Contents

topos theory

# Contents

## Idea

In point set topology, every subspace $X$ of a space $A$ has a unique largest subspace in which $X$ is dense, namely simply the closure $\overline{X}$. Using maps, this amounts to say that $X\hookrightarrow A$ factors as $X\hookrightarrow\overline{X}$ followed by $\overline{X}\hookrightarrow A$.

The (dense,closed)-factorization generalizes this idea from topology to topos theory. It can be viewed as a way to associate to every subtopos $Sh_j(\mathcal{E})\hookrightarrow\mathcal{E}$ a closure $\overline{Sh_{j}(\mathcal{E})}$.

## Statement

$Sh_j(\mathcal{E}) \hookrightarrow \mathcal{E}$

factors as

$Sh_j(\mathcal{E}) \hookrightarrow Sh_{c(ext(j))}(\mathcal{E}) \hookrightarrow \mathcal{E}$

where $ext(j)$ (the “exterior” of $j$) denotes the $j$-closure of $\emptyset \rightarrowtail 1$ and

$\bar j \coloneqq c(ext(j))$

the closed topology that corresponds to the subterminal object $ext(j)$.

Here the first inclusion exhibits a dense subtopos and the second a closed subtopos.

## Remark

$Sh_{c(ext(j))}(\mathcal{E})$ can be viewed as the ‘best approximation’ of $Sh_j(\mathcal{E})$ by a closed subtopos and therefore might be called the closure $Cl(Sh_j(\mathcal{E}))$ of $Sh_j(\mathcal{E})$.1

Its complement, the open subtopos $Ext(Sh_j(\mathcal{E}))$ corresponding to the subterminal object $ext(j)$ deserves in turn to be called the exterior of $Sh_j(\mathcal{E})$.

## The (dominant,closed)-factorization

The (dense,closed)-factorization is a special case for inclusions of a slightly more general factorization which attaches to a general geometric morphism the closure of its image.

Recall that an inclusion is dense precisely if it is a dominant geometric morphism, hence the following is pertinent for the (dense,closed)-factorization as well.

###### Proposition

Let $i:Sh_{c(U)}(\mathcal{E})\hookrightarrow\mathcal{E}$ be dominant and a closed inclusion at the same time. Then $i$ is an isomorphism.

Proof: Recall that $X\in\mathcal{E}$ are in the closed subtopos precisely when they satisfy $X\times U\cong U$ with $U$ the subterminal object associated to $i$. But $i$ is dominant, or what comes to the same for inclusions: dense, hence $\emptyset$ is in $Sh_{c(U)}(\mathcal{E})$ and therefore $\emptyset\times U\cong U$ . From this follows $U\cong\emptyset$, which in turn implies that all $X\in\mathcal{E}$ are in $Sh_{c(U)}(\mathcal{E})$ . $\qed$

###### Proposition

Let $f:\mathcal{F}\to\mathcal{E}$ be a geometric morphism. Then $f$ factors as a dominant geometric morphism $d$ followed by a closed inclusion $c$.

Proof: Let $i\circ d_1$ be the surjection-inclusion factorization of $f$. Since $d_1$ is surjective, it is dominant (cf. this proposition). Then we use the (dense,closed)-factorization to factor $i$ into $c\circ d_2$. Since both $d_i$ are dominant, so is $d:=d_2\circ d_1$ and $c\circ d$ yields the demanded factorization of $f$. $\qed$

1. (SGA4, p.461) uses the term ‘l’adhérence’ for it.
{"ft_lang_label":"__label__en","ft_lang_prob":0.913651,"math_prob":0.99952996,"size":2443,"snap":"2019-51-2020-05","text_gpt3_token_len":600,"char_repetition_ratio":0.12546125,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_character_ratio":0.22922637,"punctuation_ratio":0.15625,"nsfw_num_words":0,"has_unicode_error":false,"math_prob_llama3":0.99999213,"pos_list":[0],"im_url_duplicate_count":[null],"WARC_HEADER":"{\"WARC-Type\":\"response\",\"WARC-Date\":\"2020-01-21T12:19:10Z\",\"WARC-Record-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:5d9514c2-7fd6-42ee-8e89-6e0f23358a61>\",\"Content-Length\":\"42651\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/http; msgtype=response\",\"WARC-Warcinfo-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:e9e619c3-c408-46a1-b86d-8e6ef0861595>\",\"WARC-Concurrent-To\":\"<urn:uuid:c58281ae-83ea-4aa4-893a-5ddb1fdac5be>\",\"WARC-IP-Address\":\"104.27.171.19\",\"WARC-Target-URI\":\"https://www.ncatlab.org/nlab/show/%28dense%2Cclosed%29-factorization\",\"WARC-Payload-Digest\":\"sha1:DWKU4NXSDBH2MKSTCMTLYC4AHAY7567G\",\"WARC-Block-Digest\":\"sha1:COZTZJAIAVOZ5JY5CDBBVXVWPHQD3AAH\",\"WARC-Identified-Payload-Type\":\"application/xhtml+xml\",\"warc_filename\":\"/cc_download/warc_2020/CC-MAIN-2020-05/CC-MAIN-2020-05_segments_1579250603761.28_warc_CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00195.warc.gz\"}"}