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1. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

2. Chapter 13: The Costs of Production Econ 2100 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

3. Course Outline

4. Chapter 13 Outline THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

5. Total Revenue, Total Cost, Profit We assume that the firm’s goal is to maximize profit. the amount a firm receives from the sale of its output the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production 0 Profit = Total revenue – Total cost THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

6. Costs: Explicit vs. Implicit Explicit costs require an outlay of money,e.g., paying wages to workers. Implicit costs do not require a cash outlay,e.g., the opportunity cost of the owner’s time. Remember one of the Ten Principles:The cost of something is what you give up to get it. This is true whether the costs are implicit or explicit. Both matter for firms’ decisions. 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

7. Explicit vs. Implicit Costs: An Example You need \$100,000 to start your business. The interest rate is 5%. Case 1: borrow \$100,000 explicit cost = \$5000 interest on loan Case 2: use \$40,000 of your savings, borrow the other \$60,000 explicit cost = \$3000 (5%) interest on the loan implicit cost = \$2000 (5%) foregone interest you could have earned on your \$40,000. 0 In both cases, total (exp+ imp) costs are \$5000. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

8. Economic Profit vs. Accounting Profit Accounting profit = total revenue minus total explicit costs Economic profit = total revenue minus total costs (including explicit and implicit costs) Accounting profit ignores implicit costs, so it’s higher than economic profit. 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

9. Chapter 13 Outline THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

10. The Production Function A production function shows the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to produce a good and the quantity of output of that good. It can be represented by a table, equation, or graph. Example 1: Farmer Jack grows wheat. He has 5 acres of land. He can hire as many workers as he wants. 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

11. Example 1: Farmer Jack’s Production Function L(no. of workers) Q(bushels of wheat) 3,000 2,500 0 0 2,000 1 1000 1,500 Quantity of output 2 1800 1,000 3 2400 500 4 2800 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 3000 No. of workers 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

12. Marginal Product If Jack hires one more worker, his output rises by the marginal product of labor. The marginal productof any input is the increase in output arising from an additional unit of that input, holding all other inputs constant. Notation: ∆ (delta) = “change in…” Examples: ∆Q = change in output, ∆L = change in labor Marginal product of labor (MPL) = ∆Q ∆L 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

13. EXAMPLE 1: Total & Marginal Product L(no. of workers) Q(bushels of wheat) 0 0 ∆Q = 1000 ∆L = 1 1 1000 ∆Q = 800 ∆L = 1 2 1800 ∆L = 1 ∆Q = 600 3 2400 ∆Q = 400 ∆L = 1 4 2800 ∆L = 1 ∆Q = 200 5 3000 0 MPL 1000 800 600 400 200 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

14. EXAMPLE 1: MPL = Slope of Prod Function 3,000 2,500 2,000 Quantity of output 1,500 1,000 500 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 No. of workers 0 L(no. of workers) Q(bushels of wheat) MPL MPL equals the slope of the production function. Notice that MPL diminishes as L increases. This explains why the production function gets flatter as L increases. 0 0 1000 1 1000 800 2 1800 600 3 2400 400 4 2800 200 5 3000 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

15. Why MPL Is Important Recall one of the Ten Principles:Rational people think at the margin. When Farmer Jack hires an extra worker, his costs rise by the wage he pays the worker his output rises by MPL Comparing them helps Jack decide whether he would benefit from hiring the worker. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

16. Why MPL Diminishes Farmer Jack’s output rises by a smaller and smaller amount for each additional worker. Why? As Jack adds workers, the average worker has less land to work with and will be less productive. In general, MPL diminishes as L rises whether the fixed input is land or capital (equipment, machines, etc.). Diminishing marginal product: the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases (other things equal) THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

17. Think of Einstein’s Bagels • What happens if 1 person is working in the place? • How many customers can be served in a given time period? • What if 2 are working? • Greater or lesser number of customers? • What if 25 are working? • Greater or lesser number of customers?

18. Aircraft Scheduling & Marginal Product - Simplified • ORD – LHR 10.5 hrs • Crew: 4 pilots & 11 FAs • One Crew – A/C can fly one way in 24 hrs • Two Crews – A/C can fly round trip in 24 hrs • Three Crews and more – A/C can only fly round trip in 24 hrs 747-100 Built 1971 A/C is fixed factor of production

19. Chapter 13 Outline THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

20. EXAMPLE 1: Farmer Jack’s Costs Farmer Jack must pay \$1000 per month for the land, regardless of how much wheat he grows. The market wage for a farm worker is \$2000 per month. So Farmer Jack’s costs are related to how much wheat he produces…. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

21. EXAMPLE 1: Farmer Jack’s Costs \$1,000 \$0 \$1,000 \$1,000 \$2,000 \$3,000 \$1,000 \$4,000 \$5,000 \$1,000 \$6,000 \$7,000 \$1,000 \$8,000 \$9,000 \$1,000 \$10,000 \$11,000 0 L(no. of workers) Q(bushels of wheat) Cost of land Cost of labor Total Cost 0 0 1 1000 2 1800 3 2400 4 2800 5 3000 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

22. EXAMPLE 1: Farmer Jack’s Total Cost Curve THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

23. Marginal Cost Marginal Cost (MC) is the increase in Total Cost from producing one more unit: MC = ∆TC ∆Q THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

24. EXAMPLE 1: Total and Marginal Cost Q(bushels of wheat) Total Cost 0 \$1,000 ∆TC = \$2000 ∆Q = 1000 1000 \$3,000 ∆TC = \$2000 ∆Q = 800 1800 \$5,000 ∆TC = \$2000 ∆Q = 600 2400 \$7,000 ∆TC = \$2000 ∆Q = 400 2800 \$9,000 ∆TC = \$2000 ∆Q = 200 3000 \$11,000 Marginal Cost (MC) \$2.00 \$2.50 \$3.33 \$5.00 \$10.00 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

25. EXAMPLE 1: The Marginal Cost Curve \$2.00 \$2.50 \$3.33 \$5.00 \$10.00 Q(bushels of wheat) TC MC MC usually rises as Q rises, as in this example. 0 \$1,000 1000 \$3,000 1800 \$5,000 2400 \$7,000 2800 \$9,000 3000 \$11,000 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

26. Relationship Between Marginal Product and Marginal Cost How many Employees?

27. Why MC Is Important Farmer Jack is rational and wants to maximize his profit. To increase profit, should he produce more or less wheat? To find the answer, Farmer Jack needs to “think at the margin.” If the cost of additional wheat (MC) is less than the revenue he would get from selling it, then Jack’s profits rise if he produces more. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

28. Fixed and Variable Costs Fixed costs(FC) do not vary with the quantity of output produced. For Farmer Jack, FC = \$1000 for his land Other examples: cost of equipment, loan payments, rent Variable costs (VC) vary with the quantity produced. For Farmer Jack, VC = wages he pays workers Other example: cost of materials Total cost (TC) = FC + VC 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

29. EXAMPLE 2 Our second example is more general, applies to any type of firm producing any good with any types of inputs. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

30. EXAMPLE 2: Costs \$100 \$0 \$100 100 70 170 100 120 220 100 160 260 100 210 310 100 280 380 100 380 480 100 520 620 0 \$800 FC Q FC VC TC VC \$700 TC 0 \$600 1 \$500 2 Costs \$400 3 \$300 4 \$200 5 \$100 6 \$0 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

31. EXAMPLE 2: Marginal Cost MC = ∆TC ∆Q Recall, Marginal Cost (MC)is the change in total cost from producing one more unit: Q TC MC 0 \$100 \$70 1 170 50 2 220 40 3 260 50 4 310 70 5 380 Usually, MC rises as Q rises, due to diminishing marginal product. Sometimes (as here), MC falls before rising. (In other examples, MC may be constant.) 100 6 480 140 7 620 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

32. EXAMPLE 2: Average Fixed Cost n/a \$100 50 33.33 25 20 16.67 14.29 0 Average fixed cost (AFC)is fixed cost divided by the quantity of output: AFC = FC/Q Q FC AFC 0 \$100 1 100 2 100 3 100 Notice that AFC falls as Q rises: The firm is spreading its fixed costs over a larger and larger number of units. 4 100 5 100 6 100 7 100 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

33. EXAMPLE 2: Average Variable Cost n/a \$70 60 53.33 52.50 56.00 63.33 74.29 0 Average variable cost (AVC)is variable cost divided by the quantity of output: AVC = VC/Q Q VC AVC 0 \$0 1 70 2 120 3 160 As Q rises, AVC may fall initially. In most cases, AVC will eventually rise as output rises. 4 210 5 280 6 380 7 520 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

34. EXAMPLE 2: Average Total Cost AFC AVC n/a n/a n/a \$170 \$100 \$70 110 50 60 86.67 33.33 53.33 77.50 25 52.50 76 20 56.00 80 16.67 63.33 88.57 14.29 74.29 0 Average total cost (ATC) equals total cost divided by the quantity of output: ATC = TC/Q Q TC ATC 0 \$100 1 170 2 220 3 260 Also, ATC = AFC + AVC 4 310 5 380 6 480 7 620 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

35. EXAMPLE 2: Average Total Cost \$200 \$175 \$150 \$125 Costs \$100 \$75 \$50 \$25 \$0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q 0 Q TC ATC Usually, as in this example, the ATC curve is U-shaped. 0 \$100 n/a 1 170 \$170 2 220 110 3 260 86.67 4 310 77.50 5 380 76 6 480 80 7 620 88.57 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

36. EXAMPLE 2:The Various Cost Curves Together \$200 \$175 \$150 AFC \$125 AVC Costs \$100 ATC \$75 MC \$50 \$25 \$0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q 0 THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

37. EXAMPLE 2: Why ATC Is Usually U-Shaped \$200 \$175 \$150 \$125 Costs \$100 \$75 \$50 \$25 \$0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q 0 As Q rises: Initially, falling AFCpulls ATC down. Eventually, rising AVCpulls ATC up. Efficient scale:The quantity that minimizes ATC. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

38. EXAMPLE 2: ATC and MC \$200 \$175 \$150 \$125 Costs \$100 ATC \$75 MC \$50 \$25 \$0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q 0 When MC < ATC, ATC is falling. When MC > ATC, ATC is rising. The MC curve crosses the ATC curve at the ATC curve’s minimum. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

39. Chapter 13 Outline THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

40. Short-Run Versus Long-Run • The short run is a period of time for which two conditions hold: • The firm is operating under a fixed scale (or fixed factor) of production, and • Firms can neither enter nor exit the industry. But can shut down

41. Short-Run Versus Long-Run • The long run is a period of time for which there are no fixed factors of production. Firms can increase or decrease scale of operation, and new firms can enter and existing firms can exit the industry.

42. Costs in the Short Run & Long Run Short run: Some inputs are fixed (e.g., factories, land). The costs of these inputs are FC. Long run: All inputs are variable (e.g., firms can build more factories, or sell existing ones). In the long run, ATC at any Q is cost per unit using the most efficient mix of inputs for that Q (e.g., the factory size with the lowest ATC). THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

43. EXAMPLE 3: LRATC with 3 factory Sizes AvgTotalCost ATCM ATCS ATCL Q Firm can choose from 3 factory sizes: S, M, L. Each size has its own SRATC curve. The firm can change to a different factory size in the long run, but not in the short run. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

44. EXAMPLE 3: LRATC with 3 factory Sizes AvgTotalCost ATCM ATCS ATCL Q QA QB To produce less than QA, firm will choose size Sin the long run. To produce between QAand QB, firm will choose size Min the long run. To produce more than QB, firm will choose size Lin the long run. LRATC THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

45. A Typical LRATC Curve ATC LRATC Q In the real world, factories come in many sizes, each with its own SRATC curve. So a typical LRATC curve looks like this: THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

46. Chapter 13 Outline THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

47. Weekly Costs Showing Economies of Scale in Egg Production

48. How ATC Changes as the Scale of Production Changes ATC LRATC Q Economies of scale: ATC falls as Q increases. Constant returns to scale: ATC stays the same as Q increases. Diseconomies of scale: ATC rises as Q increases. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION

49. Cost of ComplexityTwo Daughters 1,800 Students 13,000 Students

50. How ATC Changes as the Scale of Production Changes Economies of scale occur when increasing production allows greater specialization: workers more efficient when focusing on a narrow task. More common when Q is low. Diseconomies of scale are due to coordination problems in large organizations. E.g., management becomes stretched, can’t control costs. More common when Q is high. THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
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