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INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15 (2003) S3411–S3420 PII: S0953-8984(03)66420-9

Capillary of –polymer mixtures conﬁned between parallel plates

Matthias Schmidt1,Andrea Fortini and Marjolein Dijkstra

Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands

Received 21 July 2003 Published 20 November 2003 Onlineatstacks.iop.org/JPhysCM/15/S3411

Abstract We investigate the ﬂuid–ﬂuid demixing transition of the Asakura–Oosawa model colloid–polymer mixture conﬁned between two smooth parallel hard walls using density functional theory and computer simulations. Comparing ﬂuid density proﬁles for statepoints away from colloidal coexistence yields good agreement of the theoretical results with simulation data. Theoretical and simulation results predict consistently a shift of the demixing and the critical point towards higher polymer reservoir packing fraction and towards higher colloid fugacities upon decreasing the plate separation distance. This implies of the colloid liquid phase, which should be experimentally observable inside slitlike micropores in contact with abulkcolloidal gas.

1. Introduction

Capillary condensation denotes the phenomenon that spatial conﬁnement can stabilize a liquid phase coexisting with its vapour in bulk [1, 2]. In order for this to happen the attractive interaction between the conﬁning walls and the ﬂuid needs to be sufﬁciently strong. Although the main body of work on this subject has been done in the context of conﬁned simple , one might expect that capillary condensation is particularly well suited to be studied with colloidal dispersions. In these complex ﬂuids length scales are on the micron rather than on the ångstrom¨ scale which is typical for atomicsubstances. Attraction between colloidal particles can be generated and precisely tuned by adding non-adsorbing polymer. The presence of the polymers induces an effective attraction between the that may lead to ﬂuid–ﬂuid phase separation reminiscent of the gas–liquid transition in atomic systems: the phase that is poor in colloids corresponds to the gas and the phase that is dense in colloids corresponds to the liquid .

1 On leave from Institut fur¨ Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat¨ Du¨sseldorf, Universitatsstraße¨ 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf,¨ Germany.

0953-8984/03/483411+10\$30.00 © 2003 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK S3411 S3412 MSchmidtet al

Aparticularly simple model to study colloid–polymer mixtures is that proposed by Asakura and Oosawa (AO)  and Vrij , where colloids are represented as hard spheres and polymers as effective, overlapping spheres that cannot penetrate the colloids. Indeed this model displays stable gas and liquid phases and also a crystalline [6–12]. The same mechanism that generates an effective attraction between two colloidal particles via depletion of polymers gives also rise to attraction between a single colloidal and a simple hard wall leading to strong adsorption of colloids at the wall . Close to the gas branch of the demixing binodal the hard wall is wet by the colloidal liquid, purely driven by entropy, and an intriguing scenario of entropic with a ﬁnite sequence of layering transitions in the partial wetting regime was found with density functional theory (DFT) [14, 15] and computer simulations , and recently also in a rod–sphere mixture . In fact, there is also experimental evidence for wetting of a smooth hard substrate by the colloid-rich phase [17–19]. Less attention has been paid to the inﬂuence of strong conﬁnement on colloid– polymer mixtures, exceptions being exposure to a standing laser ﬁeld  and immersion into random sphere matrices acting as porous media [21, 22]. In this work we investigate the effect of contact with two narrowly spaced, parallel smooth hard walls. We use Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulation and DFT to investigate arange of wall separation distances from ten down to one colloid diameter—covering the dimensional crossover to two remaining space coordinates. Both theory and simulation treat the polymers explicitly, and hence include, in principle, all polymer-induced many- body interactions between colloids. Testing the theory for a case of strong conﬁnement by comparing colloid and polymer density proﬁles away from coexistence with simulation data demonstrates good accuracy. From theory and simulation results for ﬂuid–ﬂuid coexistence we ﬁnd that indeed conﬁnement stabilizes the colloidal liquid inside the capillary, hence capillary condensation does occur. These ﬁndings should beexperimentally observable in colloid– polymer mixtures prepared such that the colloidal bulk gas is in contact with a thin slit pore, and the adsorption inside the pore is measured. The paper is organized as follows. In section2wedeﬁnethe AO model between parallel walls explicitly. In section 3 both the MC and DFT techniques are presented. Section 4 discusses results for one-body density proﬁles and the demixing . We conclude in section 5.

2. Model

The AO model is a binary mixture of colloidal hard spheres (species c) of diameter σc and of spheres representing polymer coils (species p) with diameter σp [4, 5]. The pair interaction between colloids is that of hard spheres: Vcc(r) =∞if r <σc and zero otherwise, where r is the separation distance between particle centres. The interaction between a colloid and a polymer is also that of hard spheres: Vcp(r) =∞if r <(σc + σp)/2andzero otherwise. The polymers, however, are assumed to be ideal, hence the polymer–polymer interaction vanishes for all distances, Vpp(r) = 0. To model the conﬁnement between smooth parallel hard walls we consider external potentials acting on species i = c, p, given by  0 σi /2 < z < H − (σi /2) Vext,i (z) = (1) ∞ otherwise, where z is the spatial coordinate normal to the walls, and H is the wall separation distance; see ﬁgure 1 for an illustration of the situation. Capillary condensation of colloid–polymer mixtures conﬁned between parallel plates S3413

z

Figure 1. Illustration of the AO model of hard sphere colloids (grey circles) of diameter σc and ideal polymers (transparent circles) of diameter σp conﬁned between parallel hard walls of area A and separation distance H .Colloids behave as hard spheres, polymers cannot penetrate colloids, and polymers may freely overlap. The walls are impenetrable to both components. The z-axis is perpendicular to the walls, and the origin is located at the lower wall.

The size ratio q = σp/σc is a geometric control parameter;the ratio H/σc rules the strength η = πσ3 /( ) of the conﬁnement. We denote the packing fractions by i i Ni 6AH ,whereNi is the number of particles of species i and A is the lateral (normal to the z-direction) area of thesystem. As alternative thermodynamic parameters, we use the packing fraction in a pure ηr reservoir of polymers, p,andthefugacity of the colloids, zc.

3. Methods

3.1. Computer simulations

We employ Gibbs ensemble MC simulations, where phase coexistence is directly accessible through the use of two simulation boxes, each representing one of the coexisting states [23, 24]. Both boxes contain the conﬁning walls at ﬁxed plate separation distance H .LetNi,a be the number of particles of species i in box a = 1, 2, and Aa H be the volume of box a,whereAa is its lateral area. Then A1 H + A2 H = constant and Ni,1 + Ni,2 = constant, while ﬂuctuations of Ni,a and Aa inside each individual box a = 1, 2are allowed. Thus three different (randomly chosen) types of MC move are performed: single-particle moves of colloids and polymers inside each simulation box, moves that transferparticles from one box to the other to ensure equal chemical potential, and volume exchanges between both boxes to ensure equal wall–ﬂuid interfacial tension via rescaling the lateral box dimensions (and the x-andy-components of particle positions) while keeping the plate separation distance H (and the z-components of all particle positions) constant. We start from a random, non-overlapping conﬁguration, and use 108 MC moves for equilibration and typically 3 × 108 production moves for each pair of coexistence statepoints. Acceptance ratios for particle exchange depend strongly on statepoint ηr and decrease, upon increasing p, from about 50% close to the critical point to about 5% forthe highest values considered. The coexistence densities are obtained from the maxima of a histogram of the number of particles in each box. Fugacities are calculated via the test particle insertion method . Typical total particle numbers are Nc,1 + Nc,2 = 200–400 for colloids and, dependent on the statepoint, Np,1 + Np,2 = 600–2000 for polymers. The σ 2 σ 2 total lateral area of both boxes, A1 + A2,isbetween 400 c and 2500 c .Each run was divided into ten blocks and error bars were obtained from one standard deviation of the block averages. S3414 MSchmidtet al

3.2. Density functional theory The grand potential of the binary mixture is written as a functional of the (inhomogeneous) one-body density distributions ρi (r) as    ρ ,ρ = ρ (ρ ( )3) − [ c p] kBT dr i [ln i r i 1] i=c,p   + Fexc[ρc,ρp]+ dr ρi (r)[Vext,i (r) − µi ], (2) i=c,p where i is the thermal wavelength and µi is the chemical potential of species i, kB is Boltzmann’s constant and T is . Although equation (2) is general, for the present application we take the external potentials, Vext,i ,tobethosemodelling the slit pore, equation (1). The ﬁrst term on the right-hand side of (2) is the free energy functional of a binary ; the unknown part in (2) is the (Helmholtz) excess free energy functional, Fexc,that describes the inﬂuence of interparticle interactions. Here we take the fundamental measures approximation  of [9, 10] that is speciﬁcally tailored for the AO model. This is aweighted density approximation where Fexc is expressed as a spatial integral over an excess free energy density, which depends on a set of weighted densities thatare obtained through convolutions of the bare density proﬁles with geometrically inspired weight functions. Details can be found in [9, 10]. In order to obtain density proﬁles the minimization conditions, δ = 0, i = c, p, (3) δρi (r) are solved by a standard iteration technique, and the value of the grand potential is obtained by inserting the solutions of (3) into (2). In order to have direct access to phase coexistence we minimize two systems simultaneously and adjust the chemical potentials of both species iteratively such that in the ﬁnal state both systems possess the same grand potential. This procedure is inspired by the Gibbs ensemble MC method above.

4. Results

In the following we will restrict ourselves to the polymer-to-colloid size ratios q = 1. For this valueconsiderable knowledge about bulk  and hard wall behaviour [11, 15] is available. Moreover, it is an experimentally readily accessible case.

4.1. Comparison We start by comparing density proﬁles for statepoints where we expect the system to be in the one-phase mixed ﬂuid state. As our DFT is known to be accurate in bulk , and at single hard planar walls , we focus on a case of strong conﬁnement and hence consider H/σc = 2. Figure 2 displays colloid and polymer proﬁles as a function of the z-coordinate normal to the walls. Both colloid and polymer density proﬁles are largest at contact with the walls, z/σc = 0.5, 1.5. The agreement of the theoretical curves with the simulation data is quantitatively good. We ηr note, however, that for larger values of p differences begin to emerge (results not shown). As such conditions get close to the demixing transition, we attribute this to the differences in theresults for the demixing binodal. Capillary condensation of colloid–polymer mixtures conﬁned between parallel plates S3415

0.7 c, state 2 0.6

0.5

/6 0.4 π 3 i σ i 0.3 c, state 1 ρ

0.2

0.1 p, state 1 p, state 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 σ z/ c

ρ ( )σ 3π/ , = , /σ Figure 2. Density proﬁles i z i 6 i c pasafunction of the coordinate z c normal to the plates for plate separation distance H/σc = 2. Results from DFT (curves) and MC (symbols) are η = . ,ηr = . η = . ,ηr = . shown for c 0 0997 p 0 266 (statepoint 1) and c 0 157 p 0 367 (statepoint 2).

4.2. Phase diagram

Forlarge enough concentration of polymer, phase separation into colloid-poor gas and colloid- rich liquid is expected to occur in our model capillary. As an illustration we display snapshots of a pair of coexisting states in ﬁgure 3 for large wall separation distance H/σc = 10. In the gas phase, there is a signiﬁcant number of colloids located close to the wall, and density proﬁles (not shown) indicate strong adsorption of colloids at both walls in the capillary gas. This is due to the polymer-induced depletion attraction between colloid particle and wall. The capillary liquid is dense in colloids and polymers tend to build clusters of overlapping particles. We have simulated many such coexisting states for varying densities and values of H/σc. The resulting set of phase diagrams is depicted in ﬁgure 4, where colloid packing fraction, ηc, ηr and polymer reservoir packing fraction, p,are taken as independent parameters. The binodals ηr possess a lower (in p)critical point, and a rapidly increasing density jump upon increasing ηr p.The shape of the binodal is similar to that of the liquid–gas transitioninsimple ﬂuids upon ηr identifying p with inverse temperature. Upon increasingconﬁnement via decreasing H/σc,thecritical point moves signiﬁcantly ηr upwards to higher p,again similar to the common trend of capillary-induced decrease of critical temperature. The theoretical binodals agree well with the simulation data, except for a slight overestimation of the coexisting liquid density, and a quite prominent underestimation ηr of p at the critical point. The trend that the simulation result for the critical point is at higher ηr p than in theory is already known in bulk , which we can conﬁrm here. Decreasing H , thedeviationgets stronger, and for H/σc = 2 quite strong deviations are found. As this is already close to a two-dimensional situation, this ﬁnding is in accordance with theexpectation that the DFT becomes less accurate in the critical region. Before discussing the ultimate crossover to two dimensions in more detail, we present the same phase diagram in a different representation, namely as a function ofcolloid chemical µ = ( σ 3) ηr potential c ln zc c and of p in ﬁgure 5. As a function of these variables, each pair of S3416 MSchmidtet al

Figure 3. Snapshots from computer simulation of the conﬁned colloidal gas (left) in coexistence with the conﬁned colloidal liquid (right). Colloids (dark red) and polymers (light blue) are immersed between two parallel plates (transparent; only the left-hand wall is shown) with separation distance H/σc = 10 and orientation perpendicular to the horizontal axis. The polymer reservoir packing ηr = . ◦ fraction is p 1 116. Note that compared to ﬁgure 1 the system is rotated by 90 around the viewing direction. (This ﬁgure is in colour only in the electronic version)

3 σ H/ c =2 3 2.5 5 10 2 bulk r p 1.5 η

1

0.5

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 η c

Figure 4. Phase diagram of the AO model between parallel hard walls with separation distance H/σc = 2, 3, 5, 10, ∞ (bulk) as a function of colloid packing fraction in the slit, ηc,andpolymer ηr reservoir packing fraction, p.DFT results for the binodal (curves; from top to bottom for increasing H ;thedashed curve indicates the bulk result) and critical point (ﬁlled dots) are shown along with MC results for coexisting states (symbols). Coexistence is along horizontal tie lines (not shown).

coexisting phases (gas and liquid phases with different ηc)collapses to a single point as µc ηr and p are equal for the coexisting phases. By reducing H ,the critical point and the binodal ηr shifts to larger zc and larger p.Consider a statepoint on the gas side of the phase diagram. If this is chosen sufﬁciently close to the bulk binodal, it might well reside on the liquid side of Capillary condensation of colloid–polymer mixtures conﬁned between parallel plates S3417

3 σ H/ c =2 3 2.5 GAS 5 10 2 bulk LIQUID r p 1.5 η

1

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 σ 3 ln(zc c )

( σ 3) Figure 5. The sameasﬁgure4,butasafunction of colloid chemical potential ln zc c and of ηr /σ = polymer reservoir packing fraction p.Shownaretheresults for H c 2, 3, 5, 10 (solid lines and symbols as indicated from top to bottom) and bulk (dashed line and full squares).

the conﬁned system, indicating a liquid phase in the capillary in equilibrium with a bulk gas. Hence this demonstrates the occurrence of capillary condensation in the slit pore. Except for the precise location of the critical point, the overall agreement between DFT and MC results is quite satisfactory. We have compared these ﬁndings to those predicted by the , generalized 2 ηr = . to binary mixtures  .Threestatepoints were chosen: p 0 84 in the complete wetting ηr = . ηr = regime, p 1 1justabove the ﬁrst layering transition , and p 2deep in the partial ηr wetting regime, see ﬁgure 6. For the intermediate case the shift in p and zc is correctly ηr predicted by the Kelvin equation,even for strong conﬁnement. For high p there are differences emerging, especially for the cases H/σc = 2, 3. Close to the critical point, the performance is not very satisfactory, as the growth of wetting layers at the walls is not taken into account. We have attempted to include results for H very close to σc.Ascan be guessed ηr from the above results for larger H ,weﬁndthat the values of p needed to induce phase separation become increasingly large and no longer ﬁt on the same scale. In fact, close to H/σc = 1thisisatrivial effect of dimensional crossover, which we can remedy by using scaled variables. See ﬁgure 7 for the binodals in reservoir representation, but as a function η ηr ( − σ )/ of c and p H c H .Thesimulation results for the quasi-two-dimensional system are obtained by choosing H/σc = 1.01 (and we have checked the independence from this precise value, by also considering H/σc = 1.001 at one statepoint and ﬁnding the same result within the error bars). Indeed, the two-dimensional result is now on the same scale as the results for larger slits. We also show the binodal obtained from the two-dimensional DFT , that is equivalent to free volume theory  in two dimensions. Again the theory overestimates the

2 See equations (40) and (41) in . Adapting those to the present case, we obtain the shifts in chemical µ = , (γ − γ )/( − σ) = µ ρl µ ρl potentials, i ,ofspecies i c p from simultaneous solution of 2 wg wl H c c + p p µ =−µ ρg/ρg ρl ρg γ γ and p c c p ,where i and i are the coexisting densities, wl and wg are the hard wall interface tensions of the liquid and the gas phase, respectively, and σ ≡ σc = σp for the presentsizeratio, q = 1. S3418 MSchmidtet al

3

2.5 GAS

2 r p 1.5 LIQUID η

1

0.5

0 1 2345678 σ 3 ln(zc c )

Figure 6. The same as ﬁgure 5; shown are the DFT results (curves) along with the predictions ηr = . , . , from applying the generalized Kelvin equation (open symbols) for statepoints p 0 84 1 1 2 and H/σc =∞(bulk), 10, 5, 3, 2 (from right to left). area of demixed states in the phase diagram, somewhat worse than in three dimensions. This probably reﬂects the difﬁculty of predicting critical points in two dimensions reliably. More remarkably, however, is that the scalingleadstoanalmostcomplete data collapse of the MC results for all slit widths. This is an empirical ﬁnding, and we are not aware that such ascaling has been found previously in simple liquids, where one had to relate temperature to conﬁnement in order to have a similar scaling. The binodals from DFT do not collapse as ηr nicely as the MC results; the scaling somewhat overcompensates the shift in p with decreasing H .Finally, in ﬁgure 8 we show the phase diagram as a function of two rescaled variables, ηr ( −σ )/ ( ( −σ )/ ) i.e. p H c H and ln zc H c H demonstrating that both fugacities need to be rescaled to obtain the data collapse. However, in this representation the collapse is not as perfect as in ﬁgure 7. Note also that the binodal for the 2D case lies on the opposite site of the bulk binodal, as compared to the cases of ﬁnite H .This indicates non-monotonic behaviour in the range 1 <σc/H < 2. In fact the scaling overcompensates, as the binodals for 2  H/σc  10 are in opposite order compared to ﬁgure 5.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have considered a binary mixture of hard sphere colloidal particles and added non-adsorbing polymer modelled by effective spheres in contact with a slit pore of parallel hard walls. We ﬁnd that this capillary induces stability of a (thin ﬁlm) liquid phase that coexists with thebulk colloidal gas phase. This behaviour can be understood from the strong depletion attraction between (each) wall and the colloidal particles. Both treatments, computer simulation and DFT, take into account all induced many-body terms in the polymer-mediated effective interaction between the colloidal spheres. We achieve this by treating, in both cases,thefullbinary mixture. As an outlook on possible future work, we mention the interesting problem of in conﬁned systems, and in particular how the purehardsphere behaviour [29, 30] is changed by adding polymer. Capillary condensation of colloid–polymer mixtures conﬁned between parallel plates S3419

2

1.5 )/H c σ 1 (H-

r 2 p

η 3 5 0.5 σ H/ c=10 bulk 2d 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 η c

Figure 7. The same as ﬁgure 4, but as a function of ηc and the rescaled polymer packing fraction, ηr ( − σ )/ p H c H .Alsoshownarethe results for the two-dimensional (2D) system obtained from simulations for H/σc = 1.01 and free volume theory (short dashed curve).

2

GAS 1.5

)/H LIQUID c σ 1

(H- σ r H/ c=2 p

η 3 5 0.5 10 bulk 2d 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 σ 3 σ ln(zc c (H- c)/H)

( σ 3( − σ )/ ) Figure 8. The sameasﬁgure5,butasafunction of the rescaled variables ln zc c H c H ηr ( − σ )/ and p H c H .

We emphasize that our predictions can, in principle,beexperimentally tested with colloid– polymer mixtures conﬁned between two walls. In particular, keeping this slit pore in contact with a bulk colloidal gas, very close to coexistence, and monitoring the amount of adsorbed colloid material in the slit should be fruitful. S3420 MSchmidtet al

Acknowledgments

We thank Dirk G A L Aarts, Henk NWLekkerkerker, and Paul P F Wessels for manyuseful and inspiring discussions. J M Brader is acknowledged for sending us his data . This work is part of the research program of the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), that is ﬁnancially supported by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). Support by the DFG SFB TR6 ‘Physics of colloidal dispersions in external ﬁelds’ is acknowledged.

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