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L_0033
cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.10 This piece of carbon looks like a lump of coal. Coal is mostly carbon. hydrogen. Then it forms compounds such as sugars and proteins. How do living things get the carbon they need? Carbon moves through ecosystems in the carbon cycle.
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20217.png
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cycles of matter
T_0338
FIGURE 18.11 Carbon changes form as it moves through its cycle. Follow carbon through the dia- gram as you read about the cycle below.
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20218.png
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cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.12 Large parts of this Amazon rainforest have been cleared to grow crops. How does this affect the carbon cycle?
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20219.png
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cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.13 The nitrogen cycle includes air, soil, and living things.
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20220.png
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cycles of matter
DD_0025
This is a diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is present in the earth's soil, atmoshpere, and biosphere. The amount of nitrogen on the earth is fixed, and it can't be created or destroyed. It can only change the forms it takes in chemical compounds. Nitrogen gas in the atmoshpere enters the soil and ocean throught the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria. These bacterial convert nitrogen gas to ammonium, nitrites, and then to nitrates. Once in the soil, these nitrates can enter the terestrial food web, or return to the atmosphere by the action of denitrifying bacteria. Nitrates in the ocean can the marine ecosystem, or can be converted back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria. Humans add nitrogen to the soil when they use fertiizers. These fertilizers can enter the marine food web as runoff.
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teaching_images/cycle_nitrogen_6718.png
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cycles of matter
DD_0026
The element carbon is the basis of all life on Earth. Biochemical compounds consist of chains of carbon atoms and just a few other elements. Like water, carbon is constantly recycled through the biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystems. The carbon cycle includes carbon in sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels under the ground, the ocean, the atmosphere, and living things. The diagram represents the carbon cycle. It shows some of the ways that carbon moves between the different parts of the cycle.
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teaching_images/cycle_carbon_63.png
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cycles of matter
DD_0027
This is a diagram of the carbon cycle. Carbon is found in all living things on Earth. Carbon is cycled between the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the ecosystem. Carbon is found in sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels, the atmosphere and in living things. Animals and plants release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide during the process of respiration. Carbon dioxide in the air is taken up by plants during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces glucose, a carbohydrate. Glucose is broken down by animals for energy.
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teaching_images/cycle_carbon_70.png
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cycles of matter
DD_0028
This diagram shows the carbon cycle. Here are examples of how carbon moves through human, animal, and plant activity. All living things contain carbon, as do the ocean, air, rocks, and underground fossil fuels, which are made in a process that takes millions of years. Plants take in sunlight and carbon dioxide, and create energy through photosynthesis. When they decay, and are buried underground, plants and other organisms turn into fossil fuel. When we burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is quickly released into the air. Plants can also release carbon dioxide just like animals do, through respiration.
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teaching_images/cycle_carbon_5008.png
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cycles of matter
DD_0029
This is an illustration of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen exists in several different forms in the earth's soil, atmoshpere, and organisms. The earth has a fixed amount of nitrogen, and is endlessly cycled through these forms in the nitrogen cycle. Animals get their nitrogen directly by eating plants, or indirectly by eating organisms that have eaten plants. Plants can't use the form of nitrogen gas in the air. Plants can only use nitrogen in chemical compounds called nitrates. Plants absorb nitrates from the soil through their roots in a process called assimilation. Most plants use nitrates that are produced by bacteria that live in soil. A certain type of plants called legumes have nitrogen-fixing bacterial living in their roots, and don't need the bacteria in the soil. Bacteria that can change nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to nitrates are called Nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The nitrates in the detritus of organisms have their nitrogen returned to the soil as ammonium by the decompistion action of detrivores. Nitrifying bacteria change some of the ammonium in the soil into nitrates that can be used by plants. The rest of the ammonium is changed into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria. Denitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrogen gas that is released into the atmoshpere.
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teaching_images/cycle_nitrogen_6719.png
L_0034
the human population
T_0347
FIGURE 18.16 A population cant get much larger than the carrying capacity. What might happen if it did?
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20223.png
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the human population
T_0348
FIGURE 18.17 Growth of the human population. Until recently, the human population grew very slowly.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20224.png
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the human population
T_0349
FIGURE 18.18 Digging a London sewer (1840s). Before 1800, human wastes were thrown into the streets of cities such as London. In the early 1800s, sewers were dug to carry away the wastes.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20225.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.19 This child is getting a polio vaccine. He will never get sick with polio, which could save his live or keep him from becoming crippled.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20226.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.20 World population growth rates. Is the population growing faster in the wealthiest countries or the poorest countries?
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.21 Compare this graph with the graph of the carrying capacity. What do you think is the carrying capacity of the human popu- lation?
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20228.png
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the human population
T_0352
FIGURE 18.22 In the mid 1900s, Australian tree snakes invaded Guam and other islands in the Pacific. The snakes stowed away on boats and planes. Tree snakes had no natural enemies on the islands. Their populations exploded and they drove sev- eral island species extinct. the threat of hunger. Many also do not have safe, clean water. Some people live in crowded, run-down housing or something that is barely considered housing.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20229.png
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pollution of the land
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FIGURE 19.9 What can we learn from the story of Love Canal?
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pollution of the land
T_0368
FIGURE 19.10 This agricultural worker is wearing the proper safety gear to handle a chemical pesticide.
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pollution of the land
T_0368
FIGURE 19.11 Avoid putting hazardous waste in the household trash. Instead, take it to a hazardous waste collection center.
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textbook_images/pollution_of_the_land_20240.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.1 (A) A compass is a device that is used to determine direction. The needle points to Earths magnetic north pole. (B) A com- pass rose shows the four major directions plus intermediates between them.
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.2 Earths magnetic north pole is about 11 degrees offset from its geographic north pole.
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.3 Nautical maps include a double compass rose that shows both magnetic directions (inner circle) and geographic compass di- rections (outer circle).
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.4 Topography of Earth showing North America and South America.
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.5 This image was made from data of the Landsat satellite. It shows the topography of the San Francisco Peaks and surround- ing areas.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20245.png
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introduction to earths surface
T_0372
FIGURE 2.6 This image shows Earth with water removed. The red areas are high elevations (mountains). Yellow and green areas are lower elevations. Blue areas are the lowest on the ocean floor.
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introduction to earths surface
T_0372
FIGURE 2.7 Features of continents include mountain ranges, plateaus, and plains. destructive forces. The bits and pieces of rock carried by rivers are deposited where rivers meet the oceans. These can form deltas, like the Mississippi River delta. They can also form barrier islands, like Padre Island in Texas. Rivers bring sand to the shore, which forms our beaches. These are constructive forces.
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.8 Summary of major landforms on conti- nents and features of coastlines.
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introduction to earths surface
T_0373
FIGURE 2.9 The continental shelf and slope of the southeastern United States goes down to the ocean floor. ocean floor. Much of the ocean floor is called the abyssal plain. The ocean floor is not totally flat. In many places, small hills rise above the ocean floor. These hills are undersea volcanoes, called seamounts (Figure 2.10). Some rise more than 1000 m above the seafloor.
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introduction to earths surface
T_0373
FIGURE 2.10 A chain of seamounts off the coast of New England (left). Oceanographers mapped one of these seamounts, called Bear Seamount, in great detail (right).
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.11 Map of the mid-ocean ridge system (yellow-green) in Earths oceans.
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.13 A road map of the state of Florida. What information can you get from this map?
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20253.png
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modeling earths surface
T_0377
FIGURE 2.14 A map projection translates Earths curved surface onto two dimensions.
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.15 Gerardus Mercator developed a map projection used often today, known as the Mercator projection.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20255.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.16 A Mercator projection translates the curved surface of Earth onto a cylinder.
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.17 A conic map projection wraps Earth with a cone shape rather than a cylinder.
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.18 A gnomonic projection places a flat piece of paper on a point somewhere on Earth and projects an image from that point.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20258.png
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modeling earths surface
T_0381
FIGURE 2.19 A Robinson projection better represents the true shapes and sizes of land areas.
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modeling earths surface
T_0382
FIGURE 2.20 Lines of latitude start with the equator. Lines of longitude begin at the prime meridian.
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.21 Lines of latitude and longitude form convenient reference points on a map.
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modeling earths surface
T_0386
FIGURE 2.22 A topographic map like one that you might use for the sport of orienteering.
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modeling earths surface
T_0387
FIGURE 2.23 A globe is the most accurate way to represent Earths curved surface.
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topographic maps
T_0388
FIGURE 2.25 View of Swamp Canyon in Bryce Canyon National Park.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20265.png
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topographic maps
T_0388
FIGURE 2.26 A map of a portion of Bryce Canyon National Park road map showing Swamp Canyon Loop.
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topographic maps
T_0389
FIGURE 2.27 Topographic map of Swamp Canyon Trail portion of Bryce Canyon National Park.
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topographic maps
T_0391
FIGURE 2.28 Portion of a USGS topographic map of Stowe, VT.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20268.png
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topographic maps
T_0391
FIGURE 2.29 Portion of a USGS topographic map of Stowe, VT. Cady Hill (elevation 1122 ft) is shown by concentric circles in the lower left portion of the map. Another hill (eleva- tion ~ 960 ft) is on the upper right portion of the map.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20269.png
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topographic maps
T_0391
FIGURE 2.30 On a contour map, a circle with inward hatches indicates a depression.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20270.png
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topographic maps
T_0391
FIGURE 2.31 Illustrations of three-dimensional ground configurations (top) and corre- sponding topographic map (bottom). Note that the V-shaped markings on the topographic maps correspond to drainage channels. Also, the closely- spaced contour lines denote the rapid rising cliff face on the left side.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20271.png
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topographic maps
T_0394
FIGURE 2.32 Bathymetric map of Bear Lake, Utah.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20272.png
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topographic maps
T_0395
FIGURE 2.33 A portion of the geologic map of the Grand Canyon, Arizona.
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using satellites and computers
T_0396
FIGURE 2.34 Left: Track of hurricane that hit Galveston, Texas on Sept. 8, 1900. Right: Galveston in the aftermath.
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using satellites and computers
T_0400
FIGURE 2.35 Satellite in a polar orbit.
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using satellites and computers
T_0400
FIGURE 2.36 NASAs fleet of satellites to study the Earth.
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using satellites and computers
T_0400
FIGURE 2.37 Various satellite images: (a) water vapor in atmosphere, (b) ocean surface temperatures, (c) global vegetation.
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using satellites and computers
T_0401
FIGURE 2.38 (a) You need a GPS receiver to use the GPS system. (b) It takes signals from 4 GPS satellites to find your location pre- cisely on the surface GPS receiver detects radio signals from nearby GPS satellites. There are precise clocks on each satellite and in the receiver. The receiver measures the time for radio signals from satellite to reach it. The receiver uses the time and the speed of radio signals to calculate the distance between the receiver and the satellite. The receiver does this with at least four different satellites to locate its position on the Earths surface (Figure 2.38). GPS receivers are now being built into many items, such as cell phones and cars.
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using satellites and computers
T_0402
FIGURE 2.39 This three-dimensional image of Mars north pole was made from satellite im- ages and computers.
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using satellites and computers
T_0402
FIGURE 2.40 Map of insurance filings for crop damage in 2008.
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use and conservation of resources
T_0405
FIGURE 20.1 Forests should be renewable resources. The forest on the left is healthy and is used for recreation. The forest on the right was killed by acid rain.
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use and conservation of resources
T_0407
FIGURE 20.2 This oil rig was pumping oil from below the ocean floor when it exploded.
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.3 The U.S. uses more than its share of oil. What if everyone used resources this way? (Note: Per capita means per person.)
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use and conservation of resources
T_0411
FIGURE 20.4 Bulldozers crushes a mountain of trash.
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use and conservation of resources
T_0411
FIGURE 20.5 Buying locally grown produce at a farmers market saves resources.
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use and conservation of resources
T_0413
FIGURE 20.6 These types of packaging are hard to recycle. Could you reuse any of them?
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use and conservation of energy
T_0417
FIGURE 20.10 What percent of energy in the U.S. is used for transportation and in homes?
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use and conservation of energy
T_0418
FIGURE 20.11 The U.S. gets 85 percent of its energy from fossil fuels. Where does the other 15 percent come from?
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use and conservation of energy
T_0418
FIGURE 20.12 Energy is used to build and operate an oil well. What happens to the oil after its pumped out of the well?
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use and conservation of energy
T_0418
FIGURE 20.13 Solar panels collect sunlight on the roof of this house. The energy can be used to run the household.
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use and conservation of energy
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FIGURE 20.14 The Energy Star logo shows that an appliance uses energy efficiently.
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20294.png
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humans and the water supply
T_0422
FIGURE 21.1 In this global water use chart, see how much is used for agriculture. Why do you think so much water is used in agricul- ture?
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humans and the water supply
T_0422
FIGURE 21.2 Overhead irrigation systems like this one are widely used to irrigate crops on big farms. What are some drawbacks of irrigation?
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humans and the water supply
T_0424
FIGURE 21.3 What will happen to the water that runs off the van? Where will it go?
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humans and the water supply
T_0425
FIGURE 21.4 Sunshine brings golfers to the desert but a lot of water is needed to make the desert green enough to play.
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humans and the water supply
T_0427
FIGURE 21.5 This glacier in Patagonia, Argentina stores a lot of frozen freshwater.
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.6 Water is a luxury in Africa, and many people have to carry water home. How would you use water differently if you had to get your water this way?
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.9 Pollution from a factory enters a stream at a single point.
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.10 This vehicle is spreading fertilizer on a field before planting. millions of fish. In Wisconsin, cow manure leaked into a citys water supply. Almost half a million people got sick. More than 100 people died.
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.11 From the air, this looks like a pond of water. Its really a pond of hog manure. To get an idea of how big the lagoon is, check out the vehicles at the bottom of the picture.
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.12 This coastal ocean water is full of trash and sewage.
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.13 After an oil rig explosion, hundreds of miles of beaches looked like this one. Cleaning them up was a huge task.
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.14 Nuclear power plants need huge amounts of water for cooling, so they are built close to water. The water thats returned to the lake may be warm enough to kill fish.
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textbook_images/water_pollution_20308.png
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.16 Left: The Cuyahoga River flows through Cleveland, Ohio. In the mid 1900s, there was a lot of industry in this part of Ohio. The river became very polluted. Right: Today, the river is much cleaner.
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.17 Why should people always clean up after their pets?
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.18 Four processes are used to treat water to make it safe for drinking.
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.19 This is a drip irrigation system. Look at the soil in the photo. Its damp around each plant but dry everywhere else.
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.20 This beautiful garden contains only plants that need very little water.
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.1 Black particulates coming out of a factory smokestack. Many particulates are too small to see, but they can still be dangerous.
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textbook_images/air_pollution_20319.png
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.2 Photochemical smog is common in the air over many California cities.
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.3 Ozone forms near the ground as a sec- ondary pollutant.
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.4 Cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming is called slash-and-burn agri- culture. How does this affect the atmo- sphere?
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air pollution
DD_0030
This diagram show the natural ozone destruction. It consist in 3 steps, the first one occurs when the uv radiation shocks the ozone molecule and this one gets divided into the oxygen molecule and the oxygen atom. Then, the ozone molecule is added to the oxygen atom getting as result those oxygen molecules.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.5 Ozone damaged snap bean plants are shown on the left. Healthy snap bean plants are shown on the right.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.6 The ozone air quality index gives the parts of ozone per million parts of air. How many parts of ozone are unhealthy for everyone?
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.7 This carbon monoxide detector will sound an alarm if the gas rises above a safe level.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.8 This diagram shows how mercury bioac- cumulates. Compare the parts per million (ppm) of mercury in phytoplankton and gull eggs. Can you explain the differ- ence?
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.9 This pH scale includes both normal and acid rain. At what pH do fish have prob- lems reproducing?
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.10 Nitrogen and sulfur oxides combine with rain to form acid rain.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.11 This photo shows a gargoyle that is being dissolved by acid rain on Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, France.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.12 CFCs break down ozone in the strato- sphere.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.13 The hole in the ozone layer occurs over Antarctica. How do you think the hole in the ozone layer could affect life on Earth?
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effects of air pollution
DD_0031
This diagram depicts how the acid rain forms. There are factories, vegetation, houses, river and ocean in the picture. Houses and vegation is on the earth's surface. First, the acidic gases are emitted from the factories. Those acid gases include sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The acid gases are included in cloud forming process by wind. The clouds containing acid gases dissolve in rainwater to form the acid rain. The acid rain poured to the earth's surface. The acid rain is absorbed to the earth and is flowing to the river. Now, the river contains the acid rain. The river flows to the ocean. The river of acid rain kills plantlife, pollutes rivers and streams, and erodes stonework. This process continues as long as the factories emit the acid gases.
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