text-0.11.0.1: An efficient packed Unicode text type.

Data.Text

Description

A time and space-efficient implementation of Unicode text. Suitable for performance critical use, both in terms of large data quantities and high speed.

Note: Read below the synopsis for important notes on the use of this module.

This module is intended to be imported `qualified`, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions, e.g.

``` import qualified Data.Text as T
```

To use an extended and very rich family of functions for working with Unicode text (including normalization, regular expressions, non-standard encodings, text breaking, and locales), see the `text-icu` package: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/text-icu

Synopsis

# Strict vs lazy types

This package provides both strict and lazy `Text` types. The strict type is provided by the `Data.Text` package, while the lazy type is provided by the `Data.Text.Lazy` package. Internally, the lazy `Text` type consists of a list of strict chunks.

The strict `Text` type requires that an entire string fit into memory at once. The lazy `Text` type is capable of streaming strings that are larger than memory using a small memory footprint. In many cases, the overhead of chunked streaming makes the lazy `Text` type slower than its strict counterpart, but this is not always the case. Sometimes, the time complexity of a function in one module may be different from the other, due to their differing internal structures.

Each module provides an almost identical API, with the main difference being that the strict module uses `Int` values for lengths and counts, while the lazy module uses `Int64` lengths.

# Acceptable data

A `Text` value is a sequence of Unicode scalar values, as defined in §3.9, definition D76 of the Unicode 5.2 standard: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch03.pdf#page=35. As such, a `Text` cannot contain values in the range U+D800 to U+DFFF inclusive. Haskell implementations admit all Unicode code points (§3.4, definition D10) as `Char` values, including code points from this invalid range. This means that there are some `Char` values that are not valid Unicode scalar values, and the functions in this module must handle those cases.

Within this module, many functions construct a `Text` from one or more `Char` values. Those functions will substitute `Char` values that are not valid Unicode scalar values with the replacement character "�" (U+FFFD). Functions that perform this inspection and replacement are documented with the phrase "Performs replacement on invalid scalar values".

(One reason for this policy of replacement is that internally, a `Text` value is represented as packed UTF-16 data. Values in the range U+D800 through U+DFFF are used by UTF-16 to denote surrogate code points, and so cannot be represented. The functions replace invalid scalar values, instead of dropping them, as a security measure. For details, see Unicode Technical Report 36, §3.5: http://unicode.org/reports/tr36/#Deletion_of_Noncharacters)

# Fusion

Most of the functions in this module are subject to fusion, meaning that a pipeline of such functions will usually allocate at most one `Text` value.

As an example, consider the following pipeline:

``` import Data.Text as T
import Data.Text.Encoding as E
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)

countChars :: ByteString -> Int
countChars = T.length . T.toUpper . E.decodeUtf8
```

From the type signatures involved, this looks like it should allocate one `ByteString` value, and two `Text` values. However, when a module is compiled with optimisation enabled under GHC, the two intermediate `Text` values will be optimised away, and the function will be compiled down to a single loop over the source `ByteString`.

Functions that can be fused by the compiler are documented with the phrase "Subject to fusion".

# Types

data Text Source

A space efficient, packed, unboxed Unicode text type.

Instances

 Eq Text Data Text Ord Text Read Text Show Text Typeable Text IsString Text Monoid Text NFData Text

# Creation and elimination

O(n) Convert a `String` into a `Text`. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

O(n) Convert a Text into a String. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Convert a character into a Text. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

O(1) The empty `Text`.

# Basic interface

cons :: Char -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) Adds a character to the front of a `Text`. This function is more costly than its `List` counterpart because it requires copying a new array. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

snoc :: Text -> Char -> TextSource

O(n) Adds a character to the end of a `Text`. This copies the entire array in the process, unless fused. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

append :: Text -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) Appends one `Text` to the other by copying both of them into a new `Text`. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Returns the first character and rest of a `Text`, or `Nothing` if empty. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Returns the first character of a `Text`, which must be non-empty. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Returns the last character of a `Text`, which must be non-empty. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Returns all characters after the head of a `Text`, which must be non-empty. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Returns all but the last character of a `Text`, which must be non-empty. Subject to fusion.

O(1) Tests whether a `Text` is empty or not. Subject to fusion.

O(n) Returns the number of characters in a `Text`. Subject to fusion.

O(n) Compare the count of characters in a `Text` to a number. Subject to fusion.

This function gives the same answer as comparing against the result of `length`, but can short circuit if the count of characters is greater than the number, and hence be more efficient.

# Transformations

map :: (Char -> Char) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `map` `f` `t` is the `Text` obtained by applying `f` to each element of `t`. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

intercalate :: Text -> [Text] -> TextSource

O(n) The `intercalate` function takes a `Text` and a list of `Text`s and concatenates the list after interspersing the first argument between each element of the list.

O(n) The `intersperse` function takes a character and places it between the characters of a `Text`. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

transpose :: [Text] -> [Text]Source

O(n) The `transpose` function transposes the rows and columns of its `Text` argument. Note that this function uses `pack`, `unpack`, and the list version of transpose, and is thus not very efficient.

O(n) Reverse the characters of a string. Subject to fusion.

Arguments

 :: Text Text to search for -> Text Replacement text -> Text Input text -> Text

O(m+n) Replace every occurrence of one substring with another.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

## Case conversion

When case converting `Text` values, do not use combinators like `map toUpper` to case convert each character of a string individually, as this gives incorrect results according to the rules of some writing systems. The whole-string case conversion functions from this module, such as `toUpper`, obey the correct case conversion rules. As a result, these functions may map one input character to two or three output characters. For examples, see the documentation of each function.

Note: In some languages, case conversion is a locale- and context-dependent operation. The case conversion functions in this module are not locale sensitive. Programs that require locale sensitivity should use appropriate versions of the case mapping functions from the `text-icu` package: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/text-icu

O(n) Convert a string to folded case. This function is mainly useful for performing caseless (also known as case insensitive) string comparisons.

A string `x` is a caseless match for a string `y` if and only if:

`toCaseFold x == toCaseFold y`

The result string may be longer than the input string, and may differ from applying `toLower` to the input string. For instance, the Armenian small ligature "ﬓ" (men now, U+FB13) is case folded to the sequence "մ" (men, U+0574) followed by "ն" (now, U+0576), while the Greek "µ" (micro sign, U+00B5) is case folded to "μ" (small letter mu, U+03BC) instead of itself.

O(n) Convert a string to lower case, using simple case conversion. The result string may be longer than the input string. For instance, "İ" (Latin capital letter I with dot above, U+0130) maps to the sequence "i" (Latin small letter i, U+0069) followed by " ̇" (combining dot above, U+0307).

O(n) Convert a string to upper case, using simple case conversion. The result string may be longer than the input string. For instance, the German "ß" (eszett, U+00DF) maps to the two-letter sequence "SS".

## Justification

justifyLeft :: Int -> Char -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) Left-justify a string to the given length, using the specified fill character on the right. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Examples:

``` justifyLeft 7 'x' "foo"    == "fooxxxx"
justifyLeft 3 'x' "foobar" == "foobar"
```

O(n) Right-justify a string to the given length, using the specified fill character on the left. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Examples:

``` justifyRight 7 'x' "bar"    == "xxxxbar"
justifyRight 3 'x' "foobar" == "foobar"
```

center :: Int -> Char -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) Center a string to the given length, using the specified fill character on either side. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

Examples:

``` center 8 'x' "HS" = "xxxHSxxx"
```

# Folds

foldl :: (a -> Char -> a) -> a -> Text -> aSource

O(n) `foldl`, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the left-identity of the operator), and a `Text`, reduces the `Text` using the binary operator, from left to right. Subject to fusion.

foldl' :: (a -> Char -> a) -> a -> Text -> aSource

O(n) A strict version of `foldl`. Subject to fusion.

foldl1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> CharSource

O(n) A variant of `foldl` that has no starting value argument, and thus must be applied to a non-empty `Text`. Subject to fusion.

foldl1' :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> CharSource

O(n) A strict version of `foldl1`. Subject to fusion.

foldr :: (Char -> a -> a) -> a -> Text -> aSource

O(n) `foldr`, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the right-identity of the operator), and a `Text`, reduces the `Text` using the binary operator, from right to left. Subject to fusion.

foldr1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> CharSource

O(n) A variant of `foldr` that has no starting value argument, and thust must be applied to a non-empty `Text`. Subject to fusion.

## Special folds

concat :: [Text] -> TextSource

O(n) Concatenate a list of `Text`s.

concatMap :: (Char -> Text) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) Map a function over a `Text` that results in a `Text`, and concatenate the results.

any :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> BoolSource

O(n) `any` `p` `t` determines whether any character in the `Text` `t` satisifes the predicate `p`. Subject to fusion.

all :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> BoolSource

O(n) `all` `p` `t` determines whether all characters in the `Text` `t` satisify the predicate `p`. Subject to fusion.

O(n) `maximum` returns the maximum value from a `Text`, which must be non-empty. Subject to fusion.

O(n) `minimum` returns the minimum value from a `Text`, which must be non-empty. Subject to fusion.

# Construction

## Scans

scanl :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Char -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `scanl` is similar to `foldl`, but returns a list of successive reduced values from the left. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

``` scanl f z [x1, x2, ...] == [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]
```

Note that

``` last (scanl f z xs) == foldl f z xs.
```

scanl1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `scanl1` is a variant of `scanl` that has no starting value argument. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

``` scanl1 f [x1, x2, ...] == [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]
```

scanr :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Char -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `scanr` is the right-to-left dual of `scanl`. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

``` scanr f v == reverse . scanl (flip f) v . reverse
```

scanr1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `scanr1` is a variant of `scanr` that has no starting value argument. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

## Accumulating maps

mapAccumL :: (a -> Char -> (a, Char)) -> a -> Text -> (a, Text)Source

O(n) Like a combination of `map` and `foldl'`. Applies a function to each element of a `Text`, passing an accumulating parameter from left to right, and returns a final `Text`. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

mapAccumR :: (a -> Char -> (a, Char)) -> a -> Text -> (a, Text)Source

The `mapAccumR` function behaves like a combination of `map` and a strict `foldr`; it applies a function to each element of a `Text`, passing an accumulating parameter from right to left, and returning a final value of this accumulator together with the new `Text`. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

## Generation and unfolding

O(n*m) `replicate` `n` `t` is a `Text` consisting of the input `t` repeated `n` times.

unfoldr :: (a -> Maybe (Char, a)) -> a -> TextSource

O(n), where `n` is the length of the result. The `unfoldr` function is analogous to the List `unfoldr`. `unfoldr` builds a `Text` from a seed value. The function takes the element and returns `Nothing` if it is done producing the `Text`, otherwise `Just` `(a,b)`. In this case, `a` is the next `Char` in the string, and `b` is the seed value for further production. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

unfoldrN :: Int -> (a -> Maybe (Char, a)) -> a -> TextSource

O(n) Like `unfoldr`, `unfoldrN` builds a `Text` from a seed value. However, the length of the result should be limited by the first argument to `unfoldrN`. This function is more efficient than `unfoldr` when the maximum length of the result is known and correct, otherwise its performance is similar to `unfoldr`. Subject to fusion. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.

# Substrings

## Breaking strings

take :: Int -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `take` `n`, applied to a `Text`, returns the prefix of the `Text` of length `n`, or the `Text` itself if `n` is greater than the length of the Text. Subject to fusion.

drop :: Int -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `drop` `n`, applied to a `Text`, returns the suffix of the `Text` after the first `n` characters, or the empty `Text` if `n` is greater than the length of the `Text`. Subject to fusion.

takeWhile :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `takeWhile`, applied to a predicate `p` and a `Text`, returns the longest prefix (possibly empty) of elements that satisfy `p`. Subject to fusion.

dropWhile :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `dropWhile` `p` `t` returns the suffix remaining after `takeWhile` `p` `t`. Subject to fusion.

dropWhileEnd :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `dropWhileEnd` `p` `t` returns the prefix remaining after dropping characters that fail the predicate `p` from the end of `t`. Subject to fusion. Examples:

``` dropWhileEnd (=='.') "foo..." == "foo"
```

dropAround :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `dropAround` `p` `t` returns the substring remaining after dropping characters that fail the predicate `p` from both the beginning and end of `t`. Subject to fusion.

O(n) Remove leading and trailing white space from a string. Equivalent to:

``` dropAround isSpace
```

O(n) Remove leading white space from a string. Equivalent to:

``` dropWhile isSpace
```

O(n) Remove trailing white space from a string. Equivalent to:

``` dropWhileEnd isSpace
```

splitAt :: Int -> Text -> (Text, Text)Source

O(n) `splitAt` `n t` returns a pair whose first element is a prefix of `t` of length `n`, and whose second is the remainder of the string. It is equivalent to `(take n t, drop n t)`.

breakOn :: Text -> Text -> (Text, Text)Source

O(n+m) Find the first instance of `needle` (which must be non-`null`) in `haystack`. The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of `haystack` before `needle` is matched. The second is the remainder of `haystack`, starting with the match.

Examples:

``` breakOn "::" "a::b::c" ==> ("a", "::b::c")
breakOn "/" "foobar"   ==> ("foobar", "")
```

Laws:

``` append prefix match == haystack
where (prefix, match) = breakOn needle haystack
```

If you need to break a string by a substring repeatedly (e.g. you want to break on every instance of a substring), use `breakOnAll` instead, as it has lower startup overhead.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

breakOnEnd :: Text -> Text -> (Text, Text)Source

O(n+m) Similar to `breakOn`, but searches from the end of the string.

The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of `haystack` up to and including the last match of `needle`. The second is the remainder of `haystack`, following the match.

``` breakOnEnd "::" "a::b::c" ==> ("a::b::", "c")
```

break :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> (Text, Text)Source

O(n) `break` is like `span`, but the prefix returned is over elements that fail the predicate `p`.

span :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> (Text, Text)Source

O(n) `span`, applied to a predicate `p` and text `t`, returns a pair whose first element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of `t` of elements that satisfy `p`, and whose second is the remainder of the list.

group :: Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Group characters in a string by equality.

groupBy :: (Char -> Char -> Bool) -> Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Group characters in a string according to a predicate.

inits :: Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Return all initial segments of the given `Text`, shortest first.

tails :: Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Return all final segments of the given `Text`, longest first.

## Breaking into many substrings

Splitting functions in this library do not perform character-wise copies to create substrings; they just construct new `Text`s that are slices of the original.

splitOn :: Text -> Text -> [Text]Source

O(m+n) Break a `Text` into pieces separated by the first `Text` argument, consuming the delimiter. An empty delimiter is invalid, and will cause an error to be raised.

Examples:

``` splitOn "\r\n" "a\r\nb\r\nd\r\ne" == ["a","b","d","e"]
splitOn "aaa"  "aaaXaaaXaaaXaaa"  == ["","X","X","X",""]
splitOn "x"    "x"                == ["",""]
```

and

``` intercalate s . splitOn s         == id
splitOn (singleton c)             == split (==c)
```

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

split :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Splits a `Text` into components delimited by separators, where the predicate returns True for a separator element. The resulting components do not contain the separators. Two adjacent separators result in an empty component in the output. eg.

``` split (=='a') "aabbaca" == ["","","bb","c",""]
split (=='a') ""        == [""]
```

chunksOf :: Int -> Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Splits a `Text` into components of length `k`. The last element may be shorter than the other chunks, depending on the length of the input. Examples:

``` chunksOf 3 "foobarbaz"   == ["foo","bar","baz"]
```

## Breaking into lines and words

lines :: Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Breaks a `Text` up into a list of `Text`s at newline `Char`s. The resulting strings do not contain newlines.

words :: Text -> [Text]Source

O(n) Breaks a `Text` up into a list of words, delimited by `Char`s representing white space.

unlines :: [Text] -> TextSource

O(n) Joins lines, after appending a terminating newline to each.

unwords :: [Text] -> TextSource

O(n) Joins words using single space characters.

# Predicates

O(n) The `isPrefixOf` function takes two `Text`s and returns `True` iff the first is a prefix of the second. Subject to fusion.

O(n) The `isSuffixOf` function takes two `Text`s and returns `True` iff the first is a suffix of the second.

O(n+m) The `isInfixOf` function takes two `Text`s and returns `True` iff the first is contained, wholly and intact, anywhere within the second.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

## View patterns

O(n) Return the suffix of the second string if its prefix matches the entire first string.

Examples:

``` stripPrefix "foo" "foobar" == Just "bar"
stripPrefix ""    "baz"    == Just "baz"
stripPrefix "foo" "quux"   == Nothing
```

This is particularly useful with the `ViewPatterns` extension to GHC, as follows:

``` {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
import Data.Text as T

fnordLength :: Text -> Int
fnordLength (stripPrefix "fnord" -> Just suf) = T.length suf
fnordLength _                                 = -1
```

O(n) Return the prefix of the second string if its suffix matches the entire first string.

Examples:

``` stripSuffix "bar" "foobar" == Just "foo"
stripSuffix ""    "baz"    == Just "baz"
stripSuffix "foo" "quux"   == Nothing
```

This is particularly useful with the `ViewPatterns` extension to GHC, as follows:

``` {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
import Data.Text as T

quuxLength :: Text -> Int
quuxLength (stripSuffix "quux" -> Just pre) = T.length pre
quuxLength _                                = -1
```

O(n) Find the longest non-empty common prefix of two strings and return it, along with the suffixes of each string at which they no longer match.

If the strings do not have a common prefix or either one is empty, this function returns `Nothing`.

Examples:

``` commonPrefixes "foobar" "fooquux" == Just ("foo","bar","quux")
commonPrefixes "veeble" "fetzer"  == Nothing
commonPrefixes "" "baz"           == Nothing
```

# Searching

filter :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `filter`, applied to a predicate and a `Text`, returns a `Text` containing those characters that satisfy the predicate.

Arguments

 :: Text `needle` to search for -> Text `haystack` in which to search -> [(Text, Text)]

O(n+m) Find all non-overlapping instances of `needle` in `haystack`. Each element of the returned list consists of a pair:

• The entire string prior to the kth match (i.e. the prefix)
• The kth match, followed by the remainder of the string

Examples:

``` find "::" ""
==> []
find "/" "a/b/c/"
==> [("a", "/b/c/"), ("a/b", "/c/"), ("a/b/c", "/")]
```

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

The `needle` parameter may not be empty.

find :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Maybe CharSource

O(n) The `find` function takes a predicate and a `Text`, and returns the first element matching the predicate, or `Nothing` if there is no such element.

partition :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> (Text, Text)Source

O(n) The `partition` function takes a predicate and a `Text`, and returns the pair of `Text`s with elements which do and do not satisfy the predicate, respectively; i.e.

``` partition p t == (filter p t, filter (not . p) t)
```

# Indexing

If you think of a `Text` value as an array of `Char` values (which it is not), you run the risk of writing inefficient code.

An idiom that is common in some languages is to find the numeric offset of a character or substring, then use that number to split or trim the searched string. With a `Text` value, this approach would require two O(n) operations: one to perform the search, and one to operate from wherever the search ended.

For example, suppose you have a string that you want to split on the substring `"::"`, such as `"foo::bar::quux"`. Instead of searching for the index of `"::"` and taking the substrings before and after that index, you would instead use `find "::"`.

index :: Text -> Int -> CharSource

O(n) `Text` index (subscript) operator, starting from 0.

findIndex :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Maybe IntSource

O(n) The `findIndex` function takes a predicate and a `Text` and returns the index of the first element in the `Text` satisfying the predicate. Subject to fusion.

count :: Text -> Text -> IntSource

O(n+m) The `count` function returns the number of times the query string appears in the given `Text`. An empty query string is invalid, and will cause an error to be raised.

In (unlikely) bad cases, this function's time complexity degrades towards O(n*m).

# Zipping and unzipping

zip :: Text -> Text -> [(Char, Char)]Source

O(n) `zip` takes two `Text`s and returns a list of corresponding pairs of bytes. If one input `Text` is short, excess elements of the longer `Text` are discarded. This is equivalent to a pair of `unpack` operations.

zipWith :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Text -> Text -> TextSource

O(n) `zipWith` generalises `zip` by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function. Performs replacement on invalid scalar values.
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