# 氢氧化钠

（重定向自氫氧化鈉 IUPAC名
Sodium hydroxide

CAS号 1310-73-2 PubChem 14798
ChemSpider 14114
SMILES
InChI
InChIKey HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-REWHXWOFAM
Gmelin 68430
UN编号 1823
EINECS 215-185-5
ChEBI 32145
RTECS WB4900000
KEGG D01169
MeSH Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide

pKb -0.56 (NaOH(aq) ↔ Na+ + OH) 

D
1.3576

MSDS External MSDS

GHS危险性符号 NFPA 704

## 化学性質

### 和酸反应

${\rm {NaOH+HCl\rightarrow NaCl+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {2NaOH+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}+2H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {NaOH+C_{6}H_{5}COOH\rightarrow C_{6}H_{5}COONa+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {NaOH+CH_{3}COOH\rightarrow CH_{3}COONa+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {NaOH+C_{6}H_{5}OH\rightarrow C_{6}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}O}}$ ### 和酸性氧化物反应

${\rm {2NaOH+CO_{2}\rightarrow Na_{2}CO_{3}+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {Na_{2}CO_{3}+CO_{2}+H_{2}O\rightarrow 2NaHCO_{3}}}$ ${\rm {2NaOH+SiO_{2}\rightarrow Na_{2}SiO_{3}+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {2NaOH+CrO_{3}\rightarrow Na_{2}CrO_{4}+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {2NaOH+2CrO_{3}\rightarrow Na_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}+H_{2}O}}$ ### 和两性氧化物及氢氧化物的反应

${\rm {2NaOH+Al_{2}O_{3}+3H_{2}O\rightarrow 2Na[Al(OH)_{4}]}}$ ### 和单质的反应

${\rm {Si+2NaOH+H_{2}O\rightarrow Na_{2}SiO_{3}+2H_{2}\uparrow }}$ ${\rm {2Al+2NaOH+2H_{2}O\rightarrow 2NaAlO_{2}+3H_{2}\uparrow }}$ ${\rm {Cl_{2}+2NaOH\rightarrow NaCl+NaOCl+H_{2}O}}$ ### 和盐的反应

${\rm {2NaOH+CoSO_{4}\rightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}+Co(OH)_{2}}}$ ${\rm {2NaOH+CuCl_{2}\rightarrow 2NaCl+Cu(OH)_{2}}}$ ${\rm {3NaOH+Cr(NO_{3})_{3}\rightarrow 3NaNO_{3}+Cr(OH)_{3}}}$ ${\rm {NaOH+Cr(OH)_{3}\rightarrow Na[Cr(OH)_{4}]}}$ ${\rm {2NaOH+HgCl_{2}\rightarrow 2NaCl+HgO+H_{2}O}}$ ${\rm {6NaOH+2UO_{2}(NO_{3})_{2}\rightarrow 4NaNO_{3}+Na_{2}U_{2}O_{7}+3H_{2}O}}$ ### 和有机物的反应

• 氯乙烷的水解， 生成氯化鈉乙醇${\ce {EtCl + NaOH -> EtOH + NaCl}}$ • 乙酸乙酯的加鹼水解${\ce {CH3COOC2H5 + OH- ->[H2O] CH3COO- + C2H5OH}}$ • 如果是高級脂肪酸酯水解成皂的反應，統一命名為皂化反應

## 工业制法

${\ce {2NaCl + 2H_2O -> 2NaOH + Cl_2 ^ + H_2 ^}}$ 19世紀以前，氫氧化鈉的製備通常會先以勒布朗制碱法生成前驅物碳酸钠，再通过高温煅烧，使得碳酸钠分解为氧化钠二氧化碳，最後，將氧化钠溶於水中，便可製得氢氧化钠：

${\ce {Na_2CO_3 -> Na_2O + CO_2 ^}}$ ${\ce {Na_2O + H_2O -> 2NaOH}}$ ${\ce {Na_2CO_3 + Ca(OH)_2 -> CaCO_3 v + 2NaOH}}$ ## 安全性 ${\ce {2Al + 2NaOH + 2H_2O -> 3H_2 + 2NaAlO_2}}$ ${\ce {2Al + 6NaOH + xH_2O -> 3H_2 + 2 Na_3AlO_3 + x H_2O}}$ ${\ce {2Al + 2NaOH + 6H_2O -> 3H_2 + 2NaAl(OH)_4}}$ ## 參考資料

1. ^ Sortierte Liste: pKb-Werte, nach Ordnungszahl sortiert. – Das Periodensystem online. [2019-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-16）.
2. ^ Morfit, Campbell. A treatise on chemistry applied to the manufacture of soap and candles. Parry and McMillan. 1856.
3. ^ Cetin Kurt, Jürgen Bittner, Sodium Hydroxide, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005, doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_345.pub2
4. ^ 乙酸乙酯 Ethyl acetate. 物竞数据库. [2021-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-06） （中文）. 添加微量的酸或碱能促进水解反应。
5. ^ 曾昭瓊. 《有机化学》第四版上册 第四版. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2005. ISBN 7-04-013845-X.
6. ^ 氢氧化钠 Sodium hydroxide. 物竞数据库. [2021-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-06） （中文）. 将二次精制盐水电解，于阳极室生成氯气，阳极室盐水中的Na+通过离子膜进入阴极室与阴极室的0H生成氢氧化钠，H+直接在阴极上放电生成氢气
7. ^ Chemistry:Precision and Design.Verne Biddle, Gregory Parker.A Beka Book, Inc.
8. ^ aluminium_water_hydrogen.pdf (application/pdf Object) (PDF). www1.eere.energy.gov. 2008 [January 15, 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012年9月14日）.

## 注释

1. ^ 此稱呼主要出現在香港。港人取了其英文別名“caustic soda”中的“caustic”譯音，故讀作“哥士的”。
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