In most of the countries of Europe, there were, and there still are, many private rights, connected for the most part with the general right of property, which stood under the protection of the courts of justice, and which the State could not violate without their sanction.
Europako herri guztietan, eskubide indibidual asko zegoen eta dago oraindik, gehienak jabetzaren eskubide orokorrari buruzkoak, epailearen zaintzapean zeudenak eta epaile horren baimenik gabe Estatuak hautsi ezin zituenak.