Interatomic potential for Copper (Cu).

Title A single sentence description. LAMMPS MEAM potential for Cu developed by Asadi et al. (2015) v000 The word cloud indicates applications of this Potential. The bar chart shows citations per year of this Potential. Show Model Used Show All Sort By Newest Sort By Oldest Sort By Most Citations Sort By Fewest Citations Help us to determine which of the papers that cite this potential actually used it to perform calculations. If you know, click the  . The two-phase solid–liquid coexisting structures of Ni, Cu, and Al are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the second nearest-neighbor (2NN) modified-embedded atom method (MEAM) potential. For this purpose, the existing 2NN-MEAM parameters for Ni and Cu were modified to make them suitable for the MD simulations of the problems related to the two-phase solid–liquid coexistence of these elements. Using these potentials, we compare calculated low-temperature properties of Ni, Cu, and Al, such as elastic constants, structural energy differences, vacancy formation energy, stacking fault energies, surface energies, specific heat and thermal expansion coefficient with experimental data. The solid-liquid coexistence approach is utilized to accurately calculate the melting points of Ni, Cu, and Al. The MD calculations of the expansion in melting, latent heat and the liquid structure factor are also compared with experimental data. In addition, the solid–liquid interface free energy and surface anisotropy of the elements are determined from the interface fluctuations, and the predictions are compared to the experimental and computational data in the literature. Cu None NIST IPRP (https://www.ctcms.nist.gov/potentials/Cu.html) Daniel S. Karls Daniel S. Karls 2019 This Simulator Model originally published in  is archived in OpenKIM [2-4].  Asadi E, Zaeem MA, Nouranian S, Baskes MI. Two-phase solid–liquid coexistence of Ni, Cu, and Al by molecular dynamics simulations using the modified embedded-atom method. Acta Materialia. 2015;86:169–81. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.010 — (Primary Source) A primary source is a reference directly related to the item documenting its development, as opposed to other sources that are provided as background information.  LAMMPS MEAM potential for Cu developed by Asadi et al. (2015) v000. OpenKIM; 2019. doi:10.25950/922afc2b  Tadmor EB, Elliott RS, Sethna JP, Miller RE, Becker CA. The potential of atomistic simulations and the Knowledgebase of Interatomic Models. JOM. 2011;63(7):17. doi:10.1007/s11837-011-0102-6  Elliott RS, Tadmor EB. Knowledgebase of Interatomic Models (KIM) Application Programming Interface (API). OpenKIM; 2011. doi:10.25950/ff8f563a Click here to download the above citation in BibTeX format. Not available SM_239791545509_000 Sim_LAMMPS_MEAM_AsadiZaeemNouranian_2015_Cu__SM_239791545509_000 10.25950/922afc2b https://doi.org/10.25950/922afc2b https://search.datacite.org/works/10.25950/922afc2b Simulator Model 2.1 LAMMPS meam meam/c

### Verification Check Dashboard

Grade Name Category Brief Description Full Results Aux File(s)
P vc-species-supported-as-stated mandatory
The model supports all species it claims to support; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-periodicity-support mandatory
Periodic boundary conditions are handled correctly; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-permutation-symmetry mandatory
Total energy and forces are unchanged when swapping atoms of the same species; see full description.
Results Files
A vc-forces-numerical-derivative consistency
Forces computed by the model agree with numerical derivatives of the energy; see full description.
Results Files
F vc-dimer-continuity-c1 informational
The energy versus separation relation of a pair of atoms is C1 continuous (i.e. the function and its first derivative are continuous); see full description.
Results Files
P vc-objectivity informational
Total energy is unchanged and forces transform correctly under rigid-body translation and rotation; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-inversion-symmetry informational
Total energy is unchanged and forces change sign when inverting a configuration through the origin; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-memory-leak informational
The model code does not have memory leaks (i.e. it releases all allocated memory at the end); see full description.
Results Files
The model returns the same energy and forces when computed in serial and when using parallel threads for a set of configurations. Note that this is not a guarantee of thread safety; see full description.
Results Files

### Visualizers (in-page)

#### BCC Lattice Constant

This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in the unique color) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### Cohesive Energy Graph

This graph shows the cohesive energy versus volume-per-atom for the current mode for four mono-atomic cubic phases (body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), simple cubic (sc), and diamond). The curve with the lowest minimum is the ground state of the crystal if stable. (The crystal structure is enforced in these calculations, so the phase may not be stable.) Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### Diamond Lattice Constant

This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered diamond lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in the unique color) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### FCC Elastic Constants

This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered cubic (fcc) elastic constants predicted by the current model (shown in blue) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### FCC Lattice Constant

This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in red) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### FCC Stacking Fault Energies

This bar chart plot shows the intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault energies as well as the unstable stacking and unstable twinning energies for face-centered cubic (fcc) predicted by the current model (shown in blue) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### FCC Surface Energies

This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered cubic (fcc) relaxed surface energies predicted by the current model (shown in blue) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

#### SC Lattice Constant

This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic simple cubic (sc) lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in the unique color) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.

Species: Cu

### Tests

Cohesive energy versus lattice constant curve for monoatomic cubic lattices v003

Creators: Daniel S. Karls
Contributor: karls
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/64cb38c5

This Test Driver uses LAMMPS to compute the cohesive energy of a given monoatomic cubic lattice (fcc, bcc, sc, or diamond) at a variety of lattice spacings. The lattice spacings range from a_min (=a_min_frac*a_0) to a_max (=a_max_frac*a_0) where a_0, a_min_frac, and a_max_frac are read from stdin (a_0 is typically approximately equal to the equilibrium lattice constant). The precise scaling and number of lattice spacings sampled between a_min and a_0 (a_0 and a_max) is specified by two additional parameters passed from stdin: N_lower and samplespacing_lower (N_upper and samplespacing_upper). Please see README.txt for further details.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Cohesive energy versus lattice constant curve for bcc Cu v003 view 2623
Cohesive energy versus lattice constant curve for diamond Cu v003 view 2079
Cohesive energy versus lattice constant curve for fcc Cu v003 view 2559
Cohesive energy versus lattice constant curve for sc Cu v003 view 2303

Elastic constants for cubic crystals at zero temperature and pressure v006

Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/5853fb8f

Computes the cubic elastic constants for some common crystal types (fcc, bcc, sc, diamond) by calculating the hessian of the energy density with respect to strain. An estimate of the error associated with the numerical differentiation performed is reported.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Elastic constants for bcc Cu at zero temperature v006 view 2463
Elastic constants for diamond Cu at zero temperature v001 view 7773
Elastic constants for fcc Cu at zero temperature v006 view 2559
Elastic constants for sc Cu at zero temperature v006 view 8765

Elastic constants for hexagonal crystals at zero temperature v004

Creators: Junhao Li
Contributor: jl2922
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/d794c746

Computes the elastic constants for hcp crystals by calculating the hessian of the energy density with respect to strain. An estimate of the error associated with the numerical differentiation performed is reported.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Elastic constants for hcp Cu at zero temperature v004 view 2069

Relaxed energy as a function of tilt angle for a symmetric tilt grain boundary within a cubic crystal v002

Creators: Brandon Runnels
Contributor: brunnels
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/4723cee7

Computes grain boundary energy for a range of tilt angles given a crystal structure, tilt axis, and material.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Relaxed energy as a function of tilt angle for a 100 symmetric tilt grain boundary in fcc Cu v000 view 5191381
Relaxed energy as a function of tilt angle for a 110 symmetric tilt grain boundary in fcc Cu v000 view 11576372
Relaxed energy as a function of tilt angle for a 111 symmetric tilt grain boundary in fcc Cu v000 view 7123157
Relaxed energy as a function of tilt angle for a 112 symmetric tilt grain boundary in fcc Cu v000 view 32287789

Equilibrium lattice constant and cohesive energy of a cubic lattice at zero temperature and pressure v007

Creators: Daniel S. Karls and Junhao Li
Contributor: karls
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/2765e3bf

Equilibrium lattice constant and cohesive energy of a cubic lattice at zero temperature and pressure.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Equilibrium zero-temperature lattice constant for bcc Cu v007 view 4798
Equilibrium zero-temperature lattice constant for diamond Cu v007 view 9309
Equilibrium zero-temperature lattice constant for fcc Cu v007 view 10109
Equilibrium zero-temperature lattice constant for sc Cu v007 view 6366

Equilibrium lattice constants for hexagonal bulk structures at zero temperature and pressure v005

Creators: Daniel S. Karls and Junhao Li
Contributor: karls
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/c339ca32

Calculates lattice constant of hexagonal bulk structures at zero temperature and pressure by using simplex minimization to minimize the potential energy.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Equilibrium lattice constants for hcp Cu v005 view 46353

Phonon dispersion relations for an fcc lattice v004

Creators: Matt Bierbaum
Contributor: mattbierbaum
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/64f4999b

Calculates the phonon dispersion relations for fcc lattices and records the results as curves.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Phonon dispersion relations for fcc Cu v004 view 58700

Stacking and twinning fault energies of an fcc lattice at zero temperature and pressure v002

Creators: Subrahmanyam Pattamatta
Contributor: SubrahmanyamPattamatta
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/b4cfaf9a

Intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault energies, unstable stacking fault energy, unstable twinning energy, stacking fault energy as a function of fractional displacement, and gamma surface for a monoatomic FCC lattice at zero temperature and pressure.
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Stacking and twinning fault energies for fcc Cu v002 view 8116825

High-symmetry surface energies in cubic lattices and broken bond model v004

Creators: Matt Bierbaum
Contributor: mattbierbaum
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25950/6c43a4e6

Calculates the surface energy of several high symmetry surfaces and produces a broken-bond model fit. In latex form, the fit equations are given by:

E_{FCC} (\vec{n}) = p_1 (4 \left( |x+y| + |x-y| + |x+z| + |x-z| + |z+y| +|z-y|\right)) + p_2 (8 \left( |x| + |y| + |z|\right)) + p_3 (2 ( |x+ 2y + z| + |x+2y-z| + |x-2y + z| + |x-2y-z| + |2x+y+z| + |2x+y-z| +|2x-y+z| +|2x-y-z| +|x+y+2z| +|x+y-2z| +|x-y+2z| +|x-y-2z| ) + c

E_{BCC} (\vec{n}) = p_1 (6 \left( | x+y+z| + |x+y-z| + |-x+y-z| + |x-y+z| \right)) + p_2 (8 \left( |x| + |y| + |z|\right)) + p_3 (4 \left( |x+y| + |x-y| + |x+z| + |x-z| + |z+y| +|z-y|\right)) +c.

In Python, these two fits take the following form:

def BrokenBondFCC(params, index):

import numpy
x, y, z = index
x = x / numpy.sqrt(x**2.+y**2.+z**2.)
y = y / numpy.sqrt(x**2.+y**2.+z**2.)
z = z / numpy.sqrt(x**2.+y**2.+z**2.)

return params*4* (abs(x+y) + abs(x-y) + abs(x+z) + abs(x-z) + abs(z+y) + abs(z-y)) + params*8*(abs(x) + abs(y) + abs(z)) + params*(abs(x+2*y+z) + abs(x+2*y-z) +abs(x-2*y+z) +abs(x-2*y-z) + abs(2*x+y+z) +abs(2*x+y-z) +abs(2*x-y+z) +abs(2*x-y-z) + abs(x+y+2*z) +abs(x+y-2*z) +abs(x-y+2*z) +abs(x-y-2*z))+params

def BrokenBondBCC(params, x, y, z):

import numpy
x, y, z = index
x = x / numpy.sqrt(x**2.+y**2.+z**2.)
y = y / numpy.sqrt(x**2.+y**2.+z**2.)
z = z / numpy.sqrt(x**2.+y**2.+z**2.)

return params*6*(abs(x+y+z) + abs(x-y-z) + abs(x-y+z) + abs(x+y-z)) + params*8*(abs(x) + abs(y) + abs(z)) + params*4* (abs(x+y) + abs(x-y) + abs(x+z) + abs(x-z) + abs(z+y) + abs(z-y)) + params
Test Test Results Link to Test Results page Benchmark time
Usertime multiplied by the Whetstone Benchmark. This number can be used (approximately) to compare the performance of different models independently of the architecture on which the test was run.

Measured in Millions of Whetstone Instructions (MWI)
Broken-bond fit of high-symmetry surface energies in fcc Cu v004 view 85059

### Errors

Test Error Categories Link to Error page
Classical and first strain gradient elastic constants for fcc copper mismatch view

Test Error Categories Link to Error page
Monovacancy formation energy and relaxation volume for fcc Cu mismatch view

Test Error Categories Link to Error page
Vacancy formation and migration energy for fcc Cu mismatch view

Verification Check Error Categories Link to Error page
PeriodicitySupport__VC_895061507745_003 other view
UnitConversion__VC_128739598203_000 mismatch view
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