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# Python Strings Balasaheb Garule

a year ago ##### Table of Content
What are Python Strings?
Declare Python String?
Use Quotes inside Python String
Spanning a String Across Multiple Lines
Python String Operations
Access the Python String
1.  How to display a single character?
2. How to Slicing a String in Python?
3. Reverse a String using Slicing
Python String Concatenation
Python String Formating
1. f-strings
2. format() method
3. % operator
Escape Sequences in Python
String Conversion
• Python string to int
• Python string to list
• Python str to float
Python String Functions
1. len()
2. str()
3. lower() and upper()
4. strip()
5. isdigit()
6. isalpha()
7. isspace()
8. startswith()
9. endswith()
10. find()
11. replace()
12. split()
13. join()
Summary

## What are Python Strings?

Python strings are sequences of characters. It is an ordered collection and immutable.’str’ class is used for python strings. Identify the class of variables using the type() method.
e.g.
``type(“Cats are cute”)``
Output
``<class ‘str’>``
Python doesn’t support char data-type like C++ or Java.

## Declare Python String

We can use single quotes (‘’) or double quotes for declaring python strings.
e.g.
``````s='Cats are cute'      # python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``Cats are cute``
``````s=" Cats are cute "     # python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``Cats are cute``
However, you cannot use both quotation marks for declaring string.
e.g.
``s= ‘Cats are cute”    # python string example``
Output
``SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal``

## Use Quotes inside Python String

We cannot use the same quotation mark for use of quotes inside the python string.
`` s="Cats are "cute""     # python string example``
Output
``SyntaxError: invalid syntax``
For a double quote, we can use single quotes or for a single quote, we can use double-quotes.
``````s=’Cats are "cute"'	# python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``Cats are “cute”``
Or
``````s="Cats are 'cute'"	# python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``Cats are ‘cute’``
You can use multiple quotes.
e.g.
``````s="'Cats' 'are' 'cute'"	# python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``‘Cats’ ‘are’ ‘cute’``

## Spanning a String Across Multiple Lines

For spanning a string across multiple lines we can use triple quotes.
``````s="""Welcome

to

insideaiml"""		# python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``````Welcome

to

insideaiml``````
We can use a backward slash to preserve the newline in the program but not in the program output.
e.g.
``````s="""Welcome\

to\

insideaiml"""		# python string example

print(s)``````
Output
``Welcome to insideaiml``

## Python String Operations

Following are the python string operations

### Access the Python String

A string is immutable; it can’t be modified.
``````s="Cats"

s="H"``````
Output
``````Traceback (most recent call last):File “<pyshell#22>”, line 1, in <module>

s=”H”

TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment``````
But you can access a string. .         .
``````s="Cats are cute"	# python string example

s``````
Output
``````‘Cats are cute’

print(s)``````
Output
``Cats are cute ``

#### How to display a single character?

We can use indexing to display a single character. index starts from 0.
``````s="Cats are cute"

s``````
Output
``‘a’``

#### How to Slicing a String in Python?

Slicing a string in python using the following syntax.

str_object[start_pos:end_pos:step]
e.g.
``````s="Cats are cute"

s[3:8]``````
Output
``‘s are’``
Here, end_pos is excluded. Index start from 0.
e.g.
``s[:8]``
Output
``‘Cats are’``
This prints characters from the start to character 7.
``s[9:]``
Output
``‘ ut’``
This prints characters from character 9 to the end of the string.
``s[:]``
Output
``‘Cats are cute’``
This prints the whole string.
``s[:-2]``
Output
``‘Cats are cu’``
It starts printing the character from the beginning to the second last character from the end.
``s[-2:]``
Output
``‘te’``
It prints characters from the second last character from the end to the end of the string.
``s[-3:-2]``
Output
``‘u’``
It prints characters from three characters from the end of a string to the second last character.
It returns empty strings.
``s[-3:-3]``
Output
``”``
`` s[3:3]``
Output
``‘’``

#### Reverse a String using Slicing

###### Reverse the string using slicing.
e.g.
``````s = 'insideaiml'

reverse_str = s[::-1]

print(reverse_str)``````
Output
``lmiaedisni``
###### List of strings in python
``````# list of strings in python

names = ["amol", "rohan", "manisha"]

# print the list of strings

print(names)

[‘amol’, ‘rohan’, ‘manish’]

# loop over the names list, and  print each string one at a time

for name in names:

print(name)``````
Output
``````amol

rohan

manisha``````

## Python String Concatenation

Python string concatenation is combining the strings. Python Strings can combine using the concatenation operator ”+”.
e.g.
`````` x='Welcome to, '

y='insideaiml'

x+y		# Python string concatenation``````
Output
``‘Welcome to insideaiml’    ``
e.g.
`` s='bye '``
``print(2*s)``
Output
``bye bye``
we can not concatenate strings into numbers.
e.g.
``'40'+10``
Output
``````	Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<string>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str``````

## Python String Formatting

We can format python strings simply using the commas in the print() method.
e.g.
`````` city=Pune

print("Age:",30,"City:",city)``````
Output
``Age: 30 City: Pune``
In python, formatting methods are available as follows:

### f-strings

f-string python formatting technique use for formatting the string using the letter ‘f’ precedes the string, and the variables are used using curly braces “{}” in their places.
e.g.
``````name = ”insiadeaiml”

print(f"Welcome to  {name}") # f string python``````
Output
``Welcome to insideaiml``

### format() method

format() method use to format python string.It use argument separated by commas.
Syntax:
String.format(value1, value2,)
We can use it three ways
``````str1 = "My name is {fname} and roll no is {rollno}".format(fname = "Rohan",rollno= 1)

str2 = "My name is  {0} and roll no is {1} ".format( "Rohan", 1)

str3 = "My name is  {} and roll no is {}".format( "Rohan", 1)

print(str1)

print(str2)

print(str3)           ``````
Output
``````My name is  Rohan and roll no is 1

My name is  Rohan and roll no is 1

My name is  Rohan and roll no is 1I love cats``````

### % operator

% operator used for to access variable.%s is used for string
e.g.
``````Str1='Cats'

Str2 =’Dogs’

print("I love %s and %s" %(Str1,Str2))``````

Output
``I love Cats and Dogs``
%d is used for integers and %f used for floating-point numbers

## Escape Sequences in Python

In Python following sequences are available.
\' Single Quote
\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
\t Tab
\b Backspace
\f Form Feed
\ooo Octal value
\xhh Hex value
e.g.
``````str1 = 'It\'s Amazing.'

print(str1)

str2 = "This will insert one \\ (backslash)."

print(str2)

str3 = "Hello\nWorld!"

print(str3)

str4 = "Hello\rWorld!"

print(str4)

str4 = "Hello\tWorld!"

print(str4)

#This example erases one character (backspace):

str5 = "Hello \bWorld!"

print(str5)

#A backslash followed by three integers will result in a octal value:

Str6 = "\151\156\163\151\144\145\141\151\155\154"

print(str6)

#A backslash followed by an 'x' and a hex number represents a hex value:

str7 ="\x69\x6e\x73\x69\x64\x65\x61\x69\x6d\x6c"

print(str7)``````
Output
``````It's Amazing.

This will insert one \ (backslash).

Hello

World!

Hello

World!

Hello	World!

Hello  World!

insideaiml

insideaiml``````

## String Conversion

### Python string to int

We can use the int() method to convert a python string to int.
e.g.
``````s = “100”

print(type(s))

n = int(s)

print(type(n))

print(n)``````
output
``````<class 'str'>

<class 'int'>

100``````

### Python String to list

To convert python string to list need a split() method which use delimiter as argument
syntax:
string.split(delimiter)
e.g.
``````s = “welcome to insideaiml”

list1 = s.split(“ “) #use delimiter as a space “ “``````
output
``````list1

['welcome', 'to', 'insideaiml'] #string to list in python``````
Example demonstrates the string to list in python conversion.

### Python str to float

Python str to float type conversion uses float() method.
e.g.
``````s = "3.14"

print(s)

print(type(s))

dec = float(s)   #string to float in python

print(dec)

print(type(dec))``````
output
``````3.14

<class 'str'>

3.14

<class 'float'>               #string to float in python``````

## Python String Functions

Python provides us with several functions that we can apply on strings or to create strings.

### len()

It returns the length of the string
``````s='insideaiml'

len(s)``````
Output
``10``
It also uses it to find the length of a slice of the string is.
e.g.
`` len(s[2:])``
Output
``8``

### str()

str in python used for type casting into string.str in python converts int to string, float to string, complex to string and so on.
e.g.
``````s= str(5+3j)

print(type(s))

print(s)``````
Output
``````<class 'str'>

(5+3j)``````

### lower() and upper()

Get uppercase and lowercase strings using lower() method and upper()method respectively.
``````s=”Python”

a.lower()``````
Output
``python``
``s.upper()``
Output
``PYTHON``

### strip()

Strip() method removes whitespaces from the beginning and end of the string.
``````s='  Python  '

s.strip()``````
Output
``‘Python’``

### isdigit()

If the string contains all digit returns True.
e.g.1
``````s=”555”

s.isdigit()``````
Output
``True``
e.g. 2
``````s='pi3.14'

a.disdigit()``````
Output
``False``

### isalpha()

If string character is alphabat then returns True.
``````s=’python’

s.isalpha()``````
Output
``True``
``````s='abc4'

s.isalpha()``````
Output
``False``

### isspace()

If string is space characters return True.
e.g.
``````s='   '

s.isspace()``````
Output
``True``
``````s=' ab  '

s.isspace()``````
Output
``False``

### startswith()

It used to check if a string started with a specified character or word.
e.g
``````s=”insideaiml”

s.startswith('in')``````
Output
``True``

### endswith()

It used to check string end  with specified character or word.
``````s=”python”

s.endswith('on')``````
Output
``True``

### find()

It used to find provided substring into string.
e.g.
``````# check if the string contains substring python

s=”insideaiml”

s.find(side)``````
Output
``2``
``s.find(on)``
Output
``-1``

### replace()

It replaces substring in the provided string. It takes two arguments part of a string which is replaced by substring.
``“Mohan”.replace(‘Mo’, 'Ro')``
Output
``‘Rohan’``

### split()

It split the string using provided argument.
e.g.
``'I, am, Student'.split(',')``
Output
``[‘I’, ‘ am’, ‘ student’]``

### join()

It is used to join the strings using separator.
e.g.
``"+".join(['jan','feb','march'])``
Output
``'jan+feb+march'``

## Summary

In this blog, we learned about python strings with string functions and Operators, and how to declare and access them.
We also learned about python string concatenation and formatters in python.
Finally, we learned about Python string functions that we can perform on strings.
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