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 .flow { margin: 0; font-size: 1em; } .flow .pagebreak { page-break-before: always; } .flow p { text-align: left; text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .flow .gstxt_sup { font-size: 75%; position: relative; bottom: 0.5em; } .flow .gstxt_sub { font-size: 75%; position: relative; top: 0.3em; } .flow .gstxt_hlt { background-color: yellow; } .flow div.gtxt_inset_box { padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; border: 1px black solid; } .flow div.gtxt_footnote { padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em; border: 1px black dotted; } .flow .gstxt_underline { text-decoration: underline; } .flow .gtxt_heading { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 150%; font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps; } .flow .gtxt_h1_heading { text-align: center; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; } .flow .gtxt_h2_heading { font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold; } .flow .gtxt_h3_heading { font-weight: bold; } .flow .gtxt_lineated { margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; } .flow .gtxt_lineated_code { margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: monospace; } .flow .gtxt_quote { margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } .flow .gtxt_list_entry { margin-left: 2ex; text-indent: -2ex; } .flow .gimg_graphic { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } .flow .gimg_table { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } .flow { font-family: serif; } .flow span,p { font-family: inherit; } .flow-top-div {font-size:83%;} Ex. 1. If the diameter of a sphere is 127 feet, what is the convex surface of a segment cut off from it, whose height is 2 feet ? Ans. 78.54 sq. ft. 2. If the diameter of the earth, considered as a perfect sphere, is 7970 miles, and the height of each temperate zone is taken at 2143.623553 miles, what is the surface of each temperate zone ? Ans. 53673093.12+ sq. m. 669. To find the solidity of a segment of a sphere. Multiply the square of the height plus three times the square of the radius of the base, by the height, and this product by .5236. Ex. 1. Required the solidity of a spherical segment, whose height is 3 feet, and the radius of whose base is 4£ feet. Ans. 109.56 cu. ft. 2. Required the solidity of the segment of a sphere, whose height is 9 feet, and the diameter of whose base is 20 feet. Ans. 1795.42 cu. ft. 670. To find the surface of a cylindrical ring. Multiply the sum of the thickness and the inner diameter by the thickness, and that product by 9.8696. Ex. 1. Required the surface of a cylindrical ring, whose inner diameter is 21 inches, and whose thickness is 4 inches. Ans. 986.96 sq. in. 671. To find the solidity of a cylindrical ring. Multiply the sum of the thickness and the inner diameter by the square of the thickness, and that product by 2.4674. Ex. 1. Required the solidity of a cylindrical ring, whose inner diameter is 25 inches, and whose thickness is 5 inches. Ans. 1850.55 cu. in. 672. To find the solidity of a spheroid. Multiply the square of the revolving axis by the fixed axis, and that product by .523598. Ex. 1. If the fixed axis of a spheroid is 32 inches, and the revolving axis 20 inches, what is the solidity ? Ans. 6702.08 cu. in. 2. Required the contents of a balloon in the form of a prolate spheroid, having its longer diameter 48 feet, and its shorter 38 feet. Ans. 36291.76 cu. ft. MENSURATION OF LUMBER. 673. Boards are usually measured by the square foot. Planks, joists, beams, &c. are usually measured by board measure, the board being considered to be 1 inch in thickness. Round timber is sometimes measured by the ton, and sometimes by board measure. 674. To find the number of square feet in a board. Multiply the length of the board, taken in feet, by its width, taken in inches, and the product divided by 12 will give the contents in square feet Or, Take both the length and width in feet, and their product will be the contents in feet Note. - If the board is tapering, take half the sum of the width of its ends for the width. Ex. 1. What are the contents of a board 24 feet long, and 8 inches wide ? Ans. 16 feet. 2. What are the contents of a board 30 feet long, and 16 inches wide ? Ans. 40 feet. 3. What are the contents of a tapering board, 30 feet long, whose ends are, the one 26 inches, and the other 14 inches wide ? 675. To find the number of feet, board measure, in a plank, joist, beam, &c. Multiply the width taken in inches by the thickness in inches, and this product by the length, in feet ; and the last product divided by 12 will give the contents in feet, board measure. NotE. — If the plank, joist, &c. is tapering in width, take half the sum of the width of the ends for the width; and if the taper be both of the width and the thickness, the common rule of obtaining the contents in cubic feet is, to multiply half the sum of the areas of the two ends by the length, and divide the product by 144. Ex. 1. How many feet are there in 3 joists, which are 15 feet long, 5 inches wide, and 3 inches thick ? Ans. 564 feet 2. How many feet in 20 joists, 10 feet long, 6 inches wide, and 2 inches thick ? Ans. 200 feet. 3. How many feet in a beam 20 feet long, 10 inches thick, whose width tapers from 18 to 16 inches ? Ans. 2833 feet. 676. To find the contents of round timber. Multiply the length, taken in feet, by the square of one fourth of the mean girth, taken in inches, and this product divided by 144 will give the contents in cubic feet. Note. — The girth of tapering timber is usually taken about f the distance from the larger to the smaller end. The rule is that in common use, though very far from giving the actual number of cubic feet in round lumber measured by it. 40 cubic feet, as given by the rule, are in fact equal to 50% true cubic feet. The following rule gives results more nearly accurate, requiring to be diminished by only one foot in 190, to give exact contents. Jsultiply the square of one fifth of the mean girth, taken in inches, by twice the length, in feet; and divide by 144. Ex. 1. How many cubic feet in a stick of timber which is 30 feet long, and whose girth is 40 inches ? Ans. 205 feet. 2. If a stick of timber is 50 feet long, and its girth is 56 inches, what number of cubic feet does it contain ? Ans. 684 feet. 3. What are the contents of a log 90 feet long, and whose circumference is 120 inches? Ans. 562 feet. GAUGING OF CASKS. 677. Gauging is the process of finding the capacities of casks or other vessels. Casks are generally considered to be of four varieties : 1. Having the staves nearly straight; 2. Having the staves very little curved; 3. Having the staves of a medium curve; 4. Having the staves considerably curved. Note. – Casks of the first variety approach very nearly the form of a cylinder; those of the third variety are of the shape of a molasses hogshead; those of the second variety have a curvature of stave between that of the first and third; and the fourth have a greater curvature than that of the third. 678. In gauging casks, it is necessary first to find the mean diameter. This is found by taking the end and middle diameters, and the length in inches; and then adding to the end diameter the product of the difference between the end and middle diameters by .55, .60,.65, or .70, as the cask may be of the first second, third, or fourth variety. 679. To find the capacity of a cask in gallons. Multiply the square of the mean diameter, in inches, by the length, in inches ; and the product multiplied by .0034 will give the capacity in liquid or wine gallons. Note 1. - If the capacity is required in ale or beer gallons, use for a multiplier .0028 instead of".0034. If imperial gallons are required, multiply the liquid or wine gallon, as found by the rule, by .833. NOTE 2. -- The contents of any vessel being known in cubic inches, its capacity in liquid gallons may be found by dividing by 231; in ale or beer gallons, by dividing by 282; and in bushels, by dividing by 2150.42. Ex. 1. Required the capacity in gallons of a cask of the fourth variety, whose middle diameter is 35 inches, head diameter 27 inches, and length 45 inches. Ans. 162.6. 2. What is the capacity in gallons of a cask of the third variety, whose middle diameter is 38 inches, head diameter 30 inches, and length 42 inches ? 3. What are the contents in liquid measure of a tub 40 inches in diameter at the top, 30 inches at the bottom, and whose height is 50 inches ? Ans. 209.66gal. 4. How many wine gallons will a cubical box contain, that is 10 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet high ? Ans. 1496, gal. 5. How many ale gallons will a trough contain, that is 12 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 2 feet high ? Ans. 8824gal. 6. How many bushels of grain will a box contain that is 15 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 7 feet high? Ans. 421.8bu. TONNAGE OF VESSELS. 680: The tonnage of a ship is the number of tons burden it will carry, with safety, under the ordinary circumstances of navigation. The light-loaded water-line of a vessel is the line made by the water upon the outside of the hull as it floats without load; and the deeploarleil water-line is that made in like manner when it is fully laden. The number of cubic feet of the hull between these two waterlines, divided by 35, the number of cubic feet of sea-water which must be taken to weigh a ton, represents the weight of water displaced in sinking the vessel from the light to the deep-loaded waterline, and therefore its true tonnage. 681: The present government rule, or that adopted 1864, requires too many data properly to have a place in arithmetic. The former rule, although it does not always give the actual tonnage, yet as builders and others often make their estimates by it, is here given. RULE. FOR SINGLE-DECKED VESSELS. Take the length on deck from the forward side of the main stem to the after side of the stern post, and the breadth at the broadest part above the main wales ; take the depth from the under side of the deck plank to the ceiling of the hold; and deduct from the length three fifths of the breadth ; multiply the remainder by the breadth, and the product by the depth ; and divide the last product by 95. For DOUBLE-DECKED VESSELS. Proceed as with single-decked vessels, except for the depth take half the breadth. Note. — The rule is differently construed. The length is usually taken in a line with the deck; the depth at the main hatch. But with regard to the breadth, there is a great want of uniformity among measurers; most take the breadth about 45 inches below the plank-sheer at the broadest part; some consider the upper wales, and others the lower, at the main wales, thus making a onsiderable difference in their results. The rule for single-decked vessels operates very well, but the rule for double-decked vessels, which is also intended to include all vessels of more than one deck, often fails to give the true tonnage. A more accurate method would, for DOUBLE-DECKEL VESSELS, take the breadth 5 feet below the upper deck, at the broadest part, and for THREE-DECKED VESSELS 7 feet below the upper deck; and in each case for depth of hold three fifths of the breadth. Ex. 1. A. & G. T. Sampson, of East Boston, have contracted to build a clipper ship 1917 feet long, 36, feet wide, 22 feet deep; what is the tonnage of the ship? Ans. 1184220 tons. 2. What is the tonnage of the ship Meridian, whose length is 1847, width 3814, and depth 28 feet? Ans. 1284444847 tons. 3. The ship Mattakeeset is 195 feet long, 39-4 wide, and 277% deep; what is the tonnage of the same ? Ans. 139712825 tons. 4. Required the tonnage of a single-decked vessel, whose length is 78 feet, width 21 feet, and depth 9 feet. Ans. 130 tons. 5. What is the tonnage of a double-decked vessel, whose length is 159 feet, and width 30 feet? Ans. 66717 tons. 6. What is the tonnage of Noah's ark, admitting its length to bave been 479 feet, its breadth 80 feet, and its depth 48 feet ? Ans. 1451717 tons. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. Ans. 6.3: 1. What number is that to which, if of ģ be added, the sum will be 1 ? 2. A certain gentleman, at the time of his marriage, agreed to give his wife of his estate, if, at the time of his death, he left only a daughter, and if he left only a son, she should have of his property; but as it happened, he left a son and a daughter, in consequence of which the widow received in equity \$ 2400 less than she would have received if there had been only a daughter. What would have been his wife's dowry if he had left only a son ? Ans. \$ 2100. 3. A gentleman being asked what o'clock it was, said that it was between 5 and 6; but, to be more particular, he said that the minutehand had passed as far beyond the 6 as the hour-hand wanted of having reached the 6; that is, that the hour and minute-hands made equal acute angles with a line passing from the 12 through the 6. Required the time of day. Ans. 32m. 18s. past 5. 4. Divide 97deg. 55m. 7fur. 35rd. 4ft. 6in. by 6. 5. A, B, and C are to share \$ 100,000 in the proportion of }, , and }, respectively; but C's part being lost by his death, it is required to divide the whole sum properly between the other two. Ans. A's part is \$ 57,1429, and B's \$ 42,8577. 6. A father devised of his estate to one of his sons, and of the residue to the other, and the remainder to his wife. The difference of his sons' legacies was found to be 257£. 3s. 4d. What money did he leave for his widow ? Ans. 635£. Os. 104.d. 7. In the walls of Balbec, in Turkey, the ancient Heliopolis, there are three stones laid end to end, now in sight, that measure 61 yards in length, one of which is 63 feet long, 12 feet thick, and 12 feet broad; what is its weight, supposing its specific gravity to be 3 times that of water ? Ans. 8504 tons. 8. A burden of 2001b., suspended on a pole 4ft. in length, the point of suspension being 6in. from the middle, is carried by two men, the ends of the pole resting on their shoulders; how much of this load is borne by each man ? Ans. 125lb. and 75lb. 9. The court-house in Boston has eight pillars of granite, each 25ft. 4in. in length, 4ft. 5in. in diameter at one end, and 3ft. 5in. in diameter at the other end. How many cubic feet do they contain, and what is their weight, allowing a cubic foot to weigh 3000 ounces ? Ans. 2455.03 cub. ft.; 230.15+tons. 10. A father, dying, left his son a legacy, 4 of which he spent in 8 months ; ļof the remainder lasted him 12 months longer, after which he had only \$ 410 left. What amount did his father bequeath him ? Ans. \$ 956.667; 11. A merchant sold goods to a certain amount, on a commission of 4 per cent., and, having remitted the net proceeds to the owner, received 4 per cent. for prompt payment, which amounted to \$ 15.60. What was the amount of his commission ? Ans. \$ 260. « ĐńďçăďýěĺíçÓőíÝ÷ĺéá »
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