# Hierarchied Categories Abelian categories, hierarchied abelian categories, graded hierarchied tensor categories Abelian categories, hierarchied abelian

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Abelian Categories

Hierarchied CategoriesAbelian categories,hierarchied abelian categories, graded hierarchied tensor categories1Abelian categoryIn mathematics, an abelian category is a category in which morphisms and objects can be added and in which kernels and cokernels exist and have desirable properties. The motivating prototype example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups, Ab. The theory originated in a tentative attempt to unify several cohomology theories by Alexander Grothendieck. Abelian categories are very stable categories, for example they are regular and they satisfy the snake lemma. The class of Abelian categories is closed under several categorical constructions, for example, the category of chain complexes of an Abelian category, or the category of functors from a small category to an Abelian category are Abelian as well. These stability properties make them inevitable in homological algebra and beyond; the theory has major applications in algebraic geometry, cohomology and pure category theory.

2Kernel (category theory)In category theory and its applications to other branches of mathematics, kernels are a generalization of the kernels of group homomorphisms and the kernels of module homomorphisms and certain other kernels from algebra. Intuitively, the kernel of the morphism f: X Y is the "most general" morphism k: K X that yields zero when composed with (followed by) f.Note that kernel pairs and difference kernels (aka binary equalisers) sometimes go by the name "kernel"; while related, these aren't quite the same thing and are not discussed in this article.

3Definition of kernelLet C be a category. In order to define a kernel in the general category-theoretical sense, C needs to have zero morphisms. In that case, if f: X Y is an arbitrary morphism in C, then a kernel of f is an equaliser of f and the zero morphism from X to Y. In symbols:ker(f) = eq(f, 0XY) To be more explicit, the following universal property can be used. A kernel of f is any morphism k: K X such that:f o k is the zero morphism from K to Y; Given any morphism k: K X such that f o k is the zero morphism, there is a unique morphism u: K K such that k o u = k'.

4Note on kernelNote that in many concrete contexts, one would refer to the object K as the "kernel", rather than the morphism k. In those situations, K would be a subset of X, and that would be sufficient to reconstruct k as an inclusion map; in the nonconcrete case, in contrast, we need the morphism k to describe how K is to be interpreted as a subobject of X. In any case, one can show that k is always a monomorphism (in the categorical sense of the word). One may prefer to think of the kernel as the pair (K,k) rather than as simply K or k alone.Not every morphism needs to have a kernel, but if it does, then all its kernels are isomorphic in a strong sense: if k: K X and l: L X are kernels of f: X Y, then there exists a unique isomorphism : K L such that l o = k.

5Examples of kernelKernels are familiar in many categories from abstract algebra, such as the category of groups or the category of (left) modules over a fixed ring (including vector spaces over a fixed field). To be explicit, if f: X Y is a homomorphism in one of these categories, and K is its kernel in the usual algebraic sense, then K is a subalgebra of X and the inclusion homomorphism from K to X is a kernel in the categorical sense.Note that in the category of monoids, category-theoretic kernels exist just as for groups, but these kernels don't carry sufficient information for algebraic purposes. Therefore, the notion of kernel studied in monoid theory is slightly different. Conversely, in the category of rings, there are no kernels in the category-theoretic sense; indeed, this category does not even have zero morphisms. Nevertheless, there is still a notion of kernel studied in ring theory. See Relationship to algebraic kernels below for the resolution of this paradox.In the category of pointed topological spaces, if f:X Y is a continuous pointed map, then the preimage of the distinguished point, K, is a subspace of X. The inclusion map of K into X is the categorical kernel of f.We have plenty of algebraic examples; now we should give examples of kernels in categories from topology and functional analysis.

6CokernelIn mathematics, the cokernel of a linear mapping of vector spaces f: X Y is the quotient space Y/im(f) of the codomain of f by the image of f.Cokernels are dual to the kernels of category theory, hence the name: the kernel is a subobject of the domain (it maps to the domain), while the cokernel is a quotient object of the codomain (it maps from the codomain).Intuitively, given an equation f(x) = y that one is seeking to solve, the cokernel measures the constraints that y must satisfy for this equation to have a solution the obstructions to a solution while the kernel measures the degrees of freedom in a solution, if one exists. This is elaborated in intuition, below.More generally, the cokernel of a morphism f: X Y in some category (e.g. a homomorphism between groups or a bounded linear operator between Hilbert spaces) is an object Q and a morphism q: Y Q such that the composition q f is the zero morphism of the category, and furthermore q is universal with respect to this property. Often the map q is understood, and Q itself is called the cokernel of f.In many situations in abstract algebra, such as for abelian groups, vector spaces or modules, the cokernel of the homomorphism f: X Y is the quotient of Y by the image of f. In topological settings, such as with bounded linear operators between Hilbert spaces, one typically has to take the closure of the image before passing to the quotient.

7Definition of cokernelOne can define the cokernel in the general framework of category theory. In order for the definition to make sense the category in question must have zero morphisms. The cokernel of a morphism f: X Y is defined as the coequalizer of f and the zero morphism 0XY: X Y.Explicitly, this means the following. The cokernel of f: X Y is an object Q together with a morphism q: Y Q such that the following diagram commutes. Moreover the morphism q must be universal for this diagram, i.e. any other such q: Y Q can be obtained by composing q with a unique morphism u: Q Q:

8Note on cokernelAs with all universal constructions the cokernel, if it exists, is unique up to a unique isomorphism, or more precisely: if q: Y Q and q: Y Q are two cokernels of f: X Y, then there exists a unique isomorphism u: Q Q with q = u q.Like all coequalizers, the cokernel q: Y Q is necessarily an epimorphism. Conversely an epimorphism is called normal (or conormal) if it is the cokernel of some morphism. A category is called conormal if every epimorphism is normal (e.g. the category of groups is conormal).ExamplesIn the category of groups, the cokernel of a group homomorphism f: G H is the quotient of H by the normal closure of the image of f. In the case of abelian groups, since every subgroup is normal, the cokernel is just H modulo the image of f:coker(f) = H / im(f).

9Special cases of cokernelIn a preadditive category, it makes sense to add and subtract morphisms. In such a category, the coequalizer of two morphisms f and g (if it exists) is just the cokernel of their difference:coeq(f, g) = coker(g - f). In a pre-abelian category (a special kind of preadditive category) the existence of kernels and cokernels is guaranteed. In such categories the image and coimage of a morphism f are given byim(f) = ker(coker f) coim(f) = coker(ker f). Abelian categories are even better behaved with respect to cokernels. In particular, every abelian category is conormal (and normal as well). That is, every epimorphism e: A B can be written as the cokernel of some morphism. Specifically, e is the cokernel of its own kernel:e = coker(ker e). 10IntuitionThe cokernel can be thought of as the space of constraints that an equation must satisfy, as the space of obstructions, just as the kernel is the space of solutions.Formally, one may connect the kernel and the cokernel by the exact sequenceThese can be interpreted thus: given a linear equation T(v) = w to solve,the kernel is the space of solutions to the homogeneous equation T(v) = 0, and its dimension is the number of degrees of freedom in a solution, if it exists; the cokernel is the space of constraints that must be satisfied if the equation is to have a solution, and its dimension is the number of constraints that must be satisfied for the equation to have a solution. The dimension of the cokernel plus the dimension of the image (the rank) add up to the dimension of the target space, as the dimension of the quotient space W / T(V) is simply the dimension of the space minus the dimension of the image.As a simple example, consider the map given by T(x,y) = (0,y). Then for an equation T(x,y) = (a,b) to have a solution, we must have a = 0 (one constraint), and in that case the solution space is (x,b), or equivalently stated, (0,b) + (x,0), (one degree of freedom). The kernel may be expressed as the subspace (x,0) < V: the value of x is the freedom in a solution while the cokernel may be expressed via the map given a vector (a,b), the value of a is the obstruction to there being a solution.11Initial and terminal objects"Terminal element" redirects here. For the project management concept, see work breakdown structure.In category theory, an abstract branch of mathematics, an initial object of a category C is an object I in C such that for every object X in C, there exists precisely one morphism I X. The dual notion is that of a terminal object (also called terminal element): T is terminal if for every object X in C there exists a single morphism X T. Initial objects are also called coterminal or universal, and terminal objects are also called final.If an ##### Tensor Categories Edric Wang Tensor categories can be thought of as categorical generalisations of vector
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