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Transcript
```Control characteristics for quasi-optimal operation of switched
reluctance motors
K. Tomczewski, P. Wach
Abstract ：This paper presents the control characteristics of switched reluctance (SR)
motors defined for the maximum efficiency of the motor or the motor–converter
system and for the minimum ripple level of electromagnetic torque.Curves for control
variables—switch-on and switch-off angles (or conduction angle) and average phase
voltage—are obtained by computations from a simple mathematical model.This
lumped -parameter model takes into account the magnetic saturation of the motor and
the parameters of the power converter necessary to guarantee reliable results
concerning power losses in the system. The investigations were carried out for two
typical SRM with the number of teeth Ns/Nr=8/6 and 6/4 for a battery supply and for
a 310-V rectifier supply. Time curves obtained from mathematical model and control
characteristics resulting from numerous optimization computations were validated by
thorough measurements performed on a special test rig.
Keywords： Reluctance motor, Modeling, Control
List of symbols
D
viscous friction damping, Nms
back EMF in the kth winding, V
ek
Ik
current in the kth winding, A
J
moment of inertia, kg/m2

L( )
phase winding’s inductance in unsaturated state H
L(  ,i)
m
Ns/Nr
n
R
Ri
Rk
Rs
RTDSat
W
rD
phase winding’s inductance considering saturation H
number of phases
number of teeth: stator/rotor
rotational speed, 1/s
phase winding’s resistance, W
current measurement resistor value, W
total resistance in the kth phase circuit, W
resistance of a power source, W
drain-source resistance of a transistor in the saturated state
Te
Tl
uk
U
Uav
electromagnetic torque, Nm
voltage of the kth phase, V
phase voltage RMS value, V
phase voltage average value, V
stroke angle of the motor, rad
efficiency of a motor
efficiency of a motor–converter system
 on
 off
 z=  on-  off

s
u

dynamic resistance of a diode, W
 (  ,i)
mp
 r=2p/Nr
k
 (  ,i)
  
  
saturation function of the winding’s inductance
level of the torque ripples, %
rotor position angle reduced to the kth tooth-pitch, rad
flux linkage of a phase winding, Wb
Introduction
Continuous improvements in construction and rapid development of power
electronic elements and devices has intensified interest in the application of switched
reluctance motors (SRM). Their characteristics, which are of a series d.c. motor type,
make them applicable to vehicle drives. High efficiency in a wide range of angular
velocity enables their application in high-power drives and battery-supplied drives.
Simple and robust construction with a passive rotor makes them suitable for
ultra-high-velocity drives. The other desirable feature of SRM, as in case of stepping
motors, is the feasibility of direct control of the rotor position but, for SRM a torque
control is still possible [2, 6, 7, 10]. SRM also have some weak points, such as
relatively high levels of torque ripples and increased level of vibrations .
The most often used converter configuration for SRM control is the asymmetric
half-bridge circuit presented in Fig. 4. Reluctance torque production does not require
a change in direction of the current flow in stator windings and the motor can operate
easily in all four quadrants of a ，Te  plane. The sense of rotation can be reversed
by a different sequence of the switch-on pulses and the motoring/breaking mode
changed by a proper value of the switch-on pulses that are advanced or delayed with
respect to the pole axis. Angular velocity control and torque control are performed by
three variables: switch-on angle (  on ), switch-off angle (  off )—or conduction angle
 z =  on －  off —and a phase supply voltage U which is regulated in a pulse width
modulation (PWM) mode. These three control variables enable the same operation
point to be reached on the mechanical characteristics plane ，T  at their various
value combinations but resulting in different current, efficiency and torque ripple [4, 5,
9, 10]. So it is vital to find an optimum control characteristics in respect to selected
required parameters of SRM drive.
In this paper, a quasi-optimum operation of the SRM drive is investigated to
find the maximum efficiency and minimum torque ripple control characteristics. This
is achieved by employing an original mathematical model, which is simple and
efficient in numerous repeatable computations of dynamic courses, in a process of
finding optimum control characteristics. This lumped-parameter model takes into
account magnetic saturation and all necessary power-converter elements that cause
power losses and therefore influence the efficiency of the drive.
1 Mathematical model
From the constructional point of view, the average torque and angular
characteristics of the torque depend on angular curves of self and mutual inductance
of the phase windings and their derivatives with respect to the rotor position angle. It
is clear from various measurements and computations that the amplitude of mutual
inductance of neighboring phase windings is quite low in comparison with phase
self-inductance, and their influence on the motor’s performance is even more limited.
It could be demonstrated by measurements of SRM characteristics with a positive and
negative coupling of neighbouring windings in the motor. There are mathematical
models that take into account the mutual inductance of stator phase windings, e.g. ,
but they are much more difficult and expensive in computations of dynamics that are
used in the optimization of control.
The lumped-parameter model [8, 9] used for this researchis based on the following
assumptions:
– Complete magnetic and electrical symmetry of the motor.
– Mutual phase-to-phase inductance is neglected.
– Magnetic hysteresis and iron losses are neglected.
This model reflects the most important features of SRM as the phase inductance
non-linearity with respect to the phase current ik and angular position of the rotor  ,
as well as power losses in the electronic converter and a voltage drop across the power
source, are taken into account. The model was formulated by Lagrange’s equation
method, and the Lagrange function of the motor is:
m ik
~ ~ 1
（1）
L    k  , ik d ik  J  2
2
k 1 0
~
in which  k  , ik  = Lk(  , ik ) ik is the magnetic flux linkage. ik is the variable of
 
integration in contrast to the upper limit of the integral ik .
The resulting equation for a phase winding current is
d
Lk  , ik   uk  Rk ik ； k=1,….,m
（2）
dt
and the equation of the rotary motion:
J  Tc  TL  D
（3）
In the above, Tc is the electromagnetic torque
~
m ik
L , ik  ~ ~
Te   
ik d ik
（4）

k 1 0
The induction function Lk used in this model is assumed in the following
multiplicative form:
Lk(  , ik )= Lk  k , ik 
（5）
1

where k   r frac   k  1  is the rotor position angle reduced to the kth
 r

tooth-pitch, and frac(x) is the fractional part of the real number x.
This method of induction function decomposition is very effective in the
estimation of parameters of induction function from measurements. It is also useful in
investigation of influence that result from minor changes and corrections in magnetic
circuit construction upon torque curves.
Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the induction function L  in the unsaturated state,
saturation function  ，i  and resultant phase windings inductance L , i 
respectively. After introducing this form (5) of induction function into current (2) and
torque (4) equations, and taking into account that k   , one obtains:


d
ik  uk  Rk ik  e ik ,k ,
dt
and
/ L  , i   i

k
k
k
k
Lk k , ik  

ik

（6）
i


1 m k ~
~
Tc     c ik ,k , d ik
 k 1
(7)
0
Fig. 1. Phase winding’s inductance L  in unsaturated state for the MRV3 motor,
measured and interpolated to a smooth curve
Fig. 2a, b. Saturation function  ，i  of a winding’s inductance as a function of: a
current i; b angle  .Curves measured for the MRV3 motor and interpolated by the
first-order spline function (broken line) in respect to the phase current and cosine
function in respect to the rotor position angle
In Eqs (6) and (7)
  , ik  
 L 
L
（8）
ek  ik k orek  ik 
  , ik   L 







 
k
is back EMF generated in the winding. Expression (8) is the same as for the
series-excited d.c. motors, which explains the similarities of mechanical
characteristics of both types of motors.
Fig. 3. Resultant phase winding’s inductance L , i  as a function of a rotor position
angle  and a phase current i, obtained according to (5) for MRV3 motor.
The induction function L  and the saturation function  ，i  for both tested
motors were determined by measurements. The function  ，i  was computed from
the recorded curves of the current during the step voltage test, for several positions of
the rotor.
In the mathematical model, L  is represented by a third-degree spline function
(Fig. 1), while  ，i  by the first-degree spline function with respect to the current I
(Fig. 2a) and cosine function in respect of angle  . (Fig. 2b).
Fig. 4. Converter phase circuit a and its equivalents for the three modes of operation:b
motoring; c free-wheeling; d breaking
The voltage supply and control variables were introduced to the model by a
proper circuit connection of the power converter as it is presented in Fig. 4. The
transistor commutation in the PWM switching was modelled in a simplified way by a
cosine function approximation, which for the phase to phase switching is neglected
due to the comparatively low frequency of that process. Taking into account these
resistance parameters of the converter, responsible for major power losses in the
system, it is necessary to get accountable results of the computed efficiency of the
system.
2 Validation of the model
Experiments and measurements were carried out on a special test rig presented in
Fig. 5. Figure 6 shows a cross-section of one of tested motors with the explanation of
control variables,  z ,  on ,  off and the rotor position angle  .
Fig. 5. Test rig with MRV3 SRM and the control unit
Fig. 6. Cross-section of a four-phase, 8/6 teeth SR motor with the angles: switch-on
(  on ), switch-off (  off ), conduction (  z ) and rotor position angle  .
Two different motors were tested. The first one, MRV3, has the following rated
values: m=4, UN=24 V; PN=0.9 kW; nN=3,500 rpm; phase resistance (20°C), R=0.043
 ; insulation class H; maximum torque (locked rotor), 25 Nm; degree of protection,
IP 21; nominal current, not specified; main dimensions, 200 mm·135 mm·135 mm;
airgap width,  =0.4 mm.
The second motor, EMS-71, is a three-phase motor designed for rectifier supply:
m=3, UN=310 V;PN=0.75 kW; nN=3,00 rpm; phase resistance (20°C), R=1.87  ;
insulation class, H; nominal current, not specified; main dimensions, 200 mm·160
mm·160 mm; airgap width,  =0.35 mm.
The test rig consists of a separately excited d.c. generator connected to the tested
SRM with an induction torque meter. The motor was supplied by a converter that
enables the independent regulation of all three control variables: phase voltage Uav
(by means of the PWM method), switchon angle  on and conduction angle  z . The
rotor position angle, and consequently the rotational speed, were measured by means
of an incremental encoder with a resolution capacity equal to one degree. The control
system was constructed on the basis of AT889C51 microprocessor. The measurements
were carried out by the 12 channel power analyser Norma 6200. It enabled
measurements of several dynamical courses necessary to verify the results obtained
from mathematical modelling, including efficiency and the torque ripple level. The
efficiency of the motor s and the motor–converter system  u was computed by the
power analyser from the measured time curves of voltages currents, torque and speed.
The simulation program was developed in Object Pascal language in Borland
Dephi 6.0 standard. For computation of dynamical courses, the Runge–Kutta RKF45
procedure was applied. In computations, all vital parameters of the converter and the
whole system were included—according to the scheme presented in Fig. 4. The
computations based on mathematical modelling were carried out for about 1,000
different combinations of control variables: Uav,  on and  z as well as different load
torque values to simulate the dynamic runs from the start of the motor until the steady
state was reached. The efficiency and the torque ripple were computed for 1 s of
steady operation at the final stage of each dynamic run.
The numerical performance of this model could be characterized by the ratio
1:50 of the real time of a dynamic course to the computation time used for the same
course by a PC equipped with an Athlon XP 1600+ processor. The results of the
computed steady states were interpolated with respect to the control variables by the
third-degree spline functions to obtain smooth efficiency and torque ripple curves.
The efficiency of the motor and the motor–converter system were computed by
means of the particular losses method (9) taking into account the mechanical power of
the motor Pm, total losses of the motor Ps and the losses in the converter and
supply circuit  Pz :
Pm
Pm
s 
u 
（9）
Pm  Ps
Pm  Ps   Pz
In computations, the average resistance of all phase windings was taken into
account at a temperature of 60°C. Approximately the same level of the winding
temperature was maintained during measurements of the characteristics of the tested
SRM.
During measurements and computations, the following curves were registered:
phase currents, source current, rotational speed and torque; and in the steady state:
SRM values of phase currents, phase and source voltage; average values of: speed,
currents, phase voltage, torque, efficiency for the motor and for the motor–converter
system. Current spectra were also measured, computed and compared.
These investigations covered a wide range of change in the control variables and
load for both tested motors. Exemplary results are shown in Fig. 7. The level of
agreement of measured and computed results was examined for the steady-state
values that were reached after stabilization of the dynamic courses. Because of the
multitude of such results for various control parameter sets and load values (more than
two hundred in total) a quasistatistical approach was adopted and the outcome is
presented in Table 1. The first row of the table shows the limit of discrepancy between
measured and computed values, while the content of the table holds the percentage of
single cases that keep within that limit—for velocity, efficiency and average as well as
the rms values of phase and source currents.
Fig. 7. Comparison of measured and computed time curves for MRV3 motor: a
current for the steady state (  on =39.5°， z =30°, Uav=22.8 V, n =21/s, Tl=5.7 Nm ); b
torque for a start up with:  on =19.5°,  z =15°, Uav=12.4 V and additional inertia
0.072 kg/m2
Table 1. Mathematical model validation. Level of agreement between measured and
computed results for both tested SRM. The percentages in the table mean the cases
that meet the discrepancy limit  from more than 200 measured and computed cases
The differences between measured and computed steady-state values are higher
in the two specific cases: for small values of the  off angle and for high values of
the  on angle in connection with a small value of conduction angle  z , which means
that the inductance–angle curves approximated by spline functions are not very
precise at the border of the pole–pitch span.
3 Optimum control curves
The mathematical model was used for optimization computations to find the
control parameters that yield the maximum level of efficiency and minimum level of
torque ripples. The computations were carried out in a wide range of control
parameters: 0<U  UN;  z <  on   on max ;.  z min <  z   z max ;In these relations, UN is
the rated voltage of the motor,  on max is the switch-on angle value above which the
velocity decreases;  z min is the conduction angle in the case where only a
single-phase winding contains current;  z max is the conduction angle in the case
where two phase windings contain currents all the time. For each tested case, the
dynamic states were computed until the steady state of the drive was reached.
Example efficiency curves for a motor alone and the whole system including the
source and the converter are presented in Fig. 8. The results of the computations for
the optimum cases had been interpolated using the spline functions with respect to all
three control parameters. The outcome for maximum efficiency is quite clear, and is
presented in Fig. 9a for the torque load equal to 3 N m as an example for the MVR3
motor, and in Fig. 9b after generalization for
Fig. 8. Computed efficiency curves of MRV3 motor alone a and with the drive system
b for constant load torque values
Fig. 9. Computed characteristics of maximum efficiency control variables: a for
MRV3 motor and torque load Tl=3 N m; b in the general
The maximum efficiency of SRM operating under a constant load is obtained by
changing one of the three control variables, depending on speed range. For low speed,
the average value of a phase voltage Uav is to be regulated with constant values of  on
and  off angles. In the range of medium speed,  on is the variable that should be
regulated, while the voltage and  off angle remain constant. For the high-speed range,
the regulation is carried out by increasing the  on angle with constant phase voltage
and also constant conduction angle  z , which means an increase in the  off angle in
accordance with  on .
Fig. 10. n1 and n2 speed border values for optimum control characteristics as a
function of load torque. Results computed for MRV3 motor
The border values n1 and n2 of rotational speed that separate these ranges of
mode of optimum control depend on the load torque as presented in Fig. 10. The
above results are also applicable for slow-changing dynamic courses (rotational
acceleration below 8/s2 ) and could be applied in the design of the control system of a
drive. For faster-changing operation of the motor, the highest efficiency is obtained
for higher values of the switch-on angle  on than is in the case for the steady-state
operation.
Fig. 11. Characteristics of control variables for minimum torque
ripples (MRV3 motor)
Te m a x Te m i n
mp 
Te a v
（10）
The lowest level of torque ripple of SRM operating at a steady state (Tl=const.;
x=const.) at the range of low speed is reached for clearly higher values of  z than is
the case for the highest efficiency. In that case, torque ripples are strongly reduced but
only a very small loss of efficiency is noted—see Figs. 11 and 12. At the ranges of
medium and high velocity, the curves of the control variables that yield the highest
efficiency and the lowest level of torque ripple are nearly the same. Therefore, both
these requirements—high efficiency and low torque ripple level—could be combined,
resulting in quasi-optimal control of the SRM drive. The rules presented above for the
optimal control are relatively simple in the sense of control variable curves against the
angular velocity, because they are linear. Nevertheless, for a given motor, it is
necessary to find starting value Umin of the phase voltage,  on and  off angles, and n1,
n2 values of rotational speed that are separating the different control ranges.
Fig. 12a, b. Computed efficiency curves a and torque ripple relative level b in the two
cases: 1 optimum control in respect to the highest efficiency; 2 with respect to torque
ripple minimization (MRV3 motor, Tl=3 N m)
4 Conclusions
It is possible to control the operation of the SRM in a steady state and for
slow-changing dynamic courses in the optimal way in the sense of high efficiency of
the drive and minimum level of torque ripple. At the lowest range of speed, the
optimum control follows the rules suitable for the torque ripple minimization with a
very small loss of efficiency compared with the highest attainable. For medium and
high speed, both optimization objectives are satisfied by the same control rules.
Characteristics of U,  on ,  z variables are linear with respect to the angular velocity
and, as such, are defined by few parameters, which could be determined by use of a
mathematical model. The model presented in this paper is quite simple, according to
complex nonlinear properties of SRM, but very useful and efficient in solving various
control problems, because it is applicable for fast repetitive computations. Simple
measurements as well as a limited number of FE field computations based on the
construction data of the motor could easily define the parameters of the mathematical
model.
References
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```
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