Adamfofa
Adamfofa yɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔdɔ a ɛda nnipa ntam.[1] Ɛyɛ nnipa ntam abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den sen "onimfoɔ" anaa "fekubɔ", te sɛ sukuuni, ofipamfo, yɔnko dwumayɛni, anaa yɔnko dwumayɛni.
Wɔ amammerɛ ahorow bi mu no, adamfofa ho adwene no yɛ abusuabɔ kakraa bi a emu dɔ yiye nkutoo; wɔ afoforo te sɛ U.S. ne Canada no, obi betumi anya nnamfo pii, na ebia ɔne onipa biako anaa baanu a wobetumi afrɛ wɔn nnamfo pa anaa nnamfo paa benya abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den kɛse. Nsɛmfua afoforo a wɔka wɔ kasa mu ne besties anaa Best Friends Forever (BFFs). Ɛwom sɛ adamfofa ahorow pii wɔ hɔ, a ebia ɛsono emu bi wɔ mmeae ahorow de, nanso su ahorow bi wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛtete saa pii mu. Nneɛma a ɛtete saa no bi ne sɛ wɔbɛpaw sɛ wɔne wɔn ho wɔn ho bɛtra, bere a wɔde bom tra mu anigye, na wobetumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ dwumadi pa a ɛboa wɔn ho wɔn ho mu.[2]
Ɛtɔ da bi a, wɔma nnamfo da nsow wɔ abusua ho, sɛnea ɛte wɔ asɛm a wɔka sɛ "nnamfo ne abusua" mu no, na ɛtɔ da bi nso a wɔda nsow wɔ adɔfo ho (e.g., "adɔfo ne nnamfo"), ɛwom sɛ wɔde nnamfo a wɔwɔ mfaso ahorow no yɛ nea ɛyɛ kusuu de. Adamfo beae no yɛ beae a wɔbara obi sɛ ɔnsɔre nkɔ ɔdɔfo gyinabea (hwɛ Ɔdɔ a wontua ho ka nso).
Wɔasua adamfofa ho ade wɔ nhomasua mu, te sɛ nkitahodi, asetra ho adesua, asetra mu adwene ho nimdeɛ, nnipa ho adesua, ne nyansapɛ mu. Wɔahyɛ adamfofa ho adesua mu nsusuwii ahorow ho nyansa, a nea ɛka ho ne asetra mu nsakrae ho nsusuwii, pɛyɛ ho nsusuwii, abusuabɔ mu nsɛm a wɔka, ne akwan horow a wɔfa so de wɔn ho bata ho.
Nkɔso ho adwene ho nimdeɛ[sesa]
Mmɔfrabrɛ
Ntease a ɛfa adamfofa ho wɔ mmofra mu no taa twe adwene si mmeae te sɛ dwumadi ahorow a wɔtaa yɛ, honam fam a wɔbɛn wɔn ho, ne akwanhwɛ a wɔkyɛ so kɛse.[3]: 498 [a] Saa adamfofa ahorow yi ma wonya hokwan di agoru na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu. 246 Mmofra dodow no ara taa kyerɛkyerɛ adamfofa mu denam nneɛma te sɛ kyɛfa so, na mmofra taa ne obi a wobu no sɛ ɔyɛ adamfo no kyɛ.[4]: 246 [5][6] Bere a mmofra nyin no, wɔnyɛ ankorankoro ho ade pii na no nim afoforo yiye. Wonya tumi a wɔde benya tema ma wɔn nnamfo, na wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wobedi agoru wɔ akuw mu. Wonya atipɛnfo a wɔpow wɔn nso bere a wɔrekɔ so wɔ mmofraberem mfe no mfinimfini no. Nnamfo pa a obenya wɔ ne mmofraase no boa ma abofra nya ne ho yiye wɔ ɔmanfo mu akyiri yi wɔ n’asetra mu.[5]
Sɛ wogyina akyerɛkyerɛfo ne ɛnanom amanneɛbɔ so a, anyɛ yiye koraa no, mmofra a wonnya nkɔɔ sukuu no mu 75% wɔ adamfo biako. Saa dodow yi kɔɔ soro koduu 78% kosii adesuakuw a ɛto so anum no mu, sɛnea wɔde co-nomination sɛ nnamfo susuw no, na 55% wɔ mutual adamfo paa.[4]: 247 Wohui sɛ mmofra bɛyɛ 15% nni adamfo a enni sabea, bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔmfa wɔn ho wɔn ho nkɔ nnamfo anyɛ yiye koraa no asram asia.[4]: 250
Mfaso a ebetumi aba wɔ adamfofa so no bi ne hokwan a wobenya de asua tema ne ɔhaw ahorow ano aduru ho ade.[7] Ntetee a awofo de ma no betumi ayɛ nea mfaso wɔ so wɔ mmofra a wɔbɛboa wɔn ma wɔanya nnamfo no mu. Eileen Kennedy-Moore ka nneɛma atitiriw abiɛsa a ɛma mmofra nya adamfofa ho asɛm: (1) wobue wɔn ani, (2) nsɛdi, ne (3) anigye a wɔkyɛ.[8][9][10] Awofoɔ nso bɛtumi aboa mmofra ama wɔate asetena mu akwankyerɛ a wɔn ankasa nsuaa no ase.[11] Kennedy-Moore retwe adwene asi nhwehwɛmu a Robert Selman[12] ne afoforo yɛe mu no, ɔkyerɛkyerɛ nkɔso fã ahorow wɔ mmofra adamfofa mu, a ɛda tumi a ɛrenya nkɔanim a ɛma wɔte afoforo adwene ase adi: "Mepɛ Ɛyɛ Me Kwan", "Dɛn na Ɛwɔ Mu Ma Me?", Ɛdenam Mmara no so", "Adwene ne Kyɛfa", ne "Nnamfo a Wɔnam Thick ne Thin So."[13]
Mmabunbere
Wɔ mmerantebere ne mmabaabere mu no, nnamfofa bɛyɛ “ade a ɛma ade kɛse, nea ɛkyɛ, nea ɛka no pen, ɛboa, na ɛba ara kwa.” Mmabun taa hwehwɛ atipɛnfo a wobetumi de su horow a ɛte saa ama wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔn ho wɔn ho ntam, na wɔkwati atipɛnfo a wɔn nneyɛe a ɛyɛ ɔhaw no kyerɛ sɛ ebia wɔrentumi nni saa ahiade ahorow yi ho dwuma.[14] Ankorankoro su ne ne su nso yɛ nneɛma a mmabun hwehwɛ, bere a wɔrepaw nea wɔne no befi ase afa adamfo no.[15] Abusuabɔ fi ase kɔ so de wɔn adwene si gyinapɛn ahorow a wɔkyɛ, nokwaredi, ne nneɛma a wɔn nyinaa ani gye ho so, sen sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene besi honam fam nneɛma te sɛ bɛn a wɔbɛn wɔn ho ne sɛnea wobetumi adi agoru nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ mmofraberem kɛse.[4]: 246
Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Texas Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Austin mu no hwehwɛɛ Amerikafo mmabun bɛboro 9,000 mu de huu sɛnea wɔn ho a wɔde hyɛ nneyɛe a ɛhaw adwene (te sɛ korɔnbɔ, ntɔkwaw, ne sukuu a wonkɔ sukuu) mu no ne wɔn nnamfofa no wɔ abusuabɔ. Nneɛma a wohui kyerɛe sɛ mmabun ntaa mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ ɔhaw mu nneyɛe mu bere a wɔn nnamfonom yɛ ade yiye wɔ sukuu mu, wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ sukuu dwumadi ahorow mu, wɔkwati nsanom, na wɔwɔ adwenemyare pa no. Wohuu nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira wɔ mmabun a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ nneyɛe a ɔhaw wom mu ampa no ho. Sɛ́ ebia mmabun nyaa wɔn nnamfo so nkɛntɛnso ma wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ ɔhaw suban mu no gyina sɛnea wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ saa nnamfo no mu, ne sɛ ebia wɔne wɔn adamfofa akuw ahorow no "fata" wɔ sukuu mu no so.[16]
Nhwehwɛmu bi a nhwehwɛmufo a wofi Purdue Sukuupɔn mu yɛe no kyerɛe sɛ nnamfo a wonyae wɔ ntoaso sukuu akyi adesua mu no kyɛ sen nnamfo a wonyae kan no.[17] Wɔ mmerantebere ne mmabaabere awiei mu no, mmusuakuw ntam adamfofa taa yɛ nea ɛntaa nsi, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ efi adwemmɔne ne amammerɛ mu nsonsonoe.[15]
Mpanyimfoyɛ
.
Adamfofa a wonya wɔ mpanyin afe so no ma wonya ayɔnkofa, ɔdɔ, ne nkate mu mmoa, na ɛboa yiye ma adwene mu yiyedi ne nipadua akwahosan tu mpɔn.[18]: 426
Ebia ɛbɛyɛ den ama mpanyimfo titiriw sɛ wobenya nnamfo a mfaso wɔ so wɔ adwumam. "Adwumam betumi ayɛ krak esiane akansi nti, enti nkurɔfo sua sɛ wɔde mmerɛwyɛ ne nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa besie mfɛfo adwumayɛfo. Adwuma mu adamfofa taa nya nkitahodi ho nkate; ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛka baabi a nkitahodi ba awiei na adamfofa ankasa fi ase."[19] Mpanyimfo dodow no ara bu sikasɛm sɛ ɛsom bo wɔn nnwuma ahobammɔ sen adamfofa a wɔne wɔn mfɛfo adwumayɛfo benya.[20]
Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, mpanyimfo dodow no ara wɔ nnamfo paa baanu.[21] Nhwehwɛmu pii a wɔyɛe wɔ mpanyimfo ho no kyerɛ sɛ adamfofa ne abusuabɔ afoforo a ɛboa ma obu a obi wɔ ma ne ho no yɛ kɛse ampa.[22]
Mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim
Mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim kɔ so bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wonya ankorankoro abotɔyam kɛse wɔ wɔn nnamfofa mu bere a wɔrenyin no, bere mpo a nnamfo dodow nyinaa taa so tew no. Saa abotɔyam yi ne tumi a ɛma wotumi yɛ da biara da asetra mu dwumadi ahorow a ɛkɔ soro, ne adwene mu tumi a ɛso tew, ayaresabea a wɔde obi kɔ no a ɛso tew, ne nea efi mu ba a eye a ɛfa ahosiesie ho no wɔ abusuabɔ.[18]: 427 Nnamfo dodow a wɔbɔɔ ho amanneɛ wɔ akyiri yi mu no nyinaa asetra betumi ayɛ ntamgyinafo denam pefeeyɛ a ɛkɔ soro, kasa ne anisoadehu a eye, ne aware mu tebea so.[23]: 53 Nnamfo dodow a ankorankoro bi nya bere a wɔrenyin no so tew no, wɔde Carstensen Socioemotional Selectivity Theory a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nsakrae a ɛba wɔ mu no akyerɛkyerɛ mu nkannyan a mpanyimfo nya bere a wɔrebɔ fekuw no. Nsusuwii no ka sɛ mfe a obi adi a ɛkɔ soro no yɛ nsakrae a ɛba fi nsɛm a wɔboaboa ano so kɔ nkate mu nhyehyɛe so; sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi akura nkate pa mu no, mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim no de wɔn asetra mu akuw no to wɔn a wɔwɔ nkate mu abusuabɔ bi nkutoo so.[24]
Sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi kae no:
Nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ mfe aduanan a atwam no mu no ahu bere nyinaa mprempren sɛ mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim a wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔwɔ anigye ne yiyedi a ɛkɔ soro sen biara no nso bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔne nnamfo pii wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den na emu yɛ den.[25]
Bere a abusua mu asɛyɛde ne adwumayɛ ho nhyɛso so tew no, nnamfofa bɛyɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse. Wɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa mu no, adamfofa betumi ama wɔanya abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmanfo kɛse no ntam, ayɛ ade a ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban fi adwenemhaw ne ankonamyɛ ho, na atua nneɛma a ebetumi ahwere wɔ asetra mu mmoa a abusua no mufo adi kan de ama no ho ka.[26]: 32–33 Titiriw ma nnipa a wontumi nkɔ out sɛnea ɛtaa ba no, nkitahodi a wɔne nnamfo di no ma kwan ma wɔkɔ so nya ɔmanfo nkitahodi. Bio nso, mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim a wɔn akwahosan rekɔ fam a wɔda so ara ne wɔn nnamfo di nkitaho no kyerɛ sɛ wɔn adwene mu yiyedi atu mpɔn.[27
Nkɔso ho nsɛm[sesa]
Adwene a ɛmma obi ntumi nyɛ hwee a ɛma obi yɛ ade tra so
Ebia ɛbɛyɛ den ama mmofra a wɔwɔ adwene a wɔde si biribi so a ɛtra so (ADHD) no sɛ wɔbɛfa nnamfo na wɔakura mu, esiane sɛ wontumi mfa adesua a wɔde hwɛ ade so nkyekye asetra mu nimdeɛ pii nti, nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ wɔn asetram nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔde wɔn adwene si so, ne nkɛntɛnso a nneyɛe a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no nya wɔ asetra mu ne su kɛse a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ saa nti de wɔn ho hyɛ nneyɛe a ebia wɔn atipɛnfo behu sɛ ɛhaw adwene mu.[28][29] Wɔ afe 2007 nhwehwɛmu bi mu no, wɔanhunu ayaresa biara a ɛdi atipɛnfoɔ dwumadie ho dwuma yie wɔ mmofra a wɔwɔ ADHD mu, na wɔanhunu ayaresa a ɛdi ɔhaw no afã foforɔ ho dwuma no yi nsɛm a ɛfa atipɛnfoɔ dwumadie ho no firi hɔ.
Autism a ɛyɛ hu
Autism spectrum disorders ho sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow bi betumi asiw nnipa ntam abusuabɔ a ɛbɛba no kwan, te sɛ nneyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ a wɔpɛ, nsakrae a wɔko tia, nneɛma pɔtee bi a n’ani gye ho anaa amanne ahorow a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, ne asetra mu nimdeɛ a wonni. Wɔahu sɛ mmofra a wɔwɔ autism no taa yɛ onipa biako nnamfo paa, sen sɛ wobenya nnamfo akuw. Bio nso, wɔtaa yɛ mmofra afoforo a wɔadi dɛm bi nnamfo paa.[30] Awofo a wɔde wɔn ho abɔ wɔn ho ho adwene boa ma mmofra a wɔwɔ autism spectrum disorders no adamfofa yɛ papa; obi a ɔte nka sɛ ɔne n’awofo wɔ abusuabɔ no tua ayɔnkofa ho nimdeɛ a onni a mpɛn pii no ebesiw adamfofa kwan no so ka.[31]
Nhwehwɛmu bi a Frankel ne afoforo yɛe no. kyerɛe sɛ awofo de wɔn ho gye mu ne nkyerɛkyerɛ di dwuma titiriw wɔ mmofra a wɔte saa a wonya adamfofa mu.[32] Nea ɛka awofo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu ho no, sukuu mu adwumayɛfo di dwuma titiriw wɔ asetra mu nimdeɛ ne atipɛnfo nkitahodi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Wɔtaa de paraprofessionals, titiriw no, obiakofo aboafo ne adesuadan mu aboafo, kɔ mmofra a wɔwɔ autism spectrum disorders nkyɛn sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma nnamfofa ayɛ mmerɛw na wɔakyerɛ abofra no kwan wɔ adamfofa a ɛho hia a ɔbɛfa na wakura mu.
Ɛwom sɛ asuade ne ntetee betumi aboa mmofra a wɔwɔ autism atipɛnfo de, nanso ayayade da so ara yɛ ade titiriw a ɛhaw adwene wɔ asetra mu tebea horow mu. Sɛnea Anahad O’Connor a ɔwɔ The New York Times mu kyerɛ no, ɛda adi kɛse sɛ ayayade bɛba mmofra a wɔwɔ autism spectrum disorders a wobetumi atra ase a wɔde wɔn ho no so kɛse. Mmofra a wɔte saa no wɔ asiane mu kɛse efisɛ wɔwɔ amanne ahorow no pii ne asetra mu nimdeɛ a wonni te sɛ mmofra a ɛda adi sɛ wɔwɔ autism no, nanso ɛda adi sɛ wɔde wɔn bɛhyɛ sukuu mu titiriw. Mmofra a wɔwɔ autism no wɔ ɔhaw kɛse sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ asetra mu nsɛnkyerɛnne so, na enti ebia ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na wobehu bere a wɔresisi wɔn.[34]
Down yare no ho yare
Mmofra a wɔwɔ Down syndrome no ayɛ den kɛse sɛ wɔbɛfa nnamfo. Wohyia kasa a ɛkyɛ a ɛma ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sɛ wɔne mmofra afoforo bedi agoru. Ebia mmofra dodow no ara a wɔwɔ Down syndrome no bɛpɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ sukuufo afoforo na wɔne wɔn adamfo di agoru nanso wɔne wɔn nni agoru, titiriw esiane sɛ wɔte ase sen sɛnea wobetumi ada no adi wɔ akyi nti. Wɔ mfe a wonnya nkɔɔ sukuu mu no, mmofra a wɔwɔ Down syndrome no betumi anya adesuadan mu tebea no so mfaso, a mmofra afoforo atwa wɔn ho ahyia na wɔmfa wɔn ho nto mpanyimfo mmoa so kɛse. Mmofra a wɔadi dɛm yi nya mfaso fi nkitahodi ahorow a wɔne mpanyimfo ne mmofra nyinaa nya no mu. Wɔ sukuu mu no, hwɛ a wɔbɛhwɛ ma wɔanya tebea a obiara bɛka ho wɔ adesuadan mu no betumi ayɛ den, nanso nnamfo a wɔbɛn a wɔbɛn wɔn no betumi ayɛ ade titiriw ama asetra mu nkɔso.[35][36]
Apomuden[sesa]
Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ asetra mu mmoa a emu yɛ den ma obi nya akwahosan pa ne nkwa tenten ho anidaso tu mpɔn. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, wɔde ankonamyɛ ne asetra mu mmoa a wonnya no abata asiane a ɛkɔ soro a ɛne sɛ wobenya komayare, mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba, ne kokoram, ne nnipa dodow a wowuwu wɔ ne nyinaa mu no ho. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ mmienu mpo afrɛ adamfofa nkitahodiɛ sɛ "suban ho aduru" a ɛma nipadua ne adwene mu akwahosan nyinaa nya nkɔsoɔ.[37]
Nhwehwɛmu pii wɔ hɔ a ɛde adamfofa ne akwahosan bata ho, nanso nea enti pɔtee a ɛde abusuabɔ no ba no da so ara yɛ nea wontumi nhu. Nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara a ɛwɔ saa beae yi yɛ nhwehwɛmu akɛse a wɔhwɛ kwan a edi nnipa akyi bere tenten, na bere a ebia abusuabɔ bi wɔ nneɛma abien a ɛsakra (adamfofa ne akwahosan tebea) no ntam no, nhwehwɛmufo da so ara nnim sɛ ebia abusuabɔ bi wɔ hɔ a ɛde ba ne nea efi mu ba, te sɛ sɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ adamfofa pa ma akwahosan tu mpɔn ankasa. Nsusuwii ahorow bi abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ saa abusuabɔ yi mu. Nea ɛka saa nsusuwii ahorow yi ho ne sɛ nnamfo pa hyɛ wɔn nnamfo nkuran ma wɔbɔ asetra a ahoɔden wom kɛse; sɛ nnamfo pa hyɛ wɔn nnamfo nkuran sɛ wɔnhwehwɛ mmoa na wonnya nnwuma bere a ɛho hia no; sɛ nnamfo pa ma wɔn nnamfonom tumi gyina yare ne akwahosan ho haw afoforo ho dwuma no yɛ kɛse; na sɛ nnamfo pa nya nipadua mu akwan a ɛbɔ akwahosan ho ban no so nkɛntɛnso ankasa.[38]
Adwene mu haw
Wɔahu sɛ adamfofa a wonni no di dwuma ma asiane a ɛkɔ soro sɛ mmea a wɔrebɛn mpanyin afe so benya adwene a ɛne sɛ wobekum wɔn ho no mu, a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wobenya nnamfo pii a wɔn ankasa nyɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho nnamfo. Nanso, wɔanhu nkɛntɛnso a ɛte saa ara wɔ mmarima ho.[39][40] Nnamfo kakraa bi a wubenya anaasɛ wunni bi no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya adwenemyare ahorow pii.[14]
Adamfofa su a ɛkorɔn no boa tẽẽ ma wonya obu ma wɔn ho, wonya wɔn ho mu ahotoso, na wonya asetra mu nkɔso.[22] World Happiness Database nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛe sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ nnamfo paa no ani gye kɛse, ɛwom sɛ nnamfo dodow koraa no amma anigye no ankɔ soro de.[41] Nhwehwɛmu afoforo akyerɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔwɔ adamfofa a ɛkorɔn no betumi abɔ wɔn ho ban afi ɔhaw ahorow bi te sɛ dadwen ne adwenemhaw ho.[42][43] Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, nnamfo kakraa bi a wubenya no ne sukuu a wogyae, ne basabasayɛ, ne mpanyimfo nsɛmmɔnedi nso wɔ abusuabɔ.[3]: 500 Atipɛnfo a wɔpow wɔn no nso ne akyi apɛde a ɛba fam wɔ adwumayɛfo mu, ne asetra mu dwumadi ahorow mu kyɛfa a wonya, bere a dodow a ɛkɔ soro no wɔ abusuabɔ na adamfofa ne mpanyimfo bu wɔn ho a ɛkorɔn wɔ abusuabɔ.[3]: 500–01
Nneɛma a wɔde gu mu[sesa]
Wobetumi abu adamfofa bi a wobegu no sɛ ankorankoro pow, anaasɛ ebetumi afi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba bere a bere kɔ so no mu aba, bere a nnamfo kɔ akyirikyiri kɛse wɔ honam ne nkate fam no. Wɔde adamfofa a wɔsɛe no no ne afobu, abufuw ne adwenemhaw a ɛkɔ soro no wɔ abusuabɔ, na ebetumi ayɛ nsɛm a ɛhaw adwene kɛse, titiriw wɔ mmofraase. Nanso, wobetumi abrɛ nsunsuanso bɔne a ebetumi aba no ase sɛ wɔde abusuabɔ foforo a emu yɛ den si adamfofa bi a wobegu no ananmu a.[4]: 248
Nnipa dodow ho nsɛm[sesa]
Nnamfo taa yɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho kɛse wɔ mfe a wɔadi, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, suban, nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so, ankorankoro su, ne adesua mu mmɔdenbɔ mu.[4]: 248 [18]: 426 [25]: 55–56 Wɔ aman a mmusuakuw ahorow gu ahorow mu no, adanse a ɛtrɛw wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmofra ne mmabun taa ne afoforo a wofi mmusuakuw anaa mmusuakuw koro mu fa adamfo, efi ase wɔ mmofra a wonnya nkɔɔ sukuu mu, na ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmofraberem mfinimfini anaa awiei mu hɔ.[4]: 264
Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ mmarima ne mmea ntam
Mpɛn pii no, mmea ne mmea adamfofa nkitahodi a ɛda mmofra ntam no taa twe adwene si nnipa ntam abusuabɔ ne mmoa a wɔde ma wɔn ho wɔn ho so. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, ɔbarima ne ɔbarima ntam nkitahodi taa twe adwene si asetra mu tebea so kɛse. Nea ebefi mu aba ne sɛ, wobetumi de nsiyɛ abu nkate mu ahiade ahorow a wɔda no adi no abam.[44]: 320–02
Mmea bɔ amanneɛ sɛ dadwen, ahoɔyaw, ne abusuabɔ mu ayayade pii na wonnya pintinn pii wɔ wɔn nnamfofa ho. Nanso mmarima de, wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn honam fam ayayade pii. Ne nyinaa mu no, mmarima ne mmea taa bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔanya abotɔyam kakra wɔ wɔn nnamfofa ho.[4]: 249–50
Mmea taa da wɔn ho adi kɛse na wɔda wɔn ho adi kɛse wɔ wɔn bɔbeasu koro adamfofa mu na wɔwɔ nnamfo kakraa bi.[15] Mmarima taa kyerɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den mu denam honam fam osuahu ahorow a wɔkyɛ so. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, mmea taa kyerɛkyerɛ mu kɛse wɔ nkate mu de a wɔkyɛ mu. Mmarima ntaa nna nkate anaa wɔn ankasa nsɛm adi nkyerɛ mmarima afoforo efisɛ wobetumi de saa nsɛm yi adi dwuma atia wɔn. Nanso, wɔbɛda saa nsɛm yi adi akyerɛ mmea (sɛnea wɔne wɔn nni akan), na mmarima taa bu adamfofa a wɔne mmea nya no sɛ nea ntease wom kɛse, emu yɛ den, na ɛyɛ anigye. Mpɛn pii no, mmarima ne mmarima adamfofa te sɛ apam kɛse, bere a mmea ne mmea adamfofa gyina abusuabɔ so kɛse. Nea ɛde ba ne sɛ, eyi nso kyerɛ sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbarima adamfofa a ɛba awiei no taa yɛ nea ɛhaw nkate kɛse te sɛ ɔbea ne ɔbea adamfofa no.[45][46]
Mmea taa yɛ wɔn a wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ asetra mu sen wɔn atipɛnfo mmarima wɔ mpanyimfo a wɔn mfe akɔ anim mu. Nea afi mu aba ne sɛ, mmarima a wɔn mfe akɔ anim pii betumi de wɔn ho ato ɔhokafo a ɔyɛ ɔbea te sɛ ɔhokafo so de atua wɔn asetra mu nimdeɛ a wonni no ho ka.[25]: 55 Nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛe sɛ mmea a wɔwɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam no na ɛtaa yɛ kɛse kakra sen mmarima sɛ ɔno ankasa bɛbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔwɔ adamfo paa.[47]
Amammerɛ
Abusuabɔ ahorow a wobu no sɛ nokware adamfofa, sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ obi a onim no anaa obi a ɔne no yɛ adwuma no gu ahorow sɛnea amammerɛ te. Wɔ amammerɛ a wɔka Borɔfo kasa mu no, ɛnyɛ ade foforo sɛ nkurɔfo de abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw bɛka ho sɛ nnamfo.[48] Wɔ amammerɛ afoforo te sɛ Russiafo ne Polandfo amammerɛ mu no, abusuabɔ a ɛho hia sen biara nkutoo na wobu no sɛ nnamfo. Ebia Russiani benya nnamfo biako anaa baanu a wɔde "pals" anaa nnipa pii a onim wɔn aka ho; Canadani a ɔwɔ tebea a ɛte saa ara mu no betumi abu saa abusuabɔ ahorow yi nyinaa sɛ nnamfo.[48]
Wɔ Atɔe Famfo amammerɛ mu no, wɔtaa bu adamfofa sɛ ɛyɛ ketewaa bi sen abusua anaa ɔdɔ.[49]
Bere a wɔreka adamfofa ho ahyɛde ahorow ho asɛm no wohui sɛ Chinafo a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no huu pii sen wɔn mfɛfo Britaniafo no.[15][ambiguous]
Nneɛma ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ ntam[sesa]
Wohu adamfofa wɔ mmoa a wɔn nyansa kɔ soro te sɛ mmoa a wɔnom nufusu a wɔkorɔn ne nnomaa binom mu. Nnamfofa a ɛda nnipa ne afieboa ntam abu so. Mmoa abien a wɔnyɛ nnipa te sɛ akraman ne mpɔtorɔ nso betumi anya adamfofa a ɛda mmoa ahorow ntam.
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