मुख्य Abstract and Applied Analysis -bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

# -bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

Volume:
5
वर्ष:
2000
भाषा:
english
Journal:
Abstract and Applied Analysis
DOI:
10.1155/s1085337500000087
File:
PDF, 1.93 MB

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```B-BOUNDED SEMIGROUPS AND IMPLICIT
EVOLUTION EQUATIONS
J. BANASIAK

The aim of this paper is to show an application of the recently introduced B-bounded
semigroups in the theory of implicit and degenerate evolution equations. The most
interesting feature of this approach is its applicability to problems with noncloseable
operators.
1. Introduction
Consider the Cauchy problem for the implicit evolution equation
d
(Ku) = Lu,
dt

◦

lim (Ku)(t) = u,

t→0+

(1.1)

where K : Z → X, L : Z → X, Z, X are, say, Banach spaces, and K, L are linear
operators. There is a number of approaches to solving such problems; for example,
[11, 12], similar in spirit the results of [15, 16, 17, 18] where an interesting notion of
empathy is introduced, or  where a suitable change of space method is used. In
this paper, we aim neither at a comprehensive treatment of the problem (1.1), nor at an
exhaustive comparison of various methods employed to solve it, but we rather describe
how a new notion of B-bounded semigroups, introduced in [8, 10] and investigated in
[3, 4], can be used in this ﬁeld.
One of the “natural” ways of approaching (1.1) would be to factor out K and,
provided it is invertible, to consider a standard Cauchy problem with the operator
K −1 L on the right-hand side. In some cases, however, the operator K is not closeable
and therefore there is no way the “time derivative” or the limit at t = 0+ can commute
with K. Thus, it is reasonable to study (1.1) as it stands. In [18, 19] this problem is
treated by introducing a pair of evolution families, called an empathy. As we will see, the
theory of B-bounded semigroups provides another convenient way of performing this
“impossible” commutations by passing to a specially constructed space related to K.
In this paper, a similar approach to that of  is used but some adopted assumptions
on K are less restrictive.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5:1 (2000) 13–32
2000 Mathematics Subject Classiﬁcation: 4; 7D06, 34G10
URL: http://aaa.hindawi.com/volume-5/S1085337500000087.html

14

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

It is worthwhile to note that the method of B-bounded semigroups does not require
X to be a Banach space (in fact X is not required to have any structure but linear) and
consequently the operators K and L are not assumed to have any standard topological
properties when considered separately; we require, however, their good behaviour in
the abstract extrapolation space XB introduced in  or, equivalently, a good behaviour
of the operator K −1 L (or its suitable realization) in Z. The idea is similar to that of
[7, 14], where the authors also seek a modiﬁcation of the original space in which the
given operators are, for example, closeable. Our method on one hand is less general,
as the modiﬁed space is deﬁned in a prescribed way by the operators appearing in
the problem, but on the other hand this space may be much less restrictive than that
stipulated in the work cited.
As we mentioned before, we do not give a survey of all available methods for solving
theory which is also focused on solving problems with possibly noncloseable K, and
with the method employed by Showalter in , which seems to be a particular case
of the B-bounded semigroup method.
To keep the exposition within a reasonable length we focus on linear operators with
K invertible. A generalization to multivalued and nonlinear cases can be done along the
lines of, for example, [11, 12, 15, 20] with only minor difﬁculties (see also Remark 3.8).
We intend to pursue this topic provided interesting applications arise.
It is also worthwhile to note that despite superﬁcial similarities of B-bounded semigroups and C-existence families, these two notions coincide only for a very restricted
class of operators. This question is addressed in detail in .
2. B-bounded semigroups revisited
We start with recalling basic facts from the theory of B-bounded semigroups and give
generalizations relevant to the theory of implicit evolution equations.
We consider the standard abstract Cauchy problem in a Banach space X:
du
= Au,
dt

◦

lim u(t) = u.

t→0+

(2.1)

Very often the existence of the semigroup (exp(tA))t≥0 describing the evolution of
the system is established in a nonconstructive way. This is especially the case when
the positivity methods are employed (cf. ). Then very little quantitative information
on the evolution is available. On the other hand, there may exist an operator B such
that t → BetA can be calculated constructively yielding some information about the
evolution. An example of this type, pertaining to the transport equation with multiplying
boundary conditions, was analysed in  and has prompted one of the authors to deﬁne
a class of evolution families which behave well if looked at through the “lenses” of
another operator, and which can be thought of as generalizations of {BetA }t≥0 . Such
families, called B-bounded semigroups, have been introduced in , and analysed and
applied to various problems in a few papers [3, 4, 6, 9].
The deﬁnition of B-quasi bounded semigroups as introduced in  (with some
modiﬁcations due to the author of this paper) reads as follows.

J. Banasiak

15

Deﬁnition 2.1. Let (A, D(A)) be a linear operator in a Banach space X and (B, D(B))
be another linear operator from X to another Banach space Z with D(A) ⊂ D(B), and
let for some ω ∈ R the resolvent set of A satisﬁes
ρ(A) ⊃]ω, ∞[.

(2.2)

A one-parameter family of operators (Y (t))t≥0 from X to Z, which satisﬁes
(1) D(Y (t)) =:  ⊇ D(B), and for any t ≥ 0 and f ∈ D(B)
Y (t)f Z ≤ M exp(ωt)Bf Z ,
(2) the function t → Y (t)f ∈ C([0, ∞[, Z) for any f ∈ ,
(3) for any f ∈ 0 := {f ∈ D(A) ∩ D(B); Af ∈ } ⊂ D(A) ∩ D(B)
 t
Y (s)Af ds, t ≥ 0
Y (t)f = Bf +

(2.3)

(2.4)

0

is called a B-quasi bounded semigroup generated by A.
To shorten notation, if A generates a B-bounded semigroup satisfying the above
conditions, then we write A ∈ B − Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z). We also shorten the name saying
that the family (Y (t))t≥0 deﬁned in Deﬁnition 2.1 is a B-bounded semigroup generated
by A. We also use the standard notation A ∈ Ᏻ(M, ω, X) to express the fact that A is
the generator of a C0 -semigroup in X with the Hille-Yosida constants M and ω.
Remark 2.2. It follows that the assumptions : D(A) ⊂ D(B) and (2.2) can be replaced by a single assumption that for λ > ω the operator

where

(λI − A) : DB (A) −→ D(B),

(2.5)



DB (A) = x ∈ D(A) ∩ D(B); Ax ∈ D(B)

(2.6)

is bijective. Note that this requirement is purely algebraic.
We recall here the main results of  together with some recent generalizations due
to .
The main role in the considerations of  is played by the space XB which is the
completion of the quotient space D(B)/N (B) with respect to the seminorm  · B =
B · Z . It is known that then D(B)/N (B) is isometrically isomorphic to a dense
subspace of XB , say, ᐄ. The canonical injection of X into XB (and onto ᐄ) is denoted
by p. In a standard way B extends by density to an isometry B : XB → Z.
An important observation is that if A generates a B-bounded semigroup, then A
preserves cosets of D(B)/N (B) and therefore it can be deﬁned to act from pDB (A) ⊂ ᐄ
into ᐄ. We denote by AB the part of A in D(B), that is, AB = A|DB (A) . It can be also
proved  that if A ∈ B − Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z), then the shift of A to ᐄ is closeable in XB ;
we denote its closure by A.
To simplify the notation we use the same notation for the operators A and B deﬁned
on ᐄ and their shifts which is possible by ; with this convention the injection p

16

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

becomes the identity (or more precisely projection) and for any operator C deﬁned in
XB and x ∈ D(B), the symbol Cx is to be understood as Cpx, if the latter is deﬁned.
We introduce the subspace ZB = R(B) (the closure of the range of B in Z). The
main result of [4, Theorem 4.1], reads as follows.
Z

Theorem 2.3. If A ∈ B − Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z) and B[DB (A)] = ZB , then A ∈ Ᏻ(M, ω, XB ).
Conversely, if there is Ꮽ ⊃ A such that Ꮽ ∈ Ᏻ(M, ω, XB ), then Ꮽ = A and A ∈
B − Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z).
The B-bounded semigroup (Y (t))t≥0 for x ∈ D(B) is given by


(2.7)
Y (t)x = exp t BAB−1 Bx = B exp(t A)x.
The assumption that B[DB (A)] is dense in ZB can be discarded if Z (and consequently ZB ) are reﬂexive spaces (see [4, Corollary 4.1]). Recently Arlotti  proved
that if the B-bounded semigroup satisﬁes the additional condition
∀x ∈ D(B), Y (0)x = Bx,

(2.8)

then B[DB (A)] is dense in ZB (or equivalently, DB (A) is dense in XB ). Note that (2.4)
gives (2.8) only for x ∈ 0 that, in most cases, reduces to DB (A).
It is easy to see that the converse is also true. Therefore, if (2.8) holds, then the
density assumption in Theorem 2.3 can be omitted.
Since the space XB is in many cases rather difﬁcult to handle, Theorem 2.3 is most
often used in the following version (see [4, Theorem 4.3] and [3, Theorem 2.1]).
Theorem 2.4. Let the operators A and B satisfy the conditions of Deﬁnition 2.1. Then
A is the generator of a B-quasi bounded semigroup satisfying (2.8) if and only if the
following conditions hold:
(1) B[DB (A)] is dense in ZB ,
(2) there exist M > 0 and ω ∈ R such that for any x ∈ D(B), λ > ω and n ∈ N:


B(λI − A)−n x  ≤
Z

M
BxZ .
(λ − ω)n

(2.9)

If we do not require (Y (t))t≥0 to satisfy (2.8), then condition (1) is sufﬁcient but not
necessary.
The main point in the proof of Theorem 2.4 is the observation that (2.9) can be
extended to hold on the entire XB . This allows a useful corollary.
Corollary 2.5. Let the operators A and B satisfy the conditions of Deﬁnition 2.1 and
let also assumptions (1) and (2) of Theorem 2.4 be satisﬁed.
(1) If the estimate (2.9) is satisﬁed for n = 1 with M = 1 and ω = 0, then A generates
a semigroup of contractions in XB and consequently A ∈ B − Ᏻ(1, 0, X, Z).
(2) If the estimate


B(λI − A)−1 x  ≤
Z

M
BxZ
|λ − ω|

(2.10)

J. Banasiak

17

holds for λ ∈ Sθ = {λ ∈ C; | Arg λ| ≤ π/2 + θ, θ > 0}, then A generates an analytic
semigroup in XB and consequently A ∈ B − Ᏻ(M  , ω, X, Z) for some constant M  .
2.1. Further improvement of the generation theorem. Note that it is not necessary
for A to generate a semigroup in X. Thus, the existence of a B-bounded semigroup is
no longer related to the existence of (exp(tA))t≥0 , as was the case in the motivating
example of . As mentioned before, the assumption that [ω, ∞[⊆ ρ(A) for some
ω ∈ R was replaced by the requirement that (λ − A) : DB (A) → D(B) is bijective. It
follows that this assumption can be relaxed even further. A detailed discussion of this
topic together with the proofs can be found in . Here we sketch the main results.
Our aim is to replace assumption (2.2) by a weaker one which would require only
the bijectivity of a suitable extension of A. In fact, in the proof of Theorem 2.3 the
assumption (2.2) is used to show that [ω, ∞[⊂ ρ(A). Thus, what we really need is the
Hille-Yosida estimate valid on some dense subspace X of XB . Moreover, as we are
using the pseudo-resolvent identity, we must have that Dλ = (λI − A)−1 X ⊂ X for
λ > ω and this yields that Dλ must be independent of λ . Finally, as our starting
point are X and the operators deﬁned in it, the space X must be accessible from X in
the sense of the operator closure in XB . All these indicate that we can free ourselves
from any topological structure of X.
Therefore we adopt the following new assumptions on A and X.
(2.1 ) The space X is a linear space and the operator AB is closeable in XB . Denoting
X
A = ĀB B , we assume further that there exist subspaces X satisfying D(B) ⊆ X ⊆ XB ,
and DB (A) ⊂ D ⊂ X ∩ D(A) such that (λ − A|D ) : D → X is bijective for all λ > ω.
We have then the following theorem .
Theorem 2.6. Let the operators A and B satisfy the conditions of Deﬁnition 2.1 with
assumption (2.2) replaced by assumption (2.1 ). Then A ∈ B − Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z) and (2.8)
holds if and only if the following conditions are satisﬁed:
(1) B(D) is dense in ZB ,
(2) there exist M > 0 and ω ∈ R such that for any y ∈ X, λ > ω, and n ∈ N:

 

B λI − A|D −n y ≤
Z

M
ByZ .
(λ − ω)n

(2.11)

If we do not assume (2.8), then assumption (1) is sufﬁcient but not necessary. In both
cases the B-bounded semigroup is given again by (2.7).
Example 2.7. Consider X = L2 (R, ex dx), Au = ∂x u on the maximal domain, and
2
(Bu)(x) = e−x /2 u(x). Clearly, B : X → X is a continuous operator. Moreover,
BuX = uL2 (R) and since C0∞ (R) ⊂ X, we can identify XB with L2 (R). We consider the closure A of A, that is, we take a sequence (un )n∈N of elements of D(A)
such that un → u and ∂x un → g as n → ∞ in L2 (R). However, this is the same as the
closure of D(A) in W21 (R), and as C0∞ (R) ⊂ D(A) is dense in W21 (R), we obtain that
Au = ∂x u for u ∈ W21 (R). Thus, A generates a semigroup of contractions in XB and
2
therefore (Y (t)u)(x) = e−x /2 u(t +x) satisﬁes conditions (1)–(3) of Deﬁnition 2.1. By
2

18

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

standard argument (see also ) one can prove however that, λI − A : D(A) → X is
not bijective for any λ, hence Deﬁnition 2.1 is not applicable.
2.2. Special case. It is of interest to determine conditions under which XB is not
an abstract space but can be identiﬁed with a subspace of X. We have the following
theorem.
Theorem 2.8. Let X, Z be Banach spaces and B : X → Z be an injective operator.
The following conditions are equivalent:
(i) XB has the following properties:
(i ) each coset x̃ ∈ XB contains a sequence (xn )n∈N converging in the norm of
X to some x ∈ X, and x is the limit of any other X-Cauchy sequence in x̃,
(i ) if (xn )n∈N ∈ x̃, (yn )n∈N satisfy xn −yn X → 0 as n → ∞ and (yn )n∈N ∈ ỹ
for some ỹ ∈ XB , then x̃ = ỹ,
(ii) the operator B is closeable and B −1 is bounded,
(iii) there is an isometric isomorphism T : XB → XB (→ X which satisﬁes
T |D(B) = Id.
Proof. (i)⇔(ii). Since for each x̃ ∈ XB , there is exactly one representative (xn )n∈N
which converges in X to, say, x, the formula

 
(2.12)
T x̃ = T xn n∈N = lim xn = x
n→∞

deﬁnes an operator T : XB → X. Moreover, as D(B)  x̃ = [(x, x, . . .)], we get
T |D(B) = Id . Next deﬁne

 



XB = x ∈ X; x = lim xn for some xn n∈N ⊂ D(B) such that Bx n n∈N is Cauchy .
n→∞

(2.13)

By the assumption in (i ), T : XB → XB is a bijection. This allows us to induce a norm
in XB by
 

xXB =  xn n∈N B = lim Bxn ,
(2.14)
n→∞

where x = limn→∞ xn . In fact, if x ∈ XB , then there must be x̃ ∈ XB such that for
some (xn )n∈N ∈ x̃, limn→∞ xn = x. By the assumption, there is only one such x̃, hence
x ∈ XB determines uniquely x̃. Since [(xn )n∈N ]B is well deﬁned by the last equality
in (2.14),  · XB is well deﬁned. This norm turns T into an isometry and thus XB
becomes a Banach space.
Thanks to the assumption (i ) again, we can deﬁne the shift B : XB → Z by
B x = Bx̃ = lim Bxn ,
n→∞

(2.15)

where (xn )n∈N is as before. We have
onto

B : D(B) −−−→ Im B,
onto

B : XB −−−→ Im B.

(2.16)

J. Banasiak

19

Since XB ⊂ X, we can consider (B , XB ) as an unbounded operator in X. Let (xn )n∈N ⊂
XB converges to x ∈ X and (B x n )n∈N ⊂ Z converges to y ∈ Z, in the respective
norms. From the assumption (i ), for each n ∈ N there is a sequence (x (n) k )k∈N ∈ T −1 xn ,
(n)
(n)
xk ∈ D(B), converging to xn in X. From the construction of cosets in XB , (Bxk )k∈N
(n)
is a Cauchy sequence and as a consequence, for any n ∈ N, Bxk → B xn as k → ∞.
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n) (n)
Indeed, denote x̃n = T −1 xn = [(xk )k∈N ] and x̃l = T −1 xl = [(xl , xl , . . .)].
(n)
Since (Bxk )k∈N is a Cauchy sequence, we obtain, for any sufﬁciently large l ∈ N




x̃n − x̃ (n)  = lim Bx (n) − Bx (n)  < ,,
(2.17)
l
k
l
X
Z
B

k→∞

(n)

that is, liml→∞ x̃l = x̃n in XB . Since T is an isomorphism, and by (2.14) and (2.15)
we obtain that for any n ∈ N,
(n)

lim Bxk = B xn .

k→∞

(2.18)

For any r ∈ N we can ﬁnd nr ∈ N such that
1
1
B xnr − yZ < ,
xnr − xX < ,
r
r
and for such a ﬁxed nr we select kr ∈ N satisfying

 (nr )
1

x
kr − xnr X < ,
r

 (nr )

1
Bx

kr − Bxnr Z < .
r

(2.19)

(2.20)

(n )

Deﬁne φr = xkr r . For any r ∈ N, φr ∈ D(B). Fixing , > 0 we ﬁnd r0 > 2/,, and for
any r > r0 we have by estimates (2.19) and (2.20),
2
< ,,
r




Bφr − y  = Bφr − B x̄  < 2 < ,,
Z
Z
r
φr − xX <

(2.21)

which means that (φr )r∈N is a sequence deﬁning x̄ and from assumption (i ) we obtain
x̄ = x ∈ XB . Thus (B , XB ) is a closed operator in X. Therefore XB = D(B ), equipped
onto
with the norm of the graph, is a Banach space, and B : XB −−−→ Im B is a continuous
bijection. Therefore the inverse of B is bounded in the norm of the graph, and for its
restriction B −1 we obtain
∀y ∈ Im B, xX ≤ xX + BxZ = xD(B ) ≤ KBxZ

(2.22)

for some constant K, which gives the boundedness of B −1 : Z → X.
Now let B : X → Z be a closeable operator with a bounded inverse. For any x̃, let
(xn )n∈N ∈ x̃, that is, (Bx n )n∈N is a Cauchy sequence in Z. By the boundedness of B −1 ,
(xn )n∈N is a Cauchy sequence in X and its limit x ∈ D(B̄). Also, by the boundedness of
B −1 , if any other Cauchy sequence (By n )n∈N is such that (B(xn −yn ))n∈N is convergent
to 0, then limn→∞ yn = x. Next, if xn → x and yn → x in X determine two cosets x̃
and ỹ, then by deﬁnition both (Bx n )n∈N and (By n )n∈N converge. Since B is closeable,
they must have the same limit, that is, x̃ = ỹ.

20

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

(ii)⇔(iii). From (ii) to (iii) the theorem follows easily, as in the previous part we constructed a required isometry, and since XB = D(B), set-theoretically and topologically,
XB (→ X.
Conversely, let T be the stipulated isomorphism and deﬁne for x ∈ XB
Bx = BT −1 x.

(2.23)

Since XB (→ X, then T : XB → X is continuous, and therefore T −1 is closed as
an operator deﬁned in X. Since B is an isomorphism, then B : X → Im B is closed.
But since T |D(B) = Id, B is an extension of B and therefore B is closeable. Moreover, B−1 = T B−1 : Im B → X is continuous, therefore B −1 = T B−1 |Im B is also
bounded.

Remark 2.9. It is interesting to note that there exist operators which are injective with
bounded inverse but which are not closeable .
If B is not invertible, then we can still obtain a similar result, however in a less compact form. First we note that it is impossible to follow the way leading to Theorem 2.3
as already the quotient space D(B)/N (B) is not a subspace of X.
We start with some preliminaries. Following, for example, [21, pages 766–767], we
can write split D(B) as an algebraic direct sum
D(B) = N(B) ⊕ DB

(2.24)

for some linear space DB such that B : DB → R(B) is a bijection (clearly DB is not
unique, but R(B) is independent of the choice of DB ). We denote by BR−1 : R(B) → DB
the right inverse to B having DB as its range. Conversely, given any right inverse BR−1
to B deﬁned on R(B) we can always split D(B) as in (2.24) with DB = R(BR−1 ).
Now we can construct a number of extrapolation spaces X̃B completing various
DB ’s in the norm B · Z . It is important to note that all these spaces are isometrically
isomorphic to each other and also to the space XB . Indeed, let X̃B be a completion of DB
Z
with respect to the abovementioned norm. Denote by B̃ : X̃B → R(B) the extension
by continuity of (B, DB ). As in the original case, this is an isometric isomorphism.
Z
However, also B : XB → R(B) is an isometric isomorphism, therefore T = B̃−1 B :
XB → X̃B is an isometric isomorphism. Let x ∈ DB ⊂ D(B), then Bx = Bx ∈ R(B),
but B̃ −1 is here the extension of the inverse of B|DB , hence we obtain
T|DB = Id .

(2.25)

Now we can formulate a generalization of Theorem 2.8.
Corollary 2.10. Let X, Z be Banach spaces, X = N(B) ⊕ DB and DB be the range
of some right inverse BR−1 . The following are equivalent:
(i) the operator (B, DB ) is closeable and BR−1 is bounded,
(ii) there is an isomorphism T : XB → XB (→ X which satisﬁes T |DB = Id.

J. Banasiak

21

If either of the above condition holds and additionally both N(B) and DB are closed,
then (B, D(B)) is also closeable.
Proof. (i)⇔(ii). The proof is straightforward by repeating the proof of the equivalence
(ii)⇔(iii) of Theorem 2.8 with (B, D(B)) replaced by (B, DB ) and applying (2.25).
To prove the last statement consider xn → 0 in X, xn ∈ D(B), n = 1, . . . , such that
Bxn → y in Z. We write xn = xn + xn with xn ∈ N(B) and xn ∈ DB for n = 1, . . . .
Since Bxn = Bxn , we see that (Bx  n )n∈N is also convergent, and by the boundedness
of the right inverse, (x  n )n∈N is also convergent in X. Therefore (x  n )n∈N converges
and by the closedness of both subspaces we get x  = limn→∞ xn ∈ N(B) and x  =
limn→∞ xn ∈ DB . On the other hand, x  + x  = 0 which yields x  = x  = 0 by (2.24).
Thus xn → 0 and Bxn → y implies y = 0 by closeability of (B, DB ) and therefore
(B, D(B)) is also closed.

If we have the case described in Theorem 2.8, the operator A also becomes much
simpler.
Theorem 2.11. If B is a closeable operator such that B −1 is bounded, and A is
closeable in X with λI − Ā injective for some λ > ω, and moreover A ∈ B −
Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z), then
A = Ā

where

DB̄ (Ā)

,

  
 
 
 
DB̄ Ā = x ∈ D Ā ∩ D B̄ ; Āx ∈ D B̄ .

(2.26)

(2.27)

Proof. Let x ∈ D(A). Then there exists a sequence (xn )n∈N in DB (A) such that Bxn →
B̄x and BAxn → B̄ Ax as n → ∞. From the proof of Theorem 2.8, it follows that also
B̄ −1 is bounded, that is, xn → x and Axn → Ax in X as n → ∞. From this formulae we
get that x ∈ D(B̄), x ∈ D(Ā) with Ax = Āx and Āx ∈ D(B̄), that is, D(A) ⊂ DB̄ (Ā).
onto
Conversely, for λ > ω, λI − A : D(A) −−−→ D(B̄), and for x ∈ DB̄ (Ā), λx − Āx ∈
D(B̄). Thus for some y ∈ D(A) we obtain
λy − Ay = λx − Āx,

(2.28)

but y ∈ D(A) ⊂ DB̄ (Ā) yields Ay = Āy, and by injectivity of λI − Ā we get
x = y ∈ D(A).

Example 2.12. We consider X = L2 (R, e−x dx), Au = ∂x u on the maximal domain,
2
and (Bu)(x) = ex /2 u(x). B : X → X is an unbounded operator and since BuX =
uL2 (R) , we see that D(B) = L2 (R). Since B(D(B)) = X, we obtain that XB =
D(B) = L2 (R) by Theorem 2.8. Then DB (A) = W21 (R) and A generates a contraction
2
semigroup, say (T (t))t≥0 , in L2 (R). Thus Y (t)u = BT (t)u = ex /2 u(t + x) is the
B-bounded semigroup generated by (A, B).
Note that here neither D(A) ⊂ D(B), nor ρ(A) ⊃ [ω, ∞[, but the (2.5) is satisﬁed.
2

22

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

3. B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations
3.1. XB -solutions of implicit evolution equations. We consider again the original
Cauchy problem (1.1). It is often the case that the original spaces X and Z are not the
most convenient spaces from the mathematical point of view. We are usually interested
to keep the values of the solution in the original space which may be related to some
physical properties like ﬁnite total energy space, ﬁnite mass, and so forth, but for (1.1)
to hold in the strict sense may be too restrictive and often it is enough that it holds
in some other Banach (or even linear topological) space X̃ with K and L replaced
by appropriate extensions K̃ and L̃ acting from Z to X̃. This concept is similar to
the differentiation in the sense of distributions; a related concept for semigroups is
sometimes called the Haraux extrapolation .
To be able to link K and L with K̃ and L̃ we restrict these extensions to the closures
of respective operators. In other words, D(L) and D(K) are required to be cores for L̃
and K̃, respectively.
As we mentioned in the introduction, in general, thanks to Theorem 2.6, we do not
need any topological structure in X and therefore there is no need to introduce any
topological assumptions on K and L separately—as we see, these will be replaced by
appropriate assumption imposed on either LK −1 or K −1 L.
We introduce the following deﬁnition.
Deﬁnition 3.1. Let X ⊂ X̃ and L̃ = L̄X̃ , K̃ = K̄ X̃ . A Z-valued function t → u(t) is
called an X̃-solution of the problem (1.1) if it is a classical solution of the problem
d 
K̃u = L̃u,
dt

 
◦
lim K̃u (t) = u,

t→0+

(3.1)

that is, t → K̃u(t) is continuously differentiable in X̃, the differential equation holds
for all t > 0 in X̃, and the initial condition holds as a limit in the topology of X̃.
With this deﬁnition we can formulate the following theorem.
Theorem 3.2. Suppose that we are given operators K : D(K) → X and L : D(L) → X
with D(L), D(K) ⊂ Z, where Z is a Banach space and X is a linear space. Assume that
K is a densely deﬁned, one-to-one operator. Deﬁne A = LK −1 with the natural domain
D(A) = K(D(L) ∩ D(K)) and B = K −1 . If A ∈ B − Ᏻ(M, ω, X, Z) (in the sense of
Subsection 2.1), then, for any x ∈ DB (A) = {x ∈ K(D(L) ∩ D(K)); LK −1 x ∈ Im K},
the function t → Y (t)x, where (Y (t))t≥0 is the B-bounded semigroup generated by A,
is an XB -solution of the problem (1.1).
Proof. Since Y (t)x = B exp(t A)x, where B : XB → Z is an isomorphism and x ∈
D(A), we obtain
d
d
d
Y (t)x = B exp(t A)px = B exp(t A)px = BA exp(t A)px
dt
dt
dt

(3.2)

J. Banasiak

23

which can be rewritten as
d −1
B Y (t)x = AB−1 Y (t)x.
dt

(3.3)

lim B−1 Y (t)x = x.

(3.4)

Similarly,
t→0+

To complete the proof we must show that B−1 is the closure of K = B −1 and that AB−1
is the closure of L = AB −1 . The ﬁrst statement follows from the fact that B, being the
extension by density, is also the closure of B and that the operation (x, y) → (y, x),
which transforms graph of an operator onto the graph of its inverse, is an isomorphism.
Consider the second operator. By construction A is the closure of LK −1 deﬁned on


 


(3.5)
DB (A) = D LK −1 = x ∈ K D(L) ∩ D(K) ; LK −1 x ∈ Im K
in XB .
We know that B is the closure of K −1 in XB . Consider the operator (AB−1 , BD(A));
it is well deﬁned and closed, as A is closed and B−1 is continuous. Also, since D(A)
is dense in XB and B is an isomorphism, this is a densely deﬁned operator.
We prove that the operator (AB−1 , BD(A)) is the closure of (L, D(L) ∩ D(K))
in XB . Let x ∈ D(L) ∩ D(K), then Kx ∈ K(D(L) ∩ D(K)) ⊂ D(A). For such x
we have
AB−1 x = AKx = LK −1 Kx = Lx,

(3.6)

hence AB−1 is an extension of (L, D(L)).
We know that A is the XB -closure of LK −1 from DB (A), that is for any y ∈ D(A)
there is a sequence (yn )n∈N of elements belonging to K(D(L) ∩ D(K)) and such that
LK −1 yn ∈ Im K, which satisﬁes yn → y in XB and
Ay = XB − lim LK −1 yn .

(3.7)

n→∞

Take arbitrary x ∈ B(D(A)); then x = By for some y ∈ D(A) or y = B−1 x. Now
Ay = AB−1 x = XB − lim LK −1 yn ,
n→∞

(3.8)

but yn ∈ K(D(L) ∩ D(K)), that is, yn = Kxn for some xn ∈ D(L) ∩ D(K). However,
on D(K) = Im B we have B−1 x = B −1 x = Kx and consequently,
yn = Kxn = B−1 xn .

(3.9)

Because (yn )n∈N converges in XB by construction, (xn )n∈N = (By n )n∈N converges in
Z to x (by continuity of B) and
AB−1 x = Ay = XB − lim LK −1 yn = XB − lim Lxn .
n→∞

This shows that AB−1 ⊂ LK −1
LK −1 , the theorem is proved.

XB

n→∞

(3.10)

. However, since AB−1 is a closed extension of


24

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

Remark 3.3. The assumption that K is densely deﬁned in Z is not essential. If it does
Z
not hold, then in the considerations the space Z should be replaced by D(K) = ZB .
The assumption (2.2), speciﬁed to the present conditions, means that the operator
(LK −1 , D(LK −1 )), where D(LK −1 ) is deﬁned by (3.5), satisﬁes


(3.11)
ρ LK −1 ⊃ [ω, ∞[
for some ω ∈ R. If this assumption is satisﬁed, then we can combine Theorem 3.2 with
Corollary 2.5 to obtain the following result.
Theorem 3.4. Assume that
Z
(1) the set {y ∈ D(L) ∩ D(K); Ly ∈ Im K} is dense in D(K) ,
(2) for x ∈ D(K) either



 λI − K −1 L −1 x  ≤ λ−1 xZ , λ > 0,
Z

(3.12)

or



 λI − K −1 L −1 x  ≤
Z

M
xZ ,
|λ − ω|

λ ∈ Sθ ,

(3.13)

then, for any x ∈ {x ∈ K(D(L) ∩ D(K)); LK −1 x ∈ Im K}, the function t →
Y (t)x is an XB -solution to (1.1).
In reﬂexive spaces assumption (1) is superﬂuous.
Proof. Assumption (1) of Theorem 2.4 requires B[DB (A)] to be dense in ZB . With
B = K −1 and DB (A) deﬁned by (3.5), we obtain






B DB (A) = K −1 x ∈ K D(L) ∩ D(K) ; LK −1 x ∈ Im K
(3.14)


= y ∈ D(L) ∩ D(K); Ly ∈ Im K
so our assumption (1) is simply rephrasing of that of Theorem 2.4.
Equation (2.9) speciﬁed to our case reads
 −1 


−1 
K
λI − LK −1 f Z ≤ λ−1 K −1 f Z , λ > 0,

(3.15)

for f ∈ Im K. Since K is invertible, putting x = K −1 f gives an arbitrary element of
D(K). Hence we have
 −1 

−1 

 −1 
K
x Z
λI − LK −1 Kx Z =  K −1 λI − LK −1 K
(3.16)

−1 
=  λI − K −1 L x Z ,
thus inequality (3.15) follows from (3.12). Analogous arguments prove the statement
for analytic case. Assumption (1) is needed for the density of the domain of A in XB ,
and it is well known, that for reﬂexive space this follows once the Hille-Yosida estimates
are satisﬁed.


J. Banasiak

25

An important role in the theory of B-bounded semigroups is played by the operator
BAB −1 which gives rise to another semigroup which can be used to deﬁne the Bbounded semigroup, the advantage of which stems from acting in the space Z rather
than in the abstract space XB . In our case formally we have BAB −1 = K −1 LK −1 K =
K −1 L. Precisely, by (3.5) we must deﬁne K −1 L on the domain
 


(3.17)
D K −1 L = y ∈ D(L) ∩ D(K); Ly ∈ Im K ,
which has already appeared in Theorem 3.4. Then we have the following proposition.
Proposition 3.5. The operator (LK −1 , D(LK −1 )) is closeable in XB if and only if
(K −1 L, D(K −1 L)) is closeable in Z and the following equality holds:
Z

Ax = KK −1 L K−1 x,

(3.18)

where K is the XB -closure of K. Consequently, the operator BAB−1 of Theorem 2.3
is equal to K −1 L.
Proof. Let x ∈ D(A), then
y = K−1 x = lim K −1 xn = lim yn
n→∞

n→∞

(3.19)

in Z, with xn ∈ DB (A), hence yn ∈ D(K −1 L), and
K−1 Ax = lim K −1 LK −1 xn = lim K −1 Lyn .
n→∞

n→∞

(3.20)

This shows that y ∈ D(K −1 L) and K −1 Ly = K−1 Ax and consequently
A ⊂ KK −1 LK−1 .

(3.21)

Conversely, if y ∈ D(K −1 L), then for (yn )n∈N ⊂ D(K −1 L) we have
lim yn = y,

n→∞

lim K −1 Lyn = K −1 Ly.

n→∞

(3.22)

Putting xn = Kyn , we obtain that (xn )n∈N converges in XB and by continuity of K,
we have XB − limn→∞ xn = x = Ky. Thus, (K −1 LK −1 x n )n∈N converges in Z, and
therefore (LK −1 x n )n∈N converges in XB to Ax and KK −1 LK−1 ⊂ A.

With this proposition, Theorem 2.6 yields a stronger version of Theorem 3.4. Note
that the assumption (2.1 ) is incorporated into Theorem 3.6 as assumption (2) below.
Theorem 3.6. Assume that
Z
(1) D(K −1 L) is dense in D(K) ,
(2) the operator (K −1 L, D(K −1 L)) is closeable in Z and there exist spaces: X
satisfying for D(K) ⊆ X ⊆ Z, and D satisfying D(K −1 L) ⊆ D ⊆ D(K −1 L)
such that for x ∈ ᐄ either



 λI − K −1 L|D −1 x  ≤ λ−1 xZ , λ > 0,
(3.23)
Z

26

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations
or



 λI − K −1 L|D −1 x  ≤
Z

M
xZ ,
|λ − ω|

λ ∈ Sθ ,

(3.24)

then, for any x ∈ D(LK −1 ), the function t → Y (t)x is an XB -solution to (1.1). For
x ∈ D(LK −1 ) the classical solution is given by
u(t, x) = etK

−1 L

K −1 x.

(3.25)

In reﬂexive spaces assumption (1) is superﬂuous.
Remark 3.7. An XB -solution to (1.1) exists for a larger class of initial values, namely
for all x ∈ KD(K −1 L).
Remark 3.8. Using arguments similar to that preceding Corollary 2.10, we can provide
analogous solvability results even when K is not invertible. In fact, all the theorems
above are valid if we replace (K, D(K)) by (K, DK ) where Z = N(K) ⊕ DK , and Z
Z as noted in Remark 3.3. However, in such a case the uniqueness is an
by ZB = D̄K
open question, as different choices of DK lead in general to different spaces XB , and
to different B-bounded semigroups.
3.2. B-bounded semigroups and empathy. We start with a brief outline of the empathy theory as presented in . Let X and Z be Banach spaces and consider two
families of operators Ᏹ = {E(t) : X → X}t>0 and ᏿ = {S(t) : X → Z}t>0 such that
the Laplace transforms: R(λ)y = ᏸ(E(t)y)(λ) and P (λ)y = ᏸ(S(t)y)(λ) exist for any
y ∈ X and λ > 0. The pair ᏿, Ᏹ is called an empathy if for any s, t > 0
S(t + s) = S(t)E(s)

(3.26)

and P (ξ ) is invertible for some ξ > 0. It can be proved that then P (λ) is invertible for
any λ > 0, and the same is valid for R(λ). Also, the subspaces ᏰE = R(λ)X and Ᏸ =
P (λ)Z are independent of λ. Deﬁne the operators: K : Ᏸ → ᏰE by K = R(λ)P −1 (λ)
and L : Ᏸ → X by L = (λR(λ) − I )P −1 (λ); both can be proved to be independent of
λ and
P (λ) = (λK − L)−1 .

(3.27)

The pair L, K is called the generator of empathy ᏿, Ᏹ . In this case, for any y ∈ ᏰE ,
the function t → S(t)y is a solution of the Cauchy problem (1.1). This result is not
satisfactory, as it allows to recognize which Cauchy problem is solvable by a given
empathy. The inverse requires an additional assumption. To explain its meaning, we ﬁrst
note that it can be proved that Ᏹ is a semigroup, but not necessarily a C0 -semigroup,
in X. In particular, the function t → E(t)x can be unbounded at t = 0 for some
x ∈ X. To be able to prove the main generation result for empathy in , the author
introduced the assumption that the empathy ᏿, Ᏹ is uniformly bounded, that is, there
exist constants N  , M  such that supt>0 S(t) ≤ M  , supt>0 E(t) ≤ N  . Then the
following theorem is valid.

J. Banasiak

27

Theorem 3.9. Suppose that the space X has the Radon-Nikodym property. The operator
pair L, K is the generator of a uniformly bounded empathy ᏿, Ᏹ if and only if the
operators P (λ) and R(λ) are bounded for every λ > 0 and there exist positive numbers
M, N such that for every λ > 0 and k = 1, 2, . . .
 k 
R (λ) ≤ λ−k N.
(3.28)
P (λ) ≤ λ−1 M,
To compare empathy with B-bounded semigroups, we ﬁrst note that for L, K to be
the generator of an empathy, K must be an injective operator. Moreover, by deﬁnition,
the solution family (S(t))t≥0 is a family of bounded operators in X. Since the Bbounded semigroup (Y (t))t≥0 is supposed to give solutions for the same problem, it
must be also deﬁned on the whole space, which requires B = K −1 to be a bounded
operator.
We have the following theorem.
Theorem 3.10. Let (Y (t))t≥0 be a B-bounded semigroup generated by A where A :
D(A) → X, B : D(B) → Z, D(A), D(B) ⊂ X, A satisﬁes (2.2) with ω = 0, and
B is a bounded, one-to-one operator. The pair (Y (t))t≥0 , (et A|X )t≥0 is an empathy
generated by AB −1 , B −1 if and only if
∀t ≥ 0, et AX ⊂ X


∀x ∈ X, λ > 0, t −→ e−λt et A X x ∈ L1 (0, ∞, X).

(3.29)
(3.30)

Proof. Since B is a bounded operator, (Y (t))t≥0 is a family of bounded operators by
property (1) of Deﬁnition 2.1. Moreover, by  we have
 ∞
−1
e−λt Y (t)x dt
(3.31)
P (λ)x = B(λI − A) x =
0

for any x ∈ X and since B is invertible, P (λ) exists and is invertible.
By (3.30) the operator R(λ) is well deﬁned. Fix t ≥ 0 and consider xn → x and
et Axn → y in X as n → ∞. Since by the boundedness of B, X (→ XB , y = et Ax and
et A is a closed operator, and being deﬁned on the whole X, it is a bounded operator.
Next, for any x ∈ X we have, by (3.29),


(3.32)
Y (t + s)x = B exp (t + s)A x = B exp(t A) exp(s A)x = Y (t) exp(s A)x,
therefore (Y (t))t≥0 , (et A|X )t≥0 is an empathy.
Since B is bounded, we obtain for any x ∈ X
 ∞
 ∞
−λt t A
e e X x dt =
e−λt Y (t)x dt = B(λI − A)−1 x,
BR(λ)x = B
0

(3.33)

0

where again we used X (→ XB to obtain the equivalence of the integrals. Hence R(λ) =
(λI − A)−1 , by a simple calculation
K = R(λ)P −1 (λ) = B −1 ,


L = λ(λI − A)−1 − I (λI − A)B −1 = AB −1 .

(3.34)

28

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

Conversely, the properties (3.29) and (3.30) follow from the original deﬁnition of
empathy.

A better characterization of (et A|X )t≥0 can be obtained when the empathy is uniformly bounded. Clearly, then the statement of Theorem 3.10 is valid provided conditions (3.29) and (3.30) are replaced by the requirement that (et A|X )t≥0 is a strongly
measurable and uniformly bounded semigroup in X. Depending on the structure of X,
we can prove some additional properties of this semigroup.
Proposition 3.11. Let the assumptions of Theorem 3.10 be satisﬁed and (Y (t))t≥0 ,
(et A|X )t≥0 be a uniformly bounded empathy. Then A satisﬁes the Hille-Yosida estimates in X, and consequently
(1) (et A|D(A) )t≥0 is a C0 -semigroup in D(A),
(2) if X has the Radon-Nikodym property, then additionally (et A|X )t>0 is a bounded
strongly continuous semigroup of bounded operators in X (but in general not a
C0 -semigroup),
(3) if X is reﬂexive or D(A) = X, then (et A|X )t≥0 is a C0 -semigroup generated
by A.
Proof. If (Y (t))t≥0 , (et A|X )t≥0 is a uniformly bounded empathy, then by [19, Theorem 7.1] there is N such that for any λ > 0, k = 1, 2, . . . we have λk R k (λ) ≤ N.
From (3.33) we obtain that


(λI − A)−k  ≤ λ−k N,
(3.35)
hence A satisﬁes the Hille-Yosida estimates in X. The rest of the proof follows from

Another avenue to explore is based on the following simple observation which follows immediately from the deﬁnition of B-bounded semigroups.
Proposition 3.12. The pair (Y (t))t≥0 , (exp(t A))t≥0 is an empathy in the pair Z, XB .
This proposition suggests that if one could ﬁnd a space X  ⊂ X such that X is a
completion of X  with respect to the norm K −1 · Z , then the notion of B-bounded
semigroup generated in the pair X , Z would coincide with the notion of empathy in
the pair of spaces X, Z. However, the following result shows that also here the choice
is very limited.
Proposition 3.13. The pair (Y (t))t≥0 , (exp(t A))t≥0 is an empathy in Z, X if and
only if K is a bounded operator, with a bounded densely deﬁned inverse K −1 .
Proof. The pair (Y (t))t≥0 , (exp(t A))t≥0 is an empathy in Z, X if and only if XB
can be identiﬁed with X. By Theorem 2.8 this is possible if and only if B = K −1 is
closeable and B −1 = K is bounded. XB is then identiﬁed with D(B̄) = D(K −1 ) and
by Theorem 2.8 again we must have D(K −1 ) = X.

J. Banasiak

29

Next, the operator K −1 is invertible (because it equals B). It follows that K̄ =
(K −1 )−1 . In fact, y = K̄x if and only if x = limn→∞ xn , xn ∈ D(K) and y =
limn→∞ Kxn . Putting yn = Kxn we obtain that this is equivalent to limn→∞ yn = y,
yn ∈ D(K −1 ) and limn→∞ K −1 yn = x, thus K −1 y = x which due to the invertibility
of K −1 proves the statement. Since for bounded operators the closure is equal to the
extension by continuity, denoted for a moment by K̃, we obtain that
onto

K̃ : D(K) −−−→ X

(3.36)

is invertible and bounded operator. Since D(K) is a Banach space, K̃ −1 = K −1 is a
bounded operator and clearly K −1 is bounded. Using again the fact that the closure of a
bounded operator is equal to its extension by continuity, we obtain that X = D(K −1 ) =
D(K −1 ) = Im K.
The proof in the reverse direction is obvious.

It is instructive to compare Hille-Yosida type estimates required for generation of
empathy and B-bounded semigroup. For simplicity, we assume that the estimates are
valid with k = 1 and N = 1 for the empathy and with k = 1, M = 1, ω = 0 for
B-bounded semigroup. In such a case equations (3.28) can be transformed to



 λI − K −1 L −1 f  ≤ λ−1 Kf X , f ∈ D(K) ⊂ Z,
Z



 λI − LK −1 −1 u ≤ λ−1 uX .
X

(3.37)
(3.38)

The second inequality is simply the Hille-Yosida estimate for the operator LK −1 in X
(and thus if K and L commute and X = Z, this condition is equivalent to (3.23)).
On the other hand, for the generation a K −1 -bounded semigroup of contractions we
must have by, Theorem 3.4,



 λI − K −1 L −1 x  ≤ λ−1 xZ
Z

∀x ∈ D(K) ⊂ Z.

(3.39)

Summarizing, for the generation of K −1 -bounded semigroup of contractions, the operator K −1 L must generate a semigroup of contractions in Z. On the other hand, for
generation of an empathy, we must have a generation of a semigroup of contractions
in X by LK −1 and additionally, the resolvent of K −1 L must be a continuous operator
from D(K) with graph norm to Z. Explanation of the different order in which the
operators K −1 and L enter the Hille-Yosida estimates comes from Proposition 3.12.
If we think of empathy as a B-bounded semigroup with X = XB , then the estimate
(3.38) follows directly from (2.9). Now the estimate (3.39) is obtained from (3.15) by
passing from X to a new space XB . See also Subsection 3.4 where we discuss a suitable
example.
3.3. Showalter’s approach. The approach presented in  is very similar in spirit to
the ideas leading to the construction of a B-bounded semigroup. The theory presented
there covers, however, much broader class of problems including nonlinear evolution
inclusions. On the other hand, a number of assumptions on K are more restrictive than

30

B-bounded semigroups and implicit evolution equations

those appearing in the theory of B-bounded semigroups. For simplicity we outline here
the approach of  in the case of linear evolution equations.
It is assumed that K : E → E ∗ is a linear, symmetric, and nonnegative operator from
a linear space E to its algebraic dual. This allows us to introduce a semi-scalar product
on E; the corresponding semi-normed space is denoted by Eb . Its continuous dual Eb
is a Hilbert space. The operator L is assumed to act from a domain in Eb into Eb .
In a particular case when K generates a scalar product under which Eb is complete,
K becomes the Riesz isomorphism onto Eb . Thanks to this, one can proceed as in
Theorem 3.2 converting problem (1.1) into the standard Cauchy problem
du
= K −1 Lu,
dt

◦

lim u(t) = K −1 u,

(3.40)

t→0+

in Eb . Hence, the question to be solved is whether K −1 L generates a semigroup in Eb .
Using the B-bounded semigroup approach we obtain the same problem under the
following particular assumptions. Let D(K) ⊂ X and (K, D(K)) be a symmetric,
positive operator in X. Assume that Eb is the completion of D(K) under the scalar
product (Kx, y); then its continuous dual Eb is exactly the space XB (B = K −1 ) as K
is the Riesz isomorphism between Eb and Eb .
Here we see that B-bounded semigroups offer a greater ﬂexibility, as, for example,
if we keep Z = X, then as XB we obtain a space such that a suitable extension of K is
X
an isomorphism between D(K) and XB . We will see an example of this kind in the
next subsection.
The approach of  has been used also when K is not invertible. Again, the
idea is similar to that used in the construction of B-bounded semigroup with noninvertible B-one passes to the quotient space D(K)/N(K). The problem is that the
second operator involved, L, not necessarily can be made to act in such a quotient space.
In B-bounded semigroups theory the properties of B-bounded semigroups ensured that
this was indeed possible. In  the author introduced a suitable multivalued relation
which fortunately preserves the essential properties of the original operator. This seems
to be a complementary approach to that sketched in Remark 3.8, but the comparison of
these methods is still an open question.
3.4. The Sobolev-Galpern equation. Consider a model problem which can be dealt
with using all three approaches:
∂t (3u) = 32 u,

u|∂ = 0,

∂ν u|∂ = 0,

◦

3u|t=0 = u,

(3.41)

where  ⊂ Rn is a bounded sufﬁciently smooth set.
The empathy theory (see  where, in fact, an early version of empathy theory,
called the B-evolution theory was used), the solution operators t → S(t) act from
◦
L2 () into W24 () ∩ W 22 (), the related semigroup (E(t))t≥0 , generated by a suitable
realization of LK −1 = 32 3−1 acts in L2 () and the equation is also satisﬁed in L2 ().
◦
Using Showalter’s approach we obtain Eb = W 12 () with Eb = W2−1 (); it follows
◦
that the solution is a W 12 ()-valued function and the equation is satisﬁed in W2−1 ().

J. Banasiak

31

Using B-bounded semigroups we are able to construct
even weaker solutions. Let
◦
Z = X = L2 (), K = 3 with D(K) = W22 () ∩ W 12 () and L = 32 with D(L) =
◦
W24 ()∩ W 22 (). From the general theory of PDE’s we know that K is an isomorphism
◦

onto L2 (). From the elliptic regularity it follows that XB = (W22 () ∩ W 12 ()) (the
continuous dual). Since all the occurring spaces are reﬂexive, we have to check only
the Hille-Yosida estimates. Let u ∈ D(L), then we have




λu − K −1 Lu, u X = λu2X − K −1 Lu, u X ,
(3.42)
next

 −1



K Lu, u X = LKK −1 u, K −1 u X = (LKf, f )X


2
¯
=
3 3f f dx = − |∇3f |2 dx ≤ 0,


hence

(3.43)







λu2X ≤ λu − K −1 Lu, u X ≤ λu − K −1 LuX uX .

(3.44)

Now, let x ∈ D(K) and consider the equation x = λu−K −1 Lu. We can transform this
equation to
Kx = λKu − Lu

(3.45)

with Kx ∈ X. Since we have
(Ku, u)X ≥ c1 u21 ,

(−Lu, u)X ≥ c2 u22 ,

(3.46)

◦

we obtain for u ∈ W 22 ⊂ D(K)
(λKu − Lu, u) ≥ c1 u21 + c2 u22 ≥ c2 u22 ,
◦

(3.47)
◦

hence λK − L is coercive on W 22 and for each Kx ∈ X there is u ∈ W 22 (in fact, in
D(L) from the elliptic regularity) satisfying (3.45). Thus, we see that the Hille-Yosida
estimates (3.23) is satisﬁed and problem (3.41) has a unique XB -solution.
It is interesting to note that in this case also the ﬁrst two solutions can be obtained
by B-bounded semigroup method by a suitable choice of the space X.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Foundation for Research and Development of South
Africa and the University of Natal Research Fund.
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J. Banasiak: Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of
Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa

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