The European Physical Journal C

, 78:935

# The Reissner–Nordström black hole with the fastest relaxation rate

Open Access
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

## Abstract

Numerous numerical investigations of the quasinormal resonant spectra of Kerr-Newman black holes have revealed the interesting fact that the characteristic relaxation times $$\tau ({\bar{a}},{\bar{Q}})$$ of these canonical black-hole spacetimes can be described by a two-dimensional function $${{\bar{\tau }}}\equiv \tau /M$$ which increases monotonically with increasing values of the dimensionless angular-momentum parameter $${\bar{a}}\equiv J/M^2$$ and, in addition, is characterized by a non-trivial (non-monotonic) functional dependence on the dimensionless charge parameter $${\bar{Q}}\equiv Q/M$$. In particular, previous numerical investigations have indicated that, within the family of spherically symmetric charged Reissner–Nordström spacetimes, the black hole with $${\bar{Q}}\simeq 0.7$$ has the fastest relaxation rate. In the present paper we use analytical techniques in order to investigate this intriguing non-monotonic functional dependence of the Reissner–Nordström black-hole relaxation rates on the dimensionless physical parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$. In particular, it is proved that, in the eikonal (geometric-optics) regime, the black hole with $${\bar{Q}}={{\sqrt{51-3\sqrt{33}}}\over {8}}\simeq 0.73$$ is characterized by the fastest relaxation rate (the smallest dimensionless relaxation time $${{\bar{\tau }}}$$) within the family of charged Reissner–Nordström black-hole spacetimes.

## 1 Introduction

The mathematically elegant uniqueness theorems of Israel, Carter, and Hawking [1, 2, 3, 4] (see also [5, 6, 7]) have revealed the physically important fact that all asymptotically flat stationary black-hole solutions of the non-linearly coupled Einstein-Maxwell field equations belong to the Kerr-Newman family of curved spacetimes [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]. The three-dimensional phase-space of these canonical black-hole spacetimes is described by conserved physical parameters that can be measured by asymptotic observers: the black-hole mass M, the black-hole electric charge Q, and the black-hole angular momentum $$J\equiv Ma$$.

In accord with the results of the uniqueness theorems [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], the linearized dynamics of massless gravitational and electromagnetic fields in perturbed Kerr-Newman black-hole spacetimes are characterized by damped quasinormal resonant modes with the physically motivated boundary conditions of purely ingoing waves at the black-hole outer horizon and purely outgoing waves at spatial infinity . These exponentially decaying black-hole-field oscillation modes describe the gradual dissipation of the external massless perturbation fields which are radiated into the black hole and to spatial infinity. As a result of this dissipation process, the perturbed spacetime gradually returns into a stationary Kerr-Newman black-hole solution of the Einstein-Maxwell field equations.

Interestingly, for a given set $$\{{\bar{Q}}\equiv Q/M, {\bar{a}}\equiv J/M^2\}$$ of the Kerr-Newman dimensionless physical parameters [43, 44], the physically motivated boundary conditions at the black-hole horizon and at spatial infinity single out a discrete set $$\{{\bar{\omega }}\equiv M\omega ({\bar{Q}},{\bar{a}};l,m,n)\}^{n=\infty }_{n=0}$$  of dimensionless complex resonant frequencies which characterize the relaxation dynamics of the massless fields in the curved black-hole spacetime (see [46, 47, 48] for excellent reviews on the physically exciting topic of black-hole resonant spectra). In particular, the fundamental resonant frequency $${{\bar{\omega }}(n=0)}$$  determines, through the relation
\begin{aligned} {{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}} \equiv {{\bar{\omega }}_{\text {I}}}^{-1}(n=0)\ , \end{aligned}
(1)
the characteristic dimensionless relaxation time of the perturbed black-hole spacetime.
One can ask: Within the family of charged and rotating Kerr-Newman black-hole spacetimes, which black hole has the longest relaxation time $${{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}({\bar{Q}},{\bar{a}})$$? Interestingly, it has previously been proved that the answer to this question is not unique. In particular, previous analytical [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55] and numerical [56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61] studies of the Kerr and Kerr-Newman quasinormal resonance spectra have explicitly proved that the characteristic black-hole relaxation times grow unboundedly as the extremal limit $${{\bar{T}}_{\text {BH}}}\rightarrow 0$$ is approached :
\begin{aligned} {{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}\propto {{\bar{T}}_{\text {BH}}}^{-1}\rightarrow \infty \ \ \ \ \text {for}\ \ \ \ {{\bar{T}}_{\text {BH}}}\rightarrow 0\, \end{aligned}
(2)
where $${{\bar{T}}_{\text {BH}}}\equiv MT_{\text {BH}}$$ is the characteristic dimensionless Bekenstein-Hawking temperature of the black-hole spacetime [63, 64, 65].

In the present paper we shall focus on the opposite regime of Reissner–Nordström black holes which minimize the dimensionless relaxation time (1). In particular, we here raise the following physically interesting question: Within the family of spherically symmetric charged Reissner–Nordström black holes, which black hole has the fastest relaxation rate [that is, the shortest relaxation time $${{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}({\bar{Q}})$$]? Intriguingly, below we shall explicitly prove that, as opposed to the case of near-extremal spacetimes which maximize the black-hole relaxation times [see Eq. (2)], the answer to the black-hole minimization question is unique.

## 2 Review of former analytical and numerical studies

Former analytical and numerical studies of the Kerr-Newman resonance spectra [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61] have revealed the fact that, for a given value of the black-hole electric charge $${\bar{Q}}$$, the characteristic black-hole relaxation time $${{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}({\bar{Q}},{\bar{a}})$$ is a monotonically increasing function of the rotation parameter $${\bar{a}}$$. Hence, within the canonical family of Kerr-Newman black-hole spacetimes, the relaxation rate $${{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}^{-1}({\bar{Q}},{\bar{a}})$$ can be maximized by considering non-spinning ($${\bar{a}}=0$$) black holes . In the present paper we shall therefore focus our attention on spherically symmetric charged Reissner–Nordström black-hole spacetimes.

In addition, former numerical studies [56, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69] of the resonance spectra of charged black holes have revealed the interesting fact that the black-hole relaxation times $${{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}({\bar{Q}},{\bar{a}})$$ are characterized by a non-trivial (non-monotonic) functional dependence on the dimensionless physical parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$. In particular, detailed numerical computations [57, 58, 69] indicate that, in the physically interesting case of coupled gravitational-electromagnetic quadrupole perturbations fields with $$l=2$$, the black-hole relaxation time (1) is minimized for
\begin{aligned} {\bar{Q}}_{\text {min}}\simeq 0.7\ \ \ \ \text {for}\ \ \ \ l=2. \end{aligned}
(3)
The main goal of the present compact paper is to shed light on the intriguing non-monotonic functional dependence of the characteristic Reissner–Nordström black-hole relaxation times $${{\bar{\tau }}_{\text {relax}}}({\bar{Q}})$$ on the dimensionless charge parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$. In particular, in order to facilitate a fully analytical treatment of the black-hole minimization problem, we shall study in the present paper the eikonal (geometric-optics) regime of the quasinormal resonance spectra which characterize the composed black-hole-field system. Interestingly, below we shall explicitly demonstrate that the analytical results obtained in the eikonal $$l\gg 1$$ regime agree remarkably well with the numerical results [57, 58, 69] of the quadrupole $$l=2$$ perturbation fields.

## 3 The composed black-hole-field quasinormal resonance spectra in the eikonal (geometric-optics) $$l\gg 1$$ regime

We consider a Reissner–Nordström black-hole spacetime of mass M and electric charge Q which is characterized by the curved line element [8, 43]
\begin{aligned} ds^2=-f(r)dt^2+{1\over {f(r)}}dr^2+r^2(d\theta ^2+\sin ^2\theta d\phi ^2)\, \end{aligned}
(4)
where
\begin{aligned} f(r)=1-{{2M}\over {r}}+{{Q^2}\over {r^2}}. \end{aligned}
(5)
\begin{aligned} r_{\pm }=M\pm \sqrt{M^2-Q^2}\ \end{aligned}
(6)
of the inner and outer horizons of the charged black-hole spacetime (4) are determined by the zeroes of the radially-dependent metric function (5)
Massless perturbations fields of the black-hole spacetime (4) are governed by the Schrödinger-like ordinary differential equation 
\begin{aligned} {{d^2\psi }\over {dy^2}}+V_l[r(y)]\psi =0\, \end{aligned}
(7)
where the tortoise radial coordinate y is defined by the differential relation
\begin{aligned} dy={{dr}\over {f(r)}}\ \end{aligned}
(8)
and, in the eikonal (geometric-optics) $$l\gg 1$$ limit, the effective black-hole-field curvature potential in (7) is given by the functional relation 
\begin{aligned} V_l(r)=\omega ^2-l(l+1){{f(r)}\over {r^2}}. \end{aligned}
(9)
The quasinormal resonant modes (damped oscillations) which characterize the linearized relaxation dynamics of the perturbed black-hole spacetime are determined by the Schrödinger-like radial equation (7) with the physically motivated boundary conditions of purely ingoing waves at the black-hole event horizon [which is characterized by $$y\rightarrow -\infty$$] and purely outgoing waves at spatial infinity [which is characterized by $$y\rightarrow \infty$$]:
\begin{aligned} \psi \sim {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} e^{-i\omega y} &{}\quad \text {for}\;~ r\rightarrow r_+\ \ (y\rightarrow -\infty )\ ; \\ e^{i\omega y} &{}\quad \text { for }\; r\rightarrow \infty \ \ \ (y\rightarrow \infty ). \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}
(10)
We shall now use analytical techniques in order to determine the characteristic quasinormal resonant frequencies which characterize the black-hole spacetime (4) in the eikonal large-l regime. To this end, we shall use the results of the elegant WKB analysis presented in [70, 71], according to which the quasinormal resonance spectrum which characterizes the Schrödinger-like ordinary differential equation (7) with the boundary conditions (10) is determined, in the eikonal $$l\gg 1$$ regime, by the simple leading-order resonance equation [70, 71]
\begin{aligned} i{{V_0}\over {\sqrt{2V^{(2)}_0}}}=n+{1\over 2}+O(l^{-1}); \quad \ \ \ n=0,1,2,\ldots \end{aligned}
(11)
Here the composed black-hole-field curvature potential $$V_0$$ and its radial derivatives $$V^{(k)}_0\equiv d^{k}V/dy^{k}$$ [see Eq. (9)] are evaluated at the radial peak $$y=y_0$$, which is characterized by the simple functional relation
\begin{aligned} {{dV}\over {dy}}=0\quad \text {for}\quad y=y_0\ \ (r=r_0). \end{aligned}
(12)
Substituting the effective black-hole-field radial potential (9) into (12), one finds the simple expression 
\begin{aligned} {{\bar{r}}_0}\equiv {{r_0}\over {M}}={1\over 2}\Big (3+\sqrt{9-8{\bar{Q}}^2}\Big )\ \end{aligned}
(13)
for the dimensionless radius which characterizes the peak of the curvature potential in the eikonal large-l regime. Substituting (13) into the WKB resonance equation (11) and using the differential relation (8), one obtains the (rather cumbersome) functional expressions
\begin{aligned} {{\bar{\omega }}_{\text {R}}}={{(2l+1)\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3+\sqrt{9-8{\bar{Q}}^2}-2{\bar{Q}}^2}} \over {\big [3+\sqrt{9-8{\bar{Q}}^2}\big ]^2}} \end{aligned}
(14)
and
\begin{aligned} {{\bar{\omega }}_{\text {I}}}= & {} -\left( n+{1\over 2}\right) \nonumber \\&\cdot {{4\sqrt{3} \sqrt{\left[ 3+\sqrt{9-8{\bar{Q}}^2}-2{\bar{Q}}^2\right] \Big [3+\sqrt{9-8{\bar{Q}}^2}-{8\over 3}{\bar{Q}}^2\Big ]}} \over {\big [3+\sqrt{9-8{\bar{Q}}^2}\big ]^3}}; \quad \nonumber \\&n=0,1,2,\ldots \end{aligned}
(15)
for the characteristic dimensionless resonant frequencies of the charged Reissner–Nordström black-hole spacetime (4).
Inspecting the analytically derived geometric-optics expression (15), one reveals the interesting fact that the function $${{\bar{\omega }}_{\text {I}}}({\bar{Q}})$$ has a non-trivial (non-monotonic) dependence on the dimensionless physical parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$. In particular, analyzing the function $${{\bar{\omega }}^{(0)}_{\text {I}}}({\bar{Q}})$$ [see Eq. (15)] for the fundamental ($$n=0$$) resonant frequency in the eikonal regime, we find that the characteristic dimensionless relaxation time $${\bar{\tau }({\bar{Q}})}\equiv 1/{{\bar{\omega }}^{(0)}_{\text {I}}}$$ of the composed black-hole-field system is minimized for the particular value
\begin{aligned} {\bar{Q}}_{\text {min}}={{\sqrt{51-3\sqrt{33}}}\over {8}}\simeq 0.726\ \ \ \ \text {for}\ \ \ \ l\gg 1\ \end{aligned}
(16)
of the dimensionless black-hole charge parameter.

Interestingly, one finds that the analytically derived expression (16) for the dimensionless charge parameter $${\bar{Q}}_{\text {min}}$$, which characterizes the Reissner–Nordström black hole with the fastest relaxation rate (the shortest relaxation time) in the eikonal large-l regime, agrees remarkably well with the numerically computed value $${\bar{Q}}^{\text {numerical}}_{\text {min}}\simeq 0.7$$ [56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69] [see Eq. (3)] for the quadrupole $$l=2$$ perturbation fields.

## 4 Summary and discussion

The characteristic quasinormal resonance spectra of black holes have attracted the attention of physicists and mathematicians during the last five decades [46, 47, 48]. In the present paper we have raised the following physically interesting questions: Within the canonical family of charged and rotating Kerr-Newman black holes, which black hole has the slowest relaxation rate and which black hole has the fastest relaxation rate?

Using analytical techniques we have shown that, while the answer to the first question is not unique [see the characteristic relation (2) for the family of near-extremal black holes with diverging relaxation times in the $${{\bar{T}}_{\text {BH}}}\rightarrow 0$$ limit], the answer to the second question is unique within the phase space of spherically symmetric charged Reissner–Nordström black-hole spacetimes. In particular, based on previous analytical and numerical studies of the black-hole resonance spectra [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61] which revealed the interesting fact that, for a given value of the dimensionless charge parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$, the characteristic black-hole relaxation time $${{\bar{\tau }}}({\bar{a}},{\bar{Q}})$$ is a monotonically increasing function of the dimensionless angular-momentum parameter $${\bar{a}}$$, we have focused our attention on the relaxation properties of non-spinning ($${\bar{a}}=0$$) charged Reissner–Nordström black-hole spacetimes. In addition, in order to facilitate a fully analytical exploration of the intriguing non-monotonic functional dependence of the black-hole relaxation rates $${{\bar{\tau }}}^{-1}({\bar{Q}})$$ on the dimensionless physical parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$, we have considered in the present paper the eikonal (geometric-optics) regime of the composed black-hole-field resonance spectrum.

Using standard analytical techniques [70, 71], we have explicitly demonstrated that the composed black-hole-field relaxation spectrum is characterized by a non-trivial (non-monotonic) functional dependence on the dimensionless charge parameter $${\bar{Q}}$$. This analytically derived result supports the numerical data presented in [57, 58, 69]. Moreover, it is interesting to note that the analytically calculated black-hole charge parameter [see Eq. (16)]
\begin{aligned} \Big ({{Q}\over {M}}\Big )^{\text {analytical}}_{\text {min}}={{\sqrt{51-3\sqrt{33}}}\over {8}}\ , \end{aligned}
(17)
which minimizes the dimensionless relaxation time of the composed Reissner–Nordström-black-hole-field system in the eikonal $$l\gg 1$$ regime, agrees remarkably well with the numerically computed charge parameter $${\bar{Q}}^{\text {numerical}}_{\text {min}}\simeq 0.7$$ [see Eq. (3)] which minimizes the black-hole relaxation time in the canonical case of coupled gravitational-electromagnetic quadrupole perturbation fields with $$l=2$$ [57, 58, 69].

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