The unhappy reigns which followed that of Charlemagne, the invasions of the Normans, and the civil wars, plunged the conquering nations again into the darkness out of which they had emerged, so that reading and writing were quite neglected.
Karlomagnoren ondorengo erregealdi zorigaitzekoek, normandiarren inbasioek, barne-gerrek, atzera ere hasierako iluntasunean murgilarazi zituzten nazio garaileak; ahaztu egin zitzaien irakurtzen eta idazten.