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• JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards-C. Engineering and Instrumentation Vol. 68C, No.3, July- September 1964

Experimental Determination of Air Drag on a Textile Yarn Struck Transversley by a High-Velocity Projectile

Jack C. Smith, Carl A. Fenstermaker, and Paul 1. Shouse

(March 8, 1964)

In recent research, rifle bu ll et s having velocities in the range 100 mls to 500 mls have I)('e n shot at textile yarns, a nd nash photographs of the resulting configuration s used as data for calcu lating st ress-strain be havior. VIcCrackin [J. R esearch NBt:) 66C, 317 (1962)1 has shown how a ir drag may a ffect t hese data and calculat ions. McCrackin 's theory is tested here on a 93.3 t ex nylon yarn and on 26 .1 tex an d 124.3 tex polyester yarns. The effect of yarn tex on a ir drag was found to agree with the theory. Curvature in the yarns resulting from air drag also agreed with theoret ical p red ictions. Alt hough curvature was not iceable i n all tests, the effect of air drag on yarn t ens ile st ress was negligible exce pt for t he 26.1 tex polyester yarn, in which case a small correction was necessary for accurate stress-strain calcu lat ions.

When a yarn or other filamentous material is stru~k transversely by a high-speed proj ectile, straw waves and waves of transverse motion are ca~sed t? propagate along the yarn away from the powt of Impact. In recent years, flash photographs of these yarn configurations have been obtained, and analyzed to provid e stress-strain da ta [1 - 5V In the analysis, it is desirable to estimate the effects of nir drag on the yarn , and McCrackin  h as recently hown how this may be done. In this paper J\!I:cCrackin's theory is tested by applyin o- i t to some experimental data. The theory is then used to estimate t be errors which would be incurred by neglecti ng t he effect of air drag.

1. Behavior of the Filament Without Air Drag

Consider first the predicted behavior of the fua-men t when air dr ag is neglected. Let the filamen t be struck transversely by a projectile moving with velocity V. The impact causes two waves of vari-able strain to propagate outward along the filament in each direction away from the point of impact. In the strained r egion between the two wave fronts, material of the fil amen t is set into motion longi-tudinally toward the poin t of impact with velocity Wo given by

impacting projectile at t he vertex. 1/Iaterial in this wave moves transversely with velocity V. The front of the transverse wave propagates along the filament with velocity AD given by

(2)

where To is the tension in the fliament resulting from the impact. The velocity AD is expressed relative to the unstrained filament , i.e., with respect to a Lagran gian coordinate system.

The velocity actually observed, i.e., expressed rela-tive to a coordinate system fixed to the laboratory, is Uo given by

(3)

The angle CPo between the origin al direction of the filament and the sloping side of the transverse wave is given by the relation

(4)

The theory is completed by an additional relation between the quantities jus t defined

(5)

1 .o~dT Wo = ;- - de "\ m . 0 de

If the effects of air drag are neglected, the above (1) equations can be used to calculate To as a function of

eo from Uo versus V data obtained experimentally.

where m is the mass per unit length of the unstrained filament, eo the maximum strain resul ting from t he impact, and T the tension required to produce a strain e.

The inward flowing material forms itself in to a wave shaped like a straight-sided wedge with the

1 Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of this paper.

2 . Effect of Air Drag

T he force on the filament between the projectile and the transverse wave front due to air drag can be resolved into two components, one parallel and the other perpendicular to the filament. According to McCrackin, the effect of the parallel component is small and may be neglected. McCrackin also shows

177

• theoretically that the perpendicular componen t causes t~le filamer;t t to bend in to the shape of a circular arc havmg a radlUs of curvature given by

T R=-F (6)

where T is the tensile force in the filamen t and F is the J~ormal force per unit length on the filament due to au' drag. In addit ion the perpendicular com-ponent causes the strain and tension in the filament to increase from eo and To, respectively , by small ~mounts depeJ?dent upon the t ime elapsed after Impact. The mcreases in strain and tension cause the t.r~nsv~rse wave front to travel at increasing veloCItIes. slightly ~reater than Uo. Thus in actuality the stram, tenslOn , and transverse wave front velocity are slightly greater than they would be if air drag were not present.

McCrackin shows that the strain e in the filament when air drag is present is given approximately by

e= eO+ a2t2+ OW)

and the tensile force by

(7)

(8)

where t is the time ~lapsed after impact, K is the slope of the tenslOn-stram curve of the filamen t at strain eo, and 0 (t4) refers to terms of the order of t4. The value of the coefficient a2 as given by YlcCrackin IS

where ~ is ~n abbreviation for K /To. To the same approxllnatlOn, the velocity at which the transverse wave front trnvels is given by

Equatio~ls (9) and (19) c~n be simplified slightly by use .of some. substltutlOn s. The velocity, in LagrangIan coordm ates , at which the strain eo prop-agates along the filamen t is given by

00= 11 (dT\ _ IK. -y m i e j e=eo- -Y m (ll)

Equations (2) and (11) together with the definition k= K /To give the relationship

o~ k(l + eo) =A~ . (12)

By use of eqs (6), (11), and (12) , eqs (9) and (10) can be expressed as follows:

U = Uo+ a~AO(~O_1 y t2+ 0 (t4) . 3. Experimental Tests

(1 3)

(14)

In order to test McCrackin's theory on the effects of ~tir drag, high velocity t ransverse impnct tests wer~ perforn:ed on three samples of textile yarns: a hIgh -tenacIty polyester (polyethylene tereph tha-late) yarn, 26.1 tex,2 50 filament; a hio'h- tenac-ity polyester (polyethylene tereph th alat~) yarn, 124.3 tex, 250 filament; and a high-tenacity nylon (polyhexamethylene ndipamide) yarn , 93.3 tex," 140 fil ament, % Z tumsjin. manufacturer's twist. 3

The yarns were suspended vertically under a light load of approximately 1 g/ tex. The polyester yarns were given an additional twist of 2 Z turns/in. to preven t spreading of the filamen ts after impact. In the ~ests on nylon yarns some of the samples were tWIsted }f Z and the others 1% Z turns/in. The yarns were struclc with rifle bullets nt various vel?cities, and t.he resulting configurations during a sen es of short time in tervals after impact were re?orded b~ IJ.lultimicroflash photography. A de-tailed descnptlOn of the apparatus and technique has been given elsewhere .

The distance from the point of impact to eith er the top clamp 01' to the load affixed to t he bottom of the yarn was ] m. Thus the front of the strain wave resulting from an impact. traveled 100 cm to an end an~ returned approximately 80 cm before an inter-actlOn occurred between the reflected strain wave and the oncoming transverse wave. During the t,im e required for the strain wave front to travel th is distance, the velocity nnd t he configuration of the transverse wave could be examined to determine the effects of air drag. For the polyester yarns this time was approximately 500 J.l-S, and for the nylon yarn approxllnately 600 }.lS.

Figure ~ shows a specimen of the polyester yarn , 26.1 tex, Impacted at 308 m/s. Fifteen successiye flash pictures taken at 33.3 J.l- S time intervals haye been recorded as a multiple exposure. Only the left-hand side of the transverse wave is shown. The wave front in this case tr avels with n yelocity U of 450 m/s. Cmvature due to air drag is quite apparen t when a straight edge is laid alongside t he wave for comparison.

4. Results and Discussion

Curvature due to air drag was observed in the polyester and nylon yarns at all of the tran sverse impact velocities. However, the wa,~e front veloc-

2 Y arn fineness or linear density is expressed in tex uni ts. 'rhe tcx value of a yarn is equal to the weight in gram s of a 1000 m length of the yarn.

3 A y arn has " Z" twi st if, whell held in a vertical position , the spirals or helices fg~~i1, ~r, .the filaments in cline in the same direction as the central portion of the

178

• J .. l ~ I

FHi U RE 1. Ejfect oj air drag on 26.1 tex polyester yarn. 'J'ransverse impact v('l ocHy was 308 mIs, and velocity of resulting transverse

wave 450 !TI /s . T ime bCLwcrll fl as hes WfiS 33.3 J.L ~. Hadius of curvature due toair drag is 85 eJli for Lhc fin al yarn CO li fi gura tion s hown ..

ities U of the tranS\'erse waves resulling from impact wer e found in el1c h case to be co nstan t; i.e., t he wave front velocities showed no mensw'able increase with tim e. 'r Ims the effect of air drag predicted by eq (14) was negligible for these yarn samples at t he trans\'erse impact yelocities employed in the tests.

In the pJlOtographic enhl'gemell ts the YHrn co n-figuration for each flash exposUl'e could be closely approximated by a circular arc. To obtain t he radius of curntture, a chord oJ length 2a was drawn between two poin ts on the yarn and the perpendicu-lar distance b from t be midpoi n t of the chord to the yarn m easured. The radiu s of CUl'v,tture is equal to (a 2+ b2)/2b.

In figure 2 the radius of curvature of the 26. 1 tex polyester yarn is plotted as a function of the distance traveled (in laboratory coordinates) by the transverse waye front. For each transvers

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