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TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 00, Number 0, Pages 000–000 S 0002-9947(XX)0000-0 CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ ABSTRACT. On the Sierpinski Gasket (SG) and related fractals, we deﬁne a notion of conformal energy E ϕ and conformal Laplacian Δϕ for a given conformal factor ϕ, based on the corresponding notions in Riemannian geometry in dimension n =2. We derive a differential equation that describes the dependence of the effective resistances of E ϕ on ϕ. We show that the spectrum of Δϕ (Dirichlet or Neumann) has similar asymptotics compared to the spectrum of the standard Laplacian, and also has similar spectral gaps (provided the function ϕ does not vary too much). We illustrate these results with numerical approximations. We give a linear extension algorithm to compute the energy measures of harmonic functions (with respect to the standard energy), and as an application we show how to compute the L p dimensions of these measures for integer values of p 2. We derive analogous linear extension algorithms for energy measures on related fractals. 1. I NTRODUCTION In Riemannian geometry, a conformal change of metric induces a well-deﬁned change in curvature, energy, and Laplacian. For example, when the dimension n =2, the energy is unchanged. In all other dimensions, the new energy uniquely determines the conformal factor (it is simply the integral of the gradient squared with respect to a measure that is the old Riemannian measure multiplied by a power of the conformal factor). In fractal analysis we have, as yet, no analogue of Riemannian metric or curvature, but we do have energy and Laplacian (see  for a discussion of these matters). So we will construct an analogue of “conformal change” by considering a change in energy obtained by multiplying all energy measures by a conformal factor ϕ(x). We neeed ϕ to be positive and measurable, and to avoid technicalities we will assume (1.1) 0 <c 1 ϕ(x) c 2 , although in the future it might be desirable to drop these conditions. We deﬁnitely do not want to assume that ϕ is continuous, as our basic examples will be step functions. Suppose, to be speciﬁc, we have a self-similar energy E on a p.c.f, self-similar fractal K (,). For the most part we will deal with the standard energy on the Sierpinski Gasket SG. Recall that SG is the unique nonempty compact set in R 2 satisfying (1.2) K = i F i K where F i (x)= 1 2 x + 1 2 q i and {q 0 ,q 1 ,q 2 } = V 0 are the vertices of a triangle, (we call V 0 the boundary of K). We approximate K by a sequence of graphs Γ m with vertices V m and edge relation x m y deﬁned inductively by applying the m-fold iterations of {F i } to V 0 . We deﬁne the renormalized graph energies (1.3) E m (u)= 5 3 m x m y (u(x) - u(y)) 2 for any function deﬁned on V m (typically the restriction of a function deﬁned on K), and then 2000 Mathematics Subject Classiﬁcation. Primary 28A80. The ﬁrst and second authors were supported by the National Science Foundation through the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program at Cornell. The third author was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, grant DMS-0140194. c 1997 American Mathematical Society 1
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• TRANSACTIONS OF THEAMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETYVolume 00, Number 0, Pages 000–000S 0002-9947(XX)0000-0

CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THESIERPINSKI GASKET

JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

ABSTRACT. On the Sierpinski Gasket (SG) and related fractals, we define a notion of conformal energy Eϕ and conformalLaplacian ∆ϕ for a given conformal factor ϕ, based on the corresponding notions in Riemannian geometry in dimensionn 6= 2. We derive a differential equation that describes the dependence of the effective resistances of Eϕ on ϕ. We show thatthe spectrum of ∆ϕ (Dirichlet or Neumann) has similar asymptotics compared to the spectrum of the standard Laplacian, andalso has similar spectral gaps (provided the function ϕ does not vary too much). We illustrate these results with numericalapproximations. We give a linear extension algorithm to compute the energy measures of harmonic functions (with respect tothe standard energy), and as an application we show how to compute the Lp dimensions of these measures for integer valuesof p ≥ 2. We derive analogous linear extension algorithms for energy measures on related fractals.

1. INTRODUCTION

In Riemannian geometry, a conformal change of metric induces a well-defined change in curvature, energy, andLaplacian. For example, when the dimension n = 2, the energy is unchanged. In all other dimensions, the new energyuniquely determines the conformal factor (it is simply the integral of the gradient squared with respect to a measurethat is the old Riemannian measure multiplied by a power of the conformal factor).

In fractal analysis we have, as yet, no analogue of Riemannian metric or curvature, but we do have energy andLaplacian (see  for a discussion of these matters). So we will construct an analogue of “conformal change” byconsidering a change in energy obtained by multiplying all energy measures by a conformal factor ϕ(x). We neeed ϕto be positive and measurable, and to avoid technicalities we will assume

(1.1) 0 < c1 ≤ ϕ(x) ≤ c2,

although in the future it might be desirable to drop these conditions. We definitely do not want to assume that ϕ iscontinuous, as our basic examples will be step functions.

Suppose, to be specific, we have a self-similar energy E on a p.c.f, self-similar fractal K (,). For the mostpart we will deal with the standard energy on the Sierpinski Gasket SG. Recall that SG is the unique nonemptycompact set in R2 satisfying

(1.2) K =⋃i

FiK

where Fi(x) = 12x+12qi and {q0, q1, q2} = V0 are the vertices of a triangle, (we call V0 the boundary of K). We

approximate K by a sequence of graphs Γm with vertices Vm and edge relation x ∼my defined inductively by applying

the m-fold iterations of {Fi} to V0. We define the renormalized graph energies

(1.3) Em(u) =(

53

)m ∑x ∼

my

(u(x)− u(y))2

for any function defined on Vm (typically the restriction of a function defined on K), and then

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 28A80.The first and second authors were supported by the National Science Foundation through the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)

program at Cornell.The third author was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, grant DMS-0140194.

1

• 2 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

(1.4) E(u) = limm→∞

Em(u)

(the limit is always well-defined since {Em(u)} is always monotone increasing). We define the domain of energydomE to be the functions u with E(u) < ∞. It is known that domE ⊆ C(K) so these functions are determined bytheir restriction to V∗ =

⋃m Vm, which is dense in K. The resistance metric R(x, y) is defined by

(1.5) R(x, y) =(

inf{E(u) : u(x) = 0, u(y) = 1

})−1= sup

(u(x)− u(y))2

E(u)

It is known that R(x, y) is finite and defines a metric that is topologically equivalent to the Euclidean metric (it ismetrically equivalent to a power of the Euclidean metric).

The pair (E , domE) satisfies the axioms for a Dirichlet form on K: domE modulo constants is a Hilbert space withrespect to the inner product E(u, v) obtained from E(u) by polarization, and the Markov property holds. The energyis also local, meaning E(u, v) = 0 if u and v have disjoint support. It is known that the energy E(u) may be writtenas the integral over K of a positive measure νu, which may be characterized in two ways. First, if C = FwK is a cell(Fw = Fw1 ◦Fw2 ◦ ... ◦Fwm for any word w = (w1, w2, ..., wm)), then νu(C) is defined in the same manner as E(u),except that the sum is restricted to edges lying in C. Second, for any f ∈ domE,

(1.6)∫f dνu = E(u, fu)−

12E(f, u2)

Similarly, we can define signed measures νu,v so that E(u, v) =∫dνu,v . An interesting observation of Kusuoka

(, see  for another proof) is that these measures are all singular with respect to the standard self-similar measureµ on K (the normalized Hausdorff measure), but they are all absolutely continuous with respect to a single measureν, called the Kusuoka measure, defined below. See  and  for more recent singularity results.

A function onK is called harmonic if it minimizes energy among all functions with the same boundary values. Thespace H0 of harmonic functions is 3-dimensional, as each harmonic function is determined by its boundary values.Indeed, there is a local linear harmonic extension algorithm

(1.7) h∣∣FwV0

= Aw(h∣∣V0

)

for Aw = Awm ...Aw1 , where Ai are explicit matrices,

(1.8) A0 =

1 0 025 25 1525

15

25

andA1,A2 are obtained fromA0 by cyclic permutation of rows and columns. Of course constants are harmonic and

have zero energy, so one can find an explicit orthonormal basis {h1, h2} for harmonic functions in the energy innerproduct. Then we define

(1.9) ν = νh1 + νh2

It is easy to see that ν is independent of the choice of basis.So now, given a conformal factor ϕ, we will define a conformal energy by

(1.10) Eϕ(u) =∫ϕ dνu

and

(1.11) Eϕ(u, v) =∫ϕ dνu,v

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 3

Using the ideas in , it is straightforward to verify that Eϕ with domain domE is a Dirichlet form that is stronglylocal and for which the resistance metric is finite. This is actually a nontrivial fact. In  a description of all suchDirichlet forms is given, but it is very indirect, and does not allow for the construction of a large family of forms.

It follows from  that the energy Eϕ may by obtained as a monotone increasing limit of graph energies (Eϕ)m onΓm,

(1.12) (Eϕ)m(u) =∑

x ∼m

y

cm(x, y)(u(x)− u(y))2

for certain positive conductances cm(x, y). In fact (1.12) is just the restriction of Eϕ to Γm. That means that (1.12)is just the minimum of Eϕ(ũ) over all ũ that agree with u on Vm. The exact determination of the conductances isa difficult problem. One of the main results of this paper is that we can write a kind of differential equation thatdetermines these conductances. Nevertheless, it is easy to find a different family of discrete energies (Ẽϕ)m, given by(1.12) with different conductances c̃m(x, y) so that

(1.13) Eϕ(u) = limm→∞

(Ẽϕ)m(u)

for u ∈ domE, but not necessarily monotonic, at least in the case that ϕ is continuous or even piecewise continuous.One can take

(1.14) c̃(x, y) =12(ϕ(x) + ϕ(y))

(53

)mor better still we can replace the discrete average 12 (ϕ(x) + ϕ(y)) with an integral average of ϕ over the m-cell

with vertices x and y, with respect to µ or ν. This is certainly adequate for numerical approximations, and is clearlyconsistent with (1.10).

To construct a Laplacian we need an energy form and a measure. For the standard Laplacian ∆ on SG we choosethe energy (1.4) and the measure µ. We define u ∈ domE and ∆u = f to mean that u ∈ domE, f ∈ C(K), and

(1.15) −E(u, v) =∫fv dµ

for all v ∈ dom0E, where dom0E is defined to be the subspace of domE of functions vanishing on the boundary.Similarly we define domŁ2∆ with the only difference that we only require f ∈ L

2. Then −∆ on domL2∆ becomes apositive self-adjoint operator under Dirichlet boundary conditions with compact inverse (or under Neumann boundaryconditions with compact resolvant), and so has a discrete spectrum, with eigenfunctions belonging to domD. Infact the nature of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are known explicity via the method of spectral decimation ofFukushima and Shima (,,). For functions in domD there is also a pointwise formula for ∆u as a limit of adifference quotient

(1.16) ∆u(x) = limm→∞

325m∆mu(x)

for x ∈ V∗ \ V0, where

(1.17) ∆mu(x) =∑

y ∼m

x

(u(y)− u(x))

To define a conformal Laplacian ∆ϕ we want to modify (1.15) by replacing E by Eϕ on the left side, and alsochanging the measure µ on the right side. In Riemannian geometry, when we make a conformal change of metric wealso change the Riemannian measure by multiplying by a power of the conformal factor, so that leads us to expect thatthe new measure µϕ should be a power of ϕ multiplying µ. But what power? One way to answer this is to think aboutcells of different sizes in K. They are all topologically equivalent to K, but for an m-cell, the energy is boosted by afactor of

(53

)m, while the measure is reduced by a factor of

(13

)m. Since

(13

)m = ( ( 53)m )−α for

• 4 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

(1.18) α =log(3)

log(5/3)

this is consistent with

(1.19) dµϕ = ϕ−αdµ

With this choice, we define u ∈ dom∆ϕ and ∆ϕu = f by

(1.20) −Eϕ(u, v) =∫fv dµϕ.

In this paper we study the spectra of the conformal Laplacians ∆ϕ. Although the method of spectral decimationdoes not apply, we are able to prove spectral asymptotic results, which depend only on the distribution of valuesµ({x : ϕ(x) ≤ t}) of ϕ. We also show that certain peculiar features of the spectrum of the standard, Laplacian, suchas the existence of infinitely many large spectral gaps, persist in ∆ϕ provided ϕ does not vary too much (c2/c1 isclose to 1 in (1.1)). We also present graphical data from numerical approximations of lower portions of the spectra.Similar results for the spectrum of Schrdinger operators −∆ + V are given in .

In the second half of this paper we present a linear extension algorithm for computing energy measures of harmonicfunctions for the standard energy on SG. The definition of energy measure yields a quadratic expression for νh(FwK)in terms of the matrixAw and the initial values h

∣∣V0

. Instead we work with the 3-vectors e(w) = (νh(FwFiK))i=0,1,2,where the initial vector corresponding to the empty word e = (νh(F0K), νh(F1K), νh(F2K)), is a quadratic expres-sion in h

∣∣V0

. We find another set of matrices Ei such that

(1.21) e(w) = Ewe for Ew = Ewm ...Ew1 .

The initial vector e is not arbitrary, but must lie on a certain cone, which is preserved by the Ei matrices. In otherwords, we have a complete description of the energy measure for a harmonic function in terms of a linear dynamicalsystem on a cone in 3-space. We believe that this description will be very useful. As an application we give analgorithm for computing the Lp dimension () of νh for integer values of p ≥ 2, and find the explicit values forp = 2, 3, 4. It follows from results in  that νu will have the same dimensions as νh for any u ∈ domE.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In section 2 we prove the differential equation for the conductances(and effective resistances) for conformal energies Eϕ. In section 3 we study the spectrum of the conformal Laplacian∆ϕ. In section 4 we establish the linear extension algorithm for energy measures of harmonic functions. In section 5we study the Lp dimensions of energy measures. In section 6 we discuss extensions of the results in sections 4 and 5to some other p.c.f. self-similar fractals.

A website with further details of our results is available at www.math.cornell.edu/∼mhall/.Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Martin Kassabov and Jun Kigami for helpful discussions.

2. DERIVATIVES OF CONFORMAL ENERGY

In this section we study the differentiability of the conformal energy as a function of the conformal factor ϕ(x)in the Banach space C(K). As mentioned in the introduction, the energy Eϕ determines conductances cm(x, y) forneighboring vertices x, y in Vm, and we would like to understand how they depend onϕ. In fact it suffices to understandwhat happens for m = 0, since the problem is local on each cell FwK. However the conductances c0(qi, qj) may beexpressed in terms of effective resistances Rϕ(qi, qj) defined by (1.5) with E replaced by Eϕ. Indeed, it is easy to seethat

(2.1) Rϕ(q1, q2) =c0(q0, q1) + c0(q2, q0)

C, etc.

for

(2.2) C = c0(q0, q1)c0(q1, q2) + c0(q1, q2)c0(q2, q0) + c0(q2, q0)c0(q0, q1)

We need to solve for the conductances. Taking linear combinations of (2.1) we obtain

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 5

(2.3) c0(q1, q2) =C

2(Rϕ(q0, q1) +Rϕ(q2, q0)−Rϕ(q1, q2)), etc.

Multiplying the equations (2.3) and adding we obtain an equation with C on the left and C2 on the right, whichallows us to solve for C and substitute the result back into (2.3) to obtain finally

(2.4) c0(q1, q2) =2((Rϕ(q0, q1) +Rϕ(q2, q0)−Rϕ(q1, q2)

)D

, etc.

for

D = 2(Rϕ(q0, q1)Rϕ(q1, q2) + Rϕ(q1, q2)Rϕ(q2, q0) +Rϕ(q2, q0)Rϕ(q0, q1)(2.5)

− (Rϕ(q0, q1))2 − (Rϕ(q1, q2))2 − (Rϕ(q2, q0))2)

So our goal will be to find the derivative of Rϕ with respect to ϕ. This question has a simple answer, and in factwe will be able to find ∂∂ϕRϕ(x, y) for any pair of points x, y. Moreover, the argument we give is quite generic andapplies to any resistance form energy in the sense of . Recall that ∂∂ϕRϕ(x, y) is defined to be an element of thedual space of C(K) and we write

(2.6)〈

∂∂ϕRϕ(x, y), h

〉= lim

t→0t−1(Rϕ+th(x, y)−Rϕ(x, y))

The differentiability of Rϕ means that the limit exists. We will also be able to identify the derivative as an energymeasure.

Definition 2.1. Let uϕ denote the energy minimizer in (1.5) for Eϕ i.e. uϕ(x) = 0, uϕ(y) = 1, and uϕ minimizesEϕ(u) over all functions u satisfying these two conditions. Similarly, let uϕ+th denote the energy minimizer forEϕ+th. This is well-defined for t small enough so that ϕ+ th is positive.

Note that uϕ is harmonic in the complement of {x, y}. In particular, if x, y are boundary points then uϕ is a globalharmonic function in K.

Theorem 2.2. Assume (1.1). Then Rϕ(x,y) is differentiable and

(2.7)〈

∂∂ϕRϕ(x, y), h

〉= −Rϕ(x, y)2

∫h dνuϕ

for any h ∈ C(K). (Here νuϕ is defined with respect to the energy E .)

Proof. Note that Rϕ(x, y)−1 = Eϕ(uϕ) and (Rϕ+th)−1 = Eϕ+th(uϕ+th). Thus, by the quotient rule for derivatives,it suffices to show that

(2.8) limt→0

t−1(Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)− Eϕ(uϕ)) =∫h dνuϕ

holds for all h ∈ C(K). The idea of the proof is that we can replace uϕ+th by uϕ in (2.8), making a change oforder o(t) that disappears in the limit, and we already have

(2.9) t−1(Eϕ+th(uϕ)− Eϕ(uϕ)) =∫h dνuϕ

even without taking the limit.Observe that both uϕ and uϕ+th satisfy u(x) = 0 and u(y)=1, so by energy minimization we have

(2.10) Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)− Eϕ+th(uϕ) ≤ 0and

(2.11) Eϕ(uϕ+th)− Eϕ(uϕ) ≥ 0

• 6 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

hence

Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)− Eϕ(uϕ+th) ≤(2.12)Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)− Eϕ(uϕ) ≤Eϕ+th(uϕ)− Eϕ(uϕ).

Since we can evaluate the outer expressions in (2.12) exactly, this means

t

∫h dνuϕ+th ≤ Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)− Eϕ(uϕ)(2.13)

≤ t∫h dνuϕ .

Thus to complete the proof it suffices to show that

(2.14) limt→0

∫h dνuϕ+th =

∫h dνuϕ .

We will establish (2.14) for h ∈ domE, and since domE is dense in C(K), it follows that it holds for all h ∈ C(K);this uses the uniform boundedness of the measures νϕ+th.

Now we claim that uϕ+th converges to uϕ in energy as t→ 0, in fact

(2.15) E(uϕ+th − uϕ) ≤ c|t|for h ∈ domE. Since Eϕ is equivalent to E , it suffices to show the same estimate for Eϕ. Now uϕ+th−uϕ vanishes

at x and y, so it must be Eϕ-orthogonal to uϕ by the minimization condition,

(2.16) Eϕ(uϕ+th − uϕ, uϕ) = 0(since Eϕ(uϕ + s(uϕ+th − uϕ)) ≥ Eϕ(uϕ) for all s). Thus

Eϕ(uϕ+th − uϕ)) = Eϕ(uϕ+th)− Eϕ(uϕ)(2.17)=(Eϕ(uϕ+th)− Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)

)+(Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)− Eϕ+th(uϕ)

)+(Eϕ+th(uϕ)− Eϕ(uϕ)

).

Then (2.10) allows us to drop the middle term, to obtain

(2.18) Eϕ(uϕ+th − uϕ) ≤(Eϕ(uϕ+th)− Eϕ+th(uϕ+th)

)+(Eϕ+th(uϕ)− Eϕ(uϕ)

).

However, by (1.6) and (1.10) we have

(2.19) Eϕ+th(u)− Eϕ(u) = t(E(u, hu)−12E(h, u2))

for any u, and it is easy to see that

(2.20)∣∣∣∣E(u, hu)− 12E(h, u2)

∣∣∣∣ ≤ cE(u)if u(x) = 0. Since E(uϕ+th) is uniformly bounded for small t, we may combine (2.20), (2.19), and (2.18) to obtain

(2.15) (for Eϕ) as claimed.Returning to (2.14), we have by (1.6) that

(2.21)∫h dνuϕ+th −

∫h dνu =

(E(uϕ+th, huϕ+th)− E(uϕ+th, huϕ)

)− 1

2(E(h, u2ϕ+th)− E(h, uϕ2)).

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 7

It is easy to control each of the differences in (2.21) by E(uϕ+th − uϕ), and hence (2.15) implies

(2.22)∣∣∣∣∫ h dνuϕ+th − ∫ h dνuϕ ∣∣∣∣ ≤ c|t|.

It is easy to see that the result extends to functions h that are piecewise continuous on m-cells, since the argumentcan be localized to each cell. It seems plausible that it is valid for all h ∈ L∞(dν), but it is not clear how to prove this.

3. SPECTRAL ASYMPTOTICS OF CONFORMAL LAPLACIANS

In this section we show how to transfer information about the spectrum of the standard Laplacian on SG to infor-mation about the spectrum of the conformal Laplacian ∆ϕ. We may impose either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary

conditions. Let {λj} denote the eigenvalues in increasing order (repeated according to multiplicity) of ∆, and{λ̃j

}the same for ∆ϕ. Let N(x) = #{λj ≤ x} and Ñ(x) = #

{λ̃j ≤ x

}denote the eigenvalue counting functions. It is

known thatN(x) has a growth rate of xβ for β = log(3)/ log(5). This power may be interpreted as the ratio α/(α+1),where α = log 3/ log(5/3) is the Hausdorff dimension of SG in the resistance metric, and α+ 1 = log 5/ log(5/3) isthe order of the operator ∆ (). What is more interesting is that there is a more refined statement ():

(3.1)N(x)xβ

= ψ(log x) +R(x)

with R(x) → 0 as x→∞, where ψ is a certain discontinuous periodic function of period log 5, satisfying

(3.2) 0 < c3 ≤ ψ ≤ c4In fact ψ has a countable number of jump discontinuities, with only a finite number with jump size exceeding � for

any fixed � > 0. Its graph is shown in Figure 1. (More precisely, this is the graph of the spectral counting function fora finite graph approximation to SG, and this approximation to the SG spectral counting function loses accuracy forlarge x.) It is also known that R(x) = O(x−β), but we will not use this fact, and the analogous statement for Ñ(x) ismost likely not true. We will use the fact that (3.1) continues to hold if we only count localized eigenfunctions. Fix avalue m, and let Nm(x) denote the number of eigenvalues λj ≤ x corresponding to eigenfunctions supported in anyone of the m-cells FwK with |w| = m. Then (3.1) holds for Nm(x) in place of N(x), with the same function ψ (buta different remainder). In other words the nonlocalized eigenfunctions are relatively rare,

(3.3) N(x)−Nm(x) = o(xβ)

(in fact it grows with a smaller power).Now suppose ϕ is piecewise constant on m-cells, say

(3.4) ϕ =∑|w|=m

awχFwK

If u is an eigenfunction of ∆ supported on FwK with eigenvalue λ, then it is also an eigenfunction of ∆ϕ witheigenvalue a(1+α)w λ. If we write Ñm(x) for the counting function for localized eigenfunctions of ∆ϕ, it is easy to seethat the analog of (3.3) holds, so

(3.5)Ñ(x)xβ

=Ñm(x)xβ

+R(x).

We may compute Ñm(x) exactly because it is known that the number of eigenfunctions supported in FwK isproportional to µ(FwK) = 3−m (this is exactly true in the Dirichlet case, and off by an inconsequential amount forthe three boundary cells in the Neumann case). Thus

• 8 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

FIGURE 1. The Weyl Ratio for the Spectral Counting Function of the Standard Laplacian as aFunction of log x

(3.6) Ñm(x) =∑|w|=m

µ(FwK) ·Nm(a1+αw x).

When we substitute (3.1) into (3.6) we obtain (since (1 + α)β = α)

(3.7)Ñ(x)xβ

=∑|w|=m

µ(FwK) · aαw (ψ(log x+ (α+ 1) log aw)) +R(x)

Note that we can write the sum in (3.7) as

(3.8)∫ϕ(y)αψ(log x+ (α+ 1) logϕ(y)) dµ(y)

and this expression makes sense for any conformal factor ϕ. We will define the function ψϕ(log x) by (3.8). Notethat (3.8) is essentially a convolution; by writing ϕ(y) = t and defining the pull-back measure µ ◦ϕ−1 on the line, wehave

(3.9) ψϕ(log x) =∫ c2

c1

tαψ(log x+ (α+ 1) log t) dµ ◦ ϕ−1(t).

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 9

The basic hypothesis we will make is that the measure µ ◦ ϕ−1 is absolutely continuous. Then, after a change ofvariable, (3.9) is a convolution of an L1 function and an L∞ function, hence continuous. Of course, this hypothesis isnot satisfied by the piecewise constant function (3.4).

Theorem 3.1. Assume ϕ is piecewise continuous, satisfies (1.1), and µ ◦ ϕ−1 is absolutely continuous. Then

(3.10)Ñ(x)xβ

= ψϕ(log x) + R̃(x)

with limx→∞ R̃(x) = 0.

Proof. Given any � > 0, there exists δ > 0 so that |t− t′| ≤ δ implies |ψϕ(t)− ψϕ(t′)| ≤ �, since ψϕ is continuous.Next choose ϕ1, of the form (3.4) (for some m) so that ||ϕ − ϕ1||∞ ≤ δ and also ||ψϕ − ψϕ1 || ≤ � (this uses thepiecewise continuity of ϕ for the first estimate, and simple estimates using (3.9) for the second).

Now we want to compare Ñ(x) and N ′(x), where N ′(x) denotes the counting function for ∆ϕ1 . Because of (1.1)we may write

(3.11) (1− δ′)ϕ1(x) ≤ ϕ(x) ≤ (1 + δ′)ϕ1(x)

where δ′ may be controlled by δ. Then N ′((1− δ′)1+αx) ≤ Ñ(x) ≤ N ′((1 + δ′)1+αx), which may be written

(3.12) N ′((1− δ′′)x) ≤ Ñ(x) ≤ N ′((1 + δ′′)x)with δ′′ controlled by δ. So

Ñ(x)xβ

≤ (1 + δ′′)βN′(1 + δ′′)x)

((1 + δ′′)x)β

= (1 + δ′′)β(ψϕ1(log x+ log(1 + δ′′)) +R′(x))

= (1 + δ′′)β(ψϕ(log x) + [ψϕ(log x+ log(1 + δ′′))− ψϕ(log x)]

+ [ψϕ1(log x+ log(1 + δ′′))− ψϕ(log(1 + δ′′))] +R′(x)

)Now the two terms in brackets are each bounded by �, so we obtain

(3.13)Ñ(x)xβ

≤ (1 + δ′′)β [ψϕ(log x) + 2�+R′(x)]

and a similar estimate from below. By taking x large enough we can make R′(x) ≤ � as well, so∣∣∣∣∣Ñ(x)xβ − (1 + δ′′)βψϕ(log x)∣∣∣∣∣ ≤ (1 + δ′′)β3�

and if δ is small enough this yields∣∣∣ eN(x)xβ − ψϕ(log x)∣∣∣ ≤ 5� if x is large enough. �

It is striking that this is a better result than (3.1) because ψϕ is continuous. Also note that ψϕ only depends onµ ◦ ϕ−1, which is determined by the distribution of values of ϕ (say µ({x : ϕ(x) ≥ s})) and not the locations wherethe values are attained. So any measure-preserving permutation of ϕ does not influence the spectral asymptotics. Notethat we no longer expect to see any localized eigenfunctions of ∆ϕ, although there may be many eigenfunctions thatare close to being localized.

Another striking and important feature of the spectrum of ∆ is the existence of infinitely many large gaps, meaningplaces where

(3.14) λj+1 ≥ aλjfor fixed a > 1. (In fact is it possible to take a ≈ 2.425.) We claim that this property persists for ∆ϕ provided the

ratio c2/c1 in (1.1) is close enough to 1. To see this we need only recall the minimax formula:

• 10 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

(3.15) λj = mindimL=j

maxu∈L

R(u)

for the Rayleigh quotient

(3.16) R(u) =E(u)∫|u|2dµ

and of course the same formula holds for λ̃j if we replace R(u) by

(3.17) R̃(u) =Eϕ(u)∫|u|2dµϕ

.

(This is the formula for Neumann spectra; for Dirichlet spectra we just need to impose Dirichlet conditions on thespaces L.) From (1.1) we easily obtain

(3.18) c1E(u) ≤ Eϕ(u) ≤ c2E(u)

and also (1.19) implies

(3.19) c−α2

∫|u|2dµ ≤

∫|u|2dµϕ ≤ c−α1

∫|u|2dµ.

Together (3.18) and (3.19) imply

(3.20) c1+α1 R(u) ≤ R̃(u) ≤ c1+α2 R(u),

so the minimax formula implies

(3.21) c1+α1 λj ≤ λ̃j ≤ c1+α2 λj .

Combining (3.21) with (3.14) yields

(3.22) λ̃j+1 ≥ ãλjfor

(3.23) ã =(c1c2

)1+αa.

So the condition

(3.24)c2c1< a1/(1+α) ≈ 1.325

suffices to conclude that the spectrum of ∆ϕ has infinitely many large gaps at exactly the same locations as thespectrum of ∆. We can even ensure that ã > 2 by further restricting

(3.25)c2c1<(a

2

)1/(1+α)≈ 1.063.

In  it was shown that eigenfunction expansions (for ∆) of continuous functions always converge uniformly tothe function, provided you restrict to partial sums up to a large gap. The argument required both the existence of largespectral gaps and the known subGaussian heat kernel estimates for ∆. The same heat kernel estimates also hold for∆ϕ by recent results of Barlow, Bass, and Kumagai (), so we have the same convergence theorem for eigenfunctionexpansions for ∆ϕ provided (3.24) holds. Also by reasoning in , we can extend the result to products K × Kof SG () under the stronger condition (3.25). It is even possible to allow different functions ϕ on each factor,

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 11

provided (3.25) holds for each one. (In this context it would be more natural to allow conformal factors not necessarilyof product form, but we will not discuss this here.)

Another interesting feature of the spectrum of ∆ is that the set of all ratios {λj/λk} of eigenvalues has gaps(,). Again (3.12) guarantees that this will persist for the ratios

{λ̃j/λ̃k

}of eigenvalues of ∆ϕ provided c2/c1

is sufficiently small. Specifically, 2.0611106 ≥ λj/λk or 2.428766 ≤ λj/λk, so 2.0611106(

c2c1

)1+α≥ λ̃j/λ̃k or

2.428766(

c1c2

)1+α≤ λ̃j/λ̃k, and this is a gap provided

(3.26)(c2c1

)≤(

2.4287662.0611106

) 12(1+α)

≈ 1.026

To illustrate the above results, we produce, for various choices of conformal factor ϕ, approximations of the spec-trum of ∆ϕ of the type in Figure 1. To form ϕ we choose a perturbative function h (which we choose to be anasymmetric sinusoidal function on a planar embedding of SG) and look at ∆ϕ for ϕ = 1 + th for different values oft. Thus we are able to adjust the ratio c2c1 by varying t.

The graph in Figure 1 is an approximation of the logarithmic plot of the Weyl ratio N(x)/xβ , where N is thespectral counting function, using a finite graph approximation of SG with m = 7. The graph of the Weyl ratio isasymptotic to a multiplicatively periodic function ψϕ, so we attempt to surmise the nature of ψ from our approximateplot, observing its nearly-periodic qualities. Figures 2-6 use (∆ϕ)m for m = 7 also. The form of the calculations issimilar to the pointwise formula (1.16). Here we instead use

(3.27) ∆ϕu(x) = limm→∞

325m(∆ϕ)mu(x)

where

(3.28) (∆ϕ)mu(x) =∑

y ∼m

x

γ−(1+α)xy (u(y)− u(x))

and the coefficients γxy are obtained by using a step function approximation of ϕ. In this context it is easy to seethat, for functions v (in the sense of (1.20)) whose support is contained in some region where a given ϕ takes someconstant value γ, and for u ∈ dom∆ϕ, we have, by pulling out powers of gamma from Eϕ and dµϕ in (1.20),

(3.29) −E(u, v) = γ−(1+α)∫

(∆ϕu)v dµ.

The pointwise formulas (1.16) and (1.17) then imply that (∆ϕ)m as defined above must converge to ∆ϕ.In Figure 1 we are able to notice eigenvalues of high multiplicity and gaps in the spectrum of ∆, corresponding

to jump discontinuities and smooth, decreasing, concave up intervals of the Weyl ratio for N(x), respectively. Weobserve in Figure 2 that for an only slightly non-constant conformal factor (here we choose c2c1 = 1.005) the graphof the Weyl ratio for Ñ is similar to that for N . The intervals of smoothness (indicating spectral gaps) persist, whileinstead of eigenvalues of high multiplicity we see large clusters of similar eigenvalues, producing rapid but fragmentedincreases instead of the large jumps observed in Figure 1. The second image is a closeup of several of the later periods.

As we increase the size of perturbation, most gaps in the spectrum are destroyed, though the largest of these canbe seen to persist for larger perturbations. Figures 3-6 show the cases for c2c1 = 1.02, 1.1, 1.15, and 1.25. It is moredifficult to see the exact nature of the periodic function ψϕ as the perturbations increase since our approximation isonly useful for the lower part of the spectrum of ∆ϕ. For a more slowly vanishing error function R̃(x) we do not seeseveral consecutive intervals of behavior closely resembling one another (cf. Figure 3.6).

As noted above, the function ψϕ depends only on the distribution of values of ϕ. Figures 7-11 repeat the methodsused for Figures 2-6 with a new conformal factor obtained by composing with a random permutation of the level 3cells of SG (i.e. we use ϕ′ = ϕ ◦ σ and σ : SG → SG permutes the cells Fw(SG), where w runs over words oflength 3).

More Weyl ratio plots of the type seen in Figures 3.1-3.11 can be found at www.math.cornell.edu/∼mhall/.

• 12 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

FIGURE 2. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ with factor c1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2 suchthat c2c1 = 1.005, as a function of log x

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 13

FIGURE 3. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ with factor c1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2 suchthat c2c1 = 1.02, as a function of log x

• 14 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

FIGURE 4. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ with factor c1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2 suchthat c2c1 = 1.1, as a function of log x

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 15

FIGURE 5. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ with factor c1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2 suchthat c2c1 = 1.15, as a function of log x

• 16 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

FIGURE 6. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ with factor c1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2 suchthat c2c1 = 1.25, as a function of log x

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 17

FIGURE 7. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ′ with ϕ′ = ϕ ◦ σ such thatc1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2, c2c1 = 1.005, and σ permutes the level 3 cells of SG, as a function of log x

• 18 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

FIGURE 8. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ′ with ϕ′ = ϕ ◦ σ such thatc1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2, c2c1 = 1.02, and σ permutes the level 3 cells of SG, as a function of log x

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 19

FIGURE 9. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ′ with ϕ′ = ϕ ◦ σ such thatc1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2, c2c1 = 1.1, and σ permutes the level 3 cells of SG, as a function of log x

• 20 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

FIGURE 10. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ′ with ϕ′ = ϕ ◦ σ such thatc1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2, c2c1 = 1.15, and σ permutes the level 3 cells of SG, as a function of log x

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 21

FIGURE 11. The Weyl ratio for the spectral counting function of ∆ϕ′ with ϕ′ = ϕ ◦ σ such thatc1 ≤ ϕ ≤ c2, c2c1 = 1.25, and σ permutes the level 3 cells of SG, as a function of log x

• 22 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

4. ENERGY DISTRIBUTION FOR HARMONIC FUNCTIONS ON SG

The objective of this section is to introduce an interesting characterization of energy measures on the SierpinskiGasket analogous to self-similar measures. We demonstrate the construction in the next theorem (showing someapplications afterwards and in the next section) and will show how to replicate it for similar fractals in section 6.

Theorem 4.1. Let

E0 =175

47 −3 −314 9 −614 −6 9

, E1 = 175 9 14 −6−3 47 −3−6 14 9

, E2 = 175 9 −6 14−6 9 14−3 −3 47

.Then, for any harmonic function h,

(4.1) νh(FwK) = (1 1 1)EwmEwm−1 · · ·E1

νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

for all words w = w1w2...wm.

Proof. We show here that the matrices above are the unique matrices such that Ej(νh(FiK))2i=0 = (νh(FjFiK))2i=0

for j = 0, 1, 2, and (4.1) can be derived recursively. Suppose we are given a harmonic function h defined on theboundary points of SG by x, y, z. Subtract off a constant function such that we get the harmonic function withboundary points 0, a, b, so we assume that h is of this form. Since we subtracted a constant function, the energy of thisfunction (and hence the measure) on the subcells will be the same. Calculating the measure on each cell F0K,F1K,and F2K, we see that

(4.2) νh(F0K) =25a2 +

25b2 +

25ab,

(4.3) νh(F1K) =65a2 +

25b2 − 6

5ab,

and

(4.4) νh(F2K) =25a2 +

65b2 − 6

5ab.

Note that these form a linearly independent set of polynomials. Looking at the measure on the cellsF0F0K,F1F0K,F2F0K,we would like a linear transformation that will express these in terms of the measures νh(F0K), νh(F1K), andνh(F2K). We can use the equations above to find the measure of the subcells of F0K since that cell is of the form0, a, b, but with values 0, 25a +

15b,

15a +

25b, hence we can plug in these values for a and b in the above equations to

get

νh(F00K) =1475a2 +

1475b2 +

2675ab,

νh(F01K) =1475a2 +

275b2 +

275ab,

and

νh(F02K) =275a2 +

1475b2 +

275ab.

What we are looking for is a matrix E0 such that

E0

νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

= νh(F00K)νh(F01K)

νh(F02K)

.Since each measure is a polynomial in terms of a and b, our requirements for the matrix is that the coefficients matchup, for example, if (E0)ij = eij , we want

e11

(25a2 +

25b2 +

25ab

)+ e12

(65a2 +

25b2 − 6

5ab

)+e13

(25a2 +

65b2 − 6

5ab

)=

1475a2 +

1475b2 +

2675ab.

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 23

From this, and the fact that the coefficients of this linear combination of polynomials must match the coefficients ofthe polynomial on the right, we get a set of linear equations

25e11 +

65e12 +

25e13 =

1475,

25e11 +

25e12 +

65e13 =

1475,

and25e11 −

65e12 −

65e13 =

2675,

corresponding to the matching conditions for the coefficients of a2, b2, and ab respectively. Solving this system,we find that1 e11 = 4775 , e12 = −

375 , and e13 = −

375 . Doing the same calculations for the other rows of E0 we find that

E0 =175

47 −3 −314 9 −614 −6 9

.To find the matrices E1 and E2 that take the level one measures to the level two measures in F1K and F2K

respectively, we rotate SG and note that, if a harmonic function h has measures x, y, z on the cells F0K,F1K,F2Krespectively and x′, y′, z′ are the level two measures on F1K, then

(4.5) E0

yzx

= y′z′

x′

, or equivalently, x′y′

z′

= 0 0 11 0 0

0 1 0

E0 0 1 00 0 1

1 0 0

xyz

.Therefore,

E1 =175

9 14 −6−3 47 −3−6 14 9

.A similar computation shows that

E2 =175

9 −6 14−6 9 14−3 −3 47

.�

When using these matrices, however, the question arises of what are the possible combinations of first level mea-sures. Clearly, we cannot have that νh(F0K) = νh(F1K) = νh(F2K) = 1.

Theorem 4.2. The domain of admissible measures is a circular cone in R3 defined by the relation

(4.6) x2 + y2 + z2 =1125

(x+ y + z)2

where x, y, and z are the first level measures νh(F0K), νh(F1K) and νh(F2K) respectively.

Proof. Setting x, y, and z equal to the equations for the measures in equations 4.2 through 4.4, we use some linearalgebra to solve for a2, b2, and ab and get

a2 =34x+

34y − 1

2z,

b2 =34x− 1

2y +

34z,

ab = x− 14y − 1

4z.

We use these expressions by solving the expression a2b2 = (ab)2 and, after some algebra, we get

xy + xz + yz =711

(x2 + y2 + z2).

1Equivalently, if we let A be the matrix whose rows are the coefficients of a2, b2, and ab for each νh(FiK) and B similarly for νh(F0iK),then E0 = BA−1.

• 24 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

Then(x+ y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + xz + yz) =

2511

(x2 + y2 + z2),

which then gives us (4.6). This defines a circular cone in R3 of admissible measures for on the Sierpinski Gasket. If avector of measures satisfies the above equation, then the corresponding class of harmonic functions can be solved forby the expressions for a2 and b2. �

Using theorem 4.1, we get the following theorem:

Theorem 4.3. Let m ∈ N. Then for all harmonic functions h,max|w|=m

νh(FwK) = maxi=0,1,2

νh(Fmi K),

where the level m cell of maximum measure will be contained in the level 1 cell of maximum measure.

This theorem is analogous to the classical result that the norm of the gradient of a harmonic function achieves itsmaximum on the boundary, which follows from the fact that, in the classical case, for a harmonic function h, ||∇h||2is a subharmonic function. Here we can consider νh(FwK) to be analogous to

∫FwK

||∇h||2. For other notions ofgradients on fractals see , , , , and .

Proof. Let x, y, z be the first level measures of F0K,F1K, and F2K respectively and, without loss of generality,assume x ≥ y, z. The case m = 1 is trivial. By induction, assume the hypothesis is true for all integers less than somem ∈ N. By hypothesis, if we restrict our focus to the subcells FiK, we know that the maximum of the measures of thelevel m− 1 cells with respect to these cells (which are level m cells of all of SG) must occur on one of the boundarycells FiFm−1j for i, j = 0, 1, 2, and hence we know that

max|w|=m

νh(FwK) = maxi,j=0,1,2

νh(FiFm−1j K).

Using the matrix E0, it is easy to show that νh(F 20K) = maxj=0,1,2 νh(F0FjK), so by hypothesis we know thatmaxj=0,1,2 νh(F0Fm−1j ) = νh(F

m0 K), so we have eliminated the i = 0 case from the above equation. Let Fw =

F1Fm−10 , v = (1, 1, 1) and e = (x, y, z)

T . Note that, by diagonalization, ifD = diag{α, β, γ} where α = 15 , β =115 ,

and γ = 35 are the eigenvalues of the E0 and P =

0 1 3−1 7 11 7 1

is the matrix of eigenvectors of E0, thenvEm0 = vPD

mP−1 = v140

−2βm + 42γm 3βm − 3γm 3βm − 3γm−14βm + 14γm 20αm + 21βm − γm −20αm + 21βm − γm−14βm + 14γm −20αm + 21βm − γm 20αm + 21βm − γm

=

18

−6βm + 14γm9βm − γm9βm − γm

T ,So

νh(Fm0 K)− νh(Fw) = v(Em0 − Em−10 E1

)e = v

(PDmP−1 − PDm−1P−1E1

)e

=18

−6βm + 14γm9βm − γm

9βm − γm

T − −6βm−1 + 14γm−19βm−1 − γm−1

9βm−1 − γm−1

T E1 e

=18

−6βm + 14γm9βm − γm

9βm − γm

T − 15

−9βm−1 + 9γm−131βm−1 + 9γm−16βm−1 − 6γm−1

T e

= x(

218βm +

118γm)− y

(212βm − 1

2γm)

+ z(−9

8βm +

18γm)

Since we’re assuming x ≥ y, z, it follows that

νh(Fm0 K)− νh(Fw) ≥(

78γm − 9βm

)x

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 25

which is greater than zero for m > 1. By symmetry, we know that this is also a lower bound for νh(Fm0 K) −νh(F2Fm0 ).

Now consider the cell F2Fm−11 . Let Q =

0 0 11 0 00 1 0

. By (4.5),νh(Fm0 K)− νh(F2Fm−11 ) = vEm0 e− vE

m−11 E2e = vE

m0 e− vQEm−10 Q−1E2e

= vEm0 e− (vEm−10 )Q−1E2

=18

−6βm + 14γm9βm − γm9βm − γm

T e− 18

−6βm−1 + 14γm−19βm−1 − γm−19βm−1 − γm−1

T Q−1E2e=

18

−6βm + 14γm9βm − γm

9βm − γm

T − 9βm−1 − γm−1−6βm−1 + 14γm−1

9βm−1 − γm−1

T E2 e

=18

−6βm + 14γm9βm − γm

9βm − γm

T − 15

6βm−1 = 6γm−1−9βm−1 + 9γm−131βm−1 + 9γm−1

T

e

= x (−3βm + 2γm) + y(

92βm − 1

2γm)

+ z(−21

2βm − 1

2γm),

and since we are assuming x ≥ y, z, we therefore know that

νh(Fm0 K)− νh(F2Fm−11 K) ≥ γm −272βm

which is greater than zero for m > 1. By symmetry, we also know that this is a lower bound for νh(Fm0 K) −νh(F1Fm−12 K). Therefore, νh(F

m0 ) is the maximum of all level m cells. �

We prove a corollary of this result concerning Lp dimensions at the end of the next section.

5. Lp DIMENSIONS ON ENERGY MEASURES

Having looked at the admissible measures and these matrices, we now have methods of computing the Lp dimen-sions of energy measures on SG for integer values of p, where

(5.1) dimpνh = limm→∞

log∑

|w|=m νh(FwK)p

(p− 1)m log 35as defined in .

Theorem 5.1. For all harmonic functions h, dim2νh =log 2511log 53

≈ 1.6071639985....

Proof. Let w be any word of finite length. By theorem (4.2),

νh(Fw0K)2 + νh(Fw1K)2 + νh(Fw2K)2 =1125νh(Fw)2.

By induction, we see that ∑|w|=m

νh(FwK) =(

1125

)mνh(K).

Substituting this into (5.1) for p = 2, we get

dim2νh = limm→∞

log((

1125

)mνh(K)

)m log 35

=log 2511log 53

.

Note that this does not depend on our choice of harmonic function.�

• 26 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

Theorem 5.2. For all harmonic functions h,

dim3νh =log(

31225 +

1517301634457901/2

134217728

)2 log 35

≈ 1.4404335708....

Proof. Here it’s a little trickier. Let x, y, and z denote νh(Fw0K), νh(Fw1K), and νh(Fw2K) respectively for someword w. We use equation (5.1) to get

(x+ y + z)3 = x3 + y3 + z3 + 3(x2y + x2z + y2x+ y2z + z2x+ z2y) + 6xyz

= −2(x3 + y3 + z3) + 3(x2 + y2 + z2)(x+ y + z) + 6xyz

= −2(x3 + y3 + z3) + 3325

(x+ y + z)3 + 6xyz,

and thus

(5.2) x3 + y3 + z3 =425

(x+ y + z)3 + 3xyz.

We need a recurrence relation on xyz for this to work. Consider the second level cell measures x1, x2, x3, y1, y2, y3, z1, z2, z3of a cell FwK, where the xi, yi, zi are the measures of the subcells of FwF0,FwF1, and FwF2 respectively. By thematrices Ei, we can substitute linear expressions for xi, yi, and zi in terms of x, y, z. Doing this, we get

x1x2x3 + y1y2y3 + z1z2z3

=1

3356[9536(x3 + y3 + z3)− 1467(x2y + x2z + y2x+ y2z + z2x+ z2y) + 15741xyz

]=

13356

[(9536 + 1467)(x3 + y3 + z3)− 1467(x2 + y2 + z2)(x+ y + z) + 15741xyz

]=

13356

[11003

(425

(x+ y + z)3 + 3xyz)− 1467

(1125

(x+ y + z)2)

(x+ y + z) + 15741xyz]

=2233355

(x+ y + z)3 +26

3252xyz.

Therefore, we have a recurrence relation on the sums of cubes of level two subcells and the sums of the products oflevel two subcells. Suppose we have

2∑i=0

a 2∑

j=0

νh(FwijK)

3 + bνh(Fwi0K)νh(Fwi1K)νh(Fwi2K) ,

then this is equal to

a′((νh(Fw0K) + νh(Fw1K) + νh(Fw2K))3 + b′νhFw0K)νh(Fw1K)νh(Fw2K)

where (a′

b′

)=[

425

22333·55

3 2632·52

]︸ ︷︷ ︸

M3

(ab

).

By induction, we have that∑|w|=m

νh(FwK)3 =(

νh(K)3

νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

)TMm−13

(10

).

Therefore, when taking the limit of these sums in the log, the limit of the log divided by m should equal the log ofthe maximum eigenvalue, hence

dim3νh =log(

31225 +

1517301634457901/2

134217728

)2 log 35

.

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 27

Theorem 5.3. For all harmonic functions h,

dim4νh =log(

132716875 +

32423191741044211/2

1073741824

)3 log 35

≈ 1.3230040245...

Proof. This time we will have a (x+ y + z)xyz term in our recurrence relation instead of an xyz one.

(x+y + z)4 = x4 + y4 + z4 + 4(x3y + x3z + y3x+ y3z + z3x+ z3y) + 6(x2y2 + x2z2 + y2z2)

+ 12(x+ y + z)xyz

= −6(x4 + y4 + z4) + 4(x3 + y3 + z3)(x+ y + z) + 3(x2 + y2 + z2)2 + 12(x+ y + z)xyz

= −6(x4 + y4 + z4) +(

1625

+363625

)(x+ y + z)4 + (12 + 12)(x+ y + z)xyz

= −6(x4 + y4 + z4) + 763625

(x+ y + z)4 + 24(x+ y + z)xyz.

Hence,

(5.3) x4 + y4 + z4 =23625

(x+ y + z)4 + 4xyz.

To find the recurrence relation for (x+ y + z)xyz, we again look at

(x1 + x2 + x3)x1x2x3 + (y1 + y2 + y3)y1y2y3 + (z1 + z2 + z3)z1z2z3

as measures of subcells of three subcells with measures x, y, z respectively. Describing them as linear combinationsof the first level measures x, y, z with the matrices Ei, we find that the above equation is equal to

13456

(27636(x4 + y4 + z4) + 4644(x3y + x3z + y3x+ y3z + z3x+ z3y)

−15984(x2y2 + x2z2 + y2z2) + 14607(x+ y + z)xyz)

=1

3456((27636− 4644 + 7992)(x4 + y4 + z4) + 4644(x3 + y3 + z3)(x+ y + z)

−7992(x2 + y2 + z2)2 + 14607(x+ y + z)xyz)

=1

3456

(30984

(23625

(x+ y + z)4 + 4(x+ y + z)xyz)

+ 4644(

425

(x+ y + z)3 + 3xyz)

(x+ y + z)

−7992(

1125

(x+ y + z)2)2

+ 14607(x+ y + z)xyz

)

=1

3456(336(x+ y + z)4 + 152475(x+ y + z)xyz

)=

1123356

(x+ y + z)4 +20333354

(x+ y + z)xyz.

Therefore, the recurrence relation on the measure is modeled by∑|w|=m

νh(FwK)4 =(

νh(K)4

(νh(F0K) + νh(F1K) + νh(F2K))νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

)TMm−14

(10

).

where

M4 =[

23625

1123356

4 20333354

].

Thus, using the maximum eigenvalue of M4 in the log, we obtain

dim4νh =log(

132716875 +

32423191741044211/2

1073741824

)3 log 35

.

For larger p, the calculations get more and more arduous. In fact, we have the following lemma and theorem:

• 28 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

Lemma 5.4. Let x, y, z be the first level measures of SG. For p ∈ N, there exist coefficients (a(p)k )b p3 ck=1 such that

xp + yp + zp =b p3 c∑k=0

a(p)k (x+ y + z)

p−3k(xyz)k.

Proof. We prove by induction. Assume the hypothesis holds for the first p− 1 steps. Let α = x+ y+ z and β = xyz.We need to solve for (a(p)k ) in terms of the coefficients (a

(n)k ) for n < p. Note that

(x+ y + z)p =∑

i+j+k=p

p!i!j!k!

xiyjzk,

so define

aij = ϕj,p−3i−jp!

i!(i+ j)!(p− 2i− j)!, where ϕnm =

{1 if n 6= m12 if n = m.

Define s(n) = xn + yn + zn.Also, recall that the product of two finite power series with coefficients s = (si) and t = (ti) is(

n∑i=0

sixi

) m∑j=0

tjxj

= n+m∑i=0

ci(s, t)xi, where ci(s, t) =min{i,m}∑

k=i−min{i,n}

si−ktk.

For book keeping, define ck(i, j) = ck(a(i), a(p−j)). Then

αp =b p3 c∑i=0

(xyz)i

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij(xjyp−3i−j + xp−3i−jyj + · · ·+ yjzp−3i−j + yp−3i−jzj) + ai0s(p− 3i)

=b p3 c∑i=0

(xyz)i

b p−3i2 c∑

j=1

aijs(j)s(p− 3i− j) +

ai0 − bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij

︸ ︷︷ ︸

ai

s(p− 3i)

=b p3 c∑i=1

βi

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij

bj3c∑

k=0

a(j)k α

j−3kβk

b

p−3i−j3 c∑

k=0

a(p−3i−j)k α

p−3i−j−3kβk

+b p−3i3 c∑

k=0

aia(p−3i)k α

p−3i−3kβk

+ bp2 c∑

j=1

a0j

bj3c∑

k=0

a(j)k α

j−3kβk

b

p−j3 c∑

k=0

a(p−j)k α

p−j−3kβk

+ a0s(p)=b p3 c∑i=1

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij

b j3c+b p−3i−j3 c∑k=0

ck(j, 3i+ j)αp−3(i+k)βi+k +b p−3i3 c∑

k=0

aia(p−3i)k α

p−3(i+k)βi+k

+b p2 c∑j=1

a0j

b j3c+b p−j3 c∑k=0

ck(j, j)αp−3kβk + a0s(p)

and, since⌊

j3

⌋+⌊

p−3i−j3

⌋is either

⌊p−3i

3

⌋or⌊

p−3i3

⌋− 1 for each i , if we define cb p−3i3 c(a

(j), a(p−3i−j)) = 0 if itis the latter case, then this is

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 29

=b p3 c∑i=1

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij

b p−3i3 c∑k=0

ck(j, 3i+ j)αp−3(i+k)βi+k +b p−3i3 c∑

k=0

aia(p−3i)k α

p−3(i+k)βi+k

+b p2 c∑j=1

a0j

b p3 c∑k=0

ck(j, j)αp−3iβk + a0s(p)

=b p3 c∑i=1

b p−3i3 c∑

k=0

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aijck(j, 3i+ j) + aia(p−3i)k

︸ ︷︷ ︸

dik

αp−3(i+k)βi+k

+b p3 c∑k=0

bp2 c∑

j=1

a0jck(j, j)

︸ ︷︷ ︸

ek

αp−3kβk + a0s(p) =b p3 c∑i=1

b p3 c−i∑k=0

dikαp−3(i+k)βi+k +

b p3 c∑k=0

ekαp−3kβk + a0s(p)

=b p3 c∑k=1

(k∑

i=1

di,k−i + ek

)αp−3kβk + e0αp + a0s(p).

Therefore, remembering that this is all equal to α, we solve and get xp + yp + zp = s(p) =∑b p3 c

k=0 a(p)k α

p−3kβk,where

a(p)k =

∑ki=1 di,k−i + ek

−a0

=

∑ki=1

[∑b p−3i2 cj=1 aijck−i(j, 3i+ j) +

(ai0 −

∑b p−3i2 cj=1 aij

)a(p−3i)k−i

]+∑b p2 c

j=1 a0jck(j, j)∑b p2 cj=1 a0j − a00

for k > 0 and

a(p)0 =

e0 − 1−a0

=

∑b p2 cj=1 a0jck(j, j)− 1∑b p2 c

i=1 a0j − a00.

Theorem 5.5. For p an integer greater than two, let

f(p, n,m) =∑|w|=m

(νh(Fw0K) + νh(Fw1K) + νh(Fw2K))p−3n(νh(Fw0K)νh(Fw1K)νh(Fw2K))n.

For all p > 2, there is a matrix Mp of size⌊

p3

⌋+ 1 such that

f(p, n,m+ 1) =b p3 c∑i=0

Mp(n+ 1, i+ 1)f(p, i,m).

Proof. It suffices to show that it is true for the case of m = 1, since we can use this matrix on the subcells of eachfirst level cell and so forth. Since each νh(FijK) can be written as linear combinations of the first level measures x, y,and z using the matrices Ei, we can expand f(p, n, 2) into a polynomial in terms of the first level measures. Thispolynomial will be symmetric by the symmetry of SG, and therefore can be written in the form

b p3 c∑i=0

(xyz)i

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij(xjyp−3i−j + xp−3i−jyj + · · ·+ yjzp−3i−j + yp−3i−jzj) + ai0s(p− 3i)

• 30 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

where (aij) are the coefficients. From here, we proceed exactly as in the previous lemma, only that we do not pullout the i = 0 term (i.e. the sum outside the square brackets) from the sum since we know that xp + yp + zp can berepresented by coefficients (a(p)k ) (hence we already know that Mp(1, i+ 1) = a

(p)i ). Hence, we find that

f(p, n, 2) =b p3 c∑k=0

f(n)k α

p−3kβk =b p3 c∑k=0

f(n)k f(p, k, 1)

where

f(n)k =

k∑i=0

di,k−i =k∑

i=0

bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aijck−i(j, 3i+ j) +

ai0 − bp−3i

2 c∑j=1

aij

a(p−3i)k−i .

Hence, Mp(n+ 1, k + 1) = f(n)k .

Supposing we have such a matrix Mp, P =(νh(K)p−3j (νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K))

j)b p3 c

j=0, and e1 is the first

standard basis vector, then

dimpνh = limm→∞

log(PMmp e1

)m(p− 1) log 35

.

If one can show that the entries in Mp are positive for all integer values p greater than 2 (as seen in the case ofp = 3 and 4), then, by the Perron-Frobenius theorem, the maximum eigenvalue will be positive and its associatedeigenvector will have all positive entries and we can write

dimpνh =log maxσ(Mp)(p− 1) log 35

,

where σ(Mp) is the spectrum of Mp. However, it is not yet evident how to show this positivity.

Although these matrices are difficult to compute, we can (rather easily) get bounds on dimpνh for p > 1 (where pno longer needs to be an integer) and can in fact pinpoint the limit as p approaches infinity, which is a corollary fromtheorem 4.3.

Corollary 5.6. Let νh be an energy measure and p > 1 be a real number. Thenp

p− 1− log 3

(p− 1) log 53≤ dimpνh ≤

p

p− 1.

Proof.

dimpνh ≤ limm→∞

log νh(Fm0 K)p

(p− 1)m log 35= lim

m→∞

p log νh(Fm0 K)(p− 1)m log 35

≤ pp− 1

since the limit of the log over m converges to the log of the maximum eigenvalue of E0. Without loss of generality,assume maxi=0,1,2 νh(FiK) = νh(F0K). By theorem 4.3, we know that

dimpνh ≥ limm→∞

log 3mνh(Fm0 K)p

(p− 1)m log 35=

p

p− 1− log 3

(p− 1) log 53.

It follows that limp→∞ dimpνh = 1. �

6. EXTENSIONS TO SG3 AND THE TETRAHEDRAL SIERPINSKI GASKET

In this section, we attempt to generalize some of the results in the previous two sections to two other p.c.f. fractals.Specifically, we determine the analogous matrices for the level-three Sierpinksi Gasket, SG3, compute the L2 dimen-sion of the corresponding energy measure, and define matrices for the Tetrahedral Sierpinski Gasket.

A necessary item to derive for each case is the renormalization constant r, such that, as in equation (1.3), the sumof the squares of the differences of a harmonic function on an mth level graph, when multiplied by r−m, is the samefor all m. In equation (1.3) (i.e. for the case of SG)), r = 35 .

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 31

FIGURE 12. First level cells of SG3.

The fractal K = SG3 is like SG, only that there are six contractions instead of three, each of the contractionsF0, ..., F5 mapping to one of the cells as in the above figure. The harmonic extension matrices for SG3, Ai, whichmap the boundary values of a harmonic function to the boundary values of the ith cell are

A0 =

1 0 0815

415

315

815

315

415

, A3 = 13 13 133

15815

415

315

415

815

,and A1 and A2 are generated by cyclic permutations of the columns and rows of A0, while A4 and A5 are generatedfrom A3 similarly. We again define the energy measure to be νh(FwK) = r−|w|E(h ◦ Fw). The renormalizationconstant is r = 715 . Proceeding as in section 4, we first assume one of the boundary values of our harmonic function hare zero, but for simplicity, we assume the other two are

√105a and

√105b. We then get the following set of equations

νh(F0K) = 26a2 + 26b2 + 46abνh(F1K) = 98a2 + 26b2 − 98abνh(F2K) = 26a2 + 98b2 − 98abνh(F3K) = 26a2 + 26b2 − 44abνh(F4K) = 8a2 + 26b2 − 8abνh(F5K) = 26a2 + 8b2 − 8ab

From these polynomials, it is immediate that

(6.1)5∑

j=3

νh(F0K) =25

2∑j=0

νh(F0K).

Also, the first and last three polynomials form two linearly independent sets. In fact,

(6.2)

νh(F3K)νh(F4K)νh(F5K)

= 160

−2 13 1313 −2 1313 13 −2

νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

So it suffices to just look at how the “corner measures” are distributed. Proceeding as before, finding polynomial

expressions for νh(F00K), νh(F01K), and νh(F02K) and doing some linear algebra on the coefficients, we get that νh(F00K)νh(F01K)νh(F02K)

= 985433

3701 −49 −49962 287 −238962 −238 287

νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

.We let E0 equal this matrix, and E1 and E2 can be derived using the symmetry of SG3 as we used the symmetry

of SG in section 4. Similarly, we can show that νh(F30K)νh(F31K)νh(F32K)

= 154334

1174 49 49−962 3613 1213962 1213 3613

νh(F0K)νh(F1K)νh(F2K)

.

• 32 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

We letE3 be this matrix and deriveE4 andE5 using symmetry. LetC be the matrix in (6.2) and let e = (νh(F0K), νh(F1K), νh(F2K))T .Then

(6.3) νh(FwK) = r−|w|E(h ◦ Fw) = (1 1 1)(I + C)Ewm · · ·Ew1e

where I is the 3× 3 identity matrix.

Let x, y, z denote the measures of F0K,F1K, and F2K respectively, and x′, y′, z′ denote the other three measuresrespectively. Solving for a2, b2, and ab and proceeding as in theorem 4.2 we get the following relations:

xy + xz + yz =481913

(x2 + y2 + z2)

and

x′y′ + x′z′ + y′z′ =91118

(x′2 + y′2 + z′2).

It follows that

x2 + y2 + z2 =9131875

(x+ y + z)2

and

x′2 + y′2 + z′2 =59150

(x′ + y′ + z′)2 =59150

(25

)2(x+ y + z) =

1181875

(x+ y + z).

So

x2 + y2 + z2 + x′2 + y′2 + z′2 =10311875

(x+ y + z) =10311875

57(x+ y + z + x′ + y′ + z′).

Therefore, since the same relation holds for the energy measures, we get5∑

i=0

νh(FiK)2 =10312625

νh(K).

Hence, we get the following theorem:

Theorem 6.1. Let νh be an energy measure on SG3. Then

dim2νh =log 26251031log 157

.

We can look at the measure of a cell of a fractal as an n− 1 variable,(n2

)-term polynomial (or vector) where n is

the number of boundary points of the fractal. The significance of SG3 is that the number of first level cells exceedsthe maximal number of linearly independent cell measures needed to span all polynomials. In that case, we see thatwe need only look at the “corner subcells” of each cell, since those fix the other three “middle cells” with the matrixC. The tetrahedral SG, or SG4, addresses the case of when the number of first level cells is less than the number ofpolynomials necessary to make a basis. In this case, we have four first level cells, but the measure polynomials havesix terms, so they don’t form a basis for the six dimensional space of polynomials and will not necessarily span therest of the cell measures. In fact, they don’t.

However, we can still define matrices for a linear extension algorithm for the energy measures on the SG4 by takingthe second level cells as our first level, in which case we have sixteen total cells, more than enough to make a linearlyindependent set. In general, if a fractal does not have enough first level cells to make an independent set, then if thecells in the next level are spanned by those in the first level, then all cells are spanned by the first level cells and we’redone; if no, then choose a new independent set by adding the cell that is not in the span and, recursively, we canconstruct a linearly independent set of cell measures. As we shall see, we need only go to level two for SG4.SG4 is the fractalK satisfying

⋃3i=0 Fi(K) = K, whereFix =

12x+qi and q0 = (1/2, 1/2, 1), q1 = (0, 0, 0), q2 =

(1, 0, 0), q3 = (1/2, 1, 0). So, as in the above figure, F0 contracts K to the tetrahedron containing a, F0 to the onecontaining b, et cetera. As with SG, we approximate SG4 by a sequence of graphs Γm with vertices Vm, defining edgerelations similarly (see introduction). We need to determine the harmonic extension matrices that the extend thevalues on V0 of a harmonic function to the vertices of V1 (as displayed in the above figure). To do this, we fix the fourboundary values of SG4 to be a, b, c, and d (and label those points as A, B, etc). We let the other six points on the

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 33

FIGURE 13. First and second level graphs of SG4

first level graph of SG4 be x1, x2, x3, y1, y2, y3. Computing the energy and setting the partial derivatives with respectto each variable equal to zero, we get the following linear equations:

6x1 − x2 − x3 − y2 − y3 = c+ d−x1 + 6x2 − x3 − y1 − y3 = b+ d−x1 − x2 + 6x3 − y1 − y2 = b+ c−x2 − x3 + 6y1 − y2 − y3 = a+ b−x1 − x3 − y1 + 6y2 − y3 = a+ c−x1 − x2 − y1 − y2 + 6y3 = a+ d.

After some linear algebra, we find that

x1 = 16a+16b+

13c+

13d

x2 = 16a+13b+

16c+

13d

x3 = 16a+13b+

13c+

16d

y1 = 13a+13b+

16c+

16d

y2 = 13a+16b+

13c+

16d

y3 = 13a+16b+

16c+

13d.

Hence,

A0 =

1 0 0 013

13

16

16

13

16

13

16

13

16

16

13

and A1, A2, and A3 are defined similarly.

If we compute the second level energies on SG4 and compare it to the first level energy, we find that the renormal-ization constant is r = 23 .We define νh as in previous cases and let h be the harmonic function with boundary values 0, a, b, c. Then the polyno-mials for the measures of F01K,F02K,F03K,F11K,F22K, and F33K form a linearly independent set, where

(6.4)

νh(F01K) = 172 (11a2 + b2 + c2 + ab+ ac+ bc)

νh(F02K) = 172 (a2 + 11b2 + c2 + ab+ ac+ bc)

νh(F03K) = 172 (a2 + b2 + 11c2 + ab+ ac+ bc)

νh(F11K) = 172 (96a2 + 11b2 + 11c2 − 64ab− 64ac+ 21bc)

νh(F22K) = 172 (11a2 + 96b2 + 11c2 − 64ab+ 21ac− 64bc)

νh(F33K) = 172 (11a2 + 11b2 + 96c2 + 21ab− 64ac− 64bc).

Also,

• 34 JONAS AZZAM, MICHAEL A. HALL, AND ROBERT S. STRICHARTZ

νh(F001K) = 11728 (51a2 + 21b2 + 21c2 + 61ab+ 61ac+ 41bc)

νh(F002K) = 11728 (21a2 + 51b2 + 21c2 + 61ab+ 41ac+ 61bc)

νh(F003K) = 11728 (21a2 + 21b2 + 51c2 + 41ab+ 61ac+ 61bc)

νh(F011K) = 11728 (171a2 + b2 + c2 + ab+ ac+ bc)

νh(F022K) = 11728 (a2 + 171b2 + c2 + ab+ ac+ bc)

νh(F033K) = 11728 (a2 + b2 + 171c2 + ab+ ac+ bc).

The matrix relating the first set of linear equations to the second is

E0 =1

142392

52853 23188 23188 −3016 −1620 −162023188 52853 23188 −1620 −3016 −162023188 23188 52853 −1620 −1620 −301688621 −12240 −12240 544 544 544−12240 88621 −12240 544 544 544−12240 −12240 88621 544 544 544

.

Unlike the previous cases, however, we cannot obtain the other matrices by cyclic permutations because we lose sym-metry. Nonetheless, we can still solve for the other matrices by computing the measures for νh(F101K), νh(F102K),and so on, and solving for the matrix that relates the set of measures in (6.4) to these ones in F1K, and we get

E1 =1

142392

28084 −7514 −7514 7725 396 3964437 4437 −1496 431 82 824437 −1496 4437 431 82 82−544 −544 −544 95053 −224 −224−37825 −37825 63036 14439 14090 −9642−37825 63036 −37825 14439 −9642 14090

,

and similarly, by the rotational symmetry of our choice of cells,

E2 =1

142392

4437 4437 −1496 82 431 82−7514 28084 −7514 396 7725 396−1496 4437 4437 82 431 82−37825 −37825 63036 14090 14439 −9642−544 −544 −544 −224 95053 −22463036 −37825 −37825 −9642 14439 14090

,

and

E3 =1

142392

4437 −1496 4437 82 82 431−1496 4437 4437 82 82 431−7514 −7514 28084 396 396 7725−37825 63036 −37825 14090 −9642 1443963036 −37825 −37825 −9642 14090 14439−544 −544 −544 −224 −224 95053

.

Now, we can relate νh(F01K), ..., νh(F33) to the measures of the other cells,

νh(F00K) = 172 (11a2 + 11b2 + 11c2 + 21ab+ 21ac+ 21bc)

νh(F10K) = 172 (16a2 + b2 + c2 − 4ab− 4ac+ bc)

νh(F12K) = 172 (16a2 + 11b2 + c2 − 24ab− 4ac+ bc)

νh(F13K) = 172 (16a2 + b2 + 11c2 − 4ab− 24ac+ bc)

νh(F20K) = 172 (a2 + 16b2 + c2 − 4ab+ ac− 4bc)

νh(F21K) = 172 (11a2 + 16b2 + c2 − 24ab+ ac− 4bc)

νh(F23K) = 172 (a2 + 16b2 + 11c2 − 4ab+ ac− 24bc)

νh(F30K) = 172 (a2 + b2 + 16c2 + ab− 4ac− 4bc)

νh(F31K) = 172 (11a2 + b2 + 16c2 + ab− 24ac− 4bc)

νh(F32K) = 172 (a2 + 11b2 + 16c2 + ab− 4ac− 24bc)

• CONFORMAL ENERGY, CONFORMAL LAPLACIAN, AND ENERGY MEASURES ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET 35

by the matrix

M =1

5933

12427 12427 12427 −816 −816 −8165202 −731 −731 397 48 48−2193 −2193 3740 1191 842 −554−2193 3740 −2193 1191 −554 842−731 5202 −731 48 397 48−2193 −2193 3740 842 1191 −5543740 −2193 −2193 −554 1191 842−731 −731 5202 48 48 397−2193 3740 −2193 842 −554 11913740 −2193 −2193 −554 842 1191

.

And therefore, for e = (νh(F00K), νh(F01K), ..., νh(F33K))T , we have

νh(FwK) = (1 1 1 1 1 1)(I +M)Ewm · · ·Ew1e.

REFERENCES

1. M. T. Barlow, R. F. Bass, and T. Kumagai, Stability of parabolic harnack inequalities on measure metric spaces.2. O. Ben-Bassat, R. S. Strichartz, and A. Teplyaev, What is not in the domain of the laplacian on a sierpinski gasket type fractal, J. Funct. Anal.

166 (1999), 197–217.3. B. Bockelman and R. S. Strichartz, Partial differential equations on products of sierpinski gaskets.4. M. Fukushima and T. Shima, On a spectral analysis for the sierpinski gasket, Potential Anal. 1 (1992), 1–35.5. M. Hino, On singularity of energy measures on self-similar sets, Probab. Theory Related Fields 132 (2005), 265–290.6. M. Hino and K. Nakahara, On singularity of energy measures on self-similar sets II, Preprint.7. J. Kigami, Harmonic metric and dirichlet form on the sierpinski gasket, Asymptotic problems in probability theory: stochastic models and

diffusions on fractals (Sanda/Kyoto 1990) (K. D. Elworthy and N. Ikeda, eds.), 283, Longman Sci. Tech., 1993, pp. 201–218.8. , Analysis on fractals, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2001.9. , Harmonic analysis for resistance forms, J. Funct. Anal. 204 (2003), 399–444.

10. J. Kigami and M. L. Lapidus, Weyl’s problem for the spectral distribution of laplacians on p.c.f. self-similar fractals, Comm. Math. Phys. 158(1993), 93–125.

11. S. Kusuoka, Dirichlet forms on fractals and products of random matrices, Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 25 (1989), 659–680.12. , Lecture on diffusion process on nested fractals, Lecture Notes in Math. 1567 (1993).13. R. Myers, R. S. Strichartz, and A. Taplyaev, Dirichlet forms on the sierpinski gasket, Pacific J. Math 217 (2004), 149–174.14. K. A. Okoudjou and R. S. Strichartz, Asymptotics of eigenvalue clusters for schrödinger operators on the sierpinski gasket, Preprint.15. T. Shima, On eigenvalue problems for the random walks on the sierpinski pre-gaskets, Japan J. Indust. Appl. Math. 8 (1991), 127–141.16. , On eigenvalue problems for laplacians on p.c.f. self-similar sets, Japan J. Indust. Appl. Math. 13 (1996), 1–23.17. R. S. Strichartz, Self-similar measures and their fourier transforms. III, Indiana Univ. Math. J. 42 (1993), 367–411.18. , Analysis on fractals, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 46 (1999), 1199–1208.19. , Function spaces on fractals, J. Funct. Anal. 198 (2003), 48–83.20. , Analysis on products of fractals, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 357 (2005), 571–615.21. , Laplacians on fractals with spectral gaps have nice fourier series, Math Research Letters 12 (2005), 269–274.22. , Differential equations on fractals: A tutorial, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, to appear.23. A. Taplyaev, Harmonic coordinates on fractals with finitely ramified cell structure, Preprint.24. , Gradients on fractals, J. Funct. Anal. 174 (2000), 128–154.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, NE 68588Current address: Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095E-mail address: [email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20742Current address: Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095E-mail address: [email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, MALOTT HALL, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NY 14853E-mail address: [email protected]
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