# Table 4 Per-protocolachange scores within yoga and control, and difference between groups with 95% CI and Cohen's d effect size

Yoga

Control

Diff. (Yoga- Ctrl)

P diff.

Cohen's D

n = 17

n = 15

[95% CI]

Diabetes risk factors

Fasting BG (mmol/L)

0

−0.5

0.5 [−0.5 to 1.4]

0.32

0.37

Postprandial BG (mmol/L)b

−0.4

0.3

−0.7 [−2.8 to 1.4]

0.52

0.32

BMI (kg/m2)

−0.2

0.6

−0.9 [−1.8 to 0.1]

0.07

0.69

Weight (kg)

−1.0

1.5

−2.5 [−4.8 to −0.3]

0.03

0.83

Waist (cm)

−4.9*

0.7

−5.6 [−8.9 to −2.2]

<0.01

1.24

Systolic (mmHg)

−4.4*

−6.5*

2.2 [−3.0 to 7.4]

0.40

0.31

Diastolic (mmHg)

−4.6

−3.9*

−0.7 [−7.1 to 5.6]

0.82

0.08

Insulin (pmol/L)

−14.6

4.1

−18.7 [−54.6 to 17.3]

0.3

0.39

Insulin resistance

−0.3

0.1

−0.4 [−1.1 to 0.3]

0.28

0.40

LDL (mmol/L)

−0.1

0.2

−0.3 [−0.8 to 0.1]

0.17

0.52

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

−0.9*

−0.7

−0.2 [−1.1 to 0.6]

0.58

0.21

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

−0.2

−0.3

0.1 [−0.6 to 0.7]

0.83

0.08

Psychological factors c

Anxiety

−1.7*

−3.1*

1.4 [−0.7 to 3.6]

0.19

0.50

Depression

−2.3*

−3.1*

0.8 [−1.9 to 3.4]

0.56

0.22

Positive affect

4.8*

4.7

0.1 [−5.8 to 5.9]

0.99

0.01

Negative affect

−4.5*

−7.6*

3.0 [−2.4 to 8.5]

0.27

0.42

Perceived stress

−6.3*

−8.1*

1.8 [−1.7 to 5.3]

0.31

0.38

1. aSix participants were excluded (yoga n = 3; control n = 3) based on screening FBG <5.6.
2. bPostprandial BG was calculated based on available data, yoga n = 17 control n = 7.
3. cOne participant was missing data for psychological factors in the control group.
4. *p < 0.05.
5. BG blood glucose; BMI body mass index; LDL low density lipoproteins.
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