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1. Parameterized Finite-State Machines and Their Training Jason EisnerJohns Hopkins University October 16, 2002 — AT&T Speech Days

2. Outline – The Vision Slide! • Finite-state machines as a shared modeling language. • The training gizmo(an algorithm). Should use out of-the-box finite-state gizmos to build and train most of our current models.Easier, faster, better, & enables fancier models.

3. “If you build it, it will train” Training Probabilistic FSMs • State of the world – surprising: • Training for HMMs, alignment, many variants • But no basic training algorithm for all FSAs • Fancy toolkits for building them, but no learning • New algorithm: • Training for FSAs, FSTs, … (collectively FSMs) • Supervised, unsupervised, incompletely supervised … • Train components separately or all at once • Epsilon-cycles OK • Complicated parameterizations OK

4. Currently Two Finite-State Camps

5. p(English text) o p(English text  English phonemes) o p(English phonemes  Japanese phonemes) o p(Japanese phonemes  Japanese text) Knight & Graehl 1997 - transliteration Current Limitation • Big FSM must be made of separately trainable parts. • Need explicit training data for this part (smaller loanword corpus). • A pity – would like to use guesses. • Topology must be simple enough to train by current methods. • A pity – would like to get some of that expert knowledge in here! • Topology: sensitive to syllable struct? • Parameterization: /t/ and /d/ are similar phonemes … parameter tying?

6. Probabilistic FSA a/.7 /.5 b/.3 b/.6 a/1 /.5 .4 Example: ab is accepted along 2 paths p(ab) = (.5 .7 .3) + (.5 .6 .4) = .225 Regexp: (a*.7 b) +.5 (ab*.6) Theorem: Any probabilistic FSM has a regexp like this.

7. a/q /p b/r b/y a/x /w z Weights Need Not be Reals Example: ab is accepted along 2 paths weight(ab) = (pqr)(wxyz) If   * satisfy “semiring” axioms, the finite-state constructions continue to work correctly.

8. a/q a/r /p b/(1-q)r 1-s a/q*exp(t+u) /1-p a/exp(t+v) Goal: Parameterized FSMs • Parameterized FSM: • An FSM whose arc probabilities depend on parameters: they are formulas. Expert first: Construct the FSM (topology & parameterization). Automatic takes over: Given training data, find parameter valuesthat optimize arc probs.

9. a/.2 a/.3 /.1 b/.8 .7 a/.44 /.9 a/.56 Goal: Parameterized FSMs • Parameterized FSM: • An FSM whose arc probabilities depend on parameters: they are formulas. Expert first: Construct the FSM (topology & parameterization). Automatic takes over: Given training data, find parameter valuesthat optimize arc probs.

10. p(English text) o p(English text  English phonemes) o p(English phonemes  Japanese phonemes) o p(Japanese phonemes  Japanese text) Knight & Graehl 1997 - transliteration Goal: Parameterized FSMs • FSM whose arc probabilities are formulas. “Would like to get some of that expert knowledge in here” Use probabilistic regexps like(a*.7 b) +.5 (ab*.6) … If the probabilities are variables (a*x b) +y (ab*z) …then arc weights of the compiled machine are nasty formulas. (Especially after minimization!)

11. p(English text) o p(English text  English phonemes) o p(English phonemes  Japanese phonemes) o p(Japanese phonemes  Japanese text) Knight & Graehl 1997 - transliteration Goal: Parameterized FSMs • An FSM whose arc probabilities are formulas. “/t/ and /d/ are similar …” Tied probs for doubling them: /t/:/tt/ p /d/:/dd/ p

12. p(English text) o p(English text  English phonemes) o p(English phonemes  Japanese phonemes) o p(Japanese phonemes  Japanese text) Knight & Graehl 1997 - transliteration Goal: Parameterized FSMs • An FSM whose arc probabilities are formulas. “/t/ and /d/ are similar …” Loosely coupled probabilities: /t/:/tt/ exp p+q+r (coronal, stop,unvoiced) /d/:/dd/ exp p+q+s (coronal, stop,voiced) (with normalization)

13. Outline of this talk • What can you build with parameterized FSMs? • How do you train them?

14. p(x) p(y) = = p(x,y) range( ) a : b / 0.3 a : b / 0.3 Finite-State Operations • Projection GIVES YOU marginal distribution p(x,y) domain( )

15. 0.3 p(x) + 0.7 q(x) = p(x) 0.3 q(x) 0.7 Finite-State Operations • Probabilistic union GIVES YOU mixture model p(x) +0.3 q(x)

16.  p(x) + (1- )q(x) =  p(x) q(x) 1- Finite-State Operations • Probabilistic union GIVES YOU mixture model + p(x) q(x) Learn the mixture parameter !

17. o z p(x|z) = p(x,z) p(x|y) o p(y|z) = Finite-State Operations • Composition GIVES YOU chain rule p(x|y) o p(y|z) • The most popular statistical FSM operation • Cross-product construction

18. p(x) q(x) 0.3 p(x) 0.7 Finite-State Operations • Concatenation, probabilistic closureHANDLE unsegmented text *0.3 p(x) q(x) p(x) • Just glue together machines for the different segments, and let them figure out how to align with the text

19. p(x, noisy y) = D noise model defined by dir. replacement Finite-State Operations • Directed replacement MODELS noise or postprocessing p(x,y) o • Resulting machine compensates for noise or postprocessing

20. p(x)*q(x) =  p(A(x)|y) p(B(x)|y) p(y) pNB(y | x) & & & Finite-State Operations • Intersection GIVES YOU product models • e.g., exponential / maxent, perceptron, Naïve Bayes, … • Need a normalization op too – computes xf(x)“pathsum” or “partition function” p(x) & q(x) • Cross-product construction (like composition)

21. p(y | x) = • Construction:reciprocal(determinize(domain( ))) o p(x,y) p(x,y) not possible for all weighted FSAs Finite-State Operations • Conditionalization (new operation) p(x,y) condit( ) • Resulting machine can be composed with other distributions: p(y | x) * q(x)

22. Other Useful Finite-State Constructions • Complete graphs YIELD n-gram models • Other graphs YIELD fancy language models (skips, caching, etc.) • Compilation from other formalism  FSM: • Wordlist (cf. trie), pronunciation dictionary ... • Speech hypothesis lattice • Decision tree (Sproat & Riley) • Weighted rewrite rules (Mohri & Sproat) • TBL or probabilistic TBL (Roche & Schabes) • PCFG (approximation!) (e.g., Mohri & Nederhof) • Optimality theory grammars (e.g., Eisner) • Logical description of set (Vaillette; Klarlund)

23. Regular Expression Calculus as a Modelling Language Programming Languages The Finite-State Case

24. Regular Expression Calculus as a Modelling Language Many features you wish other languages had! Programming Languages The Finite-State Case

25. Regular Expression Calculus as a Modelling Language • Statistical FSMs still done in assembly language • Build machines by manipulating arcs and states • For training, • get the weights by some exogenous procedure and patch them onto arcs • you may need extra training data for this • you may need to devise and implement a new variant of EM • Would rather build models declaratively • ((a*.7 b) +.5 (ab*.6))  repl.9((a:(b +.3))*,L,R)

26. Outline • What can you build with parameterized FSMs? • How do you train them? Hint: Make the finite-state machinery do the work.

27. But really I built it as p(x,y) o p(z|y) 5 free parameters 1 free parameter How Many Parameters? Final machine p(x,z) 17 weights – 4 sum-to-one constraints= 13 apparently free parameters

28. 5 free parameters Even these 6 numbers could be tied ...or derived by formula from a smaller parameter set. 1 free parameter How Many Parameters? But really I built it as p(x,y) o p(z|y)

29. 3 free parameters How Many Parameters? But really I built it as p(x,y) o p(z|y) Really I built this as (a:p)*.7 (b: (p +.2 q))*.5 5 free parameters 1 free parameter

30. Training a Parameterized FST Given: an expression (or code) to build the FST from a parameter vector  • Pick an initial value of  • Build the FST – implements fast prob. model • Run FST on some training examples to compute an objective function F() • Collect E-counts or gradient F() • Update  to increase F() • Unless we converged, return to step 2

31. x3 x2 x1 x1 x2 x1 … y1 y3 y2 y1 … y2 y1 Training a Parameterized FST (our current FST, reflecting our current guess of the parameter vector) T = At each training pair (xi, yi), collect E counts or gradients that indicate how to increase p(xi, yi).

32. What are xi and yi? xi (our current FST, reflecting our current guess of the parameter vector) T = yi

33. What are xi and yi? xi = banana (our current FST, reflecting our current guess of the parameter vector) T = yi = bandaid

34. b b n n d n a a a a i What are xi and yi? a xi = fully supervised (our current FST, reflecting our current guess of the parameter vector) T = d yi =

35. b d n b n a a a i What are xi and yi? a loosely supervised xi =  (our current FST, reflecting our current guess of the parameter vector) T = d yi =

36. b n d a a i xi = * = What are xi and yi? unsupervised, e.g., Baum-Welch. Transition seq xi is hidden Emission seq yi is observed (our current FST, reflecting our current guess of the parameter vector) T = d yi =

37. COMPOSE to get trellis: xi o T o yi = Building the Trellis xi = T = Extracts paths from T thatare compatible with (xi, yi). Tends to unroll loops of T,as in HMMs, but not always. yi =

38. xi o T o yi = Summing the Trellis Extracts paths from T that are compatible with (xi, yi). Tends to unroll loops of T, as in HMMs, but not always. Let ti = total probability of all paths in trellis = p(xi, yi) This is what we want to increase! xi, yi are regexps (denoting strings or sets of strings) How to compute ti? If acyclic (exponentially many paths): dynamic programming. If cyclic (infinitely many paths): solve sparse linear system.

39. xi o T o yi = Remark: In principle, FSM minimization algorithm already knows how to compute ti, although not the best method. minimize ( ) = epsilonify ( xi o T o yi ) ti replace all arc labels with  Summing the Trellis Let ti = total probability of all paths in trellis = p(xi, yi). This is what we want to increase!

40. X:b/.2 IWant:u/.8 X:m/.4 IWant: /.1 .2 .1 observe talk m m :m/.05 IWant: /.1 recoverthink, bycomposition Mama:m .1 X:m/.4 X:m/.4 XX/.032 .2 Example: Baby Think & Baby Talk :m/.05 Mama:m Mama/.005 Mama Iwant/.0005 Mama Iwant Iwant/.00005 Mama/.05 Total = .0375555555

41. X:b/.2 think IWant:u/.8  X:m/.4 IWant: /.1 .1 :m/.05 Mama:m .2 m m talk :m/.05 IWant: /.1 Mama:m .1 X:m/.4 X:m/.4 compose .2 Joint Prob. by Double Composition p(* : mm) = .0375555 = sum of paths

42. X:b/.2 IWant:u/.8 X:m/.4 IWant: /.1 .1 :m/.05 Mama:m .2 m m talk Joint Prob. by Double Composition think Mama IWant :m/.05 IWant: /.1 Mama:m compose .1 p(* : mm) = .0005 = sum of paths

43. X:b/.2 think IWant:u/.8  X:m/.4 IWant: /.1 .1 :m/.05 Mama:m .2 m m talk :m/.05 IWant: /.1 Mama:m .1 X:m/.4 X:m/.4 compose .2 Joint Prob. by Double Composition p(* : mm) = .0375555 = sum of paths

44. X:b/.2 IWant:u/.8 : X:m/.4 IWant: /.1 .1 :m/.05 Mama:m .2 m: m: talk :/.05 : :/.1 .1 :/.4 :/.4 .2 Summing Over All Paths think compose p(* : mm) = .0375555 = sum of paths

45. X:b/.2 IWant:u/.8 : X:m/.4 IWant: /.1 .1 :m/.05 Mama:m .2 m: m: talk Summing Over All Paths think compose + minimize 0.0375555 p(* : mm) = .0375555 = sum of paths

46. / ti a vector Where We Are Now “minimize (epsilonify ( xi o T o yi ) )” = obtainsti = sum of trellis paths = p(xi, yi). Want to change parameters to make ti increase. Solution: Annotate every probability with bookkeeping info. So probabilities know how they depend on parameters. Then the probability ti will know, too! It will emerge annotated with info about how to increase it. The machine T is built with annotations from the ground up.

47. Probabilistic FSA a/.7 /.5 b/.3 b/.6 a/1 /.5 .4 Example: ab is accepted along 2 paths p(ab) = (.5 .7 .3) + (.5 .6 .4) = .225 Regexp: (a*.7 b) +.5 (ab*.6) Theorem: Any probabilistic FSM has a regexp like this.

48. a/q /p b/r b/y a/x /w z Weights Need Not be Reals Example: ab is accepted along 2 paths weight(ab) = (pqr)(wxyz) If   * satisfy “semiring” axioms, the finite-state constructions continue to work correctly.

49. p q p p q q p Semiring Definitions Weight of a string is total weight of its accepting paths.

50. p q p p q q p The Probability Semiring Weight of a string is total weight of its accepting paths.
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