# All Energy = 0

Ian Goddard (Ian@Goddard.net)
Wed, 18 Nov 1998 03:32:02 -0500

In his book "The Inflationary Universe" (Helix Books, 1997, page 13) MIT physics professor Alan H. Guth discuses as fact that the sum total of all energy in the universe equals zero:

"In 1973 [Dr. Edward] Tryon published an article in the journal Nature, with the title "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?" He had understood the crucial point: the vast cosmos that we see around us could have originated as a vacuum fluctuation -- essentially from nothing at all -- because the large positive energy of the masses in the universe can be counterbalanced by a corresponding amount of negative energy in the form of the gravitational field." [IAN: thus the sum of all energy is exactly zero]

We might say that you can get something from nothing, if, and only if, that something is equal to nothing, i.e., to zero. Later in his book (pages 272-273), professor Guth states:

"[I]n any closed universe the negative gravitational energy cancels the energy of matter exactly. The total energy, or equivalently the total mass, is precisely equal to zero.* With zero mass, the lifetime of a quantum fluctuation can be infinite. . . .

• ...the fact that the total energy of a closed universe is exactly zero had been explained some years earlier in the widely known textbook, "The Classical Theory of Fields," Revised Second Edition, by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz (Addison-Wesley Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1962), pp. 378-379. "

You'll notice the stipulation that total energy equals zero in any "closed universe." A closed universe will collapse in on itself, but an open universe will continue to expand forever. QUESTION: Would all energy in an Open universe equal zero?? <<--- Recent evidence -- the measured acceleration of universal expansion -- tends to suggest that our universe is open. So, does the zero-sum of energy hold in an open universe? The case Guth makes for why gravitational energy is properly denoted with in the negative (-) seems to apply to any universe.

GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY IS NEGATIVE

In Appendix A of The Inflationary Universe, Guth explains why the proper sign for graviational energy is negative (-), which Guth notes "is crucial to the notion of a zero-energy universe."

In his 5-page non-technical explanation of why gravitational energy is negative, Guth observes the curiosity that in the interior of a hollow, spherical shell of mass, there would be no gravitational field exerted by the mass of the shell itself; you'd be floating around inside it like an astronaut in space (assuming that the shell itself is not in a g-field). Yet the shell does create a gravitational field in its external area, such that a particle outside the shell will fall toward the shell, and toward the center of the shell, just as if the hollow shell was a solid sphere with mass at the center.

But rather than falling to the empty center, a particle inside the shell would experience zero gravity, since if it was inside the shell closer to one side of the shell, the gravity of that side is equally strong as the gravity of the larger amount of mass on the other side that is further away, and so the gravitational forces from each side cancel out at any and all points inside the mass shell. As such, the inside of the hollow shell is an ideal example of a zero-gravity field.

Guth then observes that the shell still exerts a gravitational force on its own mass, and the force lines of that force point toward the center of the shell. Therefore, the shell will fall into its center, or collapse, while keeping its same shape. As Guth observes (in thought-experiment mode here):

"Outside the shell the gravitational field points
inward, and inside the gravitational field is zero. Now imagine what would happen if the shell were allowed to uniformly contract, keeping its spherical shape. One can imagine, for example, extracting energy by tying ropes to each piece of the shell... These ropes can be used to drive electric generators as each piece is lowered to its new position."

As the shell contracts to a smaller size, a region of space that had been zero gravity and inside the shrinking shell is now outside it, and that region is no longer a zero-gravity field. As Guth notes, after the collapse "a gravitational field now exists where no field had existed before." And the inward "falling" shell has also released energy that the hypothetical generators have extracted.

Guth concludes with this argument as to why the newly created gravitational field is properly denoted as negative energy:

"The net effect of this operation is to extract
energy and to create a new region of gravitational field. Thus, energy is released when a gravitational field is created. The energy contained in the shaded region must therefore decrease, just as the water level in a tank decreases if water is released. Since the region began with no gravitational field and hence no energy, the final energy must be negative. In most physical processes the exchange of gravitational energy is much smaller than the rest energy (mc^2) of the particles involved, but cosmologically the total gravitational energy can be very significant." (page 292)

And presumably, the sum total of all gravitational energy is exactly equal but opposite to the sum total of the positive energy in all masses in the universe that create the cosmic gravitational field, and thus the sum of all energy (and equivalently of all mass) in the universe equals zero.

If you have or are aware of counter arguments to this zero- -energy analysis, or if you know the answer to the question cited above, please let me know. Thanks.

ZEROING In On Identity: http://Ian.Goddard.net/identity.htm

Visit Ian Williams Goddard --------> http://Ian.Goddard.net
```                The Utility and Value of Zero

" [T]he Indian sunya [zero] was destined to become
the turning point in a development without which
the progress of modern science, or commerce is
inconceivable. ... In the history of culture,
the invention of zero will always stand out
as one of the  greatest  single  achi-
evements of the human race."

Tobias Dantzig
"Number, The Language of Science"
Macmillan Press, 1967

Zero: Gateway To Enlightenment

"He who contemplates on sunya...is absorbed
into space. . . think on the Great Void un-
ceasingly. The Great Void, whose beginning
is void, whose middle is void, [and] whose
end is void...By contemplating continually
on this, one obtains success [nirvana]."

The Siva Samhita (5:47,160,161)

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