       

 

(B2)

For energy start off with the equation given by the 2nd

order tensor, T , with T00 the energy density, and T having L4 dimensions, with

v

T g

x x

 

 

    

      

00

T

 

(B3)

Sub set of CLAIM 2. In QM, the Hamiltonian is equal to the total energy, so we can write as the Hamilto- nian density

00 Hamiltonian density

T    

   

 

, 0

j

(B4)

Equation (B4) satisfies the continuity equation as

given by

(B5)

Then either of the two happen:

A. Hamiltionian density Hamiltonian density may be used to extract Hamiltonian H so that one can write a Hamiltonian

H so that then the following happens:

Energy E is an eignvalue of 

H E (B6)

And the De Broglie functions hold as given by

i E i H

t t



  

  (B7)

 of

So then the Hilbert space is formed using all

H (completeness of the Hilbert space, using basis from

 ). OR

B. Use expression for density to form inner product for inner product of  and construct an orthormal baisis set ( often using Gram Schmitz orthoganization) for othnormal basis for corresponding Hilbert space.

Then, after B, to then look at a matrix equation given by

### 

3

, ; , ; ; , d

i j Hamiltonian density i i j j v

H

### 

   x (B8)

Form a matrix from Equation (B8), and then diago-nalize this matrix to get eignvalues  and ENERGY eignvectors .

ClAIM 3

Proceedures from CLAIM 1 and CLAIM 2, give the same eignvalues and eignvectors, SAME information.

CLAIM 4

The following Equations give almost the same infor-mation, one QM, and the other CM (Quantum versus Classical)

i E i H

t t



  

  (B9)

0

x x

x

 

  

 

  

    

 

(B10)

Applications of this formulation. See the Dirac Equa-tion as given by Bjorken And Drell, , plus Comay .

This example works beautifully. Pion physics, Quark physics and more. There is an excellent match up with experiment.

Next application, Higgs equation, so that

###  

~ Hamiltonian density

Higgs Higgs

E

H

 

   

 

    

  

Here we see then that

(6)

i E DOESNOT i H

t t



 

  (B12)

Specifically, for the Higgs, one has

. .

 

Higgs

### 

, ,vguv L O.

  T (B13)

Equation (B13) will then lead to a Hig er

gs potential en-gy looking like, in simplest form. Where we only know the ratio of   .

###    

2

V Higgs        (B14)

And we get a vacuum state given by

0

0

 

 

 

(B15)

For the Higgs nucleation of mass, for a Graviton, we ha

 

ve a huge problem, i.e. many undetermined

coeffi-cients.

This is similar to what happens with Bjorken’s work .

Let H DE

###  

be the Hubble rate of expansion of the

cosmos a scale factor as

exp

a t  H DE

, and set

t

### 

(B17)

Here we can re phrase Hoc as be of expansion without torsion added in. Also

ing the Hubble rate

2 4

2

### 

4π 1

oc A Pl

H DEH     M    (B18)

If we go to the Zeldovich relationship

0

2

1 2

4π  A MPl 1 

   

 

 

20

### 

3

~ QCD 10 MPl

 

(B19)

Then we get a Lorentz violating “Lagrangian” added on term looking like, if

1 2

### 

1033

Pl

eV

M

 (B20) 2π A

b     

5

L b  

This Equation (B20) is a ten o violation term, in the Potential fo sp

(B21)

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