Mathematics

# Numeral systems

Just as the first forms of writing appeared sometime after speech development, the first efforts to create a graphical representation of numbers came a long time after people learned to count. Probably the oldest way to keep track of a count was through a counting system that included the use of a series of physical objects such as pebbles or sticks. Judging by the habits of today's indigenous peoples, as well as by the earliest findings of written or sculpted records, the first numbers were simple and stick-shaped, with signs or marks on one or a piece of pottery. Having no fixed units of measurement, no coins, and no trade beyond barter, people did not need written numbers until the beginning of so-called historical times. Related topics

## What are numeral systems?

Numeral systems are a group of rules, norms and conventions that allow us to make a representation of all natural numbers, through a wide group of basic symbols that is defined by the base it uses.

## What are the numeral systems for?

The main objective of the numeral systems is to count the different elements of a set. Through them, we can build all the valid numbers within the number system. Its purpose is to represent numbers.

## Characteristics of numeral systems

Among the main characteristics we can mention the following:

• Each numeral system is characterized by its base.
• The numeral systems have a base or set of symbols that allow to represent the different numeral quantities.
• They have a number or quantity that is formed by the juxtaposition of the different elements.
• Each element within the numeral system has a weighted value.
• The number 0 expresses or denotes the absence of a given quantity.
• It is a positional system.
• They are composed of digits.

## Origin

To discover the origin of numbers we must transport ourselves to the Egyptians, who were the first inhabitants of the earth to have a decimal system, known at that time as the hieratic numeral system.

## History

Since antiquity, man has found himself in the need to count things in order to achieve adequate control. This was one of the main reasons why man invented a numbering system. Throughout history, the base 10 was the most used, however, there was also the Babylonian numeration that used a range between 10 and 60, and the Mayas, who used numbers between 20 and 5. It has been approximately 5000 years since civilizations began to count and use units, hundreds, tens, etc., varying the way of writing numbers.

The oldest numbering systems are Greek, Ionic, ancient Slavic, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Georgian, etc. The step from counting manually to writing numbers took place approximately 4000 years before Christ. A rudimentary system of cuneiform symbols was created to represent some numbers that were later adopted by the Sumerians of Lower Mesopotamia, who were responsible for creating the oldest numeral figures in history. The birth of the Egyptian numeration was based on the repetition of symbols and the succession of these in ascending or descending order and had a base of 10, tens, hundreds, thousands.

## Types of numeral systems

There are two types or two major classifications of numeral systems:

• Positional: it is the type of numeral system in which the value that has a number changes according to the position in which it is, inside the figure of the number. The positional system is also subdivided into various types, for example:
• Binary system: it only has two numeric values, the 0 and the number 1.
• Decimal system: it is the system that has a base of 10 and ten digits that go from the number 0 to 9.
• Hexadecimal system: this system requires 16 different digits to express or represent a number.
• Octal system: it is the system that has eight digits to express different quantities.
• Non-positional: This is the numeral system in which the number does not depend on the position within the number. For example, we can mention the Roman numerals.

## Application of numeral systems

Numeral systems have the following uses:

• To count and express the results of a measurement and to perform different calculations.
• They can be used to codify information.
• They are used in the metric system.
• They are used in the field of physics to show scalar and derived magnitudes.
• The octal system is used in computation to group bits.
• The binary system is also used in computing and electronic devices.

## Operations

With the numeral system you can perform arithmetic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Each numeral system has its own way of performing each of these operations.

## Importance

The numeral system is of great importance for our daily life because through it, we can represent all the numbers and work with them to solve a series of mathematical problems that may arise day by day. It is important in the field of computation, electric and metric, for the realization of measurements.

## Examples

• Binary System: 0, 1
• Decimal System: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Hexadecimal System: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Written by Gabriela Briceño V.
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