## International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP) (12th : 2015)

### Material parameter estimation in distributed plasticity FE models using the unscented Kalman filter Astroza, Rodrigo; Ebrahimian, Hamed; Conte, Joel P. 2015-07

Notice for Google Chrome users:
If you are having trouble viewing or searching the PDF with Google Chrome, please download it here instead.

#### Download

Media
53032-Paper_479_Conte.pdf [ 440.49kB ]
Metadata
JSON: 53032-1.0076180.json
JSON-LD: 53032-1.0076180-ld.json
RDF/XML (Pretty): 53032-1.0076180-rdf.xml
RDF/JSON: 53032-1.0076180-rdf.json
Turtle: 53032-1.0076180-turtle.txt
N-Triples: 53032-1.0076180-rdf-ntriples.txt
Original Record: 53032-1.0076180-source.json
Full Text
53032-1.0076180-fulltext.txt
Citation
53032-1.0076180.ris

#### Full Text

`12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  1Material Parameter Estimation in Distributed Plasticity FE Models using the Unscented Kalman Filter Rodrigo Astroza Graduate Student, Dept. of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Chile Hamed Ebrahimian Graduate Student, Dept. of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego Joel P. Conte Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego ABSTRACT: This paper describes a novel framework that combines advanced mechanics-based nonlinear (hysteretic) finite element (FE) models and a nonlinear stochastic filtering technique, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), to estimate unknown time-invariant parameters of nonlinear inelastic material models used in the FE model. The proposed framework updates the nonlinear FE model of the structure using input-output data recorded during earthquake events. The updated model can be directly used for damage identification. A two-dimensional 3-bay 3-story steel moment-resisting frame is used to verify the convergence, robustness, and accuracy of the proposed methodology. The steel frame is modeled using fiber-section beam-column elements with distributed plasticity and is subjected to a ground motion recorded during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The results indicate that the proposed framework provides accurate estimation of the unknown material parameters of the nonlinear FE model. 1. INTRODUCTION System identification (SID) and damage identification (DID) have become important fields in the structural engineering community. With the aim of implementing accurate and robust DID methodologies, research on structural health monitoring (SHM) for civil structures has increased significantly during the last years. Many efforts have focused on vibration-based DID methods for civil structures based on changes in identified modal properties or quantities derived therefrom (e.g., Doebling et al. 1996, Housner et al. 1997); however, this approach has been applied to real structures or full-scale structural specimens subjected to damage induced by realistic sources of dynamic excitation only in the last years (e.g., Moaveni et al. 2011, Ji et al. 2011, Astroza et al. 2013). Because modal properties are related to global properties of the structure and because actual response of structures is nonlinear from the onset of loading, some researchers have objected the use of modal parameters for DID purposes. Considering the relevance of nonlinearities in the dynamic response of civil structures, SID and DID for nonlinear structures have also been the subject of intense research (e.g., Masri and Caughey 1979, Yun and Shinozuka 1980, Corigliano and Mariani 2004, Chatzi and Smyth 2009). Nevertheless, these studies have used highly idealized structural models, localizing the modeling of nonlinear behavior in a few prescribed elements defined by nonlinear hysteretic force-deformation laws not traditionally used in state-of-the-art modeling of civil structures. Finite element (FE) model updating (Friswell and Mottershead 1995, Marwala 2010), which can be defined as the process of calibrating a FE model to minimize the 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  2discrepancy between the FE predicted and measured response of a structure, has emerged as a powerful method that enables the use of more realistic models for SID and DID purposes. Recently, Bayesian techniques have been used for FE model updating of linear and nonlinear structures, for both static and dynamic loading (e.g., Ching et al. 2006, Huang et al. 2010, Nasrellah and Manohar 2011, Simoen et al. 2013). In the case of nonlinear hysteretic response, previous studies employed highly simplified nonlinear models (e.g., lumped plasticity, shear building, empirical-based nonlinear material models) which are not able to properly characterize the behavior of large and complex civil structures. This paper presents a novel framework that combines advanced mechanics-based nonlinear FE models and a nonlinear Bayesian filter, referred to as the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) (Julier and Uhlmann 1997, Wan and van der Merwe 2000), to estimate unknown time-invariant parameters of nonlinear inelastic material models used in the FE model. In the implementation of the framework, the software OpenSees is used to model the structure and simulate its response to earthquake excitation. 2. BAYESIAN APPROACH FOR STATE AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS Consider a nonlinear state-space model with additive zero-mean white Gaussian noises:    11 1 1 1 1,,k k k k kk k k k k      x f x u wy h x u v  (1) where xk  Rnx, uk  Rnu, and yk  Rny are the state vector (defined as the smallest subset of variables needed to completely characterize the system at time tk = kt, where t = time step), input vector (deterministic and known), and measurement vector at time tk, respectively. The components of the process and measurement noises, wk and vk+1 respectively, are assumed to be mutually uncorrelated and uncorrelated between sampling times Gaussian processes. Noise processes wk and vk+1 have zero-mean and covariance matrices Qk and Rk+1, respectively. The terms fk and hk+1 are deterministic and known nonlinear vector-valued functions. The objective of a filtering technique is to recursively estimate at least the first two statistical moments of the state vector using the measured input and noisy measurement vectors up to the current time (Haug 2005). If modeling parameters are unknown, the state vector can be augmented to contain both state variables and unknown parameters (k+1). For the special case that all system dynamics are contained in the measurement equation, a parameter-only estima-tion problem can be set up (Haykin 2001), i.e., only k+1 is present in the state equation, Eq. (1). The UKF can be used to solve the nonlinear state-space model in Eq. (1). It is based on the assumptions that the posterior PDF of the state at time tk, p(xk | y1:k) (where y1:k = [y1T,y2T, ... ,ykT]T), and the PDF p(xk+1 | y1:k) are approximated by Gaussian distributions. Then, the posterior PDF of the state at time tk+1, p(xk+1 | y1:k+1), can be approximated as Gaussian with mean vector and covariance matrix estimates given by:   1 11 1 1 11 11 1 1 1ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ˆ ˆk kk k k k k kTk kk k k k k k            yyxx xxx x K y yP P K P K (2) where 1 1ˆ k k x  and 1 1ˆk k xxP  denote estimates of the mean and covariance matrix of xk+1 given y1:k+1, ŷk+1|k is the estimate of the mean of yk+1 given y1:k and the Kalman gain matrix, Kk+1, is defined as    11 1 1ˆ ˆk k k k k    xy yyK P P  (3) Covariance matrices 1 1ˆ ˆ, ,k k k k xyxxP P and 1ˆk kyyP  require the computation of multi-dimensional integrals that seldom can be evaluated in closed-form; therefore, the unscented transformation (UT) can be alternatively used to approximate them. The UT defines a set of deterministically selected sample points (referred as sigma points 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  3or SPs) to represents a random vector z such that the sample mean and sample covariance matrix obtained from the SPs match exactly the true mean and covariance matrix of the random vector z. When the SPs are propagated through a nonlinear function, they capture the true mean and covariance matrix up to the second order of the Taylor series expansion of the nonlinear function. In this paper, the scaled unscented transformation (Wan and van der Merwe 2000) with parameters =0.01, =0, and =2 is adopted. More details about the UKF and scaled UT can be found elsewhere (Wan and van der Merwe 2000).  3. MECHANICS-BASED NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODELS OF FRAME-TYPE STRUCTURES Different approaches have been proposed over the years to model and simulate the nonlinear response of frame-type structures subjected to earthquake loading. Global models, structural FE models, and continuum FE models have been developed for this purpose. The simplest are global models, which concentrate material nonlinearities at global degrees of freedom, however they lack accuracy and resolution in predicting the nonlinear response of real structures. Structural FE models describe the structure by an assembly of interconnected frame elements. Lumped or concentrated plasticity and distributed plasticity are two categories within structural FE models. Finally, continuum FE models are the most sophisticated but computationally expensive, since they discretize the members of frame-type structures into 3D solid FEs with 3D nonlinear material constitutive models. Structural FE models with distributed plasticity have shown to provide accurate results in matching experimental data. In addition, their formulation is simple and computational cost is feasible. Therefore, these types of models have been broadly employed in research and engineering practice. In this type of FE models, material nonlinearity can take place at any numerically monitored cross section (integration point) along the element, and the element behavior is obtained by numerical integration of the section response along the element. Element cross-sections are discretized in longitudinal fibers, which permit to simulate the section nonlinear response using uniaxial material constitutive laws for the fibers (Figure 1). This formulation accounts for the interaction between bending and axial force at the section level, while the interaction with the shear force occurs at the element level. It is noted that a uniaxial material model depends on a set of physical and/or empirical set of parameters. More details about these type structural FE modeling techniques can be found in Taucer et al. (1991).   Figure 1: Distributed plasticity FE model of frame-type structures.  4. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK The discrete-time equation of motion of a FE model of a structure can be expressed as:          1 1 1 1 1,k k k k k        M θ q θ C θ q θ r q θ θ f     (4) where  Rn = vector of unknown time-invariant modeling parameters, q, q̇, q̈  Rn = nodal displacement, velocity, and acceleration vectors, M  Rn×n = mass matrix, C  Rn×n = damping matrix, r[q(),)]  Rn = history-dependent internal resisting force vector, f  Rn = dynamic load vector, and the subscript indicates the time step. For the case of rigid base earthquake excitation the dynamic load vector 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  4takes the form fk+1 = −M L ügk+1, where L  Rn×r = influence matrix and üg  Rr×1 = input ground acceleration vector with r = number of base excitation components (in the general case r = 6, i.e., 3 rotations and 3 translations base excitation components). The structural response can be recorded using different types of sensors (e.g., accelerometers, GPS) and at time tk+1 = (k + 1t, with k = 0,1,… and t = time step, can be expressed as  1 1 1ˆk k k   y y v  (5) where y  Rny = vector of recorded structural response quantities, ŷ  Rny = predicted response of the structure from the FE model, Ly  Rny×3n+r =  output matrix (known), and v  Rny = output measurement noise vector assumed to be white Gaussian with zero-mean and covariance matrix Rk, i.e., vk ~ N(0,Rk). From Eqs. (4) and (5), the vector of recorded response quantities at time tk+1, yk+1, can be expressed as a nonlinear function of the modeling parameters (), input ground acceleration time histories ( 1gkU ), and initial conditions (q0, q̇0) of the FE model, i.e.,   1 1 0 0 11, , ,gk k kk   y h θ U q q v   (6) Here hk+1(·) is a nonlinear response function of the nonlinear FE model at time tk+1 and 1gkU = [(üg1)T , (üg2)T , …, (ügk+1)T]T is the input ground acceleration time history from time t1 to tk+1. At rest initial conditions are assumed henceforth, i.e.,  q0 = q̇0 = 0. If the unknown time-invariant modeling parameter vector, , is modeled as a stationary process according to the Bayesian approach, the evolution of which is characterized by a random walk process, the nonlinear parameter estimation problem at time tk+1 (k = 0, 1, 2, …) can be formulated as   11 1 1 11,k k kgk k k kk     θ θ γy h θ U v  (7) where k and vk+1 are called process noise and measurement noise, respectively, and are assumed to be independent Gaussian white noise processes with zero mean vectors and diagonal covariance matrices Qk and Rk+1, respectively, i.e., k ~ N(0,Qk) and vk+1 ~ N(0,Rk+1). Eq. (7) represents a nonlinear state-space model like Eq. (1), therefore it can be used to estimate the modeling parameter vector, , using the UKF as summarized in Figure 2. More information about the formulation of the parameter estimation problem for frame-type distributed-plasticity FE models using the UKF is discussed elsewhere (Astroza et al. 2014).   Figure 2: Proposed framework for nonlinear FE model updating.  Time update (“prediction”)MeasurementsGenerate SPsInitial conditions0 0ˆ ˆ0, ,k  θθθ P   1 2 1ik θi= ,..., n +  1) Parameter prediction        2 11112 11 11 1 11ˆ ˆˆ ˆˆθθni im kk k k kin Ti i ic k k kk k k k k kiWW             θθθ θP θ θ Q    1i ik k  2) Observation prediction        2 11112 11 1 11 1 11ˆˆ ˆ ˆθθni im kk kin Ti i ic k k kk k k k k kiWW             yyyP y y RYY YMeasurement update (“correction”) 1) Cross-covariance     2 11 11 1 11ˆˆ ˆθn Ti i ic k kk k k k k kiW           θyP θ y Y2) Kalman gain   11 1 1ˆ ˆk k k k k    θy yyΚ P P3) Update parameter estimate 1 11 1 1 1ˆ ˆ ˆk kk k k k k k      θ θ Κ y y4) Update parameter covariance1 11 1 1 1ˆ ˆ ˆ Tk kk k k k k k     θθ θθ yyP P Κ P Κ1k yState equation    1 1 1: 1ik k k    , uY i   hRun FE model from t1 to tk+1Measurement equationk = k+112th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  55. VERIFICATION EXAMPLE A 2D steel building frame is considered as application example. The steel fibers are modeled using the modified Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto (G-M-P) material constitutive model (Filippou et al. 1997). One input earthquake motion is considered to simulate recorded response data, which are then contaminated by measurement noise for the estimation phase. Gravity loads are applied quasi-statically before running the dynamic analysis. The Newmark- average acceleration method is used to integrate the equations of motion in time using a time step t = 1/fs, where fs is the sampling rate of the input earthquake motion. The Newton algorithm is used to solve the set of coupled nonlinear algebraic equations resulting from the equations of motion. The framework presented above is used to identify the material parameters and update the nonlinear FE model. The same FE model is used to simulate the response and to estimate the material parameters, i.e., effects of modeling uncertainty are not considered here. The ground motion recorded at the Los Gatos station during the 1989 Loma Prieta (Mw=6.9) is selected as input motion (Figure 3). The peak ground acceleration is 0.45g and the sampling rate is fs = 50 Hz.   Figure 3: Ground acceleration recorded at the Los Gatos station during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.  The structure is a 3-story steel moment resisting frame structure studied under the SAC venture, known as the SAC-LA-3 story building (FEMA 2000) (Figure 4). The modeled 2D frame has 3 stories and 3 bays, with a story height of 3.96 m and a bay width of 9.14 m. Exterior and interior columns are made of A572 steel with W14257 and W14311 cross-sections, respectively. Second, third, and roof level beams are made of A36 steel with W33118, W30116, and W2468 cross-sections, respectively. Beam-column joints are assumed to be fully restrained, and rigid end zones are modeled at the ends of beams and columns. Frame elements are modeled using one force-based element for each beam and column. Numerical integration over the length of the elements is performed by using Gauss-Lobatto quadrature with 6 and 7 IPs for columns and beams, respectively. Column webs are discretized into 6 fibers along their length and one fiber across their width, while a single fiber is used to represent each flange of the cross-section. The webs of the second, third, and roof level beams are discretized into 16, 14, and 11 fibers along their length, respectively, and one fiber across their width. A single fiber is used to represent each flange of the cross-section. A linear elastic section shear force-deformation model is aggregated with the inelastic coupled flexure-axial behavior at the section level and along the element. The flexure-axial behavior is uncoupled from the shear behavior at the section level.   Figure 4: 2D steel frame building model.  The uniaxial G-M-P material model with primary parameters true = [E0col , ycol ,bcol , R0col , E0beam , ybeam , bbeam , R0beam]T = [200 GPa , 345 MPa , 0.08 , 20 , 200 GPa , 250 MPa , 0.05 , 18]T is used to model the axial behavior of the fibers of the cross sections of beams and columns and to simulate the true dynamic response of the frame structure to earthquake excitation. Nodal masses and distributed gravity loads on beams are computed from the design dead and live 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40−0.500.5Time (sec)Acceleration (g)12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  6loads as reported in FEMA-355C and are shown in Figure 4. The sources of energy dissipation beyond hysteretic energy dissipated through nonlinear material behavior are modeled using mass and tangent stiffness-proportional Rayleigh damping assuming a critical damping ratio of 2% for the first two initial natural periods (after application of the gravity loads), T1 = 1.06 sec and T2 = 0.35 sec. In the material parameter identification process, the UKF algorithm requires 17 SPs (=2×8+1) and it is assumed that only one horizontal acceleration response is measured at each level (at the left column). The initial estimates of the material parameters to be identified are taken as 140% of their true values,  0θˆ =1.4true, and the initial covariance matrix P̂0 is assumed diagonal with terms computed assuming a coefficient of variation of the initial parameter estimates (with 0θˆ  as initial mean) of 15% for E0col and E0beam and 25% for ycol,bcol, R0col, ybeam, bbeam, and R0beam. An output measurement noise with 5% RMS noise-to-signal-ratio (NSR) is considered. It is assumed that the process noise k and measurement noise vk are zero-mean Gaussian white noise processes with time-invariant diagonal covariance matrices Q and R, respectively. A coefficient of variation of 1×10−4 is assumed for the initial estimates of the material parameters (0) to construct the process noise covariance matrix Q. A standard deviation (or RMS) of the measurement noise vk of 7×10−2 of the RMS of the corresponding simulated measurements (horizontal acceleration at the 2nd, 3rd, and roof levels) is assumed in the measurement noise covariance matrix R. Time histories of the mean ( ˆ ) and standard deviation ˆ( ) estimates of the material parameters for SAC-LA-3 building frame subjected to Los Gatos earthquake motion are shown in Figure 5. The eight parameters are accurately identified and the standard deviation estimates of all these parameters decrease asymptotically to zero. The stiffness related parameters E0col and E0beam quickly converge to their true values after a few time steps, the strength or yield related parameters ybeam and ycol converge to their true values soon after the strong motion phase of the earthquake begins and some steel fibers have yielded, and the post-yield related parameters bbeam, bcol, R0beam, and R0col converge to their true values after the strain ductility demand of enough steel fibers has increased sufficiently.   Figure 5: Mean estimates of the material parameters of beams and columns of the frame building.  Figure 6 compares different global and local responses of the frame obtained using the true material parameter values (true), the initial estimate of the parameters ( 0θˆ ), and the final estimate of the parameters ( Nθˆ ). The following responses are plotted: absolute horizontal acceleration response history at the roof level (Aroof), base shear (V) versus roof drift ratio (), moment (M1−1) versus curvature (1−1) hysteretic response at the base of the left column (section 1-1 in Figure 4), and stress (3−3) versus strain (3−3) hysteretic response at one of the extreme fibers at the base of the central-left column (section 3-3 in Figure 4). All the responses computed using the final estimates of the material parameters are in excellent agreement with the simulated true responses and the correct updating of the nonlinear FE model is clear from the comparison of the true responses with the 0 10 20 30 40300400500μˆ(σ y)Columns  0 10 20 30 40200300400μˆ(σ y)Beams0 10 20 30 40150225300μˆ(E0)0 10 20 30 40160230300μˆ(E0)0 10 20 30 400.050.10.15μˆ(b)0 10 20 30 400.020.050.08μˆ(b)0 10 20 30 40142230μˆ(R0)Time (sec)0 10 20 30 4001530μˆ(R0)Time (sec)TrueEstimation12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  7responses obtained using the initial and final material parameter estimates.   Figure 6: Comparison of true and estimated responses of the frame building. 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper proposes and verifies, using numerically simulated data, a novel methodology to estimate unknown time-invariant parameters of nonlinear inelastic material models in frame-type structures subjected to earthquake excitation. The method combines state-of-the-art nonlinear finite element (FE) models and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) as the estimation tool. The methodology formulates the nonlinear state-space model considering the unknown time-invariant modeling parameters in the state equation and the responses of the nonlinear FE model corresponding to the measured response quantities are used in the measurement equation. A 2D 3-story, 3-bay steel frame subjected to a ground acceleration recorded at the Los Gatos station during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake is used to verify the proposed methodology. The simulated responses of the building are contaminated by white noise to analyze the robustness of the identification scheme. The proposed method is able to accurately estimate the unknown time-invariant material parameters of the nonlinear FE model. True and estimated time histories of various global and local response quantities are compared to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear FE model updating approach. The proposed framework provides a powerful tool for model updating of advanced mechanics-based nonlinear FE models, even when a limited number of measurement data are available. 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Partial support of this research by the UCSD Academic Senate under Research Grant RN091G-CONTE is gratefully acknowledged. The first author also acknowledges the support provided by the Fulbright-CONICYT Chile Equal Opportunities Scholarship. 8. REFERENCES Astroza, R., Ebrahimian, H., and Conte, J. “Material Parameter Identification in Distributed Plasticity FE Models of Frame-Type Structures Using Nonlinear Stochastic Filtering.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000851, 04014149, 2014. Astroza, R., Ebrahimian, H., Conte, J.P., Restrepo, J., and Hutchinson, T.C. “Modal identification of 5-story RC building tested on NEES-UCSD shake table.” International Modal Analysis Conference, IMAC XXXI, Garden Grove, CA, 2013. Chatzi, E.N. and Smyth, A.W. “The unscented Kalman filter and particle filter methods for nonlinear structural system identification with non-collocated heterogeneous sensing.” Structural Control & Health Monitoring, 16, 99–123, 2009. Ching, J., Beck, J.L., Porter, K.A., and Shaikhutdinov, R. “Bayesian state estimation method for nonlinear systems and its application to recorded seismic response.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 132(4), 396–410, 2006. Corigliano, A. and Mariani, S. “Parameter identification in explicit structural dynamics: performance of the extended Kalman filter.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 193(36–38), 3807–3835, 2004. 0 5 10 15 20−15015Time (sec)A roof (m/s2)a)−5 0 5−101x 104Δ (%)V (kN)b)−0.04 0 0.06−600006000κ1−1 (1/m)M1−1 (kN m)c)−0.008 0 0.012−100001000ε3−3 (−)σ3−3 (MPa)  d)TrueEst. (initial)Est. (final)12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12 Vancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015  8Doebling, S.W., Farrar, C.R., Prime, M.B. and Shevit, D.W. “Damage Identification and Health Monitoring of Structural and Mechanical Systems from Changes in Their Vibration Characteristics: A Literature Review”, Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-13070-MS, 1996. FEMA-355C “State-of-the-art report on systems performance of steel moment frames subjected to earthquake ground shaking.” Prepared by the SAC Joint Venture for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2000. Filippou, F.C., Popov, E.P., and Bertero, V.V. “Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints.” Report EERC 83–19, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1983. Friswell, M.I., and Mottershead, J.E. “Finite element model updating in structural dynamics.”  Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, USA, 1995. Haug, A.J. “A tutorial on Bayesian estimation and tracking techniques applicable to nonlinear and non-Gaussian processes.” MITRE technical report 05W0000004, 2005. Haykin, S. (editor) “Kalman filtering and neural networks.” John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. Housner, G., Bergman, L., Caughey, T., Chassiakos, A., Claus, R., Masri, S., Skelton, R., Soong, T., Spencer, B., and Yao, J. “Structural control: Past, present, and future.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 123(9), 897–971, 1997. Huang, H., Yang, J.N., and Zhou, L. “Adaptive quadratic sum-squares error with unknown inputs for damage identification of structures.” Structural Control & Health Monitoring, 17, 404–426, 2010. Ji, X., Fenves, G., Kajiwara, K., and Nakashima, M. “Seismic Damage Detection of a Full-Scale Shaking Table Test Structure.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 137(1), 14–21, 2011. Julier, S.J. and Uhlmann, J.K. “A new extension of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems.” 11th International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing, Simulation and Controls, Orlando, FL, 1997. Marwala, T. “Finite element model updating using computational intelligence techniques: Applications to structural dynamics.” Springer-Verlag, London, 2010. Masri, S.F.  and Caughey, T.K. “A nonparametric identification technique for nonlinear dynamic problems.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 46(2), 433-447, 1979. Moaveni, B., He, X., Conte, J.P., Restrepo, J.I., and Panagiotou M. “System identification study of a seven-story full-scale building slice tested on the UCSD-NEES shake table.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 137(6), 705-717, 2011. Nasrellah, H.A. and Manohar, C.S. “Finite element method based Monte Carlo filters for structural system identification.” Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 26, 294–307, 2011. Simoen, E., Moaveni, B., Conte, J.P., and Lombaert, G. “Uncertainty quantification in the assessment of progressive damage in a seven-story full-scale building slice.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 139(12), 1818-1830, 2013. Taucer, F.F., Spacone, E., and Filippou, F.C. “A fiber beam-column element for seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete structures.” Report 91/17, EERC, Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC), University of California, Berkeley, 1991. Wan, E.A. and van der Merwe, R. “The unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation.” IEEE 2000 Adaptive Systems for Signal Processing, Communications, and Control Symposium, Lake Louise, AB, Canada, 2000. Yun, C.B. and Shinozuka, M. “Identification of nonlinear structural dynamic systems.” Journal of Structural Mechanics, 8(2), 187–203, 1980. `

#### Cite

Citation Scheme:

Citations by CSL (citeproc-js)

#### Embed

Customize your widget with the following options, then copy and paste the code below into the HTML of your page to embed this item in your website.
```                        ```
<div id="ubcOpenCollectionsWidgetDisplay">
<script id="ubcOpenCollectionsWidget"
src="{[{embed.src}]}"
data-item="{[{embed.item}]}"
data-collection="{[{embed.collection}]}"
data-metadata="{[{embed.showMetadata}]}"
data-width="{[{embed.width}]}"
data-media="{[{embed.selectedMedia}]}"
async >
</script>
</div>
```
``` Our image viewer uses the IIIF 2.0 standard. To load this item in other compatible viewers, use this url:
`https://iiif.library.ubc.ca/presentation/dsp.53032.1-0076180/manifest`
{"ft_lang_label":"__label__en","ft_lang_prob":0.82334274,"math_prob":0.9292221,"size":32681,"snap":"2021-21-2021-25","text_gpt3_token_len":8044,"char_repetition_ratio":0.14404628,"word_repetition_ratio":0.13097881,"special_character_ratio":0.24475995,"punctuation_ratio":0.14576271,"nsfw_num_words":1,"has_unicode_error":false,"math_prob_llama3":0.9666091,"pos_list":[0,1,2],"im_url_duplicate_count":[null,null,null],"WARC_HEADER":"{\"WARC-Type\":\"response\",\"WARC-Date\":\"2021-06-16T15:33:54Z\",\"WARC-Record-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:76f6a24b-46dd-4716-a2df-b363fd23d58d>\",\"Content-Length\":\"163570\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/http; msgtype=response\",\"WARC-Warcinfo-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:8520f274-508f-4b51-9960-289549724db9>\",\"WARC-Concurrent-To\":\"<urn:uuid:088ab8a2-8d86-4015-b38e-b0696def4b82>\",\"WARC-IP-Address\":\"142.103.96.89\",\"WARC-Target-URI\":\"https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/53032/items/1.0076180\",\"WARC-Payload-Digest\":\"sha1:6MSML3HKHJAIOLB3A6O3BBDZDLHTOCUD\",\"WARC-Block-Digest\":\"sha1:RQU3UCBH3Y4TQEFVT7SCWFADEYAK4BRI\",\"WARC-Identified-Payload-Type\":\"text/html\",\"warc_filename\":\"/cc_download/warc_2021/CC-MAIN-2021-25/CC-MAIN-2021-25_segments_1623487623942.48_warc_CC-MAIN-20210616124819-20210616154819-00025.warc.gz\"}"}