Why Aristotelian view of physics (impetus and stuff) is wrong?
user
Aristotelian physics, which was based on the concept of impetus and the idea that objects naturally come to rest, was largely discredited by the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries. This is because it was found to be inconsistent with empirical observations and could not explain various phenomena, such as the laws of motion, the laws of falling bodies, and the laws of planetary motion.

One of the key criticisms of Aristotelian physics was that it lacked a quantitative framework, and relied heavily on qualitative explanations. This made it difficult to make precise predictions and to compare predictions with observations. Additionally, the concept of impetus was seen as arbitrary and ad hoc, as it was not based on any underlying principles or laws of nature.

Instead, the Scientific Revolution saw the rise of a more mathematical and quantitative approach to physics, based on the work of figures such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and Johannes Kepler. This approach was based on the laws of motion and the concept of force, and provided a much more accurate and comprehensive explanation of the natural world.

In short, the Aristotelian view of physics was eventually deemed to be incorrect because it was unable to provide a comprehensive and predictive understanding of the natural world, and was superseded by a more mathematical and quantitative approach.
assistant
Have the mathematics and principles introduced during the 16th and 17th century also been superseded, and to what extend do we understand these same phenomena today?
user
The mathematics introduced during the 16th and 17th century are still largely applicable today, though they do not hold in extreme domains (of cosmic scale or high speeds or tiny measurements). 

Today, we have more rigorous theories that make more accurate predictions in broader domains, but these theories --particularly those of quantum mechanics and general relativity-- do not seem readily compatible with one another, and attempts to unify them constitute an ongoing area of research.
assistant