# 13 4Dec15 611 Modified DTCDITC .pdf

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Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
ISSN: 2302-9285
Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 109~119, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v5i1.611

109

Comparative Analysis of DITC Based Switched
Reluctance Motor Using Asymmetric Converter and
Four-Level Converter
P. Srinivas*, K. Amulya**
* Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering,Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Telanagana, India
** Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering,Osmania University,
email: srinivasp.eedou@gmail.com

Abstract
High torque ripple is the main draw of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) compared to other
conventional motor. Torque ripples can be minimized by Direct Instantaneous Torque Control (DITC)
technique. DITC responds against the torque error instantaneously by using hysteresis torque controller
and regulate the torque output of the motor within hysteresis band.This paper compares the performance
of Switched Reluctance Motor in terms of torque ripples with DITC strategy for both Asymmetric converter
and Four-level converter. Asymmetric converter has three states namely magnetization, freewheeling and
demagnetiztion states. With four-level converter, fast magnetization and fast demagnetization are also
possible. Thus, the current build up and decay time is reduced which improves the dynamic performance.
SRM is simulated using DITC scheme with Asymmetric converter and Four-level converter in
MATLAB/SIMULINK to analyze torque ripples and it is observed that DITC with four level converter is
better than that with Assymetrical converter.
Keywords: Direct Instantaneous Torque Control, Switched Reluctance Motor, Asymmetrical converter,
Four level converter

1. Introduction
Switched Reluctance Motor is considered as an alternate to conventional motor
because of its advantages such as simple structure, high torque to inertia ratio, adapibility to
hostile environment and high reliability. The disadvantage is that the torque production is nonlinear due to doubly salient structure of motor which causes torque ripple , . In order to
overcome this drawback several control strategies have been proposed, which are classified
into two categories: indirect and direct torque control.
The indirect method involves using TSF in which torque ripple is minimized by applying
the current profile , . These profiles are, however, calculated offline for constant
performance points at a high memory cost. Four types of torque sharing functions, which are
linear, cubic, sinusoidal and exponential functions, are proposed. However, it is observed that
the results depend on motor technical specifications and have to be changed in other SRM.
Direct torque control uses a simple control scheme of torque hysteresis control to
reduce the torque ripple [5-8]. In this technique, torque is treated as direct control variable and is
not converted to current. Depending on the torque error, hysteresis torque controller determines
the mode of operation of converter in order to maintain output torque of the motor equal to the
reference torque. DITC using four-level converter ,  is used in order to have fast
magnetization and fast demagnetization. At high speed the time for current build up and fall time
is less. By using four-level converter current can be built up at a faster rate. By DITC control of
four-level converter torque ripple is reduced to greater extent.
In this paper DITC technique is compared for both Asymmetric converter and Four-level
converter and the results are analyzed with respect to torque ripple.

Received September 9, 2015; Revised November 23, 2015; Accepted December 16, 2015

110

ISSN: 2089-3191

2. Principle of Direct Instantaneous Torque Control (DITC)
The block diagram of DITC drive is shown in Figure 1. The actual speed is compared
with the reference speed using a PI controller. The output of PI controller is reference torque.
The actual torque is compared with the reference torque and the error signal is given to the
torque hysteresis controller. In order to generate switching signals for the converter DITC code
is written in the embedded function block. If torque generated by the motor is less, phase
current is forced to increase by switching on both the switches and if torque is more than
reference, current is forced to reduce by switching off single switch or both the switches of the
converter. In this paper DITC technique is proposed for two converters namely Asymmetric
converter and Four-level converter. Switching rules are discussed separately for each of these
converters.

Figure 1. Block diagram of DITC

3. DITC with an Asymmetric Converter
The most commonly used converter for an SRM is the Asymmetric converter because
of its flexibility and versatility in four quadrant operation. The advantage of Asymmetric
converter is that the stator phase windings can be individually controlled; therefore drive
operation is not prevented even in case of damage of any switch. Asymmetric converter
operates in three modes. The modes of operation of Asymmetric converter are shown in Figure
2. When switches Q1 and Q2 are closed, the circuit takes the form shown in Figure 2(a). The
positive source voltage is applied to the phase, and current flows into the phase windings such
that flux increases. This mode is known as magnetization mode and is represented by state 1.
When switches Q1 is open and Q2 remains closed, as in Figure 2(b), the phase is isolated from
the source, diode D1 is forward biased, and the phase winding current circulates, or freewheels, inside the loop of diode D1 and switch Q2. This is the zero-voltage loop, and flux
decays very slowly due to the conduction losses within the elements in that loop. This mode is
known as freewheeling mode and is represented by state 0. When switches Q1 and Q2 are both
open, as in Figure 2(c), then both diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased, but the source voltage
terminal polarity is switched across the phase winding, such that negative source voltage is
applied to the phase. This serves to drive current, and flux, in the phase to zero quickly. This
mode is known as demagnetization mode and is represented by state -1.

Bulletin of EEI Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2016 : 109 – 119

ISSN: 2302-9285

Bulletin of EEI

a) Magnetization mode (1)

b) Freewheeling mode (0)

111

c) Demagnetization mode (-1)

Figure 2. Operation modes of the Asymmetric converter
In order to control the switching of the converter and activate the phases as required a
suitable controller has to be employed. Hysteresis torque controller for an Asymmetric converter
is shown in Figure 3 which generates switching signals for the converter based on error
between reference torque and motor torque. Horizontal axis represents the torque error and
vertical axis represents the state of Asymmetric converter. During single phase active period
torque is regulated within the inner band. When torque error crosses limit f torque error is
positive, estimated torque is less than reference torque so state 1 is applied in order to increase
phase torque. When torque error crosses limit e torque error is negative, estimated torque is
greater than reference torque so sate 0 is applied in order to decrease torque .
During commutation period, both incoming and outgoing phases start conducting. The
switching scheme for the incoming phase is identical to the scheme during the single active
period. The switching scheme for outgoing phase can be summarized as follows :
a. When torque error exceeds limit “a”, torque error is positive which implies that estimated
torque is less than the reference torque. In order to increase the torque state 1 (+Vdc) is applied.
b. When torque error falls below limit “b”, torque error starts becoming negative which implies
that estimated torque is greater than the reference torque. In order to decrease the torque state
1 (+Vdc) is changed to state 0. c. When torque error falls below limit “d”, torque error is more
negative compared to case 2, which implies that estimated torque is very much greater than the
reference torque. In order to decrease this high value of torque state 0 is changed to state -1.
d. When torque error exceeds limit “c”, torque error is less positive compared to case 1, which
implies that estimated torque is less than the reference torque. In order to increase the torque
state -1 (-Vdc) is changed to state 0. 

Figure 3. Switching scheme for DITC with Asymmetric converter
Comparative Analysis of DITC Based Switched Reluctance Motor Using … (P. Srinivas)

112

ISSN: 2089-3191

4. Simulation and Analysis of SRM Using DITC Scheme with Asymmetric Converter
Simulation model of 4-phase 8/6 SRM using DITC scheme of Asymmetric converter is
shown in Figure 4. Actual speed is compared with the reference speed and the error is given to
PI controller. The output of PI controller is reference torque. Estimated torque is compared with
this reference torque and the error signal is given to a hysteresis torque controller which
generates switching signals for the converter based on error. Torque is regulated within two
hysteresis bands. The controller block used in Figure 4 is depicted by a flow chart shown in
Figure 5.

Figure 4. Simulink model of 8/6 SRM using DITC scheme of Asymmetric converter

Figure 5. Flow chart representation of hysteresis torque controller for Asymmetric converter
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2016 : 109 – 119

ISSN: 2302-9285

Bulletin of EEI

113

The performance of the DITC based SRM drive using Asymmetric converter is analyzed
for a constant load torque of 1 Nm and a reference speed of 500 rpm. Actual speed is compared
with the reference speed and error is given to a PI controller. The output of PI controller is the
reference torque. The PI controller output is 4 Nm whenever the speed is less than the
reference speed. When the speed reaches the reference value the PI controller output equals
Figure 6(a) shows the total torque. The torque is maintained at 4 Nm till the steady state
is reached. When the steady state is reached it is maintained at the load torque value of 1 Nm.
Torque ripple is 5% in this case. Figure 6(b) shows the speed response. Speed increases
linearly and it settles at reference speed of 500 rpm after 0.089 sec. Figure 6(c) shows the
voltages of four phases. The voltage in each phase changes between +120V, 0V or -120V
depending upon the torque error in order to maintain the total torque equal to the load torque.
Figure 6(d) shows the flux of four phases. The maximum value of flux during acceleration period
is 0.25Wb and in the steady state the maximum flux value is 0.08Wb. Figure 6(e) shows the
current waveform of all the four phases. The currents and flux linkage are proportional to each
other so that they will vary almost similarly with respect to time. The maximum value of current
during acceleration period is 4A and in the steady state the maximum current value is 1A.

4.5
4

torque (Nm)

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

time (sec)

(a) Total Torque
600

speed(rpm)

500

400

300

200

100

0
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

time (sec)

(b) Speed
150

Phasevoltages(V)

100

50

0

-50

-100

-150
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

time (sec)

(c) Phase voltages

Comparative Analysis of DITC Based Switched Reluctance Motor Using … (P. Srinivas)

114

ISSN: 2089-3191

0.3

Phase flux (V*s)

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

time (sec)

(d) Phase flux
4
3.5

phase currents (A)

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

time (sec)

(e) Phase currents
Figure 6. Simulation results of DITC for Asymmetric converter at N = 500 rpm and TL = 1 Nm
5. DITC with Four-Level Converter
The four-level converter has additional charge capacitor CB, power switch QCD and
diode DCD when compared with asymmetric converter. Four-level converter operates in four
modes.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7. Operation modes of the Four-level converter
In mode 1 shown in Figure 7(a), three switches are turned on dc link voltage VDC and
charged voltage VB are supplied to excite the phase winding, so current builds up at a faster
rate. Hence this mode is known as fast magnetization mode and is represented by state 2.
When upper one switch as in Figure 7(b) and upper two switches Figure 7(c) are turned off then
these modes are similar to magnetization and freewheeling modes of asymmetric converter.
When all the three switches are turned off as shown in Figure 7(d) than -(VDC+VB) is applied
across the phase winding and the currents decreases to zero at faster rate. Hence this mode is
known as fast demagnetization mode and is represented by state -2.
DITC can be implemented for four-level converter by classifying inductance phase
which is divided into three regions, as shown in Figure 8.
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2016 : 109 – 119

ISSN: 2302-9285

Bulletin of EEI

115

Figure 8. Classification of inductance regions for DITC
θon1 and θon2 are turn-on angle in the incoming and the next incoming phase,
respectively. Here θ1 is a rotor position which is the initial point of overlap of the stator and rotor,
and θ2 is the aligned position of inductance in the outgoing phase.
In region 1, slope of inductance in phase A is high, whereas the slope of inductance in
phase B is very small, so majority of torque is produced by phase A. In region 2, rotor is almost
aligned with stator phase A where slope of inductance is low. Slope of inductance in phase B is
increasing but it cannot produce output torque alone. So the main torque is produced by phase
B, and the rest is produced by phase A. In region 3, rotor starts moving away from the stator
phase A. the slope of inductance is negative in this region which produces negative torque.
Regions 1 and 2 are employed for DITC control of SRM in motoring mode .
Control scheme of the outgoing phase and incoming phase in region 1 and region 2 is
shown in Figure 9. When the incoming phase is turned on the outgoing phase is set in
freewheeling mode. As incoming phase inductance is building up slowly in region 1 state 2 is
applied in order to supply reference torque, whereas in region 2 slope of inductance is more
compared to region 1 so state 1 is sufficient in this case to supply reference torque After few
instants when torque error crosses ∆e1 than outgoing phase is changed to state 1 as incoming
phase cannot supply complete torque. The incoming phase is kept in state 1 in both regions. If
torque error crosses ∆e2 then torque error is more, in order to make the output motor torque
equal to reference torque value outgoing and incoming phases are changed to state 2 so that
current increases at a faster rate and increases the phase torque. When torque error becomes
negative then outgoing phase is set in fast demagnetization mode (state -2) and incoming
phase is set in freewheeling mode (state 0) .

(a) Outgoing phase Region 1
and 2

(b) Incoming phase Region 1

(c) Incoming phase Region 2

Figure 9. DITC scheme of four-level converter

6. Simulation and Analysis of SRM Using DITC Scheme with Four-level Converter
Simulink model of 4-phase 8/6 SRM using DITC scheme of four-level converter is
shown in Figure 10. Actual speed is compared with the reference speed and the error is given to
PI controller. The output of PI controller is reference torque. Estimated torque is compared with

Comparative Analysis of DITC Based Switched Reluctance Motor Using … (P. Srinivas)

116

ISSN: 2089-3191

this reference torque and the error signal is given to a hysteresis torque controller which
generates switching signals for the converter based on error. Torque is regulated within six
hysteresis bands. The controller block in Figure 10 is depicted by a flow chart shown in Figure
11.

Figure 10. Simulink model of 8/6 SRM using DITC scheme of four-level converter

Figure 11. Flow chart representation of hysteresis torque controller for four-level converter
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2016 : 109 – 119

ISSN: 2302-9285

Bulletin of EEI

117

The performance of the DITC based SRM drive using four-level converter is analyzed
for a constant load torque of 1 Nm and a reference speed of 800 rpm. Figure 12(a) shows the
total torque. The torque is maintained at 4 Nm till the steady state is reached. When the steady
state is reached it is maintained at the load torque value i.e., 1 Nm. Torque ripple is 2.72% in
this case. Thus by using four-level converter torque ripple is reduced when compared to an
asymmetric converter. Figure 12(b) shows the speed response. Speed increases linearly and it
settles at reference speed of 800 rpm after 0.14 sec. Figure 12(c) shows the voltages of four
phases. The voltage in each phase changes between +240, +120V, 0V or -240V depending
upon the torque error in order to maintain the total torque equal to the load torque. Figure 12(d)
shows the flux of four phases. The maximum value of flux in acceleration period is 0.25Wb and
in the steady state the maximum flux value is 0.073Wb. Figure 12(e) shows the current
waveform of all the four phases. The currents and flux linkage are proportional to each other so
that they will vary almost similarly with respect to time. The maximum value of current in
acceleration period is 3.9A and in the steady state the maximum current value is 0.9A.

4.5
4

Torque (Nm)

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

time (sec)

(a) Total torque
900
800

Speed (rpm)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

time (sec)

(b) Speed
250
200

Phase voltages (V)

150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

time (sec)

(c) Four phase voltages

Comparative Analysis of DITC Based Switched Reluctance Motor Using … (P. Srinivas)

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