expr(n) Tcl Built-In Commands expr(n)

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NAME expr - Evaluate an expression

SYNOPSIS expr arg ?arg arg ...? _________________________________________________________________

DESCRIPTION Concatenates args (adding separator spaces between them), evaluates the result as a Tcl expression, and returns the value. The operators per- mitted in Tcl expressions include a subset of the operators permitted in C expressions. For those operators common to both Tcl and C, Tcl applies the same meaning and precedence as the corresponding C opera- tors. Expressions almost always yield numeric results (integer or floating-point values). For example, the expression expr 8.2 + 6 evaluates to 14.2. Tcl expressions differ from C expressions in the way that operands are specified. Also, Tcl expressions support non- numeric operands and string comparisons, as well as some additional operators not found in C.

OPERANDS A Tcl expression consists of a combination of operands, operators, and parentheses. White space may be used between the operands and opera- tors and parentheses; it is ignored by the expression s instructions. Where possible, operands are interpreted as integer values. Integer values may be specified in decimal (the normal case), in binary (if the first two characters of the operand are 0b), in octal (if the first two characters of the operand are 0o), or in hexadecimal (if the first two characters of the operand are 0x). For compatibility with older Tcl releases, an octal integer value is also indicated simply when the first character of the operand is 0, whether or not the second charac- ter is also o. If an operand does not have one of the integer formats given above, then it is treated as a floating-point number if that is possible. Floating-point numbers may be specified in any of several common formats making use of the decimal digits, the decimal point ., the characters e or E indicating scientific notation, and the sign characters + or -. For example, all of the following are valid float- ing-point numbers: 2.1, 3., 6e4, 7.91e+16. Also recognized as float- ing point values are the strings Inf and NaN making use of any case for each character. If no numeric interpretation is possible (note that all literal operands that are not numeric or boolean must be quoted with either braces or with double quotes), then an operand is left as a string (and only a limited set of operators may be applied to it).

Operands may be specified in any of the following ways:

 As a numeric value, either integer or floating-point.

 As a boolean value, using any form understood by string is boolean.

 As a Tcl variable, using standard \$ notation. The variables value will be used as the operand.

 As a string enclosed in double-quotes. The expression parser will perform backslash, variable, and command substitutions on the information between the quotes, and use the resulting value as the operand

 As a string enclosed in braces. The characters between the open brace and matching close brace will be used as the operand with- out any substitutions.

 As a Tcl command enclosed in brackets. The command will be exe- cuted and its result will be used as the operand.

 As a mathematical function whose arguments have any of the above forms for operands, such as sin(\$x). See MATH FUNCTIONS below for a discussion of how mathematical functions are handled.

Where the above substitutions occur (e.g. inside quoted strings), they are performed by the expressions instructions. However, the command parser may already have performed one round of substitution before the expression processor was called. As discussed below, it is usually best to enclose expressions in braces to prevent the command parser from performing substitutions on the contents.

For some examples of simple expressions, suppose the variable a has the value 3 and the variable b has the value 6. Then the command on the left side of each of the lines below will produce the value on the right side of the line: expr 3.1 + \$a 6.1 expr 2 + "\$a.\$b" 5.6 expr 4*[llength "6 2"] 8 expr {{word one} < "word \$a"}0

OPERATORS The valid operators (most of which are also available as commands in the tcl::mathop namespace; see the mathop(n) manual page for details) are listed below, grouped in decreasing order of precedence:

- + ~ ! Unary minus, unary plus, bit-wise NOT, logical NOT. None of these operators may be applied to string operands, and bit-wise NOT may be applied only to integers.

** Exponentiation. Valid for any numeric operands.

* / % Multiply, divide, remainder. None of these opera- tors may be applied to string operands, and remain- der may be applied only to integers. The remainder will always have the same sign as the divisor and an absolute value smaller than the divisor.

+ - Add and subtract. Valid for any numeric operands.

<< >> Left and right shift. Valid for integer operands only. A right shift always propagates the sign bit.

< > <= >= Boolean less, greater, less than or equal, and greater than or equal. Each operator produces 1 if the condition is true, 0 otherwise. These opera- tors may be applied to strings as well as numeric operands, in which case string comparison is used.

== != Boolean equal and not equal. Each operator pro- duces a zero/one result. Valid for all operand types.

eq ne Boolean string equal and string not equal. Each operator produces a zero/one result. The operand types are interpreted only as strings.

in ni List containment and negated list containment. Each operator produces a zero/one result and treats its first argument as a string and its second argu- ment as a Tcl list. The in operator indicates whether the first argument is a member of the sec- ond argument list; the ni operator inverts the sense of the result.

& Bit-wise AND. Valid for integer operands only.

^ Bit-wise exclusive OR. Valid for integer operands only.

| Bit-wise OR. Valid for integer operands only.

&& Logical AND. Produces a 1 result if both operands are non-zero, 0 otherwise. Valid for boolean and numeric (integers or floating-point) operands only.

|| Logical OR. Produces a 0 result if both operands are zero, 1 otherwise. Valid for boolean and numeric (integers or floating-point) operands only.

x?y:z If-then-else, as in C. If x evaluates to non-zero, then the result is the value of y. Otherwise the result is the value of z. The x operand must have a boolean or numeric value.

See the C manual for more details on the results produced by each oper- ator. The exponentiation operator promotes types like the multiply and divide operators, and produces a result that is the same as the output of the pow function (after any type conversions.) All of the binary operators group left-to-right within the same precedence level. For example, the command expr {4*2 < 7} returns 0.

The &&, ||, and ?: operators have lazy evaluation , just as in C, which means that operands are not evaluated if they are not needed to determine the outcome. For example, in the command expr {\$v ? [a] : [b]} only one of [a] or [b] will actually be evaluated, depending on the value of \$v. Note, however, that this is only true if the entire expression is enclosed in braces; otherwise the Tcl parser will evalu- ate both [a] and [b] before invoking the expr command.

MATH FUNCTIONS When the expression parser encounters a mathematical function such as sin(\$x), it replaces it with a call to an ordinary Tcl function in the tcl::mathfunc namespace. The processing of an expression such as: expr {sin(\$x+\$y)} is the same in every way as the processing of: expr {[tcl::mathfunc::sin [expr {\$x+\$y}]]} which in turn is the same as the processing of: tcl::mathfunc::sin [expr {\$x+\$y}]

The executor will search for tcl::mathfunc::sin using the usual rules for resolving functions in namespaces. Either ::tcl::mathfunc::sin or [namespace current]::tcl::mathfunc::sin will satisfy the request, and others may as well (depending on the current namespace path setting).

See the mathfunc(n) manual page for the math functions that are avail- able by default.

TYPES, OVERFLOW, AND PRECISION All internal computations involving integers are done calling on the LibTomMath multiple precision integer library as required so that all integer calculations are performed exactly. Note that in Tcl releases prior to 8.5, integer calculations were performed with one of the C types long int or Tcl_WideInt, causing implicit range truncation in those calculations where values overflowed the range of those types. Any code that relied on these implicit truncations will need to explic- itly add int() or wide() function calls to expressions at the points where such truncation is required to take place.

All internal computations involving floating-point are done with the C type double. When converting a string to floating-point, exponent overflow is detected and results in the double value of Inf or -Inf as appropriate. Floating-point overflow and underflow are detected to the degree supported by the hardware, which is generally pretty reliable.

Conversion among internal representations for integer, floating-point, and string operands is done automatically as needed. For arithmetic computations, integers are used until some floating-point number is introduced, after which floating-point is used. For example, expr {5 / 4} returns 1, while expr {5 / 4.0} expr {5 / ( [string length "abcd"] + 0.0 )} both return 1.25. Floating-point values are always returned with a . or an e so that they will not look like integer values. For example, expr {20.0/5.0} returns 4.0, not 4.

STRING OPERATIONS String values may be used as operands of the comparison operators, although the expression evaluator tries to do comparisons as integer or floating-point when it can, except in the case of the eq and ne opera- tors. If one of the operands of a comparison is a string and the other has a numeric value, a canonical string representation of the numeric operand value is generated to compare with the string operand. Canoni- cal string representation for integer values is a decimal string for- mat. Canonical string representation for floating-point values is that produced by the %g format specifier of Tcl s format command. For exam- ple, the commands expr {"0x03" > "2"} expr {"0y" < "0x12"} both return 1. The first comparison is done using integer comparison, and the second is done using string comparison after the second operand is converted to the string 18. Because of Tcls tendency to treat val- ues as numbers whenever possible, it is not generally a good idea to use operators like == when you really want string comparison and the values of the operands could be arbitrary; it is better in these cases to use the eq or ne operators, or the string command instead.

PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS Enclose expressions in braces for the best speed and the smallest stor- age requirements. This allows the Tcl bytecode compiler to generate the best code.

As mentioned above, expressions are substituted twice: once by the Tcl parser and once by the expr command. For example, the commands set a 3 set b {\$a + 2} expr \$b*4 return 11, not a multiple of 4. This is because the Tcl parser will first substitute \$a + 2 for the variable b, then the expr command will evaluate the expression \$a + 2*4.

Most expressions do not require a second round of substitutions. Either they are enclosed in braces or, if not, their variable and com- mand substitutions yield numbers or strings that do not themselves require substitutions. However, because a few unbraced expressions need two rounds of substitutions, the bytecode compiler must emit addi- tional instructions to handle this situation. The most expensive code is required for unbraced expressions that contain command substitutions. These expressions must be implemented by generating new code each time the expression is executed. When the expression is unbraced to allow the substitution of a function or operator, consider using the commands documented in the mathfunc(n) or mathop(n) manual pages directly instead.

EXAMPLES Define a procedure that computes an interesting mathematical func- tion: proc tcl::mathfunc::calc {x y} { expr { (\$x**2 - \$y**2) / exp(\$x**2 + \$y**2) } }

Convert polar coordinates into cartesian coordinates: # convert from (\$radius,\$angle) set x [expr { \$radius * cos(\$angle) }] set y [expr { \$radius * sin(\$angle) }]

Convert cartesian coordinates into polar coordinates: # convert from (\$x,\$y) set radius [expr { hypot(\$y, \$x) }] set angle [expr { atan2(\$y, \$x) }]

Print a message describing the relationship of two string values to each other: puts "a and b are [expr {\$a eq \$b ? {equal} : {different}}]"

Set a variable to whether an environment variable is both defined at all and also set to a true boolean value: set isTrue [expr { [info exists ::env(SOME_ENV_VAR)] && [string is true -strict \$::env(SOME_ENV_VAR)] }]

Generate a random integer in the range 0..99 inclusive: set randNum [expr { int(100 * rand()) }]

SEE ALSO array(n), for(n), if(n), mathfunc(n), mathop(n), namespace(n), proc(n), string(n), Tcl(n), while(n)

KEYWORDS arithmetic, boolean, compare, expression, fuzzy comparison
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