# Thevenin Norton Equivalencies – GATE Study Material in PDF

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In these  GATE 2018 Notes, we explain the Thevenin Norton Equivalencies. Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems are two equally valid methods of reducing a complex network down to something simpler to analyse. These methods help a great deal in simplifying complex networks and thereby save a great amount of time.

These concepts are important Network Theorems that form the bedrock of Electrical Networks. These free GATE Study Notes will deal with Thevenin Norton Equivalencies in circuits with only independent sources, in circuits with only dependent sources as well as circuits with both dependent and independent sources. You can download these GATE Study Material in PDF.

These notes are useful for GATE EE, EC, IES, BARC, DRDO, BSNL and other exams. However, before you move on to Thevenin and Norton Theorems it is advised that you have your basics clear.

## Thevenin’s Theorem

Any two terminal bilateral linear DC circuits can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor.

## Norton’s Theorem

Any two terminal bilateral linear DC circuits can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor.

### 1. Problem with only Independent Sources

To find Rth : Replace all voltage sources with short circuit and all current sources with open circuit. Find the resistance across the load terminals, that resistance is called   Thevenin’s resistance (Rth) or Norton’s resistance (RN).

To find Voc : Calculate the open circuit voltage across load terminals. This open circuit   voltage is called Thevenin’s voltage (Vth).

To find Isc : Short the load terminals and then calculate the current flowing through it. This current is called Norton current (or) short circuit current (Isc).
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