# What is the JavaScript >>> operator and how do you use it?

I was looking at code from Mozilla that add a filter method to Array and it had a line of code that confused me.

``````var len = this.length >>> 0;
``````

I have never seen >>> used in JavaScript before.
What is it and what does it do? It doesn't just convert non-Numbers to Number, it converts them to Numbers that can be expressed as 32-bit unsigned ints.

Although JavaScript's Numbers are double-precision floats(*), the bitwise operators (`<<`, `>>`, `&`, `|` and `~`) are defined in terms of operations on 32-bit integers. Doing a bitwise operation converts the number to a 32-bit signed int, losing any fractions and higher-place bits than 32, before doing the calculation and then converting back to Number.

So doing a bitwise operation with no actual effect, like a rightward-shift of 0 bits `>>0`, is a quick way to round a number and ensure it is in the 32-bit int range. Additionally, the triple `>>>` operator, after doing its unsigned operation, converts the results of its calculation to Number as an unsigned integer rather than the signed integer the others do, so it can be used to convert negatives to the 32-bit-two's-complement version as a large Number. Using `>>>0` ensures you've got an integer between 0 and 0xFFFFFFFF.

In this case this is useful because ECMAScript defines Array indexes in terms of 32 bit unsigned ints. So if you're trying to implement `array.filter` in a way that exactly duplicates what the ECMAScript Fifth Edition standard says, you would cast the number to 32-bit unsigned int like this.

(In reality there's little practical need for this as hopefully people aren't going to be setting `array.length` to `0.5`, `-1`, `1e21` or `'LEMONS'`. But this is JavaScript authors we're talking about, so you never know...)

Summary:

``````1>>>0            === 1
-1>>>0           === 0xFFFFFFFF          -1>>0    === -1
1.7>>>0          === 1
0x100000002>>>0  === 2
1e21>>>0         === 0xDEA00000          1e21>>0  === -0x21600000
Infinity>>>0     === 0
NaN>>>0          === 0
null>>>0         === 0
'1'>>>0          === 1
'x'>>>0          === 0
Object>>>0       === 0
``````

(*: well, they're defined as behaving like floats. It wouldn't surprise me if some JavaScript engine actually used ints when it could, for performance reasons. But that would be an implementation detail you wouldn't get to take any advantage of.) The unsigned right shift operator is used in the all the array extra's method implementations of Mozilla, to ensure that the `length` property is a unsigned 32-bit integer.

The `length` property of array objects is described in the specification as:

Every Array object has a length property whose value is always a nonnegative integer less than 232.

This operator is the shortest way to achieve it, internally array methods use the `ToUint32` operation, but that method is not accessible and exist on the specification for implementation purposes.

The Mozilla array extras implementations try to be ECMAScript 5 compliant, look at the description of the `Array.prototype.indexOf` method (§ 15.4.4.14):

```1. Let O be the result of calling ToObject passing the this value
as the argument.
2. Let lenValue be the result of calling the [[Get]] internal method of O with
the argument "length".
3. Let len be ToUint32(lenValue).
....
```

As you can see, they just want to reproduce the behavior of the `ToUint32` method to comply with the ES5 spec on an ES3 implementation, and as I said before, the unsigned right shift operator is the easiest way. That is the unsigned right bit shift operator. The difference between this and the signed right bit shift operator, is that the unsigned right bit shift operator (>>>) fills with zeroes from the left, and the signed right bit shift operator (>>) fills with the sign bit, thus preserving the sign of the numerical value when shifted. Driis has sufficiently explained what the operator is and what it does. Here's the meaning behind it/why it was used:

Shifting any direction by `0` does returns the original number and will cast `null` to `0`. It seems that the example code that you are looking at is using `this.length >>> 0` to ensure that `len` is numeric even if `this.length` is not defined.

For many people, bitwise operations are unclear (and Douglas Crockford/jslint suggests against using such things). It doesn't mean that its wrong to do, but more favorable and familiar methods exist to make code more readable. A more clear way to ensure that `len` is `0` is either of the following two methods.

``````// Cast this.length to a number
var len = +this.length;
``````

or

``````// Cast this.length to a number, or use 0 if this.length is
// NaN/undefined (evaluates to false)
var len = +this.length || 0;
`````` `>>>` is the unsigned right shift operator (see p. 76 of the JavaScript 1.5 specification), as opposed to the `>>`, the signed right shift operator.

`>>>` changes the results of shifting negative numbers because it does not preserve the sign bit when shifting. The consequences of this is can be understood by example, from an interpretter:

``````\$ 1 >> 0
1
\$ 0 >> 0
0
\$ -1 >> 0
-1
\$ 1 >>> 0
1
\$ 0 >>> 0
0
\$ -1 >>> 0
4294967295
\$(-1 >>> 0).toString(16)
"ffffffff"
\$ "cabbage" >>> 0
0
``````

So what is probably intended to be done here is to get the length, or 0 if the length is undefined or not an integer, as per the `"cabbage"` example above. I think in this case it is safe to assume that `this.length` will never be `< 0`. Nevertheless, I would argue that this example is a nasty hack, for two reasons:

1. The behavior of `<<<` when using negative numbers, a side-effect probably not intended (or likely to occur) in the example above.

2. The intention of the code is not obvious, as the existence of this question verifies.

Best practice is probably to use something more readable unless performance is absolutely critical:

``````isNaN(parseInt(foo)) ? 0 : parseInt(foo)
`````` Two reasons:

1. The result of >>> is an "integral"

2. undefined >>> 0 = 0 (since JS will try and coerce the LFS to numeric context, this will work for "foo" >>> 0, etc. as well)

Remember that numbers in JS have an internal-representation of double. It's just a "quick" way of basic input sanity for length.

However, -1 >>> 0 (oops, likely not a desired length!) Sample Java Code below explains well:

``````int x = 64;

System.out.println("x >>> 3 = "  + (x >>> 3));
System.out.println("x >> 3 = "  + (x >> 3));
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(x >>> 3));
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(x >> 3));
``````

Output is the following:

``````x >>> 3 = 536870904
x >> 3 = -8
11111111111111111111111111000
11111111111111111111111111111000
``````
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